skew.c

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/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/
 
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config_auto.h>
#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
 
#include <math.h>
#include "allheaders.h"
 
    /* Default sweep angle parameters for pixFindSkew() */
static const l_float32  DefaultSweepRange = 7.0;   /* degrees */
static const l_float32  DefaultSweepDelta = 1.0;   /* degrees */
 
    /* Default final angle difference parameter for binary
     * search in pixFindSkew().  The expected accuracy is
     * not better than the inverse image width in pixels,
     * say, 1/2000 radians, or about 0.03 degrees. */
static const l_float32  DefaultMinbsDelta = 0.01f;  /* degrees */
 
    /* Default scale factors for pixFindSkew() */
static const l_int32  DefaultSweepReduction = 4;  /* sweep part; 4 is good */
static const l_int32  DefaultBsReduction = 2;  /* binary search part */
 
    /* Minimum angle for deskewing in pixDeskew() */
static const l_float32  MinDeskewAngle = 0.1f;  /* degree */
 
    /* Minimum allowed confidence (ratio) for deskewing in pixDeskew() */
static const l_float32  MinAllowedConfidence = 3.0;
 
    /* Minimum allowed maxscore to give nonzero confidence */
static const l_int32  MinValidMaxscore = 10000;
 
    /* Constant setting threshold for minimum allowed minscore
     * to give nonzero confidence; multiply this constant by
     *  (height * width^2) */
static const l_float32  MinscoreThreshFactor = 0.000002f;
 
    /* Default binarization threshold value */
static const l_int32  DefaultBinaryThreshold = 130;
 
#ifndef  NO_CONSOLE_IO
#define  DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES     0
#define  DEBUG_PRINT_SWEEP      0
#define  DEBUG_PRINT_BINARY     0
#define  DEBUG_PRINT_ORTH       0
#define  DEBUG_THRESHOLD        0
#define  DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES      0  /* requires the gnuplot executable */
#endif  /* ~NO_CONSOLE_IO */
 
 
 
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Top-level deskew interfaces                     *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixDeskewBoth(PIX     *pixs,
              l_int32  redsearch)
{
PIX  *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pix4;
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (redsearch == 0)
        redsearch = DefaultBsReduction;
    else if (redsearch != 1 && redsearch != 2 && redsearch != 4)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("redsearch not in {1,2,4}", __func__, NULL);
 
    pix1 = pixDeskew(pixs, redsearch);
    pix2 = pixRotate90(pix1, 1);
    pix3 = pixDeskew(pix2, redsearch);
    pix4 = pixRotate90(pix3, -1);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    pixDestroy(&pix3);
    return pix4;
}
 
 
PIX *
pixDeskew(PIX     *pixs,
          l_int32  redsearch)
{
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (redsearch == 0)
        redsearch = DefaultBsReduction;
    else if (redsearch != 1 && redsearch != 2 && redsearch != 4)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("redsearch not in {1,2,4}", __func__, NULL);
 
    return pixDeskewGeneral(pixs, 0, 0.0, 0.0, redsearch, 0, NULL, NULL);
}
 
 
PIX *
pixFindSkewAndDeskew(PIX        *pixs,
                     l_int32     redsearch,
                     l_float32  *pangle,
                     l_float32  *pconf)
{
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (redsearch == 0)
        redsearch = DefaultBsReduction;
    else if (redsearch != 1 && redsearch != 2 && redsearch != 4)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("redsearch not in {1,2,4}", __func__, NULL);
 
    return pixDeskewGeneral(pixs, 0, 0.0, 0.0, redsearch, 0, pangle, pconf);
}
 
 
PIX *
pixDeskewGeneral(PIX        *pixs,
                 l_int32     redsweep,
                 l_float32   sweeprange,
                 l_float32   sweepdelta,
                 l_int32     redsearch,
                 l_int32     thresh,
                 l_float32  *pangle,
                 l_float32  *pconf)
{
l_int32    ret, depth;
l_float32  angle, conf, deg2rad;
PIX       *pixb, *pixd;
 
