ptafunc1.c

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/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/
 
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config_auto.h>
#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
 
#include <math.h>
#include "allheaders.h"
 
#ifndef M_PI
#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
#endif  /* M_PI */
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                        Simple rearrangements                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PTA *
ptaSubsample(PTA     *ptas,
             l_int32  subfactor)
{
l_int32    n, i;
l_float32  x, y;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("pixSubsample");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (subfactor < 1)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("subfactor < 1", procName, NULL);
 
    ptad = ptaCreate(0);
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (i % subfactor != 0) continue;
        ptaGetPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaJoin(PTA     *ptad,
        PTA     *ptas,
        l_int32  istart,
        l_int32  iend)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaJoin");
 
    if (!ptad)
        return ERROR_INT("ptad not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!ptas)
        return 0;
 
    if (istart < 0)
        istart = 0;
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    if (iend < 0 || iend >= n)
        iend = n - 1;
    if (istart > iend)
        return ERROR_INT("istart > iend; no pts", procName, 1);
 
    for (i = istart; i <= iend; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        if (ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y) == 1) {
            L_ERROR("failed to add pt at i = %d\n", procName, i);
            return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaaJoin(PTAA    *ptaad,
         PTAA    *ptaas,
         l_int32  istart,
         l_int32  iend)
{
l_int32  n, i;
PTA     *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaaJoin");
 
    if (!ptaad)
        return ERROR_INT("ptaad not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!ptaas)
        return 0;
 
    if (istart < 0)
        istart = 0;
    n = ptaaGetCount(ptaas);
    if (iend < 0 || iend >= n)
        iend = n - 1;
    if (istart > iend)
        return ERROR_INT("istart > iend; no pts", procName, 1);
 
    for (i = istart; i <= iend; i++) {
        pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaas, i, L_CLONE);
        ptaaAddPta(ptaad, pta, L_INSERT);
    }
 
    return 0;
}
 
 
PTA  *
ptaReverse(PTA     *ptas,
           l_int32  type)
{
l_int32    n, i, ix, iy;
l_float32  x, y;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaReverse");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    if ((ptad = ptaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptad not made", procName, NULL);
    for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        if (type == 0) {
            ptaGetPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
            ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
        } else {  /* type == 1 */
            ptaGetIPt(ptas, i, &ix, &iy);
            ptaAddPt(ptad, ix, iy);
        }
    }
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
PTA  *
ptaTranspose(PTA  *ptas)
{
l_int32    n, i;
l_float32  x, y;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaTranspose");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    if ((ptad = ptaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptad not made", procName, NULL);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        ptaAddPt(ptad, y, x);
    }
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
PTA  *
ptaCyclicPerm(PTA     *ptas,
              l_int32  xs,
              l_int32  ys)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y, j, index, state;
l_int32  x1, y1, x2, y2;
PTA     *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaCyclicPerm");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
 
        /* Verify input data */
    ptaGetIPt(ptas, 0, &x1, &y1);
    ptaGetIPt(ptas, n - 1, &x2, &y2);
    if (x1 != x2 || y1 != y2)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("start and end pts not same", procName, NULL);
    state = L_NOT_FOUND;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        if (x == xs && y == ys) {
            state = L_FOUND;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (state == L_NOT_FOUND)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("start pt not in ptas", procName, NULL);
 
    if ((ptad = ptaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptad not made", procName, NULL);
    for (j = 0; j < n - 1; j++) {
        if (i + j < n - 1)
            index = i + j;
        else
            index = (i + j + 1) % n;
        ptaGetIPt(ptas, index, &x, &y);
        ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
    ptaAddPt(ptad, xs, ys);
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaSelectRange(PTA     *ptas,
               l_int32  first,
               l_int32  last)
{
l_int32    n, npt, i;
l_float32  x, y;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaSelectRange");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(ptas)) == 0) {
        L_WARNING("ptas is empty\n", procName);
        return ptaCopy(ptas);
    }
    first = L_MAX(0, first);
    if (last < 0) last = n - 1;
    if (first >= n)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid first", procName, NULL);
    if (last >= n) {
        L_WARNING("last = %d is beyond max index = %d; adjusting\n",
                  procName, last, n - 1);
        last = n - 1;
    }
    if (first > last)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("first > last", procName, NULL);
 
    npt = last - first + 1;
    ptad = ptaCreate(npt);
    for (i = first; i <= last; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
    return ptad;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                               Geometric                             *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
BOX *
ptaGetBoundingRegion(PTA  *pta)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y, minx, maxx, miny, maxy;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetBoundingRegion");
 
    if (!pta)
        return (BOX *)ERROR_PTR("pta not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    minx = 10000000;
    miny = 10000000;
    maxx = -10000000;
    maxy = -10000000;
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        if (x < minx) minx = x;
        if (x > maxx) maxx = x;
        if (y < miny) miny = y;
        if (y > maxy) maxy = y;
    }
 
    return boxCreate(minx, miny, maxx - minx + 1, maxy - miny + 1);
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaGetRange(PTA        *pta,
            l_float32  *pminx,
            l_float32  *pmaxx,
            l_float32  *pminy,
            l_float32  *pmaxy)
{
l_int32    n, i;
l_float32  x, y, minx, maxx, miny, maxy;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetRange");
 
    if (!pminx && !pmaxx && !pminy && !pmaxy)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (pminx) *pminx = 0;
    if (pmaxx) *pmaxx = 0;
    if (pminy) *pminy = 0;
    if (pmaxy) *pmaxy = 0;
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) == 0)
        return ERROR_INT("no points in pta", procName, 1);
 
    ptaGetPt(pta, 0, &x, &y);
    minx = x;
    maxx = x;
    miny = y;
    maxy = y;
    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        if (x < minx) minx = x;
        if (x > maxx) maxx = x;
        if (y < miny) miny = y;
        if (y > maxy) maxy = y;
    }
    if (pminx) *pminx = minx;
    if (pmaxx) *pmaxx = maxx;
    if (pminy) *pminy = miny;
    if (pmaxy) *pmaxy = maxy;
    return 0;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaGetInsideBox(PTA  *ptas,
                BOX  *box)
{
PTA       *ptad;
l_int32    n, i, contains;
l_float32  x, y;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetInsideBox");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!box)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("box not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    ptad = ptaCreate(0);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        boxContainsPt(box, x, y, &contains);
        if (contains)
            ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
PTA *
pixFindCornerPixels(PIX  *pixs)
{
l_int32    i, j, x, y, w, h, wpl, mindim, found;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
PTA       *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("pixFindCornerPixels");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
 
