As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, although/cs we/ppss still/rb make/vb use/nn of/in this/dt distinction/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez much/ap confusion/nn as/in to/in the/at meaning/nn of/in the/at basic/jj terms/nns employed/vbn ./.
Just/rb what/wdt is/bez meant/vbn by/in ``/`` spirit/nn ''/'' and/cc by/in ``/`` matter/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at terms/nns are/ber generally/rb taken/vbn for/in granted/vbn as/cs though/cs they/ppss referred/vbd to/in direct/jj and/cc axiomatic/jj elements/nns in/in the/at common/jj experience/nn of/in all/abn ./.
Yet/cc in/in the/at contemporary/jj context/nn this/dt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt one/pn must/md not/* do/do ./.
For/cs in/in the/at modern/jj world/nn neither/cc ``/`` spirit/nn ''/'' nor/cc ``/`` matter/nn ''/'' refer/vb to/in any/dti generally/rb agreed-upon/jj elements/nns of/in experience/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber in/in a/at transitional/jj stage/nn in/in which/wdt many/ap of/in the/at connotations/nns of/in former/ap usage/nn have/hv had/hvn to/to be/be revised/vbn or/cc rejected/vbn ./.
When/wrb the/at words/nns are/ber used/vbn ,/, we/ppss are/ber never/rb sure/jj which/wdt of/in the/at traditional/jj meanings/nns the/at user/nn may/md have/hv in/in mind/nn ,/, or/cc to/in what/wdt extent/nn his/pp$ revisions/nns and/cc rejections/nns of/in former/ap understandings/nns correspond/vb to/in ours/pp$$ ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql widespread/jj features/nns of/in contemporary/jj thought/nn is/bez the/at almost/rb universal/jj disbelief/nn in/in the/at reality/nn of/in spirit/nn ./.
Just/rb a/at few/ap centuries/nns ago/rb the/at world/nn of/in spirits/nns was/bedz as/ql populous/jj and/cc real/jj as/cs the/at world/nn of/in material/nn entities/nns ./.
Not/* only/rb in/in popular/jj thought/nn but/cc in/in that/dt of/in the/at highly/ql educated/vbn as/ql well/rb was/bedz this/dt true/jj ./.
Demons/nns ,/, fairies/nns ,/, angels/nns ,/, and/cc a/at host/nn of/in other/ap spiritual/jj beings/nns were/bed as/ql much/ap a/at part/nn of/in the/at experiential/jj world/nn of/in western/jj man/nn as/cs were/bed rocks/nns and/cc trees/nns and/cc stars/nns ./.
In/in such/abl a/at world/nn the/at words/nns ``/`` matter/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` spirit/nn ''/'' both/abx referred/vbd to/in directly/rb known/vbn realities/nns in/in the/at common/jj experience/nn of/in all/abn ./.
In/in it/ppo important/jj elements/nns of/in Christianity/np and/cc of/in the/at Biblical/jj view/nn of/in reality/nn in/in general/jj ,/, which/wdt now/rb cause/vb us/ppo much/ap difficulty/nn ,/, could/md be/be responded/vbn to/in quite/ql naturally/rb and/cc spontaneously/rb ./.


	The/at progress/nn of/in science/nn over/in these/dts last/ap few/ap centuries/nns and/cc the/at gradual/jj replacement/nn of/in Biblical/jj by/in scientific/jj categories/nns of/in reality/nn have/hv to/in a/at large/jj extent/nn emptied/vbn the/at spirit/nn world/nn of/in the/at entities/nns which/wdt previously/rb populated/vbd it/ppo ./.
In/in carrying/vbg out/rp this/dt program/nn science/nn has/hvz undoubtedly/rb performed/vbn a/at very/ql considerable/jj service/nn for/in which/wdt it/pps can/md claim/vb due/jj credit/nn ./.
The/at objectification/nn of/in the/at world/nn of/in spirit/nn in/in popular/jj superstition/nn had/hvd certainly/rb gone/vbn far/rb beyond/in what/wdt the/at experience/nn of/in spirit/nn could/md justify/vb or/cc support/vb ./.
Science/nn is/bez fully/ql competent/jj to/to deal/vb with/in any/dti element/nn of/in experience/nn which/wdt arises/vbz from/in an/at object/nn in/in space/nn and/cc time/nn ./.
When/wrb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, it/pps turned/vbd its/pp$ attention/nn to/in the/at concrete/jj entities/nns with/in which/wdt popular/jj imagination/nn had/hvd peopled/vbn the/at world/nn of/in spirit/nn ,/, these/dts entities/nns soon/rb lost/vbd whatever/wdt status/nn they/ppss had/hvd enjoyed/vbn as/cs actual/jj elements/nns of/in external/jj reality/nn ./.
In/in doing/vbg so/rb science/nn has/hvz unquestionably/rb cleared/vbn up/rp widespread/jj misconceptions/nns ,/, removed/vbn extraneous/jj and/cc illusory/jj sources/nns of/in fear/nn ,/, and/cc dispelled/vbn many/ap undesirable/jj popular/jj superstitions/nns ./.
There/ex have/hv been/ben ,/, indeed/rb ,/, many/ap important/jj and/cc valuable/jj gains/nns from/in the/at development/nn of/in our/pp$ present/jj scientific/jj view/nn of/in the/at world/nn for/in which/wdt we/ppss may/md be/be rightly/ql grateful/jj ./.


	All/abn this/dt has/hvz not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, been/ben an/at unmixed/jj blessing/nn ./.
The/at scientific/jj debunking/nn of/in the/at spirit/nn world/nn has/hvz been/ben in/in a/at way/nn too/ql successful/jj and/cc too/ql thorough/jj ./.
The/at house/nn has/hvz been/ben swept/vbn so/ql clean/jj that/cs contemporary/jj man/nn has/hvz been/ben left/vbn with/in no/at means/nns ,/, or/cc at/in best/jjt with/in wholly/ql inadequate/jj means/nns ,/, for/in dealing/vbg with/in his/pp$ experience/nn of/in spirit/nn ./.
Although/cs the/at particular/jj form/nn of/in conceptualization/nn which/wdt popular/jj imagination/nn had/hvd made/vbn in/in response/nn to/in the/at experience/nn of/in spirit/nn was/bedz undoubtedly/rb defective/jj ,/, the/at raw/jj experience/nn itself/ppl which/wdt led/vbd to/in such/jj excesses/nns remains/nns with/in us/ppo as/ql vividly/rb as/cs ever/rb ./.
We/ppss simply/rb find/vb ourselves/ppls in/in the/at position/nn of/in having/hvg no/at means/nns for/in inquiring/vbg into/in the/at structure/nn and/cc meaning/nn of/in this/dt range/nn of/in our/pp$ experience/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at framework/nn or/cc structure/nn of/in thought/nn with/in respect/nn to/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md organize/vb it/ppo and/cc no/at part/nn of/in reality/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss know/vb and/cc apprehend/vb it/ppo ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md refer/vb this/dt experience/nn ./.
Science/nn has/hvz simply/rb left/vbn us/ppo helpless/jj and/cc powerless/jj in/in this/dt important/jj sector/nn of/in our/pp$ lives/nns ./.


	The/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss find/vb ourselves/ppls is/bez brought/vbn out/rp with/in dramatic/jj force/nn in/in Arthur/np Miller's/np$ play/nn The/at-tl Crucible/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt deals/vbz with/in the/at Salem/np witch/nn trials/nns ./.
As/cs the/at play/nn opens/vbz the/at audience/nn is/bez introduced/vbn to/in the/at community/nn of/in Salem/np in/in Puritan/jj-tl America/np at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ./.
Aside/rb from/in a/at quaint/jj concern/nn with/in witches/nns and/cc devils/nns which/wdt provides/vbz the/at immediate/jj problem/nn in/in the/at opening/vbg scene/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at quite/ql normal/jj community/nn ./.
The/at conversation/nn of/in the/at characters/nns creates/vbz an/at atmosphere/nn suggesting/vbg the/at usual/jj mixture/nn of/in pleasures/nns ,/, foibles/nns ,/, irritations/nns ,/, and/cc concerns/nns which/wdt would/md characterize/vb the/at common/jj life/nn of/in a/at normal/jj village/nn in/in any/dti age/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at occasion/nn to/to feel/vb uneasy/jj or/cc disturbed/vbn about/in these/dts people/nns ./.
Instead/rb ,/, the/at audience/nn can/md sit/vb back/rb at/in ease/nn and/cc ,/, from/in the/at perspective/nn of/in an/at enlightened/vbn time/nn which/wdt no/ql longer/rbr believes/vbz in/in such/jj things/nns ,/, enjoy/vb the/at dead/jj seriousness/nn with/in which/wdt the/at characters/nns in/in the/at play/nn take/nn the/at witches/nns and/cc devils/nns which/wdt are/ber under/in discussion/nn ./.
A/at teenage/jj girl/nn ,/, Abigail/np Williams/np ,/, is/bez being/beg sharply/rb questioned/vbn by/in her/pp$ minister/nn uncle/nn ,/, the/at Reverend/np Samuel/np Parris/np ,/, about/in a/at wild/jj night/nn affair/nn in/in the/at woods/nns in/in which/wdt she/pps and/cc some/dti other/ap girls/nns had/hvd seemed/vbn to/to have/hv had/hvn contact/nn with/in these/dts evil/jj beings/nns ./.
For/in all/abn involved/vbn in/in this/dt discussion/nn the/at devil/nn is/bez a/at real/jj entity/nn who/wps can/md really/rb be/be confronted/vbn in/in the/at woods/nns on/in a/at dark/jj night/nn ,/, the/at demon/nn world/nn is/bez populated/vbn with/in real/jj creatures/nns ,/, and/cc witches/nns actually/rb can/md be/be seen/vbn flying/vbg through/in the/at air/nn ./.


	As/cs the/at play/nn unfolds/vbz ,/, however/wrb ,/, the/at audience/nn is/bez subtly/rb brought/vbn into/in the/at grip/nn of/in an/at awful/jj evil/nn which/wdt grows/vbz with/in ominously/rb gathering/vbg power/nn and/cc soon/rb engulfs/vbz the/at community/nn ./.
Everyone/pn in/in Salem/np ,/, saint/nn and/cc sinner/nn alike/rb ,/, is/bez swept/vbn up/rp by/in it/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez like/cs a/at mysterious/jj epidemic/nn which/wdt ,/, starting/vbg first/rb with/in Abigail/np and/cc Parris/np ,/, spreads/vbz inexorably/rb with/in a/at dreadfully/rb growing/vbg virulence/nn through/in the/at whole/jj town/nn until/cs all/abn have/hv been/ben infected/vbn by/in it/ppo ./.
It/pps grows/vbz terribly/rb and/cc unavoidably/rb in/in power/nn and/cc leaves/vbz in/in its/pp$ wake/nn a/at trail/nn of/in misery/nn ,/, moral/jj disintegration/nn ,/, and/cc destruction/nn ./.
The/at audience/nn leaves/vbz the/at play/nn under/in a/at spell/nn ,/, It/pps is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in spell/nn which/wdt the/at exposure/nn to/in spirit/nn in/in its/pp$ living/vbg active/jj manifestation/nn always/rb evokes/vbz ./.


	If/cs one/pn asks/vbz about/in this/dt play/nn ,/, what/wdt it/pps is/bez that/dt comes/vbz upon/in this/dt community/nn and/cc works/vbz within/in it/ppo with/in such/jj terrible/jj power/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at better/jjr answer/nn to/to give/vb than/cs ``/`` spirit/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* to/to attempt/vb to/to say/vb what/wdt spirit/nn is/bez ,/, but/cc only/rb to/to employ/vb a/at commonly/rb used/vbn word/nn to/to designate/vb or/cc simply/rb identify/vb a/at common/jj experience/nn ./.
In/in the/at end/nn the/at good/jj man/nn ,/, John/np Proctor/np ,/, expresses/vbz what/wdt the/at audience/nn has/hvz already/rb come/vbn to/to feel/vb when/wrb he/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` A/at fire/nn ,/, a/at fire/nn is/bez burning/vbg !/. !/.
I/ppss hear/vb the/at boot/nn of/in Lucifer/np ,/, I/ppss see/vb his/pp$ filthy/jj face/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
The/at tragic/jj irony/nn of/in the/at play/nn is/bez that/cs the/at very/ap belief/nn in/in and/cc concern/nn with/in a/at devil/nn who/wps could/md be/be met/vbn in/in the/at woods/nns and/cc combatted/vbn with/in formulae/nns set/vbn out/rp in/in books/nns was/bedz the/at very/ap thing/nn that/wps prevented/vbd them/ppo from/in detecting/vbg the/at real/jj devil/nn when/wrb he/pps came/vbd among/in them/ppo ./.
We/ppss marvel/vb at/in their/pp$ blindness/nn for/in not/* seeing/vbg this/dt ./.
Yet/cc are/ber not/* we/ppss of/in the/at mid-twentieth/od century/nn ,/, who/wps rightly/rb do/do not/* believe/vb there/ex is/bez any/dti such/jj ``/`` thing/nn ''/'' as/cs the/at devil/nn ,/, just/ql as/ql bad/jj off/rp as/cs they/ppss --/-- only/rb in/in a/at different/jj way/nn ?/. ?/.
In/in our/pp$ disbelief/nn we/ppss think/vb that/cs we/ppss can/md no/ql longer/rbr even/rb use/vb the/at word/nn and/cc so/cs are/ber unable/jj to/to even/rb name/vb the/at elemental/jj power/nn which/wdt is/bez so/ql vividly/rb real/jj in/in this/dt play/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber left/vbn helpless/jj to/to cope/vb with/in it/ppo because/cs we/ppss do/do not/* dare/vb speak/vb of/in it/ppo as/cs anything/pn real/jj for/in fear/nn that/cs to/to do/do so/rb would/md imply/vb a/at commitment/nn to/in that/dt which/wdt has/hvz already/rb been/ben discredited/vbn and/cc proved/vbn false/jj ./.


	Even/rb Mr./np Miller/np himself/ppl seems/vbz uncertain/jj on/in this/dt score/nn ./.
In/in a/at long/jj commentary/nn which/wdt he/pps has/hvz inserted/vbn in/in the/at published/vbn text/nn of/in the/at first/od act/nn of/in the/at play/nn ,/, he/pps says/vbz at/in one/cd point/nn :/: ``/`` However/rb ,/, that/dt experience/nn never/rb raised/vbd a/at doubt/nn in/in his/pp$ mind/nn as/in to/in the/at reality/nn of/in the/at underworld/nn or/cc the/at existence/nn of/in Lucifer's/np$ many-faced/jj lieutenants/nns ./.
And/cc his/pp$ belief/nn is/bez not/* to/in his/pp$ discredit/nn ./.
Better/jjr minds/nns than/cs Hale's/np$ were/bed --/-- and/cc still/rb are/ber --/-- convinced/vbn that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at society/nn of/in spirits/nns beyond/in our/pp$ ken/nn ''/'' ./.
(/( page/nn 33/cd )/) On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, a/at little/ql later/rbr on/rp he/pps says/vbz :/: ``/`` Since/in 1692/cd a/at great/jj but/cc superficial/jj change/nn has/hvz wiped/vbn out/rp God's/np$ beard/nn and/cc the/at Devil's/nn$-tl horns/nns ,/, but/cc the/at world/nn is/bez still/rb gripped/vbn between/in two/cd diametrically/rb opposed/vbn absolutes/nns ./.
The/at concept/nn of/in unity/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt positive/nn and/cc negative/nn are/ber attributes/nns of/in the/at same/ap force/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt good/nn and/cc evil/nn are/ber relative/jj ,/, ever-changing/jj ,/, and/cc always/rb joined/vbn to/in the/at same/ap phenomenon/nn --/-- such/abl a/at concept/nn is/bez still/rb reserved/vbn to/in the/at physical/jj sciences/nns and/cc to/in the/at few/ap who/wps have/hv grasped/vbn the/at history/nn of/in ideas/nns ./.
When/wrb we/ppss see/vb the/at steady/jj and/cc methodical/jj inculcation/nn into/in humanity/nn of/in the/at idea/nn of/in man's/nn$ worthlessness/nn --/-- until/cs redeemed/vbn --/-- the/at necessity/nn of/in the/at Devil/nn-tl may/md become/vb evident/jj as/cs a/at weapon/nn ,/, a/at weapon/nn designed/vbn and/cc used/vbn time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb in/in every/at age/nn to/to whip/vb men/nns into/in a/at surrender/nn to/in a/at particular/jj church/nn or/cc church-state/nn ''/'' ./.
(/( page/nn 34/cd )/) 

	Apparently/rb he/pps does/doz not/* intend/vb that/cs those/dts who/wps read/vb or/cc view/vb this/dt play/nn should/md think/vb of/in the/at devil/nn as/cs being/beg actually/ql real/jj ./.
Yet/rb such/abl is/bez the/at dramatic/jj power/nn of/in his/pp$ writing/nn that/cs the/at audience/nn is/bez nevertheless/rb left/vbn in/in the/at grip/nn of/in the/at terrible/jj power/nn and/cc potency/nn of/in that/dt which/wdt came/vbd over/in Salem/np ./.
It/pps casts/vbz a/at spell/nn upon/in them/ppo so/cs that/cs they/ppss leave/vb with/in a/at feeling/nn of/in having/hvg been/ben in/in the/at mysterious/jj presence/nn of/in an/at evil/jj power/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* enough/ap in/in accounting/vbg for/in this/dt feeling/nn to/to analyze/vb it/ppo into/in the/at wickedness/nn of/in individual/jj people/nns added/vbn together/rb to/to produce/vb a/at cumulative/jj effect/nn ./.
For/cs this/dt does/doz not/* account/vb for/in the/at integral/jj ,/, elemental/jj power/nn of/in that/dt which/wdt grows/vbz with/in abounding/vbg vigor/nn as/cs the/at play/nn unfolds/vbz ,/, nor/cc does/doz it/ppo explain/vb the/at strange/jj numinous/jj sense/nn of/in presentness/nn which/wdt comes/vbz over/rp those/dts who/wps watch/vb the/at play/nn like/cs a/at spell/nn ./.
The/at reality/nn of/in spirit/nn emerges/vbz in/in this/dt play/nn in/in spite/nn of/in the/at author's/nn$ convictions/nns to/in the/at contrary/nn ./.



Spirit/nn-hl and/cc-hl community/nn-hl 


	There/ex is/bez nothing/pn in/in the/at whole/jj range/nn of/in human/jj experience/nn more/ql widely/rb known/vbn and/cc universally/rb felt/vbn than/cs spirit/nn ./.
Apart/rb from/in spirit/nn there/ex could/md be/be no/at community/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez spirit/nn which/wdt draws/vbz men/nns into/in community/nn and/cc gives/vbz to/in any/dti community/nn its/pp$ unity/nn ,/, cohesiveness/nn ,/, and/cc permanence/nn ./.
Think/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, of/in the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ./.
Surely/rb this/dt is/bez a/at reality/nn we/ppss all/abn acknowledge/vb ./.
We/ppss cannot/md* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, assign/vb it/ppo any/dti substance/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* material/nn and/cc is/bez not/* a/at ``/`` thing/nn ''/'' occupying/vbg space/nn and/cc time/nn ./.
Yet/cc it/pps exists/vbz and/cc has/hvz an/at objective/jj reality/nn which/wdt can/md be/be experienced/vbn and/cc known/vbn ./.
So/rb it/pps is/bez too/rb with/in many/ap other/ap spirits/nns which/wdt we/ppss all/abn know/vb :/: the/at spirit/nn of/in Nazism/np or/cc Communism/nn-tl ,/, school/nn spirit/nn ,/, the/at spirit/nn of/in a/at street/nn corner/nn gang/nn or/cc a/at football/nn team/nn ,/, the/at spirit/nn of/in Rotary/jj-tl or/cc the/at Ku/np Klux/np Klan/np ./.
Every/at community/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez alive/jj has/hvz a/at spirit/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt spirit/nn is/bez the/at center/nn of/in its/pp$ unity/nn and/cc identity/nn ./.


	In/in searching/vbg for/in clues/nns which/wdt might/md lead/vb us/ppo to/in a/at fresh/jj apprehension/nn of/in the/at reality/nn of/in spirit/nn ,/, the/at close/jj connection/nn between/in spirit/nn and/cc community/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to prove/vb the/at most/ql fruitful/jj ./.
For/cs it/pps is/bez primarily/rb in/in community/nn that/cs we/ppss know/vb and/cc experience/vb spirit/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez spirit/nn which/wdt gives/vbz life/nn to/in a/at community/nn and/cc causes/vbz it/ppo to/to cohere/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at spirit/nn which/wdt is/bez the/at source/nn of/in a/at community's/nn$ drawing/vbg power/nn by/in means/nns of/in which/wdt others/nns are/ber drawn/vbn into/in it/ppo from/in the/at world/nn outside/rb so/cs that/cs the/at community/nn grows/vbz and/cc prospers/vbz ./.
Yet/cc the/at spirit/nn which/wdt lives/vbz in/in community/nn is/bez not/* identical/jj with/in the/at community/nn ./.
The/at idea/nn of/in community/nn and/cc the/at idea/nn of/in spirit/nn are/ber two/cd distinct/jj and/cc separable/jj ideas/nns ./.


	One/cd characteristic/nn of/in the/at spirit/nn in/in community/nn is/bez its/pp$ givenness/nn ./.
The/at members/nns of/in the/at community/nn do/do not/* create/vb the/at spirit/nn but/cc rather/rb find/vb it/ppo present/jj and/cc waiting/vbg for/in them/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez for/in them/ppo a/at given/vbn which/wdt they/ppss and/cc they/ppss alone/rb possess/vb ./.
The/at spirit/nn of/in the/at Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl was/bedz present/jj and/cc operative/jj before/cs any/dti of/in the/at present/jj members/nns of/in it/ppo came/vbd into/in it/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez they/ppss ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, who/wps keep/vb it/ppo alive/jj and/cc preserve/vb it/ppo so/cs the/at same/ap spirit/nn will/md continue/vb to/to be/be present/jj in/in the/at Corps/nn-tl for/in future/jj recruits/nns to/to find/vb as/cs they/ppss come/vb into/in it/ppo ./.

If/cs the/at content/nn of/in faith/nn is/bez to/to be/be presented/vbn today/nr in/in a/at form/nn that/wps can/md be/be ``/`` understanded/vbn of/in the/at people/nns ''/'' --/-- and/cc this/dt ,/, it/pps must/md not/* be/be forgotten/vbn ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at goals/nns of/in the/at perennial/jj theological/jj task/nn --/-- there/ex is/bez no/at other/ap choice/nn but/in to/to abandon/vb completely/rb a/at mythological/jj manner/nn of/in representation/nn ./.


	This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs mythological/jj language/nn as/cs such/jj can/md no/ql longer/rbr be/be used/vbn in/in theology/nn and/cc preaching/vbg ./.
The/at absurd/jj notion/nn that/cs demythologization/nn entails/vbz the/at expurgation/nn of/in all/abn mythological/jj concepts/nns completely/rb misrepresents/vbz Bultmann's/np$ intention/nn ./.
His/pp$ point/nn is/bez not/* that/dt mythology/nn may/md not/* be/be used/vbn ,/, but/cc that/cs it/pps may/md no/ql longer/rbr be/be regarded/vbn as/cs the/at only/ap or/cc even/rb the/at most/ql appropriate/jj conceptuality/nn for/in expressing/vbg the/at Christian/jj kerygma/nn ./.
When/wrb we/ppss say/vb that/cs a/at mythological/jj mode/nn of/in thought/nn must/md be/be completely/rb abandoned/vbn ,/, we/ppss mean/vb it/pps must/md be/be abandoned/vbn as/cs the/at sole/jj or/cc proper/jj means/nns for/in presenting/vbg the/at Christian/jj understanding/nn of/in existence/nn ./.
Mythological/jj concepts/nns may/md by/in all/abn means/nns still/rb be/be used/vbn ,/, but/cc they/ppss can/md be/be used/vbn responsibly/rb only/rb as/cs ``/`` symbols/nns ''/'' or/cc ``/`` ciphers/nns ''/'' ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, only/rb if/cs they/ppss are/ber also/rb constantly/rb interpreted/vbn in/in nonmythological/jj (/( or/cc existential/jj )/) terms/nns ./.


	The/at statement/nn is/bez often/rb made/vbn that/cs when/wrb Bultmann/np argues/vbz in/in this/dt way/nn ,/, he/pps ``/`` overestimates/vbz the/at intellectual/jj stumbling-block/nn which/wdt myth/nn is/bez supposed/vbn to/to put/vb in/in the/at way/nn of/in accepting/vbg the/at Christian/jj faith/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc this/dt statement/nn is/bez completely/ql unconvincing/nn ./.
If/cs Bultmann's/np$ own/jj definition/nn of/in myth/nn is/bez strictly/rb adhered/vbn to/in (/( and/cc it/pps is/bez interesting/jj that/cs this/dt is/bez almost/ql never/rb done/vbn by/in those/dts who/wps make/vb such/jj pronouncements/nns )/) ,/, the/at evidence/nn is/bez overwhelming/jj that/cs he/pps does/doz not/* at/in all/abn exaggerate/vb the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt the/at mythological/jj concepts/nns of/in traditional/jj theology/nn have/hv become/vbn incredible/jj and/cc irrelevant/jj ./.
Nor/cc is/bez it/pps necessary/jj to/to look/vb for/in such/jj evidence/nn in/in the/at great/jj urban/jj centers/nns of/in our/pp$ culture/nn that/wps are/ber admittedly/rb almost/ql entirely/ql secularized/vbn and/cc so/ql profoundly/rb estranged/vbn from/in the/at conventional/jj forms/nns in/in which/wdt the/at gospel/nn has/hvz been/ben communicated/vbn ./.
On/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, even/rb in/in the/at heart/nn of/in ``/`` the/at Bible/np belt/nn ''/'' itself/ppl ,/, as/cs can/md be/be attested/vbn by/in any/dti one/pn who/wps is/bez called/vbn to/to work/vb there/rb ,/, the/at industrial/jj and/cc technological/jj revolutions/nns have/hv long/rb been/ben under/in way/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at corresponding/jj changes/nns in/in man's/nn$ picture/nn of/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ world/nn ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez in/in just/rb such/abl a/at situation/nn that/cs the/at profundity/nn of/in Bultmann's/np$ argument/nn is/bez disclosed/vbn ./.
Although/cs the/at theological/jj forms/nns of/in the/at past/nn continue/vb to/to exist/vb in/in a/at way/nn they/ppss do/do not/* in/in a/at more/ql secularized/vbn situation/nn ,/, the/at striking/jj thing/nn is/bez the/at rapidity/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber being/beg reduced/vbn to/in a/at marginal/jj existence/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez especially/rb in/in evidence/nn among/in the/at present/jj generation/nn of/in the/at suburban/jj middle/jj class/nn ./.
Time/nn and/cc again/rb in/in counseling/vbg and/cc teaching/vbg ,/, one/pn encounters/vbz members/nns of/in this/dt group/nn whose/wp$ attempts/nns to/to bring/vb into/in some/dti kind/nn of/in unity/nn the/at insubstantial/jj mythologies/nns of/in their/pp$ ``/`` fundamentalist/nn ''/'' heritage/nn and/cc the/at stubborn/jj reality/nn of/in the/at modern/jj world/nn are/ber only/rb too/ql painfully/rb obvious/jj ./.


	The/at same/ap thing/nn is/bez also/rb evidenced/vbn by/in the/at extreme/jj ``/`` culture-Protestantism/np ''/'' so/ql often/rb observed/vbn to/to characterize/vb the/at preaching/nn and/cc teaching/nn of/in the/at American/jj churches/nns ./.
In/in the/at absence/nn of/in a/at truly/rb adequate/jj conceptuality/nn in/in which/wdt the/at gospel/nn can/md be/be expressed/vbn ,/, the/at unavoidable/jj need/nn to/to demythologize/vb it/ppo makes/vbz use/nn of/in whatever/wdt resources/nns are/ber at/in hand/nn --/-- and/cc this/dt usually/rb means/vbz one/cd or/cc another/dt of/in the/at various/jj forms/nns of/in ``/`` folk/nn religion/nn ''/'' current/jj in/in the/at situation/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* to/to say/vb that/cs the/at only/ap explanation/nn of/in the/at present/jj infatuation/nn with/in Norman/np Vincent/np Peale's/np$ ``/`` cult/nn of/in reassurance/nn ''/'' or/cc the/at other/ap types/nns of/in a/at purely/ql cultural/jj Christianity/np is/bez the/at ever-present/jj need/nn for/in a/at demythologized/vbn gospel/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs this/dt need/nn is/bez far/ql more/ql important/jj for/in such/jj infatuation/nn than/cs most/ap of/in the/at pundits/nns seem/vb to/to have/hv suspected/vbn ./.


	However/rb ,/, even/rb if/cs the/at latent/jj demand/nn for/in demythologization/nn is/bez not/* nearly/rb as/ql widespread/jj as/cs we/ppss are/ber claiming/vbg ,/, at/in least/ap among/in the/at cultured/vbn elements/nns of/in the/at population/nn there/ex tends/vbz to/to be/be an/at almost/ql complete/jj indifference/nn to/in the/at church/nn and/cc its/pp$ traditional/jj message/nn of/in sin/nn and/cc grace/nn ./.
To/to be/be sure/jj ,/, when/wrb this/dt is/bez pointed/vbn out/rp ,/, a/at common/jj response/nn among/in certain/jj churchmen/nns is/bez to/to fulminate/vb about/in ``/`` the/at little/jj flock/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` the/at great/jj crowd/nn ''/'' and/cc to/to take/vb solace/nn from/in Paul's/np$ castigation/nn of/in the/at ``/`` wisdom/nn of/in the/at wise/jj ''/'' in/in the/at opening/vbg chapter/nn of/in First/od-tl Corinthians/nps-tl ./.
But/cc can/md we/ppss any/ql longer/rbr afford/vb the/at luxury/nn of/in such/jj smug/jj indigation/nn ?/. ?/.
Can/md the/at church/nn risk/vb assuming/vbg that/cs the/at ``/`` folly/nn ''/'' of/in men/nns is/bez as/ql dear/jj to/in God/np as/cs their/pp$ ``/`` wisdom/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs is/bez also/rb commonly/rb implied/vbn ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at foolishness/nn of/in God/np ''/'' and/cc ``/`` the/at foolishness/nn of/in men/nns ''/'' are/ber simply/rb two/cd ways/nns of/in talking/vbg about/in the/at same/ap thing/nn ?/. ?/.
Can/md we/ppss continue/vb to/to alienate/vb precisely/rb those/dts whose/wp$ gifts/nns we/ppss so/ql desperately/rb need/vb and/cc apart/rb from/in whose/wp$ co-operation/nn our/pp$ mission/nn in/in the/at world/nn must/md become/vb increasingly/ql precarious/jj ?/. ?/.


	There/ex is/bez an/at ancient/jj and/cc venerable/jj tradition/nn in/in the/at church/nn (/( which/wdt derives/vbz ,/, however/rb ,/, from/in the/at heritage/nn of/in the/at Greeks/nps rather/in than/in from/in the/at Bible/np )/) that/cs God/np is/bez completely/ql independent/jj of/in his/pp$ creation/nn and/cc so/rb has/hvz no/at need/nn of/in men/nns for/in accomplishing/vbg his/pp$ work/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.
By/in analogy/nn ,/, the/at church/nn also/rb has/hvz been/ben regarded/vbn as/cs entirely/ql independent/jj of/in the/at ``/`` world/nn ''/'' in/in the/at sense/nn of/in requiring/vbg nothing/pn from/in it/ppo in/in order/nn to/to be/be the/at church/nn ./.
But/cc ,/, as/cs Scripture/nn-tl everywhere/rb reminds/vbz us/ppo ,/, God/np does/doz have/hv need/nn of/in his/pp$ creatures/nns ,/, and/cc the/at church/nn ,/, a/fw-in fortiori/fw-jjr ,/, can/md ill/rb afford/vb to/to do/do without/in the/at talents/nns with/in which/wdt the/at world/nn ,/, by/in God's/np$ providence/nn ,/, presents/vbz it/ppo ./.


	And/cc yet/rb this/dt is/bez exactly/rb the/at risk/nn we/ppss run/vb when/wrb we/ppss assume/vb ,/, as/cs we/ppss too/ql often/rb do/do ,/, that/cs we/ppss can/md continue/vb to/to preach/vb the/at gospel/nn in/in a/at form/nn that/wps makes/vbz it/ppo seem/vb incredible/jj and/cc irrelevant/jj to/in cultured/vbn men/nns ./.
Until/cs we/ppss translate/vb this/dt gospel/nn into/in a/at language/nn that/wpo enlightened/vbn men/nns today/nr can/md understand/vb ,/, we/ppss are/ber depriving/vbg ourselves/ppls of/in the/at very/ap resources/nns on/in which/wdt the/at continued/vbn success/nn of/in our/pp$ witness/nn most/ql certainly/rb depends/vbz ./.


	In/in arguing/vbg in/in this/dt way/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber obviously/rb taking/vbg for/in granted/vbn that/cs a/at demythologized/vbn restatement/nn of/in the/at kerygma/nn can/md be/be achieved/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/cs we/ppss firmly/rb believe/vb this/dt will/md presently/rb become/vb evident/jj when/wrb we/ppss set/vb forth/rb reasons/nns to/to justify/vb such/abl a/at conviction/nn ./.
But/cc the/at main/jjs point/nn here/rb is/bez that/cs even/rb if/cs such/abl a/at restatement/nn were/bed not/* possible/jj ,/, the/at demand/nn to/to demythologize/vb the/at kerygma/nn would/md still/rb be/be unavoidable/jj ./.


	This/dt is/bez what/wdt we/ppss mean/vb when/wrb we/ppss say/vb this/dt demand/nn must/md be/be accepted/vbn without/in condition/nn ./.
If/cs to/to be/be a/at Christian/jj means/vbz to/to say/vb yes/rb where/wrb I/ppss otherwise/rb say/vb no/rb ,/, or/cc where/wrb I/ppss do/do not/* have/hv the/at right/nn to/to say/vb anything/pn at/in all/abn ,/, then/rb my/pp$ only/ap choice/nn is/bez to/to refuse/vb to/to be/be a/at Christian/np ./.
Expressed/vbn differently/rb :/: if/cs the/at price/nn for/in becoming/vbg a/at faithful/jj follower/nn of/in Jesus/np Christ/np is/bez some/dti form/nn of/in self-destruction/nn ,/, whether/cs of/in the/at body/nn or/cc of/in the/at mind/nn --/-- sacrificium/fw-nn corporis/fw-nn$ ,/, sacrificium/fw-nn intellectus/fw-nn$ --/-- then/rb there/ex is/bez no/at alternative/nn but/cc that/cs the/at price/nn remain/vb unpaid/jj ./.


	This/dt must/md be/be stressed/vbn because/cs it/pps is/bez absolutely/ql essential/jj to/in the/at argument/nn of/in this/dt concluding/vbg chapter/nn ./.
Modern/jj man/nn ,/, as/cs Dietrich/np Bonhoeffer/np has/hvz told/vbn us/ppo ,/, has/hvz ``/`` come/vbn of/in age/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
and/cc though/cs this/dt process/nn by/in no/at means/nns represents/vbz an/at unambiguous/jj gain/nn and/cc is/bez ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, marked/vbn by/in the/at estrangement/nn from/in the/at depths/nns that/wps seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at cost/nn of/in human/jj maturation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez still/rb a/at positive/jj step/nn forward/rb ;/. ;/.
and/cc those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps so/ql richly/rb benefit/vb from/in it/ppo should/md be/be the/at last/ap to/to despise/vb it/ppo ./.
In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez an/at irreversible/jj step/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs we/ppss are/ber at/in all/abn honest/jj with/in ourselves/ppls ,/, we/ppss will/md know/vb we/ppss have/hv no/at other/ap alternative/nn than/cs to/to live/vb in/in the/at world/nn in/in which/wdt God/np has/hvz seen/vbn fit/vbn to/to place/vb us/ppo ./.


	To/to say/vb this/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez to/to take/vb up/rp a/at position/nn on/in one/cd side/nn of/in a/at controversy/nn going/vbg on/rp now/rb for/in some/dti two/cd hundred/cd years/nns ,/, or/cc ,/, at/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, since/cs the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at distinctively/ql modern/jj period/nn in/in theological/jj thought/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv aligned/vbn ourselves/ppls with/in that/dt ``/`` liberal/jj ''/'' tradition/nn in/in Protestant/jj-tl Christianity/np that/wps counts/vbz among/in the/at great/jj names/nns in/in its/pp$ history/nn those/dts of/in Schleiermacher/np ,/, Ritschl/np ,/, Herrmann/np ,/, Harnack/np ,/, and/cc Troeltsch/np ,/, and/cc more/ap recently/rb ,/, Schweitzer/np and/cc the/at early/jj Barth/np and/cc ,/, in/in part/nn at/in least/ap ,/, Bultmann/np ./.
It/pps is/bez to/in this/dt same/ap tradition/nn that/cs most/ap of/in the/at creative/jj figures/nns in/in the/at last/ap century/nn and/cc a/at half/abn of/in American/jj theology/nn also/rb belong/vb ./.
For/cs we/ppss must/md number/vb here/rb not/* only/rb the/at names/nns of/in Bushnell/np ,/, Clarke/np ,/, and/cc Rauschenbusch/np ,/, not/* to/to mention/vb those/dts of/in ``/`` the/at Chicago/np-tl School/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc Macintosh/np ,/, but/cc those/dts of/in the/at brothers/nns Niebuhr/np and/cc (/( if/cs America/np may/md claim/vb him/ppo !/. !/.
)/) Tillich/np as/ql well/rb ./.
Finally/rb ,/, we/ppss may/md also/rb mention/vb the/at several/ap members/nns of/in the/at self-consciously/rb ``/`` neoliberal/jj ''/'' movement/nn that/wps developed/vbd at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl and/cc is/bez heavily/rb indebted/jj philosophically/rb to/in the/at creative/jj work/nn of/in Alfred/np North/np Whitehead/np ./.


	What/wdt makes/vbz this/dt long/jj and/cc diverse/jj tradition/nn essentially/rb one/cd is/bez that/cs those/dts who/wps have/hv belonged/vbn to/in it/ppo have/hv been/ben profoundly/rb in/in earnest/jj about/in being/beg modern/jj men/nns in/in a/at distinctively/ql modern/jj world/nn ./.
Although/cs they/ppss have/hv also/rb been/ben concerned/vbn to/to stand/vb squarely/rb within/in the/at tradition/nn of/in the/at apostolic/jj church/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv exhibited/vbn no/at willingness/nn whatever/rb to/to sacrifice/vb their/pp$ modernity/nn to/in their/pp$ Christianity/np ./.
They/ppss have/hv insisted/vbn ,/, rather/rb ,/, on/in living/vbg fully/rb and/cc completely/rb within/in modern/jj culture/nn and/cc ,/, so/ql far/rb from/in considering/vbg this/dt treason/nn to/in God/np ,/, have/hv looked/vbn upon/rb it/ppo as/cs the/at only/ap way/nn they/ppss could/md be/be faithful/jj to/in him/ppo ./.


	When/wrb we/ppss say/vb ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs today/nr ,/, in/in our/pp$ situation/nn ,/, the/at demand/nn for/in demythologization/nn must/md be/be accepted/vbn without/in condition/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber simply/rb saying/vbg that/cs at/in least/ap this/dt much/ap of/in the/at liberal/jj tradition/nn is/bez an/at enduring/vbg achievement/nn ./.
However/wql much/rb we/ppss may/md have/hv to/to criticize/vb liberal/jj theology's/nn$ constructive/jj formulations/nns ,/, the/at theology/nn we/ppss ourselves/ppls must/md strive/vb to/to formulate/vb can/md only/rb go/vb beyond/in liberalism/nn ,/, not/* behind/in it/ppo ./.


	In/in affirming/vbg this/dt we/ppss have/hv already/rb taken/vbn the/at decisive/jj step/nn in/in breaking/vbg the/at deadlock/nn into/in which/wdt Bultmann's/np$ attempt/nn to/to formulate/vb such/abl a/at theology/nn has/hvz led/vbn ./.
For/cs we/ppss have/hv said/vbn ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, that/cs of/in the/at two/cd alternatives/nns to/in his/pp$ position/nn variously/rb represented/vbn by/in the/at other/ap participants/nns in/in the/at demythologizing/vbg discussion/nn ,/, only/rb one/cd is/bez really/rb an/at alternative/nn ./.
If/cs the/at demand/nn for/in demythologization/nn is/bez unavoidable/jj and/cc so/rb must/md be/be accepted/vbn by/in theology/nn unconditionally/rb ,/, the/at position/nn of/in the/at ``/`` right/nn ''/'' is/bez clearly/ql untenable/jj ./.
Whereas/cs Bultmann's/np$ ``/`` center/nn ''/'' position/nn is/bez structurally/rb inconsistent/jj and/cc is/bez therefore/rb indefensible/jj on/in formal/jj grounds/nns alone/rb ,/, the/at general/jj position/nn of/in the/at ``/`` right/nn ''/'' ,/, as/cs represented/vbn ,/, say/uh ,/, by/in Karl/np Barth/np ,/, involves/vbz the/at rejection/nn or/cc at/in least/ap qualification/nn of/in the/at demand/nn for/in demythologization/nn and/cc so/rb is/bez invalidated/vbn on/in the/at material/nn grounds/nns we/ppss have/hv just/rb considered/vbn ./.


	It/pps follows/vbz ,/, then/rb ,/, provided/vbn the/at possibilities/nns have/hv been/ben exhausted/vbn ,/, that/cs the/at only/ap real/jj alternative/nn is/bez the/at general/jj viewpoint/nn of/in the/at ``/`` left/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt has/hvz been/ben represented/vbn on/in the/at Continent/nn-tl by/in Fritz/np Buri/np and/cc ,/, to/in some/dti extent/nn at/in least/ap ,/, is/bez found/vbn in/in much/ap that/dt is/bez significant/jj in/in American/jj and/cc English/jj theology/nn ./.


	In/in order/nn to/to make/vb the/at implications/nns of/in our/pp$ position/nn as/ql clear/jj as/cs possible/jj ,/, we/ppss may/md develop/vb this/dt argument/nn at/in greater/jjr length/nn ./.


	We/ppss may/md show/vb ,/, first/rb ,/, that/cs there/ex cannot/md* possibly/rb be/be an/at alternative/nn other/ap than/cs the/at three/cd typically/rb represented/vbn by/in Bultmann/np ,/, Barth/np ,/, and/cc Buri/np ./.
To/to do/do this/dt ,/, it/pps is/bez sufficient/jj to/to point/vb out/rp that/cs if/cs the/at principle/nn in/in terms/nns of/in which/wdt alternatives/nns are/ber to/to be/be conceived/vbn is/bez such/jj as/cs to/to exclude/vb more/ap than/in two/cd ,/, then/rb the/at question/nn of/in a/at ``/`` third/od ''/'' possibility/nn is/bez a/at meaningless/jj question/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, if/cs what/wdt is/bez at/in issue/nn is/bez whether/cs ``/`` All/abn S/nn is/bez P/nn ''/'' ,/, it/pps is/bez indifferent/jj whether/cs ``/`` Some/dti S/nn is/bez not/* P/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` No/at S/nn is/bez P/nn ''/'' ,/, since/cs in/in either/dtx case/nn the/at judgment/nn in/in question/nn is/bez false/jj ./.
Hence/rb ,/, if/cs what/wdt is/bez in/in question/nn is/bez whether/cs in/in a/at given/vbn theology/nn myth/nn is/bez or/cc is/bez not/* completely/rb rejected/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez unimportant/jj whether/cs only/rb a/at little/jj bit/nn of/in myth/nn or/cc a/at considerable/jj quantity/nn is/bez accepted/vbn ;/. ;/.
for/cs ,/, in/in either/dtx event/nn ,/, the/at first/od possibility/nn is/bez excluded/vbn ./.
Therefore/rb ,/, the/at only/ap conceivable/jj alternatives/nns are/ber those/dts represented/vbn ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, by/in the/at two/cd at/in least/ap apparently/rb self-consistent/jj but/cc mutually/rb exclusive/jj positions/nns of/in Buri/np and/cc Barth/np and/cc ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, by/in the/at third/od but/cc really/rb pseudo/jj position/nn (/( analogous/jj to/in a/at round/jj square/nn )/) of/in Bultmann/np ./.


	A/at second/od point/nn requires/vbz more/ql extended/vbn comment/nn ./.
It/pps will/md be/be recalled/vbn from/in the/at discussion/nn in/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl that/cs the/at position/nn of/in the/at ``/`` right/nn ''/'' ,/, as/cs represented/vbn by/in Barth/np ,/, rests/vbz on/in the/at following/vbg thesis/nn :/: The/at only/ap tenable/jj alternative/nn to/in Bultmann's/np$ position/nn is/bez a/at theology/nn that/wps (/( 1/cd )/) rejects/vbz or/cc at/in least/ap qualifies/vbz his/pp$ unconditioned/jj demand/nn for/in demythologization/nn and/cc existential/jj interpretation/nn ;/. ;/.
(/( 2/cd )/) accepts/vbz instead/rb a/at special/jj biblical/jj hermeneutics/nn or/cc method/nn of/in interpretation/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) in/in so/rb doing/vbg ,/, frees/vbz itself/ppl to/to give/vb appropriate/jj emphasis/nn to/in the/at event/nn Jesus/np Christ/np by/in means/nns of/in statements/nns that/cs ,/, from/in Bultmann's/np$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, are/ber mythological/jj ./.



	One/cd hundred/cd years/nns ago/rb there/ex existed/vbd in/in England/np the/at Association/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Promotion/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Unity/nn-tl of/in-tl Christendom/np-tl ./.
Representing/vbg as/cs it/pps did/dod the/at efforts/nns of/in only/rb unauthorized/jj individuals/nns of/in the/at Roman/jj-tl and/cc Anglican/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl ,/, and/cc urging/vbg a/at communion/nn of/in prayer/nn unacceptable/jj to/in Rome/np ,/, this/dt association/nn produced/vbd little/ap fruit/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, was/bedz condemned/vbn by/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Office/nn-tl in/in 1864/cd ./.


	Now/rb again/rb in/in 1961/cd ,/, in/in England/np ,/, there/ex is/bez perhaps/rb nothing/pn in/in the/at religious/jj sphere/nn so/ql popularly/rb discussed/vbn as/cs Christian/jj unity/nn ./.
The/at Church/nn-tl Unity/nn-tl Octave/nn-tl ,/, January/np 18-25/cd ,/, was/bedz enthusiastically/rb devoted/vbn to/in prayer/nn and/cc discussion/nn by/in the/at various/jj churches/nns ./.
Many/ap people/nns seem/vb hopeful/jj ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to predict/vb whether/cs or/cc not/* there/ex will/md be/be any/dti more/ql real/jj attainment/nn of/in Christian/jj unity/nn in/in 1961/cd than/cs there/ex was/bedz in/in 1861/cd ./.
But/cc it/pps must/md be/be readily/rb seen/vbn that/cs the/at religious/jj picture/nn in/in England/np has/hvz so/ql greatly/rb changed/vbn during/in these/dts hundred/cd years/nns as/in to/in engender/vb hope/nn ,/, at/in least/ap on/in the/at Catholic/jj side/nn ./.
For/cs the/at ``/`` tide/nn is/bez well/rb on/in the/at turn/nn ''/'' ,/, as/cs the/at London/np Catholic/jj weekly/nn Universe/nn-tl has/hvz written/vbn ./.


	I/ppss came/vbd to/in England/np last/ap summer/nn to/to do/do research/nn on/in the/at unpublished/jj letters/nns of/in Cardinal/nn-tl Newman/np ./.
As/cs an/at American/jj Catholic/jj of/in Irish/jj ancestry/nn ,/, I/ppss came/vbd with/in certain/jj preconceptions/nns and/cc expectations/nns ;/. ;/.
being/beg intellectually/rb influenced/vbn by/in Newman/np and/cc the/at general/jj 19th-century/nn literature/nn of/in England/np ,/, I/ppss knew/vbd only/rb a/at Protestant-dominated/jj country/nn ./.
Since/cs arriving/vbg here/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, I/ppss have/hv formed/vbn a/at far/ql different/jj religious/jj picture/nn of/in present-day/jj England/np ./.
In/in representing/vbg part/nn of/in this/dt new/jj picture/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md be/be recounting/vbg some/dti of/in my/pp$ own/jj personal/jj experiences/nns ,/, reactions/nns and/cc judgments/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc my/pp$ primary/jj aim/nn is/bez to/to transcribe/vb what/wdt Englishmen/nps themselves/ppls are/ber saying/vbg and/cc writing/vbg and/cc implying/vbg about/in the/at Roman/jj-tl and/cc Anglican/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl and/cc about/in the/at present/jj religious/jj state/nn of/in England/np ./.


	Since/cs the/at Protestant/jj clergy/nn for/in the/at most/ap part/nn wear/vb gray/jj or/cc some/dti variant/nn from/in the/at wholly/ql black/jj suit/nn ,/, my/pp$ Roman/jj collar/nn and/cc black/jj garb/nn usually/rb identify/vb me/ppo in/in England/np as/cs a/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj cleric/nn ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv always/rb been/ben treated/vbn with/in the/at utmost/jjs courtesy/nn by/in Englishmen/nps ,/, even/rb in/in Devonshire/np and/cc Cornwall/np ,/, where/wrb anti-Catholic/jj feeling/nn has/hvz supposedly/rb existed/vbn the/at strongest/jjt and/cc longest/jjt ./.