    if (pangle) *pangle = 0.0;
    if (pconf) *pconf = 0.0;
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (redsweep == 0)
        redsweep = DefaultSweepReduction;
    else if (redsweep != 1 && redsweep != 2 && redsweep != 4)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("redsweep not in {1,2,4}", __func__, NULL);
    if (sweeprange == 0.0)
        sweeprange = DefaultSweepRange;
    if (sweepdelta == 0.0)
        sweepdelta = DefaultSweepDelta;
    if (redsearch == 0)
        redsearch = DefaultBsReduction;
    else if (redsearch != 1 && redsearch != 2 && redsearch != 4)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("redsearch not in {1,2,4}", __func__, NULL);
    if (thresh == 0)
        thresh = DefaultBinaryThreshold;
 
    deg2rad = 3.1415926535f / 180.f;
 
        /* Binarize if necessary */
    depth = pixGetDepth(pixs);
    if (depth == 1)
        pixb = pixClone(pixs);
    else
        pixb = pixConvertTo1(pixs, thresh);
 
        /* Use the 1 bpp image to find the skew */
    ret = pixFindSkewSweepAndSearch(pixb, &angle, &conf, redsweep, redsearch,
                                    sweeprange, sweepdelta,
                                    DefaultMinbsDelta);
    pixDestroy(&pixb);
    if (pangle) *pangle = angle;
    if (pconf) *pconf = conf;
    if (ret)
        return pixClone(pixs);
 
    if (L_ABS(angle) < MinDeskewAngle || conf < MinAllowedConfidence)
        return pixClone(pixs);
 
    if ((pixd = pixRotate(pixs, deg2rad * angle, L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP,
                          L_BRING_IN_WHITE, 0, 0)) == NULL)
        return pixClone(pixs);
    else
        return pixd;
}
 
 
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                  Simple top-level angle-finding interface             *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
pixFindSkew(PIX        *pixs,
            l_float32  *pangle,
            l_float32  *pconf)
{
    if (pangle) *pangle = 0.0;
    if (pconf) *pconf = 0.0;
    if (!pangle || !pconf)
        return ERROR_INT("&angle and/or &conf not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
 
    return pixFindSkewSweepAndSearch(pixs, pangle, pconf,
                                     DefaultSweepReduction,
                                     DefaultBsReduction,
                                     DefaultSweepRange,
                                     DefaultSweepDelta,
                                     DefaultMinbsDelta);
}
 
 
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Basic angle-finding functions                   *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
pixFindSkewSweep(PIX        *pixs,
                 l_float32  *pangle,
                 l_int32     reduction,
                 l_float32   sweeprange,
                 l_float32   sweepdelta)
{
l_int32    ret, bzero, i, nangles;
l_float32  deg2rad, theta;
l_float32  sum, maxscore, maxangle;
NUMA      *natheta, *nascore;
PIX       *pix, *pixt;
 
    if (!pangle)
        return ERROR_INT("&angle not defined", __func__, 1);
    *pangle = 0.0;
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
    if (reduction != 1 && reduction != 2 && reduction != 4 && reduction != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("reduction must be in {1,2,4,8}", __func__, 1);
 
    deg2rad = 3.1415926535f / 180.f;
    ret = 0;
 
