

	Too/ql often/rb a/at beginning/vbg bodybuilder/nn has/hvz to/to do/do his/pp$ training/nn secretly/rb either/cc because/cs his/pp$ parents/nns don't/do* want/vb sonny-boy/nn to/to ``/`` lift/vb all/abn those/dts old/jj barbell/nn things/nns ''/'' because/cs ``/`` you'll/ppss+md stunt/vb your/pp$ growth/nn ''/'' or/cc because/cs childish/jj taunts/nns from/in his/pp$ schoolmates/nns ,/, like/cs ``/`` Hey/uh lookit/vb+in Mr./np America/np ;/. ;/.
whaddya/wdt+ber+pp gonna/vbg+to do/do with/in all/abn those/dts muscles/nns (/( of/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz none/pn at/in the/at time/nn )/) ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	After/in all/abn ,/, a/at guy's/nn+hvz gotta/vbn+to have/hv a/at little/ap ego/nn !/. !/.


	Therefore/rb it's/pps+bez a/at genuine/jj pleasure/nn to/to tell/vb you/ppo about/in an/at entirely/ql happy/jj bodybuilder/nn who/wps has/hvz never/rb had/hvn to/to train/vb in/in secret/nn has/hvz never/rb heard/vbn one/cd unkind/jj word/nn from/in his/pp$ parents/nns and/cc never/rb has/hvz been/ben taunted/vbn by/in his/pp$ schoolmates/nns !/. !/.


	This/dt happy/jj ,/, always/rb smiling/vbg lad/nn with/in the/at sunny/jj disposition/nn is/bez our/pp$ new/jj Junior/np Mr./np Canada/np --/-- Henri/np De/np Courcy/np ./.


	Far/rb from/in discouraging/vbg Henri/np ,/, his/pp$ parents/nns urge/vb him/ppo on/rp to/in greater/jjr and/cc greater/jjr accomplishments/nns ./.
Instead/rb of/in admonishing/vbg him/ppo to/to let/vb the/at weights/nns alone/rb they/ppss personally/rb took/vbd him/ppo to/in that/dt master/nn Montreal/np bodybuilding/nn authority/nn ,/, Professor/nn-tl Roland/np Claude/np ./.


	And/cc they/ppss couldn't/md* have/hv entrusted/vbn Henri/np to/in better/rbr hands/nns because/cs ``/`` le/fw-at professeur/fw-nn ''/'' knows/vbz his/pp$ muscles/nns from/in the/at sterno-cleido/nn mastoideus/nn of/in the/at neck/nn right/ql down/rp to/in the/at tibialis/fw-nn anticus/fw-jj of/in the/at leg/nn and/cc better/ql still/rb ,/, he/pps knows/vbz just/rb what/wdt exercises/nns work/vb best/rbt for/in them/ppo and/cc what/wdt Weider/np principles/nns to/to combine/vb them/ppo with/in for/in fast/jj ,/, fast/jj muscle/nn growth/nn ./.


	That's/dt+bez because/cs the/at good/jj professor/nn teaches/vbz only/rb Weider/np methods/nns at/in his/pp$ famous/jj Montreal/np-tl Health/nn-tl Studio/nn-tl which/wdt is/bez located/vbn at/in 1821/cd Mt./nn-tl Royal/jj-tl East/jj-tl in/in Montreal/np ./.
Undoubtedly/rb you/ppss have/hv read/vbn the/at case/nn histories/nns of/in some/dti of/in his/pp$ prize-winning/jj pupils/nns (/( every/at pupil/nn has/hvz a/at physique/nn title/nn of/in some/dti kind/nn or/cc other/ap )/) ./.
There's/ex+bez Gaetan/np D'Amours/np who/wps is/bez our/pp$ newest/jjt Mr./np Canada/np ;/. ;/.
Jean-Paul/np Senesac/np ,/, whose/wp$ story/nn appeared/vbd here/rb two/cd issues/nns ago/rb ;/. ;/.
Jack/np Boissoneault/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz with/in us/ppo last/ap month/nn ;/. ;/.
Charles/np Harve/np ,/, who/wps recently/rb won/vbd the/at ``/`` Most/ql-tl Muscular/jj-tl Man/nn-tl ''/'' subdivision/nn award/nn in/in the/at Mr./np Canada/np event/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc a/at host/nn of/in others/nns ./.
Yesiree/uh ,/, the/at professor/nn knows/vbz his/pp$ muscles/nns !/. !/.


	Now/rb when/wrb Henri/np was/bedz just/rb 12/cd he/pps was/bedz only/rb 4'/nns 10''/nns ''/'' tall/jj and/cc weighed/vbd an/at astounding/jj 72/cd pounds/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ greatest/jjt desire/nn was/bedz to/to pack/vb on/rp some/dti weight/nn ./.
About/rb that/dt time/nn he/pps began/vbd reading/vbg Mr./np America/np and/cc Muscle/nn-tl Builder/nn-tl and/cc he/pps learned/vbd of/in the/at famous/jj Weider/np way/nn to/in fast/jj weight/nn gaining/nn ./.
Seeing/vbg so/ql many/ap illustrations/nns and/cc reading/vbg so/ql many/ap testimonials/nns to/in the/at value/nn of/in Quick-Wate/np and/cc Super-Protein/np ,/, those/dts two/cd wonder-working/jj Weider/np food/nn supplements/nns ,/, he/pps decided/vbd to/to try/vb them/ppo and/cc see/vb what/wdt they/ppss could/md do/do for/in him/ppo ./.


	Well/uh ,/, sir/uh they/ppss did/dod real/ql great/rb !/. !/.
For/cs in/in almost/ql less/ap time/nn than/cs it/pps takes/vbz to/to tell/vb it/ppo ,/, Henri's/np$ bodyweight/nn was/bedz increasing/vbg rapidly/rb ./.
Of/in course/nn he/pps did/dod some/dti exercising/nn ./.
He's/pps+bez crazy/jj about/in water/nn skiing/nn and/cc swimming/vbg and/cc this/dt vigorous/jj exercise/nn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at added/vbn food/nn supplements/nns packed/vbd pounds/nns of/in solid/jj muscle/nn on/in his/pp$ skinny/jj frame/nn ./.