	Nowhere/rb have/hv I/ppss seen/vbn public/jj expression/nn of/in anti-Catholicism/nn ./.
On/in my/pp$ first/od Guy/np-tl Fawkes/np-tl Day/nn-tl here/rb ,/, I/ppss found/vbd Catholics/nps as/ql well/rb as/cs non-Catholics/nps celebrating/vbg with/in the/at traditional/jj fireworks/nns and/cc bonfires/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz told/vbn that/cs most/ap Englishmen/nps either/cc do/do not/* know/vb or/cc are/ber not/* concerned/vbn with/in the/at historical/jj significance/nn of/in the/at day/nn ./.
A/at Birmingham/np newspaper/nn printed/vbd in/in a/at column/nn for/in children/nns an/at article/nn entitled/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl True/jj-tl Story/nn-tl of/in-tl Guy/np-tl Fawkes/np-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt began/vbd :/: 

	``/`` When/wrb you/ppss pile/vb your/pp$ ``/`` guy/nn ''/'' on/in the/at bonfire/nn tomorrow/nr night/nn ,/, I/ppss wonder/vb how/wrb much/ap of/in the/at true/jj story/nn of/in Guy/np Fawkes/np you/ppss will/md remember/vb ?/. ?/.
In/in the/at 355/cd years/nns since/in the/at first/od Guy/np-tl Fawkes/np-tl Night/nn-tl ,/, much/ap of/in the/at story/nn has/hvz been/ben forgotten/vbn ,/, so/rb here/rb is/bez a/at reminder/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at article/nn proceeded/vbd to/to give/vb an/at inaccurate/jj account/nn of/in a/at Catholic/jj plot/nn to/to kill/vb King/nn-tl James/np 1/cd-tl ./.




In/in spite/nn of/in the/at increase/nn in/in numbers/nns and/cc prestige/nn brought/vbn about/rb by/in the/at conversions/nns of/in Newman/np and/cc other/ap Tractarians/nps of/in the/at 1840's/nns and/cc 1850's/nns ,/, the/at Catholic/jj segment/nn of/in England/np one/cd hundred/cd years/nns ago/rb was/bedz a/at very/ql small/jj one/cd (/( four/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, or/cc 800,000/cd )/) which/wdt did/dod not/* enjoy/vb a/at gracious/jj hearing/nn from/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./.
The/at return/nn of/in the/at Catholic/jj hierarchy/nn in/in 1850/cd was/bedz looked/vbn upon/rb with/in indignant/jj disapprobation/nn and/cc ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, was/bedz charged/vbn with/in being/beg a/at gesture/nn of/in disloyalty/nn ./.
In/in 1864/cd Newman/np professedly/rb had/hvd to/to write/vb his/pp$ Apologia/np with/in his/pp$ keenest/jjt feelings/nns in/in order/nn to/to be/be believed/vbn and/cc to/to command/vb a/at fair/jj hearing/nn from/in English/jj readers/nns ./.


	Now/rb ,/, in/in 1961/cd ,/, the/at Catholic/jj population/nn of/in England/np is/bez still/rb quite/ql small/jj (/( ten/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, or/cc 5/cd million/cd )/) ;/. ;/.
yet/cc it/pps represents/vbz a/at very/ql considerable/jj percentage/nn of/in the/at churchgoing/jj population/nn ./.
A/at Protestant/jj woman/nn marveled/vbd to/in me/ppo over/in the/at large/jj crowds/nns going/vbg in/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at Birmingham/np-tl Oratory/nn-tl (/( Catholic/jj )/) Church/nn-tl on/in Sunday/nr mornings/nns ./.
She/pps found/vbd this/dt a/at marvel/nn because/cs ,/, as/cs she/pps said/vbd ,/, only/rb six/cd per/in cent/nn of/in English/jj people/nns are/ber churchgoers/nns ./.
She/pps may/md not/* have/hv been/ben exact/jj on/in this/dt number/nn ,/, but/cc others/nns here/rb feel/vb quite/ql certain/jj that/cs the/at percentage/nn would/md be/be less/ap than/in ten/cd ./.
From/in many/ap sides/nns come/vb remarks/nns that/cs Protestant/jj churches/nns are/ber badly/rb attended/vbn and/cc the/at large/jj medieval/jj cathedrals/nns look/vb all/abn but/in empty/jj during/in services/nns ./.
A/at Catholic/jj priest/nn recently/rb recounted/vbd how/wrb in/in the/at chapel/nn of/in a/at large/jj city/nn university/nn ,/, following/vbg Anglican/jj evensong/nn ,/, at/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz a/at congregation/nn of/in twelve/cd ,/, he/pps celebrated/vbd Mass/nn-tl before/in more/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd ./.


	The/at Protestant/jj themselves/ppls are/ber the/at first/od to/to admit/vb the/at great/jj falling/nn off/rp in/in effective/jj membership/nn in/in their/pp$ churches/nns ./.
According/in to/in a/at newspaper/nn report/nn of/in the/at 1961/cd statistics/nns of/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl England/np-tl ,/, the/at ``/`` total/nn of/in confirmed/vbn members/nns is/bez 9,748,000/cd ,/, but/cc only/rb 2,887,671/cd are/ber registered/vbn on/in the/at parochial/jj church/nn rolls/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` over/rp 27/cd million/cd people/nns in/in England/np are/ber baptized/vbn into/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl England/np-tl ,/, but/cc roughly/rb only/rb a/at tenth/od of/in them/ppo continue/vb ''/'' ./.
An/at amazing/jj article/nn in/in the/at Manchester/np-tl Guardian/nn-tl of/in last/ap November/np ,/, entitled/vbn ``/`` Fate/nn-tl Of/in-tl Redundant/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, states/vbz than/cs an/at Archbishops'/nns$-tl Commission/nn-tl ``/`` reported/vbd last/ap month/nn that/cs in/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl England/np-tl alone/rb there/ex are/ber 790/cd churches/nns which/wdt are/ber redundant/jj now/rb ,/, or/cc will/md be/be in/in 20/cd years'/nns$ time/nn ./.
A/at further/jjr 260/cd Anglican/jj churches/nns have/hv been/ben demolished/vbn since/in 1948/cd ''/'' ./.
And/cc in/in the/at last/ap five/cd years/nns ,/, the/at ``/`` Methodist/jj chapel/nn committee/nn has/hvz authorized/vbn the/at demolition/nn or/cc ,/, more/ql often/rb ,/, the/at sale/nn of/in 764/cd chapels/nns ''/'' ./.
Most/ap of/in these/dts former/ap churches/nns are/ber now/rb used/vbn as/cs warehouses/nns ,/, but/cc ``/`` neither/cc Anglicans/nps nor/cc Nonconformists/nns-tl object/vb to/in selling/vbg churches/nns to/in Roman/jj Catholics/nps ''/'' ,/, and/cc have/hv done/vbn so/rb ./.


	While/cs it/pps must/md be/be said/vbn that/cs these/dts same/ap Protestants/nps have/hv built/vbn some/dti new/jj churches/nns during/in this/dt period/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs religious/jj population/nn shifts/nns have/hv emptied/vbn churches/nns ,/, a/at principal/jjs reason/nn for/in this/dt phenomenon/nn of/in redundancy/nn is/bez that/cs fewer/ap Protestants/nps are/ber going/vbg to/in church/nn ./.
It/pps should/md be/be admitted/vbn ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj percentage/nn of/in lapsed/vbn or/cc nonchurchgoing/jj Catholics/nps (/( one/cd paper/nn writes/vbz 50/cd per/in cent/nn )/) ./.
Still/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez clear/jj from/in such/jj reports/nns ,/, and/cc apparently/rb clear/jj from/in the/at remarks/nns of/in many/ap people/nns ,/, that/cs Protestants/nps are/ber decreasing/vbg and/cc Catholics/nps increasing/vbg ./.


	An/at Anglican/jj clergyman/nn in/in Oxford/np sadly/rb but/cc frankly/rb acknowledged/vbd to/in me/ppo that/cs this/dt is/bez true/jj ./.
A/at century/nn ago/rb ,/, Newman/np saw/vbd that/dt liberalism/nn (/( what/wdt we/ppss now/rb might/md call/vb secularism/nn )/) would/md gradually/rb but/cc definitely/rb make/vb its/pp$ mark/nn on/in English/jj Protestantism/np ,/, and/cc that/cs even/rb high/jj Anglicanism/np would/md someday/rb no/ql longer/rbr be/be a/at ``/`` serviceable/jj breakwater/nn against/in doctrinal/jj errors/nns more/ql fundamental/jj than/cs its/pp$ own/jj ''/'' ./.
That/dt day/nn is/bez perhaps/rb today/nr ,/, 1961/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps seems/vbz no/ql longer/rbr very/ql meaningful/jj to/to call/vb England/np a/at ``/`` Protestant/jj country/nn ''/'' ./.
One/cd of/in the/at ironies/nns of/in the/at present/jj crusade/nn for/in Christian/jj unity/nn is/bez that/cs there/ex are/ber not/* ,/, relatively/rb speaking/vbg ,/, many/ap real/jj Christians/nps to/to unite/vb ./.


	Many/ap English/jj Catholics/nps are/ber proud/jj of/in their/pp$ Catholicism/nn-tl and/cc know/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber in/in a/at new/jj ascendancy/nn ./.
The/at London/np-tl Universe/nn-tl devoted/vbd its/pp$ centenary/nn issue/nn last/ap December/np 8/cd to/in mapping/vbg out/rp various/jj aspects/nns of/in Catholic/jj progress/nn during/in the/at last/ap one/cd hundred/cd years/nns ./.
With/in traditional/jj nationalistic/jj spirit/nn ,/, some/dti Englishmen/nps claim/vb that/cs English/np Catholicism/nn-tl is/bez Catholicism/nn-tl at/in its/pp$ best/jjt ./.
I/ppss have/hv found/vbn myself/ppl saying/vbg with/in other/ap foreigners/nns here/rb that/cs English/np Catholics/nps are/ber good/jj Catholics/nps ./.
It/pps has/hvz been/ben my/pp$ experience/nn to/to find/vb as/ql many/ap men/nns as/cs women/nns in/in church/nn ,/, and/cc to/to hear/vb almost/rb everyone/pn in/in church/nn congregations/nns reciting/vbg the/at Latin/jj prayers/nns and/cc responses/nns at/in Mass/nn-tl ./.


	They/ppss hope/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to reclaim/vb the/at non-Catholic/jj population/nn to/in the/at Catholic/jj faith/nn ,/, and/cc at/in every/at Sunday/nr Benediction/nn-tl they/ppss recite/vb by/in heart/nn the/at ``/`` Prayer/nn-tl for/in England/np-tl ''/'' :/: 

	``/`` O/uh Blessed/vbn-tl Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np ,/, Mother/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl and/cc our/pp$ most/ql gentle/jj queen/nn and/cc mother/nn ,/, look/vb down/rp in/in mercy/nn upon/in England/np ,/, thy/pp$ ``/`` dowry/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc upon/in us/ppo all/abn who/wps greatly/rb hope/vb and/cc trust/vb in/in thee/ppo ./.
Intercede/vb for/in our/pp$ separated/vbn brethren/nns ,/, that/cs with/in us/ppo in/in the/at one/cd true/jj fold/nn they/ppss may/md be/be united/vbn to/in the/at chief/jjs Shepherd/nn-tl ,/, the/at vicar/nn of/in thy/pp$ Son/nn-tl ./.
''/'' A/at hymn/nn often/rb to/to be/be heard/vbn in/in Catholic/jj churches/nns is/bez ``/`` Faith/nn-tl Of/in-tl Our/pp$-tl Fathers/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt glories/vbz in/in England's/np$ ancient/jj faith/nn that/wps endured/vbd persecution/nn ,/, and/cc which/wdt proclaims/vbz :/: ``/`` Faith/nn of/in our/pp$ Fathers/nns-tl :/: Mary's/np$ prayers/nns Shall/md win/vb our/pp$ country/nn back/rb to/in thee/ppo ''/'' ./.
The/at English/jj saints/nns are/ber widely/rb venerated/vbn ,/, quite/ql naturally/rb ,/, and/cc now/rb there/ex is/bez great/jj hope/nn that/cs the/at Forty/cd-tl Martyrs/nns-tl and/cc Cardinal/nn-tl Newman/np will/md soon/rb be/be canonized/vbn ./.


	Because/cs they/ppss have/hv kept/vbn the/at faith/nn of/in their/pp$ medieval/jj fathers/nns ,/, English/jj Catholics/nps have/hv always/rb strongly/rb resented/vbn the/at charge/nn of/in being/beg ``/`` un-English/jj ''/'' ./.
I/ppss have/hv not/* seen/vbn this/dt charge/nn made/vbn during/in my/pp$ stay/nn here/rb ,/, but/cc apparently/rb it/pps is/bez still/rb in/in the/at air/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, a/at writer/nn in/in a/at recent/jj number/nn of/in The/at Queen/nn-tl hyperbolically/rb states/vbz that/cs ``/`` of/in the/at myriad/jj imprecations/nns the/at only/ap one/cd which/wdt the/at English/jj Catholics/nps really/rb resent/vb is/bez the/at suggestion/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber '/' un-English/jj '/' ''/'' ./.
In/in this/dt connection/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben observed/vbn that/cs the/at increasing/vbg number/nn of/in Irish/jj Catholics/nps ,/, priests/nns and/cc laity/nn ,/, in/in England/np ,/, while/cs certainly/rb seen/vbn as/cs good/jj for/in Catholicism/nn-tl ,/, is/bez nevertheless/rb a/at source/nn of/in embarrassment/nn for/in some/dti of/in the/at more/ql nationalistic/jj English/jj Catholics/nps ,/, especially/rb when/wrb these/dts Irishmen/nps offer/vb to/to remind/vb their/pp$ Christian/jj brethren/nns of/in this/dt good/nn ./.




One/cd of/in the/at more/ql noteworthy/jj changes/nns that/wps have/hv taken/vbn place/nn since/in the/at mid-19th/od century/nn is/bez the/at situation/nn of/in Catholics/nps at/in Oxford/np and/cc Cambridge/np-tl Universities/nns-tl ./.
At/in Oxford/np one/cd hundred/cd years/nns ago/rb there/ex were/bed very/ql few/ap Catholics/nps ,/, partly/rb because/cs religious/jj tests/nns were/bed removed/vbn only/rb in/in 1854/cd ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, for/in those/dts few/ap there/ex was/bedz almost/rb no/at ecclesiastical/jj representation/nn in/in the/at city/nn to/to care/vb for/in their/pp$ religious/jj needs/nns ./.
Now/rb ,/, not/* only/rb are/ber there/ex considerably/ql more/ap laity/nn as/cs students/nns and/cc professors/nns at/in Oxford/np ,/, but/cc there/ex are/ber also/rb numerous/jj houses/nns of/in religious/jj orders/nns existing/vbg in/in respectable/jj and/cc friendly/jj relations/nns with/in the/at non-Catholic/np members/nns of/in the/at University/nn-tl ./.
Some/dti Catholic/jj priests/nns lecture/vb there/rb ;/. ;/.
Catholic/jj seminarians/nns attend/vb tutorials/nns and/cc row/vb on/in the/at Cherwell/np with/in non-Catholic/np students/nns ./.


	Further/jjr evidence/nn that/cs Roman/jj-tl Catholicism/nn-tl enjoys/vbz a/at more/ql favorable/jj position/nn today/nr than/cs in/in 1861/cd is/bez the/at respectful/jj attention/nn given/vbn to/in it/ppo in/in the/at mass/nn media/nns of/in England/np ./.
The/at general/jj tone/nn of/in articles/nns appearing/vbg in/in such/jj important/jj newspapers/nns as/cs the/at Manchester/np-tl Guardian/nn-tl and/cc the/at Sunday/nr-tl Observer/nn-tl implies/vbz a/at kindly/jj recognition/nn that/cs the/at Catholic/jj Church/nn-tl is/bez now/rb at/in least/ap of/in equal/jj stature/nn in/in England/np with/in the/at Protestant/jj churches/nns ./.
On/in successive/jj Sundays/nrs during/in October/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, Paul/np Ferris/np (/( a/at non-Catholic/np )/) wrote/vbd articles/nns in/in the/at Observer/nn-tl depicting/vbg clergymen/nns of/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl England/np-tl ,/, the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Rome/np-tl and/cc the/at Nonconformist/nn-tl Church/nn-tl ./.
The/at Catholic/jj priest/nn ,/, though/cs somewhat/ql superficially/rb drawn/vbn ,/, easily/rb came/vbd out/rp the/at best/jjt ./.
There/ex were/bed many/ap letters/nns of/in strong/jj protest/nn against/in the/at portrait/nn of/in the/at Anglican/jj clergyman/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz indeed/rb portrayed/vbn as/cs a/at man/nn not/* particularly/rb concerned/vbn with/in religious/jj matters/nns and/cc without/in really/rb very/ql much/ap to/to do/do as/cs clergyman/nn ./.
Such/abl a/at series/nn of/in articles/nns was/bedz certainly/rb never/rb printed/vbn in/in the/at public/jj press/nn of/in mid-Victorian/jj England/np ./.
There/ex was/bedz so/ql much/ap interest/nn shown/vbn in/in this/dt present-day/jj venture/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz continued/vbn on/in B.B.C./np ,/, where/wrb comments/nns were/bed equally/rb made/vbn by/in an/at Anglican/jj parson/nn ,/, a/at Free/jj-tl Church/nn-tl minister/nn and/cc a/at Catholic/jj priest/nn ./.


	Catholic/jj priests/nns have/hv frequently/rb appeared/vbn on/in television/nn programs/nns ,/, sometimes/rb discussing/vbg the/at Christian/jj faith/nn on/in an/at equal/jj footing/nn with/in Protestant/jj clergymen/nns ./.
A/at notable/jj example/nn of/in this/dt was/bedz the/at discussion/nn of/in Christian/jj unity/nn by/in the/at Catholic/jj Archbishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Liverpool/np-tl ,/, Dr./nn-tl Heenan/np ,/, and/cc the/at Anglican/jj Archbishop/nn-tl of/in-tl York/np-tl ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ramsey/np ,/, recently/rb appointed/vbn Archbishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Canterbury/np-tl ./.
The/at good/jj feeling/nn which/wdt exists/vbz between/in these/dts two/cd important/jj church/nn figures/nns is/bez now/rb well/rb known/vbn in/in England/np ./.
The/at Holy/jj-tl Sacrifice/nn-tl of/in the/at Mass/nn-tl with/in commentary/nn has/hvz been/ben televised/vbn several/ap times/nns in/in recent/jj months/nns ./.
And/cc it/pps was/bedz interesting/jj to/to observe/vb that/cs B.B.C.'s/np$ television/nn film/nn on/in Christmas/np Eve/nn-tl was/bedz The/at-tl Bells/nns-tl Of/in-tl St./nn-tl Mary's/np$-tl ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, the/at crowning/vbg event/nn that/wps has/hvz dramatically/rb upset/vbn the/at traditional/jj pattern/nn of/in English/jj religious/jj history/nn was/bedz the/at friendly/jj visit/nn paid/vbn by/in Dr./nn-tl Fisher/np ,/, then/rb Anglican/jj Archbishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Canterbury/np-tl ,/, to/in the/at Vatican/np last/ap December/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at first/od time/nn an/at English/jj Primate/np has/hvz done/vbn this/dt since/in the/at 14th/od century/nn ./.
English/jj Catholics/nps reacted/vbd to/in this/dt event/nn with/in moderate/jj but/cc real/jj hope/nn ./.


	Almost/ql daily/rb something/pn is/bez reported/vbn which/wdt feeds/vbz this/dt Catholic/jj hope/nn in/in England/np :/: statistics/nns of/in the/at increasing/vbg numbers/nns of/in converts/nns and/cc Irish/jj Catholic/jj immigrants/nns ;/. ;/.
news/nn of/in a/at Protestant/jj minister/nn in/in Leamington/np who/wps has/hvz offered/vbn to/to allow/vb a/at Catholic/jj priest/nn to/to preach/vb from/in his/pp$ pulpit/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at report/nn that/cs a/at Catholic/jj nun/nn had/hvd been/ben requested/vbn to/to teach/vb in/in a/at non-Catholic/np secondary/jj school/nn during/in the/at sickness/nn of/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ masters/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at startling/jj statement/nn in/in a/at respectable/jj periodical/nn that/cs ``/`` Catholics/nps ,/, if/cs the/at present/jj system/nn is/bez still/rb in/in operation/nn ,/, will/md constitute/vb almost/rb one-third/nn of/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Lords/nns-tl in/in the/at next/ap generation/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
a/at report/nn that/cs 200/cd Protestant/jj clergymen/nns and/cc laity/nn attended/vbd a/at votive/jj Mass/nn-tl offered/vbd for/in Christian/jj unity/nn at/in a/at Catholic/jj church/nn in/in Slough/np during/in the/at Church/nn-tl Unity/nn-tl Octave/nn-tl ./.

The/at death/nn of/in a/at man/nn is/bez unique/jj ,/, and/cc yet/rb it/pps is/bez universal/jj ./.
The/at straight/jj line/nn would/md symbolize/vb its/pp$ uniqueness/nn ,/, the/at circle/nn its/pp$ universality/nn ./.
But/cc how/wrb can/md one/cd figure/vb symbolize/vb both/abx ?/. ?/.


	Christianity/np declares/vbz that/cs in/in the/at life/nn and/cc death/nn of/in Jesus/np Christ/np the/at unique/jj and/cc the/at universal/jj concur/vb ./.
Perhaps/rb no/at church/nn father/nn saw/vbd this/dt concurrence/nn of/in the/at unique/jj and/cc the/at universal/jj as/ql clearly/rb ,/, or/cc formulated/vbd it/ppo as/ql precisely/rb ,/, as/cs Irenaeus/np ./.
To/to be/be the/at Savior/nn-tl and/cc the/at Lord/nn-tl ,/, Jesus/np Christ/np has/hvz to/to be/be a/at historical/jj individual/nn with/in a/at biography/nn all/ql his/pp$ own/jj ;/. ;/.
he/pps dare/md not/* be/be a/at cosmic/jj aeon/nn that/wps swoops/vbz to/in earth/nn for/in a/at while/nn but/cc never/rb identifies/vbz itself/ppl with/in man's/nn$ history/nn ./.
Yet/cc this/dt utterly/ql individual/jj historical/jj person/nn must/md also/rb contain/vb within/in himself/ppl the/at common/jj history/nn of/in mankind/nn ./.
His/pp$ history/nn is/bez his/pp$$ alone/rb ,/, yet/cc each/dt man/nn must/md recognize/vb his/pp$ own/jj history/nn in/in it/ppo ./.
His/pp$ death/nn is/bez his/pp$$ alone/rb ,/, yet/rb each/dt man/nn can/md see/vb his/pp$ own/jj death/nn in/in the/at crucifixion/nn of/in Jesus/np ./.
Each/dt man/nn can/md identify/vb himself/ppl with/in the/at history/nn and/cc the/at death/nn of/in Jesus/np Christ/np because/cs Jesus/np Christ/np has/hvz identified/vbn himself/ppl with/in human/jj history/nn and/cc human/jj death/nn ,/, coming/vbg as/cs the/at head/nn of/in a/at new/jj humanity/nn ./.
Not/* a/at circle/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, nor/cc a/at straight/jj line/nn ,/, but/cc a/at spiral/nn represents/vbz the/at shape/nn of/in death/nn as/cs Irenaeus/np sees/vbz it/ppo ;/. ;/.
for/cs a/at spiral/nn has/hvz motion/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs recurrence/nn ./.
As/cs represented/vbn by/in a/at spiral/nn ,/, history/nn may/md ,/, in/in some/dti sense/nn ,/, be/be said/vbn to/to repeat/vb itself/ppl ;/. ;/.
yet/cc each/dt historical/jj event/nn remains/vbz unique/jj ./.
Christ/np is/bez both/abx unique/jj and/cc universal/jj ./.


	The/at first/od turn/nn of/in the/at spiral/nn is/bez the/at primeval/jj history/nn of/in humanity/nn in/in Adam/np ./.
As/cs Origen/np interprets/vbz the/at end/nn of/in history/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in its/pp$ beginning/nn ,/, so/rb Irenaeus/np portrays/vbz the/at story/nn of/in Adam/np on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at story/nn of/in Christ/np ./.
``/`` Whence/wrb ,/, then/rb ,/, comes/vbz the/at substance/nn of/in the/at first/od man/nn ?/. ?/.
From/in God's/np$ Will/nn-tl and/cc Wisdom/nn-tl ,/, and/cc from/in virgin/nn earth/nn ./.
For/cs '/' God/np had/hvd not/* rained/vbn '/' ,/, says/vbz the/at Scripture/nn-tl ,/, before/cs man/nn was/bedz made/vbn ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at man/nn to/to till/vb the/at earth/nn ./.
From/in this/dt earth/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, while/cs it/pps was/bedz still/rb virgin/jj God/np took/vbd dust/nn and/cc fashioned/vbd the/at man/nn ,/, the/at beginning/nn of/in humanity/nn ''/'' ./.
Irenaeus/np does/doz not/* regard/vb Adam/np and/cc Eve/np merely/rb as/cs private/jj individuals/nns ,/, but/cc as/cs universal/jj human/jj beings/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed and/cc are/ber all/abn of/in humanity/nn ./.
Adam/np and/cc Eve/np were/bed perfect/jj ,/, not/* in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs they/ppss possessed/vbd perfection/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed capable/jj of/in development/nn toward/in perfection/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, children/nns ./.
Irenaeus/np does/doz not/* claim/vb pre-existence/nn for/in the/at human/jj soul/nn ;/. ;/.
therefore/rb there/ex is/bez no/at need/nn for/in him/ppo ,/, as/cs there/ex is/bez for/in Origen/np ,/, to/to identify/vb existence/nn itself/ppl with/in the/at fall/nn ./.
Existence/nn is/bez created/vbn and/cc willed/vbn by/in God/np and/cc is/bez not/* the/at consequence/nn of/in a/at pre-existent/jj rebellion/nn or/cc of/in a/at cosmic/jj descent/nn from/in eternity/nn into/in history/nn ./.
Historical/jj existence/nn is/bez a/at created/vbn good/nn ./.


	The/at biblical/jj symbol/nn for/in this/dt affirmation/nn is/bez expressed/vbn in/in the/at words/nns :/: ``/`` So/rb God/np created/vbd man/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj image/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at similitude/nn of/in God/np he/pps created/vbd him/ppo ''/'' ./.
There/ex are/ber some/dti passages/nns in/in the/at writings/nns of/in Irenaeus/np where/wrb the/at image/nn of/in God/np and/cc the/at similitude/nn are/ber sharply/ql distinguished/vbn ,/, so/rb most/ql notably/rb in/in the/at statement/nn :/: ``/`` If/cs the/at (/( Holy/jj-tl )/) Spirit/nn-tl is/bez absent/jj from/in the/at soul/nn ,/, such/abl a/at man/nn is/bez indeed/rb of/in an/at animal/nn nature/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, being/beg left/vbn carnal/jj ,/, he/pps will/md be/be an/at imperfect/jj being/nn ,/, possessing/vbg the/at image/nn (/( of/in God/np )/) in/in his/pp$ formation/nn ,/, but/cc not/* receiving/vbg the/at similitude/nn (/( of/in God/np )/) through/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Thus/rb the/at image/nn of/in God/np is/bez that/dt which/wdt makes/vbz a/at man/nn a/at man/nn and/cc not/* an/at oyster/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at similitude/nn of/in God/np ,/, by/in contrast/nn ,/, is/bez that/dt which/wdt makes/vbz a/at man/nn a/at child/nn of/in God/np and/cc not/* merely/rb a/at rational/jj creature/nn ./.
Recent/jj research/nn on/in Irenaeus/np ,/, however/rb ,/, makes/vbz it/ppo evident/jj that/cs he/pps does/doz not/* consistently/rb maintain/vb this/dt distinction/nn ./.
He/pps does/doz not/* mean/vb to/to say/vb that/cs Adam/np lost/vbd the/at similitude/nn of/in God/np and/cc his/pp$ immortality/nn through/in the/at fall/nn ;/. ;/.
for/cs he/pps was/bedz created/vbn not/* exactly/ql immortal/jj ,/, nor/cc yet/rb exactly/rb mortal/jj ,/, but/cc capable/jj of/in immortality/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs of/in mortality/nn ./.


	Therefore/rb Irenaeus/np describes/vbz man's/nn$ creation/nn as/ql follows/vbz :/: 

	``/`` So/cs that/cs the/at man/nn should/md not/* have/hv thoughts/nns of/in grandeur/nn ,/, and/cc become/vb lifted/vbn up/rp ,/, as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd no/at lord/nn ,/, because/rb of/in the/at dominion/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben given/vbn to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc the/at freedom/nn ,/, fall/vb into/in sin/nn against/in God/np his/pp$ Creator/nn-tl ,/, overstepping/vbg his/pp$ bounds/nns ,/, and/cc take/vb up/rp an/at attitude/nn of/in self-conceited/jj arrogance/nn towards/in God/np ,/, a/at law/nn was/bedz given/vbn him/ppo by/in God/np ,/, that/cs he/pps might/md know/vb that/cs he/pps had/hvd for/in lord/nn the/at lord/nn of/in all/abn ./.
And/cc He/pps laid/vbd down/rp for/in him/ppo certain/jj conditions/nns :/: so/cs that/cs ,/, if/cs he/pps kept/vbd the/at command/nn of/in God/np ,/, then/rb he/pps would/md always/rb remain/vb as/cs he/pps was/bedz ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, immortal/jj ;/. ;/.
but/cc if/cs he/pps did/dod not/* ,/, he/pps would/md become/vb mortal/jj ,/, melting/vbg into/in earth/nn ,/, whence/wrb his/pp$ frame/nn had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn ''/'' ./.
These/dts conditions/nns man/nn did/dod not/* keep/vb ,/, and/cc thus/rb he/pps became/vbd mortal/jj ;/. ;/.
yet/rb he/pps did/dod not/* stop/vb being/beg human/jj as/cs a/at result/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at justification/nn for/in systematizing/vbg the/at random/jj statements/nns of/in Irenaeus/np about/in the/at image/nn of/in God/np beyond/in this/dt ,/, nor/cc for/in reading/vbg into/in his/pp$ imprecise/jj usage/nn the/at later/jjr theological/jj distinction/nn between/in the/at image/nn of/in God/np (/( humanity/nn )/) and/cc the/at similitude/nn of/in God/np (/( immortality/nn )/) ./.


	Man/nn was/bedz created/vbn with/in the/at capacity/nn for/in immortality/nn ,/, but/cc the/at devil's/nn$ promise/nn of/in immortality/nn in/in exchange/nn for/in disobedience/nn cost/vbd Adam/np his/pp$ immortality/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz ,/, in/in the/at words/nns of/in Irenaeus/np ,/, ``/`` beguiled/vbn by/in another/dt under/in the/at pretext/nn of/in immortality/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at true/jj way/nn to/in immortality/nn lay/vbd through/in obedience/nn ,/, but/cc man/nn did/dod not/* believe/vb this/dt ./.


	``/`` Eve/np was/bedz disobedient/jj ;/. ;/.
for/cs she/pps did/dod not/* obey/vb when/wrb as/ql yet/rb she/pps was/bedz a/at virgin/nn ./.
And/cc even/rb as/cs she/pps ,/, having/hvg indeed/rb a/at husband/nn ,/, Adam/np ,/, but/cc being/beg nevertheless/rb as/ql yet/rb a/at virgin/nn ,/, having/hvg become/vbn disobedient/jj ,/, was/bedz made/vbn the/at cause/nn of/in death/nn ,/, both/abx to/in herself/ppl and/cc to/in the/at entire/jj human/jj race/nn ;/. ;/.
so/rb also/rb did/dod Mary/np ,/, having/hvg a/at man/nn betrothed/vbn (/( to/in her/ppo )/) ,/, and/cc being/beg nevertheless/rb a/at virgin/nn ,/, by/in yielding/vbg obedience/nn ,/, become/vb the/at cause/nn of/in salvation/nn ,/, both/abx to/in herself/ppl and/cc the/at whole/jj human/jj race/nn ''/'' ./.
Because/cs he/pps interprets/vbz the/at primitive/jj state/nn of/in man/nn as/cs one/cd of/in mere/jj potentiality/nn or/cc capacity/nn and/cc believes/vbz that/cs Adam/np and/cc Eve/np were/bed created/vbn as/cs children/nns ,/, Irenaeus/np often/rb seems/vbz inclined/vbn to/to extenuate/vb their/pp$ disobedience/nn as/cs being/beg ``/`` due/jj ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, to/in carelessness/nn ,/, but/cc still/rb wicked/jj ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ interpretation/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at end/nn prompts/vbz him/ppo to/to draw/vb these/dts parallels/nns between/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Eve/np and/cc the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np ./.
That/dt parallelism/nn affects/vbz his/pp$ picture/nn of/in man's/nn$ disobedience/nn too/rb ;/. ;/.
for/cs as/cs it/pps was/bedz Christ/np ,/, the/at Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, who/wps came/vbd to/to rescue/vb man/nn ,/, so/rb it/pps was/bedz disobedience/nn to/in the/at word/nn of/in God/np in/in the/at beginning/nn that/wps brought/vbd death/nn into/in the/at world/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn our/pp$ woe/nn ./.


	With/in this/dt act/nn of/in disobedience/nn ,/, and/cc not/* with/in the/at inception/nn of/in his/pp$ individual/jj existence/nn ,/, man/nn began/vbd the/at downward/jj circuit/nn on/in the/at spiral/nn of/in history/nn ,/, descending/vbg from/in the/at created/vbn capacity/nn for/in immortality/nn to/in an/at inescapable/jj mortality/nn ./.
At/in the/at nadir/nn of/in that/dt circuit/nn is/bez death/nn ./.
``/`` Along/rb with/in the/at fruit/nn they/ppss did/dod also/rb fall/vb under/in the/at power/nn of/in death/nn ,/, because/cs they/ppss did/dod eat/vb in/in disobedience/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc disobedience/nn to/in God/np entails/vbz death/nn ./.
Wherefore/rb ,/, as/cs they/ppss became/vbd forfeit/vbn to/in death/nn ,/, from/in that/dt (/( moment/nn )/) they/ppss were/bed handed/vbn over/rp to/in it/ppo ''/'' ./.
This/dt leads/vbz Irenaeus/np to/in the/at somewhat/ql startling/jj notion/nn that/cs Adam/np and/cc Eve/np died/vbd on/in the/at same/ap day/nn that/cs they/ppss disobeyed/vbd ,/, namely/rb ,/, on/in a/at Friday/nr ,/, as/cs a/at parallel/nn to/in the/at death/nn of/in Christ/np on/in Good/jj-tl Friday/nr-tl ;/. ;/.
he/pps sees/vbz a/at parallel/nn also/rb to/in the/at Jewish/jj day/nn of/in preparation/nn for/in the/at Sabbath/np ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, though/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben promised/vbn immortality/nn if/cs they/ppss ate/vbd of/in the/at tree/nn ,/, they/ppss obtained/vbd mortality/nn instead/rb ./.
The/at wages/nns of/in sin/nn is/bez death/nn ./.
Man's/nn$ life/nn ,/, originally/rb shaped/vbn for/in immortality/nn and/cc for/in communion/nn with/in God/np ,/, must/md now/rb be/be conformed/vbn to/in the/at shape/nn of/in death/nn ./.


	Nevertheless/rb ,/, even/rb at/in the/at nadir/nn of/in the/at circuit/nn the/at spiral/nn of/in history/nn belongs/vbz to/in God/np ,/, and/cc he/pps still/rb rules/vbz ./.
Even/rb death/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, has/hvz a/at providential/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at punitive/jj function/nn ./.


	``/`` Wherefore/rb also/rb He/pps (/( God/np )/) drove/vbd him/ppo (/( man/nn )/) out/in of/in Paradise/nn-tl ,/, and/cc removed/vbd him/ppo far/rb from/in the/at tree/nn of/in life/nn ,/, not/* because/cs He/pps envied/vbd him/ppo the/at tree/nn of/in life/nn ,/, as/cs some/dti venture/vb to/to assert/vb ,/, but/cc because/cs He/pps pitied/vbd him/ppo ,/, (/( and/cc did/dod not/* desire/vb )/) that/cs he/pps should/md continue/vb a/at sinner/nn for/in ever/rb ,/, nor/cc that/cs the/at sin/nn which/wdt surrounded/vbd him/ppo should/md be/be immortal/jj ,/, and/cc evil/nn interminable/jj and/cc irremediable/jj ./.
But/cc He/pps set/vbd a/at bound/nn to/in his/pp$ (/( state/nn of/in )/) sin/nn ,/, by/in interposing/vbg death/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb causing/vbg sin/nn to/to cease/vb ,/, putting/vbg an/at end/nn to/in it/ppo by/in the/at dissolution/nn of/in the/at flesh/nn ,/, which/wdt should/md take/vb place/nn in/in the/at earth/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs man/nn ,/, ceasing/vbg at/in length/nn to/to live/vb in/in sin/nn ,/, and/cc dying/vbg to/in it/ppo ,/, might/md live/vb to/in God/np ''/'' ./.
This/dt idea/nn ,/, which/wdt occurs/vbz in/in both/abx Tatian/np and/cc Cyprian/np ,/, fits/vbz especially/ql well/rb into/in the/at scheme/nn of/in Irenaeus'/np$ theology/nn ;/. ;/.
for/cs it/pps prepares/vbz the/at way/nn for/in the/at passage/nn from/in life/nn through/in death/nn to/in life/nn that/wps is/bez achieved/vbn in/in Christ/np ./.
As/cs man/nn can/md live/vb only/rb by/in dying/vbg ,/, so/rb it/pps was/bedz only/rb by/in his/pp$ dying/vbg that/cs Christ/np could/md bring/vb many/ap to/in life/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez probably/rb fair/jj to/to say/vb that/cs the/at idea/nn of/in death/nn is/bez more/ql profound/jj in/in Irenaeus/np than/cs the/at idea/nn of/in sin/nn is/bez ./.
This/dt applies/vbz to/in his/pp$ picture/nn of/in Adam/np ./.
It/pps is/bez borne/vbn out/rp also/rb by/in the/at absence/nn of/in any/dti developed/vbn theory/nn about/in how/wrb sin/nn passes/vbz from/in one/cd generation/nn to/in the/at next/ap ./.
It/pps becomes/vbz most/ql evident/jj in/in his/pp$ description/nn of/in Christ/np as/cs the/at second/od Adam/np ,/, who/wps does/doz indeed/rb come/vb to/to destroy/vb sin/nn ,/, but/cc whose/wp$ work/nn culminates/vbz in/in the/at achievement/nn of/in immortality/nn ./.
This/dt emphasis/nn upon/in death/nn rather/in than/in sin/nn as/cs man's/nn$ fundamental/jj problem/nn Irenaeus/np shares/vbz with/in many/ap early/jj theologians/nns ,/, especially/rb the/at Greek-speaking/jj ones/nns ./.
They/ppss speak/vb of/in the/at work/nn of/in Christ/np as/cs the/at bestowal/nn of/in incorruptibility/nn ,/, which/wdt can/md mean/vb (/( though/cs it/pps does/doz not/* have/hv to/to mean/vb )/) deliverance/nn from/in time/nn and/cc history/nn ./.


	Death/nn reminds/vbz man/nn of/in his/pp$ sin/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps reminds/vbz him/ppo also/rb of/in his/pp$ transience/nn ./.
It/pps represents/vbz a/at punishment/nn that/cs he/pps knows/vbz he/pps deserves/vbz ,/, but/cc it/pps also/rb symbolizes/vbz most/ql dramatically/rb that/cs he/pps lives/vbz his/pp$ life/nn within/in the/at process/nn of/in time/nn ./.
These/dts two/cd aspects/nns of/in death/nn cannot/md* be/be successfully/rb separated/vbn ,/, but/cc they/ppss dare/md not/* be/be confused/vbn or/cc identified/vbn ./.
The/at repeated/vbn efforts/nns in/in Christian/jj history/nn to/to describe/vb death/nn as/cs altogether/rb the/at consequence/nn of/in human/jj sin/nn show/vb that/cs these/dts two/cd aspects/nns of/in death/nn cannot/md* be/be separated/vbn ./.
Such/jj efforts/nns almost/ql always/rb find/vb themselves/ppls compelled/vbn to/to ask/vb whether/cs Adam/np was/bedz created/vbn capable/jj of/in growing/vbg old/jj and/cc then/rb older/jjr and/cc then/rb still/ql older/jjr ,/, in/in short/jj ,/, whether/cs Adam's/np$ life/nn was/bedz intended/vbn to/to be/be part/nn of/in the/at process/nn of/in time/nn ./.
If/cs it/pps was/bedz ,/, then/rb it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben God's/np$ intention/nn to/to translate/vb him/ppo at/in a/at certain/jj point/nn from/in time/nn to/in eternity/nn ./.
One/cd night/nn ,/, so/cs some/dti of/in these/dts theories/nns run/vb ,/, Adam/np would/md have/hv fallen/vbn asleep/rb ,/, much/rb as/cs he/pps fell/vbd asleep/rb for/in the/at creation/nn of/in Eve/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc thus/rb he/pps would/md have/hv been/ben carried/vbn over/rp into/in the/at life/nn eternal/jj ./.
The/at embarrassment/nn of/in these/dts theories/nns over/in the/at naturalness/nn of/in death/nn is/bez an/at illustration/nn of/in the/at thesis/nn that/dt death/nn cannot/md* be/be only/rb a/at punishment/nn ,/, for/cs some/dti termination/nn seems/vbz necessary/jj in/in a/at life/nn that/wps is/bez lived/vbn within/in the/at natural/jj order/nn of/in time/nn and/cc change/nn ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Christian/jj faith/nn knows/vbz that/dt death/nn is/bez more/ap than/cs the/at natural/jj termination/nn of/in temporal/jj existence/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at wages/nns of/in sin/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ sting/nn is/bez the/at law/nn ./.
If/cs this/dt aspect/nn of/in death/nn as/cs punishment/nn is/bez not/* distinguished/vbn from/in the/at idea/nn of/in death/nn as/cs natural/jj termination/nn ,/, the/at conclusion/nn seems/vbz inevitable/jj that/cs temporal/jj existence/nn itself/ppl is/bez a/at form/nn of/in punishment/nn rather/in than/in the/at state/nn into/in which/wdt man/nn is/bez put/vbn by/in the/at will/nn of/in the/at Creator/nn-tl ./.
This/dt seems/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben the/at conclusion/nn to/in which/wdt Origen/np was/bedz forced/vbn ./.
If/cs death/nn receives/vbz more/ap than/in its/pp$ share/nn of/in attention/nn from/in the/at theologian/nn and/cc if/cs sin/nn receives/vbz less/ap than/in its/pp$ share/nn ,/, the/at gift/nn of/in the/at life/nn eternal/jj through/in Christ/np begins/vbz to/to look/vb like/cs the/at divinely/rb appointed/vbn means/nn of/in rescue/nn from/in temporal/jj ,/, i.e./rb ,/, created/vbn ,/, existence/nn ./.
Such/abl an/at interpretation/nn of/in death/nn radically/rb alters/vbz the/at Christian/jj view/nn of/in creation/nn ;/. ;/.
for/cs it/pps teaches/vbz salvation/nn from/in ,/, not/* salvation/nn in/in ,/, time/nn and/cc history/nn ./.
Because/cs Christianity/np teaches/vbz not/* only/rb salvation/nn in/in history/nn ,/, but/cc salvation/nn by/in the/at history/nn of/in Christ/np ,/, such/abl an/at interpretation/nn of/in death/nn would/md require/vb a/at drastic/jj revision/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj understanding/nn of/in the/at work/nn of/in Christ/np ./.



	Furthermore/rb ,/, as/cs an/at encouragement/nn to/in revisionist/nn thinking/nn ,/, it/pps manifestly/rb is/bez fair/jj to/to admit/vb that/cs any/dti fraternity/nn has/hvz a/at constitutional/jj right/nn to/to refuse/vb to/to accept/vb persons/nns it/pps dislikes/vbz ./.
The/at Unitarian/jj clergy/nns were/bed an/at exclusive/jj club/nn of/in cultivated/vbn gentlemen/nns --/-- as/cs the/at term/nn was/bedz then/rb understood/vbn in/in the/at Back/jj-tl Bay/nn-tl --/-- and/cc Parker/np was/bedz definitely/rb not/* a/at gentleman/nn ,/, either/cc in/in theology/nn or/cc in/in manners/nns ./.
Ezra/np Stiles/np Gannett/np ,/, an/at honorable/jj representative/nn of/in the/at sanhedrin/nn ,/, addressed/vbd himself/ppl frankly/rb to/in the/at issue/nn in/in 1845/cd ,/, insisting/vbg that/cs Parker/np should/md not/* be/be persecuted/vbn or/cc calumniated/vbn and/cc that/cs in/in this/dt republic/nn no/at power/nn to/to restrain/vb him/ppo by/in force/nn could/md exist/vb ./.
Even/rb so/rb ,/, Gannett/np judiciously/rb argued/vbd ,/, the/at Association/nn-tl could/md legitimately/rb decide/vb that/cs Parker/np ``/`` should/md not/* be/be encouraged/vbn nor/cc assisted/vbn in/in diffusing/vbg his/pp$ opinions/nns by/in those/dts who/wps differ/vb from/in him/ppo in/in regard/nn to/in their/pp$ correctness/nn ''/'' ./.
We/ppss today/nr are/ber not/* entitled/vbn to/to excoriate/vb honest/jj men/nns who/wps believed/vbd Parker/np to/to be/be downright/ql pernicious/jj and/cc who/wps barred/vbd their/pp$ pulpits/nns against/in his/pp$ demand/nn to/to poison/vb the/at minds/nns of/in their/pp$ congregations/nns ./.
One/pn can/md even/rb argue/vb --/-- though/cs this/dt is/bez a/at delicate/jj matter/nn --/-- that/cs every/at justification/nn existed/vbd for/in their/pp$ returning/vbg the/at Public/jj-tl Lecture/nn-tl to/in the/at First/od-tl Church/nn-tl ,/, and/cc so/rb to/to suppress/vb it/ppo ,/, rather/rb than/cs let/vb Parker/np use/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at sounding/vbg board/nn for/in his/pp$ propaganda/nn when/wrb his/pp$ turn/nn should/md come/vb to/to occupy/vb it/ppo ./.
Finally/rb ,/, it/pps did/dod seem/vb clear/jj as/cs day/nn to/in these/dts clergymen/nns ,/, as/cs Gannett's/np$ son/nn explained/vbd in/in the/at biography/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd always/rb contended/vbn for/in the/at propriety/nn of/in their/pp$ claim/nn to/in the/at title/nn of/in Christians/nps ./.
Their/pp$ demand/nn against/in the/at Calvinist/jj-tl Orthodoxy/nn-tl for/in intellectual/jj liberty/nn had/hvd never/rb meant/vbn that/cs they/ppss would/md follow/vb ``/`` free/jj inquiry/nn ''/'' to/in the/at extreme/nn of/in proclaiming/vbg Christianity/np a/at ``/`` natural/jj ''/'' religion/nn ./.


	Grant/vb all/abn this/dt --/-- still/rb ,/, when/wrb modern/jj Unitarianism/np and/cc the/at Harvard/np-tl Divinity/nn-tl School/nn-tl recall/vb with/in humorous/jj affection/nn the/at insults/nns Parker/np lavished/vbd upon/in them/ppo ,/, or/cc else/rb argue/vb that/cs after/in all/abn Parker/np received/vbd the/at treatment/nn he/pps invited/vbd ,/, they/ppss betray/vb an/at uneasy/jj conscience/nn ./.
Whenever/wrb New/jj-tl England/np-tl liberalism/nn is/bez reminded/vbn of/in the/at dramatic/jj confrontation/nn of/in Parker/np and/cc the/at fraternity/nn on/in January/np 23/cd ,/, 1843/cd --/-- while/cs it/pps may/md defend/vb the/at privilege/nn of/in Chandler/np Robbins/np to/to demand/vb that/cs Parker/np leave/vb the/at Association/nn-tl ,/, while/cs it/pps may/md plead/vb that/cs Dr./nn-tl N./np L./np Frothingham/np had/hvd every/at warrant/nn for/in stating/vbg ,/, ``/`` The/at difference/nn between/in Trinitarians/nps and/cc Unitarians/nps is/bez a/at difference/nn in/in Christianity/np ;/. ;/.
the/at difference/nn between/in Mr./np Parker/np and/cc the/at Association/nn-tl is/bez a/at difference/nn between/in no/at Christianity/np and/cc Christianity/np ''/'' --/-- despite/in these/dts supposed/vbn conclusive/jj assurances/nns ,/, the/at modern/jj liberal/nn heaves/vbz repeatedly/rb a/at sigh/nn of/in relief/nn ,/, of/in positive/jj thanksgiving/nn ,/, that/cs the/at Association/nn-tl never/rb quite/rb brought/vbd itself/ppl officially/rb to/to expel/vb Parker/np ./.
Had/hvd it/pps done/vbn so/rb ,/, the/at blot/nn on/in its/pp$ escutcheon/nn would/md have/hv remained/vbn indelible/jj ,/, nor/cc could/md the/at Harvard/np-tl Divinity/nn-tl School/nn-tl assemble/vb today/nr to/to honor/vb Parker's/np$ insurgence/nn other/ap than/in by/in getting/vbg down/rp on/in its/pp$ collective/jj knees/nns and/cc crying/vbg ``/`` peccavi/fw-vbd ''/'' ./.


	Happily/rb for/in posterity/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at Boston/np-tl Association/nn-tl did/dod not/* actually/rb command/vb Parker/np to/to leave/vb the/at room/nn ,/, though/cs it/pps came/vbd too/ql close/rb for/in comfort/nn to/in what/wdt would/md have/hv been/ben an/at unforgivable/jj brutality/nn ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, the/at honor/nn of/in the/at denomination/nn can/md attest/vb that/cs Cyrus/np Bartol/np defended/vbd Parker's/np$ sincerity/nn ,/, as/cs did/dod also/rb Gannett/np and/cc Chandler/np Robbins/np ;/. ;/.
whereupon/cs Parker/np broke/vbd down/rp into/in convulsions/nns of/in weeping/vbg and/cc rushed/vbd out/in of/in the/at room/nn ,/, though/cs not/* out/in of/in the/at Fellowship/nn-tl ./.
In/in the/at hall/nn ,/, after/in adjournment/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Frothingham/np took/vbd him/ppo warmly/rb by/in the/at hand/nn and/cc requested/vbd Parker/np to/to visit/vb him/ppo --/-- whereupon/cs our/pp$ burly/jj Theodore/np again/rb burst/vbd into/in tears/nns ./.