        /* Generate reduced image, if requested */
    if (reduction == 1)
        pix = pixClone(pixs);
    else if (reduction == 2)
        pix = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 0, 0, 0);
    else if (reduction == 4)
        pix = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 1, 0, 0);
    else /* reduction == 8 */
        pix = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 1, 2, 0);
 
    pixZero(pix, &bzero);
    if (bzero) {
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        return 1;
    }
 
    nangles = (l_int32)((2. * sweeprange) / sweepdelta + 1);
    natheta = numaCreate(nangles);
    nascore = numaCreate(nangles);
    pixt = pixCreateTemplate(pix);
 
    if (!pix || !pixt) {
        ret = ERROR_INT("pix and pixt not both made", __func__, 1);
        goto cleanup;
    }
    if (!natheta || !nascore) {
        ret = ERROR_INT("natheta and nascore not both made", __func__, 1);
        goto cleanup;
    }
 
    for (i = 0; i < nangles; i++) {
        theta = -sweeprange + i * sweepdelta;   /* degrees */
 
            /* Shear pix about the UL corner and put the result in pixt */
        pixVShearCorner(pixt, pix, deg2rad * theta, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
 
            /* Get score */
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt, &sum);
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES
        L_INFO("sum(%7.2f) = %7.0f\n", __func__, theta, sum);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES */
 
            /* Save the result in the output arrays */
        numaAddNumber(nascore, sum);
        numaAddNumber(natheta, theta);
    }
 
        /* Find the location of the maximum (i.e., the skew angle)
         * by fitting the largest data point and its two neighbors
         * to a quadratic, using lagrangian interpolation.  */
    numaFitMax(nascore, &maxscore, natheta, &maxangle);
    *pangle = maxangle;
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_SWEEP
    L_INFO(" From sweep: angle = %7.3f, score = %7.3f\n", __func__,
           maxangle, maxscore);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_SWEEP */
 
#if  DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES
        /* Plot the result -- the scores versus rotation angle --
         * using gnuplot with GPLOT_LINES (lines connecting data points).
         * The GPLOT data structure is first created, with the
         * appropriate data incorporated from the two input NUMAs,
         * and then the function gplotMakeOutput() uses gnuplot to
         * generate the output plot.  This can be either a .png file
         * or a .ps file, depending on whether you use GPLOT_PNG
         * or GPLOT_PS.  */
    {GPLOT  *gplot;
        gplot = gplotCreate("sweep_output", GPLOT_PNG,
                    "Sweep. Variance of difference of ON pixels vs. angle",
                    "angle (deg)", "score");
        gplotAddPlot(gplot, natheta, nascore, GPLOT_LINES, "plot1");
        gplotAddPlot(gplot, natheta, nascore, GPLOT_POINTS, "plot2");
        gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
        gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    }
#endif  /* DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES */
 
cleanup:
    pixDestroy(&pix);
    pixDestroy(&pixt);
    numaDestroy(&nascore);
    numaDestroy(&natheta);
    return ret;
}
 
 
l_ok
pixFindSkewSweepAndSearch(PIX        *pixs,
                          l_float32  *pangle,
                          l_float32  *pconf,
                          l_int32     redsweep,
                          l_int32     redsearch,
                          l_float32   sweeprange,
                          l_float32   sweepdelta,
                          l_float32   minbsdelta)
{
    return pixFindSkewSweepAndSearchScore(pixs, pangle, pconf, NULL,
                                          redsweep, redsearch, 0.0, sweeprange,
                                          sweepdelta, minbsdelta);
}
 
 
l_ok
pixFindSkewSweepAndSearchScore(PIX        *pixs,
                               l_float32  *pangle,
                               l_float32  *pconf,
                               l_float32  *pendscore,
                               l_int32     redsweep,
                               l_int32     redsearch,
                               l_float32   sweepcenter,
                               l_float32   sweeprange,
                               l_float32   sweepdelta,
                               l_float32   minbsdelta)
{
    return pixFindSkewSweepAndSearchScorePivot(pixs, pangle, pconf, pendscore,
                                               redsweep, redsearch, 0.0,
                                               sweeprange, sweepdelta,
                                               minbsdelta,
                                               L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER);
}
 