    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
    h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
    mindim = L_MIN(w, h);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
 
    if ((pta = ptaCreate(4)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pta not made", procName, NULL);
 
    for (found = FALSE, i = 0; i < mindim; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
            y = i - j;
            line = data + y * wpl;
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, j)) {
                ptaAddPt(pta, j, y);
                found = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (found == TRUE)
            break;
    }
 
    for (found = FALSE, i = 0; i < mindim; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
            y = i - j;
            line = data + y * wpl;
            x = w - 1 - j;
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x)) {
                ptaAddPt(pta, x, y);
                found = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (found == TRUE)
            break;
    }
 
    for (found = FALSE, i = 0; i < mindim; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
            y = h - 1 - i + j;
            line = data + y * wpl;
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, j)) {
                ptaAddPt(pta, j, y);
                found = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (found == TRUE)
            break;
    }
 
    for (found = FALSE, i = 0; i < mindim; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
            y = h - 1 - i + j;
            line = data + y * wpl;
            x = w - 1 - j;
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x)) {
                ptaAddPt(pta, x, y);
                found = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (found == TRUE)
            break;
    }
 
    return pta;
}
 
 
l_int32
ptaContainsPt(PTA     *pta,
              l_int32  x,
              l_int32  y)
{
l_int32  i, n, ix, iy;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaContainsPt");
 
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 0);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &ix, &iy);
        if (x == ix && y == iy)
            return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_int32
ptaTestIntersection(PTA  *pta1,
                    PTA  *pta2)
{
l_int32  i, j, n1, n2, x1, y1, x2, y2;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaTestIntersection");
 
    if (!pta1)
        return ERROR_INT("pta1 not defined", procName, 0);
    if (!pta2)
        return ERROR_INT("pta2 not defined", procName, 0);
 
    n1 = ptaGetCount(pta1);
    n2 = ptaGetCount(pta2);
    for (i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta1, i, &x1, &y1);
        for (j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta2, i, &x2, &y2);
            if (x1 == x2 && y1 == y2)
                return 1;
        }
    }
 
    return 0;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaTransform(PTA       *ptas,
             l_int32    shiftx,
             l_int32    shifty,
             l_float32  scalex,
             l_float32  scaley)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y;
PTA     *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaTransform");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    ptad = ptaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        x = (l_int32)(scalex * (x + shiftx) + 0.5);
        y = (l_int32)(scaley * (y + shifty) + 0.5);
        ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
l_int32
ptaPtInsidePolygon(PTA       *pta,
                   l_float32  x,
                   l_float32  y,
                   l_int32   *pinside)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_float32  sum, x1, y1, x2, y2, xp1, yp1, xp2, yp2;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaPtInsidePolygon");
 
    if (!pinside)
        return ERROR_INT("&inside not defined", procName, 1);
    *pinside = 0;
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
 
        /* Think of (x1,y1) as the end point of a vector that starts
         * from the origin (0,0), and ditto for (x2,y2). */
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    sum = 0.0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &xp1, &yp1);
        ptaGetPt(pta, (i + 1) % n, &xp2, &yp2);
        x1 = xp1 - x;
        y1 = yp1 - y;
        x2 = xp2 - x;
        y2 = yp2 - y;
        sum += l_angleBetweenVectors(x1, y1, x2, y2);
    }
 
    if (L_ABS(sum) > M_PI)
        *pinside = 1;
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_float32
l_angleBetweenVectors(l_float32  x1,
                      l_float32  y1,
                      l_float32  x2,
                      l_float32  y2)
{
l_float64  ang;
 
    ang = atan2(y2, x2) - atan2(y1, x1);
    if (ang > M_PI) ang -= 2.0 * M_PI;
    if (ang < -M_PI) ang += 2.0 * M_PI;
    return ang;
}
 
 
l_int32
ptaPolygonIsConvex(PTA      *pta,
                   l_int32  *pisconvex)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_float32  x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2;
l_float64  cprod;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaPolygonIsConvex");
 
    if (!pisconvex)
        return ERROR_INT("&isconvex not defined", procName, 1);
    *pisconvex = 0;
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 3)
        return ERROR_INT("pta has < 3 pts", procName, 1);
 
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x0, &y0);
        ptaGetPt(pta, (i + 1) % n, &x1, &y1);
        ptaGetPt(pta, (i + 2) % n, &x2, &y2);
            /* The vector v02 from p0 to p2 must be to the right of the
               vector v01 from p0 to p1.  This is true if the cross
               product v02 x v01 > 0.  In coordinates:
                   v02x * v01y - v01x * v02y, where
                   v01x = x1 - x0, v01y = y1 - y0,
                   v02x = x2 - x0, v02y = y2 - y0   */
        cprod = (x2 - x0) * (y1 - y0) - (x1 - x0) * (y2 - y0);
        if (cprod < -0.0001)  /* small delta for float accuracy; test fails */
            return 0;
    }
    *pisconvex = 1;
    return 0;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Min/max and filtering                         *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
ptaGetMinMax(PTA        *pta,
             l_float32  *pxmin,
             l_float32  *pymin,
             l_float32  *pxmax,
             l_float32  *pymax)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_float32  x, y, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetMinMax");
 
    if (pxmin) *pxmin = -1.0;
    if (pymin) *pymin = -1.0;
    if (pxmax) *pxmax = -1.0;
    if (pymax) *pymax = -1.0;
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pxmin && !pxmax && !pymin && !pymax)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) == 0) {
        L_WARNING("pta is empty\n", procName);
        return 0;
    }
 