	Henri/np has/hvz always/rb had/hvn shapely/jj legs/nns from/in swimming/vbg and/cc water/nn skiing/nn and/cc really/rb doesn't/doz* have/hv to/to work/vb them/ppo very/ql much/rb ./.
But/cc he/pps was/bedz totally/rb dissatisfied/vbn with/in his/pp$ upper/jj body/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz muscular/jj but/cc it/pps wasn't/bedz* symmetrical/jj ./.
``/`` A/at real/jj '/' nothing/pn '/' torso/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Henri/np ./.
``/`` It/pps never/rb seemed/vbd to/to widen/vb ./.
It/pps just/rb got/vbd longer/jjr and/cc longer/jjr ''/'' ./.


	That's/dt+bez when/wrb he/pps went/vbd to/in Professor/nn-tl Claude/np ./.
And/cc at/in once/rb Claude/np saw/vbd what/wdt the/at trouble/nn was/bedz and/cc he/pps knew/vbd just/rb how/wrb to/to correct/vb it/ppo ./.
In/in his/pp$ gym/nn the/at professor/nn has/hvz some/dti of/in the/at most/ql ``/`` knocked/vbn out/rp ''/'' equipment/nn since/in Vic/np Tanny/np ./.
Mr./np Claude/np is/bez a/at specialist/nn in/in torso/nn development/nn and/cc he/pps has/hvz long/rb favored/vbn the/at now-famous/jj Weider/np Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np technique/nn in/in which/wdt one/cd exercise/nn of/in the/at Super-Set/np is/bez a/at pressing/vbg or/cc ``/`` pushing/vbg ''/'' movement/nn which/wdt accents/nns one/cd sector/nn of/in a/at muscle/nn group/nn in/in a/at specific/jj way/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at ``/`` pulling/vbg ''/'' exercise/nn which/wdt works/vbz the/at opposing/vbg sector/nn of/in the/at same/ap muscle/nn group/nn ./.


	So/rb right/ql away/rb Claude/np introduced/vbd Henri/np to/in his/pp$ famous/jj ``/`` moon/nn ''/'' bench/nn and/cc proceeded/vbd to/to teach/vb him/ppo his/pp$ first/od Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np consisting/vbg of/in the/at wide-grip/nn Straight-Arm/jj-tl Pullover/nn-tl (/( the/at ``/`` pull/nn ''/'' part/nn of/in the/at Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np )/) which/wdt dramatically/rb widens/vbz the/at ribcage/nn and/cc strongly/rb affects/vbz the/at muscles/nns of/in the/at upper/jj back/nn and/cc chest/nn and/cc the/at collar-to-collar/jj Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl which/wdt specifically/rb works/vbz on/in the/at chest/nn to/to build/vb those/dts wide/jj ,/, Reeves-type/jj ``/`` gladiator/nn ''/'' pecs/nn ,/, while/cs stimulating/vbg the/at upper/jj lats/nn and/cc frontal/jj deltoids/nns ./.


	As/cs you/ppss can/md see/vb ,/, in/in this/dt Push-Pull/np Super/jj-tl Set/nn-tl the/at entire/jj chest-back-shoulder/jj area/nn is/bez vigorously/rb exercised/vbn in/in alternate/jj sectors/nns by/in alternate/jj exercises/nns so/cs the/at complete/jj torso/nn remains/vbz pumped-up/vbn all/abn the/at time/nn !/. !/.


	Now/rb when/wrb Henri/np has/hvz completed/vbn four/cd complete/jj Push-Pull/np Super-Sets/nps No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, the/at professor/nn allows/vbz him/ppo about/rb a/at five-minute/jj rest/nn period/nn before/cs starting/vbg him/ppo on/in four/cd complete/jj Push-Pull/np Super-Sets/nps No./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./.


	Super-Set/nn-tl No./nn-tl 2/cd-tl is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in similar/jj exercises/nns ,/, but/cc this/dt time/nn done/vbn with/in dumbbells/nns ,/, and/cc using/vbg both/abx ``/`` moon/nn ''/'' and/cc flat/jj benches/nns ./.
The/at ``/`` push/nn ''/'' exercise/nn of/in this/dt Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np is/bez the/at Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl done/vbn with/in elbows/nns well/rb pulled/vbn back/rb and/cc with/in a/at greater/jjr downward/jj stretch/nn of/in the/at pectorals/nns not/* possible/jj with/in the/at barbell/nn variation/nn ./.
You/ppss need/vb the/at barbell/nn variation/nn to/to build/vb width/nn and/cc mass/nn in/in the/at pecs/nn ./.
The/at dumbbell/nn variation/nn develops/vbz a/at most/ql classically/rb sculptured/vbn outline/nn to/in the/at Aj/nn ./.


	The/at ``/`` pull/nn ''/'' exercise/nn in/in this/dt Super-Set/np is/bez the/at one-dumbbell/nn Bent-Arm/nn-tl Pullover/nn-tl ./.
(/( Note/vb how/wql strongly/rb the/at upper/jj lats/nn and/cc serratus/nn are/ber worked/vbn in/in this/dt fine/nn exercise/nn because/rb of/in the/at pin-point/nn concentration/nn of/in force/nn which/wdt the/at dumbbell/nn variation/nn affords/vbz )/) ./.


	In/in the/at third/od Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np the/at ``/`` push/nn ''/'' exercise/nn is/bez the/at widegrip/nn Pushup/np Between/in-tl Bars/nns-tl ,/, while/cs the/at ``/`` pull/nn ''/'' exercise/nn is/bez the/at Moon/nn-tl Bench/nn-tl Lateral/jj-tl Raise/nn-tl with/in bent/vbn arms/nns ./.