 
l_ok
pixFindSkewSweepAndSearchScorePivot(PIX        *pixs,
                                    l_float32  *pangle,
                                    l_float32  *pconf,
                                    l_float32  *pendscore,
                                    l_int32     redsweep,
                                    l_int32     redsearch,
                                    l_float32   sweepcenter,
                                    l_float32   sweeprange,
                                    l_float32   sweepdelta,
                                    l_float32   minbsdelta,
                                    l_int32     pivot)
{
l_int32    ret, bzero, i, nangles, n, ratio, maxindex, minloc;
l_int32    width, height;
l_float32  deg2rad, theta, delta;
l_float32  sum, maxscore, maxangle;
l_float32  centerangle, leftcenterangle, rightcenterangle;
l_float32  lefttemp, righttemp;
l_float32  bsearchscore[5];
l_float32  minscore, minthresh;
l_float32  rangeleft;
NUMA      *natheta, *nascore;
PIX       *pixsw, *pixsch, *pixt1, *pixt2;
 
    if (pendscore) *pendscore = 0.0;
    if (pangle) *pangle = 0.0;
    if (pconf) *pconf = 0.0;
    if (!pangle || !pconf)
        return ERROR_INT("&angle and/or &conf not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
    if (redsweep != 1 && redsweep != 2 && redsweep != 4 && redsweep != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("redsweep must be in {1,2,4,8}", __func__, 1);
    if (redsearch != 1 && redsearch != 2 && redsearch != 4 && redsearch != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("redsearch must be in {1,2,4,8}", __func__, 1);
    if (redsearch > redsweep)
        return ERROR_INT("redsearch must not exceed redsweep", __func__, 1);
    if (pivot != L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER && pivot != L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CENTER)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid pivot", __func__, 1);
 
    deg2rad = 3.1415926535f / 180.f;
    ret = 0;
 
        /* Generate reduced image for binary search, if requested */
    if (redsearch == 1)
        pixsch = pixClone(pixs);
    else if (redsearch == 2)
        pixsch = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 0, 0, 0);
    else if (redsearch == 4)
        pixsch = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 1, 0, 0);
    else  /* redsearch == 8 */
        pixsch = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 1, 2, 0);
 
    pixZero(pixsch, &bzero);
    if (bzero) {
        pixDestroy(&pixsch);
        return 1;
    }
 
        /* Generate reduced image for sweep, if requested */
    ratio = redsweep / redsearch;
    if (ratio == 1) {
        pixsw = pixClone(pixsch);
    } else {  /* ratio > 1 */
        if (ratio == 2)
            pixsw = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixsch, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        else if (ratio == 4)
            pixsw = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixsch, 1, 2, 0, 0);
        else  /* ratio == 8 */
            pixsw = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixsch, 1, 2, 2, 0);
    }
 
    pixt1 = pixCreateTemplate(pixsw);
    if (ratio == 1)
        pixt2 = pixClone(pixt1);
    else
        pixt2 = pixCreateTemplate(pixsch);
 
    nangles = (l_int32)((2. * sweeprange) / sweepdelta + 1);
    natheta = numaCreate(nangles);
    nascore = numaCreate(nangles);
 
    if (!pixsch || !pixsw) {
        ret = ERROR_INT("pixsch and pixsw not both made", __func__, 1);
        goto cleanup;
    }
    if (!pixt1 || !pixt2) {
        ret = ERROR_INT("pixt1 and pixt2 not both made", __func__, 1);
        goto cleanup;
    }
    if (!natheta || !nascore) {
        ret = ERROR_INT("natheta and nascore not both made", __func__, 1);
        goto cleanup;
    }
 
        /* Do sweep */
    rangeleft = sweepcenter - sweeprange;
    for (i = 0; i < nangles; i++) {
        theta = rangeleft + i * sweepdelta;   /* degrees */
 
            /* Shear pix and put the result in pixt1 */
        if (pivot == L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER)
            pixVShearCorner(pixt1, pixsw, deg2rad * theta, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        else
            pixVShearCenter(pixt1, pixsw, deg2rad * theta, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
 