    xmin = ymin = 1.0e20;
    xmax = ymax = -1.0e20;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        if (x < xmin) xmin = x;
        if (y < ymin) ymin = y;
        if (x > xmax) xmax = x;
        if (y > ymax) ymax = y;
    }
    if (pxmin) *pxmin = xmin;
    if (pymin) *pymin = ymin;
    if (pxmax) *pxmax = xmax;
    if (pymax) *pymax = ymax;
    return 0;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaSelectByValue(PTA       *ptas,
                 l_float32  xth,
                 l_float32  yth,
                 l_int32    type,
                 l_int32    relation)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_float32  x, y;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaSelectByValue");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (ptaGetCount(ptas) == 0) {
        L_WARNING("ptas is empty\n", procName);
        return ptaCopy(ptas);
    }
    if (type != L_SELECT_XVAL && type != L_SELECT_YVAL &&
        type != L_SELECT_IF_EITHER && type != L_SELECT_IF_BOTH)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);
    if (relation != L_SELECT_IF_LT && relation != L_SELECT_IF_GT &&
        relation != L_SELECT_IF_LTE && relation != L_SELECT_IF_GTE)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid relation", procName, NULL);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    ptad = ptaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        if (type == L_SELECT_XVAL) {
            if ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_LT && x < xth) ||
                (relation == L_SELECT_IF_GT && x > xth) ||
                (relation == L_SELECT_IF_LTE && x <= xth) ||
                (relation == L_SELECT_IF_GTE && x >= xth))
                ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
        } else if (type == L_SELECT_YVAL) {
            if ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_LT && y < yth) ||
                (relation == L_SELECT_IF_GT && y > yth) ||
                (relation == L_SELECT_IF_LTE && y <= yth) ||
                (relation == L_SELECT_IF_GTE && y >= yth))
                ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
        } else if (type == L_SELECT_IF_EITHER) {
            if (((relation == L_SELECT_IF_LT) && (x < xth || y < yth)) ||
                ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_GT) && (x > xth || y > yth)) ||
                ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_LTE) && (x <= xth || y <= yth)) ||
                ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_GTE) && (x >= xth || y >= yth)))
                ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
        } else {  /* L_SELECT_IF_BOTH */
            if (((relation == L_SELECT_IF_LT) && (x < xth && y < yth)) ||
                ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_GT) && (x > xth && y > yth)) ||
                ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_LTE) && (x <= xth && y <= yth)) ||
                ((relation == L_SELECT_IF_GTE) && (x >= xth && y >= yth)))
                ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
        }
    }
 
    return ptad;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaCropToMask(PTA  *ptas,
              PIX  *pixm)
{
l_int32   i, n, x, y;
l_uint32  val;
PTA      *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaCropToMask");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixm || pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixm undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (ptaGetCount(ptas) == 0) {
        L_INFO("ptas is empty\n", procName);
        return ptaCopy(ptas);
    }
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    ptad = ptaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        pixGetPixel(pixm, x, y, &val);
        if (val == 1)
            ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
    return ptad;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            Least Squares Fit                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
ptaGetLinearLSF(PTA        *pta,
                l_float32  *pa,
                l_float32  *pb,
                NUMA      **pnafit)
{
l_int32     n, i;
l_float32   a, b, factor, sx, sy, sxx, sxy, val;
l_float32  *xa, *ya;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetLinearLSF");
 
    if (pa) *pa = 0.0;
    if (pb) *pb = 0.0;
    if (pnafit) *pnafit = NULL;
    if (!pa && !pb && !pnafit)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 2)
        return ERROR_INT("less than 2 pts found", procName, 1);
 
    xa = pta->x;  /* not a copy */
    ya = pta->y;  /* not a copy */
    sx = sy = sxx = sxy = 0.;
    if (pa && pb) {  /* general line */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            sx += xa[i];
            sy += ya[i];
            sxx += xa[i] * xa[i];
            sxy += xa[i] * ya[i];
        }
        factor = n * sxx - sx * sx;
        if (factor == 0.0)
            return ERROR_INT("no solution found", procName, 1);
        factor = 1. / factor;
 
        a = factor * ((l_float32)n * sxy - sx * sy);
        b = factor * (sxx * sy - sx * sxy);
    } else if (pa) {  /* b = 0; line through origin */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            sxx += xa[i] * xa[i];
            sxy += xa[i] * ya[i];
        }
        if (sxx == 0.0)
            return ERROR_INT("no solution found", procName, 1);
        a = sxy / sxx;
        b = 0.0;
    } else {  /* a = 0; horizontal line */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
            sy += ya[i];
        a = 0.0;
        b = sy / (l_float32)n;
    }
 
    if (pnafit) {
        *pnafit = numaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            val = a * xa[i] + b;
            numaAddNumber(*pnafit, val);
        }
    }
 
    if (pa) *pa = a;
    if (pb) *pb = b;
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaGetQuadraticLSF(PTA        *pta,
                   l_float32  *pa,
                   l_float32  *pb,
                   l_float32  *pc,
                   NUMA      **pnafit)
{
l_int32     n, i, ret;
l_float32   x, y, sx, sy, sx2, sx3, sx4, sxy, sx2y;
l_float32  *xa, *ya;
l_float32  *f[3];
l_float32   g[3];
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetQuadraticLSF");
 
    if (pa) *pa = 0.0;
    if (pb) *pb = 0.0;
    if (pc) *pc = 0.0;
    if (pnafit) *pnafit = NULL;
    if (!pa && !pb && !pc && !pnafit)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 3)
        return ERROR_INT("less than 3 pts found", procName, 1);
 
    xa = pta->x;  /* not a copy */
    ya = pta->y;  /* not a copy */
    sx = sy = sx2 = sx3 = sx4 = sxy = sx2y = 0.;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        x = xa[i];
        y = ya[i];
        sx += x;
        sy += y;
        sx2 += x * x;
        sx3 += x * x * x;
        sx4 += x * x * x * x;
        sxy += x * y;
        sx2y += x * x * y;
    }
 