	The/at Pushup/np done/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn is/bez the/at greatest/jjt pectoral-ribcage/nn stretcher/nn ever/rb invented/vbn !/. !/.
This/dt is/bez true/jj only/rb if/cs a/at very/ql wide/jj grip/nn is/bez used/vbn and/cc only/rb when/wrb the/at greatest/jjt possible/jj stretch/nn is/bez achieved/vbn ./.
You'll/ppss+md know/vb when/wrb you've/ppss+hv made/vbn the/at greatest/jjt stretch/nn because/cs your/pp$ shoulder/nn blades/nns will/md touch/vb !/. !/.
As/cs you/ppss see/vb ,/, the/at professor/nn has/hvz designed/vbn a/at piece/nn of/in apparatus/nn that/wps forces/vbz the/at bodybuilder/nn to/to use/vb a/at w-i-d-e/jj grip/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz to/to ;/. ;/.
he/pps just/rb can't/md* do/do anything/pn about/in it/ppo at/in all/abn !/. !/.


	But/cc as/cs you/ppss can/md also/rb see/vb ,/, it's/pps+bez not/* a/at painful/jj exercise/nn at/in all/abn ,/, because/cs Henri/np De/np Courcy/np --/-- the/at ``/`` happy/jj ''/'' bodybuilder/nn --/-- looks/vbz as/cs though/cs he/pps were/bed having/hvg the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn !/. !/.


	The/at last/ap exercise/nn of/in Roland/np Claude's/np$ prescribed/vbn program/nn for/in Henri/np is/bez a/at single/ap exercise/nn ,/, done/vbn in/in individual/jj sets/nns with/in a/at bit/nn longer/jjr pause/nn between/in sets/nns ./.
By/in this/dt time/nn Henri's/np$ entire/jj chest-back-lat-shoulder/jj area/nn is/bez pumped-up/vbn to/in almost/rb bursting/vbg point/nn ,/, and/cc Claude/np takes/vbz time/nn to/to do/do a/at bit/nn more/ap pectoral-front/jj deltoid/nn shaping/nn work/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz Henri/np do/do from/in four/cd to/in six/cd sets/nns of/in the/at Incline/nn-tl Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl (/( note/vb the/at high/jj incline/nn )/) ./.
This/dt gives/vbz a/at wide/jj flare/nn to/in the/at pecs/nn ,/, causing/vbg them/ppo to/to flow/vb dramatically/rb upward/rb into/in deltoids/nns and/cc dramatically/rb downward/rb into/in the/at serratus/nn and/cc Aj/nn ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in chest/nn that/wps invariably/rb wins/vbz contests/nns ;/. ;/.
that/dt steel-edged/jj ``/`` carved-out-of-solid/jj rock/nn ''/'' looks/nns of/in the/at great/jj champions/nns ./.


	So/rb with/in four/cd complete/jj Push-Pull/np Super-Sets/nps No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, four/cd of/in No./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, four/cd of/in No./nn-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc four/cd to/in six/cd sets/nns of/in the/at Incline/nn-tl Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl ,/, you/ppss can/md see/vb that/cs Henri/np De/np Courcy/np has/hvz had/hvn a/at terrific/jj mass-building/jj ,/, muscle-shaping/jj ,/, torso-defining/jj workout/nn that/wpo cannot/md* be/be improved/vbn upon/rb ./.


	Physique/nn contests/nns are/ber rarely/rb won/vbn on/in muscle/nn size/nn alone/rb ./.
Rarer/jjr still/ql is/bez a/at Mr./np America/np or/cc Mr./np Universe/nn-tl of/in true/jj Herculean/jj build/nn ./.
The/at aspects/nns of/in physical/jj development/nn that/wps catch/vb the/at judges'/nns$ eyes/nns and/cc which/wdt rightfully/rb influence/vb their/pp$ decisions/nns are/ber symmetry/nn and/cc that/dt hallmark/nn of/in the/at true/jj champion/nn --/-- superior/jj definition/nn of/in the/at muscles/nns ./.


	Now/rb good/jj definition/nn is/bez one/cd thing/nn that/wpo all/abn of/in us/ppo can/md acquire/vb with/in occasional/jj high-set/jj ,/, high-rep/jj ,/, light-weight/jj workouts/nns ./.
But/cc contest/nn definition/nn --/-- that/dt dramatic/jj muscular/jj separation/nn of/in every/at muscle/nn group/nn that/wps seems/vbz as/cs though/cs it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben carved/vbn by/in a/at sculptor's/nn$ chisel/nn --/-- is/bez something/pn quite/ql different/jj ./.
This/dt comes/vbz not/* alone/rb from/in high-set/jj ,/, high-rep/jj training/nn ,/, but/cc from/in certain/jj definition-specialization/nn exercises/nns which/wdt the/at champion/nn selects/vbz for/in himself/ppl with/in the/at knowledge/nn of/in exactly/rb what/wdt works/vbz best/rbt for/in him/ppo ./.


	Often/rb these/dts exercises/nns work/vb well/rb for/in some/dti bodybuilders/nns but/cc less/ql spectacularly/rb for/in others/nns ./.
Because/cs they/ppss are/ber ``/`` minority/nn ''/'' exercises/nns and/cc have/hv but/in a/at limited/vbn appeal/nn they/ppss soon/rb find/vb themselves/ppls in/in the/at limbo/nn of/in the/at forgotten/vbn ./.
Only/rb when/wrb the/at newest/jjt Mr./np America/np or/cc Mr./np Universe/nn-tl discovers/vbz them/ppo and/cc puts/vbz them/ppo into/in practice/nn are/ber we/ppss reacquainted/vbn with/in them/ppo and/cc once/rb again/rb see/vb how/wql effective/jj they/ppss really/rb are/ber ./.


	The/at exercise/nn I/ppss shall/md discuss/vb in/in this/dt --/-- the/at first/od of/in a/at new/jj series/nn of/in articles/nns on/in muscle/nn definition-specialization/nn of/in a/at particular/jj body/nn part/nn --/-- is/bez the/at One/cd-tl Leg/nn-tl Lunge/nn-tl ./.
Why/wrb it/pps was/bedz ever/rb forgotten/vbn for/in even/rb a/at moment/nn I/ppss cannot/md* say/vb because/cs it/pps works/vbz perfectly/rb for/in everyone/pn ,/, no/at matter/nn whether/cs he/pps has/hvz short/jj or/cc long/jj thigh-bone/nn lengths/nns !/. !/.