            /* Get score */
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt1, &sum);
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES
        L_INFO("sum(%7.2f) = %7.0f\n", __func__, theta, sum);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES */
 
            /* Save the result in the output arrays */
        numaAddNumber(nascore, sum);
        numaAddNumber(natheta, theta);
    }
 
        /* Find the largest of the set (maxscore at maxangle) */
    numaGetMax(nascore, &maxscore, &maxindex);
    numaGetFValue(natheta, maxindex, &maxangle);
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_SWEEP
    L_INFO(" From sweep: angle = %7.3f, score = %7.3f\n", __func__,
           maxangle, maxscore);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_SWEEP */
 
#if  DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES
        /* Plot the sweep result -- the scores versus rotation angle --
         * using gnuplot with GPLOT_LINES (lines connecting data points). */
    {GPLOT  *gplot;
        gplot = gplotCreate("sweep_output", GPLOT_PNG,
                    "Sweep. Variance of difference of ON pixels vs. angle",
                    "angle (deg)", "score");
        gplotAddPlot(gplot, natheta, nascore, GPLOT_LINES, "plot1");
        gplotAddPlot(gplot, natheta, nascore, GPLOT_POINTS, "plot2");
        gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
        gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    }
#endif  /* DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES */
 
        /* Check if the max is at the end of the sweep. */
    n = numaGetCount(natheta);
    if (maxindex == 0 || maxindex == n - 1) {
        L_WARNING("max found at sweep edge\n", __func__);
        goto cleanup;
    }
 
        /* Empty the numas for re-use */
    numaEmpty(nascore);
    numaEmpty(natheta);
 
        /* Do binary search to find skew angle.
         * First, set up initial three points. */
    centerangle = maxangle;
    if (pivot == L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER) {
        pixVShearCorner(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * centerangle, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[2]);
        pixVShearCorner(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * (centerangle - sweepdelta),
                        L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[0]);
        pixVShearCorner(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * (centerangle + sweepdelta),
                        L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[4]);
    } else {
        pixVShearCenter(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * centerangle, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[2]);
        pixVShearCenter(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * (centerangle - sweepdelta),
                        L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[0]);
        pixVShearCenter(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * (centerangle + sweepdelta),
                        L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[4]);
    }
 
    numaAddNumber(nascore, bsearchscore[2]);
    numaAddNumber(natheta, centerangle);
    numaAddNumber(nascore, bsearchscore[0]);
    numaAddNumber(natheta, centerangle - sweepdelta);
    numaAddNumber(nascore, bsearchscore[4]);
    numaAddNumber(natheta, centerangle + sweepdelta);
 
        /* Start the search */
    delta = 0.5f * sweepdelta;
    while (delta >= minbsdelta)
    {
            /* Get the left intermediate score */
        leftcenterangle = centerangle - delta;
        if (pivot == L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER)
            pixVShearCorner(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * leftcenterangle,
                            L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        else
            pixVShearCenter(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * leftcenterangle,
                            L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[1]);
        numaAddNumber(nascore, bsearchscore[1]);
        numaAddNumber(natheta, leftcenterangle);
 
            /* Get the right intermediate score */
        rightcenterangle = centerangle + delta;
        if (pivot == L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER)
            pixVShearCorner(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * rightcenterangle,
                            L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        else
            pixVShearCenter(pixt2, pixsch, deg2rad * rightcenterangle,
                            L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(pixt2, &bsearchscore[3]);
        numaAddNumber(nascore, bsearchscore[3]);
        numaAddNumber(natheta, rightcenterangle);
 
            /* Find the maximum of the five scores and its location.
             * Note that the maximum must be in the center
             * three values, not in the end two. */
        maxscore = bsearchscore[1];
        maxindex = 1;
        for (i = 2; i < 4; i++) {
            if (bsearchscore[i] > maxscore) {
                maxscore = bsearchscore[i];
                maxindex = i;
            }
        }
 