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        f[i] = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(3, sizeof(l_float32));
    f[0][0] = sx4;
    f[0][1] = sx3;
    f[0][2] = sx2;
    f[1][0] = sx3;
    f[1][1] = sx2;
    f[1][2] = sx;
    f[2][0] = sx2;
    f[2][1] = sx;
    f[2][2] = n;
    g[0] = sx2y;
    g[1] = sxy;
    g[2] = sy;
 
        /* Solve for the unknowns, also putting f-inverse into f */
    ret = gaussjordan(f, g, 3);
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        LEPT_FREE(f[i]);
    if (ret)
        return ERROR_INT("quadratic solution failed", procName, 1);
 
    if (pa) *pa = g[0];
    if (pb) *pb = g[1];
    if (pc) *pc = g[2];
    if (pnafit) {
        *pnafit = numaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            x = xa[i];
            y = g[0] * x * x + g[1] * x + g[2];
            numaAddNumber(*pnafit, y);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaGetCubicLSF(PTA        *pta,
               l_float32  *pa,
               l_float32  *pb,
               l_float32  *pc,
               l_float32  *pd,
               NUMA      **pnafit)
{
l_int32     n, i, ret;
l_float32   x, y, sx, sy, sx2, sx3, sx4, sx5, sx6, sxy, sx2y, sx3y;
l_float32  *xa, *ya;
l_float32  *f[4];
l_float32   g[4];
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetCubicLSF");
 
    if (pa) *pa = 0.0;
    if (pb) *pb = 0.0;
    if (pc) *pc = 0.0;
    if (pd) *pd = 0.0;
    if (pnafit) *pnafit = NULL;
    if (!pa && !pb && !pc && !pd && !pnafit)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 4)
        return ERROR_INT("less than 4 pts found", procName, 1);
 
    xa = pta->x;  /* not a copy */
    ya = pta->y;  /* not a copy */
    sx = sy = sx2 = sx3 = sx4 = sx5 = sx6 = sxy = sx2y = sx3y = 0.;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        x = xa[i];
        y = ya[i];
        sx += x;
        sy += y;
        sx2 += x * x;
        sx3 += x * x * x;
        sx4 += x * x * x * x;
        sx5 += x * x * x * x * x;
        sx6 += x * x * x * x * x * x;
        sxy += x * y;
        sx2y += x * x * y;
        sx3y += x * x * x * y;
    }
 
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        f[i] = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(4, sizeof(l_float32));
    f[0][0] = sx6;
    f[0][1] = sx5;
    f[0][2] = sx4;
    f[0][3] = sx3;
    f[1][0] = sx5;
    f[1][1] = sx4;
    f[1][2] = sx3;
    f[1][3] = sx2;
    f[2][0] = sx4;
    f[2][1] = sx3;
    f[2][2] = sx2;
    f[2][3] = sx;
    f[3][0] = sx3;
    f[3][1] = sx2;
    f[3][2] = sx;
    f[3][3] = n;
    g[0] = sx3y;
    g[1] = sx2y;
    g[2] = sxy;
    g[3] = sy;
 
        /* Solve for the unknowns, also putting f-inverse into f */
    ret = gaussjordan(f, g, 4);
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        LEPT_FREE(f[i]);
    if (ret)
        return ERROR_INT("cubic solution failed", procName, 1);
 
    if (pa) *pa = g[0];
    if (pb) *pb = g[1];
    if (pc) *pc = g[2];
    if (pd) *pd = g[3];
    if (pnafit) {
        *pnafit = numaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            x = xa[i];
            y = g[0] * x * x * x + g[1] * x * x + g[2] * x + g[3];
            numaAddNumber(*pnafit, y);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaGetQuarticLSF(PTA        *pta,
                 l_float32  *pa,
                 l_float32  *pb,
                 l_float32  *pc,
                 l_float32  *pd,
                 l_float32  *pe,
                 NUMA      **pnafit)
{
l_int32     n, i, ret;
l_float32   x, y, sx, sy, sx2, sx3, sx4, sx5, sx6, sx7, sx8;
l_float32   sxy, sx2y, sx3y, sx4y;
l_float32  *xa, *ya;
l_float32  *f[5];
l_float32   g[5];
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetQuarticLSF");
 
    if (pa) *pa = 0.0;
    if (pb) *pb = 0.0;
    if (pc) *pc = 0.0;
    if (pd) *pd = 0.0;
    if (pe) *pe = 0.0;
    if (pnafit) *pnafit = NULL;
    if (!pa && !pb && !pc && !pd && !pe && !pnafit)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 5)
        return ERROR_INT("less than 5 pts found", procName, 1);
 
    xa = pta->x;  /* not a copy */
    ya = pta->y;  /* not a copy */
    sx = sy = sx2 = sx3 = sx4 = sx5 = sx6 = sx7 = sx8 = 0;
    sxy = sx2y = sx3y = sx4y = 0.;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        x = xa[i];
        y = ya[i];
        sx += x;
        sy += y;
        sx2 += x * x;
        sx3 += x * x * x;
        sx4 += x * x * x * x;
        sx5 += x * x * x * x * x;
        sx6 += x * x * x * x * x * x;
        sx7 += x * x * x * x * x * x * x;
        sx8 += x * x * x * x * x * x * x * x;
        sxy += x * y;
        sx2y += x * x * y;
        sx3y += x * x * x * y;
        sx4y += x * x * x * x * y;
    }
 