	It/pps is/bez the/at one/cd exercise/nn that/wps drastically/rb influences/vbz the/at definition/nn of/in the/at thighs/nns at/in the/at hipline/nn --/-- that/dt mark/nn of/in the/at champion/nn that/wps sets/vbz him/ppo apart/rb from/in all/abn other/ap bodybuilders/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at criterion/nn of/in muscle/nn ``/`` drama/nn ''/'' that/wps is/bez unforgettable/jj to/in judges/nns and/cc audiences/nns alike/rb ;/. ;/.
the/at facet/nn of/in muscular/jj development/nn that/wps wins/vbz prizes/nns ./.


	Definition/nn of/in the/at thighs/nns at/in the/at uppermost/jjs part/nn is/bez quite/ql commonly/rb seen/vbn in/in most/ap championship/nn Olympic/jj lifters/nns which/wdt is/bez easily/ql understandable/jj ./.
The/at One/cd-tl Leg/nn-tl Lunge/nn-tl is/bez a/at split/nn and/cc all/abn lifters/nns practice/vb this/dt in/in their/pp$ regular/jj workouts/nns ./.


	But/cc for/in purely/rb definition/nn purposes/nns --/-- used/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in your/pp$ regular/jj Squatting/vbg-tl ,/, Leg/nn-tl Curling/vbg-tl ,/, Leg/nn-tl Extensor/nn-tl programs/nns --/-- a/at heavy/jj weight/nn is/bez not/* needed/vbn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, a/at lighter/jjr weight/nn works/vbz much/ql better/rbr because/cs a/at greater/jjr ,/, more/ql extensive/jj split/nn can/md be/be performed/vbn ./.
Used/vbn in/in several/ap sets/nns of/in high/jj reps/nns once/rb or/cc twice/rb each/dt week/nn it/pps will/md not/* be/be long/rb before/cs your/pp$ entire/jj upper/jj leg/nn takes/vbz on/rp a/at razor-sharp/jj definition/nn in/in which/wdt the/at muscles/nns look/vb like/cs wire/nn cables/nns writhing/vbg and/cc twisting/vbg under/in the/at skin/nn !/. !/.


	Really/rb there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb this/dt fine/jj exercise/nn should/md not/* find/vb its/pp$ way/nn into/in your/pp$ leg/nn program/nn at/in all/abn times/nns ,/, for/cs the/at following/vbg suggestions/nns show/vb why/wrb it/pps is/bez so/ql effective/jj :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

It's/pps+bez a/at complete/jj thigh/nn contraction-extension/nn exercise/nn ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps places/vbz terrific/jj tension/nn on/in the/at leg/nn muscles/nns from/in start/nn to/in finish/nn of/in each/dt repetition/nn ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps improves/vbz over-all/jj balance/nn and/cc control/nn for/in the/at bodybuilder/nn ,/, and/cc helps/vbz to/to make/vb Squats/nns-tl more/ql easily/rb and/cc more/ql correctly/rb performed/vbn ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps increases/vbz flexibility/nn of/in the/at legs/nns ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps speeds/vbz muscle/nn growth/nn and/cc power/nn development/nn even/rb for/in the/at advanced/vbn bodybuilder/nn because/cs each/dt hip/nn and/cc leg/nn is/bez exercised/vbn separately/rb ,/, thus/rb enabling/vbg a/at massive/jj ,/, concentrated/vbn effort/nn to/to be/be focused/vbn on/in each/dt ./.


	You'll/ppss+md need/vb your/pp$ Weider/np-tl Power/nn-tl Stands/nns-tl for/in this/dt fine/jj exercise/nn and/cc here's/rb+bez the/at way/nn it's/pps+bez done/vbn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Place/vb your/pp$ Power/nn-tl Stands/nns-tl in/in position/nn and/cc adjust/vb their/pp$ height/nn so/cs that/cs this/dt will/nn correspond/vb to/in the/at height/nn of/in your/pp$ shoulders/nns when/wrb you/ppss are/ber in/in a/at deep/jj leg/nn split/nn as/cs for/in a/at heavy/jj Clean/nn-tl ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Place/vb a/at suitably-loaded/jj barbell/nn across/in them/ppo ;/. ;/.
grasp/vb the/at bar/nn (/( which/wdt will/md rest/vb against/in the/at back/nn of/in your/pp$ neck/nn )/) ;/. ;/.
extend/vb your/pp$ feet/nns forward/rb and/cc backward/rb until/cs you/ppss are/ber in/in a/at deep/jj leg/nn split/nn ./.


	Now/rb raise/vb the/at weight/nn by/in straightening/vbg your/pp$ front/jj leg/nn ,/, without/in moving/vbg your/pp$ feet/nns ./.
When/wrb the/at front/jj knee/nn is/bez straight/jj and/cc locked/vbn ,/, allow/vb it/ppo to/to bend/vb again/rb until/cs you/ppss feel/vb the/at bar/nn come/vbn lightly/rb into/in contact/nn with/in the/at sides/nns of/in the/at Power/nn-tl Stands/nns-tl ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

After/cs you/ppss have/hv taken/vbn a/at breather/nn ,/, reverse/vb the/at position/nn of/in your/pp$ legs/nns so/cs that/cs the/at front/jj thigh/nn of/in the/at previous/jj exercise/nn is/bez now/rb to/in the/at rear/nn ,/, and/cc the/at rear/jj thigh/nn now/rb to/in the/at front/nn ,/, and/cc perform/vb the/at same/ap movement/nn in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn ./.


	That's/dt+bez the/at One-Leg/jj-tl Lunge/nn-tl in/in a/at nutshell/nn ./.
You/ppss should/md have/hv a/at couple/nn of/in training/vbg partners/nns to/to stand/vb by/rb when/wrb you/ppss make/vb your/pp$ first/od experiments/nns just/rb for/in safety/nn ./.
You/ppss should/md also/rb begin/vb this/dt exercise/nn with/in a/at very/ql light/jj barbell/nn until/cs you/ppss become/vb accustomed/vbn to/in it/ppo balance-wise/rb ./.