            /* Set up score array to interpolate for the next iteration */
        lefttemp = bsearchscore[maxindex - 1];
        righttemp = bsearchscore[maxindex + 1];
        bsearchscore[2] = maxscore;
        bsearchscore[0] = lefttemp;
        bsearchscore[4] = righttemp;
 
            /* Get new center angle and delta for next iteration */
        centerangle = centerangle + delta * (maxindex - 2);
        delta = 0.5f * delta;
    }
    *pangle = centerangle;
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES
    L_INFO(" Binary search score = %7.3f\n", __func__, bsearchscore[2]);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_SCORES */
 
    if (pendscore)  /* save if requested */
        *pendscore = bsearchscore[2];
 
        /* Return the ratio of Max score over Min score
         * as a confidence value.  Don't trust if the Min score
         * is too small, which can happen if the image is all black
         * with only a few white pixels interspersed.  In that case,
         * we get a contribution from the top and bottom edges when
         * vertically sheared, but this contribution becomes zero when
         * the shear angle is zero.  For zero shear angle, the only
         * contribution will be from the white pixels.  We expect that
         * the signal goes as the product of the (height * width^2),
         * so we compute a (hopefully) normalized minimum threshold as
         * a function of these dimensions.  */
    numaGetMin(nascore, &minscore, &minloc);
    width = pixGetWidth(pixsch);
    height = pixGetHeight(pixsch);
    minthresh = MinscoreThreshFactor * width * width * height;
 
#if  DEBUG_THRESHOLD
    L_INFO(" minthresh = %10.2f, minscore = %10.2f\n", __func__,
           minthresh, minscore);
    L_INFO(" maxscore = %10.2f\n", __func__, maxscore);
#endif  /* DEBUG_THRESHOLD */
 
    if (minscore > minthresh)
        *pconf = maxscore / minscore;
    else
        *pconf = 0.0;
 
        /* Don't trust it if too close to the edge of the sweep
         * range or if maxscore is small */
    if ((centerangle > rangeleft + 2 * sweeprange - sweepdelta) ||
        (centerangle < rangeleft + sweepdelta) ||
        (maxscore < MinValidMaxscore))
        *pconf = 0.0;
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_BINARY
    lept_stderr("Binary search: angle = %7.3f, score ratio = %6.2f\n",
            *pangle, *pconf);
    lept_stderr("               max score = %8.0f\n", maxscore);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_BINARY */
 
#if  DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES
        /* Plot the result -- the scores versus rotation angle --
         * using gnuplot with GPLOT_POINTS.  Because the data
         * points are not ordered by theta (increasing or decreasing),
         * using GPLOT_LINES would be confusing! */
    {GPLOT  *gplot;
        gplot = gplotCreate("search_output", GPLOT_PNG,
                "Binary search.  Variance of difference of ON pixels vs. angle",
                "angle (deg)", "score");
        gplotAddPlot(gplot, natheta, nascore, GPLOT_POINTS, "plot1");
        gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
        gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    }
#endif  /* DEBUG_PLOT_SCORES */
 