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        f[i] = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(5, sizeof(l_float32));
    f[0][0] = sx8;
    f[0][1] = sx7;
    f[0][2] = sx6;
    f[0][3] = sx5;
    f[0][4] = sx4;
    f[1][0] = sx7;
    f[1][1] = sx6;
    f[1][2] = sx5;
    f[1][3] = sx4;
    f[1][4] = sx3;
    f[2][0] = sx6;
    f[2][1] = sx5;
    f[2][2] = sx4;
    f[2][3] = sx3;
    f[2][4] = sx2;
    f[3][0] = sx5;
    f[3][1] = sx4;
    f[3][2] = sx3;
    f[3][3] = sx2;
    f[3][4] = sx;
    f[4][0] = sx4;
    f[4][1] = sx3;
    f[4][2] = sx2;
    f[4][3] = sx;
    f[4][4] = n;
    g[0] = sx4y;
    g[1] = sx3y;
    g[2] = sx2y;
    g[3] = sxy;
    g[4] = sy;
 
        /* Solve for the unknowns, also putting f-inverse into f */
    ret = gaussjordan(f, g, 5);
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        LEPT_FREE(f[i]);
    if (ret)
        return ERROR_INT("quartic solution failed", procName, 1);
 
    if (pa) *pa = g[0];
    if (pb) *pb = g[1];
    if (pc) *pc = g[2];
    if (pd) *pd = g[3];
    if (pe) *pe = g[4];
    if (pnafit) {
        *pnafit = numaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            x = xa[i];
            y = g[0] * x * x * x * x + g[1] * x * x * x + g[2] * x * x
                 + g[3] * x + g[4];
            numaAddNumber(*pnafit, y);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaNoisyLinearLSF(PTA        *pta,
                  l_float32   factor,
                  PTA       **pptad,
                  l_float32  *pa,
                  l_float32  *pb,
                  l_float32  *pmederr,
                  NUMA      **pnafit)
{
l_int32    n, i, ret;
l_float32  x, y, yf, val, mederr;
NUMA      *nafit, *naerror;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaNoisyLinearLSF");
 
    if (pptad) *pptad = NULL;
    if (pa) *pa = 0.0;
    if (pb) *pb = 0.0;
    if (pmederr) *pmederr = 0.0;
    if (pnafit) *pnafit = NULL;
    if (!pptad && !pa && !pb && !pnafit)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if (factor <= 0.0)
        return ERROR_INT("factor must be > 0.0", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 3)
        return ERROR_INT("less than 2 pts found", procName, 1);
 
    if (ptaGetLinearLSF(pta, pa, pb, &nafit) != 0)
        return ERROR_INT("error in linear LSF", procName, 1);
 
        /* Get the median error */
    naerror = numaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        numaGetFValue(nafit, i, &yf);
        numaAddNumber(naerror, L_ABS(y - yf));
    }
    numaGetMedian(naerror, &mederr);
    if (pmederr) *pmederr = mederr;
    numaDestroy(&nafit);
 
        /* Remove outliers */
    ptad = ptaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        numaGetFValue(naerror, i, &val);
        if (val <= factor * mederr)  /* <= in case mederr = 0 */
            ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
    numaDestroy(&naerror);
 
       /* Do LSF again */
    ret = ptaGetLinearLSF(ptad, pa, pb, pnafit);
    if (pptad)
        *pptad = ptad;
    else
        ptaDestroy(&ptad);
 
    return ret;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaNoisyQuadraticLSF(PTA        *pta,
                     l_float32   factor,
                     PTA       **pptad,
                     l_float32  *pa,
                     l_float32  *pb,
                     l_float32  *pc,
                     l_float32  *pmederr,
                     NUMA      **pnafit)
{
l_int32    n, i, ret;
l_float32  x, y, yf, val, mederr;
NUMA      *nafit, *naerror;
PTA       *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaNoisyQuadraticLSF");
 
    if (pptad) *pptad = NULL;
    if (pa) *pa = 0.0;
    if (pb) *pb = 0.0;
    if (pc) *pc = 0.0;
    if (pmederr) *pmederr = 0.0;
    if (pnafit) *pnafit = NULL;
    if (!pptad && !pa && !pb && !pc && !pnafit)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (factor <= 0.0)
        return ERROR_INT("factor must be > 0.0", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(pta)) < 3)
        return ERROR_INT("less than 3 pts found", procName, 1);
 
    if (ptaGetQuadraticLSF(pta, NULL, NULL, NULL, &nafit) != 0)
        return ERROR_INT("error in quadratic LSF", procName, 1);
 
        /* Get the median error */
    naerror = numaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        numaGetFValue(nafit, i, &yf);
        numaAddNumber(naerror, L_ABS(y - yf));
    }
    numaGetMedian(naerror, &mederr);
    if (pmederr) *pmederr = mederr;
    numaDestroy(&nafit);
 
        /* Remove outliers */
    ptad = ptaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        numaGetFValue(naerror, i, &val);
        if (val <= factor * mederr)  /* <= in case mederr = 0 */
            ptaAddPt(ptad, x, y);
    }
    numaDestroy(&naerror);
    n = ptaGetCount(ptad);
    if ((n = ptaGetCount(ptad)) < 3) {
        ptaDestroy(&ptad);
        return ERROR_INT("less than 3 pts found", procName, 1);
    }
 
       /* Do LSF again */
    ret = ptaGetQuadraticLSF(ptad, pa, pb, pc, pnafit);
    if (pptad)
        *pptad = ptad;
    else
        ptaDestroy(&ptad);
 
    return ret;
}
 
 
l_ok
applyLinearFit(l_float32   a,
                  l_float32   b,
                  l_float32   x,
                  l_float32  *py)
{
    PROCNAME("applyLinearFit");
 
    if (!py)
        return ERROR_INT("&y not defined", procName, 1);
 
    *py = a * x + b;
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
applyQuadraticFit(l_float32   a,
                  l_float32   b,
                  l_float32   c,
                  l_float32   x,
                  l_float32  *py)
{
    PROCNAME("applyQuadraticFit");
 
    if (!py)
        return ERROR_INT("&y not defined", procName, 1);
 
    *py = a * x * x + b * x + c;
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
applyCubicFit(l_float32   a,
              l_float32   b,
              l_float32   c,
              l_float32   d,
              l_float32   x,
              l_float32  *py)
{
    PROCNAME("applyCubicFit");
 
    if (!py)
        return ERROR_INT("&y not defined", procName, 1);
 