	All/abn this/dt near/jj tragedy/nn ,/, which/wdt to/in us/ppo borders/vbz on/in comedy/nn ,/, enables/vbz us/ppo to/to tell/vb the/at story/nn over/rp and/cc over/rp again/rb ,/, always/rb warming/vbg ourselves/ppls with/in a/at glow/nn of/in complacency/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz indeed/rb a/at near/jj thing/nn ,/, but/cc somehow/rb the/at inherent/jj decency/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl (/( which/wdt we/ppss inherit/vb )/) did/dod triumph/vb ./.
Parker/np was/bedz never/rb excommunicated/vbn ./.
To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz ostracized/vbn or/cc even/rb reviled/vbn ,/, we/ppss solace/vb ourselves/ppls by/in saying/vbg he/pps asked/vbd for/in it/ppo ./.
Yet/rb ,/, even/rb after/in all/abn these/dts stratagems/nns ,/, the/at conscience/nn of/in Christian/jj liberality/nn is/bez still/rb not/* laid/vbn to/in rest/nn ,/, any/dti more/ap than/cs is/bez the/at conscience/nn of/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl for/in having/hvg done/vbn the/at abject/jj penance/nn for/in its/pp$ rejection/nn of/in Ralph/np Waldo/np Emerson's/np$ The/at-tl Divinity/nn-tl School/nn-tl Address/nn-tl of/in naming/vbg its/pp$ hall/nn of/in philosophy/nn after/in him/ppo ./.
In/in both/abx cases/nns the/at stubborn/jj fact/nn remains/vbz :/: liberalism/nn gave/vbd birth/nn to/in two/cd brilliant/jj apostates/nns ,/, both/abx legitimate/jj offspring/nns of/in its/pp$ loins/nns ,/, and/cc when/wrb brought/vbn to/in the/at test/nn ,/, it/pps behaved/vbd shabbily/rb ./.
Suppose/vb they/ppss both/abx had/hvd ventured/vbn into/in realms/nns which/wdt their/pp$ colleagues/nns thought/vbd infidel/jj :/: is/bez this/dt the/at way/nn gentlemen/nns settle/vb frank/jj differences/nns of/in opinion/nn ?/. ?/.
Is/bez it/pps after/in all/abn possible/jj that/cs no/at matter/nn how/wrb the/at liberals/nns trumpet/vb their/pp$ confidence/nn in/in human/jj dignity/nn they/ppss are/ber exposed/vbn to/in a/at contagion/nn of/in fear/nn more/ql insidious/jj than/cs any/dti conservative/nn has/hvz ever/rb to/to worry/vb about/in ?/. ?/.


	However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at crucial/jj difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd histories/nns ./.
Emerson/np evaded/vbd the/at problem/nn by/in shoving/vbg it/ppo aside/rb ,/, or/cc rather/rb by/in leaving/vbg it/ppo behind/in him/ppo :/: he/pps walked/vbd out/in of/in the/at Unitarian/jj communion/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs it/pps could/md lick/vb the/at wound/nn of/in his/pp$ departure/nn ,/, preserve/vb its/pp$ self-respect/nn and/cc eventually/rb accord/vb him/ppo pious/jj veneration/nn ./.
Parker/np insisted/vbd upon/in not/* resigning/vbg ,/, even/rb when/wrb the/at majority/nn wanted/vbd him/ppo to/to depart/vb ,/, upon/in daring/vbg the/at Fellowship/nn-tl to/to throw/vb him/ppo out/rp ./.
Hence/rb he/pps was/bedz in/in his/pp$ lifetime/nn ,/, as/cs is/bez the/at memory/nn of/in him/ppo afterwards/rb ,/, a/at canker/nn within/in the/at liberal/jj sensitivity/nn ./.
He/pps still/rb points/vbz an/at accusing/vbg finger/nn at/in all/abn of/in us/ppo ,/, telling/vbg us/ppo we/ppss have/hv neither/cc the/at courage/nn to/to support/vb him/ppo nor/cc the/at energy/nn to/to cut/vb his/pp$ throat/nn ./.


	Actually/rb ,/, the/at dispute/nn between/in Parker/np and/cc the/at society/nn of/in his/pp$ time/nn ,/, both/abx ecclesiastical/jj and/cc social/jj ,/, was/bedz a/at real/jj one/cd ,/, a/at bitter/jj one/cd ./.
It/pps cannot/md* be/be smoothed/vbn over/rp by/in now/rb cherishing/vbg his/pp$ sarcasms/nns as/cs delightful/jj bits/nns of/in self-deprecation/nn or/cc by/in solemnly/rb calling/vbg for/in a/at reconsideration/nn of/in the/at justice/nn of/in the/at objections/nns to/in him/ppo ./.
The/at fact/nn is/bez incontestable/jj :/: that/dt liberal/jj world/nn of/in Unitarian/jj Boston/np was/bedz narrow-minded/jj ,/, intellectually/rb sterile/jj ,/, smug/jj ,/, afraid/jj of/in the/at logical/jj consequences/nns of/in its/pp$ own/jj mild/jj ventures/nns into/in iconoclasm/nn ,/, and/cc quite/ql prepared/vbn to/to resort/vb to/in hysterical/jj repressions/nns when/wrb its/pp$ brittle/jj foundations/nns were/bed threatened/vbn ./.
Parker/np ,/, along/rb with/in Garrison/np and/cc Charles/np Sumner/np ,/, showed/vbd a/at magnificent/jj moral/jj bravery/nn when/wrb facing/vbg mobs/nns mobilized/vbn in/in defense/nn of/in the/at Mexican/jj-tl War/nn-tl and/cc slavery/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md find/vb reasons/nns for/in respecting/vbg even/rb the/at bigotry/nn of/in the/at populace/nn ;/. ;/.
their/pp$ passions/nns were/bed genuine/jj ,/, and/cc the/at division/nn between/in them/ppo and/cc the/at abolitionists/nns is/bez clear-cut/jj ./.
But/cc Parker/np as/cs the/at ultra-liberal/jj minister/nn within/in the/at pale/nn of/in a/at church/nn which/wdt had/hvd proclaimed/vbn itself/ppl the/at repository/nn of/in liberality/nn poses/vbz a/at different/jj problem/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez not/* to/to be/be resolved/vbn by/in holding/vbg him/ppo up/rp as/cs the/at champion/nn of/in freedom/nn ./.
Even/rb though/cs his/pp$ theological/jj theses/nns have/hv become/vbn ,/, to/in us/ppo ,/, commonplaces/nns ,/, the/at fundamental/jj interrogation/nn he/pps phrased/vbd is/bez very/ql much/rb with/in us/ppo ./.
It/pps has/hvz been/ben endlessly/rb rephrased/vbn ,/, but/cc I/ppss may/md here/rb put/vb it/ppo thus/rb :/: at/in what/wdt point/nn do/do the/at tolerant/jj find/vb themselves/ppls obliged/vbn to/to become/vb intolerant/jj ?/. ?/.
And/cc then/rb ,/, as/cs they/ppss become/vb aware/jj that/cs they/ppss have/hv reached/vbn the/at end/nn of/in their/pp$ patience/nn ,/, what/wdt do/do they/ppss ,/, to/in their/pp$ dismay/nn ,/, learn/vb for/in the/at first/od time/nn about/in themselves/ppls ?/. ?/.


	There/ex can/md be/be no/at doubt/nn ,/, the/at Boston/np of/in that/dt era/nn could/md be/be exquisitely/ql cruel/jj in/in enforcing/vbg its/pp$ canons/nns of/in behavior/nn ./.
The/at gentle/jj Channing/np ,/, revered/vbn by/in all/abn Bostonians/nps ,/, orthodox/jj or/cc Unitarian/jj ,/, wrote/vbd to/in a/at friend/nn in/in Louisville/np that/cs among/in its/pp$ many/ap virtues/nns Boston/np did/dod not/* abound/vb in/in a/at tolerant/jj spirit/nn ,/, that/cs the/at yoke/nn of/in opinion/nn crushed/vbd individuality/nn of/in judgment/nn and/cc action/nn :/: ``/`` No/at city/nn in/in the/at world/nn is/bez governed/vbn so/ql little/rb by/in a/at police/nn ,/, and/cc so/ql much/rb by/in mutual/jj inspections/nns and/cc what/wdt is/bez called/vbn public/jj sentiment/nn ./.
We/ppss stand/vb more/rbr in/in awe/nn of/in one/cd another/dt than/cs most/ap people/nns ./.
Opinion/nn is/bez less/ql individual/jj or/cc runs/vbz more/rbr into/in masses/nns ,/, and/cc often/rb rules/vbz with/in a/at rod/nn of/in iron/nn ''/'' ./.
Even/ql more/ql poignantly/rb ,/, and/cc with/in the/at insight/nn of/in a/at genius/nn ,/, Channing/np added/vbd --/-- remember/vb ,/, this/dt is/bez Channing/np ,/, not/* Parker/np !/. !/.
--/-- that/cs should/md a/at minister/nn in/in Boston/np trust/vb himself/ppl to/in his/pp$ heart/nn ,/, should/md he/pps ``/`` speak/vb without/in book/nn ,/, and/cc consequently/rb break/vb some/dti law/nn of/in speech/nn ,/, or/cc be/be hurried/vbn into/in some/dti daring/vbg hyperbole/nn ,/, he/pps should/md find/vb little/ap mercy/nn ''/'' ./.


	Channing/np wrote/vbd this/dt --/-- in/in a/at letter/nn !/. !/.
I/ppss think/vb it/ppo fair/jj to/to say/vb that/cs he/pps never/rb quite/rb reached/vbd such/jj candor/nn in/in his/pp$ sermons/nns ./.
But/cc Theodore/np Parker/np ,/, commencing/vbg his/pp$ mission/nn to/in the/at world-at-large/nn ,/, disguised/vbn as/cs the/at minister/nn of/in a/at ``/`` twenty-eighth/od Congregational/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ''/'' which/wdt bore/vbd no/at resemblance/nn to/in the/at Congregational/jj-tl polities/nns descended/vbn from/in the/at founders/nns (/( among/in which/wdt were/bed still/rb the/at Unitarian/jj churches/nns )/) ,/, made/vbd explicit/jj from/in the/at beginning/nn that/cs the/at conflict/nn between/in him/ppo and/cc the/at Hunkerish/jj society/nn was/bedz not/* something/pn which/wdt could/md be/be evaporated/vbn into/in a/at genteel/jj difference/nn about/in clerical/jj decorum/nn ./.
Because/cs he/pps spoke/vbd openly/rb with/in what/wdt Channing/np had/hvd prophesied/vbn someone/pn might/md --/-- with/in daring/vbg hyperbole/nn --/-- Parker/np vindicated/vbd Channing's/np$ further/jjr prophecy/nn that/cs he/pps who/wps committed/vbd this/dt infraction/nn of/in taste/nn would/md promptly/rb discover/vb how/wql little/ap mercy/nn liberals/nns were/bed disposed/vbn to/to allow/vb to/in libertarians/nns who/wps appeared/vbd to/in them/ppo libertines/nns ./.
An/at institutionalized/vbn liberalism/nn proved/vbd itself/ppl fundamentally/rb an/at institution/nn ,/, and/cc only/rb within/in those/dts defined/vbn limits/nns a/at license/nn ./.


	By/in reminding/vbg ourselves/ppls of/in these/dts factors/nns in/in the/at situation/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md ,/, I/ppss am/bem sure/jj ,/, come/vb to/in a/at fresh/jj realization/nn ,/, however/wql painful/jj it/pps be/be ,/, that/cs the/at battle/nn between/in Parker/np and/cc his/pp$ neighbors/nns was/bedz fought/vbn in/in earnest/jj ./.
He/pps arraigned/vbd the/at citizens/nns in/in language/nn of/in so/ql little/ap courtesy/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd to/to respond/vb with/in ,/, at/in the/at least/ap ,/, resentment/nn ./.
What/wdt otherwise/rb could/md ``/`` the/at lawyer/nn ,/, doctor/nn ,/, minister/nn ,/, the/at men/nns of/in science/nn and/cc letters/nns ''/'' do/do when/wrb told/vbn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd ``/`` become/vbn the/at cherubim/nns and/cc seraphim/nns and/cc the/at three/cd archangels/nns who/wps stood/vbd before/in the/at golden/jj throne/nn of/in the/at merchant/nn ,/, and/cc continually/rb cried/vbd ,/, '/' Holy/jj ,/, holy/jj ,/, holy/jj is/bez the/at Almighty/jj-tl Dollar/nn-tl '/' ``/`` ?/. ?/.
Nor/cc ,/, when/wrb we/ppss recollect/vb how/wql sensitive/jj were/bed the/at emotions/nns of/in the/at old/jj Puritan/jj-tl stock/nn in/in regard/nn to/in the/at recent/jj tides/nns of/in immigration/nn ,/, should/md we/ppss be/be astonished/vbn that/cs their/pp$ thin/jj lips/nns were/bed compressed/vbn into/in a/at white/jj line/nn of/in rage/nn as/cs Parker/np snarled/vbd at/in them/ppo thus/rb :/: ``/`` Talk/vb about/in the/at Catholics/nps voting/vbg as/cs the/at bishop/nn tells/vbz !/. !/.
Reproach/vb the/at Catholics/nps for/in it/ppo !/. !/.
You/ppss and/cc I/ppss do/do the/at same/ap thing/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber a/at great/ql many/ap bishops/nns who/wps have/hv never/rb had/hvn a/at cross/nn on/in their/pp$ bosom/nn ,/, nor/cc a/at mitre/nn on/in their/pp$ head/nn ,/, who/wps appeal/vb not/* to/in the/at authority/nn of/in the/at Pope/nn-tl at/in Rome/np ,/, but/cc to/in the/at Almighty/jj-tl Dollar/nn-tl ,/, a/at pope/nn much/ql nearer/in home/nr ./.
Boston/np has/hvz been/ben controlled/vbn by/in a/at few/ap capitalists/nns ,/, lawyers/nns and/cc other/ap managers/nns ,/, who/wps told/vbd the/at editors/nns what/wdt to/to say/vb and/cc the/at preachers/nns what/wdt to/to think/vb ''/'' ./.
This/dt was/bedz war/nn ./.
Parker/np meant/vbd business/nn ./.
And/cc he/pps took/vbd repeated/vbn care/nn to/to let/vb his/pp$ colleagues/nns know/vb that/cs he/pps intended/vbd them/ppo :/: ``/`` Even/rb the/at Unitarian/jj churches/nns have/hv caught/vbn the/at malaria/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber worse/jjr than/cs those/dts who/wps deceived/vbd them/ppo ''/'' --/-- which/wdt implied/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed very/ql bad/jj indeed/qlp ./.
It/pps was/bedz ``/`` Duty/nn ''/'' he/pps said/vbd that/cs his/pp$ parents/nns had/hvd given/vbn him/ppo as/cs a/at rule/nn --/-- beyond/in even/rb the/at love/nn that/wps suffused/vbd his/pp$ being/nn and/cc the/at sense/nn of/in humor/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz largely/rb supplied/vbn --/-- and/cc it/pps was/bedz duty/nn he/pps would/md perform/vb ,/, though/cs it/pps cost/vbd him/ppo acute/jj pain/nn and/cc exhausted/vbd him/ppo by/in the/at age/nn of/in fifty/cd ./.
Parker/np could/md weep/vb --/-- and/cc he/pps wept/vbd astonishingly/ql often/rb and/cc on/in the/at slightest/jjt provocation/nn --/-- but/cc the/at psychology/nn of/in those/dts tears/nns was/bedz entirely/rb compatible/jj with/in a/at remorseless/jj readiness/nn to/to massacre/vb his/pp$ opponents/nns ./.
``/`` If/cs it/pps gave/vbd me/ppo pleasure/nn to/to say/vb hard/jj things/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss would/md shut/vb up/rp forever/rb ''/'' ./.
We/ppss have/hv to/to tell/vb ourselves/ppls that/cs when/wrb Parker/np spoke/vbd in/in this/dt vein/nn ,/, he/pps believed/vbd what/wdt he/pps said/vbd ,/, because/cs he/pps could/md continue/vb ,/, ``/`` But/cc the/at truth/nn ,/, which/wdt cost/vbd me/ppo bitter/jj tears/nns to/to say/vb ,/, I/ppss must/md speak/vb ,/, though/cs it/pps cost/vbd other/ap tears/nns hotter/jjr than/cs fire/nn ''/'' ./.
Because/cs he/pps copiously/rb shed/vbd his/pp$ own/jj tears/nns ,/, and/cc yielded/vbd himself/ppl up/rp as/cs a/at living/vbg sacrifice/nn to/in the/at impersonalized/vbn conscience/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz not/* disturbed/vbn by/in the/at havoc/nn he/pps worked/vbd in/in other/ap people's/nns$ consciences/nns ./.


	Our/pp$ endeavor/nn to/to capture/vb even/rb a/at faint/jj sense/nn of/in how/wrb strenuous/jj was/bedz the/at fight/nn is/bez muffled/vbn by/in our/pp$ indifference/nn to/in the/at very/ap issue/nn which/wdt in/in the/at Boston/np of/in 1848/cd seemed/vbd to/to be/be the/at central/jj hope/nn of/in its/pp$ Christian/jj survival/nn ,/, that/dt of/in the/at literal/jj ,/, factual/jj historicity/nn of/in the/at miracles/nns as/cs reported/vbn in/in the/at Four/cd-tl Gospels/nps ./.
It/pps is/bez idle/jj to/to ask/vb why/wrb we/ppss are/ber no/ql longer/rbr disturbed/vbn if/cs somebody/pn ,/, professing/vbg the/at deepest/jjt piety/nn ,/, decides/vbz anew/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez of/in no/at importance/nn whether/cs or/cc not/* Christ/np transformed/vbd the/at water/nn into/in wine/nn at/in eleven/cd A.M./rb on/in the/at third/od of/in August/np ,/, A.D./rb 32/cd ./.
We/ppss have/hv no/at answer/nn as/in to/in why/wrb we/ppss are/ber not/* alarmed/vbn ./.
So/rb we/ppss are/ber the/at more/ql prepared/vbn to/to give/vb Parker/np the/at credit/nn for/in having/hvg taken/vbn the/at right/jj side/nn in/in an/at unnecessary/jj controversy/nn ,/, to/to salute/vb his/pp$ courage/nn ,/, and/cc to/to pass/vb on/rp ,/, happily/rb forgetting/vbg both/abx him/ppo and/cc the/at entire/jj episode/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv not/* the/at leisure/nn ,/, or/cc the/at patience/nn ,/, or/cc the/at skill/nn ,/, to/to comprehend/vb what/wdt was/bedz working/vbg in/in the/at mind/nn and/cc heart/nn of/in a/at then/rb recent/jj graduate/nn from/in the/at Harvard/np-tl Divinity/nn-tl School/nn-tl who/wps would/md muster/vb the/at audacity/nn to/to contradict/vb his/pp$ most/ql formidable/jj instructor/nn ,/, the/at majesterial/jj Andrews/np Norton/np ,/, by/in saying/vbg that/cs ,/, while/cs he/pps believed/vbd Jesus/np ``/`` like/cs other/ap religious/jj teachers/nns ''/'' ,/, worked/vbd miracles/nns ,/, ``/`` I/ppss see/vb not/* how/wrb a/at miracle/nn proves/vbz a/at doctrine/nn ''/'' ./.



	I/ppss have/hv ,/, within/in the/at past/ap fifty/cd years/nns ,/, come/vbn out/in of/in all/abn uncertainty/nn into/in a/at faith/nn which/wdt is/bez a/at dominating/vbg conviction/nn of/in the/at Truth/nn-tl and/cc about/in which/wdt I/ppss have/hv not/* a/at shadow/nn of/in doubt/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz been/ben my/pp$ lot/nn all/ql through/in life/nn to/to associate/vb with/in eminent/jj scientists/nns and/cc at/in times/nns to/to discuss/vb with/in them/ppo the/at deepest/jjt and/cc most/ql vital/jj of/in all/abn questions/nns ,/, the/at nature/nn of/in the/at hope/nn of/in a/at life/nn beyond/in this/dt ./.
I/ppss have/hv also/rb constantly/rb engaged/vbn in/in scientific/jj work/nn and/cc am/bem fully/ql aware/jj of/in the/at value/nn of/in opinions/nns formed/vbn in/in science/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in the/at religions/nns in/in the/at world/nn ./.
In/in an/at amateurish/jj ,/, yet/cc in/in a/at very/ql real/jj sense/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv followed/vbn the/at developments/nns of/in archaeology/nn ,/, geology/nn ,/, astronomy/nn ,/, herpetology/nn ,/, and/cc mycology/nn with/in a/at hearty/jj appreciation/nn of/in the/at advances/nns being/beg made/vbn in/in these/dts fields/nns ./.


	At/in one/cd time/nn I/ppss became/vbd disturbed/vbn in/in the/at faith/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss had/hvd grown/vbn up/rp by/in the/at apparent/jj inroads/nns being/beg made/vbn upon/in both/abx Old/jj-tl and/cc New/jj-tl Testaments/nns-tl by/in a/at ``/`` Higher/jjr-tl Criticism/nn-tl ''/'' of/in the/at Bible/np ,/, to/to refute/vb which/wdt I/ppss felt/vbd the/at need/nn of/in a/at better/jjr knowledge/nn of/in Hebrew/np and/cc of/in archaeology/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps seemed/vbd to/in me/ppo that/cs to/to pull/vb out/rp some/dti of/in the/at props/nns of/in our/pp$ faith/nn was/bedz to/to weaken/vb the/at entire/jj structure/nn ./.


	Doubts/nns thus/rb inculcated/vbn left/vbd me/ppo floundering/vbg for/in a/at while/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs some/dti higher/jjr critical/jj friends/nns ,/, trying/vbg to/to continue/vb to/to use/vb the/at Bible/np as/cs the/at Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl while/cs at/in the/at same/ap time/nn holding/vbg it/ppo to/to have/hv been/ben subjected/vbn to/in a/at vast/jj number/nn of/in redactions/nns and/cc interpolations/nns :/: attempting/vbg to/to bridge/vb the/at chasm/nn between/in an/at older/jjr ,/, reverent/jj ,/, Bible-loving/jj generation/nn and/cc a/at critical/jj ,/, doubting/vbg ,/, Bible-emancipated/jj race/nn ./.
Although/cs still/rb aware/jj of/in a/at great/jj light/nn and/cc glow/nn of/in warmth/nn in/in the/at Book/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss stood/vbd outside/rb shivering/vbg in/in the/at cold/nn ./.


	In/in one/cd thing/nn the/at higher/jjr critics/nns ,/, like/cs the/at modernists/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, overreached/vbd themselves/ppls ,/, in/in claiming/vbg that/cs the/at Gospel/nn-tl of/in-tl John/np-tl was/bedz not/* written/vbn in/in John's/np$ time/nn but/cc well/ql after/in the/at first/od century/nn ,/, perhaps/rb as/ql late/jj as/cs 150/cd A.D./rb ./.
Now/rb ,/, if/cs any/dti part/nn of/in the/at Bible/np is/bez assuredly/rb the/at very/ap Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl speaking/vbg through/in His/pp$ servant/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez John's/np$-tl Gospel/nn-tl ./.
To/to ask/vb me/ppo to/to believe/vb that/cs so/ql inexpressibly/ql marvelous/jj a/at book/nn was/bedz written/vbn long/rb after/in all/abn the/at events/nns by/in some/dti admiring/vbg follower/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz not/* inspired/vbn directly/rb by/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, is/bez asking/vbg me/ppo to/to accept/vb a/at miracle/nn far/ql greater/jjr than/cs any/dti of/in those/dts recorded/vbn in/in the/at Bible/np ./.
Here/rb I/ppss took/vbd my/pp$ leave/nn of/in my/pp$ learned/vbn friends/nns to/to step/vb out/rp on/in another/dt path/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt we/ppss might/md give/vb the/at modern/jj name/nn of/in Pragmatism/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at thing/nn that/wps works/vbz ./.
Test/vb it/ppo ,/, try/vb it/ppo ,/, and/cc if/cs it/pps works/vbz ,/, accept/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at guiding/vbg principle/nn ./.


	So/rb ,/, I/ppss put/vbd my/pp$ Bible/np to/in the/at practical/jj test/nn of/in noting/vbg what/wdt it/pps says/vbz about/in itself/ppl ,/, and/cc then/rb tested/vbd it/ppo to/to see/vb how/wrb it/pps worked/vbd ./.
As/cs a/at short/jj ,/, possibly/rb not/* the/at best/jjt method/nn ,/, I/ppss looked/vbd up/rp ``/`` Word/nn-nc ''/'' in/in the/at Concordance/np and/cc noted/vbd that/cs the/at Bible/np claims/vbz from/in Genesis/nn-tl 1/cd-tl to/in Revelation/nn-tl 22/cd-tl to/to be/be God's/np$ personal/jj message/nn to/in man/nn ./.
The/at next/ap traditional/jj step/nn then/rb was/bedz to/to accept/vb it/ppo as/cs the/at authoritative/jj textbook/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj faith/nn just/rb as/cs one/pn would/md accept/vb a/at treatise/nn on/in any/dti earthly/jj ``/`` science/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc I/ppss submitted/vbd to/in its/pp$ conditions/nns according/in to/in Christ's/np$ invitation/nn and/cc promise/nn that/cs ,/, ``/`` If/cs any/dti man/nn will/md do/do his/pp$ will/nn ,/, he/pps shall/md know/vb of/in the/at doctrine/nn ,/, whether/cs it/pps be/be of/in God/np ,/, or/cc whether/cs I/ppss speak/vb of/in myself/ppl ''/'' (/( John/np-tl 7/cd-tl :/:-tl 17/cd-tl )/) ./.


	The/at outcome/nn of/in such/abl an/at experiment/nn has/hvz been/ben in/in due/jj time/nn the/at acceptance/nn of/in the/at Bible/np as/cs the/at Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl inspired/vbn in/in a/at sense/nn utterly/ql different/jj from/in any/dti merely/ql human/jj book/nn ,/, and/cc with/in it/ppo the/at acceptance/nn of/in our/pp$ Lord/nn-tl Jesus/np Christ/np as/cs the/at only/ap begotten/vbn Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, Son/nn-tl of/in Man/nn-tl by/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np ,/, the/at Saviour/nn-tl of/in the/at world/nn ./.


	I/ppss believe/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs we/ppss are/ber without/in exception/nn sinners/nns ,/, by/in nature/nn alienated/vbn from/in God/np ,/, and/cc that/cs Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, the/at Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, came/vbd to/in earth/nn ,/, the/at representative/nn Head/nn-tl of/in a/at new/jj race/nn ,/, to/to die/vb upon/in the/at cross/nn and/cc pay/vb the/at penalty/nn of/in the/at sin/nn of/in the/at world/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs he/pps who/wps thus/rb receives/vbz Christ/np as/cs his/pp$ personal/jj Saviour/nn-tl is/bez ``/`` born/vbn again/rb ''/'' spiritually/rb ,/, with/in new/jj privileges/nns ,/, appetites/nns ,/, and/cc affections/nns ,/, destined/vbn to/to live/vb and/cc grow/vb in/in His/pp$ likeness/nn forever/rb ./.
Nor/cc can/md any/dti man/nn save/vb himself/ppl by/in good/jj works/nns or/cc by/in a/at commendable/jj ``/`` moral/jj life/nn ''/'' ,/, although/cs such/jj works/nns are/ber the/at natural/jj fruits/nns and/cc evidences/nns of/in a/at saving/vbg faith/nn already/rb received/vbn and/cc naturally/rb expressing/vbg itself/ppl through/in such/jj avenues/nns ./.


	I/ppss now/rb ever/rb look/vb for/in Christ/np according/in to/in His/pp$ promises/nns and/cc those/dts of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl as/ql well/rb ,/, to/to appear/vb again/rb in/in glory/nn to/to put/vb away/rb all/abn sin/nn and/cc to/to reign/vb in/in righteousness/nn over/in the/at whole/jj earth/nn ./.


	To/to state/vb fully/rb what/wdt the/at Bible/np means/vbz as/cs my/pp$ daily/jj spiritual/jj food/nn is/bez as/ql intimate/jj and/cc difficult/jj as/cs to/to formulate/vb the/at reasons/nns for/in loving/vbg my/pp$ nearest/jjt and/cc dearest/jjt relatives/nns and/cc friends/nns ./.
The/at Bible/np is/bez as/ql obviously/rb and/cc truly/rb food/nn for/in the/at spirit/nn as/cs bread/nn is/bez food/nn for/in the/at body/nn ./.
Again/rb ,/, as/cs faith/nn reveals/vbz God/np my/pp$ Father/nn-tl and/cc Christ/np my/pp$ Saviour/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss follow/vb without/in question/nn where/wrb He/pps leads/vbz me/ppo daily/rb by/in His/pp$ Spirit/nn-tl of/in love/nn ,/, wisdom/nn ,/, power/nn and/cc prayer/nn ./.
I/ppss place/vb His/pp$ precepts/nns and/cc His/pp$ leadings/nns above/in every/at seeming/jj probability/nn ,/, dismissing/vbg cherished/vbn convictions/nns and/cc holding/vbg the/at wisdom/nn of/in man/nn as/cs folly/nn when/wrb opposed/vbn to/in Him/ppo ./.
I/ppss discern/vb no/at limits/nns to/in a/at faith/nn vested/vbn in/in God/np and/cc Christ/np ,/, who/wps is/bez the/at sum/nn of/in all/abn wisdom/nn and/cc knowledge/nn ,/, and/cc daring/vbg to/to trust/vb Him/ppo even/rb though/cs called/vbn to/to stand/vb alone/rb before/in the/at world/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ Lord's/np$ invitation/nn with/in its/pp$ implied/vbn promise/nn to/in all/abn is/bez ,/, ``/`` Come/vb and/cc see/vb ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss stood/vbd at/in the/at bedside/nn of/in my/pp$ patient/nn one/cd day/nn and/cc beheld/vbd a/at very/ql sick/jj man/nn in/in terrible/jj pain/nn ./.
As/cs I/ppss ministered/vbd to/in his/pp$ needs/nns ,/, I/ppss noticed/vbd that/cs his/pp$ face/nn was/bedz radiant/jj in/in spite/nn of/in his/pp$ suffering/nn and/cc I/ppss learned/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz trusting/vbg not/* only/rb in/in the/at skill/nn of/in his/pp$ doctor/nn and/cc nurse/nn but/cc also/rb the/at Lord/nn-tl ./.


	In/in his/pp$ heart/nn he/pps had/hvd that/cs peace/nn of/in which/wdt the/at Lord/nn-tl spoke/vbd when/wrb He/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Peace/nn I/ppss leave/vb with/in you/ppo ,/, my/pp$ peace/nn I/ppss give/vb unto/in you/ppo :/: not/* as/cs the/at world/nn giveth/vbz ,/, give/vb I/ppss unto/in you/ppo ./.
Let/vb not/* your/pp$ heart/nn be/be troubled/vbn ,/, neither/cc let/vb it/ppo be/be afraid/jj ''/'' ./.


	What/wdt a/at joy/nn to/to realize/vb that/cs we/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, can/md claim/vb this/dt promise/nn tendered/vbn by/in the/at Lord/nn-tl during/in His/pp$ earthly/jj ministry/nn to/in a/at group/nn of/in men/nns who/wps were/bed very/ql dear/jj to/in Him/ppo ./.
He/pps was/bedz about/rb to/to leave/vb them/ppo ,/, to/to depart/vb from/in this/dt world/nn ,/, and/cc return/vb to/in His/pp$ Father/nn-tl in/in Heaven/nn-tl ./.
Before/cs He/pps left/vbd them/ppo He/pps promised/vbd that/cs His/pp$ peace/nn would/md be/be their/pp$ portion/nn to/to abide/vb in/in their/pp$ hearts/nns and/cc minds/nns ./.


	I/ppss praise/vb God/np for/in the/at privilege/nn of/in being/beg a/at nurse/nn who/wps has/hvz that/dt peace/nn through/in faith/nn in/in the/at Lord/nn-tl Jesus/np Christ/np ./.
It/pps makes/vbz my/pp$ work/nn a/at great/jj deal/nn easier/jjr to/to be/be able/jj to/to pray/vb for/in the/at Lord's/np$ guidance/nn while/cs ministering/vbg to/in the/at physical/jj needs/nns of/in my/pp$ patients/nns ./.


	How/wql often/rb have/hv I/ppss looked/vbn to/in Jesus/np when/wrb entering/vbg the/at sick/jj room/nn ,/, asking/vbg for/in His/pp$ presence/nn and/cc help/nn in/in my/pp$ professional/jj duties/nns as/cs I/ppss give/vb my/pp$ talents/nns not/* only/rb as/cs the/at world/nn giveth/vbz but/cc as/cs one/pn who/wps loves/vbz the/at Saviour/nn-tl and/cc His/pp$ creatures/nns ./.


	Looking/vbg unto/in God/np ,/, the/at Prophet/nn-tl Isaiah/np wrote/vbd these/dts blessed/vbn words/nns almost/rb three/cd thousand/cd years/nns ago/rb :/: ``/`` Thou/ppss wilt/md keep/vb him/ppo in/in perfect/jj peace/nn ,/, whose/wp$ mind/nn is/bez stayed/vbn on/in thee/ppo :/: because/cs he/pps trusteth/vbz in/in thee/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Are/ber you/ppss longing/vbg for/in peace/nn in/in your/pp$ heart/nn ?/. ?/.
Such/abl a/at calm/jj and/cc assuring/vbg peace/nn can/md be/be yours/pp$$ ./.
As/cs only/rb a/at member/nn of/in the/at family/nn can/md share/vb in/in the/at innermost/jjs joys/nns of/in the/at family/nn ,/, likewise/rb one/pn must/md belong/vb to/in the/at family/nn of/in God/np in/in order/nn to/to receive/vb the/at benefits/nns that/wps are/ber promised/vbn to/in those/dts who/wps are/ber His/pp$ own/jj ./.


	Perhaps/rb you/ppss are/ber not/* His/pp$ child/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb you/ppss do/do not/* know/vb if/cs you/ppss belong/vb to/in Him/ppo ./.
You/ppss may/md know/vb that/cs you/ppss are/ber in/in God's/np$ family/nn and/cc be/be just/ql as/ql sure/jj of/in it/ppo as/cs you/ppss are/ber that/cs you/ppss belong/vb to/in the/at family/nn of/in your/pp$ earthly/jj father/nn ./.


	``/`` God/np so/rb loved/vbd the/at world/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps gave/vbd his/pp$ only/rb begotten/vbn Son/nn-tl ,/, that/cs whosoever/wps believeth/vbz in/in him/ppo should/md not/* perish/vb ,/, but/cc have/hv everlasting/jj life/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` as/ql many/ap as/cs received/vbd him/ppo ,/, to/in them/ppo gave/vbd He/pps power/nn to/to become/vb the/at sons/nns of/in God/np ,/, even/rb to/in them/ppo that/wps believe/vb on/in His/pp$ name/nn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez to/in those/dts who/wps believe/vb on/in His/pp$ name/nn and/cc belong/vb to/in Him/ppo that/cs He/pps gives/vbz His/pp$ peace/nn ;/. ;/.
not/* that/dt empty/jj peace/nn the/at world/nn offers/vbz ,/, but/cc a/at deep/jj ,/, abiding/vbg peace/nn which/wdt nothing/pn can/md destroy/vb ./.


	Why/wrb not/* open/vb your/pp$ heart/nn to/in the/at Lord/nn-tl Jesus/np Christ/np now/rb ,/, accept/vb Him/ppo as/cs your/pp$ Saviour/nn-tl and/cc let/vb Him/ppo fill/vb you/ppo with/in peace/nn that/wpo only/rb He/pps can/md give/vb ./.


	Then/rb ,/, with/in the/at hymn/nn writer/nn of/in old/jj ,/, you/ppss can/md say/vb :/: 

	``/`` I/ppss am/bem resting/vbg today/nr in/in His/pp$ wonderful/jj peace/nn ,/, 

	Resting/vbg sweetly/rb in/in Jesus'/np$ control/nn ./.


	I/ppss am/bem kept/vbn from/in all/abn danger/nn by/in night/nn and/cc by/in day/nn ,/, 

	And/cc His/pp$ glory/nn is/bez flooding/vbg my/pp$ soul/nn ''/'' ./.


	Satellites/nns ,/, sputniks/nns ,/, rockets/nns ,/, balloons/nns ;/. ;/.
what/wdt next/rb ?/. ?/.
Our/pp$ necks/nns are/ber stiff/jj from/in gazing/vbg at/in the/at wonders/nns of/in outer/jj space/nn ,/, which/wdt have/hv captured/vbn the/at imagination/nn of/in the/at American/jj public/nn ./.
Cape/nn-tl Canaveral's/np$-tl achievements/nns thunder/vb forth/rb from/in the/at radio/nn ,/, television/nn ,/, and/cc newspaper/nn ./.


	While/cs we/ppss are/ber filling/vbg outer/jj space/nn with/in scientific/jj successes/nns ,/, for/in many/ap the/at ``/`` inner/jj ''/'' space/nn of/in their/pp$ soul/nn is/bez an/at aching/vbg void/nn ./.


	Proof/nn ?/. ?/.
An/at average/nn of/in 50/cd suicides/nns are/ber reported/vbn in/in America/np each/dt day/nn !/. !/.
One/cd out/in of/in every/at three/cd or/cc four/cd marriages/nns ends/vbz in/in divorce/nn !/. !/.
Over/rp $200,000,000/nns is/bez paid/vbn yearly/rb to/in the/at 80,000/cd full-time/jj fortune-tellers/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl by/in fearful/jj mankind/nn who/wps want/vb to/to ``/`` know/vb ''/'' what/wdt the/at future/nn holds/vbz !/. !/.
Delinquency/nn ,/, juvenile/jj and/cc adult/nn ,/, is/bez at/in an/at all-time/jj high/nn !/. !/.
Further/jjr proof/nn ?/. ?/.
Read/vb your/pp$ daily/jj newspaper/nn !/. !/.


	Unfortunately/rb ,/, in/in our/pp$ rush/nn to/to beat/vb the/at Russians/nps ,/, we/ppss have/hv forgotten/vbn these/dts truth-packed/jj words/nns of/in Jesus/np Christ/np :/: ``/`` What/wdt shall/md it/pps profit/vb a/at man/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps shall/md gain/vb the/at whole/jj world/nn (/( that/dt includes/vbz outer/jj space/nn )/) ,/, and/cc lose/vb his/pp$ own/jj soul/nn ?/. ?/.
Or/cc what/wdt shall/md a/at man/nn give/vb in/in exchange/nn for/in his/pp$ soul/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
(/( Mark/np 36/cd ,/, 37/cd )/) ./.


	Gaining/vbg outer/jj space/nn and/cc losing/vbg ``/`` inner/jj ''/'' space/nn is/bez bad/jj business/nn according/in to/in God's/np$ standards/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs we/ppss must/md keep/vb up/rp our/pp$ national/jj defenses/nns and/cc scientific/jj accomplishments/nns ;/. ;/.
only/rb a/at fool/nn would/md think/vb otherwise/rb ./.
But/cc we/ppss must/md not/* forget/vb man's/nn$ soul/nn ./.


	Is/bez putting/vbg a/at rocket/nn in/in orbit/nn half/abn so/ql significant/jj as/cs the/at good/jj news/nn that/cs God/np put/vbd His/pp$ Son/nn-tl ,/, Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, on/in earth/nn to/to live/vb and/cc die/vb to/to save/vb our/pp$ hell-bound/jj souls/nns ?/. ?/.
``/`` For/cs God/np so/rb loved/vbd the/at world/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps gave/vbd his/pp$ only/rb begotten/vbn Son/nn-tl ,/, that/cs whosoever/wps believeth/vbz in/in Him/ppo should/md not/* perish/vb ,/, but/cc have/hv everlasting/jj life/nn ''/'' (/( John/np 3/cd :/. :/.
16/cd )/) ./.


	Never/rb forget/vb that/cs a/at chain/nn is/bez only/rb as/ql strong/jj as/cs its/pp$ weakest/jjt link/nn ./.
Your/pp$ spiritual/jj ``/`` inner/jj ''/'' space/nn helps/vbz determine/vb the/at spirituality/nn of/in America/np as/cs a/at nation/nn ./.
We/ppss trust/vb you/ppss are/ber not/* one/cd of/in the/at 70,000,000/cd Americans/nps who/wps do/do not/* attend/vb church/nn ,/, but/cc who/wps feel/vb that/cs various/jj forms/nns of/in recreation/nn are/ber more/ql important/jj than/cs worshipping/vbg the/at God/np who/wps made/vbd our/pp$ country/nn great/jj ./.


	Is/bez forgiveness/nn of/in past/jj sins/nns ,/, assurance/nn of/in present/jj help/nn ,/, and/cc hope/nn of/in future/jj bliss/nn in/in your/pp$ orbit/nn ?/. ?/.
Or/cc are/ber you/ppss trying/vbg the/at devil's/nn$ substitutes/nns to/to relieve/vb that/dt spiritual/jj hunger/nn you/ppss feel/vb within/rb ?/. ?/.
Pleasure/nn ,/, fame/nn and/cc fortune/nn ,/, drowning/vbg your/pp$ troubles/nns with/in a/at drink/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` living/vbg it/ppo up/rp ''/'' with/in the/at gang/nn are/ber like/cs candy/nn bars/nns when/wrb you're/ppss+ber hungry/jj :/: they/ppss may/md ease/vb your/pp$ hunger/nn temporarily/rb ,/, but/cc they'll/ppss+md never/rb take/vb the/at place/nn of/in a/at satisfying/vbg ,/, mouth-watering/jj steak/nn ./.


	So/cs it/pps is/bez spiritually/rb ./.
No/at amount/nn of/in religious/jj ceremonies/nns or/cc even/rb joining/vbg a/at church/nn will/md relieve/vb the/at gnawing/vbg of/in your/pp$ ``/`` inner/jj ''/'' space/nn ./.
Why/wrb ?/. ?/.
Because/cs your/pp$ soul/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/to be/be filled/vbn with/in God/np Himself/ppl ,/, not/* religious/jj functions/nns ``/`` about/in ''/'' Him/ppo ./.
Only/ap He/pps can/md satisfy/vb the/at deepest/jjt longings/nns ./.
That/dt is/bez why/wrb the/at Bible/np commands/vbz you/ppo to/to ``/`` Taste/vb and/cc see/vb that/cs the/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez good/jj :/: blessed/vbn (/( happy/jj )/) is/bez the/at man/nn that/wps trusteth/vbz in/in Him/ppo ''/'' (/( Psalm/nn-tl 34/cd-tl :/:-tl 8/cd-tl )/) ./.


	You/ppss can/md receive/vb God/np into/in your/pp$ heart/nn and/cc life/nn by/in a/at step/nn of/in personal/jj faith/nn ./.
Accept/vb the/at sinless/jj Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, as/cs your/pp$ own/jj personal/jj Saviour/nn-tl ./.
``/`` As/ql many/ap as/cs received/vbd Him/ppo (/( Jesus/np )/) ,/, to/in them/ppo gave/vbd He/pps power/nn to/to become/vb the/at sons/nns of/in God/np ,/, even/rb to/in them/ppo that/wps believe/vb on/in his/pp$ name/nn ''/'' ./.

``/`` The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez my/pp$ light/nn and/cc my/pp$ salvation/nn ;/. ;/.
whom/wpo shall/md I/ppss fear/vb ?/. ?/.
The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez the/at strength/nn of/in my/pp$ life/nn ;/. ;/.
of/in whom/wpo shall/md I/ppss be/be afraid/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/.
(/( Psalm/nn-tl 27/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl )/) 

	A/at certain/jj teacher/nn scheduled/vbd a/at ``/`` Fear/nn-tl Party/nn-tl ''/'' for/in her/pp$ fourth/od grade/nn pupils/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at session/nn at/in which/wdt all/abn the/at youngsters/nns were/bed told/vbn to/to express/vb their/pp$ fears/nns ,/, to/to get/vb them/ppo out/rp in/in the/at open/jj where/wrb they/ppss could/md talk/vb about/in them/ppo freely/rb ./.
The/at teacher/nn thought/vbd it/pps was/bedz so/ql successful/jj that/cs she/pps asks/vbz :/: ``/`` Wouldn't/md* it/pps be/be helpful/jj to/in all/abn age/nn groups/nns if/cs they/ppss could/md participate/vb in/in a/at similar/jj confessional/nn of/in their/pp$ fears/nns and/cc worries/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Dr./nn-tl George/np W./np Crane/np ,/, a/at medical/jj columnist/nn ,/, thinks/vbz it/pps would/md ./.
He/pps says/vbz :/: ``/`` That/dt would/md reduce/vb neurotic/jj ailments/nns tremendously/rb ./.
Each/dt week/nn an/at estimated/vbn 20/cd million/cd patients/nns call/vb upon/rb us/ppo doctors/nns ./.
Of/in this/dt number/nn ,/, 50%/nn ,/, or/cc 10/cd million/cd patients/nns have/hv no/at diagnosable/jj physical/jj ailments/nns whatever/wdt ./.
They/ppss are/ber '/' worry/nn warts/nns ./.
Yet/cc they/ppss keep/vb running/vbg from/in one/cd physician/nn to/in another/dt ,/, largely/rb to/to get/vb a/at willing/jj ear/nn who/wps will/md listen/vb to/in their/pp$ parade/nn of/in troubles/nns ./.
One/cd of/in the/at most/ql wholesome/jj things/nns you/ppss could/md schedule/vb in/in your/pp$ church/nn would/md thus/rb be/be a/at group/nn confessional/nn where/wrb people/nns could/md admit/vb of/in their/pp$ inner/jj tensions/nns ''/'' ./.


	We/ppss are/ber evidently/rb trying/vbg hard/rb to/to think/vb of/in new/jj ways/nns to/to deal/vb with/in the/at problem/nn of/in fear/nn these/dts days/nns ./.
It/pps must/md be/be getting/vbg more/ql serious/jj ./.
People/nns are/ber giving/vbg their/pp$ doctors/nns a/at hard/jj time/nn ./.
One/cd doctor/nn made/vbd a/at careful/jj survey/nn of/in his/pp$ patients/nns and/cc the/at reasons/nns for/in their/pp$ troubles/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps reported/vbd that/cs 40%/nn of/in them/ppo worried/vbn about/in things/nns that/wps never/rb happened/vbd ;/. ;/.
30%/nn of/in them/ppo worried/vbn about/in past/jj happenings/nns which/wdt were/bed completely/rb beyond/in their/pp$ control/nn ;/. ;/.
12%/nn of/in them/ppo worried/vbn about/in their/pp$ health/nn ,/, although/cs their/pp$ ailments/nns were/bed imaginary/jj ;/. ;/.
10%/nn of/in them/ppo worried/vbd about/in their/pp$ friends/nns ,/, neighbors/nns ,/, and/cc relatives/nns ,/, most/ap of/in whom/wpo were/bed quite/ql capable/jj of/in taking/vbg care/nn of/in themselves/ppls ./.
Only/rb 8%/nn of/in the/at worries/nns had/hvd behind/in them/ppo real/jj causes/nns which/wdt demanded/vbd attention/nn ./.


	Well/uh ,/, most/ap of/in our/pp$ fears/nns may/md be/be unfounded/jj ,/, but/cc after/cs you/ppss discover/vb that/dt fact/nn ,/, you/ppss have/hv something/pn else/rb to/to worry/vb about/in :/: Why/wrb then/rb do/do we/ppss have/hv these/dts fears/nns ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez the/at real/jj cause/nn of/in them/ppo ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez there/ex about/in us/ppo that/wps makes/vbz us/ppo so/ql anxious/jj ?/. ?/.


	Look/vb at/in the/at things/nns we/ppss do/do to/to escape/vb our/pp$ fears/nns and/cc to/to forget/vb our/pp$ worries/nns ./.
We/ppss spend/vb millions/nns of/in dollars/nns every/at year/nn on/in fortune/nn tellers/nns and/cc soothsayers/nns ./.
We/ppss spend/vb billions/nns of/in dollars/nns at/in the/at race/nn tracks/nns ,/, and/cc more/ap billions/nns on/in other/ap forms/nns of/in gambling/vbg ./.
We/ppss spend/vb billions/nns of/in dollars/nns on/in liquor/nn ,/, and/cc many/ql more/ap billions/nns on/in various/jj forms/nns of/in escapist/nn entertainment/nn ./.
We/ppss consume/vb tons/nns of/in aspirin/nn and/cc tranquilizers/nns and/cc sleeping/vbg pills/nns in/in order/nn to/to get/vb a/at moment's/nn$ relief/nn from/in the/at tensions/nns that/wps are/ber tearing/vbg us/ppo apart/rb ./.


	A/at visitor/nn from/in a/at more/ql peaceful/jj country/nn across/in the/at sea/nn was/bedz taken/vbn to/in one/cd of/in our/pp$ amusement/nn parks/nns ,/, and/cc after/cs he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn it/ppo all/abn ,/, he/pps said/vbd to/in a/at friend/nn :/: ``/`` You/ppss must/md be/be a/at very/ql sad/jj people/nns ''/'' ./.
``/`` Sad/jj ''/'' was/bedz not/* the/at right/jj word/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ./.
He/pps should/md have/hv said/vbn ``/`` jittery/jj ''/'' ,/, for/cs that's/dt+bez what/wdt we/ppss are/ber ./.
And/cc that's/dt+bez worse/jjr than/cs sad/jj ./.
Watch/vb people/nns flock/vb to/in amusement/nn houses/nns ,/, cocktail/nn lounges/nns ,/, and/cc night/nn clubs/nns that/wps advertise/vb continuous/jj entertainment/nn ,/, which/wdt means/vbz an/at endless/jj flow/nn of/in noise/nn and/cc frivolity/nn by/in paid/vbn entertainers/nns who/wps are/ber supposed/vbn to/to perform/vb in/in those/dts incredible/jj ways/nns which/wdt are/ber designed/vbn to/to give/vb men/nns a/at few/ap hours/nns of/in dubious/jj relaxation/nn --/-- watch/vb them/ppo and/cc you/ppss can/md tell/vb that/cs many/ap of/in them/ppo are/ber running/vbg away/rb from/in something/pn ./.