cleanup:
    pixDestroy(&pixsw);
    pixDestroy(&pixsch);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    numaDestroy(&nascore);
    numaDestroy(&natheta);
    return ret;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *    Search over arbitrary range of angles in orthogonal directions   *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*
 * \brief   pixFindSkewOrthogonalRange()
 *
 * \param[in]    pixs         1 bpp
 * \param[out]   pangle       angle required to deskew; in degrees cw
 * \param[out]   pconf        confidence given by ratio of max/min score
 * \param[in]    redsweep     sweep reduction factor = 1, 2, 4 or 8
 * \param[in]    redsearch    binary search reduction factor = 1, 2, 4 or 8;
 *                            and must not exceed redsweep
 * \param[in]    sweeprange   half the full range in each orthogonal
 *                            direction, taken about 0, in degrees
 * \param[in]    sweepdelta   angle increment of sweep; in degrees
 * \param[in]    minbsdelta   min binary search increment angle; in degrees
 * \param[in]    confprior    amount by which confidence of 90 degree rotated
 *                            result is reduced when comparing with unrotated
 *                            confidence value
 * \return   0 if OK, 1 on error or if angle measurement not valid
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This searches for the skew angle, first in the range
 *          [-sweeprange, sweeprange], and then in
 *          [90 - sweeprange, 90 + sweeprange], with angles measured
 *          clockwise.  For exploring the full range of possibilities,
 *          suggest using sweeprange = 47.0 degrees, giving some overlap
 *          at 45 and 135 degrees.  From these results, and discounting
 *          the the second confidence by %confprior, it selects the
 *          angle for maximal differential variance.  If the angle
 *          is larger than pi/4, the angle found after 90 degree rotation
 *          is selected.
 *      (2) The larger the confidence value, the greater the probability
 *          that the proper alignment is given by the angle that maximizes
 *          variance.  It should be compared to a threshold, which depends
 *          on the application.  Values between 3.0 and 6.0 are common.
 *      (3) Allowing for both portrait and landscape searches is more
 *          difficult, because if the signal from the text lines is weak,
 *          a signal from vertical rules can be larger!
 *          The most difficult documents to deskew have some or all of:
 *            (a) Multiple columns, not aligned
 *            (b) Black lines along the vertical edges
 *            (c) Text from two pages, and at different angles
 *          Rule of thumb for resolution:
 *            (a) If the margins are clean, you can work at 75 ppi,
 *                although 100 ppi is safer.
 *            (b) If there are vertical lines in the margins, do not
 *                work below 150 ppi.  The signal from the text lines must
 *                exceed that from the margin lines.
 *      (4) Choosing the %confprior parameter depends on knowing something
 *          about the source of image.  However, we're not using
 *          real probabilities here, so its use is qualitative.
 *          If landscape and portrait are equally likely, use
 *          %confprior = 0.0.  If the likelihood of portrait (non-rotated)
 *          is 100 times higher than that of landscape, we want to reduce
 *          the chance that we rotate to landscape in a situation where
 *          the landscape signal is accidentally larger than the
 *          portrait signal.  To do this use a positive value of
 *          %confprior; say 1.5.
 * </pre>
 */
l_int32
pixFindSkewOrthogonalRange(PIX        *pixs,
                           l_float32  *pangle,
                           l_float32  *pconf,
                           l_int32     redsweep,
                           l_int32     redsearch,
                           l_float32   sweeprange,
                           l_float32   sweepdelta,
                           l_float32   minbsdelta,
                           l_float32   confprior)
{
l_float32  angle1, conf1, score1, angle2, conf2, score2;
PIX       *pixr;
 
    if (pangle) *pangle = 0.0;
    if (pconf) *pconf = 0.0;
    if (!pangle || !pconf)
        return ERROR_INT("&angle and/or &conf not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
 
    pixFindSkewSweepAndSearchScorePivot(pixs, &angle1, &conf1, &score1,
                                        redsweep, redsearch, 0.0,
                                        sweeprange, sweepdelta, minbsdelta,
                                        L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER);
    pixr = pixRotateOrth(pixs, 1);
    pixFindSkewSweepAndSearchScorePivot(pixr, &angle2, &conf2, &score2,
                                        redsweep, redsearch, 0.0,
                                        sweeprange, sweepdelta, minbsdelta,
                                        L_SHEAR_ABOUT_CORNER);
    pixDestroy(&pixr);
 
    if (conf1 > conf2 - confprior) {
        *pangle = angle1;
        *pconf = conf1;
    } else {
        *pangle = -90.0f + angle2;
        *pconf = conf2;
    }
 