	Oh/uh ,/, you'll/ppss+md wobble/vb and/cc weave/vb quite/abl a/at bit/nn at/in first/rb ./.
But/cc don't/do* worry/vb ./.
Before/cs your/pp$ first/od training/vbg experiment/nn has/hvz ended/vbn there/ex will/md be/be a/at big/jj improvement/nn and/cc almost/rb before/cs you/ppss know/vb it/ppo you'll/ppss+md be/be raising/vbg and/cc lowering/vbg yourself/ppl just/rb like/cs a/at veteran/nn !/. !/.


	Although/cs I/ppss suggested/vbd that/cs you/ppss hold/vb the/at bar/nn at/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at neck/nn there's/ex+bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb you/ppss shouldn't/md* make/vb some/dti experiments/nns with/in the/at bar/nn held/vbn in/in front/nn of/in the/at neck/nn ./.
Squat-style/jj lifters/nns and/cc leg-split/nn lifters/nns would/md both/abx benefit/vb enormously/rb by/in practicing/vbg those/dts variations/nns providing/cs that/cs they/ppss remember/vb to/to make/vb alternate/jj sets/nns with/in the/at left/jj and/cc right/jj leg/nn to/in the/at front/nn ./.



	The/at most/ql beautiful/jj bed/nn of/in pansies/nns I've/ppss+hv seen/vbn was/bedz in/in a/at South/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl yard/nn on/in a/at sizzling/vbg day/nn ./.
Pansies/nns are/ber supposed/vbn to/to like/vb it/ppo cool/jj ,/, but/cc those/dts great/jj velvety/jj flowers/nns were/bed healthy/jj and/cc perky/jj in/in the/at glaring/vbg sun/nn ./.
I/ppss sought/vbd out/rp the/at gardener/nn and/cc asked/vbd him/ppo what/wdt he/pps did/dod to/to produce/vb such/jj beauties/nns in/in that/dt weather/nn ./.
He/pps seemed/vbd puzzled/vbn by/in my/pp$ question/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss just/rb love/vb them/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.


	The/at more/rbr I/ppss talked/vbd with/in him/ppo ,/, the/at more/rbr convinced/vbn I/ppss became/vbd that/cs that/dt was/bedz the/at secret/nn of/in their/pp$ riotous/jj blooming/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn his/pp$ love/nn was/bedz expressed/vbn in/in intelligent/jj care/nn ./.
He/pps planted/vbd the/at pansy/nn seeds/nns himself/ppl ,/, buying/vbg them/ppo from/in a/at pansy/nn specialist/nn ./.
These/dts specialists/nns ,/, I/ppss learned/vbd ,/, have/hv done/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in work/nn to/to improve/vb the/at size/nn and/cc health/nn of/in the/at plants/nns and/cc the/at resulting/vbg flowers/nns ./.
Their/pp$ seeds/nns produce/vb vigorous/jj blooming/vbg plants/nns half/abn again/rb the/at size/nn of/in the/at unimproved/jj strains/nns ./.


	I/ppss asked/vbd him/ppo if/cs he/pps took/vbd seeds/nns from/in his/pp$ own/jj plants/nns ./.
Occasionally/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps had/hvd an/at unusual/jj flower/nn that/wpo he/pps wanted/vbd more/ap of/in he/pps did/dod ;/. ;/.
but/cc pansy/nn seeds/nns ,/, he/pps told/vbd me/ppo ,/, soon/rb ``/`` run/vb down/rp ''/'' ./.
It's/pps+bez best/jjt to/to buy/vb them/ppo fresh/jj from/in a/at dealer/nn who/wps is/bez working/vbg to/to improve/vb them/ppo ./.


	His/pp$ soil/nn was/bedz ``/`` nothing/pn special/jj ''/'' ,/, just/rb prairie/nn land/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd harrowed/vbn in/in compost/nn until/cs it/pps was/bedz loose/jj ,/, spongy/jj and/cc brown-black/jj ./.
I/ppss fingered/vbd it/ppo and/cc had/hvd the/at feeling/nn of/in adequacy/nn that/wps comes/vbz with/in the/at right/jj texture/nn ,/, tilth/nn and/cc body/nn ./.
It/pps isn't/bez* easy/jj to/to describe/vb it/ppo ,/, but/cc every/at gardener/nn knows/vbz it/ppo when/wrb his/pp$ fingers/nns touch/vb such/jj soil/nn ./.


	Nothing/pn is/bez easier/jjr to/to grow/vb from/in seed/nn than/cs pansies/nns ./.
They/ppss germinate/vb quickly/rb ,/, the/at tiny/jj plants/nns appearing/vbg in/in a/at week/nn ,/, and/cc grow/vb along/rb lustily/rb ./.
It/pps doesn't/doz* really/rb matter/vb which/wdt month/nn of/in the/at year/nn you/ppss sow/vb them/ppo ,/, but/cc they/ppss germinate/vb best/rbt when/wrb they/ppss have/hv a/at wide/jj variation/nn of/in temperature/nn ,/, very/ql warm/jj followed/vbd by/in cool/jj in/in the/at same/ap 24/cd hours/nns ./.


	I/ppss like/vb to/to make/vb a/at seedbed/nn right/ql in/in the/at open/jj ,/, though/cs many/ap people/nns start/vb them/ppo successfully/rb in/in cold/jj frames/nns ./.
Pansies/nns don't/do* have/hv to/to be/be coddled/vbn ;/. ;/.
they'd/ppss+md rather/rb have/hv things/nns rugged/jj ,/, with/in only/rb moderate/jj protection/nn on/in the/at coldest/jjt days/nns ./.
If/cs you/ppss do/do use/vb a/at cold/jj frame/nn be/be sure/jj that/cs its/pp$ ventilation/nn is/bez adequate/jj ./.