	In/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ writings/nns Pascal/np speaks/vbz of/in this/dt mania/nn for/in diversion/nn as/cs being/beg a/at sign/nn of/in misery/nn and/cc fear/nn which/wdt man/nn cannot/md* endure/vb without/in such/jj opiates/nns ./.
Yes/rb ,/, and/cc as/cs tension/nn mounts/vbz in/in this/dt world/nn ,/, fear/nn is/bez increasing/vbg ./.
Does/doz that/dt explain/vb why/wrb there/ex is/bez now/rb such/abl a/at big/jj boom/nn in/in the/at bomb/nn shelter/nn business/nn ?/. ?/.
We/ppss have/hv so/ql many/ap new/jj things/nns to/to fear/vb in/in this/dt age/nn of/in nuclear/jj weapons/nns ,/, dreadful/jj things/nns which/wdt are/ber too/ql horrible/jj to/to contemplate/vb ./.
I/ppss doubt/vb that/cs ``/`` fear/nn parties/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` group/nn confessionals/nns ''/'' will/md help/vb very/ql much/rb ./.
Suppose/vb we/ppss do/do get/vb our/pp$ fears/nns out/rp in/in the/at open/jj ,/, what/wdt then/rb ?/. ?/.
Isn't/bez* that/dt where/wrb most/ap of/in them/ppo are/ber already/rb --/-- right/ql out/rp on/in the/at front/jj page/nn of/in our/pp$ newspapers/nns ?/. ?/.
Maybe/rb we/ppss are/ber talking/vbg about/in them/ppo too/ql much/rb ./.
The/at question/nn is/bez :/: what/wdt are/ber we/ppss going/vbg to/to do/do about/in them/ppo ?/. ?/.


	Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at enemy/nn will/md capitalize/vb on/in our/pp$ fears/nns ,/, if/cs he/pps can/md ./.
Hitler/np did/dod just/rb that/dt 23/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, building/vbg up/rp tensions/nns that/wps first/rb led/vbd to/in a/at Munich/np and/cc then/rb to/in a/at world/nn war/nn ./.
The/at fear/nn of/in war/nn can/md make/vb us/ppo either/cc too/ql weak/jj to/to stand/vb and/cc too/ql willing/jj to/to compromise/vb ,/, or/cc too/ql reckless/jj and/cc too/ql nervous/jj to/to negotiate/vb for/in peace/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs there/ex is/bez any/dti chance/nn to/to negotiate/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez said/vbn that/cs fear/nn in/in human/jj beings/nns produces/vbz an/at odor/nn that/wps provokes/vbz animals/nns to/to attack/vb ./.
It/pps could/md have/hv the/at same/ap effect/nn on/in Communists/nns-tl ./.
The/at President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl has/hvz said/vbn :/: ``/`` We/ppss will/md never/rb negotiate/vb out/in of/in fear/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss will/md never/rb fear/vb to/to negotiate/vb ''/'' ./.
That/dt is/bez a/at sound/jj position/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez important/jj that/cs Moscow/np shall/md recognize/vb it/ppo not/* merely/rb as/cs the/at word/nn of/in a/at president/nn but/cc as/cs the/at mind/nn of/in a/at free/jj people/nns who/wps are/ber not/* afraid/jj ./.
And/cc that's/dt+bez another/dt reason/nn why/wrb it/pps is/bez imperative/jj for/in us/ppo these/dts days/nns to/to conquer/vb our/pp$ fears/nns ,/, to/to develop/vb the/at poise/nn that/wps promotes/vbz peace/nn ./.


	Turning/vbg to/in the/at Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, we/ppss find/vb the/at only/ap sure/jj way/nn to/to do/do that/dt ./.
In/in Psalm/nn-tl 27/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl you/ppss read/vb those/dts beautiful/jj words/nns which/wdt you/ppss must/md have/hv in/in your/pp$ heart/nn if/cs you/ppss are/ber to/to master/vb the/at fears/nns that/wps surround/vb you/ppo ,/, or/cc to/to drive/vb them/ppo out/rp if/cs they/ppss have/hv you/ppo in/in their/pp$ grip/nn :/: ``/`` The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez my/pp$ light/nn and/cc my/pp$ salvation/nn ;/. ;/.
whom/wpo shall/md I/ppss fear/vb ?/. ?/.
The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez the/at strength/nn of/in my/pp$ life/nn ;/. ;/.
of/in whom/wpo shall/md I/ppss be/be afraid/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Well/uh ,/, you/ppss say/vb ,/, those/dts are/ber beautiful/jj words/nns all/ql right/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz easy/jj for/in the/at psalmist/nn to/to sing/vb them/ppo in/in his/pp$ day/nn ./.
He/pps didn't/dod* live/vb in/in a/at world/nn of/in perpetual/jj peril/nn like/cs ours/pp$$ ./.
He/pps didn't/dod* know/vb anything/pn about/in the/at problems/nns we/ppss face/vb today/nr ./.


	No/rb ?/. ?/.
Read/vb the/at next/ap two/cd verses/nns :/: ``/`` When/wrb the/at wicked/jj ,/, even/rb mine/pp$ enemies/nns and/cc my/pp$ foes/nns ,/, came/vbd upon/in me/ppo to/to eat/vb up/rp my/pp$ flesh/nn ,/, they/ppss stumbled/vbd and/cc fell/vbd ./.
Though/cs an/at host/nn should/md encamp/vb against/in me/ppo ,/, my/pp$ heart/nn shall/md not/* fear/vb :/: though/cs war/nn should/md rise/vb against/in me/ppo ,/, in/in this/dt will/md I/ppss be/be confident/jj ''/'' ./.


	That/dt is/bez almost/rb a/at perfect/jj description/nn of/in the/at predicament/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss find/vb ourselves/ppls today/nr ,/, isn't/bez* it/pps ?/. ?/.
Our/pp$ enemy/nn is/bez also/rb threatening/vbg to/to devour/vb us/ppo ./.
He/pps has/hvz already/rb devoured/vbn huge/jj areas/nns of/in the/at world/nn ,/, putting/vbg men/nns behind/in concrete/nn walls/nns and/cc iron/nn curtains/nns and/cc barbed/vbn wire/nn ,/, reducing/vbg them/ppo to/in slavery/nn ,/, systematically/rb crushing/vbg not/* only/rb their/pp$ bodies/nns but/cc their/pp$ souls/nns ,/, and/cc shooting/vbg them/ppo to/in death/nn if/cs they/ppss try/vb to/to escape/vb their/pp$ prison/nn ./.
Yes/rb indeed/rb ,/, we/ppss too/rb can/md see/vb a/at warlike/jj host/nn of/in infidels/nns encamped/vbn against/in us/ppo ./.


	What/wdt a/at terrible/jj thing/nn ,/, that/dt ``/`` wailing/vbg wall/nn ''/'' in/in Berlin/np !/. !/.
A/at man/nn with/in a/at baby/nn in/in his/pp$ arms/nns stood/vbd there/rb pleading/vbg for/in his/pp$ wife/nn who/wps is/bez on/in the/at other/ap side/nn with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at family/nn ./.
Another/dt man/nn tried/vbd to/to swim/vb across/in the/at river/nn from/in the/at East/nr-tl to/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, but/cc was/bedz shot/vbn and/cc killed/vbn ./.
A/at middle/jj aged/vbn woman/nn opened/vbd a/at window/nn on/in the/at third/od floor/nn of/in her/pp$ house/nn which/wdt was/bedz behind/in the/at wall/nn ,/, she/pps threw/vbd out/rp a/at few/ap belongings/nns and/cc then/rb jumped/vbd ;/. ;/.
she/pps was/bedz fatally/rb injured/vbn ./.
The/at entrance/nn to/in a/at church/nn has/hvz been/ben walled/vbn up/rp ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at congregation/nn ,/, most/ap of/in which/wdt is/bez in/in the/at western/jj sector/nn ,/, cannot/md* worship/vb God/np there/rb anymore/rb ./.
Practically/rb everybody/pn in/in Berlin/np has/hvz relatives/nns and/cc friends/nns that/wps live/vb in/in the/at opposite/jj part/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./.
People/nns stand/vb at/in the/at wall/nn giving/vbg vent/nn to/in their/pp$ feelings/nns ,/, weeping/vbg ,/, pounding/vbg it/ppo with/in their/pp$ fists/nns ,/, pleading/vbg for/in loved/vbn ones/nns ./.
But/cc the/at enemy/nn answers/vbz them/ppo from/in loudspeakers/nns that/wps pour/vb out/rp Communist/nn-tl propaganda/nn with/in a/at generous/jj mixture/nn of/in terrible/jj profanity/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez only/ap one/cd escape/nn left/vbn ,/, a/at tragic/jj one/cd ,/, and/cc too/ql many/ap people/nns are/ber taking/vbg it/ppo :/: suicide/nn ./.
The/at normal/jj rate/nn of/in suicides/nns in/in East/jj-tl Berlin/np-tl was/bedz one/cd a/at day/nn ,/, but/cc since/cs the/at border/nn was/bedz closed/vbn on/in August/np 13/cd it/pps has/hvz jumped/vbn to/in 25/cd a/at day/nn !/. !/.


	These/dts things/nns may/md be/be happening/vbg many/ap miles/nns away/rb from/in us/ppo but/cc really/rb they/ppss are/ber right/ql next/ap door/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber all/abn involved/vbn in/in them/ppo ,/, deeply/rb involved/vbn ./.
And/cc nobody/pn knows/vbz what/wdt comes/vbz next/rb ./.
We/ppss live/vb from/in crisis/nn to/in crisis/nn ./.
And/cc there/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd way/nn for/in a/at man/nn to/to conquer/vb his/pp$ fears/nns in/in such/abl a/at world/nn ./.
He/pps must/md learn/vb to/to say/vb with/in true/jj faith/nn what/wdt the/at psalmist/nn said/vbd in/in a/at similar/jj world/nn :/: ``/`` The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez my/pp$ light/nn and/cc my/pp$ salvation/nn ;/. ;/.
whom/wpo shall/md I/ppss fear/vb ?/. ?/.
The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez the/at strength/nn of/in my/pp$ life/nn ;/. ;/.
of/in whom/wpo shall/md I/ppss be/be afraid/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Notice/vb that/cs this/dt man/nn had/hvd a/at threefold/jj conception/nn of/in God/np which/wdt is/bez the/at secret/nn of/in his/pp$ faith/nn ./.
First/rb ,/, ``/`` the/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez my/pp$ light/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps lived/vbd in/in a/at very/ql dark/jj world/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* in/in the/at dark/nn ./.
The/at same/ap God/np who/wps called/vbd this/dt world/nn into/in being/beg when/wrb He/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` Let/vb there/ex be/be light/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
--/-- those/dts were/bed His/pp$ very/ql first/od creative/jj words/nns --/-- He/pps began/vbd the/at world/nn with/in light/nn --/-- this/dt God/np still/rb gives/vbz light/nn to/in a/at world/nn which/wdt man/nn has/hvz plunged/vbn into/in darkness/nn ./.
For/in those/dts who/wps put/vb their/pp$ trust/nn in/in Him/ppo He/pps still/rb says/vbz every/at day/nn again/rb :/: ``/`` Let/vb there/ex be/be light/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
And/cc there/ex is/bez light/nn !/. !/.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, He/pps came/vbd into/in this/dt world/nn Himself/ppl ,/, in/in the/at person/nn of/in His/pp$ Son/nn-tl ,/, Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, who/wps stood/vbd here/rb amid/in the/at darkness/nn of/in human/jj sin/nn and/cc said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem the/at light/nn of/in the/at world/nn :/: he/pps that/wps followeth/vbz me/ppo shall/md not/* walk/vb in/in darkness/nn ,/, but/cc shall/md have/hv the/at light/nn of/in life/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at psalmist/nn could/md say/vb that/cs God/np was/bedz his/pp$ light/nn even/rb though/cs he/pps could/md only/rb anticipate/vb the/at coming/nn of/in Christ/np ./.
He/pps lived/vbd in/in the/at dawn/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps could/md only/rb see/vb the/at light/nn coming/vbg over/in the/at horizon/nn ./.
We/ppss live/vb in/in the/at bright/jj daylight/nn of/in that/dt great/jj event/nn ;/. ;/.
for/in us/ppo it/pps is/bez a/at fact/nn in/in history/nn ./.
Why/wrb should/md we/ppss not/* have/hv the/at same/ap faith/nn ,/, and/cc an/at even/ql greater/jjr experience/nn of/in the/at light/nn which/wdt it/pps gives/vbz ?/. ?/.


	This/dt is/bez the/at faith/nn that/wps moved/vbd the/at psalmist/nn to/to add/vb his/pp$ second/od conception/nn of/in God/np :/: ``/`` The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez my/pp$ salvation/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps knew/vbd that/cs his/pp$ God/np would/md save/vb him/ppo from/in his/pp$ enemies/nns because/cs He/pps had/hvd saved/vbn him/ppo from/in his/pp$ sins/nns ./.
If/cs God/np could/md do/do that/dt ,/, He/pps could/md do/do anything/pn ./.
The/at enemies/nns at/in his/pp$ gate/nn ,/, threatening/vbg to/to eat/vb up/rp his/pp$ flesh/nn ,/, were/bed nothing/pn compared/vbn with/in the/at enemy/nn of/in sin/nn within/in his/pp$ own/jj soul/nn ./.
And/cc God/np had/hvd conquered/vbn that/dt one/cd by/in His/pp$ grace/nn !/. !/.
So/rb why/wrb worry/vb about/in all/abn the/at others/nns ?/. ?/.


	The/at apostle/nn Paul/np said/vbd the/at same/ap thing/nn in/in the/at language/nn and/cc faith/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl :/: ``/`` He/pps that/wps spared/vbd not/* His/pp$ own/jj Son/nn-tl ,/, but/cc delivered/vbd Him/ppo up/rp for/in us/ppo all/abn ,/, how/wrb shall/md He/pps not/* with/in Him/ppo freely/rb give/vb us/ppo all/abn things/nns ?/. ?/.
If/cs God/np be/be for/in us/ppo ,/, who/wps can/md be/be against/in us/ppo ?/. ?/.
Who/wps shall/md separate/vb us/ppo from/in the/at love/nn of/in Christ/np ?/. ?/.
Shall/md tribulation/nn ,/, or/cc distress/nn ,/, or/cc persecution/nn ,/, or/cc famine/nn ,/, or/cc nakedness/nn ,/, or/cc peril/nn ,/, or/cc sword/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
(/( Romans/nps 31/cd-tl ,/,-tl 32/cd-tl ,/, 35/cd )/) 

	Salvation/nn !/. !/.
This/dt is/bez the/at key/nn to/in the/at conquest/nn of/in fear/nn ./.
This/dt gets/vbz down/rp to/in the/at heart/nn of/in our/pp$ problem/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps reconciles/vbz us/ppo with/in God/np ,/, whom/wpo we/ppss fear/vb most/ap of/in all/abn because/cs we/ppss have/hv sinned/vbn against/in Him/ppo ./.
When/wrb that/dt fear/nn has/hvz been/ben removed/vbn by/in faith/nn in/in Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, when/wrb we/ppss know/vb that/cs He/pps is/bez our/pp$ Savior/nn-tl ,/, that/cs He/pps has/hvz paid/vbn our/pp$ debt/nn with/in His/pp$ blood/nn ,/, that/cs He/pps has/hvz met/vbn the/at demands/nns of/in God's/np$ justice/nn and/cc thus/rb has/hvz turned/vbn His/pp$ wrath/nn away/rb --/-- when/wrb we/ppss know/vb that/dt ,/, we/ppss have/hv peace/nn with/in God/np in/in our/pp$ hearts/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc then/rb ,/, with/in this/dt God/np on/in our/pp$ side/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md face/vb the/at whole/jj world/nn without/in fear/nn ./.


	And/cc so/rb the/at psalmist/nn gives/vbz us/ppo one/cd more/ap picture/nn of/in God/np :/: ``/`` The/at Lord/nn-tl is/bez the/at strength/nn of/in my/pp$ life/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at word/nn is/bez really/rb ``/`` stronghold/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps recalls/vbz those/dts words/nns of/in another/dt psalm/nn :/: ``/`` God/np is/bez our/pp$ refuge/nn and/cc strength/nn ,/, a/at very/ql present/jj help/nn in/in trouble/nn ./.
Therefore/rb will/md not/* we/ppss fear/vb ,/, though/cs the/at earth/nn be/be removed/vbn ,/, and/cc though/cs the/at mountains/nns be/be carried/vbn into/in the/at midst/nn of/in the/at sea/nn Come/vb ,/, behold/vb the/at works/nns of/in the/at Lord/nn-tl ,/, what/wdt desolations/nns He/pps hath/hvz made/vbn in/in the/at earth/nn ./.

But/cc ,/, again/rb ,/, we/ppss have/hv no/at real/jj evidence/nn on/in this/dt from/in that/dt quarter/nn until/in the/at close/nn of/in the/at ninth/od century/nn A.D./rb ,/, when/wrb an/at Arabic/jj scholar/nn ,/, Tabit/np Ibn/np Korra/np (/( 836-901/cd )/) is/bez said/vbn to/to have/hv discussed/vbn the/at magic/jj square/nn of/in three/cd ./.
Thus/rb ,/, while/cs it/pps remains/vbz possible/jj that/cs the/at Babylonians/nps and/or/cc the/at Pythagoreans/nps may/md perhaps/rb have/hv had/hvn the/at magic/jj square/nn of/in three/cd before/cs the/at Chinese/nps did/dod ,/, more/ql definite/jj evidence/nn will/md have/hv to/to turn/vb up/rp from/in the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl or/cc the/at Classical/jj-tl World/nn-tl before/cs China/np can/md lose/vb her/pp$ claim/nn to/in the/at earliest/jjt known/vbn magic/jj square/nn by/in more/ap than/in a/at thousand/cd years/nns ./.



2/cd-hl ./.-hl
The/at-hl ``/`` Lo/np-hl Shu/np-hl ''/'' square/nn-hl as/cs-hl an/at-hl expression/nn-hl of/in-hl centrality/nn-hl 
The/at concept/nn of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl at/in peace/nn ,/, strong/jj and/cc united/vbn under/in a/at forceful/jj ruler/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd been/ben only/rb a/at longed-for/jj ideal/nn in/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at Warring/vbg-tl States/nns-tl ,/, was/bedz finally/rb realized/vbn by/in the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at Chinese/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl under/in the/at Ch'in/np dynasty/nn (/( 221-207/cd B.C./np )/) ./.
But/cc this/dt was/bedz only/rb accomplished/vbn by/in excessive/jj cruelty/nn and/cc extremes/nns of/in totalitarian/jj despotism/nn ./.
Among/in the/at many/ap severe/jj measures/nns taken/vbn by/in the/at First/od-tl Emperor/nn-tl ,/, Shih/np Huang-ti/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ efforts/nns to/to insure/vb the/at continuation/nn of/in this/dt hard-won/jj national/jj unity/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at burning/nn of/in the/at books/nns in/in 213/cd B.C./np ,/, with/in the/at expressed/vbn intention/nn of/in removing/vbg possible/jj sources/nns for/in divergent/jj thinking/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc ,/, as/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at special/jj fondness/nn for/in magic/nn and/cc divination/nn ,/, he/pps ordered/vbd that/cs books/nns on/in these/dts subjects/nns should/md be/be spared/vbn ./.
Many/ap of/in the/at latter/ap were/bed destroyed/vbn in/in their/pp$ turn/nn ,/, during/in the/at burning/nn of/in the/at vast/jj Ch'in/np palace/nn some/rb ten/cd years/nns later/rbr ;/. ;/.
yet/cc some/dti must/md have/hv survived/vbn ,/, because/cs the/at old/jj interest/nn in/in number/nn symbolism/nn ,/, divination/nn ,/, and/cc magic/nn persisted/vbd on/rp into/in the/at Han/np dynasty/nn ,/, which/wdt succeeded/vbd in/in reuniting/vbg China/np and/cc keeping/vbg it/ppo together/rb for/in a/at longer/jjr period/nn (/( from/in 202/cd B.C./np to/in A.D./rb 220/cd )/) ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, during/in the/at first/od century/nn B.C./np ,/, an/at extensive/jj literature/nn sprang/vbd up/rp devoted/vbn to/in these/dts subjects/nns ,/, finding/vbg its/pp$ typical/jj expression/nn in/in the/at so-called/jj ``/`` wei/fw-nn books/nns ''/'' ,/, a/at number/nn of/in which/wdt were/bed specifically/rb devoted/vbn to/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np and/cc related/vbn numerical/jj diagrams/nns ,/, especially/rb in/in connection/nn with/in divination/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at wei/fw-nn books/nns were/bed also/rb destroyed/vbn in/in a/at series/nn of/in Orthodox/jj-tl Confucian/jj-tl purges/nns which/wdt culminated/vbd in/in a/at final/jj proscription/nn in/in 605/cd ./.


	After/in all/abn this/dt destruction/nn of/in old/jj literature/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be obvious/jj why/wrb we/ppss have/hv so/ql little/ap information/nn about/in the/at early/jj history/nn and/cc development/nn of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz already/rb semisecret/jj anyhow/rb ./.
But/cc ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in all/abn this/dt ,/, enough/ap evidence/nn remains/vbz to/to show/vb that/cs the/at magic/jj square/nn of/in three/cd must/md indeed/rb have/hv been/ben the/at object/nn of/in a/at rather/ql extensive/jj cult/nn --/-- or/cc series/nn of/in cults/nns --/-- reaching/vbg fullest/jjt expression/nn in/in the/at Han/np period/nn ./.


	Although/cs modern/jj scholars/nns have/hv expressed/vbn surprise/nn that/cs ``/`` the/at simple/jj magic/jj square/nn of/in three/cd ''/'' ,/, a/at mere/jj ``/`` mathematical/jj puzzle/nn ''/'' ,/, was/bedz able/jj to/to exert/vb a/at considerable/jj influence/nn on/in the/at minds/nns and/cc imaginations/nns of/in the/at cultured/vbn Chinese/nps for/in so/ql many/ap centuries/nns ,/, they/ppss could/md have/hv found/vbn most/ap of/in the/at answers/nns right/ql within/in the/at square/nn itself/ppl ./.
But/cc ,/, up/in to/in now/rb ,/, no/at one/pn has/hvz attempted/vbn to/to analyze/vb its/pp$ inherent/jj mathematical/jj properties/nns ,/, or/cc the/at numerical/jj significance/nn of/in its/pp$ numbers/nns --/-- singly/rb or/cc in/in combination/nn --/-- and/cc then/rb tried/vbn to/to consider/vb these/dts in/in the/at light/nn of/in Old/jj-tl Chinese/jj cosmological/jj concepts/nns ./.


	Such/abl an/at analysis/nn speedily/rb reveals/vbz why/wrb the/at middle/jj number/nn of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ,/, 5/cd ,/, was/bedz so/ql vitally/ql significant/jj for/in the/at Chinese/nps ever/rb since/in the/at earliest/jjt hints/nns that/cs they/ppss had/hvd a/at knowledge/nn of/in this/dt diagram/nn ./.
The/at importance/nn of/in this/dt 5/cd can/md largely/rb be/be explained/vbn by/in the/at natural/jj mathematical/jj properties/nns of/in the/at middle/jj number/nn and/cc its/pp$ special/jj relationship/nn to/in all/abn the/at rest/nn of/in the/at numbers/nns --/-- quite/ql apart/rb from/in any/dti numerological/jj considerations/nns ,/, which/wdt is/bez to/to say/vb ,/, any/dti symbolic/jj meaning/nn arbitrarily/rb assigned/vbn to/in it/ppo ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, mathematically/rb speaking/vbg ,/, it/pps was/bedz both/abx functionally/rb and/cc symbolically/rb the/at most/ql important/jj number/nn in/in the/at entire/jj diagram/nn ./.


	If/cs one/pn takes/vbz the/at middle/jj number/nn ,/, 5/cd ,/, and/cc multiplies/vbz it/ppo by/in 3/cd (/( the/at base/nn number/nn of/in the/at magic/jj square/nn of/in three/cd )/) ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez 15/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez also/rb the/at constant/jj sum/nn of/in all/abn the/at rows/nns ,/, columns/nns ,/, and/cc two/cd main/jjs diagonals/nns ./.
Then/rb ,/, if/cs the/at middle/jj number/nn is/bez activated/vbn to/in its/pp$ greatest/jjt potential/nn in/in terms/nns of/in this/dt square/nn ,/, through/in multiplying/vbg it/ppo by/in the/at highest/jjt number/nn ,/, 9/cd (/( which/wdt is/bez the/at square/nn of/in the/at base/nn number/nn )/) ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez 45/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at latter/ap is/bez the/at total/nn sum/nn of/in all/abn the/at numbers/nns in/in the/at square/nn ,/, by/in which/wdt all/abn the/at other/ap numbers/nns are/ber overshadowed/vbn and/cc in/in which/wdt they/ppss may/md be/be said/vbn to/to be/be absorbed/vbn ./.


	Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at middle/jj number/nn of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np is/bez not/* only/rb the/at physical/jj mean/nn between/in every/at opposing/vbg pair/nn of/in the/at other/ap numbers/nns ,/, by/in reason/nn of/in its/pp$ central/jj position/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez also/rb their/pp$ mathematical/jj mean/nn ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez equal/jj to/in half/abn the/at sum/nn of/in every/at opposing/vbg pair/nn ,/, all/abn of/in which/wdt equal/vb 10/cd ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at neat/jj balance/nn of/in these/dts pairs/nns ,/, and/cc their/pp$ subtle/jj equilibrium/nn ,/, would/md have/hv had/hvn special/jj meaning/nn in/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Chinese/nps ./.
For/cs they/ppss considered/vbd the/at odd/jj numbers/nns as/cs male/nn and/cc the/at even/jj ones/nns as/cs female/jj ,/, equating/vbg the/at two/cd groups/nns with/in the/at Yang/np and/cc Yin/np principles/nns in/in Nature/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in this/dt square/nn ,/, the/at respective/jj pairs/nns made/vbn up/rp of/in large/jj and/cc small/jj odd/jj (/( Yang/np )/) numbers/nns ,/, and/cc those/dts composed/vbn of/in large/jj and/cc small/jj even/jj (/( Yin/np )/) numbers/nns ,/, were/bed all/abn equal/jj to/in each/dt other/ap ./.
Thus/rb all/abn differences/nns were/bed leveled/vbn ,/, and/cc all/abn contrasts/nns erased/vbn ,/, in/in a/at realm/nn of/in no/at distinction/nn ,/, and/cc the/at harmonious/jj balance/nn of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np square/nn could/md effectively/rb symbolize/vb the/at world/nn in/in balanced/vbn harmony/nn around/in a/at powerful/jj central/jj axis/nn ./.


	The/at tremendous/jj emphasis/nn on/in the/at 5/cd in/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np square/nn --/-- for/in purely/ql mathematical/jj reasons/nns --/-- and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs this/dt number/nn so/ql neatly/rb symbolized/vbn the/at heart/nn and/cc center/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, could/md well/rb explain/vb why/wrb the/at Old/jj-tl Chinese/nps seem/vb to/to have/hv so/ql revered/vbn the/at number/nn 5/cd ,/, and/cc why/wrb they/ppss put/vb so/ql much/ap stress/nn on/in the/at concept/nn of/in Centrality/nn-tl ./.
These/dts twin/jj tendencies/nns seem/vb to/to have/hv reached/vbn their/pp$ height/nn in/in the/at Han/np dynasty/nn ./.


	The/at existing/vbg reverence/nn for/in Centrality/nn-tl must/md have/hv been/ben still/ql further/rbr stimulated/vbn toward/in the/at close/nn of/in the/at second/od century/nn B.C./np ,/, when/wrb the/at Han/np-tl Emperor/nn-tl Wu/np Ti/np ordered/vbd the/at dynastic/jj color/nn changed/vbn to/in yellow/nn --/-- which/wdt symbolized/vbd the/at Center/nn-tl among/in the/at traditional/jj Five/cd-tl Directions/nns-tl --/-- and/cc took/vbd 5/cd as/cs the/at dynastic/jj number/nn ,/, believing/vbg that/cs he/pps would/md thus/rb place/vb himself/ppl ,/, his/pp$ imperial/jj family/nn ,/, and/cc the/at nation/nn under/in the/at most/ql auspicious/jj influences/nns ./.
His/pp$ immediate/jj motive/nn for/in doing/vbg this/dt may/md not/* have/hv been/ben directly/rb inspired/vbn by/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ,/, but/cc this/dt measure/nn must/md inevitably/rb have/hv increased/vbn the/at existing/vbg beliefs/nns in/in the/at latter's/nn$ efficacy/nn ./.


	After/in this/dt time/nn ,/, inscriptions/nns on/in the/at Han/np bronze/nn mirrors/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap writings/nns ,/, emphasized/vbd the/at desirability/nn of/in keeping/vbg one's/pn$ self/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, where/wrb cosmic/jj forces/nns were/bed strongest/jjt ./.
Later/rbr ,/, we/ppss shall/md see/vb what/wdt happened/vbd when/wrb an/at emperor/nn took/vbd this/dt idea/nn too/ql literally/rb ./.


	All/abn this/dt emphasis/nn on/in Centrality/nn-tl and/cc on/in the/at number/nn 5/cd as/cs a/at symbolic/jj expression/nn of/in the/at Center/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt seems/vbz to/to have/hv begun/vbn as/ql far/ql back/rb as/cs 400/cd B.C./np ,/, also/rb may/md conceivably/rb have/hv led/vbn to/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at Five-Elements/nns-tl School/nn-tl and/cc the/at subsequent/jj efforts/nns to/to fit/vb everything/pn into/in numerical/jj categories/nns of/in five/cd ./.
We/ppss find/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, such/jj groupings/nns as/cs the/at Five/cd-tl Ancient/jj-tl Rulers/nns-tl ,/, the/at Five/cd-tl Sacred/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl ,/, the/at Five/cd-tl Directions/nns-tl (/( with/in Center/nn-tl )/) ,/, the/at Five/cd-tl Metals/nns-tl ,/, Five/cd-tl Colors/nns-tl ,/, Five/cd-tl Tastes/nns-tl ,/, Five/cd-tl Odors/nns-tl ,/, Five/cd-tl Musical/jj-tl Notes/nns-tl ,/, Five/cd-tl Bodily/jj-tl Functions/nns-tl ,/, Five/cd-tl Viscera/nns-tl ,/, and/cc many/ap others/nns ./.
This/dt trend/nn has/hvz often/rb been/ben ascribed/vbn to/in the/at cult/nn of/in the/at Five/cd-tl Elements/nns-tl itself/ppl ,/, as/cs though/cs they/ppss had/hvd served/vbn as/cs the/at base/nn for/in all/abn the/at rest/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc why/wrb did/dod the/at Old/jj-tl Chinese/jj postulate/vb five/cd elements/nns ,/, when/wrb the/at Ancient/jj-tl Near/jj-tl East/nr-tl --/-- which/wdt may/md have/hv initiated/vbn the/at idea/nn that/cs natural/jj elements/nns exerted/vbd influence/nn in/in human/jj life/nn and/cc activities/nns --/-- recognized/vbd only/rb four/cd ?/. ?/.
And/cc why/wrb did/dod the/at Chinese/nps suddenly/rb begin/vb to/to talk/vb about/in the/at Five/cd-tl Directions/nns-tl ,/, when/wrb the/at animals/nns they/ppss used/vbd as/cs symbols/nns of/in the/at directions/nns designated/vbd only/rb the/at usual/jj four/cd ?/. ?/.
Obviously/rb ,/, something/pn suddenly/rb caused/vbd them/ppo to/to start/vb thinking/vbg in/in terms/nns of/in fives/nns ,/, and/cc that/dt may/md have/hv been/ben the/at workings/nns of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ./.


	This/dt whole/jj tendency/nn had/hvd an/at unfortunate/jj effect/nn on/in Chinese/jj thinking/nn ./.
Whereas/cs the/at primary/jj meanings/nns of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np diagram/nn seemed/vbd to/to have/hv been/ben based/vbn on/in its/pp$ inner/jj mathematical/jj properties/nns --/-- and/cc we/ppss shall/md see/vb that/cs even/rb its/pp$ secondary/jj meanings/nns rested/vbd on/in some/dti mathematical/jj bases/nns --/-- the/at urgent/jj desire/nn to/to place/vb everything/pn into/in categories/nns of/in fives/nns led/vbd to/in other/ap groupings/nns based/vbn on/in other/ap numbers/nns ,/, until/cs an/at exaggerated/vbn emphasis/nn on/in mere/jj numerology/nn pervaded/vbd Chinese/jj thought/nn ./.
Scholars/nns made/vbd numbered/vbn sets/nns of/in as/ql many/ap things/nns as/cs possible/jj in/in Nature/nn-tl ,/, or/cc assigned/vbd arbitrary/jj numbers/nns to/in individual/jj things/nns ,/, in/in a/at fashion/nn that/wps seems/vbz to/in the/at modern/jj scientific/jj mind/nn as/cs downright/ql nonsensical/jj ,/, and/cc philosophical/jj ideas/nns based/vbn upon/in all/abn this/dt tended/vbd to/to stifle/vb speculative/jj thought/nn in/in China/np for/in many/ap centuries/nns ./.



3/cd-hl ./.-hl
Yin/np-hl and/cc-hl Yang/np-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl ``/`` Lo/np-hl Shu/np-hl ''/'' square/nn-hl 
Although/cs the/at primary/jj mathematical/jj properties/nns of/in the/at middle/jj number/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ,/, and/cc the/at interrelation/nn of/in all/abn the/at other/ap numbers/nns to/in it/ppo ,/, might/md seem/vb enough/ap to/to account/vb for/in the/at deep/jj fascination/nn which/wdt the/at Lo/np Shu/np held/vbd for/in the/at Old/jj-tl Chinese/jj philosophers/nns ,/, this/dt was/bedz actually/rb only/rb a/at beginning/nn of/in wonders/nns ./.
For/cs the/at Lo/np Shu/np square/nn was/bedz a/at remarkably/ql complete/jj compendium/nn of/in most/ap of/in the/at chief/jjs religious/jj and/cc philosophical/jj ideas/nns of/in its/pp$ time/nn ./.
As/cs such/jj ,/, one/pn cannot/md* fully/rb understand/vb the/at thought/nn of/in the/at pre-Han/jj and/cc Han/np periods/nns without/in knowing/vbg the/at meanings/nns inherent/jj in/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ;/. ;/.
but/cc ,/, conversely/rb ,/, one/pn cannot/md* begin/vb to/to understand/vb the/at Lo/np Shu/np without/in knowing/vbg something/pn about/in the/at world/nn view/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Chinese/jj ,/, which/wdt they/ppss felt/vbd they/ppss saw/vbd expressed/vbn in/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at Chinese/jj world/nn view/nn during/in the/at Han/np dynasty/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at Lo/np Shu/np seems/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben at/in the/at height/nn of/in its/pp$ popularity/nn ,/, was/bedz based/vbn in/in large/jj part/nn on/in the/at teachings/nns of/in the/at Yin-Yang/np and/cc Five-Elements/nns-tl School/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz traditionally/rb founded/vbn by/in Tsou/np Yen/np ./.
According/in to/in this/dt doctrine/nn ,/, the/at universe/nn was/bedz ruled/vbn by/in Heaven/nn-tl ,/, T'ien/np --/-- as/cs a/at natural/jj force/nn ,/, or/cc in/in the/at personification/nn of/in a/at Supreme/jj-tl Sky-god/np-tl --/-- governing/vbg all/abn things/nns by/in means/nn of/in a/at process/nn called/vbn the/at Tao/np ,/, which/wdt can/md be/be roughly/rb interpreted/vbn as/cs ``/`` the/at Order/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Universe/nn-tl ''/'' or/cc ``/`` the/at Universal/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Heaven/nn-tl ,/, acting/vbg through/in the/at Tao/np ,/, expressed/vbd itself/ppl by/in means/nn of/in the/at workings/nns of/in two/cd basic/jj principles/nns ,/, the/at Yin/np and/cc the/at Yang/np ./.
The/at Yang/np ,/, or/cc male/jj principle/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at source/nn of/in light/nn ,/, heat/nn ,/, and/cc dynamic/jj vitality/nn ,/, associated/vbn with/in the/at Sun/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
while/cs the/at Yin/np ,/, or/cc female/jj principle/nn ,/, flourished/vbd in/in darkness/nn ,/, cold/nn ,/, and/cc quiet/jj inactivity/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz associated/vbn with/in the/at Moon/nn-tl ./.
Together/rb these/dts two/cd principles/nns influenced/vbd all/abn things/nns ,/, and/cc in/in varying/vbg combinations/nns they/ppss were/bed present/jj in/in everything/pn ./.


	We/ppss have/hv already/rb seen/vbn that/cs odd/jj numbers/nns were/bed considered/vbn as/cs being/beg Yang/np ,/, while/cs the/at even/jj numbers/nns were/bed Yin/np ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at eight/cd outer/jj numbers/nns of/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np represented/vbd these/dts two/cd principles/nns in/in balanced/vbn equilibrium/nn around/in the/at axial/jj center/nn ./.
During/in the/at Han/np dynasty/nn ,/, another/dt Yin-Yang/np conception/nn was/bedz applied/vbn to/in the/at Lo/np Shu/np ,/, considering/vbg the/at latter/ap as/cs a/at plan/nn of/in Ancient/jj-tl China/np ./.
Instead/rb of/in linking/vbg the/at nine/cd numbers/nns of/in this/dt diagram/nn with/in the/at traditional/jj Nine/cd-tl Provinces/nns-tl ,/, as/cs was/bedz usually/rb done/vbn ,/, this/dt equated/vbd the/at odd/jj ,/, Yang/np numbers/nns with/in mountains/nns (/( firm/jj and/cc resistant/jj ,/, hence/rb Yang/np )/) and/cc the/at even/jj numbers/nns with/in rivers/nns (/( sinuous/jj and/cc yielding/vbg ,/, hence/rb Yin/np )/) ;/. ;/.
taking/vbg the/at former/ap from/in the/at Five/cd-tl Sacred/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl of/in the/at Han/np period/nn and/cc the/at latter/ap from/in the/at principal/jjs river/nn systems/nns of/in Old/jj-tl China/np-tl ./.


	Thus/rb the/at middle/jj number/nn ,/, 5/cd ,/, represented/vbd Sung-Shan/np in/in Honan/np ,/, Central/jj-tl China/np-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at 3/cd ,/, T'ai-Shan/np in/in Shantung/np ,/, East/jj-tl China/np-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at 7/cd ,/, Hwa-Shan/np in/in Shensi/np ,/, West/jj-tl China/np-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at 1/cd ,/, Heng-Shan/np in/in Hopei/np ,/, North/jj-tl China/np-tl (/( or/cc the/at mountain/nn with/in the/at same/ap name/nn in/in neighboring/vbg Shansi/np )/) ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at 9/cd ,/, Huo-Shan/np in/in Anhwei/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz then/rb the/at South/jj-tl Sacred/jj-tl Mountain/nn-tl ./.
For/in the/at rivers/nns ,/, the/at 4/cd represented/vbd the/at Huai/np ,/, to/in the/at (/( then/rb )/) Southeast/nr-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at 2/cd ,/, the/at San/np Kiang/np (/( three/cd rivers/nns )/) in/in the/at (/( then/rb )/) Southwest/nr-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at 8/cd ,/, the/at Chi/np in/in the/at Northeast/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at 6/cd ,/, the/at (/( upper/jj )/) Yellow/jj-tl River/nn-tl in/in the/at Northwest/nr-tl ./.


	Note/vb that/cs by/in Western/jj-tl standards/nns this/dt plan/nn was/bedz ``/`` upside/rb down/rp ''/'' ,/, as/cs it/pps put/vbd North/nr-tl at/in the/at bottom/nn and/cc South/nr-tl at/in the/at top/nn ,/, with/in the/at other/ap directions/nns correspondingly/rb altered/vbn ;/. ;/.
but/cc in/in this/dt respect/nn it/pps was/bedz merely/rb following/vbg the/at accepted/vbn Chinese/jj convention/nn for/in all/abn maps/nns ./.
The/at same/ap arrangement/nn was/bedz used/vbn when/wrb the/at Lo/np Shu/np was/bedz equated/vbd with/in the/at Nine/cd-tl Provinces/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc whenever/wrb the/at Lo/np Shu/np involved/vbd directional/jj symbolism/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz oriented/vbn in/in this/dt same/ap fashion/nn ./.

Few/ap persons/nns who/wps join/vb the/at Church/nn-tl are/ber insincere/jj ./.
They/ppss earnestly/rb desire/vb to/to do/do the/at will/nn of/in God/np ./.
When/wrb they/ppss fall/vb by/in the/at wayside/nn and/cc fail/vb to/to achieve/vb Christian/jj stature/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez an/at indictment/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
These/dts fatalities/nns are/ber dramatic/jj evidence/nn of/in ``/`` halfway/jj evangelism/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at failure/nn to/to follow/vb through/rp ./.
A/at program/nn of/in Lay/jj-tl Visitation/nn-tl Evangelism/nn-tl can/md end/vb in/in dismal/jj defeat/nn with/in half/abn the/at new/jj members/nns drifting/vbg away/rb unless/cs practical/jj plans/nns and/cc strenuous/jj efforts/nns are/ber made/vbn to/to keep/vb them/ppo in/in the/at active/jj fellowship/nn ./.


	The/at work/nn of/in Lay/jj-tl Visitation/nn-tl Evangelism/nn-tl is/bez not/* completed/vbn when/wrb all/abn of/in the/at persons/nns on/in the/at Responsibility/nn-tl List/nn-tl have/hv been/ben interviewed/vbn ./.
In/in the/at average/jj situation/nn about/rb one-third/nn of/in those/dts visited/vbn make/vb commitments/nns to/in Christ/np and/cc the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
The/at pastor/nn and/cc the/at Membership/nn-tl Preparation/nn-tl and/cc-tl Assimilation/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl must/md follow/vb through/rp immediately/rb with/in a/at carefully/rb planned/vbn program/nn ./.
The/at first/od thirty/cd to/in sixty/cd days/nns after/cs individuals/nns make/vb their/pp$ decision/nn will/md determine/vb their/pp$ interest/nn and/cc participation/nn in/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
Neglect/nn means/vbz spiritual/jj paralysis/nn or/cc death/nn ./.



Preparation/nn-hl for/in-hl membership/nn-hl 
churches/nns that/wps have/hv a/at carefully/rb planned/vbn program/nn of/in membership/nn preparation/nn and/cc assimilation/nn often/rb keep/vb 85/cd to/in 90/cd per/in cent/nn of/in their/pp$ new/jj members/nns loyal/jj and/cc active/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at answer/nn to/in the/at problem/nn of/in ``/`` membership/nn delinquency/nn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez important/jj that/cs persons/nns desiring/vbg to/to unite/vb with/in the/at Church/nn-tl be/be prepared/vbn for/in this/dt experience/nn so/cs that/cs it/pps may/md be/be meaningful/jj and/cc spiritually/rb significant/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez unfair/jj and/cc unchristian/jj to/to ask/vb a/at person/nn to/to take/vb the/at sacred/jj vows/nns of/in Church/nn-tl membership/nn before/cs he/pps has/hvz been/ben carefully/rb instructed/vbn concerning/in their/pp$ implications/nns ./.


	Preparation/nn for/in Church/nn-tl membership/nn begins/vbz immediately/rb after/cs the/at commitment/nn is/bez received/vbn ./.
1/cd-hl )/) 
The/at pastor/nn writes/vbz a/at personal/jj letter/nn to/in each/dt individual/nn ,/, expressing/vbg his/pp$ joy/nn over/in the/at decision/nn ,/, assuring/vbg him/ppo of/in a/at pastoral/jj call/nn at/in the/at earliest/jjt convenient/jj time/nn ,/, and/cc outlining/vbg the/at plan/nn for/in membership/nn preparation/nn classes/nns and/cc Membership/nn-tl Sunday/nr-tl ./.
Some/dti pastors/nns write/vb a/at letter/nn the/at same/ap night/nn the/at decision/nn is/bez reported/vbn by/in the/at visitors/nns ./.
It/pps should/md not/* be/be postponed/vbn later/rbr than/cs the/at next/ap day/nn ./.
A/at helpful/jj leaflet/nn may/md be/be enclosed/vbn in/in the/at letter/nn ./.
2/cd-hl )/) 
The/at pastor/nn calls/vbz in/in the/at home/nn of/in each/dt individual/nn or/cc family/nn for/in a/at spiritual/jj guidance/nn conference/nn ./.
If/cs possible/jj ,/, he/pps should/md make/vb an/at appointment/nn in/in order/nn that/cs all/abn persons/nns involved/vbn may/md be/be present/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* a/at social/jj call/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez definitely/rb a/at ``/`` spiritual/jj guidance/nn conference/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps will/md discuss/vb the/at significance/nn of/in Christian/jj commitment/nn ,/, the/at necessity/nn of/in family/nn religion/nn and/cc private/jj devotions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at importance/nn of/in the/at membership/nn preparation/nn sessions/nns ./.
There/ex may/md be/be problems/nns of/in conduct/nn or/cc questions/nns of/in belief/nn which/wdt will/md require/vb his/pp$ counsel/nn ./.
Each/dt conference/nn should/md be/be concluded/vbn naturally/rb with/in prayer/nn ./.
A/at piece/nn of/in devotional/jj material/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs The/at Upper/jj-tl Room/nn-tl ,/, may/md be/be left/vbn in/in each/dt home/nn ./.
3/cd-hl )/) 
A/at minimum/nn of/in four/cd sessions/nns of/in preparation/nn for/in membership/nn is/bez necessary/jj for/in adults/nns ./.
Some/dti churches/nns require/vb more/ap ./.
None/pn should/md ask/vb less/ap ./.
Those/dts who/wps join/vb the/at Church/nn-tl need/vb to/to be/be instructed/vbn in/in the/at faith/nn and/cc the/at meaning/nn of/in Christian/jj discipleship/nn before/cs they/ppss take/vb the/at sacred/jj vows/nns ./.
They/ppss will/md have/hv a/at greater/jjr appreciation/nn for/in the/at Church/nn-tl and/cc a/at deeper/jjr devotion/nn to/in it/ppo if/cs membership/nn requires/vbz something/pn of/in them/ppo ./.


	Many/ap churches/nns find/vb the/at Sunday/nr school/nn hour/nn to/to be/be the/at most/ql practical/jj time/nn for/in adult/nn preparation/nn classes/nns ./.
Others/nns meet/vb on/in Sunday/nr night/nn ,/, at/in the/at mid-week/nn service/nn ,/, or/cc for/in a/at series/nn of/in four/cd nights/nns ./.
Some/dti pastors/nns have/hv two/cd sessions/nns in/in one/cd evening/nn ,/, with/in a/at refreshment/nn period/nn between/in ./.


	The/at sessions/nns should/md cover/vb four/cd major/jj areas/nns :/: A/at-tl 
--/-- The/at Christian/jj Faith/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
B/nn-tl 
--/-- History/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
C/np 
--/-- Duties/nns of/in Church/nn-tl Membership/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
D/np 
--/-- The/at Local/jj-tl Church/nn-tl and/cc Its/pp$ Program/nn 

	./.
Following/vbg each/dt instruction/nn period/nn a/at piece/nn of/in literature/nn dealing/vbg with/in the/at topic/nn should/md be/be handed/vbn each/dt one/cd for/in further/jjr reading/nn during/in the/at week/nn ./.
This/dt procedure/nn is/bez much/ql more/ql effective/jj than/cs giving/vbg out/rp a/at membership/nn packet/nn ./.



Fourth/od-hl session/nn-hl important/jj-hl 
most/ap pastors/nns find/vb that/cs the/at fourth/od session/nn should/md take/vb at/in least/ap two/cd hours/nns and/cc therefore/rb hold/vb it/ppo on/in a/at week/nn night/nn prior/rb to/in Reception/nn-tl Sunday/nr-tl ./.
In/in this/dt session/nn the/at persons/nns seeking/vbg membership/nn are/ber provided/vbn information/nn concerning/in the/at work/nn of/in the/at denomination/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at program/nn and/cc activities/nns of/in the/at local/jj church/nn ./.
The/at lay/jj leadership/nn of/in the/at church/nn may/md be/be invited/vbn to/to speak/vb on/in the/at various/jj phases/nns of/in church/nn life/nn ,/, service/nn opportunities/nns ,/, the/at church/nn school/nn ,/, missions/nns ,/, men's/nns$ work/nn ,/, women's/nns$ work/nn ,/, youth/nn program/nn ,/, social/jj activities/nns ,/, and/cc finances/nns ./.
The/at budget/nn of/in the/at church/nn may/md be/be presented/vbn and/cc pledges/nns solicited/vbn at/in this/dt session/nn ./.
An/at ``/`` interest/nn finder/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` talent/nn sheet/nn ''/'' may/md be/be filled/vbn out/rp by/in each/dt person/nn ./.
(/( See/vb sample/nn on/in pp./nns 78-79/cd ./.
)/) The/at fourth/od session/nn may/md be/be concluded/vbn with/in a/at tour/nn of/in the/at church/nn facilities/nns and/cc refreshments/nns ./.
The/at social/jj time/nn gives/vbz an/at opportunity/nn for/in church/nn leaders/nns to/to become/vb acquainted/vbn with/in the/at new/jj members/nns ./.



