recogbasic.c

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/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/
 
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config_auto.h>
#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
 
#include <string.h>
#include "allheaders.h"
 
static const l_int32    MaxExamplesInClass = 256;
 
    /* Default recog parameters that can be changed */
static const l_int32    DefaultCharsetType = L_ARABIC_NUMERALS;
static const l_int32    DefaultMinNopad = 1;
static const l_float32  DefaultMaxWHRatio = 3.0f;  /* max allowed w/h
                                    ratio for a component to be split  */
static const l_float32  DefaultMaxHTRatio = 2.6f;  /* max allowed ratio of
                               max/min unscaled averaged template heights  */
static const l_int32    DefaultThreshold = 150;  /* for binarization */
static const l_int32    DefaultMaxYShift = 1;  /* for identification */
 
    /* Static functions */
static l_int32 recogGetCharsetSize(l_int32 type);
static l_int32 recogAddCharstrLabels(L_RECOG *recog);
static l_int32 recogAddAllSamples(L_RECOG **precog, PIXAA *paa, l_int32 debug);
 
 
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                Recog: initialization and destruction                   *
 *------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
L_RECOG *
recogCreateFromRecog(L_RECOG  *recs,
                     l_int32   scalew,
                     l_int32   scaleh,
                     l_int32   linew,
                     l_int32   threshold,
                     l_int32   maxyshift)
{
L_RECOG  *recd;
PIXA     *pixa;
 
    if (!recs)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("recs not defined", __func__, NULL);
 
    pixa = recogExtractPixa(recs);
    recd = recogCreateFromPixa(pixa, scalew, scaleh, linew, threshold,
                               maxyshift);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    return recd;
}
 
 
L_RECOG *
recogCreateFromPixa(PIXA    *pixa,
                    l_int32  scalew,
                    l_int32  scaleh,
                    l_int32  linew,
                    l_int32  threshold,
                    l_int32  maxyshift)
{
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (!pixa)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", __func__, NULL);
 
    recog = recogCreateFromPixaNoFinish(pixa, scalew, scaleh, linew,
                                        threshold, maxyshift);
    if (!recog)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("recog not made", __func__, NULL);
 
    recogTrainingFinished(&recog, 1, -1, -1.0);
    if (!recog)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("bad templates", __func__, NULL);
    return recog;
}
 
 
L_RECOG *
recogCreateFromPixaNoFinish(PIXA    *pixa,
                            l_int32  scalew,
                            l_int32  scaleh,
                            l_int32  linew,
                            l_int32  threshold,
                            l_int32  maxyshift)
{
char     *text;
l_int32   full, n, i, ntext, same, maxd;
PIX      *pix;
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (!pixa)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", __func__, NULL);
    pixaVerifyDepth(pixa, &same, &maxd);
    if (maxd > 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("not all pix are 1 bpp", __func__, NULL);
 
    pixaIsFull(pixa, &full, NULL);
    if (!full)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("not all pix are present", __func__, NULL);
 
    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    pixaCountText(pixa, &ntext);
    if (ntext == 0)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("no pix have text strings", __func__, NULL);
    if (ntext < n)
        L_ERROR("%d text strings < %d pix\n", __func__, ntext, n);
 
    recog = recogCreate(scalew, scaleh, linew, threshold, maxyshift);
    if (!recog)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("recog not made", __func__, NULL);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        text = pixGetText(pix);
        if (!text || strlen(text) == 0) {
            L_ERROR("pix[%d] has no text\n", __func__, i);
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            continue;
        }
        recogTrainLabeled(recog, pix, NULL, text, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }
 
    return recog;
}
 
 
L_RECOG *
recogCreate(l_int32  scalew,
            l_int32  scaleh,
            l_int32  linew,
            l_int32  threshold,
            l_int32  maxyshift)
{
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (scalew < 0 || scaleh < 0)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("invalid scalew or scaleh", __func__, NULL);
    if (linew > 10)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("invalid linew > 10", __func__, NULL);
    if (threshold == 0) threshold = DefaultThreshold;
    if (threshold < 0 || threshold > 255) {
        L_WARNING("invalid threshold; using default\n", __func__);
        threshold = DefaultThreshold;
    }
    if (maxyshift < 0 || maxyshift > 2) {
         L_WARNING("invalid maxyshift; using default value\n", __func__);
         maxyshift = DefaultMaxYShift;
    } else if (maxyshift == 0) {
         L_WARNING("Using maxyshift = 0; faster, worse correlation results\n",
                   __func__);
    } else if (maxyshift == 2) {
         L_WARNING("Using maxyshift = 2; slower\n", __func__);
    }
 