	For/in my/pp$ seedbed/nn I/ppss use/vb good/jj garden/nn soil/nn with/in a/at little/ap sand/nn added/vbn to/to encourage/vb rooting/vbg ./.
I/ppss dig/vb it/ppo ,/, rake/vb it/ppo smooth/jj ,/, sow/vb the/at seeds/nns and/cc wet/vb them/ppo down/rp with/in a/at fog/nn spray/nn ./.
Then/rb I/ppss cover/vb the/at sowing/nn with/in a/at board/nn ./.
This/dt keeps/vbz it/ppo cool/jj and/cc moist/jj and/cc protects/vbz it/ppo from/in birds/nns ./.
Ants/nns carry/vb away/rb the/at seeds/nns so/cs better/jjr be/be sure/jj that/cs there/ex are/ber no/at ant/nn hills/nns nearby/rb ./.


	When/wrb the/at first/od sprinkling/nn of/in green/nn appears/vbz I/ppss remove/vb the/at board/nn ./.
A/at light/jj ,/, porous/jj mulch/nn applied/vbn now/rb keeps/vbz the/at roots/nns cool/vb and/cc the/at soil/nn soft/jj during/in these/dts early/jj days/nns of/in growth/nn ./.
I/ppss like/vb sawdust/nn for/in this/dt ,/, or/cc hay/nn ./.


	When/wrb they/ppss have/hv 4/cd to/in 6/cd leaves/nns and/cc are/ber thrifty/jj little/jj plants/nns ,/, it's/pps+bez time/nn to/to set/vb them/ppo out/rp where/wrb they/ppss are/ber to/to remain/vb ./.
Every/at time/nn you/ppss transplant/vb a/at pansy/nn you/ppss cause/vb its/pp$ flowers/nns to/to become/vb smaller/jjr ./.
The/at moral/nn is/bez :/: don't/do* transplant/vb it/ppo any/dti oftener/rbr than/cs you/ppss must/md ./.
As/ql soon/rb as/cs they/ppss are/ber large/jj enough/qlp to/to move/vb ,/, I/ppss put/vb mine/pp$$ 9/cd inches/nns apart/rb where/wrb they/ppss are/ber to/to bloom/vb ./.
I/ppss put/vb a/at little/jj scoop/nn of/in pulverized/vbn phosphate/nn rock/nn or/cc steamed/vbn bone/nn meal/nn into/in each/dt hole/nn with/in the/at plant/nn ./.
That/dt encourages/vbz rooting/vbg ,/, and/cc the/at better/rbr developed/vbn the/at roots/nns ,/, the/at larger/jjr and/cc more/ql plentiful/jj the/at flowers/nns ./.


	Pansies/nns are/ber gluttons/nns ./.
I/ppss doubt/vb if/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to overfeed/vb them/ppo ./.
I/ppss spade/vb lots/nns of/in compost/nn into/in their/pp$ bed/nn ;/. ;/.
lacking/vbg that/dt ,/, decayed/vbn manure/nn spread/vbn over/in the/at bed/nn is/bez fine/jj ./.
One/cd year/nn I/ppss simply/rb set/vbd the/at plants/nns in/in the/at remains/nns of/in a/at compost/nn pile/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt a/at little/ap sand/nn had/hvd been/ben added/vbn ,/, and/cc I/ppss had/hvd the/at most/ql beautiful/jj pansies/nns in/in my/pp$ ,/, or/cc any/dti of/in my/pp$ neighbors'/nns$ experience/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at rich/jj soil/nn they/ppss benefit/vb by/in feedings/nns of/in manure/nn water/nn every/at other/ap week/nn ,/, diluted/vbn to/in the/at color/nn of/in weak/jj tea/nn ./.
As/cs a/at substitute/nn for/in this/dt ,/, organic/jj fertilizer/nn dissolved/vbn in/in water/nn to/in half/abn the/at strength/nn in/in the/at directions/nns ,/, may/md be/be used/vbn ./.


	They/ppss need/vb mulch/nn ./.
We/ppss put/vbd a/at light/jj mulch/nn over/in the/at seedlings/nns ;/. ;/.
now/rb we/ppss must/md use/vb a/at heavy/jj one/cd ./.
Three/cd inches/nns of/in porous/jj material/nn will/md do/do a/at good/jj job/nn of/in keeping/vbg weeds/nns down/rp and/cc the/at soil/nn moist/jj and/cc cool/jj ./.


	When/wrb winter/nn comes/vbz be/be ready/jj with/in additional/jj mulch/nn ./.
I/ppss like/vb hay/nn for/in this/dt and/cc apply/vb it/ppo so/cs that/cs only/rb the/at tops/nns of/in the/at plants/nns show/vb right/ql after/in a/at good/jj frost/nn ./.
That/wps keeps/vbz in/rp the/at cold/jj ,/, retains/vbz moisture/nn and/cc prevents/vbz the/at heaving/nn of/in alternate/jj freezing/vbg and/cc thawing/vbg ./.