Additional/jj-hl suggestions/nns-hl for/in-hl membership/nn-hl preparation/nn-hl 
in/in conducting/vbg the/at Membership/nn-tl Preparation-Inquirers'/np-tl Class/nn-tl ,/, the/at pastor/nn should/md plan/vb a/at variety/nn of/in teaching/vbg techniques/nns in/in order/nn to/to develop/vb greater/jjr interest/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at class/nn ./.
The/at following/vbg have/hv been/ben found/vbn effective/jj ./.
1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Extend/vb the/at number/nn of/in classes/nns ./.
Some/dti churches/nns have/hv six/cd or/cc more/ap training/vbg sessions/nns of/in two/cd hours/nns each/dt ,/, generally/rb held/vbn on/in Sunday/nr night/nn or/cc during/in the/at week/nn ./.
This/dt gives/vbz greater/jjr opportunity/nn for/in the/at learning/vbg process/nn ./.
2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Use/vb dramatization/nn --/-- for/in example/nn ,/, in/in discussing/vbg the/at Lord's/np$-tl Supper/nn-tl or/cc church/nn symbolism/nn ./.
3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Use/vb audio-visual/jj aids/nns ./.
Some/dti excellent/jj filmstrips/nns with/in recordings/nns and/cc motion/nn pictures/nns may/md be/be secured/vbn from/in your/pp$ denominational/jj headquarters/nn to/to enrich/vb the/at class/nn session/nn ./.
4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Have/hv a/at ``/`` Question/nn-tl Box/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Some/dti new/jj members/nns will/md hesitate/vb to/to ask/vb questions/nns audibly/rb ./.
Urge/vb them/ppo to/to write/vb out/rp their/pp$ questions/nns for/in the/at box/nn ./.
5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Use/vb a/at textbook/nn with/in assigned/vbn readings/nns each/dt week/nn ./.
6/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Select/vb class/nn members/nns for/in reports/nns on/in various/jj phases/nns of/in the/at study/nn ./.
7/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Conduct/vb examinations/nns ,/, using/vbg a/at true-false/jj check/nn sheet/nn ./.
8/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Ask/vb each/dt member/nn to/to write/vb a/at statement/nn on/in such/jj topics/nns as/cs :/: ``/`` What/wpo-tl Christ/np-tl Means/vbz-tl To/in-tl Me/ppo-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` What/wpo-tl The/at-tl Church/nn-tl Means/vbz-tl To/in-tl Me/ppo-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb Join/vb-tl The/at-tl Church/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Duties/nns-tl Of/in-tl Church/nn-tl Members/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, etc./rb ./.
9/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Assign/vb a/at series/nn of/in catechism/nn questions/nns to/in be/be memorized/vbn ./.
10/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Invite/vb class/nn members/nns to/to share/vb in/in an/at extra/jj period/nn of/in Bible/np study/nn each/dt week/nn ./.
11/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Ask/vb each/dt new/jj member/nn to/to bring/vb his/pp$ Pledge/nn-tl of/in-tl Loyalty/nn-tl to/in the/at Reception/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./.



What/wdt-hl about/in-hl transfers/nns-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

There/ex is/bez A/at growing/vbg conviction/nn among/in pastors/nns and/cc Church/nn-tl leaders/nns that/cs all/abn those/dts who/wps come/vb into/in the/at fellowship/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl need/vb preparatory/jj training/nn ,/, including/in those/dts coming/vbg by/in transfer/nn of/in membership/nn ./.
George/np E./np Sweazey/np writes/vbz :/: ``/`` There/ex is/bez danger/nn in/in trying/vbg to/to make/vb admission/nn to/in the/at Church/nn-tl so/ql easy/jj and/cc painless/jj that/cs people/nns will/md scarcely/rb know/vb that/cs anything/pn has/hvz happened/vbn ''/'' ./.


	People/nns appreciate/vb experiences/nns that/wps demand/vb something/pn of/in them/ppo ./.
Those/dts who/wps transfer/vb their/pp$ membership/nn are/ber no/at exception/nn to/in the/at rule/nn ./.
For/in most/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, it/pps will/md be/be their/pp$ first/od experience/nn in/in membership/nn training/nn ,/, since/cs this/dt is/bez a/at recent/jj development/nn in/in many/ap churches/nns ./.
Those/dts coming/vbg from/in other/ap denominations/nns will/md welcome/vb the/at opportunity/nn to/to become/vb informed/vbn ./.


	The/at preparatory/jj class/nn is/bez an/at introductory/jj face-to-face/jj group/nn in/in which/wdt new/jj members/nns become/vb acquainted/vbn with/in one/cd another/dt ./.
It/pps provides/vbz a/at natural/jj transition/nn into/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at local/jj church/nn and/cc its/pp$ organizations/nns ./.



Reception/nn-hl into/in-hl the/at-hl Church/nn-tl-hl Fellowship/nn-tl-hl 
the/at total/nn process/nn of/in evangelism/nn reaches/vbz the/at crescendo/nn when/wrb the/at group/nn of/in new/jj members/nns stands/vbz before/in the/at congregation/nn to/to declare/vb publicly/rb their/pp$ faith/nn and/cc to/to be/be received/vbn into/in the/at fellowship/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
This/dt should/md be/be a/at high/jj moment/nn in/in their/pp$ lives/nns ,/, a/at never-to-be-forgotten/jj experience/nn ./.
They/ppss should/md sense/vb the/at tremendous/jj significance/nn of/in joining/vbg the/at spiritual/jj succession/nn reaching/vbg back/rb to/in Christ/np our/pp$ Lord/nn-tl and/cc forward/rb to/in an/at eternal/jj fellowship/nn with/in the/at saints/nns of/in the/at ages/nns ./.


	Every/at detail/nn of/in the/at service/nn merits/vbz careful/jj attention/nn --/-- the/at hymns/nns ,/, the/at sermon/nn ,/, the/at ritual/nn ,/, the/at right/jj hand/nn of/in fellowship/nn ,/, the/at introduction/nn to/in the/at congregation/nn ,/, the/at welcome/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at vital/jj part/nn of/in their/pp$ spiritual/jj growth/nn and/cc assimilation/nn ./.
It/pps will/md help/vb to/to determine/vb the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at new/jj members/nns toward/in the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
It/pps can/md mean/vb the/at difference/nn between/in participation/nn and/cc inaction/nn ,/, spiritual/jj growth/nn and/cc decay/nn ./.


	The/at worship/nn service/nn is/bez the/at natural/jj and/cc logical/jj time/nn to/to receive/vb new/jj members/nns into/in the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
The/at atmosphere/nn for/in this/dt momentous/jj experience/nn can/md be/be created/vbn most/ql effectively/rb through/in the/at worship/nn experience/nn ./.
Psychologically/rb the/at reception/nn should/md be/be the/at climax/nn ,/, following/vbg the/at sermon/nn ./.
1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Ask/vb the/at new/jj members/nns to/to meet/vb thirty/cd minutes/nns before/in the/at service/nn to/to complete/vb ``/`` talent/nn sheets/nns ''/'' and/cc pledge/nn cards/nns ./.
Some/dti denominations/nns ask/vb new/jj members/nns to/to sign/vb personally/rb the/at chronological/jj membership/nn register/nn ./.
Provide/vb a/at name/nn card/nn for/in each/dt new/jj member/nn ./.
Outline/vb plans/nns for/in the/at entire/jj service/nn ./.
2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Arrange/vb a/at reserved/vbn section/nn in/in the/at sanctuary/nn where/wrb all/abn new/jj members/nns may/md sit/vb together/rb ./.
Sponsors/nns may/md sit/vb with/in them/ppo also/rb ./.
3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Invite/vb sponsors/nns or/cc Fellowship/nn-tl Friends/nns-tl to/to stand/vb back/rb of/in the/at new/jj members/nns in/in the/at reception/nn service/nn ./.
4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Give/vb each/dt new/jj member/nn a/at certificate/nn of/in membership/nn ./.
5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Introduce/vb each/dt new/jj member/nn to/in the/at congregation/nn ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo to/to face/vb the/at congregation/nn ./.
6/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Lead/vb the/at congregation/nn in/in a/at response/nn of/in welcome/nn ./.
7/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Have/hv a/at reception/nn for/in new/jj members/nns in/in the/at parlor/nn or/cc social/jj hall/nn immediately/ql after/in the/at service/nn ./.
8/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Take/vb a/at picture/nn of/in the/at group/nn of/in new/jj members/nns to/to be/be put/vbn in/in the/at church/nn paper/nn or/cc placed/vbn on/in the/at bulletin/nn board/nn ./.
9/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Have/hv a/at fellowship/nn luncheon/nn or/cc dinner/nn with/in new/jj members/nns as/cs guests/nns ./.



Chapter/nn-hl 6/cd-hl planning/vbg-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl assimilation/nn-hl and/cc-hl growth/nn-hl of/in-hl new/jj-hl members/nns-hl 
the/at church/nn is/bez ``/`` the/at family/nn of/in God/np ''/'' ./.
The/at members/nns of/in the/at ``/`` family/nn ''/'' are/ber drawn/vbn together/rb by/in a/at common/jj love/nn for/in Christ/np and/cc a/at sincere/jj devotion/nn to/in His/pp$ Kingdom/nn-tl ./.
Every/at member/nn of/in the/at family/nn must/md have/hv a/at vital/jj place/nn in/in its/pp$ life/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez no/at spectator-type/jj experience/nn ;/. ;/.
everyone/pn is/bez to/to be/be a/at participant/nn ./.


	Yet/cc the/at most/ql difficult/jj problem/nn in/in the/at Church's/nn$-tl program/nn of/in evangelism/nn is/bez right/ql at/in this/dt point/nn --/-- helping/vbg new/jj members/nns to/to become/vb participating/vbg ,/, growing/vbg parts/nns of/in the/at fellowship/nn ./.
Very/ql easily/rb they/ppss may/md be/be neglected/vbn and/cc eventually/rb join/vb the/at ranks/nns of/in the/at unconcerned/jj and/cc inactive/jj ./.


	A/at study/nn of/in major/jj denominational/jj membership/nn statistics/nns over/in a/at twenty-year/jj period/nn revealed/vbd the/at appalling/jj fact/nn that/cs nearly/rb 40/cd per/in cent/nn of/in those/dts who/wps joined/vbd the/at Church/nn-tl were/bed lost/vbn to/in the/at Church/nn-tl within/in seven/cd years/nns ./.
One/cd denomination/nn had/hvd a/at membership/nn of/in 1,419,833/cd at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at period/nn under/in study/nn ,/, and/cc twenty/cd years/nns later/rbr its/pp$ membership/nn stood/vbd at/in 1,541,991/cd --/-- a/at net/nn growth/nn of/in only/rb 122,158/cd ./.
Yet/rb during/in the/at same/ap period/nn there/ex were/bed 1,080,062/cd additions/nns ./.
Another/dt major/jj church/nn body/nn had/hvd 4,499,608/cd members/nns and/cc twenty/cd years/nns later/rbr its/pp$ membership/nn stood/vbd at/in 4,622,444/cd ./.
During/in this/dt time/nn 4,122,354/cd new/jj members/nns were/bed brought/vbn into/in the/at fellowship/nn ./.
Still/rb another/dt denomination/nn had/hvd 7,360,187/cd members/nns twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
During/in this/dt period/nn 7,484,268/cd members/nns were/bed received/vbn ,/, yet/cc the/at net/nn membership/nn now/rb is/bez only/rb 9,910,741/cd ./.
These/dts figures/nns indicate/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber losing/vbg almost/rb as/ql many/ap as/cs we/ppss are/ber receiving/vbg into/in membership/nn ./.


	This/dt problem/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs many/ap local/jj churches/nns drop/vb from/in the/at active/jj membership/nn rolls/nns each/dt year/nn as/ql many/ap as/cs they/ppss receive/vb into/in the/at fellowship/nn ./.
Studies/nns of/in membership/nn trends/nns ,/, even/rb in/in some/dti areas/nns where/wrb population/nn is/bez expanding/vbg ,/, show/vb that/cs numbers/nns of/in churches/nns have/hv had/hvn little/jj net/nn increase/nn ,/, though/cs many/ap new/jj members/nns were/bed received/vbn ./.
Something/pn is/bez wrong/jj when/wrb these/dts things/nns happen/vb ./.
The/at local/jj ``/`` family/nn of/in God/np ''/'' has/hvz failed/vbn its/pp$ new/jj members/nns through/in neglect/nn and/cc unconcern/nn for/in their/pp$ spiritual/jj welfare/nn ./.



Basic/jj-hl needs/nns-hl 
new/jj members/nns can/md become/vb participating/vbg ,/, growing/vbg members/nns ./.
But/cc this/dt will/md not/* happen/vb merely/rb through/in the/at natural/jj process/nn of/in social/jj life/nn ./.
It/pps must/md be/be planned/vbn and/cc carefully/rb developed/vbn ./.
The/at entire/jj membership/nn of/in the/at local/jj church/nn must/md be/be alerted/vbn to/in their/pp$ part/nn in/in this/dt dynamic/jj process/nn ./.


	If/cs the/at church/nn has/hvz followed/vbn the/at plan/nn of/in cultivation/nn of/in prospects/nns and/cc carried/vbn through/rp a/at program/nn of/in membership/nn preparation/nn as/cs outlined/vbn earlier/rbr in/in this/dt book/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in assimilation/nn and/cc growth/nn will/md be/be well/rb under/in way/nn ./.
Those/dts who/wps enter/vb the/at front/jj door/nn of/in the/at church/nn intelligently/rb and/cc with/in Christian/jj dedication/nn will/md not/* so/ql easily/rb step/vb through/in the/at back/jj door/nn because/rb of/in lost/vbn interest/nn ./.


	However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* enough/ap to/to bring/vb persons/nns to/in Christian/jj commitment/nn and/cc train/vb them/ppo in/in the/at meaning/nn of/in Christian/jj discipleship/nn ./.
When/wrb they/ppss unite/vb with/in the/at Church/nn-tl they/ppss must/md find/vb in/in this/dt fellowship/nn the/at satisfaction/nn of/in their/pp$ basic/jj spiritual/jj needs/nns or/cc they/ppss will/md never/rb mature/vb into/in effective/jj Christians/nps ./.


	The/at Church/nn-tl expects/vbz certain/jj things/nns of/in those/dts who/wps become/vb members/nns ./.
The/at new/jj members/nns justifiably/rb expect/vb some/dti things/nns from/in their/pp$ church/nn family/nn :/: 

	--/-- Welcome/nn into/in the/at fellowship/nn 

	--/-- Sincere/jj Christian/jj love/nn and/cc understanding/nn 

	--/-- Inspiring/vbg and/cc challenging/jj worship/nn experiences/nns 

	--/-- Social/jj and/cc recreational/jj activities/nns 

	--/-- Opportunities/nns for/in Christian/jj service/nn 

	--/-- Opportunities/nns for/in study/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj faith/nn and/cc the/at Bible/np 

	--/-- Creative/jj prayer/nn experiences/nns 

	--/-- Guidance/nn in/in Christian/jj social/jj concerns/nns ./.



	Men/nns need/vb unity/nn and/cc they/ppss need/vb God/np ./.
Care/nn must/md be/be taken/vbn neither/cc to/to confuse/vb unity/nn with/in uniformity/nn nor/cc God/np with/in our/pp$ parochial/jj ideas/nns about/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc with/in these/dts two/cd qualifications/nns ,/, the/at statement/nn stands/vbz ./.
The/at statement/nn also/rb points/vbz to/in a/at classic/jj paradox/nn :/: The/at more/rbr men/nns turn/vb toward/in God/np ,/, who/wps is/bez not/* only/rb in/in himself/ppl the/at paradigm/nn of/in all/abn unity/nn but/cc also/rb the/at only/ap ground/nn on/in which/wdt human/jj unity/nn can/md ultimately/rb be/be established/vbn ,/, the/at more/rbr men/nns splinter/vb into/in groups/nns and/cc set/vb themselves/ppls apart/rb from/in one/cd another/dt ./.
To/to be/be reminded/vbn of/in this/dt we/ppss need/md only/rb glance/vb at/in the/at world/nn map/nn and/cc note/vb the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt religious/jj divisions/nns have/hv compounded/vbn political/jj ones/nns ,/, with/in a/at resultant/jj fragmentation/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn ./.
Massacres/nns attending/vbg the/at partition/nn of/in India/np and/cc the/at establishment/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Israel/np-tl are/ber simply/rb recent/jj grim/jj evidences/nns of/in the/at hostility/nn such/jj divisions/nns can/md engender/vb ./.
The/at words/nns of/in Cardinal/nn-tl Newman/np come/vb forcibly/rb to/in mind/nn :/: ``/`` Oh/uh how/wrb we/ppss hate/vb one/cd another/dt for/in the/at love/nn of/in God/np ''/'' !/. !/.


	The/at source/nn of/in this/dt paradox/nn is/bez not/* difficult/jj to/to identify/vb ./.
It/pps lies/vbz in/in institutions/nns ./.
Institutions/nns require/vb structure/nn ,/, form/nn ,/, and/cc definition/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts in/in turn/nn entail/vb differentiation/nn and/cc exclusion/nn ./.
A/at completely/rb amorphous/jj institution/nn would/md be/be a/at contradiction/nn in/in terms/nns ;/. ;/.
to/to escape/vb this/dt fate/nn ,/, it/pps must/md rule/vb some/dti things/nns out/rp ./.
For/cs every/at criterion/nn which/wdt defines/vbz what/wdt something/pn is/bez ,/, at/in the/at same/ap time/nn proclaims/vbz --/-- implicitly/rb if/cs not/* openly/rb --/-- what/wdt that/dt something/pn is/bez not/* ./.
Some/dti persons/nns are/ber so/ql sensitive/jj to/in this/dt truth/nn as/cs to/to propose/vb that/cs we/ppss do/do away/rb with/in institutions/nns altogether/rb ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at present/jj context/nn this/dt amounts/vbz to/in the/at advice/nn that/cs while/cs being/beg religious/jj may/md have/hv a/at certain/jj justification/nn ,/, we/ppss ought/md to/to dispense/vb with/in churches/nns ./.
The/at suggestion/nn is/bez naive/jj ./.
Man/nn is/bez at/in once/cs a/at gregarious/jj animal/nn and/cc a/at form-creating/jj being/nn ./.
Having/hvg once/rb committed/vbn himself/ppl to/in an/at ideal/nn which/wdt he/pps considers/vbz worthwhile/jj ,/, he/pps inevitably/rb creates/vbz forms/nns for/in its/pp$ expression/nn and/cc institutions/nns for/in its/pp$ continuance/nn ./.
To/to propose/vb that/cs men/nns be/be religious/jj without/in having/hvg religious/jj institutions/nns is/bez like/cs proposing/vbg that/cs they/ppss be/be learned/vbn without/in having/hvg schools/nns ./.
Both/abx eventualities/nns are/ber possible/jj logically/rb ,/, but/cc practically/rb they/ppss are/ber impossible/jj ./.
As/ql much/rb as/cs men/nns intrinsically/rb need/vb the/at unity/nn that/wps is/bez grounded/vbn in/in God/np ,/, they/ppss instrumentally/rb require/vb the/at institutions/nns that/wps will/md direct/vb their/pp$ steps/nns toward/in him/ppo ./.


	Yet/rb the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs such/jj institutions/nns do/do set/vb men/nns at/in odds/nns with/in their/pp$ fellows/nns ./.
Is/bez there/ex any/dti way/nn out/rp of/in the/at predicament/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at only/ap way/nn that/cs I/ppss can/md see/vb is/bez through/in communication/nn ./.
Interfaith/jj communication/nn need/md not/* be/be regarded/vbn as/cs an/at unfortunate/jj burden/nn visited/vbn upon/in us/ppo by/in the/at necessity/nn of/in maintaining/vbg diplomatic/jj relations/nns with/in our/pp$ adversaries/nns ./.
Approached/vbn creatively/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at high/jj art/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at art/nn of/in relating/vbg the/at finite/nn to/in the/at infinite/nn ,/, of/in doing/vbg our/pp$ best/jjt to/to insure/vb that/cs the/at particularistic/jj requirements/nns of/in religious/jj institutions/nns will/md not/* thwart/vb God's/np$ intent/nn of/in unity/nn among/in men/nns more/rbr than/cs is/bez minimally/rb necessary/jj ./.
In/in a/at certain/jj sense/nn ,/, interfaith/jj communication/nn parallels/vbz diplomatic/jj communication/nn among/in the/at nation-states/nns ./.


	What/wdt are/ber the/at pertinent/jj facts/nns affecting/vbg such/jj communication/nn at/in the/at present/jj juncture/nn of/in history/nn ?/. ?/.
I/ppss shall/md touch/vb on/in three/cd areas/nns :/: personal/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc theological/jj ./.



1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
By/in personal/jj factors/nns I/ppss mean/vb those/dts rooted/vbn in/in personality/nn structure/nn ./.
Some/dti interfaith/jj tensions/nns are/ber not/* occasioned/vbn by/in theological/jj differences/nns at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc by/in the/at need/nn of/in men/nns to/to have/hv persons/nns they/ppss can/md blame/vb ,/, distrust/vb ,/, denounce/vb ,/, and/cc even/rb hate/vb ./.
Such/jj needs/nns may/md rise/vb to/in pathological/jj proportions/nns ./.
Modern/jj psychology/nn has/hvz shown/vbn that/cs paralleling/vbg ``/`` the/at authoritarian/jj personality/nn ''/'' is/bez ``/`` the/at bigoted/jj personality/nn ''/'' in/in which/wdt insecurity/nn ,/, inferiority/nn ,/, suspicion/nn ,/, and/cc distrust/nn combine/vb to/to provide/vb a/at target/nn for/in antagonism/nn so/ql indispensable/jj that/cs it/pps will/md be/be manufactured/vbn if/cs it/pps does/doz not/* exist/vb naturally/rb ./.
Fortunately/rb the/at number/nn of/in pathological/jj bigots/nns appears/vbz to/to be/be quite/ql small/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps would/md be/be a/at mistake/nn to/to think/vb that/cs more/ap than/in a/at matter/nn of/in degree/nn separates/vbz them/ppo from/in the/at rest/nn of/in us/ppo ./.
To/in some/dti extent/nn the/at personal/jj inadequacies/nns that/wpo prejudices/nns attempt/vb to/to compensate/vb for/in are/ber to/to be/be found/vbn in/in all/abn of/in us/ppo ./.


	Interfaith/jj conflicts/nns which/wdt spring/vb from/in psychological/jj deficiencies/nns are/ber the/at most/ql unfortunate/jj of/in all/abn ,/, for/cs they/ppss have/hv no/at redeeming/vbg features/nns whatsoever/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to say/vb what/wdt can/md be/be done/vbn about/in them/ppo except/in that/cs we/ppss must/md learn/vb to/to recognize/vb when/wrb it/pps is/bez they/ppss ,/, rather/in than/in pretexts/nns for/in them/ppo ,/, that/wps are/ber causing/vbg the/at trouble/nn ,/, and/cc do/do everything/pn possible/jj to/to nurture/vb the/at healthy/jj personalities/nns that/dt will/md prevent/vb the/at development/nn of/in such/jj deficiencies/nns ./.



2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
While/cs the/at personality/nn factors/nns that/wps aggravate/vb interfaith/jj conflict/nn may/md be/be perennial/jj ,/, nationalism/nn is/bez more/ql variable/jj ./.
The/at specific/jj instance/nn I/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn is/bez the/at Afro-Asian/jj version/nn which/wdt has/hvz gained/vbn prominence/nn only/rb in/in this/dt second/od half/abn of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn ./.


	Emerging/vbg from/in the/at two/cd centuries/nns of/in colonial/jj domination/nn ,/, the/at Afro-Asian/jj world/nn is/bez aflame/jj with/in a/at nationalism/nn that/wps has/hvz undone/vbn empires/nns ./.
No/at less/ap than/in twenty-two/cd nations/nns have/hv already/rb achieved/vbn independence/nn since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, and/cc the/at number/nn is/bez growing/vbg by/in the/at year/nn ./.
As/cs an/at obvious/jj consequence/nn ,/, obstacles/nns to/in genuine/jj interfaith/jj communication/nn have/hv grown/vbn more/ql formidable/jj in/in one/cd important/jj area/nn :/: relations/nns between/in Christians/nps and/cc non-Christians/nps in/in these/dts lands/nns ./.
Colonialism/nn alone/rb would/md have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to make/vb these/dts difficulties/nns serious/jj ,/, for/cs Christianity/np is/bez so/ql closely/rb tied/vbn to/in colonialism/nn in/in the/at minds/nns of/in these/dts people/nns that/cs repudiation/nn of/in the/at one/cd has/hvz tended/vbn automatically/rb toward/in the/at repudiation/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./.
Actually/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, this/dt turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be only/ap part/nn of/in the/at picture/nn ./.
Nationalism/nn has/hvz abetted/vbn not/* only/rb the/at repudiation/nn of/in foreign/jj religions/nns but/cc the/at revival/nn of/in native/jj ones/nns ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt had/hvd been/ben lying/vbg in/in slumber/nn for/in centuries/nns ./.
The/at truth/nn is/bez that/cs any/dti revival/nn of/in traditional/jj and/cc indigenous/jj religion/nn will/md serve/vb to/to promote/vb that/dt sense/nn of/in identity/nn and/cc Volksgeist/fw-nn which/wdt these/dts young/jj nations/nns very/ql much/rb need/vb ./.
Insofar/rb as/cs these/dts nations/nns claim/vb to/to incarnate/vb traditions/nns and/cc ways/nns of/in life/nn which/wdt constitute/vb ultimate/jj ,/, trans-political/jj justifications/nns for/in their/pp$ existence/nn ,/, such/jj people/nns are/ber inevitably/rb led/vbn to/to emphasize/vb the/at ways/nns in/in which/wdt these/dts traditions/nns and/cc ways/nns are/ber theirs/pp$$ rather/in than/in someone/pn else's/rb$ ./.


	All/ql this/dt works/vbz severely/rb against/in the/at kind/nn of/in cross-cultural/jj communication/nn for/in which/wdt Christian/jj missions/nns stand/vb ./.
Africans/nps and/cc Asians/nps tend/vb to/to consider/vb not/* only/rb missions/nns but/cc the/at local/jj churches/nns they/ppss have/hv produced/vbn as/cs centers/nns and/cc agents/nns of/in Western/jj-tl culture/nn and/cc ideology/nn if/cs not/* of/in direct/jj political/jj propaganda/nn ./.
The/at people/nns hardest/rbt hit/vbn by/in this/dt suspicion/nn are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, Christians/nps on/in the/at mainland/nn of/in China/np ./.
But/cc the/at problem/nn extends/vbz elsewhere/rb ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, in/in Burma/np and/cc Ceylon/np many/ap Buddhists/nps argue/vb that/cs Buddhism/np ought/md to/to be/be the/at official/jj state/nn religion/nn ./.
In/in 1960/cd Ceylon/np nationalized/vbd its/pp$ sectarian/jj --/-- preponderantly/rb Christian/jj --/-- schools/nns ,/, to/in the/at rejoicing/nn of/in most/ap of/in its/pp$ 7,000,000/cd Buddhists/nps and/cc the/at lament/nn of/in its/pp$ 800,000/cd Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps ./.
Again/rb ,/, India/np has/hvz imposed/vbn formidable/jj barriers/nns against/in the/at entrance/nn of/in additional/jj missionaries/nns ,/, and/cc fanatical/jj Hindu/np parties/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to seek/vb further/jjr action/nn against/in Christians/nps once/cs the/at influence/nn making/vbg for/in tolerance/nn due/jj to/in Nehru/np and/cc his/pp$ followers/nns is/bez gone/vbn ./.


	The/at progressive/jj closing/nn of/in Afro-Asian/jj ears/nns to/in the/at Christian/jj message/nn is/bez epitomized/vbn in/in a/at conversation/nn I/ppss had/hvd three/cd years/nns ago/rb while/cs flying/vbg from/in Jerusalem/np to/in Cairo/np ./.
I/ppss was/bedz seated/vbn next/in to/in the/at director/nn of/in the/at Seventh/od-tl Day/nn-tl Adventists'/nps$ world/nn radio/nn program/nn ./.
He/pps said/vbd that/cs on/in his/pp$ tour/nn the/at preceding/vbg year/nn a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in hours/nns would/md have/hv been/ben available/jj to/in him/ppo on/in Japanese/jj radio/nn networks/nns ,/, but/cc that/cs he/pps had/hvd then/rb lacked/vbn the/at funds/nns to/to contract/vb for/in them/ppo ./.
After/cs returning/vbg to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc raising/vbg the/at money/nn ,/, he/pps discovered/vbd on/in getting/vbg back/rb to/in Japan/np that/cs the/at hours/nns were/bed no/ql longer/rbr available/jj ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* that/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben contracted/vbn for/in during/in the/at interval/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss simply/rb could/md no/ql longer/rbr be/be purchased/vbn for/in missionary/nn purposes/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* unfair/jj to/to add/vb on/in the/at other/ap side/nn that/cs the/at crude/jj and/cc almost/rb vitriolic/jj approach/nn of/in certain/jj fundamentalist/nn sects/nns toward/in the/at cultures/nns and/cc religions/nns among/in which/wdt they/ppss work/vb has/hvz contributed/vbn measurably/rb to/in this/dt heightening/nn of/in anti-Christian/jj sentiment/nn ./.
Ironically/rb ,/, these/dts are/ber the/at groups/nns which/wdt have/hv doubled/vbn or/cc tripled/vbn their/pp$ missionary/nn efforts/nns since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, while/cs the/at more/ql established/vbn denominations/nns are/ber barely/rb maintaining/vbg pre-war/jj staffs/nns ./.


	Although/cs I/ppss have/hv emphasized/vbn the/at barriers/nns which/wdt an/at aroused/vbn nationalism/nn has/hvz raised/vbn against/in relations/nns between/in Christians/nps and/cc non-Christians/nps in/in Asia/np ,/, the/at fact/nn is/bez that/cs this/dt development/nn has/hvz also/rb widened/vbn the/at gulf/nn between/in certain/jj Afro-Asian/jj religions/nns themselves/ppls ./.
The/at partition/nn of/in India/np has/hvz hardly/rb improved/vbn relations/nns between/in Hindus/nps and/cc Muslims/nps ;/. ;/.
neither/cc has/hvz the/at establishment/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Israel/np-tl fostered/vbd harmony/nn between/in Muslims/nps and/cc Jews/nps ./.



3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
I/ppss turn/vb finally/rb to/in several/ap theological/jj developments/nns ./.
1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Theocracy/nn reconsidered/vbn ./.
The/at modern/jj world/nn has/hvz been/ben marked/vbn by/in progressive/jj disaffection/nn with/in claims/nns to/in divine/jj sanction/nn for/in the/at state/nn ,/, whatever/wdt its/pp$ political/jj form/nn ./.
The/at American/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz historic/jj at/in this/dt point/nn in/in providing/vbg that/cs ``/`` Congress/np shall/md make/vb no/at law/nn respecting/in an/at establishment/nn of/in religion/nn or/cc prohibiting/vbg the/at free/jj exercise/nn thereof/rb ''/'' ./.
One/cd of/in our/pp$ foremost/jjs jurists/nns ,/, David/np Dudley/np Field/np ,/, has/hvz gone/vbn so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to call/vb this/dt provision/nn ``/`` the/at greatest/jjt achievement/nn ever/rb made/vbn in/in the/at course/nn of/in human/jj history/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at trend/nn throughout/in the/at world's/nn$ religions/nns has/hvz been/ben toward/in a/at recognition/nn of/in at/in least/ap the/at practical/jj validity/nn of/in this/dt constitutional/jj enactment/nn ./.
Pakistan/np was/bedz created/vbn in/in 1947/cd expressly/rb as/cs a/at Muslim/jj state/nn ,/, but/cc when/wrb the/at army/nn took/vbd over/rp eleven/cd years/nns later/rbr it/pps did/dod so/rb on/in a/at wave/nn of/in mass/nn impatience/nn which/wdt was/bedz directed/vbn in/in part/nn against/in the/at inability/nn of/in political/jj and/cc religious/jj leaders/nns to/to think/vb their/pp$ way/nn through/rp to/in the/at meaning/nn of/in Islam/np for/in the/at modern/jj political/jj situation/nn ./.
``/`` What/wdt is/bez the/at point/nn ''/'' ,/, Charles/np Adams/np reports/vbz the/at Pakistanis/nps as/cs asking/vbg ,/, ``/`` in/in demanding/vbg an/at Islamic/jj state/nn and/cc society/nn if/cs no/at one/pn ,/, not/* even/rb the/at doctors/nns of/in the/at sacred/jj law/nn themselves/ppls ,/, can/md say/vb clearly/rb and/cc succinctly/rb what/wdt the/at nature/nn of/in such/abl a/at state/nn and/cc society/nn is/bez ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at current/jj regime/nn of/in President/nn-tl Mohammad/np Ayub/np Khan/np is/bez determinedly/ql secular/jj ./.
And/cc while/cs the/at nation/nn was/bedz formerly/rb named/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Islamic/jj-tl Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl Pakistan/np-tl ''/'' ,/, it/pps is/bez now/rb simply/rb ``/`` The/at-tl Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl Pakistan/np ''/'' ./.


	Comparable/jj trends/nns can/md be/be noted/vbn elsewhere/rb ./.
The/at new/jj regime/nn in/in Turkey/np is/bez intentionally/rb less/ap Muslim/jj than/cs its/pp$ predecessor/nn ./.
The/at religious/jj parties/nns in/in Israel/np have/hv experienced/vbn a/at great/jj loss/nn of/in prestige/nn in/in recent/jj months/nns ./.
During/in the/at years/nns when/wrb Israel/np was/bedz passing/vbg from/in crisis/nn to/in crisis/nn --/-- the/at Sinai/np campaign/nn ,/, the/at infusion/nn of/in multitudes/nns of/in penniless/jj immigrants/nns --/-- it/pps was/bedz felt/vbn that/cs the/at purpose/nn of/in national/jj unity/nn could/md be/be best/rbt served/vbn if/cs the/at secular/jj majority/nn were/bed to/to yield/vb to/in the/at religious/jj parties/nns ./.
Now/rb that/cs Israel/np enjoys/vbz relative/jj prosperity/nn and/cc a/at reduction/nn of/in tensions/nns ,/, the/at secularists/nns are/ber less/ql disposed/vbn to/to compromise/vb ./.
And/cc in/in this/dt country/nn Gustave/np Weigel's/np$ delineation/nn of/in the/at line/nn between/in the/at sacral/jj and/cc secular/jj orders/nns during/in the/at last/ap presidential/jj campaign/nn served/vbd to/to provide/vb a/at most/ql impressive/jj Roman/jj Catholic/jj defense/nn of/in the/at practical/jj autonomy/nn of/in both/abx church/nn and/cc state/nn ./.
The/at failure/nn at/in that/dt time/nn of/in the/at Puerto/np Rican/jj-tl bishops/nns to/to control/vb the/at votes/nns of/in their/pp$ people/nns added/vbd a/at ring/nn of/in good/jj sense/nn to/in Father/nn-tl Weigel's/np$ theological/jj argument/nn ./.
Everywhere/rb there/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be a/at growing/vbg recognition/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs governments/nns and/cc religious/jj institutions/nns alike/rb are/ber too/ql fallible/jj and/cc corruptible/jj --/-- in/in a/at word/nn ,/, too/ql human/jj --/-- to/to warrant/vb any/dti claim/nn of/in maintaining/vbg partnership/nn with/in the/at divine/jj ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Salvation/nn reconsidered/vbn ./.
My/pp$ father/nn went/vbd as/cs a/at missionary/nn to/in China/np in/in a/at generation/nn that/wps responded/vbd to/in Student/nn-tl Volunteer/nn-tl Movement/nn-tl speakers/nns who/wps held/vbd watches/nns in/in their/pp$ hands/nns and/cc announced/vbd to/in the/at students/nns in/in their/pp$ audiences/nns how/wrb many/ap Chinese/jj souls/nns were/bed going/vbg to/in hell/nn each/dt second/od because/cs these/dts students/nns were/bed not/* over/in there/rb saving/vbg them/ppo ./.
That/cs mention/nn of/in this/dt should/md bring/vb smiles/nns to/in our/pp$ lips/nns today/nr is/bez as/ql clear/jj an/at indication/nn as/cs we/ppss could/md wish/vb of/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt attitudes/nns have/hv changed/vbn ./.
I/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb to/to imply/vb that/cs Christians/nps have/hv adopted/vbn the/at liberal/jj assumption/nn ,/, so/ql prevalent/jj in/in Hinduism/np ,/, that/cs all/abn religions/nns are/ber merely/rb different/jj paths/nns to/in the/at same/ap summit/nn ./.
Leslie/np Newbiggin/np reflects/vbz the/at dominant/jj position/nn within/in the/at World/nn-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl when/wrb he/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` We/ppss must/md claim/vb absoluteness/nn and/cc finality/nn for/in Christ/np and/cc His/pp$ finished/vbd work/nn ,/, but/cc that/dt very/ap claim/nn forbids/vbz us/ppo to/to claim/vb absoluteness/nn and/cc finality/nn for/in our/pp$ understanding/nn of/in it/ppo ''/'' ./.
Newbiggin's/np$ qualification/nn on/in the/at Christian/jj claim/nn is/bez of/in considerable/jj significance/nn ./.
The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl has/hvz excommunicated/vbn one/cd of/in its/pp$ priests/nns ,/, Father/nn-tl Feeney/np ,/, for/in insisting/vbg that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at salvation/nn outside/in the/at visible/jj church/nn ./.
In/in mentioning/vbg this/dt under/in ``/`` salvation/nn reconsidered/vbn ''/'' I/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb to/to imply/vb that/cs Roman/jj Catholic/jj doctrine/nn has/hvz changed/vbn in/in this/dt area/nn but/cc rather/rb that/cs it/pps has/hvz become/vbn clearer/jjr to/in the/at world/nn community/nn what/wdt that/dt doctrine/nn is/bez ./.

When/wrb they/ppss say/vb that/cs under/in no/at circumstances/nns would/md it/pps ever/rb be/be right/jj to/to ``/`` permit/vb ''/'' the/at termination/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn by/in human/jj action/nn ,/, because/cs there/ex could/md not/* possibly/rb be/be any/dti proportionate/jj grave/jj reason/nn to/to justify/vb such/abl a/at thing/nn ,/, they/ppss know/vb exactly/rb what/wdt they/ppss mean/vb ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, in/in prudential/jj calculation/nn ,/, in/in balancing/vbg the/at good/nn directly/rb intended/vbn and/cc done/vbn against/in the/at evil/nn unintended/jj and/cc indirectly/rb done/vbn ,/, no/at greater/jjr precision/nn can/md be/be forthcoming/jj than/cs the/at subject/nn allows/vbz ./.
Yet/cc it/pps seems/vbz clear/jj that/cs there/ex can/md be/be no/at good/nn sufficiently/ql great/jj ,/, or/cc evil/nn repelled/vbn sufficiently/ql grave/jj ,/, to/to warrant/vb the/at destruction/nn of/in mankind/nn by/in man's/nn$ own/jj action/nn ./.


	I/ppss mean/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at moral/jj theologian/nn knows/vbz what/wdt he/pps means/vbz by/in ``/`` permit/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps is/bez not/* talking/vbg in/in the/at main/nn about/in probabilities/nns ,/, risks/nns and/cc danger/nn in/in general/jj ./.
He/pps is/bez talking/vbg about/in an/at action/nn which/wdt just/ql as/ql efficaciously/rb does/doz an/at evil/jj thing/nn (/( and/cc is/bez known/vbn certainly/rb and/cc unavoidably/rb to/to lead/vb to/in this/dt evil/jj result/nn )/) as/cs it/pps efficaciously/rb does/doz some/dti good/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez talking/vbg about/in double/jj effects/nns ,/, of/in which/wdt the/at specific/jj action/nn causes/vbz directly/rb the/at one/cd and/cc indirectly/rb the/at other/ap ,/, but/cc causes/vbz both/abx ;/. ;/.
of/in which/wdt one/cd is/bez deliberately/rb willed/vbn or/cc intended/vbn and/cc the/at other/ap not/* intended/vbn or/cc not/* directly/rb intended/vbn ,/, but/cc still/rb both/abx are/ber done/vbn ,/, while/cs the/at evil/jj effect/nn is/bez ,/, with/in equal/jj consciousness/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at agent/nn ,/, foreknown/jj to/to be/be among/in the/at consequences/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez what/wdt ,/, in/in a/at technical/jj sense/nn ,/, to/to ``/`` only/rb permit/vb ''/'' an/at evil/jj result/nn means/vbz ./.
It/pps means/vbz to/to do/do it/ppo and/cc to/to know/vb one/pn is/bez doing/vbg it/ppo ,/, but/cc as/cs only/rb a/at secondary/jj if/cs certain/jj effect/nn of/in the/at good/nn one/pn primarily/rb does/doz and/cc intends/vbz ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, grave/jj guiltiness/nn may/md be/be imputed/vbn to/in the/at military/jj action/nn of/in any/dti nation/nn ,/, or/cc to/in the/at action/nn of/in any/dti leader/nn or/cc leaders/nns ,/, which/wdt for/in any/dti supposed/vbn good/nn ``/`` permits/vbz ''/'' ,/, in/in this/dt sense/nn ,/, the/at termination/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn by/in human/jj action/nn ./.
Certainly/rb ,/, in/in analyzing/vbg an/at action/nn which/wdt truly/rb faced/vbd such/jj alternatives/nns ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez never/rb possible/jj that/cs no/at world/nn would/md be/be preferable/jj to/in some/dti worlds/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber in/in truth/nn no/at circumstances/nns in/in which/wdt the/at destruction/nn of/in human/jj life/nn presents/vbz itself/ppl as/cs a/at reasonable/jj alternative/nn ''/'' ./.


	Naturally/rb ,/, where/wrb one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap of/in the/at effects/nns of/in an/at action/nn is/bez uncertain/jj ,/, this/dt has/hvz to/to be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn ./.
Especially/rb is/bez this/dt true/jj when/wrb ,/, because/cs the/at good/jj effect/nn is/bez remote/jj and/cc speculative/jj while/cs the/at evil/nn is/bez certain/jj and/cc grave/jj ,/, the/at action/nn is/bez prohibited/vbn ./.
Presumably/rb ,/, if/cs the/at reverse/nn is/bez the/at case/nn and/cc the/at good/jj effect/nn is/bez more/ql certain/jj than/cs the/at evil/jj result/nn that/wps may/md be/be forthcoming/jj ,/, not/* only/rb must/md the/at good/nn and/cc the/at evil/nn be/be prudentially/rb weighed/vbn and/cc found/vbn proportionate/jj ,/, but/cc also/rb calculation/nn of/in the/at probabilities/nns and/cc of/in the/at degree/nn of/in certainty/nn or/cc uncertainty/nn in/in the/at good/jj or/cc evil/jj effect/nn must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn ./.
There/ex must/md not/* only/rb be/be greater/jjr good/nn than/cs evil/nn objectively/rb in/in view/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb greater/jjr probability/nn of/in actually/rb doing/vbg more/ap good/nn than/cs harm/nn ./.
If/cs an/at evil/nn which/wdt is/bez certain/jj and/cc extensive/jj and/cc immediate/jj may/md rarely/rb be/be compensated/vbn for/in by/in a/at problematic/jj ,/, speculative/jj ,/, future/jj good/nn ,/, by/in the/at same/ap token/nn not/* every/at present/jj ,/, certain/jj ,/, and/cc immediate/jj good/nn (/( or/cc lesser/jjr evil/nn )/) that/wps may/md have/hv to/to be/be done/vbn will/md be/be outweighed/vbn by/in a/at problematic/jj ,/, speculative/jj ,/, and/cc future/jj evil/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, according/in to/in the/at traditional/jj theory/nn ,/, a/at man/nn begins/vbz in/in the/at midst/nn of/in action/nn and/cc he/pps analyzes/vbz its/pp$ nature/nn and/cc immediate/jj consequences/nns before/cs or/cc while/cs putting/vbg it/ppo forth/rb and/cc causing/vbg these/dts consequences/nns ./.
He/pps does/doz not/* expect/vb to/to be/be able/jj to/to trammel/vb up/rp all/abn the/at future/jj consequences/nns of/in his/pp$ action/nn ./.
Above/in all/abn ,/, he/pps does/doz not/* debate/vb mere/jj contingencies/nns ,/, and/cc therefore/rb ,/, if/cs these/dts are/ber possibly/rb dreadful/jj ,/, find/vb himself/ppl forced/vbn into/in inaction/nn ./.
He/pps does/doz what/wdt he/pps can/md and/cc may/md and/cc must/md ,/, without/in regarding/vbg himself/ppl as/cs lord/nn of/in the/at future/nn or/cc ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, as/cs covered/vbn with/in guilt/nn by/in accident/nn or/cc unforeseen/jj consequences/nns or/cc by/in results/nns he/pps did/dod not/* ``/`` permit/vb ''/'' in/in the/at sense/nn explained/vbn ./.
By/in contrast/nn ,/, a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in nuclear/jj pacifism/nn begins/vbz with/in the/at contingencies/nns and/cc the/at probabilities/nns ,/, and/cc not/* with/in the/at moral/jj nature/nn of/in the/at action/nn to/to be/be done/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc by/in deriving/vbg legitimate/jj decision/nn backward/rb from/in whatever/wdt may/md conceivably/rb or/cc possibly/rb or/cc probably/rb result/vb ,/, whether/cs by/in anyone's/pn$ doing/nn or/cc by/in accident/nn ,/, it/pps finds/vbz itself/ppl driven/vbn to/in inaction/nn ,/, to/in non-political/jj action/nn in/in politics/nn and/cc non-military/jj action/nn in/in military/jj affairs/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at not/* very/ql surprising/jj discovery/nn that/cs there/ex are/ber now/rb no/at distinctions/nns on/in which/wdt the/at defense/nn of/in justice/nn can/md possibly/rb be/be based/vbn ./.


	Mr./np Philip/np Toynbee/np writes/vbz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` in/in terms/nns of/in probability/nn it/pps is/bez surely/rb as/ql likely/jj as/cs not/* that/cs mutual/jj fear/nn will/md lead/vb to/in accidental/jj war/nn in/in the/at near/jj future/nn if/cs the/at present/jj situation/nn continues/vbz ./.
If/cs it/pps continues/vbz indefinitely/rb it/pps is/bez nearly/rb a/at statistical/jj certainty/nn that/cs a/at mistake/nn will/md be/be made/vbn and/cc that/cs the/at devastation/nn will/md begin/vb ''/'' ./.
Against/in such/abl a/at termination/nn of/in human/jj life/nn on/in earth/nn by/in human/jj action/nn ,/, he/pps then/rb proposes/vbz as/cs an/at alternative/nn that/cs we/ppss ``/`` negotiate/vb at/in once/rb with/in the/at Russians/nps and/cc get/vb the/at best/jjt terms/nns which/wdt are/ber available/jj ''/'' ,/, that/cs we/ppss deliberately/rb ``/`` negotiate/vb from/in comparative/jj weakness/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps bravely/rb attempts/vbz to/to face/vb this/dt alternative/nn realistically/rb ,/, i.e./rb ,/, by/in considering/in the/at worst/jjt possible/jj outcome/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at total/jj domination/nn of/in the/at world/nn by/in Russia/np within/in a/at few/ap years/nns ./.
This/dt would/md be/be by/in far/rb the/at better/jjr choice/nn ,/, when/wrb ``/`` it/pps is/bez a/at question/nn of/in allowing/vbg the/at human/jj race/nn to/to survive/vb ,/, possibly/rb under/in the/at domination/nn of/in a/at regime/nn which/wdt most/ap of/in us/ppo detest/vb ,/, or/cc of/in allowing/vbg it/ppo to/to destroy/vb itself/ppl in/in appalling/jj and/cc prolonged/vbn anguish/nn ''/'' ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, the/at consequence/nn of/in the/at policy/nn proposed/vbn is/bez everywhere/rb subtly/ql qualified/vbn :/: it/pps is/bez ``/`` a/at possible/jj result/nn ,/, however/wql improbable/jj ''/'' ;/. ;/.
``/`` the/at worst/jjt ,/, and/cc least/ql probable/jj ''/'' result/nn ;/. ;/.
``/`` if/cs it/pps didn't/dod* prevail/vb mankind/nn would/md still/rb be/be given/vbn the/at opportunity/nn of/in prevailing/vbg ''/'' ;/. ;/.
for/cs ``/`` surely/rb anything/pn is/bez better/jjr than/cs a/at policy/nn which/wdt allows/vbz for/in the/at possibility/nn of/in nuclear/jj war/nn ''/'' ./.
If/cs we/ppss have/hv not/* thought/vbn and/cc made/vbn a/at decision/nn entirely/rb in/in these/dts terms/nns ,/, then/rb we/ppss need/vb to/to submit/vb ourselves/ppls to/in the/at following/vbg ``/`` simple/jj test/nn ''/'' :/: ``/`` Have/hv we/ppss decided/vbd how/wrb we/ppss are/ber to/to kill/vb the/at other/ap members/nns of/in our/pp$ household/nn in/in the/at event/nn of/in our/pp$ being/beg less/ql injured/vbn than/cs they/ppss are/ber ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Thus/rb ,/, moral/jj decision/nn must/md be/be entirely/rb deduced/vbn backward/rb from/in the/at likely/jj eventuality/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr to/to be/be formulated/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in the/at nature/nn of/in present/jj action/nn itself/ppl ,/, its/pp$ intention/nn ,/, and/cc proximate/jj effect/nn or/cc the/at thing/nn to/to be/be done/vbn ./.