    *py = a * x * x * x + b * x * x + c * x + d;
    return 0;
}
 
 
l_ok
applyQuarticFit(l_float32   a,
                l_float32   b,
                l_float32   c,
                l_float32   d,
                l_float32   e,
                l_float32   x,
                l_float32  *py)
{
l_float32  x2;
 
    PROCNAME("applyQuarticFit");
 
    if (!py)
        return ERROR_INT("&y not defined", procName, 1);
 
    x2 = x * x;
    *py = a * x2 * x2 + b * x2 * x + c * x2 + d * x + e;
    return 0;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                        Interconversions with Pix                    *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
pixPlotAlongPta(PIX         *pixs,
                PTA         *pta,
                l_int32      outformat,
                const char  *title)
{
char            buffer[128];
char           *rtitle, *gtitle, *btitle;
static l_int32  count = 0;  /* require separate temp files for each call */
l_int32         i, x, y, d, w, h, npts, rval, gval, bval;
l_uint32        val;
NUMA           *na, *nar, *nag, *nab;
PIX            *pixt;
 
    PROCNAME("pixPlotAlongPta");
 
    lept_mkdir("lept/plot");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
    if (outformat != GPLOT_PNG && outformat != GPLOT_PS &&
        outformat != GPLOT_EPS && outformat != GPLOT_LATEX) {
        L_WARNING("outformat invalid; using GPLOT_PNG\n", procName);
        outformat = GPLOT_PNG;
    }
 
    pixt = pixRemoveColormap(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_BASED_ON_SRC);
    d = pixGetDepth(pixt);
    w = pixGetWidth(pixt);
    h = pixGetHeight(pixt);
    npts = ptaGetCount(pta);
    if (d == 32) {
        nar = numaCreate(npts);
        nag = numaCreate(npts);
        nab = numaCreate(npts);
        for (i = 0; i < npts; i++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
            if (x < 0 || x >= w)
                continue;
            if (y < 0 || y >= h)
                continue;
            pixGetPixel(pixt, x, y, &val);
            rval = GET_DATA_BYTE(&val, COLOR_RED);
            gval = GET_DATA_BYTE(&val, COLOR_GREEN);
            bval = GET_DATA_BYTE(&val, COLOR_BLUE);
            numaAddNumber(nar, rval);
            numaAddNumber(nag, gval);
            numaAddNumber(nab, bval);
        }
 
        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/tmp/lept/plot/%03d", count++);
        rtitle = stringJoin("Red: ", title);
        gplotSimple1(nar, outformat, buffer, rtitle);
        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/tmp/lept/plot/%03d", count++);
        gtitle = stringJoin("Green: ", title);
        gplotSimple1(nag, outformat, buffer, gtitle);
        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/tmp/lept/plot/%03d", count++);
        btitle = stringJoin("Blue: ", title);
        gplotSimple1(nab, outformat, buffer, btitle);
        numaDestroy(&nar);
        numaDestroy(&nag);
        numaDestroy(&nab);
        LEPT_FREE(rtitle);
        LEPT_FREE(gtitle);
        LEPT_FREE(btitle);
    } else {
        na = numaCreate(npts);
        for (i = 0; i < npts; i++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
            if (x < 0 || x >= w)
                continue;
            if (y < 0 || y >= h)
                continue;
            pixGetPixel(pixt, x, y, &val);
            numaAddNumber(na, (l_float32)val);
        }
 
        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/tmp/lept/plot/%03d", count++);
        gplotSimple1(na, outformat, buffer, title);
        numaDestroy(&na);
    }
    pixDestroy(&pixt);
    return 0;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaGetPixelsFromPix(PIX  *pixs,
                    BOX  *box)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, wpl, xstart, xend, ystart, yend, bw, bh;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
PTA       *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetPixelsFromPix");
 
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
 
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    xstart = ystart = 0;
    xend = w - 1;
    yend = h - 1;
    if (box) {
        boxGetGeometry(box, &xstart, &ystart, &bw, &bh);
        xend = xstart + bw - 1;
        yend = ystart + bh - 1;
    }
 
    if ((pta = ptaCreate(0)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pta not made", procName, NULL);
    for (i = ystart; i <= yend; i++) {
        line = data + i * wpl;
        for (j = xstart; j <= xend; j++) {
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, j))
                ptaAddPt(pta, j, i);
        }
    }
 
    return pta;
}
 
 
PIX *
pixGenerateFromPta(PTA     *pta,
                   l_int32  w,
                   l_int32  h)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y;
PIX     *pix;
 
    PROCNAME("pixGenerateFromPta");
 
    if (!pta)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pta not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    if ((pix = pixCreate(w, h, 1)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix not made", procName, NULL);
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        if (x < 0 || x >= w || y < 0 || y >= h)
            continue;
        pixSetPixel(pix, x, y, 1);
    }
 
    return pix;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaGetBoundaryPixels(PIX     *pixs,
                     l_int32  type)
{
PIX  *pixt;
PTA  *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetBoundaryPixels");
 
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (type != L_BOUNDARY_FG && type != L_BOUNDARY_BG)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);
 
    if (type == L_BOUNDARY_FG)
        pixt = pixMorphSequence(pixs, "e3.3", 0);
    else
        pixt = pixMorphSequence(pixs, "d3.3", 0);
    pixXor(pixt, pixt, pixs);
    pta = ptaGetPixelsFromPix(pixt, NULL);
 
    pixDestroy(&pixt);
    return pta;
}
 
 
PTAA *
ptaaGetBoundaryPixels(PIX     *pixs,
                      l_int32  type,
                      l_int32  connectivity,
                      BOXA   **pboxa,
                      PIXA   **ppixa)
{
l_int32  i, n, w, h, x, y, bw, bh, left, right, top, bot;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pixt1, *pixt2;
PIXA    *pixa;
PTA     *pta1, *pta2;
PTAA    *ptaa;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaaGetBoundaryPixels");
 
    if (pboxa) *pboxa = NULL;
    if (ppixa) *ppixa = NULL;
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (type != L_BOUNDARY_FG && type != L_BOUNDARY_BG)
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);
    if (connectivity != 4 && connectivity != 8)
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("connectivity not 4 or 8", procName, NULL);
 