	Don't/do* miss/vb the/at pansies/nns that/wps appear/vb from/in time/nn to/in time/nn through/in the/at winter/nn ./.
Whenever/wrb there/ex is/bez a/at thaw/nn or/cc a/at few/ap sunny/jj days/nns ,/, you'll/ppss+md be/be likely/jj to/to find/vb a/at brave/jj little/jj blossom/nn or/cc two/cd ./.
If/cs those/dts aren't/ber* enough/ap for/in you/ppo ,/, why/wrb not/* grow/vb some/dti just/jj for/in winter/nn blooming/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at pansies/nns I/ppss cherished/vbd most/rbt bloomed/vbd for/in me/ppo in/in February/np during/in a/at particularly/ql cold/jj winter/nn ./.
I/ppss started/vbd the/at seed/nn in/in a/at flat/nn in/in June/np and/cc set/vbd out/rp the/at little/jj pansies/nns in/in a/at cold/jj frame/nn ./.
(/( An/at unheated/jj greenhouse/nn would/md have/hv been/ben better/jjr ,/, if/cs I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn one/cd ./.
)/) The/at plants/nns took/vbd zero/cd nights/nns in/in their/pp$ stride/nn ,/, with/in nothing/pn but/in a/at mat/nn of/in straw/nn over/in the/at glass/nn to/to protect/vb them/ppo ./.
In/in response/nn to/in the/at lengthening/vbg days/nns of/in February/np they/ppss budded/vbd ,/, then/rb bloomed/vbd their/pp$ 4-inch/jj velvety/jj flowers/nns ./.
That/dt cold/jj frame/nn was/bedz my/pp$ morale/nn builder/nn ;/. ;/.
its/pp$ mass/nn of/in bright/jj bloom/nn set/vbn in/in a/at border/nn of/in snow/nn made/vbd my/pp$ spirits/nns rise/vb every/at time/nn I/ppss looked/vbd at/in it/ppo ./.
Like/cs strawberries/nns in/in December/np ,/, pansies/nns are/ber far/ql more/ql exciting/jj in/in February/np than/cs in/in May/np ./.
Try/vb that/dt late/jj winter/nn pickup/nn when/wrb you/ppss are/ber so/ql tired/vbn of/in cold/jj and/cc snow/nn that/cs you/ppss feel/vb you/ppss just/rb can't/md* take/vb another/dt day/nn of/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at day/nn will/md come/vb ,/, in/in midsummer/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss find/vb your/pp$ plants/nns becoming/vbg ``/`` leggy/jj ''/'' ,/, running/vbg to/in tall-growing/jj foliage/nn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in blossoms/nns ./.
Try/vb pegging/vbg down/rp each/dt separate/jj branch/nn to/in the/at earth/nn ,/, using/vbg a/at bobby/nn pin/nn to/to hold/vb it/ppo there/rb ./.
Pick/vb the/at flowers/nns ,/, keep/vb the/at soil/nn dampened/vbn ,/, and/cc each/dt of/in the/at pegged-down/jj branches/nns will/md take/vb root/nn and/cc become/vb a/at little/jj plant/nn and/cc go/vb on/rp blooming/vbg for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at season/nn ./.
As/ql soon/rb as/cs an/at experimental/jj tug/nn assures/vbz you/ppo that/cs roots/nns have/hv taken/vbn over/rp ,/, cut/vb it/ppo off/rp from/in the/at mother/nn plant/nn ./.


	A/at second/od and/cc also/rb good/jj practice/nn is/bez to/to shear/vb off/rp the/at tops/nns ,/, leaving/vbg an/at inch/nn high/jj stub/nn with/in just/rb a/at leaf/nn or/cc two/cd on/in each/dt branch/nn ./.
These/dts cut-down/jj plants/nns will/md bud/vb and/cc blossom/vb in/in record/nn time/nn and/cc will/md behave/vb just/rb as/cs they/ppss did/dod in/in early/jj spring/nn ./.
I/ppss like/vb to/to shear/vb half/abn my/pp$ plants/nns at/in a/at time/nn ,/, leaving/vbg one/cd half/abn of/in them/ppo to/to blossom/vb while/cs the/at second/od half/abn is/bez getting/vbg started/vbn on/in its/pp$ new/jj round/nn of/in blooming/vbg ./.


	Probably/rb no/at one/pn needs/vbz to/to tell/vb you/ppo that/cs the/at way/nn to/to stop/vb all/abn bloom/nn is/bez to/to let/vb the/at blossoms/nns go/vb to/in seed/nn ./.
Nature's/nn$ aim/nn ,/, different/jj from/in ours/pp$$ ,/, is/bez to/to provide/vb for/in the/at coming/vbg generation/nn ./.
That/dt done/vbn ,/, her/pp$ work/nn is/bez accomplished/vbn and/cc she/pps ignores/vbz the/at plant/nn ./.


	Here/rb is/bez a/at word/nn of/in advice/nn when/wrb you/ppss go/vb shopping/vbg for/in your/pp$ pansy/nn seeds/nns ./.
Go/vb to/in a/at reputable/jj grower/nn ,/, preferably/rb a/at pansy/nn specialist/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez no/at harder/jjr to/to raise/vb big/jj ,/, healthy/jj ,/, blooming/vbg plants/nns than/cs weak/jj ,/, sickly/jj little/jj things/nns ;/. ;/.
in/in fact/nn it/pps is/bez easier/jjr ./.
But/cc you/ppss will/md never/rb get/vb better/jjr flowers/nns than/cs the/at seed/nn you/ppss grow/vb ./.


	Many/ap people/nns think/vb that/cs pansies/nns last/vb only/rb a/at few/ap weeks/nns ,/, then/rb their/pp$ period/nn of/in growth/nn and/cc bloom/nn is/bez over/rp ./.
That/dt is/bez not/* true/jj ./.
If/cs the/at plants/nns are/ber cared/vbn for/in and/cc protected/vbn over/in the/at winter/nn ,/, the/at second/od year/nn is/bez more/ql prolific/jj than/cs the/at first/od ./.


	Would/md you/ppss like/vb to/to grow/vb exhibition/nn pansies/nns ?/. ?/.
Remove/vb about/rb half/abn the/at branches/nns from/in each/dt plant/nn ,/, leaving/vbg only/rb the/at strongest/jjt with/in the/at largest/jjt buds/nns ./.
The/at flowers/nns will/md be/be huge/jj ./.


	Pansies/nns have/hv character/nn ./.
They/ppss stick/vb to/in their/pp$ principles/nns ,/, insist/vb upon/in their/pp$ due/nn ,/, but/cc grow/vb and/cc bloom/vb with/in dependable/jj regularity/nn if/cs given/vbn it/ppo ./.
Treat/vb them/ppo right/rb and/cc they'll/ppss+md make/vb a/at showing/nn every/at month/nn in/in the/at year/nn except/in the/at frigid/jj ones/nns ./.
Give/vb them/ppo food/nn ,/, some/dti shade/nn ,/, mulch/nn ,/, water/nn and/cc more/ap food/nn ,/, and/cc they'll/ppss+md repay/vb your/pp$ solicitude/nn with/in beauty/nn ./.


	A/at salad/nn with/in greens/nns and/cc tomato/nn is/bez a/at popular/jj and/cc wonderfully/ql healthful/jj addition/nn to/in a/at meal/nn ,/, but/cc add/vb an/at avocado/nn and/cc you/ppss have/hv something/pn really/ql special/jj ./.
This/dt delightful/jj tropical/jj fruit/nn has/hvz become/vbn well-known/jj in/in the/at past/ap thirty/cd years/nns because/cs modern/jj transportation/nn methods/nns have/hv made/vbn it/ppo possible/jj to/to ship/vb avocados/nns anywhere/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
It/pps has/hvz a/at great/ql many/ap assets/nns to/to recommend/vb it/ppo and/cc if/cs you/ppss haven't/hv* made/vbn avocado/nn a/at part/nn of/in your/pp$ diet/nn yet/rb ,/, you/ppss really/rb should/md ./.