	Several/ap of/in the/at replies/nns to/in Mr./np Toynbee/np ,/, without/in conscious/jj resort/nn to/in the/at traditional/jj terminology/nn with/in regard/nn to/in the/at permission/nn of/in evil/nn ,/, succeed/vb in/in restoring/vbg the/at actual/jj context/nn in/in which/wdt present/jj moral/jj and/cc political/jj decisions/nns must/md be/be made/vbn ,/, by/in distinguishing/vbg between/in choosing/vbg a/at great/jj evil/nn and/cc choosing/vbg in/in danger/nn of/in this/dt evil/nn ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez worse/jjr for/in a/at nation/nn to/to give/vb in/rp to/in evil/nn than/cs to/to run/vb the/at risk/nn of/in annihilation/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` I/ppss am/bem consciously/rb prepared/vbn to/to run/vb the/at continued/vbn risk/nn of/in '/' race/nn suicide/nn by/in accident/nn '/' rather/in than/cs accept/vb the/at alternative/jj certainty/nn of/in race/nn slavery/nn by/in design/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss can/md only/rb make/vb this/dt choice/nn because/cs I/ppss believe/vb that/cs the/at risk/nn need/md not/* increase/vb ,/, but/cc may/md be/be deliberately/rb reduced/vbn ''/'' (/( by/in precautions/nns against/in accidents/nns or/cc by/in limiting/vbg war/nn ?/. ?/.
)/) ``/`` Quoting/vbg Mr./np Kennan's/np$ phrase/nn that/cs anything/pn would/md be/be better/jjr than/cs a/at policy/nn which/wdt led/vbd inevitably/rb to/in nuclear/jj war/nn ,/, he/pps (/( Toynbee/np )/) says/vbz that/cs anything/pn is/bez better/jjr than/cs a/at policy/nn which/wdt allows/vbz for/in the/at possibility/nn of/in nuclear/jj war/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` If/cs asked/vbn to/to choose/vb between/in a/at terrible/jj probability/nn and/cc a/at more/ql terrible/jj possibility/nn ,/, most/ap men/nns will/md choose/vb the/at latter/ap ''/'' ./.
``/`` If/cs Philip/np Toynbee/np is/bez claiming/vbg that/cs the/at choice/nn lies/vbz between/in capitulation/nn and/cc the/at risk/nn of/in nuclear/jj war/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb he/pps is/bez right/jj ./.
I/ppss do/do not/* accept/vb that/cs the/at choice/nn is/bez between/in capitulation/nn and/cc the/at certainty/nn of/in nuclear/jj war/nn ''/'' ./.
Even/rb Professor/nn-tl Arnold/np Toynbee/np ,/, agreeing/vbg with/in his/pp$ son/nn ,/, does/doz so/rb in/in these/dts terms/nns :/: ``/`` Compared/vbn to/in continuing/vbg to/to incur/vb a/at constant/jj risk/nn of/in the/at destruction/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn ,/, all/abn other/ap evils/nns are/ber lesser/jjr evils/nns ./.
Let/vb us/ppo therefore/rb put/vb first/od things/nns first/rb ,/, and/cc make/vb sure/jj of/in preserving/vbg the/at human/jj race/nn at/in whatever/wdt the/at temporary/jj price/nn may/md be/be ''/'' ./.


	Mr./np Philip/np Toynbee/np affirms/vbz at/in one/cd point/nn that/cs if/cs he/pps shared/vbd the/at anticipations/nns of/in Orwell/np in/in Nineteen/cd-tl Eighty-Four/cd-tl ,/, if/cs he/pps believed/vbd Communism/nn-tl was/bedz not/* only/rb evil/jj but/cc ``/`` also/rb irredeemably/ql evil/jj ''/'' ,/, then/rb he/pps might/md ``/`` think/vb it/ppo right/jj to/to do/do anything/pn rather/in than/in to/to take/vb the/at risk/nn of/in a/at communist/nn world/nn ./.
Even/rb a/at nuclear/jj holocaust/nn is/bez a/at little/ql less/ql frightful/jj to/to contemplate/vb than/cs a/at race/nn of/in dehumanised/vbn humans/nns occupying/vbg the/at earth/nn until/in doomsday/nn ''/'' ./.
No/at political/jj order/nn or/cc economic/jj system/nn is/bez so/ql clearly/rb contrary/jj to/in nature/nn ./.
But/cc one/pn does/doz not/* have/hv to/to affirm/vb the/at existence/nn of/in an/at evil/jj order/nn irredeemable/jj in/in that/dt sense/nn ,/, or/cc a/at static/jj order/nn in/in which/wdt no/at changes/nns will/md take/vb place/nn in/in time/nn ,/, to/to be/be able/jj truthfully/rb to/to affirm/vb the/at following/vbg fact/nn :/: there/ex has/hvz never/rb been/ben justitia/fw-nn imprinted/vbn in/in social/jj institutions/nns and/cc social/jj relationships/nns except/in in/in the/at context/nn of/in some/dti pax-ordo/fw-nn preserved/vbn by/in clothed/vbn or/cc naked/jj force/nn ./.
On/in their/pp$ way/nn to/in the/at Heavenly/jj-tl City/nn-tl the/at children/nns of/in God/np make/vb use/nn of/in the/at pax-ordo/fw-nn of/in the/at earthly/jj city/nn and/cc acknowledge/vb their/pp$ share/nn in/in responsibility/nn for/in its/pp$ preservation/nn ./.
Not/* to/to repel/vb injury/nn and/cc uphold/vb and/cc improve/vb pax-ordo/fw-nn means/vbz not/* simply/rb to/to accept/vb the/at misshapen/jj order/nn and/cc injustice/nn that/wps challenges/vbz it/ppo at/in the/at moment/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb to/to start/vb down/in the/at steep/jj slope/nn along/in which/wdt justice/nn can/md find/vb no/at place/nn whereon/wrb to/to stand/vb ./.
Toynbee/np seems/vbz to/to think/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez some/dti other/ap way/nn to/to give/vb justice/nn social/jj embodiment/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss would/md far/ql rather/rb die/vb after/in a/at Russian/jj occupation/nn of/in this/dt country/nn --/-- by/in some/dti deliberate/jj act/nn of/in refusal/nn --/-- than/cs die/vb uselessly/rb by/in atomisation/nn ''/'' ./.
Would/md such/abl an/at act/nn of/in refusal/nn be/be useful/jj ?/. ?/.
He/pps does/doz not/* mean/vb ,/, in/in fact/nn he/pps addresses/vbz himself/ppl specifically/rb to/to reject/vb the/at proposition/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` if/cs we/ppss took/vbd the/at risk/nn of/in surrendering/vbg ,/, a/at new/jj generation/nn in/in Britain/np would/md soon/rb begin/vb to/to amass/vb its/pp$ strength/nn in/in secret/jj in/in order/nn to/to reverse/vb the/at consequences/nns of/in that/dt surrender/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps wants/vbz to/to be/be ``/`` brutally/ql frank/jj and/cc say/vb that/cs these/dts rebellions/nns would/md be/be hopeless/jj --/-- far/ql ,/, far/ql more/ql hopeless/jj than/cs was/bedz the/at Hungarian/np revolution/nn of/in 1956/cd ''/'' ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* a/at project/nn for/in regaining/vbg the/at ground/nn for/in limited/vbn war/nn ,/, by/in creating/vbg a/at monopoly/nn in/in one/cd power/nn of/in the/at world's/nn$ arsenal/nn of/in unlimited/jj weapons/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at proposal/nn that/cs justice/nn now/rb be/be served/vbn by/in means/nns other/ap than/in those/dts that/wps have/hv ever/rb preconditioned/vbn the/at search/nn for/in it/ppo ,/, or/cc preconditioned/vbn more/ql positive/jj means/nns for/in attaining/vbg it/ppo ,/, in/in the/at past/nn ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez no/at good/jj recommending/vbg surrender/nn rather/in than/in nuclear/jj warfare/nn with/in the/at proviso/nn that/cs surrender/nn could/md be/be followed/vbn by/in the/at effective/jj military/jj resistance/nn by/in occupied/vbn peoples/nns ./.
Hope/nn for/in the/at future/nn would/md lie/vb in/in the/at natural/jj longing/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn for/in freedom/nn and/cc the/at right/nn to/to develop/vb ''/'' ./.
This/dt is/bez to/to surrender/vb in/in advance/nn to/in whatever/wdt attack/nn may/md yet/rb be/be mounted/vbn ,/, to/in the/at very/ql last/ap ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez to/to stride/vb along/in the/at steep/jj slope/nn downward/rb ./.
The/at only/ap contrary/jj action/nn ,/, in/in the/at future/nn as/cs in/in the/at past/nn ,/, runs/vbz the/at risk/nn of/in war/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, now/rb and/cc in/in the/at future/nn unlike/in in/in the/at past/nn ,/, any/dti attempt/nn to/to repel/vb injury/nn and/cc to/to preserve/vb any/dti particular/jj civilized/vbn attainment/nn of/in mankind/nn or/cc its/pp$ provisional/jj justice/nn runs/vbz some/dti risk/nn of/in nuclear/jj warfare/nn and/cc the/at danger/nn that/cs an/at effect/nn of/in it/ppo will/md ,/, by/in human/jj action/nn ,/, render/vb this/dt planet/nn less/ql habitable/jj by/in the/at human/jj race/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez why/wrb it/pps is/bez so/ql very/ql important/jj that/cs ethical/jj analysis/nn keep/vb clear/jj the/at problem/nn of/in decision/nn as/in to/in ``/`` permitted/vbn ''/'' effects/nns ,/, and/cc not/* draw/vb back/rb in/in fright/nn from/in any/dti conceivable/jj contingency/nn or/cc suffer/vb paralysis/nn of/in action/nn before/in possibilities/nns or/cc probabilities/nns unrelated/jj ,/, or/cc not/* directly/rb morally/rb related/vbn ,/, to/in what/wdt we/ppss can/md and/cc may/md and/cc must/md do/do as/ql long/rb as/cs human/jj history/nn endures/vbz ./.


	Finally/rb ,/, just/rb as/cs no/at different/jj issues/nns are/ber posed/vbn for/in thoughtful/jj analysis/nn by/in the/at foreshortening/nn of/in time/nn that/wps may/md yet/rb pass/vb before/in the/at end/nn of/in human/jj life/nn on/in this/dt earth/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb stimulation/nn and/cc alarm/nn to/in the/at imagination/nn ,/, the/at same/ap thing/nn must/md be/be said/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in the/at question/nn of/in what/wdt we/ppss may/md perhaps/rb already/rb be/be doing/vbg ,/, by/in human/jj action/nn ,/, to/to accelerate/vb this/dt end/nn ./.
We/ppss should/md not/* allow/vb the/at image/nn of/in an/at immanent/jj end/nn brought/vbn about/rb indirectly/rb by/in our/pp$ own/jj action/nn in/in the/at continuing/vbg human/jj struggle/nn for/in a/at just/jj endurable/jj order/nn of/in existence/nn to/to blind/vb us/ppo to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs in/in some/dti measure/nn accelerating/vbg the/at end/nn of/in our/pp$ lease/nn may/md be/be one/cd consequence/nn among/in others/nns of/in many/ap other/ap of/in mankind's/nn$ thrusts/nns toward/in we/ppss know/vb not/* what/wdt future/nn ./.



	Much/ql more/ap than/in shelter/nn ,/, housing/vbg symbolizes/vbz social/jj status/nn ,/, a/at sense/nn of/in ``/`` belonging/vbg ''/'' ,/, acceptance/nn within/in a/at given/vbn group/nn or/cc neighborhood/nn ,/, identification/nn with/in particular/jj cultural/jj values/nns and/cc social/jj institutions/nns ,/, feelings/nns of/in pride/nn and/cc worth/nn ,/, aspirations/nns and/cc hopes/nns basic/jj to/in human/jj well-being/nn ./.
For/in almost/rb one-sixth/nn of/in the/at national/jj population/nn discrimination/nn in/in the/at free/jj selection/nn of/in residence/nn casts/vbz a/at considerable/jj shadow/nn upon/in these/dts values/nns assumed/vbn as/cs self-evident/jj by/in most/ap Americans/nps ./.


	Few/ap business/nn groups/nns in/in recent/jj years/nns have/hv come/vbn under/in heavier/jjr pressure/nn to/to face/vb these/dts realities/nns than/cs real/jj estate/nn brokers/nns and/cc home/nn builders/nns ./.
This/dt pressure/nn has/hvz urged/vbn re-evaluation/nn of/in the/at assumptions/nns underlying/vbg their/pp$ professional/jj ethics/nns ;/. ;/.
it/pps has/hvz sought/vbn new/jj sympathy/nn for/in the/at human/jj aspirations/nns of/in racial/jj minority/nn groups/nns in/in this/dt country/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs ,/, as/cs spokesman/nn for/in real/jj estate/nn interests/nns ,/, the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Real/jj-tl Estate/nn-tl Boards/nns-tl (/( NAREB/np )/) and/cc its/pp$ local/jj associations/nns have/hv sought/vbn to/to limit/vb and/cc often/rb ignore/vb much/ap of/in this/dt pressure/nn ./.


	How/wrb does/doz the/at local/jj realtor/nn see/vb himself/ppl in/in the/at context/nn of/in housing/vbg restrictions/nns based/vbn on/in race/nn ,/, religion/nn or/cc ethnic/jj attachment/nn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt does/doz he/pps conceive/vb his/pp$ role/nn to/to be/be in/in this/dt area/nn of/in social/jj unrest/nn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt ought/md to/to be/be ,/, what/wdt is/bez his/pp$ potential/jj role/nn as/cs a/at force/nn for/in constructive/jj social/jj change/nn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt social/jj ,/, ethical/jj and/cc theological/jj insights/nns can/md the/at church/nn and/cc university/nn help/vb him/ppo bring/vb to/to bear/vb upon/in his/pp$ situation/nn ?/. ?/.


	Recently/rb ,/, a/at group/nn of/in the/at faculty/nn at/in Wesleyan/np-tl University's/nn$-tl Public/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl Center/nn-tl sought/vbd some/dti answers/nns to/in these/dts questions/nns ./.
Several/ap New/jj-tl England/np-tl realtors/nns were/bed invited/vbn to/to participate/vb in/in a/at small/jj colloquium/nn of/in property/nn lawyers/nns ,/, political/jj scientists/nns ,/, economists/nns ,/, social/jj psychologists/nns ,/, social/jj ethicists/nns and/cc theologians/nns ./.
Here/rb ,/, in/in an/at atmosphere/nn of/in forthrightness/nn and/cc mutual/jj criticism/nn ,/, each/dt sought/vbd to/to bring/vb his/pp$ particular/jj insights/nns to/to bear/vb upon/in the/at question/nn of/in discrimination/nn in/in housing/vbg and/cc the/at part/nn each/dt man/nn present/rb played/vbd in/in it/ppo ./.


	For/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns ,/, Wesleyan/np has/hvz been/ben drawing/vbg varied/vbn groups/nns of/in political/jj and/cc business/nn leaders/nns into/in these/dts informal/jj discussions/nns with/in members/nns of/in the/at faculty/nn and/cc student/nn body/nn ,/, attempting/vbg to/to explore/vb and/cc clarify/vb aspects/nns of/in their/pp$ responsibility/nn for/in public/jj policy/nn ./.
This/dt article/nn presents/vbz our/pp$ observations/nns of/in that/dt session/nn ,/, of/in the/at realtors/nns as/cs they/ppss saw/vbd themselves/ppls and/cc as/cs the/at faculty/nn and/cc students/nns saw/vb them/ppo ./.


	Such/jj conversation/nn quickly/rb reveals/vbz an/at ethically/rb significant/jj ambivalence/nn in/in the/at self-images/nns held/vbn by/in most/ap realtors/nns ./.
Within/in the/at membership/nn of/in this/dt group/nn ,/, as/cs has/hvz been/ben found/vbn true/jj of/in men/nns in/in other/ap professional/jj or/cc trade/nn associations/nns ,/, the/at most/ql ready/jj portrayal/nn of/in oneself/ppl to/in ``/`` the/at public/nn ''/'' is/bez that/dt of/in a/at neutral/jj agent/nn simply/rb serving/vbg the/at interests/nns of/in a/at seller/nn or/cc buyer/nn and/cc mediating/vbg between/in them/ppo ./.
Professional/jj responsibility/nn is/bez seen/vbn to/to consist/vb largely/rb in/in serving/vbg the/at wishes/nns of/in the/at client/nn fairly/rb and/cc in/in an/at efficient/jj manner/nn ./.
But/cc as/cs conversation/nn goes/vbz on/rp ,/, particularly/rb among/in the/at realtors/nns themselves/ppls ,/, another/dt image/nn emerges/vbz ,/, that/dt of/in considerable/jj power/nn and/cc influence/nn in/in the/at community/nn ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, much/ql more/ap than/in customer/nn expectation/nn is/bez determining/vbg the/at realtor's/nn$ role/nn ./.
Judgments/nns are/ber continually/rb rendered/vbn regarding/in the/at potential/jj buyers'/nns$ income/nn ,/, educational/jj level/nn and/cc above/in all/abn ,/, racial/jj extraction/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc whether/cs these/dts would/md qualify/vb them/ppo for/in ``/`` congenial/jj ''/'' ,/, ``/`` happy/jj ''/'' relations/nns to/in other/ap people/nns in/in certain/jj community/nn areas/nns ./.



A/at-hl narrow/jj-hl professionalism/nn-hl 
How/wql explicit/jj such/jj factors/nns have/hv been/ben historically/rb is/bez evident/jj in/in any/dti chronology/nn of/in restrictive/jj covenant/nn cases/nns or/cc in/in a/at review/nn of/in NAREB's/nn Code/nn-tl of/in-tl Ethics/nn-tl Article/nn-tl 34/cd-tl in/in the/at Code/nn-tl ,/, adopted/vbn in/in 1924/cd ,/, states/vbz that/cs ``/`` a/at Realtor/nn-tl should/md never/rb be/be instrumental/jj in/in introducing/vbg into/in a/at neighborhood/nn a/at character/nn of/in property/nn or/cc occupancy/nn ,/, members/nns of/in any/dti race/nn or/cc nationality/nn or/cc any/dti individuals/nns whose/wp$ presence/nn will/md clearly/rb be/be detrimental/jj to/in property/nn values/nns in/in that/dt neighborhood/nn ''/'' ./.
Though/cs the/at reference/nn to/in race/nn was/bedz stricken/vbn by/in the/at association/nn in/in 1950/cd ,/, being/beg an/at agent/nn of/in such/jj ``/`` detrimental/jj ''/'' influences/nns still/rb appears/vbz as/cs the/at cardinal/jj sin/nn realtors/nns see/vb themselves/ppls committed/vbn to/to avoid/vb ./.


	The/at rationale/nn for/in this/dt avoidance/nn was/bedz most/ql frequently/rb expressed/vbn in/in economic/jj terms/nns ;/. ;/.
all/abn feared/vbd the/at supposed/vbn stigma/nn they/ppss believed/vbd would/md inevitably/rb attach/vb to/in any/dti realtor/nn who/wps openly/rb introduced/vbd non-white/jj ,/, particularly/rb Negro/np ,/, peoples/nns into/in all-white/jj ,/, restricted/vbn areas/nns ./.
They/ppss would/md become/vb tagged/vbn as/cs men/nns not/* interested/vbn in/in being/beg purely/rb real/jj estate/nn ``/`` professionals/nns ''/'' but/cc agitators/nns for/in some/dti kind/nn of/in ``/`` cause/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` reform/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc this/dt was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr to/to be/be a/at ``/`` pro/nn ''/'' ./.


	Obviously/rb what/wdt we/ppss are/ber confronted/vbn with/in here/rb is/bez the/at identification/nn of/in ``/`` professional/nn ''/'' with/in narrow/jj skills/nns and/cc specialization/nn ,/, the/at effective/jj servicing/nn of/in a/at client/nn ,/, rather/in than/in responsiveness/nn to/in the/at wider/jjr and/cc deeper/jjr meaning/nn and/cc associations/nns of/in one's/pn$ work/nn ./.
These/dts men/nns --/-- for/in the/at most/ap part/nn educated/vbn in/in our/pp$ ``/`` best/jjt ''/'' New/jj-tl England/np-tl colleges/nns ,/, well/ql established/vbn financially/rb and/cc socially/rb in/in the/at community/nn --/-- under/in kindly/jj but/cc insistent/jj probing/vbg ,/, reveal/vb little/ap or/cc no/at objective/jj or/cc explicit/jj criteria/nns or/cc data/nns for/in their/pp$ generalizations/nns about/in the/at interests/nns and/cc attitudes/nns of/in the/at people/nns they/ppss claim/vb to/to serve/vb ,/, or/cc about/in the/at public/jj responses/nns that/wps actually/rb follow/vb their/pp$ occasional/jj breach/nn of/in a/at ``/`` client-service/nn relationship/nn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt narrow/jj ``/`` professionalism/nn ''/'' does/doz not/* even/rb fit/vb the/at present/jj realities/nns of/in their/pp$ situation/nn ,/, as/cs the/at pressure/nn of/in minorities/nns and/cc the/at power/nn and/cc respectability/nn of/in the/at realtors/nns increase/vb ./.
As/cs our/pp$ discussion/nn continued/vbd ,/, the/at inadequacy/nn of/in the/at ``/`` client/nn relationship/nn ''/'' as/cs an/at interpretation/nn of/in their/pp$ ``/`` way/nn of/in operating/vbg ''/'' became/vbd evident/jj ./.
Realtors/nns live/vb in/in their/pp$ communities/nns as/cs specialists/nns in/in a/at given/vbn area/nn of/in work/nn ,/, as/cs members/nns of/in social/jj and/cc professional/jj organizations/nns ,/, as/cs citizens/nns and/cc civic/jj leaders/nns ,/, as/cs church/nn laymen/nns ,/, as/cs university/nn alumni/nns ,/, as/cs newspaper/nn readers/nns ,/, etc./rb ./.
From/in such/jj communal/jj roles/nns the/at realtor/nn finds/vbz the/at substance/nn that/wps shapes/vbz his/pp$ moral/jj understanding/nn ./.


	It/pps seems/vbz to/in us/ppo that/cs choices/nns exercised/vbn by/in realtors/nns in/in moral/jj situations/nns center/vb in/in at/in least/ap three/cd areas/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at various/jj ways/nns in/in which/wdt they/ppss interpret/vb a/at particular/jj social/jj issue/nn ;/. ;/.
(/( 2/cd )/) their/pp$ pattern/nn of/in involvement/nn in/in the/at regular/jj legal/jj and/cc political/jj processes/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, most/ql pervasively/rb ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) their/pp$ interpretation/nn of/in who/wps is/bez a/at ``/`` real/jj pro/nn ''/'' ,/, of/in what/wdt it/pps means/vbz to/to be/be a/at professional/jj man/nn in/in a/at technical/jj ,/, fragmented/vbn society/nn ./.


	(/( 1/cd )/) Most/ap of/in the/at realtors/nns minimized/vbd their/pp$ own/jj understanding/nn of/in and/cc role/nn in/in the/at racial/jj issue/nn ,/, pleading/vbg that/cs they/ppss only/rb reflect/vb the/at attitudes/nns and/cc intentions/nns of/in their/pp$ society/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez some/dti reality/nn to/in this/dt ;/. ;/.
the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Race/nn-tl and/cc-tl Housing/nn-tl concluded/vbd that/cs ``/`` there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn to/to believe/vb that/cs real/jj estate/nn men/nns are/ber either/cc more/ql or/cc less/ql racially/rb prejudiced/vbn ,/, on/in the/at whole/jj ,/, than/cs any/dti other/ap segment/nn of/in the/at American/jj population/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc such/abl a/at reaction/nn obscures/vbz the/at powerful/jj efforts/nns made/vbn in/in the/at past/nn by/in both/abx NAREB/nn and/cc its/pp$ local/jj boards/nns for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in restrictive/jj clauses/nns and/cc practices/nns ./.
Also/rb ,/, it/pps does/doz not/* recognize/vb the/at elements/nns of/in choice/nn and/cc judgment/nn continually/rb employed/vbn ./.


	Like/cs business/nn and/cc university/nn groups/nns generally/rb ,/, these/dts men/nns had/hvd very/ql limited/vbn knowledge/nn of/in recent/jj sociological/jj and/cc psychological/jj studies/nns and/cc findings/nns that/wps might/md illumine/vb the/at decisions/nns they/ppss make/vb ./.
Realtors/nns ,/, both/abx generally/rb and/cc in/in this/dt group/nn ,/, have/hv invariably/rb equated/vbn residential/jj integration/nn with/in a/at decline/nn in/in property/nn values/nns ,/, a/at circumstance/nn viewed/vbn with/in considerable/jj apprehension/nn ./.


	Recent/jj studies/nns by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Race/nn-tl and/cc-tl Housing/nn-tl and/cc others/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, point/vb to/in a/at vast/jj complex/nn of/in factors/nns that/wps often/rb do/do not/* warrant/vb this/dt conclusion/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber increasing/vbg numbers/nns of/in neighborhoods/nns that/wps are/ber integrated/vbn residentially/rb without/in great/jj loss/nn of/in property/nn values/nns ,/, the/at white/jj population/nn having/hvg taken/vbn the/at initiative/nn in/in preparing/vbg the/at areas/nns for/in an/at appreciation/nn of/in the/at Negroes'/nps$ desire/nn for/in well-kept/jj housing/nn ,/, privacy/nn ,/, etc./rb ./.
Data/nn on/in the/at decline/nn of/in property/nn values/nns in/in an/at area/nn after/cs a/at new/jj racial/jj group/nn enters/vbz it/pps has/hvz to/to be/be assessed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in the/at trends/nns in/in property/nn values/nns before/cs the/at group/nn comes/vbz in/rp ./.
Often/rb they/ppss are/ber able/jj to/to get/vb in/rp only/rb because/cs the/at area/nn is/bez declining/vbg economically/rb ./.


	Significantly/rb ,/, no/at realtor/nn and/cc few/ap of/in the/at faculty/nn present/rb were/bed familiar/jj with/in any/dti of/in the/at six/cd volumes/nns (/( published/vbn by/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl Press/nn-tl )/) that/wps present/vb the/at commission's/nn$ findings/nns ./.
No/at one/pn anticipates/vbz any/dti radical/jj shift/nn in/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, but/cc questions/nns concerning/in reading/vbg habits/nns ,/, the/at availability/nn of/in such/jj data/nn and/cc the/at places/nns where/wrb it/pps is/bez discussed/vbn must/md surely/rb be/be raised/vbn ./.
The/at role/nn of/in both/abx church/nn and/cc university/nn as/cs sources/nns of/in information/nn and/cc settings/nns within/in which/wdt the/at implications/nns of/in such/jj information/nn may/md be/be explored/vbn needs/vbz consideration/nn ./.


	Relevant/jj ``/`` facts/nns ''/'' ,/, however/rb ,/, extend/vb beyond/in considerations/nns of/in property/nn values/nns and/cc maintenance/nn of/in ``/`` harmonious/jj ''/'' neighborhoods/nns ./.
Discussion/nn of/in minority/nn housing/nn necessarily/rb involves/vbz such/jj basic/jj issues/nns as/cs the/at intensity/nn of/in one's/pn$ democratic/jj conviction/nn and/cc religious/jj belief/nn concerning/in equality/nn of/in opportunity/nn ,/, the/at function/nn and/cc limitations/nns of/in government/nn in/in the/at securing/nn of/in such/jj equality/nn ,/, and/cc the/at spotlight/nn that/dt world/nn opinion/nn plays/vbz upon/in local/jj incidents/nns of/in racial/jj agitation/nn and/cc strife/nn ./.



``/`` Against/in-hl the/at-hl grain/nn-hl of/in-hl creation/nn-hl ''/'' 
(/( 2/cd )/) Realtors/nns realize/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss are/ber involved/vbn in/in an/at increasingly/ql complex/jj legal/jj and/cc political/jj system/nn that/wps is/bez opening/vbg up/rp opportunities/nns for/in leverage/nn on/in their/pp$ relation/nn to/in clients/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs opportunities/nns for/in evasion/nn of/in their/pp$ responsibility/nn for/in racial/jj discrimination/nn in/in housing/vbg ./.
On/in the/at positive/jj side/nn ,/, recent/jj Federal/jj-tl action/nn has/hvz largely/rb undermined/vbn the/at legal/jj sanction/nn so/ql long/rb enjoyed/vbn by/in the/at segregationist/nn position/nn ;/. ;/.
anti-discriminatory/jj statutes/nns in/in housing/vbg have/hv now/rb been/ben adopted/vbn by/in thirteen/cd states/nns and/cc ,/, while/cs specific/jj provisions/nns have/hv varied/vbn ,/, the/at tendency/nn is/bez clearly/rb toward/in expanding/vbg coverage/nn ./.


	Realtors/nns in/in attendance/nn at/in the/at colloquium/nn expressed/vbd interest/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in Connecticut's/np$ new/jj housing/vbg law/nn as/cs setting/vbg standards/nns of/in equity/nn that/cs they/ppss would/md like/vb ``/`` to/to have/hv to/to obey/vb ''/'' ,/, but/cc in/in support/nn of/in which/wdt none/pn had/hvd been/ben willing/jj to/to go/vb on/in public/jj record/nn ./.
As/ql far/rb as/cs they/ppss were/bed aware/jj ,/, the/at Connecticut/np-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Real/jj-tl Estate/nn-tl Boards/nns-tl had/hvd not/* officially/rb opposed/vbn the/at bill's/nn$ passage/nn or/cc lobbied/vbn in/in its/pp$ support/nn ./.
(/( This/dt has/hvz not/* been/ben the/at case/nn everywhere/rb ./.
In/in 1957/cd ,/, the/at Real/jj-tl Estate/nn-tl Boards/nns-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl actively/rb opposed/vbd the/at then/rb pending/jj private/jj housing/nn anti-discrimination/jj law/nn ./.
Official/jj reasoning/nn :/: the/at bill/nn was/bedz a/at ``/`` wanton/jj invasion/nn of/in basic/jj property/nn rights/nns ''/'' ./.
)/) 

	There/ex are/ber sins/nns of/in omission/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs commission/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at attitude/nn adopted/vbn by/in realtors/nns and/cc their/pp$ associations/nns ,/, either/cc negative/jj or/cc positive/jj ,/, plays/vbz a/at large/jj part/nn in/in the/at public/jj acceptance/nn of/in such/jj measures/nns and/cc the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss may/md be/be effectively/rb enforced/vbn ./.
Judicial/jj opinion/nn since/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decision/nn on/in Shelley/np v./in Kraemer/np (/( 1948/cd )/) has/hvz rendered/vbn racial/jj restrictive/jj covenants/nns unenforcible/jj ./.
Such/abl a/at decision/nn should/md have/hv placed/vbn a/at powerful/jj weapon/nn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at entire/jj housing/vbg industry/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn that/cs realtors/nns ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap their/pp$ associations/nns ,/, have/hv repudiated/vbn the/at principle/nn in/in such/jj clauses/nns ./.


	In/in the/at states/nns that/wps have/hv passed/vbn laws/nns preventing/vbg discrimination/nn in/in the/at sale/nn or/cc rental/nn of/in housing/vbg ,/, support/nn by/in real/jj estate/nn associations/nns for/in compliance/nn and/cc broadened/vbn coverage/nn through/in additional/jj legislation/nn could/md help/vb remove/vb the/at label/nn of/in ``/`` social/jj reformism/nn ''/'' that/cs most/ap realtors/nns individually/rb seem/vb determined/vbn to/to avoid/vb ./.
But/cc as/cs yet/rb ,/, no/at real/jj estate/nn board/nn has/hvz been/ben willing/jj officially/rb to/to support/vb such/jj laws/nns or/cc to/to admit/vb the/at permissibility/nn of/in introducing/vbg minority/nn buyers/nns into/in all-white/jj neighborhoods/nns ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at roles/nns of/in the/at social/jj scientist/nn ,/, ethicist/nn or/cc theologian/nn in/in our/pp$ discussions/nns with/in the/at realtors/nns became/vbd that/dt of/in encouraging/vbg greater/jjr awareness/nn of/in the/at opportunities/nns offered/vbn by/in the/at legal/jj and/cc political/jj processes/nns for/in the/at exercise/nn of/in broad/jj social/jj responsibilities/nns in/in their/pp$ work/nn ./.
But/cc responsiveness/nn to/in these/dts opportunities/nns presumes/vbz that/cs all/abn of/in us/ppo judge/vb the/at good/nn as/cs a/at human/jj good/nn and/cc not/* simply/rb as/cs a/at professional/jj ,/, white/jj ,/, American/jj good/nn ./.
Such/jj judgments/nns are/ber meaningful/jj only/rb in/in so/ql far/rb as/cs persons/nns are/ber members/nns of/in a/at world/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo say/vb a/at community/nn ,/, that/wps embraces/vbz Scarsdale/np or/cc Yonkers/np ,/, but/cc is/bez also/rb infinitely/ql richer/jjr since/cs it/pps is/bez all-inclusive/jj ./.


	That/dt community/nn of/in all/abn creation/nn is/bez ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at ultimate/jj object/nn of/in our/pp$ loyalty/nn and/cc the/at concrete/jj norm/nn of/in all/abn moral/jj judgment/nn ./.
Racial/jj discrimination/nn is/bez wrong/jj ,/, then/rb ,/, not/* because/cs it/pps goes/vbz against/in the/at grain/nn of/in a/at faculty/nn member/nn trying/vbg to/to converse/vb with/in a/at few/ap realtors/nns but/cc because/cs it/pps goes/vbz against/in the/at grain/nn of/in creation/nn and/cc against/in the/at will/nn of/in the/at Creator/nn-tl ./.
Thus/rb ,/, moral/jj issues/nns concerning/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at legal/jj and/cc political/jj processes/nns take/vb on/rp theological/jj dimensions/nns ./.



A/at-hl fragmented/vbn-hl Society/nn-tl-hl 
(/( 3/cd )/) Over/in the/at years/nns ,/, individuals/nns engaged/vbn in/in the/at sale/nn of/in real/jj estate/nn have/hv developed/vbn remarkable/jj unity/nn in/in the/at methods/nns and/cc practices/nns employed/vbn ./.
Most/ap realtors/nns and/cc real/jj estate/nn brokers/nns talk/vb of/in themselves/ppls as/cs ``/`` professional/jj people/nns ''/'' with/in the/at cultural/jj and/cc moral/jj values/nns held/vbn by/in the/at traditional/jj professions/nns ./.
But/cc what/wdt significance/nn attaches/vbz to/to ``/`` professional/nn ''/'' ,/, beyond/in the/at narrow/jj sense/nn of/in skillfulness/nn in/in meeting/vbg a/at client's/nn$ stated/vbn needs/nns as/cs already/rb noted/vbn ?/. ?/.
Our/pp$ faculty/nn and/cc students/nns pressed/vbd this/dt issue/nn more/rbr than/cs any/dti other/ap ./.


	As/cs a/at theologian/nn in/in the/at group/nn pointed/vbd out/rp ,/, a/at professional/nn was/bedz ,/, before/in the/at modern/jj period/nn of/in technical/jj specialization/nn ,/, one/pn who/wps ``/`` professed/vbd ''/'' to/to be/be a/at bearer/nn and/cc critic/nn of/in his/pp$ culture/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in his/pp$ particular/jj skills/nns ./.



	If/cs we/ppss look/vb about/in the/at world/nn today/nr ,/, we/ppss can/md see/vb clearly/rb that/cs there/ex are/ber two/cd especially/ql significant/jj factors/nns shaping/vbg the/at future/nn of/in our/pp$ civilization/nn :/: science/nn and/cc religion/nn ./.
Science/nn is/bez placing/vbg in/in our/pp$ hands/nns the/at ultimate/jj power/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, the/at power/nn of/in the/at atom/nn ./.
Religion/nn ,/, or/cc the/at lack/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, will/md decide/vb whether/cs we/ppss use/vb this/dt power/nn to/to build/vb a/at brave/jj new/jj world/nn of/in peace/nn and/cc abundance/nn for/in all/abn mankind/nn ,/, or/cc whether/cs we/ppss misuse/vb this/dt power/nn to/to leave/vb a/at world/nn utterly/ql destroyed/vbn ./.
How/wrb can/md we/ppss have/hv the/at wisdom/nn to/to meet/vb such/abl a/at new/jj and/cc difficult/jj challenge/nn ?/. ?/.


	We/ppss may/md feel/vb pessimistic/jj at/in the/at outlook/nn ./.
And/cc yet/rb there/ex is/bez a/at note/nn of/in hope/nn ,/, because/cs this/dt same/ap science/nn that/wps is/bez giving/vbg us/ppo the/at power/nn of/in the/at atom/nn is/bez also/rb giving/vbg us/ppo atomic/jj vision/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber looking/vbg inside/in the/at atom/nn and/cc seeing/vbg there/rb a/at universe/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* material/nn but/cc something/pn beyond/in the/at material/nn ,/, a/at universe/nn that/wps in/in a/at word/nn is/bez not/* matter/nn but/cc music/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez in/in this/dt new/jj vision/nn of/in the/at atom/nn that/cs we/ppss find/vb an/at affirmation/nn and/cc an/at invigoration/nn of/in our/pp$ faith/nn ./.



Atomic/jj-hl energy/nn-hl 
To/to see/vb this/dt vision/nn in/in perspective/nn ,/, we/ppss need/vb first/od of/in all/abn a/at clear/jj idea/nn of/in the/at magnitude/nn of/in this/dt new/jj power/nn from/in the/at atom/nn ./.
You/ppss know/vb that/cs I/ppss could/md hold/vb right/ql here/rb in/in my/pp$ hand/nn the/at little/jj chunk/nn of/in uranium/nn metal/nn that/wps was/bedz the/at heart/nn of/in the/at bomb/nn that/wps dropped/vbd on/in Hiroshima/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz only/rb about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at baseball/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc packed/vbn in/in that/dt metallic/jj ball/nn there/ex was/bedz the/at explosive/jj force/nn of/in 20,000/cd tons/nns of/in Aj/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez enough/ap TNT/nn to/to fill/vb the/at tower/nn of/in the/at Empire/nn-tl State/nn-tl Building/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc with/in the/at availability/nn of/in bombs/nns of/in that/dt size/nn ,/, war/nn became/vbd a/at new/jj problem/nn ./.


	Now/rb we/ppss might/md have/hv restricted/vbn the/at use/nn of/in uranium/nn bombs/nns by/in controlling/vbg the/at sources/nns of/in uranium/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez found/vbn in/in only/rb a/at few/ap places/nns in/in the/at world/nn ./.
But/cc we/ppss had/hvd hardly/rb started/vbn to/to adjust/vb our/pp$ thinking/nn to/in this/dt new/jj uranium/nn weapon/nn when/wrb we/ppss were/bed faced/vbn with/in the/at hydrogen/nn bomb/nn ./.
Hydrogen/nn is/bez just/rb as/ql plentiful/jj as/cs uranium/nn is/bez scarce/jj ./.
We/ppss know/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv hydrogen/nn in/in water/nn ;/. ;/.
water/nn is/bez Af/nn and/cc the/at H/nn stands/vbz for/in hydrogen/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez also/rb hydrogen/nn in/in wood/nn and/cc hydrogen/nn in/in our/pp$ bodies/nns ./.
I/ppss have/hv calculated/vbn that/cs if/cs I/ppss could/md snap/vb my/pp$ fingers/nns in/in one/cd magic/jj gesture/nn to/to release/vb the/at power/nn of/in all/abn the/at hydrogen/nn in/in my/pp$ body/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md explode/vb with/in the/at force/nn of/in a/at hundred/cd bombs/nns of/in the/at kind/nn that/wps fell/vbd on/in Hiroshima/np ./.
I/ppss won't/md* try/vb the/at experiment/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss think/vb you/ppo can/md see/vb that/cs if/cs we/ppss all/abn knew/vbd the/at secret/nn and/cc we/ppss could/md all/abn let/vb ourselves/ppls go/vb ,/, there/ex would/md be/be quite/abl an/at explosion/nn ./.
And/cc then/rb think/vb how/wql little/ap hydrogen/nn we/ppss have/hv in/in us/ppo compared/vbn with/in the/at hydrogen/nn in/in Delaware/np-tl Bay/nn-tl or/cc in/in the/at ocean/nn beyond/rb ./.
Salt/nn water/nn is/bez still/rb Af/nn ,/, the/at same/ap hydrogen/nn is/bez there/rb ./.
And/cc the/at size/nn of/in the/at ocean/nn shows/vbz us/ppo the/at magnitude/nn of/in the/at destructive/jj power/nn we/ppss hold/vb in/in our/pp$ hands/nns today/nr ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez also/rb an/at optimistic/jj side/nn to/in the/at picture/nn ./.
For/cs if/cs I/ppss knew/vbd the/at secret/nn of/in letting/vbg this/dt power/nn in/in my/pp$ body/nn change/vb directly/rb into/in electricity/nn ,/, I/ppss could/md rent/vb myself/ppl out/rp to/in the/at electric/jj companies/nns and/cc with/in just/rb the/at power/nn in/in my/pp$ body/nn I/ppss could/md light/vb all/abn the/at lights/nns and/cc run/vb all/abn the/at factories/nns in/in the/at entire/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in some/dti days/nns ./.
And/cc think/vb ,/, if/cs we/ppss all/abn knew/vbd this/dt secret/nn and/cc we/ppss could/md pool/vb our/pp$ power/nn ,/, what/wdt a/at wonderful/jj public/jj utility/nn company/nn we/ppss would/md make/vb ./.
With/in just/rb the/at hydrogen/nn of/in our/pp$ bodies/nns ,/, we/ppss could/md run/vb the/at world/nn for/in years/nns ./.
Then/rb think/vb of/in Delaware/np-tl Bay/nn-tl and/cc the/at ocean/nn and/cc you/ppss see/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv a/at supply/nn of/in power/nn for/in millions/nns of/in years/nns to/to come/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez power/nn with/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md literally/rb rebuild/vb the/at world/nn ,/, provide/vb adequate/jj housing/nn ,/, food/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, abundant/jj living/nn for/in everyone/pn everywhere/rb ./.



An/at-hl octillion/cd-hl atoms/nns-hl 
Now/rb let/vb us/ppo see/vb where/wrb this/dt power/nn comes/vbz from/in ./.
To/to grasp/vb our/pp$ new/jj view/nn of/in the/at atom/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv to/to appreciate/vb first/od of/in all/abn how/wql small/jj the/at atom/nn is/bez ./.
I/ppss have/hv been/ben trying/vbg to/to make/vb this/dt clear/jj to/in my/pp$ own/jj class/nn in/in chemistry/nn ./.
One/cd night/nn there/ex were/bed some/dti dried/vbn peas/nns lying/vbg on/in our/pp$ kitchen/nn table/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts peas/nns looked/vbd to/in me/ppo like/cs a/at little/ap group/nn of/in atoms/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc I/ppss asked/vbd myself/ppl a/at question/nn :/: Suppose/vb I/ppss had/hvd the/at same/ap number/nn of/in peas/nns as/cs there/ex are/ber atoms/nns in/in my/pp$ body/nn ,/, how/wrb large/jj an/at area/nn would/md they/ppss cover/vb ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss calculated/vbd first/rb that/cs there/ex are/ber about/rb an/at octillion/cd atoms/nns in/in the/at average/nn human/jj body/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez a/at figure/nn one/cd with/in 27/cd ciphers/nns ,/, quite/abl a/at large/jj number/nn ./.
Then/rb I/ppss calculated/vbd that/cs a/at million/cd peas/nns would/md just/ql about/rb fill/vb a/at household/nn refrigerator/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at billion/cd peas/nns would/md fill/vb a/at small/jj house/nn from/in cellar/nn to/in attic/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at trillion/cd peas/nns would/md fill/vb all/abn the/at houses/nns in/in a/at town/nn of/in about/rb ten/cd thousand/cd people/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc a/at quadrillion/cd peas/nns would/md fill/vb all/abn the/at buildings/nns in/in the/at city/nn of/in Philadelphia/np ./.


	I/ppss saw/vbd that/cs I/ppss would/md soon/rb run/vb out/rp of/in buildings/nns at/in this/dt rate/nn ,/, so/cs I/ppss decided/vbd to/to take/vb another/dt measure/nn --/-- the/at whole/jj state/nn of/in Pennsylvania/np ./.
Imagine/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at blizzard/nn over/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, but/cc instead/rb of/in snowing/vbg snow/nn ,/, it/pps snows/vbz peas/nns ;/. ;/.
so/cs we/ppss get/vb the/at whole/jj state/nn covered/vbn with/in peas/nns ,/, about/rb four/cd feet/nns deep/jj ./.
You/ppss can/md imagine/vb what/wdt it/pps would/md look/vb like/cs going/vbg out/rp on/in the/at turnpike/nn with/in the/at peas/nns banked/vbn up/rp against/in the/at houses/nns and/cc covering/vbg the/at cars/nns ;/. ;/.
Pennsylvania/np thus/rb blanketed/vbn would/md contain/vb about/rb a/at quintillion/cd peas/nns ./.


	But/cc we/ppss still/rb have/hv a/at long/jj way/nn to/to go/vb ./.
Next/rb we/ppss imagine/vb our/pp$ blizzard/nn raging/vbg over/in all/abn the/at land/nn areas/nns of/in the/at entire/jj globe/nn --/-- North/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, South/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, Europe/np ,/, Asia/np ,/, and/cc Africa/np ,/, all/ql covered/vbn with/in peas/nns four/cd feet/nns deep/jj ;/. ;/.
then/rb we/ppss have/hv sextillion/cd peas/nns ./.
Next/rb we/ppss freeze/vb over/rp the/at oceans/nns and/cc cover/vb the/at whole/jj earth/nn with/in peas/nns ,/, then/rb we/ppss go/vb out/rp among/in the/at neighboring/vbg stars/nns ,/, collect/vb 250/cd planets/nns each/dt the/at size/nn of/in the/at earth/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb cover/vb each/dt of/in these/dts with/in peas/nns four/cd feet/nns deep/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc then/rb we/ppss have/hv septillion/cd ./.
Finally/rb we/ppss go/vb into/in the/at farthest/jjt reaches/nns of/in the/at Milky/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
we/ppss get/vb 250,000/cd planets/nns ;/. ;/.
we/ppss cover/vb each/dt of/in these/dts with/in our/pp$ blanket/nn of/in peas/nns and/cc then/rb at/in last/rb we/ppss have/hv octillion/cd peas/nns corresponding/vbg in/in number/nn to/in the/at atoms/nns in/in the/at body/nn ./.
So/rb you/ppss see/vb how/wql small/jj an/at atom/nn is/bez and/cc how/wql complicated/vbn you/ppss are/ber ./.



A/at-hl speck/nn-hl --/---hl and/cc-hl space/nn-hl 
Now/rb although/cs an/at atom/nn is/bez small/jj ,/, we/ppss can/md still/rb in/in imagination/nn have/hv a/at look/nn at/in it/ppo ./.
Let/vb us/ppo focus/vb on/in an/at atom/nn of/in calcium/nn from/in the/at tip/nn of/in the/at bone/nn of/in my/pp$ finger/nn and/cc let/vb us/ppo suppose/vb that/cs I/ppss swallow/vb a/at magic/jj Alice/np In/in-tl Wonderland/np growing/vbg pill/nn ./.
I/ppss start/vb growing/vbg rapidly/rb and/cc this/dt calcium/nn atom/nn grows/vbz along/rb with/in me/ppo ./.
I/ppss shoot/vb up/rp through/in the/at roof/nn ,/, into/in the/at sky/nn ,/, past/in the/at clouds/nns ,/, through/in the/at stratosphere/nn ,/, out/rp beyond/in the/at moon/nn ,/, out/rp among/in the/at planets/nns ,/, until/cs I/ppss am/bem over/rp a/at hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd million/cd miles/nns long/jj ./.
Then/rb this/dt atom/nn of/in calcium/nn will/md swell/vb to/in something/pn like/cs a/at great/jj balloon/nn a/at hundred/cd yards/nns across/in ,/, a/at balloon/nn big/jj enough/qlp to/to put/vb a/at football/nn field/nn inside/in ./.
And/cc if/cs you/ppss should/md step/vb inside/rb of/in such/abl a/at magnified/vbn atom/nn ,/, according/in to/in the/at physics/nn of/in forty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, you/ppss would/md see/vb circulating/vbg over/in your/pp$ head/nn ,/, down/rp at/in the/at sides/nns ,/, and/cc under/in your/pp$ feet/nns ,/, some/dti twenty/cd luminous/jj balls/nns about/rb the/at size/nn of/in footballs/nns ./.
These/dts balls/nns are/ber moving/vbg in/in great/jj circles/nns and/cc ellipses/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber of/in course/nn ,/, the/at electrons/nns ,/, the/at particles/nns of/in negative/jj electricity/nn which/wdt by/in their/pp$ action/nn create/vb the/at forces/nns that/wps tie/vb this/dt atom/nn of/in calcium/nn to/in the/at neighboring/vbg atoms/nns of/in oxygen/nn and/cc make/vb up/rp the/at solid/nn structure/nn of/in my/pp$ finger/nn bone/nn ./.


	Since/cs these/dts electrons/nns are/ber moving/vbg like/cs planets/nns ,/, you/ppss may/md wonder/vb whether/cs there/ex is/bez an/at atomic/jj sun/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at atom/nn ./.
So/cs you/ppss look/vb down/rp there/rb and/cc you/ppss see/vb a/at tiny/jj ,/, whirling/vbg point/nn about/rb the/at size/nn of/in the/at head/nn of/in a/at pin/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at atomic/jj sun/nn ,/, the/at atomic/jj nucleus/nn ./.
Even/rb if/cs the/at atom/nn were/bed big/jj enough/qlp to/to hold/vb a/at football/nn field/nn ,/, this/dt nucleus/nn is/bez still/rb only/rb about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at pinhead/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez this/dt atomic/jj nucleus/nn that/wps contains/vbz the/at positive/jj charge/nn of/in electricity/nn holding/vbg these/dts negatively/rb charged/vbn electrons/nns in/in their/pp$ orbits/nns ;/. ;/.
it/pps also/rb contains/vbz nearly/rb all/abn the/at mass/nn ,/, and/cc the/at atomic/jj energy/nn ./.


	You/ppss may/md ask/vb what/wdt else/rb there/ex is/bez ,/, and/cc the/at answer/nn is/bez nothing/pn --/-- nothing/pn but/in empty/jj space/nn ./.
And/cc since/cs you/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in atoms/nns ,/, you/ppss are/ber nothing/pn much/ap but/in empty/jj space/nn ,/, too/rb ./.
If/cs I/ppss could/md put/vb your/pp$ body/nn in/in an/at imaginary/jj atomic/jj press/nn and/cc squeeze/vb you/ppo down/rp ,/, squeeze/vb these/dts holes/nns out/in of/in you/ppo in/in the/at way/nn we/ppss squeeze/vb the/at holes/nns out/in of/in a/at sponge/nn ,/, you/ppss would/md get/vb smaller/jjr and/cc smaller/jjr until/cs finally/rb when/wrb the/at last/ap hole/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, you/ppss would/md be/be smaller/jjr than/cs the/at smallest/jjt speck/nn of/in dust/nn that/wps you/ppss could/md see/vb on/in this/dt piece/nn of/in paper/nn ./.
Someone/pn has/hvz remarked/vbn that/cs this/dt is/bez certainly/rb the/at ultimate/jj in/in reducing/vbg ./.
At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, it/pps shows/vbz us/ppo how/wql immaterial/jj we/ppss are/ber ./.