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    boxa = pixConnComp(pixs, &pixa, connectivity);
    n = boxaGetCount(boxa);
    ptaa = ptaaCreate(0);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, i, &x, &y, &bw, &bh);
        left = right = top = bot = 0;
        if (type == L_BOUNDARY_BG) {
            if (x > 0) left = 1;
            if (y > 0) top = 1;
            if (x + bw < w) right = 1;
            if (y + bh < h) bot = 1;
            pixt2 = pixAddBorderGeneral(pixt1, left, right, top, bot, 0);
        } else {
            pixt2 = pixClone(pixt1);
        }
        pta1 = ptaGetBoundaryPixels(pixt2, type);
        pta2 = ptaTransform(pta1, x - left, y - top, 1.0, 1.0);
        ptaaAddPta(ptaa, pta2, L_INSERT);
        ptaDestroy(&pta1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    }
 
    if (pboxa)
        *pboxa = boxa;
    else
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    if (ppixa)
        *ppixa = pixa;
    else
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    return ptaa;
}
 
 
PTAA *
ptaaIndexLabeledPixels(PIX      *pixs,
                       l_int32  *pncc)
{
l_int32    wpl, index, i, j, w, h;
l_uint32   maxval;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
PTA       *pta;
PTAA      *ptaa;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaaIndexLabeledPixels");
 
    if (pncc) *pncc = 0;
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32))
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undef or not 32 bpp", procName, NULL);
 
        /* The number of c.c. is the maximum pixel value.  Use this to
         * initialize ptaa with sufficient pta arrays */
    pixGetMaxValueInRect(pixs, NULL, &maxval, NULL, NULL);
    if (pncc) *pncc = maxval;
    pta = ptaCreate(1);
    ptaa = ptaaCreate(maxval + 1);
    ptaaInitFull(ptaa, pta);
    ptaDestroy(&pta);
 
        /* Sweep over %pixs, saving the pixel coordinates of each pixel
         * with nonzero value in the appropriate pta, indexed by that value. */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        line = data + wpl * i;
        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
            index = line[j];
            if (index > 0)
                ptaaAddPt(ptaa, index, j, i);
        }
    }
 
    return ptaa;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaGetNeighborPixLocs(PIX  *pixs,
                      l_int32  x,
                      l_int32  y,
                      l_int32  conn)
{
l_int32  w, h;
PTA     *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaGetNeighborPixLocs");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (x < 0 || x >= w || y < 0 || y >= h)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("(x,y) not in pixs", procName, NULL);
    if (conn != 4 && conn != 8)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("conn not 4 or 8", procName, NULL);
 
    pta = ptaCreate(conn);
    if (x > 0)
        ptaAddPt(pta, x - 1, y);
    if (x < w - 1)
        ptaAddPt(pta, x + 1, y);
    if (y > 0)
        ptaAddPt(pta, x, y - 1);
    if (y < h - 1)
        ptaAddPt(pta, x, y + 1);
    if (conn == 8) {
        if (x > 0) {
            if (y > 0)
                ptaAddPt(pta, x - 1, y - 1);
            if (y < h - 1)
                ptaAddPt(pta, x - 1, y + 1);
        }
        if (x < w - 1) {
            if (y > 0)
                ptaAddPt(pta, x + 1, y - 1);
            if (y < h - 1)
                ptaAddPt(pta, x + 1, y + 1);
        }
    }
 
    return pta;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                    Interconversion with Numa                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PTA *
numaConvertToPta1(NUMA  *na)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_float32  startx, delx, val;
PTA       *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("numaConvertToPta1");
 
    if (!na)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("na not defined", procName, NULL);
 
    n = numaGetCount(na);
    pta = ptaCreate(n);
    numaGetParameters(na, &startx, &delx);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        numaGetFValue(na, i, &val);
        ptaAddPt(pta, startx + i * delx, val);
    }
    return pta;
}
 
 
PTA *
numaConvertToPta2(NUMA  *nax,
                  NUMA  *nay)
{
l_int32    i, n, nx, ny;
l_float32  valx, valy;
PTA       *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("numaConvertToPta2");
 
    if (!nax || !nay)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("nax and nay not both defined", procName, NULL);
 
    nx = numaGetCount(nax);
    ny = numaGetCount(nay);
    n = L_MIN(nx, ny);
    if (nx != ny)
        L_WARNING("nx = %d does not equal ny = %d\n", procName, nx, ny);
    pta = ptaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        numaGetFValue(nax, i, &valx);
        numaGetFValue(nay, i, &valy);
        ptaAddPt(pta, valx, valy);
    }
    return pta;
}
 
 
l_ok
ptaConvertToNuma(PTA    *pta,
                 NUMA  **pnax,
                 NUMA  **pnay)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_float32  valx, valy;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaConvertToNuma");
 
    if (pnax) *pnax = NULL;
    if (pnay) *pnay = NULL;
    if (!pnax || !pnay)
        return ERROR_INT("&nax and &nay not both defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pta)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not defined", procName, 1);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    *pnax = numaCreate(n);
    *pnay = numaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetPt(pta, i, &valx, &valy);
        numaAddNumber(*pnax, valx);
        numaAddNumber(*pnay, valy);
    }
    return 0;
}
 
 
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                          Display Pta and Ptaa                       *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixDisplayPta(PIX  *pixd,
              PIX  *pixs,
              PTA  *pta)
{
l_int32   i, n, w, h, x, y;
l_uint32  rpixel, gpixel, bpixel;
 