    recog = (L_RECOG *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_RECOG));
    recog->templ_use = L_USE_ALL_TEMPLATES;  /* default */
    recog->threshold = threshold;
    recog->scalew = scalew;
    recog->scaleh = scaleh;
    recog->linew = linew;
    recog->maxyshift = maxyshift;
    recogSetParams(recog, 1, -1, -1.0, -1.0);
    recog->bmf = bmfCreate(NULL, 6);
    recog->bmf_size = 6;
    recog->maxarraysize = MaxExamplesInClass;
 
        /* Generate the LUTs */
    recog->centtab = makePixelCentroidTab8();
    recog->sumtab = makePixelSumTab8();
    recog->sa_text = sarrayCreate(0);
    recog->dna_tochar = l_dnaCreate(0);
 
        /* Input default values for min component size for splitting.
         * These are overwritten when pixTrainingFinished() is called. */
    recog->min_splitw = 6;
    recog->max_splith = 60;
 
        /* Allocate the paa for the unscaled training bitmaps */
    recog->pixaa_u = pixaaCreate(recog->maxarraysize);
 
        /* Generate the storage for debugging */
    recog->pixadb_boot = pixaCreate(2);
    recog->pixadb_split = pixaCreate(2);
    return recog;
}
 
 
void
recogDestroy(L_RECOG  **precog)
{
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (!precog) {
        L_WARNING("ptr address is null\n", __func__);
        return;
    }
 
    if ((recog = *precog) == NULL) return;
 
    LEPT_FREE(recog->centtab);
    LEPT_FREE(recog->sumtab);
    sarrayDestroy(&recog->sa_text);
    l_dnaDestroy(&recog->dna_tochar);
    pixaaDestroy(&recog->pixaa_u);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixa_u);
    ptaaDestroy(&recog->ptaa_u);
    ptaDestroy(&recog->pta_u);
    numaDestroy(&recog->nasum_u);
    numaaDestroy(&recog->naasum_u);
    pixaaDestroy(&recog->pixaa);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixa);
    ptaaDestroy(&recog->ptaa);
    ptaDestroy(&recog->pta);
    numaDestroy(&recog->nasum);
    numaaDestroy(&recog->naasum);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixa_tr);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixadb_ave);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixa_id);
    pixDestroy(&recog->pixdb_ave);
    pixDestroy(&recog->pixdb_range);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixadb_boot);
    pixaDestroy(&recog->pixadb_split);
    bmfDestroy(&recog->bmf);
    rchDestroy(&recog->rch);
    rchaDestroy(&recog->rcha);
    recogDestroyDid(recog);
    LEPT_FREE(recog);
    *precog = NULL;
}
 
 
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                              Recog accessors                           *
 *------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
recogGetCount(L_RECOG  *recog)
{
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 0);
    return recog->setsize;
}
 
 
l_ok
recogSetParams(L_RECOG   *recog,
               l_int32    type,
               l_int32    min_nopad,
               l_float32  max_wh_ratio,
               l_float32  max_ht_ratio)
{
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
 
    recog->charset_type = (type >= 0) ? type : DefaultCharsetType;
    recog->charset_size = recogGetCharsetSize(recog->charset_type);
    recog->min_nopad = (min_nopad >= 0) ? min_nopad : DefaultMinNopad;
    recog->max_wh_ratio = (max_wh_ratio > 0.0) ? max_wh_ratio :
                          DefaultMaxWHRatio;
    recog->max_ht_ratio = (max_ht_ratio > 1.0) ? max_ht_ratio :
                          DefaultMaxHTRatio;
    return 0;
}
 
 
static l_int32
recogGetCharsetSize(l_int32  type)
{
    switch (type) {
    case L_UNKNOWN:
        return 0;
    case L_ARABIC_NUMERALS:
        return 10;
    case L_LC_ROMAN_NUMERALS:
        return 7;
    case L_UC_ROMAN_NUMERALS:
        return 7;
    case L_LC_ALPHA:
        return 26;
    case L_UC_ALPHA:
        return 26;
    default:
        L_ERROR("invalid charset_type %d\n", __func__, type);
        return 0;
    }
    return 0;  /* shouldn't happen */
}
 