Music/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl spheres/nns-hl 
Now/rb this/dt 1920/cd view/nn of/in the/at atom/nn was/bedz on/in the/at whole/nn a/at discouraging/jj picture/nn ./.
For/cs we/ppss believed/vbd that/cs the/at electrons/nns obeyed/vbd the/at law/nn of/in mechanics/nns and/cc electrodynamics/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc therefore/rb the/at atom/nn was/bedz really/rb just/rb a/at little/jj machine/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in mechanics/nns the/at whole/nn is/bez no/at more/ap than/cs the/at sum/nn of/in the/at parts/nns ./.
So/cs if/cs you/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in atoms/nns ,/, you/ppss are/ber just/rb a/at big/jj machine/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc since/cs the/at universe/nn is/bez also/rb made/vbn of/in atoms/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez just/rb a/at supermachine/nn ./.
And/cc this/dt would/md mean/vb that/cs we/ppss live/vb in/in a/at mechanistic/jj universe/nn ,/, governed/vbn by/in the/at laws/nns of/in cause/nn and/cc effect/nn ,/, bound/vbn in/in chains/nns of/in determinism/nn that/wps hold/vb the/at universe/nn on/in a/at completely/ql predetermined/vbn course/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez not/* room/nn for/in soul/nn or/cc spirit/nn or/cc human/jj freedom/nn ./.
And/cc this/dt is/bez why/wrb so/ql many/ap scientists/nns a/at half/abn a/at century/nn ago/rb were/bed agnostics/nns or/cc atheists/nns ./.


	Then/rb came/vbd the/at scientific/jj revolution/nn in/in the/at late/jj 1920's/nns ./.
A/at suggestion/nn from/in Louis/np De/np Broglie/np ,/, a/at physicist/nn in/in France/np ,/, showed/vbd us/ppo that/cs these/dts electrons/nns are/ber not/* point/nn particles/nns but/cc waves/nns ./.
And/cc to/to see/vb the/at meaning/nn of/in this/dt new/jj picture/nn ,/, imagine/vb that/cs you/ppss can/md put/vb on/rp more/ql powerful/jj glasses/nns and/cc go/vb back/rb inside/in the/at atom/nn and/cc have/hv a/at look/nn at/in it/ppo in/in the/at way/nn we/ppss view/vb it/ppo today/nr ./.
Now/rb as/cs you/ppss step/vb inside/in ,/, instead/rb of/in seeing/vbg particles/nns orbiting/vbg around/rb like/cs planets/nns ,/, you/ppss see/vb waves/nns and/cc ripples/nns very/ql much/ap like/cs the/at ripples/nns that/cs you/ppss get/vb on/in the/at surface/nn of/in a/at pond/nn when/wrb you/ppss drop/vb a/at stone/nn into/in it/ppo ./.
These/dts ripples/nns spread/vb out/rp in/in symmetrical/jj patterns/nns like/cs the/at rose/nn windows/nns of/in a/at great/jj cathedral/nn ./.
And/cc as/cs the/at waves/nns flow/vb back/rb and/cc forth/rb and/cc merge/vb with/in the/at waves/nns from/in the/at neighboring/vbg atoms/nns ,/, you/ppss can/md put/vb on/rp a/at magic/jj hearing/vbg aid/nn and/cc you/ppss hear/vb music/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at music/nn like/cs the/at music/nn from/in a/at great/jj organ/nn or/cc a/at vast/jj orchestra/nn playing/vbg a/at symphony/nn ./.
Harmony/nn ,/, melody/nn ,/, counterpoint/nn symphonic/jj structure/nn are/ber there/rb ;/. ;/.
and/cc as/cs this/dt music/nn ebbs/vbz and/cc flows/vbz ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at antiphonal/jj chorus/nn from/in all/abn the/at atoms/nns outside/rb ,/, in/in fact/nn from/in the/at atoms/nns of/in the/at entire/jj universe/nn ./.
And/cc so/rb today/nr when/wrb we/ppss examine/vb the/at structure/nn of/in our/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in the/at atom/nn and/cc of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber forced/vbn to/to conclude/vb that/cs the/at best/jjt word/nn to/to describe/vb our/pp$ universe/nn is/bez music/nn ./.


	The/at Island/nn-tl of/in-tl Nantucket/np-tl ,/, part/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl ,/, lies/vbz about/rb thirty-one/cd miles/nns southeast/nr of/in its/pp$ mother/nn State/nn-tl ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at Island/nn-tl is/bez sand/nn and/cc is/bez not/* suitable/jj for/in living/vbg ./.
The/at Island/nn-tl folk/nn have/hv their/pp$ living/nn almost/ql entirely/rb from/in summer/nn visitors/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at rest/nn is/bez obtained/vbn from/in harbor/nn scallops/nns ./.
During/in about/rb three/cd and/cc a/at half/abn months/nns of/in the/at year/nn ,/, in/in the/at summer/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber three/cd boats/nns that/wps run/vb from/in the/at mainland/nn to/in the/at Island/nn-tl carrying/vbg passengers/nns ,/, food/nn ,/, and/cc cars/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at rest/nn of/in the/at year/nn only/rb one/cd boat/nn is/bez needed/vbn ,/, which/wdt ties/vbz up/rp at/in the/at mainland/nn nights/nns and/cc makes/vbz the/at trip/nn down/rp to/in Nantucket/np in/in the/at daytime/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at fine/jj trip/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, on/in a/at good/jj day/nn ./.
With/in Martha's/np$-tl Vineyard/nn-tl on/in one/cd side/nn and/cc the/at open/jj sea/nn on/in the/at other/ap ,/, it/pps makes/vbz an/at excellent/jj trip/nn of/in about/rb three/cd hours/nns ./.



	To/in what/wdt extent/nn and/cc in/in what/wdt ways/nns did/dod Christianity/np affect/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ?/. ?/.
How/wrb far/rb and/cc in/in what/wdt fashion/nn did/dod it/pps modify/vb the/at new/jj nation/nn which/wdt was/bedz emerging/vbg in/in the/at midst/nn of/in the/at forces/nns shaping/vbg the/at revolutionary/jj age/nn ?/. ?/.
To/in what/wdt extent/nn did/dod it/pps mould/vb the/at morals/nns and/cc the/at social/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, and/cc political/jj life/nn and/cc institutions/nns of/in the/at country/nn ?/. ?/.


	A/at complete/jj picture/nn is/bez impossible/jj --/-- partly/rb because/cs of/in the/at limitations/nns of/in space/nn ,/, partly/rb because/cs for/in millions/nns of/in individuals/nns who/wps professed/vbd allegiance/nn to/in the/at Christian/jj faith/nn data/nns are/ber unobtainable/jj ./.
Even/ql more/ap of/in an/at obstacle/nn is/bez the/at difficulty/nn of/in separating/vbg the/at influence/nn of/in Christianity/np from/in other/ap factors/nns ./.


	Although/cs a/at complete/jj picture/nn cannot/md* be/be given/vbn ,/, we/ppss can/md indicate/vb some/dti aspects/nns of/in life/nn into/in which/wdt the/at Christian/jj faith/nn entered/vbd as/cs at/in least/ap one/cd creative/jj factor/nn ./.
At/in times/nns we/ppss can/md say/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at major/jj factor/nn ./.


	What/wdt in/in some/dti ways/nns was/bedz the/at most/ql important/jj aspect/nn was/bedz the/at impact/nn individually/rb on/in the/at millions/nns who/wps constituted/vbd the/at nation/nn ./.
As/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, a/at growing/vbg proportion/nn ,/, although/cs in/in 1914/cd still/rb a/at minority/nn ,/, were/bed members/nns of/in churches/nns ./.
Presumably/rb those/dts who/wps did/dod not/* have/hv a/at formal/jj church/nn connexion/nn had/hvd also/rb felt/vbn the/at influence/nn of/in Christianity/np to/in a/at greater/jjr or/cc lesser/jjr extent/nn ./.
Many/ap of/in them/ppo had/hvd once/rb been/ben members/nns of/in a/at church/nn or/cc at/in least/ap had/hvd been/ben given/vbn instruction/nn in/in Christianity/np but/cc for/in one/cd or/cc another/dt reason/nn had/hvd allowed/vbn the/at connexion/nn to/to lapse/vb ./.
The/at form/nn of/in Christianity/np to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed exposed/vbn was/bedz for/in some/dti the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ,/, for/in others/nns the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ;/. ;/.
for/in still/rb others/nns ,/, mostly/rb of/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz Roman/jj-tl Catholicism/nn-tl ,/, and/cc for/in a/at small/jj minority/nn it/pps was/bedz Eastern/jj-tl Orthodoxy/nn-tl ./.
Upon/in all/abn of/in them/ppo played/vbd the/at intellectual/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, and/cc economic/jj attitudes/nns ,/, institutions/nns ,/, and/cc customs/nns of/in the/at nation/nn ./.
Upon/in most/ap of/in these/dts Christianity/np had/hvd left/vbn an/at impress/nn and/cc through/in them/ppo had/hvd had/hvn a/at share/nn in/in making/vbg the/at individual/nn what/wdt he/pps was/bedz ./.
Yet/cc to/to determine/vb precisely/rb to/in what/wdt extent/nn and/cc exactly/rb in/in what/wdt ways/nns any/dti individual/nn showed/vbd the/at effects/nns of/in Christianity/np would/md be/be impossible/jj ./.
At/in best/jjt only/rb an/at approximation/nn could/md be/be arrived/vbn at/in ./.
To/to generalize/vb for/in the/at entire/jj nation/nn would/md be/be absurd/jj ./.
For/in instance/nn ,/, we/ppss cannot/md* know/vb whether/cs even/rb for/in church/nn members/nns the/at degree/nn of/in conformity/nn to/in Christian/jj standards/nns of/in morality/nn increased/vbd or/cc declined/vbd as/cs the/at proportion/nn of/in church/nn members/nns in/in the/at population/nn rose/vbd ./.
The/at temptation/nn is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs ,/, as/cs the/at percentage/nn of/in church/nn members/nns mounted/vbd ,/, the/at degree/nn of/in discipline/nn exercised/vbn by/in the/at churches/nns lessened/vbd and/cc the/at trend/nn was/bedz towards/in conformity/nn to/in the/at general/jj level/nn ./.
Yet/cc this/dt cannot/md* be/be proved/vbn ./.
We/ppss know/vb that/cs in/in the/at early/jj part/nn of/in the/at century/nn many/ap Protestant/jj congregations/nns took/vbd positive/jj action/nn against/in members/nns who/wps transgressed/vbd the/at ethical/jj codes/nns to/in which/wdt the/at majority/nn subscribed/vbd ./.
Thus/rb Baptist/np churches/nns on/in the/at frontier/nn took/vbd cognizance/nn of/in charges/nns against/in their/pp$ members/nns of/in drunkenness/nn ,/, fighting/vbg ,/, malicious/jj gossip/nn ,/, lying/vbg ,/, cheating/vbg ,/, sexual/jj irregularities/nns ,/, gambling/vbg ,/, horse/nn racing/nn ,/, and/cc failure/nn to/to pay/vb just/jj debts/nns ./.
If/cs guilty/jj ,/, the/at offender/nn might/md be/be excluded/vbn from/in membership/nn ./.
As/cs church/nn membership/nn burgeoned/vbd ,/, such/jj measures/nns faded/vbd into/in desuetude/nn ./.
But/cc whether/cs this/dt was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in a/at general/jj lowering/nn of/in the/at moral/jj life/nn of/in the/at membership/nn we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb ./.


	What/wdt we/ppss can/md attempt/vb with/in some/dti hope/nn of/in dependable/jj conclusions/nns is/bez to/to point/vb out/rp the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt Christianity/np entered/vbd into/in particular/jj aspects/nns of/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv already/rb hinted/vbn at/in the/at fashion/nn in/in which/wdt Christianity/np contributed/vbd to/in education/nn and/cc so/rb to/in intellectual/jj life/nn ./.
We/ppss will/md now/rb speak/vb of/in the/at ways/nns in/in which/wdt it/pps helped/vbd shape/nn the/at ideals/nns of/in the/at country/nn and/cc of/in the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps stimulated/vbd efforts/nns to/to attain/vb those/dts ideals/nns through/in reform/nn movements/nns ,/, through/in programmes/nns for/in bringing/vbg the/at collective/jj life/nn to/in the/at nation/nn to/in conformity/nn to/in Christian/jj standards/nns ,/, and/cc through/in leaders/nns in/in the/at government/nn ./.


	Throughout/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn Christianity/np exerted/vbd its/pp$ influence/nn on/in American/jj society/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn primarily/rb through/in the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ./.
By/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at century/nn the/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to make/vb itself/ppl felt/vbn ,/, mainly/rb through/in such/jj institutions/nns as/cs hospitals/nns but/cc also/rb through/in its/pp$ attitude/nn towards/in organized/vbn labour/nn ./.
In/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn its/pp$ influence/nn grew/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod that/dt of/in the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ./.



The/at-hl American/jj-hl dream/nn-hl 
The/at ideals/nns of/in the/at country/nn were/bed deeply/ql indebted/jj to/in the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ./.
Thus/rb ``/`` America/np ''/'' ,/, the/at most/ql widely/rb sung/vbn of/in the/at patriotic/jj songs/nns ,/, was/bedz written/vbn by/in a/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl Baptist/np clergyman/nn ,/, Samuel/np Francis/np Smith/np (/( 1808-1895/cd )/) ,/, while/cs a/at student/nn in/in Andover/np-tl Theological/jj-tl Seminary/nn-tl ./.
With/in its/pp$ zeal/nn for/in liberty/nn and/cc its/pp$ dependence/nn on/in God/np it/pps breathed/vbd the/at spirit/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben nourished/vbn on/in the/at Evangelical/jj revivals/nns ./.
The/at great/jj seal/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz obviously/rb inspired/vbn by/in the/at Christian/jj faith/nn ./.
Here/rb was/bedz what/wdt was/bedz called/vbn the/at American/jj dream/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at effort/nn to/to build/vb a/at structure/nn which/wdt would/md be/be something/pn new/jj in/in history/nn and/cc to/to do/do so/rb in/in such/jj fashion/nn that/cs God/np could/md bless/vb it/ppo ./.
Later/rbr in/in the/at century/nn the/at dream/nn again/rb found/vbd expression/nn in/in the/at lines/nns of/in Katherine/np Lee/np Bates/np (/( 1859-1929/cd )/) ,/, daughter/nn and/cc granddaughter/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl Congregational/jj-tl ministers/nns ,/, in/in her/pp$ widely/rb sung/vbn hymn/nn ,/, written/vbn in/in 1893/cd ,/, ``/`` America/np-tl The/at-tl Beautiful/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, with/in the/at words/nns ``/`` O/uh beautiful/jj for/in pilgrim/nn feet/nns whose/wp$ stern/jj impassioned/jj stress/nn a/at thoroughfare/nn for/in freedom/nn beat/vbd across/in the/at wilderness/nn ./.
America/np ,/, America/np ,/, God/np mend/vb thy/pp$ every/at flaw/nn ,/, confirm/vb thy/pp$ soul/nn in/in self/nn control/nn ,/, the/at liberty/nn in/in law/nn ./.
O/uh beautiful/jj for/in patriot/nn dream/nn that/wps sees/vbz beyond/in the/at years/nns thine/pp$ alabaster/nn cities/nns gleam/vb undimmed/jj by/in human/jj tears/nns ./.
America/np ,/, America/np ,/, God/np shed/vbd His/pp$ grace/nn on/in thee/ppo ,/, and/cc crown/vb thy/pp$ good/nn with/in brotherhood/nn from/in sea/nn to/in shining/vbg sea/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at American/jj dream/nn was/bedz compounded/vbn of/in many/ap strains/nns ./.
Some/dti were/bed clearly/rb of/in Christian/jj origin/nn ,/, among/in them/ppo the/at Great/jj-tl Awakening/nn-tl and/cc other/ap revivals/nns which/wdt helped/vbd to/to make/vb Christian/jj liberty/nn ,/, Christian/jj equality/nn ,/, and/cc Christian/jj fraternity/nn the/at passion/nn of/in the/at land/nn ./.
Some/dti have/hv seen/vbn revivalism/nn and/cc the/at search/nn for/in Christian/jj perfection/nn as/cs the/at fountain-head/nn of/in the/at American/jj hope/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, must/md be/be placed/vbn Unitarianism/np and/cc ,/, less/ql obviously/rb from/in Christian/jj inspiration/nn ,/, Emerson/np ,/, Transcendentalism/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at idealism/nn of/in Walt/np Whitman/np ./.
We/ppss must/md also/rb remember/vb those/dts who/wps reacted/vbd against/in the/at dream/nn as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in myth/nn --/-- among/in them/ppo Melville/np ,/, Hawthorne/np ,/, and/cc Henry/np James/np the/at elder/jjr ,/, all/abn of/in them/ppo out/in of/in a/at Christian/jj background/nn ./.



Reform/nn-hl movements/nns-hl 
With/in such/abl a/at dream/nn arising/vbg ,/, at/in least/ap in/in part/nn ,/, from/in the/at Protestant/jj heritage/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc built/vbd into/in the/at foundations/nns of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs many/ap efforts/nns were/bed made/vbn to/to give/vb it/ppo concrete/jj expression/nn ./.
A/at number/nn were/bed in/in the/at nature/nn of/in movements/nns to/to relieve/vb or/cc remove/vb social/jj ills/nns ./.


	Significantly/rb ,/, the/at initiation/nn and/cc leadership/nn of/in a/at major/jj proportion/nn of/in the/at reform/nn movements/nns ,/, especially/rb those/dts in/in the/at first/od half/abn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, came/vbd from/in men/nns and/cc women/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl birth/nn or/cc parentage/nn and/cc from/in either/cc Trinitarian/jj or/cc Unitarian/jj-tl Congregationalism/np-tl ./.
Several/ap of/in the/at movements/nns were/bed given/vbn a/at marked/vbn impetus/nn by/in revivalism/nn ./.
Quakers/nps ,/, some/dti from/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, had/hvd a/at larger/jjr share/nn than/cs their/pp$ proportionate/jj numerical/jj strength/nn would/md have/hv warranted/vbn ./.
We/ppss do/do well/rb to/to remind/vb ourselves/ppls that/cs from/in men/nns and/cc women/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ancestry/nn also/rb issued/vbd the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Jesus/np-tl Christ/np of/in-tl Latter/ap-tl Day/nn-tl Saints/nns-tl ,/, the/at Seventh/od-tl Day/nn-tl Adventists/nps ,/, Christian/jj-tl Science/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Commissioners/nns-tl for/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl Missions/nns-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Home/nn-tl Missionary/nn-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Bible/np-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, and/cc New/jj-tl England/np-tl theology/nn ./.
The/at atmosphere/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in optimism/nn ,/, of/in confidence/nn in/in human/jj progress/nn ,/, and/cc of/in a/at determination/nn to/to rid/vb the/at world/nn of/in its/pp$ ills/nns ./.
The/at Hopkinsian/jj universal/jj disinterested/jj benevolence/nn ,/, although/cs holding/vbg to/in original/jj sin/nn and/cc the/at doctrine/nn of/in election/nn ,/, inspired/vbd its/pp$ adherents/nns to/in heroic/jj endeavours/nns for/in others/nns ,/, looked/vbd for/in the/at early/jj coming/nn of/in the/at Millennium/nn-tl ,/, and/cc was/bedz paralleled/vbn by/in the/at confidence/nn in/in man's/nn$ ability/nn cherished/vbn by/in the/at Unitarians/nps ,/, Emerson/np ,/, and/cc the/at Transcendentalists/nns-tl ./.


	We/ppss should/md recall/vb the/at number/nn of/in movements/nns for/in the/at service/nn of/in mankind/nn which/wdt arose/vbd from/in the/at kindred/nn Evangelicalism/np of/in the/at British/jj-tl Isles/nns-tl and/cc the/at Pietism/np of/in the/at Continent/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl --/-- among/in them/ppo prison/nn reform/nn ,/, anti-slavery/jj measures/nns ,/, legislation/nn for/in the/at alleviation/nn of/in conditions/nns of/in labour/nn ,/, the/at Inner/jj-tl Mission/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Red/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl ./.


	We/ppss cannot/md* take/vb the/at space/nn to/to record/vb all/abn the/at efforts/nns for/in the/at removal/nn or/cc alleviation/nn of/in collective/jj ills/nns ./.
A/at few/ap of/in the/at more/ql prominent/jj must/md serve/vb as/cs examples/nns of/in what/wdt a/at complete/jj listing/nn and/cc description/nn would/md disclose/vb ./.
Several/ap were/bed born/vbn in/in the/at early/jj decades/nns and/cc persisted/vbd throughout/in the/at century/nn ./.
Others/nns were/bed ephemeral/jj ./.
Some/dti disappeared/vbd with/in the/at attainment/nn of/in their/pp$ purpose/nn ./.
Still/rb others/nns sprang/vbd up/rp late/jj in/in the/at century/nn to/to meet/vb conditions/nns which/wdt arose/vbd from/in fresh/jj stages/nns of/in the/at revolutionary/jj age/nn ./.



The/at-hl anti-slavery/jj-hl movement/nn-hl 
The/at movement/nn to/to end/vb Negro/np slavery/nn began/vbd before/in 1815/cd and/cc mounted/vbd after/in that/dt year/nn until/cs ,/, as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, emancipation/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn ./.


	Long/rb before/in 1815/cd the/at Christian/jj conscience/nn was/bedz leading/vbg some/dti to/to declare/vb slavery/nn wrong/jj and/cc to/to act/vb accordingly/rb ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, in/in 1693/cd the/at Philadelphia/np-tl Yearly/jj-tl Meeting/nn-tl of/in-tl Friends/nns-tl declared/vbd that/cs its/pp$ members/nns should/md emancipate/vb their/pp$ slaves/nns and/cc in/in 1776/cd it/pps determined/vbd to/to exclude/vb from/in membership/nn all/abn who/wps did/dod not/* comply/vb ./.
In/in the/at latter/ap year/nn Samuel/np Hopkins/np ,/, from/in whom/wpo the/at Hopkinsian/jj strain/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl theology/nn took/vbd its/pp$ name/nn ,/, asked/vbd the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress/np-tl to/to abolish/vb slavery/nn ./.
As/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, Methodism/np early/rb took/vbd a/at stand/nn against/in slavery/nn ./.
Beginning/vbg at/in least/ap as/ql far/ql back/rb as/cs 1789/cd various/jj Baptist/np bodies/nns condemned/vbd slavery/nn ./.


	After/in 1815/cd anti-slavery/jj sentiment/nn mounted/vbd ,/, chiefly/rb among/in Protestants/nps and/cc those/dts of/in Protestant/jj background/nn of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ./.
The/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ,/, whether/cs Protestant/jj or/cc Roman/jj Catholic/jj ,/, was/bedz not/* so/ql much/rb concerned/vbn ,/, for/cs very/ql few/ap if/cs any/dti among/in them/ppo held/vbn slaves/nns :/: they/ppss were/bed mostly/rb in/in the/at Northern/jj-tl states/nns where/wrb slavery/nn had/hvd disappeared/vbn or/cc was/bedz on/in the/at way/nn out/rp ,/, or/cc were/bed too/ql poverty-stricken/jj to/to own/vb slaves/nns ./.


	The/at anti-slavery/jj movement/nn took/vbd many/ap forms/nns ./.
Benjamin/np Lundy/np (/( 1789-1839/cd )/) ,/, a/at Quaker/np ,/, was/bedz a/at pioneer/nn in/in preparing/vbg the/at way/nn for/in anti-slavery/jj societies/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz he/pps who/wps turned/vbd the/at attention/nn of/in William/np Lloyd/np Garrison/np (/( 1805-1879/cd )/) to/in the/at subject/nn ./.
Garrison/np ,/, Massachusetts/np born/vbn of/in Nova/np-tl Scotian/jj-tl parentage/nn ,/, was/bedz by/in temperament/nn and/cc conviction/nn a/at reformer/nn ./.
Chiefly/rb remembered/vbn because/rb of/in his/pp$ incessant/jj advocacy/nn of/in ``/`` immediate/jj and/cc unconditional/jj abolition/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps also/rb espoused/vbd a/at great/jj variety/nn of/in other/ap causes/nns --/-- among/in them/ppo women's/nns$ rights/nns ,/, prohibition/nn ,/, and/cc justice/nn to/in the/at Indians/nps ./.
Incurably/ql optimistic/jj ,/, dogmatic/jj ,/, and/cc utterly/ql fearless/jj ,/, in/in his/pp$ youth/nn a/at devout/jj Baptist/np ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in his/pp$ friendship/nn for/in the/at Quaker/np poet/nn John/np Greenleaf/np Whittier/np (/( 1807-1892/cd )/) he/pps eventually/rb attacked/vbd the/at orthodox/jj churches/nns for/in what/wdt he/pps deemed/vbd their/pp$ cowardly/rb compromising/nn on/in the/at slavery/nn issue/nn and/cc in/in his/pp$ invariably/rb ardent/jj manner/nn was/bedz emphatically/ql unorthodox/jj and/cc denied/vbd the/at plenary/jj inspiration/nn of/in the/at Bible/np ./.


	A/at marked/vbn impulse/nn came/vbd to/in the/at anti-slavery/jj movement/nn through/in the/at Finney/np revivals/nns ./.
Finney/np himself/ppl ,/, while/cs opposed/vbn to/in slavery/nn ,/, placed/vbd his/pp$ chief/jjs emphasis/nn on/in evangelism/nn ,/, but/cc from/in his/pp$ converts/nns issued/vbd much/ap of/in the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at anti-slavery/jj campaign/nn ./.
Theodore/np Dwight/np Weld/np (/( 1803-1895/cd )/) was/bedz especially/ql active/jj ./.
Weld/np was/bedz the/at son/nn and/cc grandson/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl Congregational/jj-tl ministers/nns ./.
As/cs a/at youth/nn he/pps became/vbd one/cd of/in Finney's/np$ band/nn of/in evangelists/nns and/cc gave/vbd himself/ppl to/in winning/vbg young/jj men/nns ./.
A/at strong/jj temperance/nn advocate/nn ,/, through/in the/at influence/nn of/in a/at favorite/jj teacher/nn ,/, Charles/np Stewart/np ,/, another/dt Finney/np convert/nn ,/, he/pps devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in the/at anti-slavery/jj cause/nn ./.
A/at group/nn of/in young/jj men/nns influenced/vbn by/in him/ppo enrolled/vbd in/in Lane/np-tl Theological/jj-tl Seminary/nn-tl and/cc had/hvd to/to leave/vb because/rb of/in their/pp$ open/jj anti-slavery/jj position/nn ./.
The/at majority/nn then/rb went/vbd to/in the/at infant/nn Oberlin/np ./.
They/ppss and/cc others/nns employed/vbd some/dti of/in Finney's/np$ techniques/nns as/cs they/ppss sought/vbd to/to win/vb adherents/nns to/in the/at cause/nn ./.
Weld/np contributed/vbd to/in the/at anti-slavery/jj convictions/nns of/in such/jj men/nns as/cs Joshua/np R./np Giddings/np and/cc Edwin/np M./np Stanton/np ,/, enlisted/vbd John/np Quincy/np Adams/np ,/, and/cc helped/vbd provide/vb ideas/nns which/wdt underlay/vbd Harriet/np Beecher/np Stowe's/np$ Uncle/np-tl Tom's/np$-tl Cabin/nn-tl ./.
He/pps shunned/vbd publicity/nn for/in himself/ppl and/cc sought/vbd to/to avoid/vb fame/nn ./.


	Wendell/np Phillips/np (/( 1811-1884/cd )/) ,/, from/in a/at prominent/jj Massachusetts/np family/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ teens/nns was/bedz converted/vbn under/in the/at preaching/nn of/in Lyman/np Beecher/np ./.
Although/cs he/pps later/rbr broke/vbd with/in the/at churches/nns because/cs he/pps believed/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed insufficiently/ql outspoken/jj against/in social/jj evils/nns ,/, he/pps remained/vbd a/at devout/jj Christian/jj ./.
He/pps was/bedz remembered/vbn chiefly/rb for/in his/pp$ fearless/jj advocacy/nn of/in abolition/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps also/rb stood/vbd for/in equal/jj rights/nns for/in women/nns ,/, for/in opportunity/nn for/in the/at freedmen/nns ,/, and/cc for/in prohibition/nn ./.


	The/at anti-slavery/jj movement/nn and/cc other/ap contemporary/jj reforms/nns and/cc philanthropies/nns were/bed given/vbn leadership/nn and/cc financial/jj undergirding/nn by/in Arthur/np Tappan/np (/( 1786-1865/cd )/) and/cc his/pp$ younger/jjr brother/nn ,/, Lewis/np Tappan/np (/( 1788-1873/cd )/) ./.



	Individuals/nns possessing/vbg unusual/jj gifts/nns and/cc great/jj personal/jj power/nn were/bed transmuted/vbn at/in death/nn into/in awesome/jj spirits/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed almost/ql immediately/rb worshipped/vbn for/in these/dts newer/jjr ,/, even/ql more/ql terrible/jj abilities/nns ./.
Their/pp$ direct/jj descendants/nns inherited/vbd not/* only/rb their/pp$ worldly/jj fortunes/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb the/at mandate/nn of/in their/pp$ newfound/jj power/nn as/cs spirits/nns in/in the/at other/ap half/abn of/in the/at universe/nn ./.
Royal/jj lineages/nns could/md be/be based/vbn on/in extraordinary/jj worldly/jj achievements/nns translated/vbn into/in eternal/jj otherworldly/jj power/nn ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, the/at emperor/nn could/md draw/vb on/in sources/nns not/* available/jj to/in those/dts with/in less/ql puissant/jj ancestors/nns ./.
But/cc this/dt eminence/nn was/bedz not/* without/in its/pp$ weighty/jj responsibilities/nns ./.
Since/cs he/pps possessed/vbd more/ap power/nn in/in an/at interdependent/jj universe/nn of/in living/vbg beings/nns and/cc dead/jj spirits/nns ,/, the/at emperor/nn had/hvd to/to use/vb it/ppo for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at living/nn ./.
The/at royal/jj ritual/nn generated/vbd power/nn into/in the/at other/ap world/nn :/: it/pps also/rb provided/vbd the/at living/nn with/in a/at way/nn to/to control/vb the/at spirits/nns ,/, and/cc bring/vb their/pp$ powers/nns directly/rb to/to bear/vb on/in the/at everyday/jj affairs/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./.
Proper/jj ritual/nn observance/nn at/in any/dti level/nn of/in society/nn was/bedz capable/jj of/in generating/vbg power/nn for/in use/nn in/in the/at spirit/nn world/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc naturally/rb ,/, the/at royal/jj ritual/nn ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd unusual/jj control/nn over/in already/ql supremely/ql powerful/jj divine/nn spirits/nns ,/, was/bedz held/vbn responsible/jj for/in regulating/vbg the/at universe/nn and/cc insuring/vbg the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at kingdom/nn ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at familiar/jj system/nn of/in ``/`` cosmic/jj government/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at Chinese/jj emperor/nn ,/, by/in proper/jj observance/nn of/in ritual/nn ,/, manifested/vbd divine/jj powers/nns ./.
He/pps regulated/vbd the/at dualities/nns of/in light/nn and/cc darkness/nn ,/, Yang/np and/cc Yin/np ,/, which/wdt are/ber locked/vbn in/in eternal/jj struggle/nn ./.
By/in swaying/vbg the/at balance/nn between/in them/ppo ,/, he/pps effected/vbd the/at alternation/nn of/in the/at seasons/nns ./.
His/pp$ power/nn was/bedz so/ql great/jj that/cs he/pps even/rb promoted/vbd and/cc demoted/vbd gods/nns according/in to/in whether/cs they/ppss had/hvd given/vbn ear/nn or/cc been/ben deaf/jj to/in petitions/nns ./.


	In/in this/dt system/nn ,/, no/at man/nn is/bez exempt/jj from/in obligations/nns ./.
Failure/nn in/in daily/jj moral/jj and/cc ethical/jj duties/nns to/in one's/pn$ family/nn ,/, outrages/nns to/in community/nn propriety/nn ,/, any/dti departure/nn from/in rigid/jj standards/nns of/in moral/jj excellence/nn were/bed offenses/nns against/in the/at dead/jj ./.
And/cc to/to offend/vb the/at dead/jj meant/vbd to/to incur/vb their/pp$ wrath/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb provoke/vb the/at unleashing/vbg of/in countrywide/jj disasters/nns ./.
The/at family/nn home/nn was/bedz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, a/at temple/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at daily/jj duties/nns of/in individuals/nns were/bed basically/rb religious/jj in/in nature/nn ./.
The/at dead/jj spirits/nns occupied/vbd a/at prominent/jj place/nn in/in every/at hope/nn and/cc in/in every/at fear/nn ./.


	The/at common/jj belief/nn was/bedz that/cs there/ex existed/vbd one/cd moral/jj order/nn ,/, which/wdt included/vbd everything/pn ./.
The/at dead/jj controlled/vbn the/at material/nn prosperity/nn of/in the/at living/nn ,/, and/cc the/at living/nn adhered/vbd to/in strict/jj codes/nns of/in conduct/nn in/in order/nn not/* to/to weaken/vb that/dt control/nn ./.
Men/nns believed/vbd they/ppss could/md control/vb nature/nn by/in obeying/vbg a/at moral/jj code/nn ./.
If/cs the/at moral/jj code/nn were/bed flouted/vbn ,/, the/at proper/jj balance/nn of/in the/at universe/nn would/md be/be upset/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at disastrous/jj result/nn could/md be/be floods/nns ,/, plague/nn ,/, or/cc famine/nn ./.


	Modern/jj Westerners/nns-tl have/hv difficulty/nn comprehending/vbg this/dt fusion/nn of/in moral/nn and/cc material/nn ,/, largely/rb because/cs in/in the/at West/nr-tl the/at historical/jj trend/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to deny/vb the/at connection/nn ./.
Living/vbg in/in urban/jj conditions/nns ,/, away/rb from/in the/at deadweight/nn of/in village/nn constraint/nn and/cc the/at constrictions/nns of/in a/at thatched-roof/nn world/nn view/nn ,/, the/at individual/nn may/md find/vb it/ppo possible/jj ,/, say/uh ,/, to/to commit/vb adultery/nn not/* only/rb without/in personal/jj misgivings/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb without/in suffering/vbg any/dti adverse/jj effects/nns in/in his/pp$ worldly/jj fortunes/nns ./.
Basing/vbg action/nn on/in the/at empirical/jj determination/nn of/in cause/nn and/cc effect/nn provides/vbz a/at toughness/nn and/cc bravado/nn that/cs no/at powerful/jj otherworldly/jj ancestor/nn could/md ever/rb impart/vb --/-- plus/cc the/at added/vbn liberation/nn from/in the/at constraint/nn of/in silent/jj burial/nn urns/nns ./.


	In/in China/np ,/, the/at magical/jj system/nn par/fw-in excellence/fw-nn was/bedz Taoism/np ./.
The/at Taoists/nps were/bed Quietist/jj mystics/nns ,/, who/wps saw/vbd an/at unchanging/jj unity/nn --/-- the/at Tao/np --/-- underlying/vbg all/abn phenomena/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz this/dt timeless/jj unity/nn that/wps was/bedz all-important/jj ,/, and/cc not/* its/pp$ temporary/jj manifestations/nns in/in the/at world/nn of/in reality/nn ./.
The/at Taoists/nps believed/vbd the/at unity/nn could/md be/be influenced/vbn by/in proper/jj magical/jj manipulation/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed actually/rb an/at organization/nn of/in magicians/nns ./.


	Mahayana/np Buddhism/np was/bedz no/at exception/nn to/in these/dts prevailing/vbg magical/jj concepts/nns ./.
After/in this/dt form/nn of/in Indian/jj Buddhism/np had/hvd been/ben introduced/vbn into/in China/np ,/, it/pps underwent/vbd extensive/jj changes/nns ./.
During/in its/pp$ flowering/nn in/in the/at sixth/od to/in the/at eighth/od centuries/nns ,/, Mahayana/np offered/vbd a/at supernatural/jj package/nn to/in the/at Chinese/nps which/wdt bears/vbz no/at resemblance/nn to/in the/at highly/ql digested/vbn philosophical/jj Zen/np morsels/nns offered/vbn to/in the/at modern/jj Western/jj-tl reader/nn ./.
Mahayana/np had/hvd gods/nns ,/, and/cc magic/nn ,/, a/at pantheon/nn ,/, heavens/nns and/cc hells/nns ,/, and/cc gorgeously/ql appareled/vbn priests/nns ,/, monks/nns ,/, and/cc nuns/nns ,/, all/abn of/in whom/wpo wielded/vbd power/nn over/in souls/nns in/in the/at other/ap world/nn ./.
The/at self-realized/jj Mahayana/np saint/nn possessed/vbd superhuman/jj powers/nns and/cc magic/nn ./.
The/at Mahayana/np that/wps developed/vbd in/in the/at north/nr was/bedz a/at religion/nn of/in idolatry/nn and/cc coarse/jj magic/nn ,/, that/wps made/vbd the/at world/nn into/in a/at huge/jj magical/jj garden/nn ./.
In/in its/pp$ monastic/jj form/nn ,/, Mahayana/np was/bedz merely/rb an/at organization/nn of/in magic-practicing/jj monks/nns (/( bonzes/nns )/) ,/, who/wps catered/vbd to/in the/at Chinese/jj faith/nn in/in the/at supernatural/jj ./.


	Nonmagical/jj Confucianism/np was/bedz a/at secular/jj ,/, rational/jj philosophy/nn ,/, but/cc even/rb with/in this/dt different/jj orientation/nn it/pps could/md not/* escape/vb from/in the/at ethos/nn of/in a/at cosmic/jj government/nn ./.
Confucianism/np had/hvd its/pp$ own/jj magic/nn in/in the/at idea/nn that/cs virtue/nn had/hvd power/nn ./.
If/cs a/at man/nn lived/vbd a/at classical/jj life/nn ,/, he/pps need/md not/* fear/vb the/at spirits/nns --/-- for/cs only/rb lack/nn of/in virtue/nn gave/vbd the/at spirits/nns power/vb over/in him/ppo ./.
But/cc let/vb us/ppo not/* be/be mistaken/vbn about/in Confucian/jj-tl ``/`` virtue/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
this/dt was/bedz not/* virtue/nn as/cs we/ppss understand/vb the/at word/nn today/nr ,/, and/cc it/pps did/dod not/* mean/vb an/at abandonment/nn of/in the/at belief/nn in/in magic/jj manipulation/nn ./.
To/in the/at Confucian/np ,/, ``/`` virtue/nn ''/'' simply/rb meant/vbd mastery/nn and/cc correct/jj observance/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd major/jj rules/nns of/in ritual/nn and/cc three/cd thousand/cd minor/jj ones/nns ./.
Propriety/nn was/bedz synonymous/jj with/in ritual/jj observance/nn ,/, the/at mark/nn of/in a/at true/jj gentleman/nn ./.
To/to live/vb correctly/rb in/in an/at interdependent/jj moral/jj and/cc material/jj universe/nn of/in living/vbg and/cc dead/jj was/bedz decisive/jj for/in man's/nn$ fate/nn ./.


	This/dt ,/, in/in brief/jj ,/, was/bedz the/at historical/jj background/nn out/in of/in which/wdt Zen/np emerged/vbd ./.
Promoters/nns of/in Zen/np to/in the/at West/nr-tl record/vb its/pp$ ancestry/nn ,/, and/cc recognize/vb that/cs Zen/np grew/vbd out/in of/in a/at combination/nn of/in Taoism/np and/cc Indian/jj Mahayana/np Buddhism/np ./.
But/cc the/at ``/`` marvelous/jj person/nn ''/'' that/wps is/bez supposed/vbn to/to result/vb from/in Zen/np exhibits/vbz more/ap Chinese/jj practicality/nn than/cs Indian/jj speculation/nn --/-- he/pps possesses/vbz magical/jj powers/nns ,/, and/cc can/md use/vb them/ppo to/to order/vb nature/nn and/cc to/to redeem/vb souls/nns ./.
Proponents/nns of/in Zen/np to/in the/at West/nr-tl emphasize/vb disproportionately/rb the/at amount/nn of/in Mahayana/np Buddhism/np in/in Zen/np ,/, probably/rb in/in order/nn to/to dignify/vb the/at indisputably/ql magical/jj Taoist/jj ideas/nns with/in more/ql respectable/jj Buddhist/jj-tl metaphysic/nn ./.
But/cc in/in the/at Chinese/jj mind/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz little/ap difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd --/-- the/at bonzes/nns were/bed no/ql more/ql metaphysical/jj than/cs a/at magician/nn has/hvz to/to be/be ./.


	Actually/rb ,/, Zen/np owes/vbz more/ap to/in Chinese/jj Quietism/np than/cs it/pps does/doz to/in Mahayana/np Buddhism/np ./.
The/at Ch'an/np (/( Zen/np )/) sect/nn may/md have/hv derived/vbn its/pp$ metaphysic/nn from/in Mahayana/np ,/, but/cc its/pp$ psychology/nn was/bedz pure/jj early/jj Taoist/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez well/rb evidenced/vbn by/in the/at Quietist/jj doctrines/nns carried/vbn over/rp in/in Zen/np :/: the/at idea/nn of/in the/at inward/jj turning/nn of/in thought/nn ,/, the/at enjoinder/nn to/to put/vb aside/rb desires/nns and/cc perturbations/nns so/cs that/cs a/at return/nn to/in purity/nn ,/, peace/nn ,/, and/cc stillness/nn --/-- a/at union/nn with/in the/at Infinite/nn-tl ,/, with/in the/at Tao/np --/-- could/md be/be effected/vbn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at antipathy/nn to/in outward/jj ceremonies/nns hailed/vbn by/in modern/jj exponents/nns as/cs so/ql uniquely/rb characteristic/jj of/in the/at ``/`` direct/jj thinking/vbg ''/'' Zennist/np was/bedz a/at feature/nn of/in Taoism/np ./.
So/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, was/bedz the/at insistence/nn on/in the/at relativity/nn of/in the/at external/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ideas/nns that/cs language/nn and/cc things/nns perceived/vbn by/in consciousness/nn were/bed poor/jj substitutes/nns indeed/rb for/in immediate/jj perception/nn by/in pure/jj ,/, indwelling/vbg spirit/nn :/: the/at opposition/nn of/in pure/jj consciousness/nn to/in ratiocinating/vbg consciousness/nn ./.


	Zen/np maintains/vbz that/cs cognitive/jj things/nns are/ber only/rb the/at surface/nn of/in experience/nn ./.
One/cd of/in its/pp$ features/nns attractive/jj to/in the/at West/nr-tl is/bez its/pp$ irreverence/nn for/in tradition/nn and/cc dogma/nn and/cc for/in sacred/jj texts/nns ./.
One/cd patriarch/nn is/bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv relegated/vbn sacred/jj scriptures/nns for/in use/nn in/in an/at outhouse/nn ./.
But/cc this/dt is/bez not/* the/at spirit/nn of/in self-reliant/jj freedom/nn of/in action/nn for/in which/wdt the/at Westerner/np mistakes/vbz it/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez simply/rb that/cs in/in Taoist/jj tradition/nn --/-- as/cs in/in all/abn good/jj mysticisms/nns --/-- books/nns ,/, words/nns ,/, or/cc any/dti other/ap manifestations/nns that/wps belong/vb to/in the/at normal/jj state/nn of/in consciousness/nn are/ber considered/vbn only/rb the/at surface/nn of/in experience/nn ./.
The/at truth/nn --/-- the/at Eternal/jj-tl Truth/nn-tl --/-- is/bez not/* transmittable/jj by/in words/nns ./.
Reality/nn is/bez considered/vbn not/* only/rb irrelevant/jj to/in the/at acquisition/nn of/in higher/jjr knowledge/nn ,/, but/cc a/at positive/jj handicap/nn ./.
The/at technique/nn of/in reality/nn confusion/nn --/-- the/at use/nn of/in paradox/nn and/cc riddles/nns to/to shake/vb the/at mind's/nn$ grip/nn on/in reality/nn --/-- originated/vbd with/in fourth/od and/cc third/od century/nn B.C./np Chinese/jj Quietism/np :/: the/at koan/fw-nn is/bez not/* basically/rb a/at new/jj device/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez important/jj for/in an/at understanding/nn of/in Zen/np to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at esoteric/jj preoccupations/nns of/in the/at select/jj few/ap cannot/md* be/be the/at doctrine/nn of/in the/at common/jj man/nn ./.
In/in the/at supernatural/jj atmosphere/nn of/in cosmic/jj government/nn ,/, only/rb the/at ruling/vbg elite/nn was/bedz ever/rb concerned/vbn with/in a/at kingdom-wide/jj ordering/nn of/in nature/nn :/: popular/jj religion/nn aimed/vbd at/in more/ql personal/jj benefits/nns from/in magical/jj powers/nns ./.
And/cc this/dt is/bez only/rb natural/jj --/-- witness/nn the/at haste/nn with/in which/wdt modern/jj man/nn gobbles/vbz the/at latest/jjt ``/`` wonder/nn drug/nn ''/'' ./.
Early/jj Chinese/jj anchoritism/nn was/bedz theoretically/rb aimed/vbn at/in a/at mystic/jj pantheist/nn union/nn with/in the/at divine/jj ,/, personal/jj salvation/nn being/beg achieved/vbn when/wrb the/at mystical/jj recluse/nn united/vbd with/in divine/jj essence/nn ./.
But/cc this/dt esoteric/jj doctrine/nn was/bedz lost/vbn in/in the/at shuffle/nn to/to acquire/vb special/jj powers/nns ./.
The/at anchorite/jj strove/vbd ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, to/to magically/rb influence/vb the/at world/nn of/in spirits/nns in/in the/at same/ap way/nn that/cs the/at divine/jj emperor/nn manifested/vbd his/pp$ power/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, the/at Mahayana/np metaphysic/nn of/in mystical/jj union/nn for/in salvation/nn was/bedz distilled/vbn down/rp to/in a/at bare/jj self-seeking/jj ,/, and/cc for/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, the/at mystic/nn in/in Asia/np did/dod not/* long/rb remain/vb in/in isolated/vbn contemplation/nn ./.
As/cs the/at Zen/np literature/nn reveals/vbz ,/, as/ql soon/rb as/cs an/at early/jj Zen/np master/nn attained/vbd fame/nn in/in seclusion/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz called/vbn out/rp into/in the/at world/nn to/to exercise/vb his/pp$ powers/nns ./.
The/at early/jj Anchorite/np masters/nns attracted/vbd disciples/nns because/rb of/in their/pp$ presumed/vbn ability/nn to/to perform/vb miracles/nns ./.


	Exponents/nns of/in Zen/np often/rb insist/vb that/cs very/ql early/rb Zen/np doctrine/nn opposed/vbd the/at rampant/jj supernaturalism/nn of/in China/np ,/, and/cc proposed/vbd instead/rb a/at more/ql mature/jj ,/, less/ql credulous/jj view/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./.
In/in support/nn of/in this/dt ,/, stories/nns from/in the/at early/jj literature/nn are/ber cited/vbn to/to show/vb that/cs Zen/np attacks/vbz the/at idea/nn of/in supernatural/jj power/nn ./.
But/cc actually/rb these/dts accounts/nns reveal/vb the/at supernatural/jj powers/nns that/cs the/at masters/nns were/bed in/in fact/nn supposed/vbd to/to possess/vb ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at extreme/jj degree/nn of/in popular/jj credulity/nn :/: ``/`` Hwang/np Pah/np (/( O/np Baku/np )/) ,/, one/cd day/nn going/vbg up/in Mount/nn-tl Tien/np-tl Tai/np-tl which/wdt was/bedz believed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben inhabited/vbn by/in Arhats/nps with/in supernatural/jj powers/nns ,/, met/vbd with/in a/at monk/nn whose/wp$ eyes/nns emitted/vbd strange/jj light/nn ./.
They/ppss went/vbd along/in the/at pass/nn talking/vbg with/in each/dt other/ap for/in a/at short/jj while/nn until/cs they/ppss came/vbd to/in a/at river/nn roaring/vbg with/in torrent/nn ./.
There/ex being/beg no/at bridge/nn ,/, the/at master/nn had/hvd to/to stop/vb at/in the/at shore/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc his/pp$ companion/nn crossed/vbd the/at river/nn walking/vbg on/in the/at water/nn and/cc beckoned/vbd to/in Hwang/np Pah/np to/to follow/vb him/ppo ./.
Thereupon/rb Hwang/np Pah/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` If/cs I/ppss knew/vbd thou/ppss art/ber an/at Arhat/np ,/, I/ppss would/md have/hv doubled/vbn you/ppo up/rp before/cs thou/ppss got/vbd over/in there/rb ''/'' !/. !/.
The/at monk/nn then/rb understood/vbd the/at spiritual/jj attainment/nn of/in Hwang/np Pah/np ,/, and/cc praised/vbd him/ppo as/cs a/at true/jj Mahayanist/np ./.
(/( 1/cd )/) ''/'' 

	A/at second/od tale/nn shows/vbz still/ql more/ql clearly/rb the/at kind/nn of/in powers/nns a/at truly/ql spiritual/jj monk/nn could/md possess/vb :/: ``/`` On/in one/cd occasion/nn Yang/np Shan/np (/( Kyo-zan/np )/) saw/vbd a/at stranger/nn monk/nn flying/vbg through/in the/at air/nn ./.
When/wrb that/dt monk/nn came/vbd down/rp and/cc approached/vbd him/ppo with/in a/at respectful/jj salutation/nn ,/, he/pps asked/vbd :/: ``/`` Where/wrb art/ber thou/ppss from/in ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` Early/rb this/dt morning/nn ''/'' ,/, replied/vbd the/at other/ap ,/, ``/`` I/ppss set/vbd out/rp from/in India/np ''/'' ./.
``/`` Why/wrb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at teacher/nn ,/, ``/`` art/ber thou/ppss so/ql late/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` I/ppss stopped/vbd ''/'' ,/, responded/vbd the/at man/nn ,/, ``/`` several/ap times/nns to/to look/vb at/in beautiful/jj sceneries/nns ''/'' ./.
``/`` Thou/ppss mayst/md have/hv supernatural/jj powers/nns ''/'' ,/, exclaimed/vbd Yang/np Shan/np ,/, ``/`` yet/cc thou/ppss must/md give/vb back/rb the/at Spirit/nn-tl of/in-tl Buddha/np-tl to/in me/ppo ''/'' ./.
Then/rb the/at monk/nn praised/vbd Yang/np Shan/np saying/vbg :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv come/vbn over/rp to/in China/np in/in order/nn to/to worship/vb Manjucri/np ,/, and/cc met/vbd unexpectedly/rb with/in Minor/np Shakya/np ''/'' ,/, and/cc after/cs giving/vbg the/at master/nn some/dti palm/nn leaves/nns he/pps brought/vbd from/in India/np ,/, went/vbd back/rb through/in the/at air/nn ./.
(/( 2/cd )/) ''/'' 

	In/in the/at popular/jj Chinese/jj mind/nn ,/, Ch'an/np (/( Zen/np )/) was/bedz no/at exception/nn to/in the/at ideas/nns of/in coarse/jj magic/nn that/wps dominated/vbd ./.