#if  DEBUG_PRINT_ORTH
    lept_stderr(" About 0:  angle1 = %7.3f, conf1 = %7.3f, score1 = %f\n",
            angle1, conf1, score1);
    lept_stderr(" About 90: angle2 = %7.3f, conf2 = %7.3f, score2 = %f\n",
            angle2, conf2, score2);
    lept_stderr(" Final:    angle = %7.3f, conf = %7.3f\n", *pangle, *pconf);
#endif  /* DEBUG_PRINT_ORTH */
 
    return 0;
}
 
 
 
/*----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                  Differential square sum function              *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
pixFindDifferentialSquareSum(PIX        *pixs,
                             l_float32  *psum)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_int32    w, h, skiph, skip, nskip;
l_float32  val1, val2, diff, sum;
NUMA      *na;
 
    if (!psum)
        return ERROR_INT("&sum not defined", __func__, 1);
    *psum = 0.0;
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
 
        /* Generate a number array consisting of the sum
         * of pixels in each row of pixs */
    if ((na = pixCountPixelsByRow(pixs, NULL)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("na not made", __func__, 1);
 
        /* Compute the number of rows at top and bottom to omit.
         * We omit these to avoid getting a spurious signal from
         * the top and bottom of a (nearly) all black image. */
    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
    h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
    skiph = (l_int32)(0.05 * w);  /* skip for max shear of 0.025 radians */
    skip = L_MIN(h / 10, skiph);  /* don't remove more than 10% of image */
    nskip = L_MAX(skip / 2, 1);  /* at top & bot; skip at least one line */
 
        /* Sum the squares of differential row sums, on the
         * allowed rows.  Note that nskip must be >= 1. */
    n = numaGetCount(na);
    sum = 0.0;
    for (i = nskip; i < n - nskip; i++) {
        numaGetFValue(na, i - 1, &val1);
        numaGetFValue(na, i, &val2);
        diff = val2 - val1;
        sum += diff * diff;
    }
    numaDestroy(&na);
    *psum = sum;
    return 0;
}
 
 
/*----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                        Normalized square sum                   *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
pixFindNormalizedSquareSum(PIX        *pixs,
                           l_float32  *phratio,
                           l_float32  *pvratio,
                           l_float32  *pfract)
{
l_int32    i, w, h, empty;
l_float32  sum, sumsq, uniform, val;
NUMA      *na;
PIX       *pixt;
 
    if (phratio) *phratio = 0.0;
    if (pvratio) *pvratio = 0.0;
    if (pfract) *pfract = 0.0;
    if (!phratio && !pvratio)
        return ERROR_INT("nothing to do", __func__, 1);
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
 
    empty = 0;
    if (phratio) {
        na = pixCountPixelsByRow(pixs, NULL);
        numaGetSum(na, &sum);  /* fg pixels */
        if (pfract) *pfract = sum / (l_float32)(w * h);
        if (sum != 0.0) {
            uniform = sum * sum / h;   /*  h*(sum / h)^2  */
            sumsq = 0.0;
            for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
                numaGetFValue(na, i, &val);
                sumsq += val * val;
            }
            *phratio = sumsq / uniform;
        } else {
            empty = 1;
        }
        numaDestroy(&na);
    }
 
    if (pvratio) {
        if (empty == 1) return 1;
        pixt = pixRotateOrth(pixs, 1);
        na = pixCountPixelsByRow(pixt, NULL);
        numaGetSum(na, &sum);
        if (pfract) *pfract = sum / (l_float32)(w * h);
        if (sum != 0.0) {
            uniform = sum * sum / w;
            sumsq = 0.0;
            for (i = 0; i < w; i++) {
                numaGetFValue(na, i, &val);
                sumsq += val * val;
            }
            *pvratio = sumsq / uniform;
        } else {
            empty = 1;
        }
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        numaDestroy(&na);
    }
 
    return empty;
}