 
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                         Character/index lookup                         *
 *------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
recogGetClassIndex(L_RECOG  *recog,
                   l_int32   val,
                   char     *text,
                   l_int32  *pindex)
{
l_int32  i, n, ival;
 
    if (!pindex)
        return ERROR_INT("&index not defined", __func__, 2);
    *pindex = -1;
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 2);
    if (!text)
        return ERROR_INT("text not defined", __func__, 2);
 
        /* Search existing characters */
    n = l_dnaGetCount(recog->dna_tochar);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        l_dnaGetIValue(recog->dna_tochar, i, &ival);
        if (val == ival) {  /* found */
            *pindex = i;
            return 0;
        }
    }
 
       /* If not found... */
    l_dnaAddNumber(recog->dna_tochar, val);
    sarrayAddString(recog->sa_text, text, L_COPY);
    recog->setsize++;
    *pindex = n;
    return 1;
}
 
 
l_ok
recogStringToIndex(L_RECOG  *recog,
                   char     *text,
                   l_int32  *pindex)
{
char    *charstr;
l_int32  i, n, diff;
 
    if (!pindex)
        return ERROR_INT("&index not defined", __func__, 1);
    *pindex = -1;
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!text)
        return ERROR_INT("text not defined", __func__, 1);
 
        /* Search existing characters */
    n = recog->setsize;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        recogGetClassString(recog, i, &charstr);
        if (!charstr) {
            L_ERROR("string not found for index %d\n", __func__, i);
            continue;
        }
        diff = strcmp(text, charstr);
        LEPT_FREE(charstr);
        if (diff) continue;
        *pindex = i;
        return 0;
    }
 
    return 1;  /* not found */
}
 
 
l_int32
recogGetClassString(L_RECOG  *recog,
                    l_int32   index,
                    char    **pcharstr)
{
    if (!pcharstr)
        return ERROR_INT("&charstr not defined", __func__, 1);
    *pcharstr = stringNew("");
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 2);
 
    if (index < 0 || index >= recog->setsize)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid index", __func__, 1);
    LEPT_FREE(*pcharstr);
    *pcharstr = sarrayGetString(recog->sa_text, index, L_COPY);
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
l_convertCharstrToInt(const char  *str,
                      l_int32     *pval)
{
l_int32   size;
l_uint32  val;
 
    if (!pval)
        return ERROR_INT("&val not defined", __func__, 1);
    *pval = 0;
    if (!str)
        return ERROR_INT("str not defined", __func__, 1);
    size = strlen(str);
    if (size == 0)
        return ERROR_INT("empty string", __func__, 1);
    if (size > 4)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid string: > 4 bytes", __func__, 1);
 
    val = (l_uint8)str[0];
    if (size > 1)
        val = (val << 8) + (l_uint8)str[1];
    if (size > 2)
        val = (val << 8) + (l_uint8)str[2];
    if (size > 3)
        val = (val << 8) + (l_uint8)str[3];
    *pval = (l_int32)(val & 0x7fffffff);
    return 0;
}
 