	A/at closer/jjr look/nn at/in modern/jj Zen/np reveals/vbz many/ap magical/jj carryovers/nns that/wps are/ber still/rb part/nn of/in popular/jj Zen/np attitudes/nns ./.
To/in the/at Zen/np monk/nn the/at universe/nn is/bez still/rb populated/vbn with/in ``/`` spiritual/jj beings/nns ''/'' who/wps have/hv to/to be/be appeased/vbn ./.
Part/nn of/in the/at mealtime/nn ritual/nn in/in the/at Zendo/np consists/vbz in/in offerings/nns of/in rice/nn to/in the/at spiritual/jj beings/nns ''/'' ./.
Modern/jj Zen/np presentation/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl insists/vbz on/in the/at anti-authoritarian/jj ,/, highly/ql pragmatic/jj nature/nn of/in the/at Zen/np belief/nn --/-- scriptures/nns are/ber burned/vbn to/to make/vb fire/nn ,/, action/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in direct/jj self-confidence/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./.
This/dt picture/nn of/in extreme/jj self-reliant/jj individuation/nn is/bez difficult/jj to/to reconcile/vb with/in such/jj Zendo/np formulas/nns as/cs :/: ``/`` O/uh you/ppss ,/, demons/nns and/cc other/ap spiritual/jj beings/nns ,/, I/ppss now/rb offer/vb this/dt to/in you/ppo ,/, and/cc may/md this/dt food/nn fill/vb up/rp the/at ten/cd quarters/nns of/in the/at world/nn and/cc all/abn the/at demons/nns and/cc other/ap spiritual/jj beings/nns be/be fed/vbn therewith/rb ./.
(/( 3/cd )/) 


	Pope/nn-tl Leo/np 13/cd-tl ,/, on/in the/at 13th/od day/nn of/in December/np 1898/cd ,/, granted/vbd the/at following/vbg indulgences/nns :/: ``/`` An/at indulgence/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd days/nns is/bez granted/vbn to/in all/abn the/at Faithful/nns-tl who/wps read/vb the/at Holy/jj-tl Gospels/nps at/in least/ap a/at quarter/nn of/in an/at hour/nn ./.
A/at Plenary/jj-tl Indulgence/nn-tl under/in the/at usual/jj conditions/nns is/bez granted/vbn once/cs a/at month/nn for/in the/at daily/jj reading/nn ''/'' ./.
Pope/nn-tl Pius/np the/at-tl Sixth/od-tl ,/, at/in Rome/np ,/, in/in April/np ,/, 1778/cd ,/, wrote/vbd the/at following/nn :/: ``/`` The/at faithful/jj should/md be/be excited/vbn to/in the/at reading/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl :/: For/cs these/dts are/ber the/at most/ql abundant/jj sources/nns which/wdt ought/md to/to be/be left/vbn open/jj to/in everyone/pn ,/, to/to draw/vb from/in them/ppo purity/nn of/in morals/nns and/cc of/in doctrine/nn ,/, to/to eradicate/vb errors/nns which/wdt are/ber so/ql widely/rb disseminated/vbn in/in these/dts corrupt/jj times/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at American/jj Bishops/nns-tl assembled/vbd at/in the/at Third/od-tl Plenary/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Baltimore/np-tl urged/vbd the/at Catholic/jj people/nns to/to read/vb the/at Holy/jj-tl Bible/np-tl ./.
``/`` We/ppss hope/vb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss said/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs no/at family/nn can/md be/be found/vbn amongst/in us/ppo without/in a/at correct/jj version/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
They/ppss recommended/vbd ,/, also/rb ,/, that/cs ``/`` at/in a/at fixed/vbn hour/nn ,/, let/vb the/at entire/jj family/nn be/be assembled/vbn for/in night/nn prayers/nns ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at short/jj reading/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl ''/'' ./.


	Since/cs the/at Catholic/jj Church/nn-tl expresses/vbz such/jj desire/nn that/cs the/at Sacred/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl be/be read/vbn ,/, the/at following/vbg taken/vbn from/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Bible/np-tl (/( New/jj-tl Catholic/jj-tl Edition/nn-tl )/) will/md prove/vb a/at means/nn of/in grace/nn and/cc a/at source/nn of/in great/jj spiritual/jj blessing/nn ./.



The/at-hl need/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl 
Do/do not/* wonder/vb that/cs I/ppss said/vbd to/in thee/ppo ,/, ``/`` You/ppss must/md be/be born/vbn again/rb ''/'' ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl god/nn-hl is/bez-hl holy/jj-hl ./.-hl

But/cc as/cs the/at One/cd-tl who/wps called/vbd you/ppo is/bez holy/jj ,/, be/be you/ppss also/rb holy/jj in/in all/abn your/pp$ behavior/nn ;/. ;/.
for/cs it/pps is/bez written/vbn ,/, You/ppss shall/md be/be holy/jj ,/, because/cs I/ppss am/bem holy/jj ./.
1/cd-tl ,/, St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 15/cd-tl ,/,-tl 16/cd-tl ./.


	Holiness/nn without/in which/wdt no/at man/nn will/md see/vb God/np ./.
Hebrews/nps-tl 14/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl all/abn-hl have/hv-hl sinned/vbn-hl ./.-hl

As/cs it/pps is/bez written/vbn ,/, There/ex is/bez not/* one/cd just/jj man/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez none/pn who/wps understands/vbz ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez none/pn who/wps seeks/vbz after/in God/np ./.
All/abn have/hv gone/vbn astray/rb together/rb ;/. ;/.
All/abn have/hv sinned/vbn and/cc have/hv need/nn of/in the/at glory/nn of/in God/np ./.
Romans/nps 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 10-12/cd-tl ,/, 23/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl the/at-hl natural/jj-hl man/nn-hl is/bez-hl spiritually/rb-hl dead/jj-hl and/cc-hl blind/jj-hl ./.-hl

Therefore/rb as/cs through/in one/cd man/nn sin/nn entered/vbd into/in the/at world/nn and/cc through/in sin/nn death/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb death/nn has/hvz passed/vbn unto/in all/abn men/nns because/cs all/abn have/hv sinned/vbn ./.
Romans/nps 12/cd-tl ./.


	You/ppss also/rb ,/, when/wrb you/ppss were/bed dead/jj by/in reason/nn of/in your/pp$ offenses/nns and/cc sins/nns ./.
Ephesians/nps-tl 2/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl ./.


	And/cc if/cs our/pp$ gospel/nn also/rb is/bez veiled/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez veiled/vbn only/rb to/in those/dts who/wps are/ber perishing/vbg ./.
In/in their/pp$ case/nn ,/, the/at god/nn of/in this/dt world/nn (/( Satan/np )/) has/hvz blinded/vbn their/pp$ unbelieving/jj minds/nns ,/, that/cs they/ppss should/md not/* see/vb the/at light/nn of/in the/at gospel/nn of/in the/at glory/nn of/in Christ/np ,/, who/wps is/bez the/at image/nn of/in God/np ./.
2/cd-tl ,/, Corinthians/nps 4/cd-tl :/:-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, 4/cd-tl ./.


	For/cs his/pp$ workmanship/nn we/ppss are/ber ,/, created/vbn in/in Christ/np Jesus/np ./.
Ephesians/nps-tl 10/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl effected/vbn-hl through/in-hl the/at-hl word/nn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl 
./.-hl
For/cs you/ppss have/hv been/ben reborn/vbn ,/, not/* from/in corruptible/jj seed/nn but/cc from/in incorruptible/jj ,/, through/in the/at word/nn of/in God/np ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 23/cd-tl ./.


	Of/in his/pp$ own/jj will/nn he/pps has/hvz begotten/vbn us/ppo by/in the/at word/nn of/in truth/nn ./.
St./nn-tl James/np-tl 18/cd-tl ./.


	Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb of/in water/nn (/( symbol/nn of/in the/at Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, see/vb Ephesians/nps-tl 26/cd-tl )/) and/cc the/at Spirit/nn-tl ,/, he/pps cannot/md* enter/vb into/in the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ./.
That/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at flesh/nn is/bez flesh/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl is/bez spirit/nn ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 5/cd-tl ,/, 6/cd-tl ./.



Evidences/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl 
if/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl god/nn-hl we/ppss-hl have/hv-hl faith/nn-hl in/in-hl Christ/np-hl as/cs-hl the/at-hl only/ap-hl saviour/nn-hl ./.-hl

Everyone/pn who/wps believes/vbz that/cs Jesus/np is/bez the/at Christ/np is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 5/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl ./.


	As/ql many/ap as/cs received/vbn him/ppo were/bed born/vbn of/in God/np ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 12/cd-tl ,/,-tl 13/cd-tl ./.
If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl do/do-hl not/*-hl practice/vb-hl sin/nn-hl as/cs-hl a/at-hl habit/nn-hl ./.-hl

Whoever/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np does/doz not/* commit/vb sin/nn (/( That/dt is/bez ,/, he/pps does/doz not/* practice/vb sin/nn ./.
Cf./vb 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 2/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 9/cd-tl ./.


	We/ppss know/vb that/cs no/at one/cd who/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np commits/vbz sin/nn ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 18/cd-tl ./.
(/( The/at new/jj nature/nn ,/, received/vbn at/in the/at time/nn of/in regeneration/nn ,/, is/bez divine/jj and/cc holy/jj ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at believer/nn lives/vbz under/in the/at power/nn of/in this/dt new/jj nature/nn he/pps does/doz not/* practice/vb sin/nn ./.
)/) if/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl god/nn-hl we/ppss-hl practice/vb-hl righteousness/nn-hl ./.-hl

If/cs you/ppss know/vb that/cs he/pps (/( God/np )/) is/bez just/jj (/( righteous/jj )/) ,/, know/vb that/cs everyone/pn also/rb who/wps does/doz what/wdt is/bez just/jj (/( righteous/jj )/) has/hvz been/ben born/vbn of/in him/ppo ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 29/cd-tl ./.
If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl love/vb-hl God/np-hl ./.-hl

Everyone/pn who/wps loves/vbz is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np ,/, and/cc knows/vbz God/np ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 4/cd-tl :/:-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl love/vb-hl the/at-hl brethren/nns-hl ./.-hl

We/ppss know/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv passed/vbn from/in death/nn to/in life/nn ,/, because/cs we/ppss love/vb the/at brethren/nns ./.
He/pps who/wps does/doz not/* love/vb abides/vbz in/in death/nn ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 14/cd-tl ./.
If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl overcome/vb-hl the/at-hl world/nn-hl ./.-hl

All/abn that/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np overcomes/vbz the/at world/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc this/dt is/bez the/at victory/nn that/wps overcomes/vbz the/at world/nn ,/, our/pp$ faith/nn ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 5/cd-tl :/:-tl 4/cd-tl ./.
If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl grow/vb-hl in/in-hl (/(-hl not/*-hl into/in-hl ,/,-hl but/cc-hl in/in-hl )/)-hl grace/nn-hl ./.-hl

But/cc grow/vb in/in grace/nn and/cc knowledge/nn of/in our/pp$ Lord/nn-tl and/cc Savior/nn-tl ,/, Jesus/np Christ/np ./.
2/cd-tl St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 18/cd-tl ./.
If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl persevere/vb-hl unto/in-hl the/at-hl end/nn-hl ./.-hl

I/ppss am/bem convinced/vbn of/in this/dt ,/, that/cs he/pps who/wps has/hvz begun/vbn a/at good/jj work/nn in/in you/ppo will/md bring/vb it/ppo to/in perfection/nn until/in the/at day/nn of/in Christ/np Jesus/np ./.
Philippians/nps-tl 1/cd-tl :/:-tl 6/cd-tl ./.


	Now/rb to/in him/ppo who/wps is/bez able/jj to/to preserve/vb you/ppo without/in sin/nn and/cc to/to set/vb you/ppo before/in the/at presence/nn of/in his/pp$ glory/nn ,/, without/in blemish/nn ,/, in/in gladness/nn ,/, to/in the/at only/ap God/np our/pp$ Savior/nn-tl ,/, through/in Jesus/np Christ/np our/pp$ Lord/nn-tl ,/, belong/vb glory/nn and/cc majesty/nn ,/, dominion/nn and/cc authority/nn ,/, before/in all/abn time/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, and/cc forever/rb ./.
St./nn-tl Jude/np-tl 24/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl the/at-hl spiritual/jj-hl kingdom/nn-hl requires/vbz-hl a/at-hl spiritual/jj-hl nature/nn-hl ./.-hl

Jesus/np answered/vbd and/cc said/vbd to/in him/ppo (/( Nicodemus/np )/) ``/`` Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb ,/, he/pps cannot/md* see/vb the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ''/'' ./.
``/`` Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb of/in water/nn and/cc the/at Spirit/nn-tl ,/, he/pps cannot/md* enter/vb into/in the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ./.
That/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at flesh/nn is/bez flesh/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl is/bez spirit/nn ./.
Do/do not/* wonder/vb that/cs I/ppss said/vbd to/in thee/ppo ,/, '/' You/ppss must/md be/be born/vbn again/rb '/' ''/'' ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, 5-7/cd-tl ./.



The/at-hl nature/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl 
the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl a/at-hl new/jj-hl creation/nn-hl ./.

For/cs in/in Christ/np Jesus/np neither/cc circumcision/nn nor/cc uncircumcision/nn but/cc a/at new/jj creation/nn is/bez of/in any/dti account/nn ./.
Galatians/nps-tl 15/cd-tl ./.


	If/cs then/rb any/dti man/nn is/bez in/in Christ/np ,/, he/pps is/bez a/at new/jj creature/nn (/( literally/rb ,/, ``/`` He/pps is/bez a/at new/jj creation/nn )/) ,/, the/at former/ap things/nns have/hv passed/vbn away/rb ;/. ;/.
behold/vb ,/, they/ppss are/ber made/vbn new/jj !/. !/.
2/cd-tl Corinthians/nps 17/cd-tl ./.


	For/cs by/in grace/nn you/ppss have/hv been/ben saved/vbn through/in faith/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/dt not/* from/in yourselves/ppls ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez the/at gift/nn of/in God/np ;/. ;/.
not/* as/cs the/at outcome/nn of/in works/nns ,/, lest/cs anyone/pn may/md boast/vb ./.
For/cs his/pp$ workmanship/nn we/ppss are/ber ,/, created/vbn in/in Christ/np Jesus/np ./.
Ephesians/nps-tl 2/cd-tl :/:-tl 8-10/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl the/at-hl implantation/nn-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl new/jj-hl life/nn-hl ./.-hl

I/ppss came/vbd that/cs they/ppss may/md have/hv life/nn ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 10/cd-tl ./.


	He/pps who/wps has/hvz the/at Son/nn-tl has/hvz the/at life/nn ./.
He/pps who/wps has/hvz not/* the/at Son/nn-tl has/hvz not/* the/at life/nn ./.
1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 12/cd-tl ./.


	He/pps who/wps believes/vbz in/in the/at Son/nn-tl (/( Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, the/at Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl )/) ,/, has/hvz everlasting/jj life/nn ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 36/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl the/at-hl impartation/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl divine/jj-hl nature/nn-hl ./.-hl

Through/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz granted/vbn us/ppo the/at very/ql great/jj and/cc precious/jj promises/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs through/in them/ppo you/ppss may/md become/vb partaker/nn of/in the/at divine/jj nature/nn ./.
2/cd-tl St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 1/cd-tl :/:-tl 4/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl Christ/np-hl living/vbg-hl in/in-hl you/ppo-hl by/in-hl faith/nn-hl ./.-hl

Christ/np in/in you/ppo ,/, your/pp$ hope/nn of/in glory/nn ./.
Colossians/nps-tl 27/cd-tl ./.


	It/pps is/bez now/rb no/ql longer/rbr I/ppss that/wps live/vb ,/, but/cc Christ/np lives/vbz in/in me/ppo ./.
And/cc the/at life/nn that/cs I/ppss now/rb live/vb in/in the/at flesh/nn ,/, I/ppss live/vb in/in the/at faith/nn of/in the/at Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, who/wps loved/vbd me/ppo and/cc gave/vbd himself/ppl up/rp for/in me/ppo ./.
Galatians/nps-tl 20/cd-tl ./.


	To/to have/hv Christ/np dwelling/vbg through/in faith/nn in/in your/pp$ hearts/nns ./.
Ephesians/nps-tl 17/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl miraculous/jj-hl and/cc-hl mysterious/jj-hl ./.-hl

The/at wind/nn blows/vbz where/wrb it/pps will/md ,/, and/cc thou/ppss hearest/vbz its/pp$ sound/nn but/cc dost/do not/* know/vb where/wrb it/pps comes/vbz from/in or/cc where/wrb it/pps goes/vbz ./.
So/rb is/bez everyone/pn who/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 8/cd-tl ./.
The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl immediate/jj-hl and/cc-hl instantaneous/jj-hl ./.-hl

Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in you/ppo ,/, he/pps who/wps hears/vbz my/pp$ word/nn ,/, and/cc believes/vbz him/ppo who/wps sent/vbd me/ppo ,/, has/hvz life/nn everlasting/jj ,/, and/cc does/doz not/* come/vb to/in judgment/nn ,/, but/cc has/hvz passed/vbn from/in death/nn to/in life/nn ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 24/cd-tl ./.



The/at-hl means/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl 
the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl a/at-hl work/nn-hl of/in-hl god/nn-hl ./.-hl

But/cc to/in as/ql many/ap as/cs received/vbn him/ppo he/pps gave/vbd the/at power/nn of/in becoming/vbg sons/nns of/in God/np ;/. ;/.
to/in those/dts who/wps believe/vb in/in his/pp$ name/nn :/: Who/wps were/bed born/vbn not/* of/in blood/nn ,/, nor/cc of/in the/at will/nn of/in the/at flesh/nn ,/, nor/cc of/in the/at will/nn of/in man/nn ,/, but/cc of/in God/np ./.
St./nn-tl John/np-tl 12/cd-tl ,/,-tl 13/cd-tl ./.



A/at-hl final/jj-hl word/nn-hl 
You/ppss may/md be/be very/ql religious/jj ,/, a/at good/jj church/nn member/nn ,/, an/at upright/nn ,/, honest/jj and/cc sincere/jj person/nn ;/. ;/.
you/ppss may/md be/be baptized/vbn ,/, confirmed/vbn ,/, reverent/jj and/cc worshipful/jj ;/. ;/.
you/ppss may/md attend/vb mass/nn ,/, do/do penance/nn ,/, say/vb prayers/nns and/cc zealously/rb keep/vb all/abn the/at sacraments/nns and/cc ceremonies/nns of/in the/at church/nn ;/. ;/.
you/ppss may/md have/hv the/at final/jj and/cc extreme/jj unction/nn but/cc if/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* born/vbn again/rb you/ppss are/ber lost/vbn and/cc headed/vbn for/in hell/nn and/cc eternal/jj punishment/nn ./.
You/ppss cannot/md* be/be saved/vbn ;/. ;/.
you/ppss cannot/md* go/vb to/in heaven/nn unless/cs you/ppss are/ber born/vbn again/rb ./.
Our/pp$ blessed/vbn Lord/nn-tl Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, the/at sinless/jj Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, who/wps could/md not/* lie/vb ,/, said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb ,/, he/pps cannot/md* see/vb the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ''/'' (/( St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 3/cd-tl )/) ./.
``/`` You/ppss must/md be/be born/vbn again/rb ''/'' (/( St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 7/cd-tl )/) ./.


	Being/beg convinced/vbn that/cs salvation/nn is/bez alone/rb by/in accepting/vbg Christ/np as/cs Saviour/nn-tl ,/, and/cc being/beg convicted/vbn by/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl of/in my/pp$ lost/vbn condition/nn ,/, I/ppss do/do repent/vb of/in all/abn effort/nn to/to be/be saved/vbn by/in any/dti form/nn of/in good/jj works/nns ,/, and/cc just/rb now/rb receive/vb Jesus/np as/cs my/pp$ personal/jj Saviour/nn-tl and/cc salvation/nn as/cs a/at free/jj gift/nn from/in Him/ppo ./.


	You/ppss may/md do/do as/cs you/ppss please/vb with/in God/np now/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez permitted/vbn ./.
God/np placed/vbd Himself/ppl in/in men's/nns$ hands/nns when/wrb He/pps sent/vbd Jesus/np Christ/np into/in the/at world/nn as/cs perfect/jj God/np and/cc perfect/jj Man/nn-tl in/in one/cd Being/nn-tl ./.
He/pps was/bedz then/rb in/in man's/nn$ hands/nns ./.
They/ppss cursed/vbd Him/ppo ./.
It/pps was/bedz permitted/vbn ./.
Men/nns spit/vbd on/in Him/ppo ./.
God/np allowed/vbd it/ppo ./.
They/ppss called/vbd Him/ppo a/at devil/nn ./.
God/np withheld/vbd His/pp$ wrath/nn ./.
Finally/rb men/nns arrested/vbd Him/ppo ,/, gave/vbd Him/ppo a/at mock/jj trial/nn ,/, flogged/vbd Him/ppo ,/, nailed/vbd Him/ppo on/in a/at cross/nn and/cc hung/vbd Him/ppo between/in earth/nn and/cc heaven/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc God/np allowed/vbd it/ppo ./.


	You/ppss can/md do/do likewise/rb though/cs Christ/np is/bez not/* bodily/rb present/rb ./.
You/ppss can/md ignore/vb Him/ppo ./.
You/ppss can/md ignore/vb His/pp$ Book/nn-tl ,/, the/at Bible/np ,/, and/cc His/pp$ church/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md laugh/vb at/in His/pp$ blood-bought/jj salvation/nn ,/, curse/vb His/pp$ followers/nns ,/, and/cc laugh/vb at/in hell/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez permitted/vbn ./.
The/at eternal/jj Christ/np may/md knock/vb at/in your/pp$ soul's/nn$ door/nn ,/, calling/vbg you/ppo to/to give/vb up/rp sin/nn and/cc prepare/vb for/in heaven/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md refuse/vb Him/ppo ,/, spit/vb on/in Him/ppo ,/, call/vb Him/ppo a/at devil/nn ,/, curse/vb Him/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez permitted/vbn ./.
You/ppss may/md take/vb His/pp$ name/nn upon/in your/pp$ lips/nns in/in oaths/nns and/cc curses/nns if/cs you/ppss so/rb choose/vb ./.
He/pps is/bez in/in your/pp$ hands/nns --/-- now/rb ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md seek/vb His/pp$ favor/nn ,/, humble/vb yourself/ppl before/in Him/ppo and/cc beg/vb His/pp$ mercy/nn ,/, implore/vb His/pp$ forgiveness/nn ,/, forsake/vb your/pp$ sins/nns ,/, and/cc abandon/vb your/pp$ whole/jj life/nn to/in Him/ppo ./.
He/pps has/hvz said/vbn ,/, ``/`` Behold/vb ,/, I/ppss stand/vb at/in the/at door/nn ,/, and/cc knock/vb :/: if/cs any/dti man/nn hear/vb my/pp$ voice/nn ,/, and/cc open/vb the/at door/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md come/vb in/rp to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc will/md sup/vb with/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps with/in me/ppo ''/'' (/( Revelation/nn-tl 3:20/cd-tl :/. :/.
20/cd )/) ./.
The/at choice/nn is/bez up/in to/in you/ppo ./.
The/at latch/nn is/bez on/in your/pp$ side/nn of/in the/at door/nn ./.
The/at choice/nn is/bez yours/pp$$ :/: the/at revellings/nns and/cc banquetings/nns of/in this/dt world/nn or/cc quiet/jj communion/nn with/in God/np ;/. ;/.
the/at ever/rb burning/vbg lusts/nns of/in the/at flesh/nn or/cc the/at powerful/jj victory/nn of/in Holy/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl discipline/nn ./.
The/at choice/nn is/bez yours/pp$$ :/: God/np is/bez in/in your/pp$ hands/nns ,/, now/rb ./.


	God/np has/hvz already/rb set/vbn the/at day/nn when/wrb you/ppss will/md be/be in/in His/pp$ hands/nns ./.
What/wdt He/pps does/doz with/in you/ppo then/rb depends/vbz on/in what/wdt you/ppss do/do with/in Him/ppo now/rb ./.
Then/rb it/pps will/md be/be a/at ``/`` fearful/jj thing/nn to/to fall/vb into/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at living/vbg God/np ''/'' if/cs you/ppss have/hv abused/vbn Him/ppo in/in your/pp$ hands/nns ./.

I/ppss am/bem a/at magazine/nn ;/. ;/.
my/pp$ name/nn is/bez Guideposts/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
this/dt issue/nn that/cs you/ppss are/ber reading/vbg marks/vbz my/pp$ 15th/od anniversary/nn ./.


	When/wrb I/ppss came/vbd into/in being/beg ,/, 15/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, I/ppss had/hvd one/cd primary/jj purpose/nn :/: to/to help/vb men/nns and/cc women/nns everywhere/rb to/to know/vb God/np better/rbr ,/, and/cc through/in knowing/vbg Him/ppo better/rbr to/to become/vb happier/jjr and/cc more/ql effective/jj people/nns ./.
That/dt purpose/nn has/hvz never/rb changed/vbn ./.


	When/wrb you/ppss read/vb me/ppo ,/, you/ppss are/ber holding/vbg in/in your/pp$ hands/nns the/at product/nn of/in many/ap minds/nns and/cc hearts/nns ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at people/nns who/wps speak/vb through/in my/pp$ pages/nns are/ber famous/jj ;/. ;/.
others/nns unknown/jj ./.
Some/dti work/vb with/in their/pp$ hands/nns ./.
Some/dti have/hv walked/vbn through/in pain/nn and/cc sorrow/nn to/to bring/vb you/ppo their/pp$ message/nn of/in hope/nn ./.
Some/dti are/ber so/ql filled/vbn with/in gratitude/nn ,/, for/in the/at gift/nn of/in life/nn and/cc the/at love/nn of/in God/np ,/, that/cs their/pp$ joy/nn spills/vbz out/rp on/in the/at paper/nn and/cc brightens/vbz the/at lives/nns of/in thousands/nns whom/wpo they/ppss have/hv never/rb known/vbn ,/, and/cc will/md never/rb see/vb ./.


	Fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, there/ex were/bed no/at Guideposts/nns-tl at/in all/abn ./.
This/dt month/nn a/at million/cd Guideposts/nns-tl will/md circulate/vb all/abn over/in the/at world/nn ./.
Experts/nns in/in the/at publishing/vbg field/nn consider/vb this/dt astounding/jj ./.
They/ppss do/do not/* understand/vb how/wrb a/at small/jj magazine/nn with/in no/at advertising/nn and/cc no/at newsstand/nn sale/nn could/md have/hv achieved/vbn such/abl a/at following/nn ./.


	To/in me/ppo ,/, the/at explanation/nn is/bez very/ql simple/jj ./.
I/ppss am/bem not/* doing/vbg anything/pn ,/, of/in myself/ppl ./.
I/ppss am/bem merely/rb a/at channel/nn for/in something/pn ./.


	What/wdt is/bez this/dt something/pn ?/. ?/.
I/ppss cannot/md* define/vb it/ppo fully/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at force/nn in/in the/at universe/nn that/wps makes/vbz men/nns love/vb goodness/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb they/ppss turn/vb away/rb from/in it/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at power/nn that/wps holds/vbz the/at stars/nns in/in their/pp$ orbits/nns ,/, but/cc allows/vbz the/at wind/nn to/to bend/vb a/at blade/nn of/in grass/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at whisper/nn in/in the/at heart/nn that/wps urges/vbz each/dt one/cd to/to be/be better/jjr than/cs he/pps is/bez ./.
It/pps is/bez mankind's/nn$ wistful/jj yearning/nn for/in a/at world/nn of/in justice/nn and/cc peace/nn ./.


	All/abn things/nns are/ber possible/jj to/in God/np ,/, but/cc He/pps chooses/vbz --/-- usually/rb --/-- to/to work/vb through/in people/nns ./.
Sometimes/rb such/jj people/nns sense/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber being/beg used/vbn ;/. ;/.
sometimes/rb not/* ./.


	Fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, troubled/vbn by/in the/at rising/vbg tide/nn of/in materialism/nn in/in the/at post-war/jj world/nn ,/, a/at businessman/nn and/cc a/at minister/nn asked/vbd themselves/ppls if/cs there/ex might/md not/* be/be a/at place/nn for/in a/at small/jj magazine/nn in/in which/wdt men/nns and/cc women/nns ,/, regardless/rb of/in creed/nn or/cc color/nn ,/, could/md set/vb forth/rb boldly/rb their/pp$ religious/jj convictions/nns and/cc bear/vb witness/nn to/in the/at power/nn of/in faith/nn to/to solve/vb the/at endless/jj problems/nns of/in living/vbg ./.


	The/at businessman/nn was/bedz Raymond/np Thornburg/np ./.
The/at minister/nn was/bedz Norman/np Vincent/np Peale/np ./.
Neither/dtx had/hvd any/dti publishing/vbg experience/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss had/hvd faith/nn in/in their/pp$ idea/nn ./.
They/ppss borrowed/vbd a/at typewriter/nn ,/, raised/vbd about/rb $2,000/nns in/in contributions/nns ,/, hired/vbd a/at secretary/nn ,/, persuaded/vbd a/at couple/nn of/in young/jj men/nns to/to join/vb them/ppo for/in almost/rb no/at pay/nn and/cc began/vbd mailing/vbg out/rp a/at collection/nn of/in unstapled/jj leaflets/nns that/wpo they/ppss called/vbd Guideposts/nns-tl ./.


	Compared/vbn to/in the/at big/jj ,/, established/vbn magazines/nns ,/, my/pp$ first/od efforts/nns seemed/vbd feeble/jj indeed/qlp ./.
But/cc from/in the/at start/nn they/ppss had/hvd two/cd important/jj ingredients/nns :/: sincerity/nn and/cc realism/nn ./.
The/at people/nns who/wps told/vbd the/at stories/nns were/bed sincere/jj ./.
And/cc the/at stories/nns they/ppss told/vbd were/bed true/jj ./.


	For/in example/nn ,/, early/rb in/in my/pp$ life/nn ,/, when/wrb one/cd of/in my/pp$ editorial/nn workers/nns wanted/vbd to/to find/vb out/rp how/wrb churches/nns and/cc philanthropic/jj organizations/nns met/vbd the/at needs/nns of/in New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl down-and-outers/nns ,/, he/pps didn't/dod* just/rb ask/vb questions/nns ./.
Len/np LeSourd/np went/vbd and/cc lived/vbd in/in the/at slums/nns as/cs a/at sidewalk/nn derelict/nn for/in ten/cd days/nns ./.


	That/dt was/bedz nearly/rb 13/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
Len/np LeSourd/np is/bez my/pp$ executive/jj editor/nn today/nr ./.


	Many/ap of/in you/ppo are/ber familiar/jj ,/, I'm/ppss+bem sure/jj ,/, with/in the/at story/nn of/in my/pp$ early/jj struggles/nns :/: the/at fire/nn in/in January/np ,/, 1947/cd ,/, that/wps destroyed/vbd everything/pn --/-- even/rb our/pp$ precious/jj list/nn of/in subscribers/nns ./.
The/at help/nn and/cc sympathy/nn that/wps were/bed forthcoming/jj from/in everywhere/rb ./.
The/at crisis/nn later/rbr on/rp when/wrb debts/nns seemed/vbd about/rb to/to overwhelm/vb me/ppo ./.


	That/dt was/bedz when/wrb a/at remarkable/jj woman/nn ,/, Teresa/np Durlach/np ,/, came/vbd to/in my/pp$ aid/nn --/-- not/* so/ql much/rb with/in money/nn ,/, as/cs with/in wisdom/nn and/cc courage/nn ./.
``/`` You're/ppss+ber not/* living/vbg up/rp to/in your/pp$ own/jj principles/nns ''/'' ,/, she/pps told/vbd my/pp$ discouraged/vbn people/nns ./.
``/`` You're/ppss+ber so/ql preoccupied/vbn that/cs you've/ppss+hv let/vb your/pp$ faith/nn grow/vb dim/jj ./.
What/wdt do/do you/ppss want/vb --/-- a/at hundred/cd thousand/cd subscribers/nns ?/. ?/.
Visualize/vb them/ppo ,/, then/rb ,/, believe/vb you/ppss are/ber getting/vbg them/ppo ,/, and/cc you/ppss will/md have/hv them/ppo ''/'' !/. !/.


	And/cc the/at 100,000/cd subscribers/nns became/vbd a/at reality/nn ./.
And/cc then/rb 500,000/cd ./.
And/cc now/rb a/at million/cd January/np Guideposts/nns-tl are/ber in/in circulation/nn ./.


	With/in our/pp$ growth/nn came/vbd expansion/nn into/in new/jj fields/nns of/in service/nn ./.
Today/nr more/ap than/in a/at thousand/cd industries/nns distribute/vb me/ppo to/in their/pp$ employees/nns ./.
They/ppss say/vb all/abn personnel/nns have/hv spiritual/jj needs/nns which/wdt Guideposts/nns-tl helps/vbz to/to meet/vb ./.
Hundreds/nns of/in civic/jj clubs/nns ,/, business/nn firms/nns and/cc individuals/nns make/vb me/ppo available/jj to/in school/nn teachers/nns throughout/in the/at land/nn ./.
They/ppss say/vb it/ppo helps/vbz them/ppo bring/vb back/rb into/in schools/nns the/at spiritual/jj and/cc moral/jj values/nns on/in which/wdt this/dt country/nn was/bedz built/vbn ./.


	Thousands/nns of/in free/jj copies/nns are/ber sent/vbn each/dt month/nn to/in chaplains/nns in/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ,/, to/in prison/nn libraries/nns and/cc to/in hospitals/nns everywhere/rb ./.
Bedridden/jj people/nns say/vb I/ppss am/bem easy/jj to/to hold/vb --/-- and/cc read/vb ./.
Three/cd years/nns ago/rb it/pps became/vbd possible/jj to/to finance/vb a/at Braille/np edition/nn for/in blind/jj readers/nns ./.


	Throughout/in these/dts exciting/jj years/nns I/ppss have/hv been/ben fortunate/jj for/cs ,/, although/cs I/ppss have/hv never/rb offered/vbn great/jj financial/jj inducements/nns ,/, talent/nn has/hvz found/vbn its/pp$ way/nn to/in me/ppo :/: William/np Boal/np who/wps so/ql ably/rb organizes/vbz business/nn operations/nns ;/. ;/.
John/np Beach/np who/wps guides/vbz circulation/nn ;/. ;/.
Irving/np Granville/np and/cc Nelson/np Rector/np who/wps travel/vb widely/rb calling/vbg on/rp business/nn firms/nns ./.


	Searching/vbg for/in the/at best/jjt in/in spiritual/jj stories/nns ,/, my/pp$ roving/vbg editors/nns cover/vb not/* only/rb the/at country/nn ,/, but/cc the/at whole/jj world/nn ./.
Glenn/np Kittler/np has/hvz been/ben twice/rb to/in Africa/np ,/, once/rb spending/vbg a/at week/nn with/in Dr./nn-tl Albert/np Schweitzer/np ./.
Last/ap summer/nn John/np and/cc Elizabeth/np Sherrill/np were/bed in/in Alaska/np ./.
Van/np Varner/np recently/rb returned/vbd from/in Russia/np ./.


	Twice/rb a/at month/nn the/at editorial/nn staff/nn meets/vbz in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl for/in an/at early/jj supper/nn ,/, then/rb a/at long/jj evening/nn of/in idea-exchange/nn ./.
Around/in the/at table/nn sit/vb Protestant/np ,/, Catholic/np ,/, and/cc Jew/np ./.
Each/dt contributes/vbz something/pn different/jj ,/, and/cc something/pn important/jj :/: Ruth/np Peale/np ,/, her/pp$ wide/jj experience/nn in/in church/nn work/nn ;/. ;/.
Sidney/np Fields/np ,/, years/nns of/in experience/nn as/cs a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl columnist/nn ;/. ;/.
Catherine/np Marshall/np LeSourd/np ,/, the/at insight/nn that/wps has/hvz made/vbn her/pp$ books/nns world-famous/jj and/cc Norm/np Mullendore/np ,/, the/at keen/jj perception/nn of/in an/at advertising/vbg executive/nn ./.


	There/ex are/ber people/nns who/wps travel/vb long/jj distances/nns to/to assure/vb my/pp$ continued/vbn existence/nn ./.
Elaine/np St./np Johns/np may/md fly/vb in/rp from/in the/at West/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl for/in the/at editorial/nn staff/nn meetings/nns ./.
Starr/np Jones/np gets/vbz up/rp every/at morning/nn at/in five/cd o'clock/rb ,/, milks/vbz his/pp$ family/nn cow/nn ,/, attends/vbz to/in farm/nn chores/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb takes/vbz a/at two-hour/jj train/nn trip/nn to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
Arthur/np Gordon/np comes/vbz once/rb a/at month/nn all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Georgia/np ./.


	We/ppss have/hv also/rb seen/vbn the/at power/nn of/in faith/nn at/in work/nn among/in us/ppo ./.
Rose/np Weiss/np ,/, who/wps handles/vbz all/abn the/at prayer-requests/nns that/wpo we/ppss receive/vb ,/, answering/vbg each/dt letter/nn personally/rb ,/, has/hvz the/at serene/jj selflessness/nn that/wps comes/vbz from/in suffering/vbg :/: she/pps has/hvz had/hvn many/ap major/jj operations/nns ,/, and/cc now/rb gets/vbz about/rp in/in a/at limited/vbn way/nn on/in braces/nns and/cc crutches/nns ./.
Recently/rb ,/, John/np Sherrill/np was/bedz stricken/vbn with/in one/cd of/in the/at deadliest/jjt forms/nns of/in cancer/nn ./.
We/ppss prayed/vbd for/in John/np ,/, during/in surgery/nn ,/, we/ppss asked/vbd others/nns to/to pray/vb ;/. ;/.
all/ql over/in the/at country/nn a/at massive/jj shield/nn of/in prayer/nn was/bedz thrown/vbn around/in him/ppo ./.
Today/nr the/at cancer/nn is/bez gone/vbn ./.


	Perhaps/rb it/pps is/bez not/* fair/jj to/to mention/vb some/dti people/nns without/in mentioning/vbg all/abn ./.
But/cc ,/, you/ppss see/vb ,/, those/dts who/wps are/ber not/* mentioned/vbn will/md not/* resent/vb it/ppo ./.
That/dt is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in people/nns they/ppss are/ber ./.


	Perhaps/rb you/ppss think/vb the/at editorial/nn meetings/nns are/ber solemn/jj affairs/nns ,/, a/at little/ql sanctimonious/jj ?/. ?/.
Not/* so/rb ./.
Serious/jj ,/, yes/rb ,/, but/cc also/rb much/ap laughter/nn ./.
Sharp/jj division/nn of/in opinion/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, and/cc strenuous/jj debate/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber brain-wracking/jj searches/nns for/in the/at right/jj word/nn ,/, the/at best/jjt phrase/nn ,/, the/at most/ql helpful/jj idea/nn ./.
And/cc there/ex is/bez also/rb something/pn intangible/jj that/wps hovers/vbz around/in the/at table/nn ./.
A/at good/jj word/nn for/in it/pps is/bez fellowship/nn ./.
A/at shorter/jjr word/nn is/bez ./.


	Each/dt meeting/nn starts/vbz with/in a/at prayer/nn ,/, offered/vbn spontaneously/rb by/in one/cd member/nn of/in the/at group/nn ./.
It/pps takes/vbz many/ap forms/nns ,/, this/dt prayer/nn ,/, but/cc in/in essence/nn it/pps is/bez always/rb a/at request/nn for/in guidance/nn ,/, for/in open/jj minds/nns and/cc gentle/jj hearts/nns ,/, for/in honesty/nn and/cc sincerity/nn ,/, for/in the/at wisdom/nn and/cc the/at insights/nns that/wps will/md help/vb Guideposts'/nns$-tl readers/nns ./.


	For/cs you/ppss ,/, readers/nns ,/, are/ber an/at all-important/jj part/nn of/in the/at spiritual/jj experiment/nn that/wps is/bez Guideposts/nns-tl ./.
I/ppss need/vb your/pp$ support/nn ,/, your/pp$ criticism/nn ,/, your/pp$ encouragement/nn ,/, your/pp$ prayers/nns ./.


	I/ppss am/bem a/at magazine/nn ;/. ;/.
my/pp$ name/nn is/bez Guideposts/nns-tl ./.
My/pp$ message/nn ,/, today/nr ,/, is/bez the/at same/ap as/cs it/pps was/bedz 15/cd years/nns ago/rb :/: that/cs there/ex is/bez goodness/nn in/in people/nns ,/, and/cc strength/nn and/cc love/nn in/in God/np ./.


	May/md He/pps bless/vb you/ppo all/abn ./.


	Havana/np was/bedz filled/vbn with/in an/at excitement/nn which/wdt you/ppss could/md see/vb in/in the/at brightness/nn of/in men's/nns$ eyes/nns and/cc hear/vb in/in the/at pitch/nn of/in their/pp$ voices/nns ./.
The/at hated/vbn dictator/nn Batista/np had/hvd fled/vbn ./.
Rumors/nns flew/vbd from/in lip/nn to/in lip/nn that/cs Fidel/np Castro/np was/bedz on/in his/pp$ way/nn to/in Havana/np ,/, coming/vbg from/in the/at mountains/nns where/wrb he/pps had/hvd fought/vbn Batista/np for/in five/cd years/nns ./.
Already/rb the/at city/nn was/bedz filled/vbn with/in Barbudos/nps ,/, the/at bearded/vbn ,/, war-dirty/jj Revolutionaries/nns-tl ,/, carrying/vbg carbines/nns ,/, waving/vbg to/in the/at crowds/nns that/wps lined/vbd the/at Prado/np ./.


	And/cc then/rb Castro/np himself/ppl did/dod come/vbn ,/, bearded/vbn ,/, smiling/vbg ;/. ;/.
yet/cc if/cs you/ppss looked/vbd closely/rb you'd/ppss+md see/vb that/cs his/pp$ eyes/nns did/dod not/* pick/vb up/rp the/at smile/nn on/in his/pp$ lips/nns ./.


	At/in first/rb I/ppss was/bedz happy/jj to/to throw/vb the/at support/nn of/in our/pp$ newspaper/nn behind/in this/dt man/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs Castro/np was/bedz happy/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, about/in that/dt support/nn ./.
Diario/np De/np La/np Marina/np was/bedz the/at oldest/jjt and/cc most/ql influential/jj paper/nn in/in Cuba/np ,/, with/in a/at reputation/nn for/in speaking/vbg out/rp against/in tyranny/nn ./.
My/pp$ grandfather/nn had/hvd been/ben stoned/vbn because/cs of/in his/pp$ editorials/nns ./.
My/pp$ own/jj earliest/jjt memories/nns are/ber of/in exiles/nns :/: my/pp$ three/cd brothers/nns and/cc I/ppss were/bed taken/vbn often/rb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ``/`` to/to visit/vb relatives/nns ''/'' while/cs my/pp$ father/nn stayed/vbd on/rp to/to fight/vb the/at dictator/nn Machado/np ./.


	When/wrb it/pps was/bedz my/pp$ turn/nn ,/, I/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, printed/vbd the/at truth/nn as/cs I/ppss knew/vbd it/ppo about/in Batista/np ,/, and/cc rejoiced/vbd to/to see/vb his/pp$ regime/nn topple/vb ./.
None/pn of/in us/ppo was/bedz aware/jj that/cs the/at biggest/jjt fight/nn was/bedz still/rb ahead/rb ./.


	I/ppss was/bedz full/jj of/in hope/nn as/cs Fidel/np Castro/np came/vbd into/in Havana/np ./.
Within/in a/at week/nn ,/, however/wrb ,/, I/ppss began/vbd to/to suspect/vb that/cs something/pn was/bedz wrong/jj ./.
For/cs Castro/np was/bedz bringing/vbg Cuba/np not/* freedom/nn ,/, but/cc hatred/nn ./.
He/pps spent/vbd long/jj hours/nns before/in the/at TV/nn spitting/vbg out/rp promises/nns of/in revenge/nn ./.
He/pps showed/vbd us/ppo how/wrb he/pps dealt/vbd with/in his/pp$ enemies/nns :/: he/pps executed/vbd them/ppo before/in TV/nn cameras/nns ./.
On/in home/nr sets/nns children/nns were/bed watching/vbg the/at death/nn throes/nns of/in men/nns who/wps were/bed shot/vbn before/in the/at paredon/fw-nn ,/, the/at firing/vbg wall/nn ./.


	Castro's/np$ reforms/nns ?/. ?/.
He/pps seemed/vbd bent/vbn on/in coupling/vbg them/ppo with/in vengeance/nn ./.
New/jj schools/nns were/bed rising/vbg ,/, but/cc with/in this/dt went/vbd a/at harsh/jj proclamation/nn :/: any/dti academic/jj degree/nn earned/vbn during/in Batista's/np$ regime/nn was/bedz invalid/jj ./.


	Economic/jj aid/nn ?/. ?/.
He/pps had/hvd promised/vbn cheaper/jjr housing/nn :/: arbitrarily/rb he/pps cut/vbd all/abn rents/nns in/in half/abn ,/, whether/cs the/at landlord/nn was/bedz a/at millionaire/nn speculator/nn or/cc a/at widow/nn whose/wp$ only/ap income/nn was/bedz the/at rental/nn of/in a/at spare/jj room/nn ./.
Under/in another/dt law/nn ,/, hundreds/nns of/in farms/nns were/bed seized/vbn ./.
Farm/nn workers/nns had/hvd their/pp$ wages/nns cut/vbn almost/ql in/in half/abn ./.
Of/in this/dt ,/, only/rb 50/cd cents/nns a/at day/nn was/bedz paid/vbn in/in cash/nn ,/, the/at rest/nn in/in script/nn usable/jj only/rb in/in ``/`` People's/nns$-tl Stores/nns-tl ''/'' ./.


	A/at suspicion/nn was/bedz growing/vbg that/cs Fidel/np Castro/np was/bedz a/at Communist/nn-tl ./.
In/in my/pp$ mind/nn ,/, I/ppss began/vbd to/to review/vb :/: his/pp$ use/nn of/in hate/nn to/to gain/vb support/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ People's/nns$-tl Courts/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ division/nn of/in society/nn into/in two/cd classes/nns ,/, one/cd the/at hero/nn ,/, the/at other/ap the/at villain/nn ./.
But/cc most/ql disturbing/jj of/in all/abn were/bed the/at advisers/nns he/pps called/vbd to/to sit/vb with/in him/ppo in/in the/at Palace/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
many/ap came/vbd from/in Communist/nn-tl countries/nns ./.


	What/wdt should/md I/ppss do/do about/in it/ppo ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd myself/ppl ?/. ?/.
I/ppss had/hvd watched/vbn Castro/np handling/vbg his/pp$ enemies/nns before/in the/at paredon/fw-nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at doubt/nn in/in my/pp$ mind/nn that/cs if/cs I/ppss crossed/vbd him/ppo ,/, mobs/nns would/md appear/vb outside/in our/pp$ windows/nns shouting/vbg ``/`` Paredon/fw-nn !/. !/.
Paredon/fw-nn !/. !/.
''/'' 

	What/wdt should/md I/ppss do/do ?/. ?/.
I/ppss was/bedz proud/jj of/in the/at new/jj buildings/nns which/wdt housed/vbd Diario/np now/rb :/: the/at rotogravures/nns ,/, gleaming/vbg behind/in glass/nn doors/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at thump/nn and/cc whir/nn of/in our/pp$ new/jj presses/nns ./.
Here/rb was/bedz a/at powerful/jj ,/, ready-made/jj medium/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps could/md speak/vb only/rb if/cs I/ppss told/vbd it/ppo to/to ./.


	Then/rb one/cd day/nn ,/, early/rb in/in January/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, I/ppss sat/vbd down/rp at/in my/pp$ desk/nn ,/, and/cc suddenly/rb I/ppss was/bedz aware/jj of/in the/at crucifix/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at simple/jj ivory/nn crucifix/nn which/wdt my/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd given/vbn me/ppo ./.
I/ppss had/hvd mounted/vbn it/ppo on/in velvet/nn and/cc hung/vbn it/ppo over/in my/pp$ desk/nn to/to remind/vb me/ppo always/rb to/to use/vb the/at power/nn of/in the/at paper/nn in/in a/at Christian/jj manner/nn ./.
Now/rb it/pps seemed/vbd almost/rb as/cs if/cs Jesus/np were/bed looking/vbg down/rp at/in me/ppo with/in sadness/nn in/in His/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, saying/vbg :/: 

	``/`` You/ppss will/md lose/vb the/at paper/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md lose/vb your/pp$ life/nn ./.
But/cc do/do you/ppss have/hv any/dti choice/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss knew/vbd in/in that/dt moment/nn that/cs I/ppss did/dod not/* have/hv any/dti choice/nn ./.
From/in that/dt day/nn on/rp I/ppss began/vbd to/to write/vb editorials/nns about/in the/at things/nns I/ppss did/dod not/* think/vb correct/jj in/in Fidel/np Castro's/np$ regime/nn ./.