    PROCNAME("pixDisplayPta");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, pixd);
    if (!pta)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pta not defined", procName, pixd);
    if (pixd && (pixd != pixs || pixGetDepth(pixd) != 32))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid pixd", procName, pixd);
 
    if (!pixd)
        pixd = pixConvertTo32(pixs);
    pixGetDimensions(pixd, &w, &h, NULL);
    composeRGBPixel(255, 0, 0, &rpixel);  /* start point */
    composeRGBPixel(0, 255, 0, &gpixel);
    composeRGBPixel(0, 0, 255, &bpixel);  /* end point */
 
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        if (x < 0 || x >= w || y < 0 || y >= h)
            continue;
        if (i == 0)
            pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, rpixel);
        else if (i < n - 1)
            pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, gpixel);
        else
            pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, bpixel);
    }
 
    return pixd;
}
 
 
PIX *
pixDisplayPtaaPattern(PIX      *pixd,
                      PIX      *pixs,
                      PTAA     *ptaa,
                      PIX      *pixp,
                      l_int32   cx,
                      l_int32   cy)
{
l_int32   i, n;
l_uint32  color;
PIXCMAP  *cmap;
PTA      *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("pixDisplayPtaaPattern");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, pixd);
    if (!ptaa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("ptaa not defined", procName, pixd);
    if (pixd && (pixd != pixs || pixGetDepth(pixd) != 32))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid pixd", procName, pixd);
    if (!pixp)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixp not defined", procName, pixd);
 
    if (!pixd)
        pixd = pixConvertTo32(pixs);
 
        /* Use 256 random colors */
    cmap = pixcmapCreateRandom(8, 0, 0);
    n = ptaaGetCount(ptaa);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixcmapGetColor32(cmap, i % 256, &color);
        pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixDisplayPtaPattern(pixd, pixd, pta, pixp, cx, cy, color);
        ptaDestroy(&pta);
    }
 
    pixcmapDestroy(&cmap);
    return pixd;
}
 
 
PIX *
pixDisplayPtaPattern(PIX      *pixd,
                     PIX      *pixs,
                     PTA      *pta,
                     PIX      *pixp,
                     l_int32   cx,
                     l_int32   cy,
                     l_uint32  color)
{
l_int32  i, n, w, h, x, y;
PTA     *ptat;
 
    PROCNAME("pixDisplayPtaPattern");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, pixd);
    if (!pta)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pta not defined", procName, pixd);
    if (pixd && (pixd != pixs || pixGetDepth(pixd) != 32))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid pixd", procName, pixd);
    if (!pixp)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixp not defined", procName, pixd);
 
    if (!pixd)
        pixd = pixConvertTo32(pixs);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    ptat = ptaReplicatePattern(pta, pixp, NULL, cx, cy, w, h);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptat);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(ptat, i, &x, &y);
        if (x < 0 || x >= w || y < 0 || y >= h)
            continue;
        pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, color);
    }
 
    ptaDestroy(&ptat);
    return pixd;
}
 
 
PTA *
ptaReplicatePattern(PTA     *ptas,
                    PIX     *pixp,
                    PTA     *ptap,
                    l_int32  cx,
                    l_int32  cy,
                    l_int32  w,
                    l_int32  h)
{
l_int32  i, j, n, np, x, y, xp, yp, xf, yf;
PTA     *ptat, *ptad;
 
    PROCNAME("ptaReplicatePattern");
 
    if (!ptas)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixp && !ptap)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("no pattern is defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixp && ptap)
        L_WARNING("pixp and ptap defined; using ptap\n", procName);
 
    n = ptaGetCount(ptas);
    ptad = ptaCreate(n);
    if (ptap)
        ptat = ptaClone(ptap);
    else
        ptat = ptaGetPixelsFromPix(pixp, NULL);
    np = ptaGetCount(ptat);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(ptas, i, &x, &y);
        for (j = 0; j < np; j++) {
            ptaGetIPt(ptat, j, &xp, &yp);
            xf = x - cx + xp;
            yf = y - cy + yp;
            if (xf >= 0 && xf < w && yf >= 0 && yf < h)
                ptaAddPt(ptad, xf, yf);
        }
    }
 
    ptaDestroy(&ptat);
    return ptad;
}
 
 
PIX *
pixDisplayPtaa(PIX   *pixs,
               PTAA  *ptaa)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, npta, npt, x, y, rv, gv, bv;
l_uint32  *pixela;
NUMA      *na1, *na2, *na3;
PIX       *pixd;
PTA       *pta;
 
    PROCNAME("pixDisplayPtaa");
 
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!ptaa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("ptaa not defined", procName, NULL);
    npta = ptaaGetCount(ptaa);
    if (npta == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no pta", procName, NULL);
 
    if ((pixd = pixConvertTo32(pixs)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixd, &w, &h, NULL);
 
        /* Make a colormap for the paths */
    if ((pixela = (l_uint32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(npta, sizeof(l_uint32))) == NULL) {
        pixDestroy(&pixd);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("calloc fail for pixela", procName, NULL);
    }
    na1 = numaPseudorandomSequence(256, 14657);
    na2 = numaPseudorandomSequence(256, 34631);
    na3 = numaPseudorandomSequence(256, 54617);
    for (i = 0; i < npta; i++) {
        numaGetIValue(na1, i % 256, &rv);
        numaGetIValue(na2, i % 256, &gv);
        numaGetIValue(na3, i % 256, &bv);
        composeRGBPixel(rv, gv, bv, &pixela[i]);
    }
    numaDestroy(&na1);
    numaDestroy(&na2);
    numaDestroy(&na3);
 
    for (i = 0; i < npta; i++) {
        pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, i, L_CLONE);
        npt = ptaGetCount(pta);
        for (j = 0; j < npt; j++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, j, &x, &y);
            if (x < 0 || x >= w || y < 0 || y >= h)
                continue;
            pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, pixela[i]);
        }
        ptaDestroy(&pta);
    }
 
    LEPT_FREE(pixela);
    return pixd;
}