 
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                             Serialization                              *
 *------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
L_RECOG *
recogRead(const char  *filename)
{
FILE     *fp;
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (!filename)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR_1("stream not opened",
                                      filename, __func__, NULL);
 
    if ((recog = recogReadStream(fp)) == NULL) {
        fclose(fp);
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR_1("recog not read",
                                      filename, __func__, NULL);
    }
 
    fclose(fp);
    return recog;
}
 
 
L_RECOG *
recogReadStream(FILE  *fp)
{
l_int32   version, setsize, threshold, scalew, scaleh, linew;
l_int32   maxyshift, nc;
L_DNA    *dna_tochar;
PIXAA    *paa;
L_RECOG  *recog;
SARRAY   *sa_text;
 
    if (!fp)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("stream not defined", __func__, NULL);
 
    if (fscanf(fp, "\nRecog Version %d\n", &version) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("not a recog file", __func__, NULL);
    if (version != RECOG_VERSION_NUMBER)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("invalid recog version", __func__, NULL);
    if (fscanf(fp, "Size of character set = %d\n", &setsize) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("setsize not read", __func__, NULL);
    if (fscanf(fp, "Binarization threshold = %d\n", &threshold) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("binary thresh not read", __func__, NULL);
    if (fscanf(fp, "Maxyshift = %d\n", &maxyshift) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("maxyshift not read", __func__, NULL);
    if (fscanf(fp, "Scale to width = %d\n", &scalew) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("width not read", __func__, NULL);
    if (fscanf(fp, "Scale to height = %d\n", &scaleh) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("height not read", __func__, NULL);
    if (fscanf(fp, "Normalized line width = %d\n", &linew) != 1)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("line width not read", __func__, NULL);
    if ((recog = recogCreate(scalew, scaleh, linew, threshold,
                             maxyshift)) == NULL)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("recog not made", __func__, NULL);
 
    if (fscanf(fp, "\nLabels for character set:\n") == -1) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("label intro not read", __func__, NULL);
    }
    l_dnaDestroy(&recog->dna_tochar);
    if ((dna_tochar = l_dnaReadStream(fp)) == NULL) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("dna_tochar not read", __func__, NULL);
    }
    recog->dna_tochar = dna_tochar;
    sarrayDestroy(&recog->sa_text);
    if ((sa_text = sarrayReadStream(fp)) == NULL) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("sa_text not read", __func__, NULL);
    }
    recog->sa_text = sa_text;
 
    if (fscanf(fp, "\nPixaa of all samples in the training set:\n") == -1) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("pixaa intro not read", __func__, NULL);
    }
    if ((paa = pixaaReadStream(fp)) == NULL) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("pixaa not read", __func__, NULL);
    }
    recog->setsize = setsize;
    nc = pixaaGetCount(paa, NULL);
    if (nc != setsize) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        pixaaDestroy(&paa);
        L_ERROR("(setsize = %d) != (paa count = %d)\n", __func__,
                     setsize, nc);
        return NULL;
    }
 
    recogAddAllSamples(&recog, paa, 0);  /* this finishes */
    pixaaDestroy(&paa);
    if (!recog)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("bad templates", __func__, NULL);
    return recog;
}
 
 
L_RECOG *
recogReadMem(const l_uint8  *data,
             size_t          size)
{
FILE     *fp;
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (!data)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("data not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if ((fp = fopenReadFromMemory(data, size)) == NULL)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("stream not opened", __func__, NULL);
 
    recog = recogReadStream(fp);
    fclose(fp);
    if (!recog) L_ERROR("recog not read\n", __func__);
    return recog;
}
 
 
l_ok
recogWrite(const char  *filename,
           L_RECOG     *recog)
{
l_int32  ret;
FILE    *fp;
 
    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
 
    if ((fp = fopenWriteStream(filename, "wb")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT_1("stream not opened", filename, __func__, 1);
    ret = recogWriteStream(fp, recog);
    fclose(fp);
    if (ret)
        return ERROR_INT_1("recog not written to stream",
                           filename, __func__, 1);
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
recogWriteStream(FILE     *fp,
                 L_RECOG  *recog)
{
    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
 
    fprintf(fp, "\nRecog Version %d\n", RECOG_VERSION_NUMBER);
    fprintf(fp, "Size of character set = %d\n", recog->setsize);
    fprintf(fp, "Binarization threshold = %d\n", recog->threshold);
    fprintf(fp, "Maxyshift = %d\n", recog->maxyshift);
    fprintf(fp, "Scale to width = %d\n", recog->scalew);
    fprintf(fp, "Scale to height = %d\n", recog->scaleh);
    fprintf(fp, "Normalized line width = %d\n", recog->linew);
    fprintf(fp, "\nLabels for character set:\n");
    l_dnaWriteStream(fp, recog->dna_tochar);
    sarrayWriteStream(fp, recog->sa_text);
    fprintf(fp, "\nPixaa of all samples in the training set:\n");
    pixaaWriteStream(fp, recog->pixaa);
 
