| conf.int {animation} | R Documentation |
This function gives a demonstration of the concept of confidence intervals in mathematical statistics.
conf.int(level = 0.95, size = 50, cl = c("red", "gray"), ...)
level |
the confidence level (1 - α), e.g. 0.95 |
size |
the sample size for drawing samples from N(0, 1) |
cl |
two different colors to annotate whether the confidence intervals
cover the true mean ( |
... |
other arguments passed to |
Keep on drawing samples from the Normal distribution N(0, 1), computing the intervals based on a given confidence level and plotting them as segments in a graph. In the end, we may check the coverage rate against the given confidence level.
Intervals that cover the true parameter are denoted in color cl[2],
otherwise in color cl[1]. Each time we draw a sample, we can compute
the corresponding confidence interval. As the process of drawing samples goes
on, there will be a legend indicating the numbers of the two kinds of
intervals respectively and the coverage rate is also denoted in the top-left
of the plot.
The argument nmax in ani.options controls the maximum
times of drawing samples.
A list containing
level |
confidence level |
size |
sample size |
CI |
a matrix of confidence intervals for each sample |
CR |
coverage rate |
Yihui Xie
George Casella and Roger L. Berger. Statistical Inference. Duxbury Press, 2th edition, 2001.
oopt = ani.options(interval = 0.1, nmax = ifelse(interactive(), 100, 2))
## 90% interval
conf.int(0.9, main = "Demonstration of Confidence Intervals")
## save the animation in HTML pages
saveHTML({
ani.options(interval = 0.15, nmax = ifelse(interactive(), 100, 10))
par(mar = c(3, 3, 1, 0.5), mgp = c(1.5, 0.5, 0), tcl = -0.3)
conf.int()
}, img.name = "conf.int", htmlfile = "conf.int.html", ani.height = 400,
ani.width = 600, title = "Demonstration of Confidence Intervals",
description = c("This animation shows the concept of the confidence",
"interval which depends on the observations: if the samples change,",
"the interval changes too. At last we can see that the coverage rate",
"will be approximate to the confidence level."))
ani.options(oopt)