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
recogWriteMem(l_uint8  **pdata,
              size_t    *psize,
              L_RECOG   *recog)
{
l_int32  ret;
FILE    *fp;
 
    if (pdata) *pdata = NULL;
    if (psize) *psize = 0;
    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!psize)
        return ERROR_INT("&size not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
 
#if HAVE_FMEMOPEN
    if ((fp = open_memstream((char **)pdata, psize)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", __func__, 1);
    ret = recogWriteStream(fp, recog);
    fputc('\0', fp);
    fclose(fp);
    if (*psize > 0) *psize = *psize - 1;
#else
    L_INFO("no fmemopen API --> work-around: write to temp file\n", __func__);
  #ifdef _WIN32
    if ((fp = fopenWriteWinTempfile()) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tmpfile stream not opened", __func__, 1);
  #else
    if ((fp = tmpfile()) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tmpfile stream not opened", __func__, 1);
  #endif  /* _WIN32 */
    ret = recogWriteStream(fp, recog);
    rewind(fp);
    *pdata = l_binaryReadStream(fp, psize);
    fclose(fp);
#endif  /* HAVE_FMEMOPEN */
    return ret;
}
 
 
PIXA *
recogExtractPixa(L_RECOG  *recog)
{
    if (!recog)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("recog not defined", __func__, NULL);
 
    recogAddCharstrLabels(recog);
    return pixaaFlattenToPixa(recog->pixaa_u, NULL, L_CLONE);
}
 
 
static l_int32
recogAddCharstrLabels(L_RECOG  *recog)
{
char    *text;
l_int32  i, j, n1, n2;
PIX     *pix;
PIXA    *pixa;
PIXAA   *paa;
 
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
 
        /* Add the labels to each unscaled pix */
    paa = recog->pixaa_u;
    n1 = pixaaGetCount(paa, NULL);
    for (i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
        pixa = pixaaGetPixa(paa, i, L_CLONE);
        text = sarrayGetString(recog->sa_text, i, L_NOCOPY);
        n2 = pixaGetCount(pixa);
        for (j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
             pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, j, L_CLONE);
             pixSetText(pix, text);
             pixDestroy(&pix);
        }
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }
 
    return 0;
}
 
 
static l_int32
recogAddAllSamples(L_RECOG  **precog,
                   PIXAA     *paa,
                   l_int32    debug)
{
char     *text;
l_int32   i, j, nc, ns;
PIX      *pix;
PIXA     *pixa, *pixa1;
L_RECOG  *recog;
 
    if (!precog)
        return ERROR_INT("&recog not defined", __func__, 1);
    if ((recog = *precog) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!paa) {
        recogDestroy(&recog);
        *precog = NULL;
        return ERROR_INT("paa not defined", __func__, 1);
    }
 
    nc = pixaaGetCount(paa, NULL);
    for (i = 0; i < nc; i++) {
        pixa = pixaaGetPixa(paa, i, L_CLONE);
        ns = pixaGetCount(pixa);
        text = sarrayGetString(recog->sa_text, i, L_NOCOPY);
        pixa1 = pixaCreate(ns);
        pixaaAddPixa(recog->pixaa_u, pixa1, L_INSERT);
        for (j = 0; j < ns; j++) {
            pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, j, L_CLONE);
            if (debug) lept_stderr("pix[%d,%d]: text = %s\n", i, j, text);
            pixaaAddPix(recog->pixaa_u, i, pix, NULL, L_INSERT);
        }
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }
 
    recogTrainingFinished(&recog, 0, -1, -1.0);  /* For second parameter,
                                             see comment in recogRead() */
    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("bad templates; recog destroyed", __func__, 1);
    return 0;
}