	You/ppss will/md find/vb that/dt avocado/nn is/bez unlike/in any/dti other/ap fruit/nn you/ppss have/hv ever/rb tasted/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez roughly/rb shaped/vbn like/cs a/at large/jj pear/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb properly/rb ripened/vbn ,/, its/pp$ dark/jj green/jj skin/nn covers/vbz a/at meaty/jj ,/, melon-like/jj pulp/nn that/wps has/hvz about/rb the/at consistency/nn of/in a/at ripe/jj Bartlett/np pear/nn ,/, but/cc oily/jj ./.
The/at avocado/nn should/md have/hv a/at ``/`` give/nn ''/'' to/in it/ppo ,/, as/cs you/ppss hold/vb it/ppo ,/, when/wrb it/pps is/bez ripe/jj ./.
The/at flavor/nn is/bez neither/cc sweet/jj ,/, like/cs a/at pear/nn ,/, nor/cc tart/jj like/cs an/at orange/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez subtle/jj and/cc rather/ql bland/jj ,/, nut-like/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at flavor/nn that/wps might/md take/vb a/at little/ql getting/nn used/vbn to/in --/-- not/* because/cs it/pps is/bez unpleasant/jj ,/, but/cc because/cs the/at flavor/nn is/bez hard/jj to/to define/vb in/in the/at light/nn of/in our/pp$ experience/nn with/in other/ap fruits/nns ./.
Sometimes/rb it/pps takes/vbz several/ap ``/`` eatings/nns ''/'' of/in avocado/nn to/to catch/vb that/dt delightful/jj quality/nn in/in taste/nn that/wps has/hvz made/vbn it/ppo such/abl a/at favorite/jj throughout/in the/at world/nn ./.
Once/cs you/ppss become/vb an/at avocado/nn fan/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md look/vb forward/rb to/in the/at season/nn each/dt year/nn with/in eager/jj anticipation/nn ./.



Naturally/ql-hl dormant/jj-hl and/cc-hl no/at-hl spray/nn-hl danger/nn-hl 
Today/nr ,/, refrigerated/vbn carriers/nns have/hv made/vbn the/at shipping/nn of/in avocados/nns possible/jj to/in any/dti place/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.
The/at fruit/nn is/bez allowed/vbn to/to mature/vb on/in the/at tree/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez still/rb firm/jj at/in this/dt point/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez brought/vbn to/in packing/vbg houses/nns ,/, cleaned/vbn and/cc graded/vbn as/in to/in size/nn and/cc quality/nn ,/, and/cc packed/vbn in/in protective/jj excelsior/nn ./.
The/at fruit/nn is/bez then/rb cooled/vbn to/in 42-degrees-F./nns ,/, a/at temperature/nn at/in which/wdt it/pps lapses/vbz into/in a/at sort/nn of/in dormant/jj state/nn ./.
This/dt cooling/nn does/doz not/* change/vb the/at avocado/nn in/in any/dti way/nn ,/, it/pps just/rb delays/vbz the/at natural/jj softening/nn of/in the/at fruit/nn until/cs a/at grovelike/jj temperature/nn (/( room/nn temperature/nn )/) is/bez restored/vbn ./.
This/dt happens/vbz on/in the/at grocer's/nn$ shelf/nn or/cc in/in your/pp$ kitchen/nn ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql attractive/jj things/nns about/in avocados/nns is/bez that/cs they/ppss do/do not/* require/vb processing/vbg of/in any/dti kind/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at dyeing/vbg or/cc waxing/vbg or/cc gassing/vbg needed/vbn ./.
If/cs the/at temperature/nn is/bez controlled/vbn properly/rb ,/, the/at avocado/nn will/md delay/vb its/pp$ ripening/nn until/cs needed/vbn ./.
And/cc unlike/in other/ap fruits/nns ,/, one/pn cannot/md* eat/vb the/at skin/nn of/in the/at avocado/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez thick/jj ,/, much/rb like/cs an/at egg/nn plant's/nn$ skin/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs poison/nn sprays/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss are/ber used/vbn ,/, present/vb no/at hazard/nn to/in the/at consumer/nn ./.



Nutritious/jj-hl and/cc-hl a/at-hl cholesterol/nn-hl reducer/nn-hl 
Good/jj taste/nn and/cc versatility/nn ,/, plus/cc safety/nn from/in spray/nn poisons/nns would/md be/be enough/ap to/to recommend/vb the/at frequent/jj use/nn of/in such/abl a/at fruit/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs its/pp$ nutritional/jj values/nns were/bed limited/vbn ./.
Avocados/nns ,/, however/wrb ,/, are/ber very/ql rich/jj in/in nutrients/nns ./.
Their/pp$ main/jjs asset/nn is/bez an/at abundance/nn of/in unsaturated/jj fatty/jj acids/nns ,/, so/ql necessary/jj for/in maintaining/vbg the/at good/jj health/nn of/in the/at circulatory/jj system/nn ./.
Aside/rb from/in this/dt ,/, the/at average/nn portion/nn contains/vbz some/dti protein/nn ,/, an/at appreciable/jj amount/nn of/in vitamins/nns A/nn and/cc C/nn --/-- about/rb one-tenth/nn of/in the/at minimum/jj daily/jj requirement/nn ,/, and/cc about/rb a/at third/od of/in the/at official/jj vitamin/nn E/nn requirement/nn ./.
The/at B/nn vitamins/nns are/ber well/rb represented/vbn ,/, especially/rb thiamin/nn and/cc riboflavin/nn ./.
Calcium/nn ,/, phosphorus/nn and/cc iron/nn are/ber present/rb in/in worthwhile/jj amounts/nns ,/, and/cc eleven/cd other/ap minerals/nns also/rb have/hv been/ben found/vbn in/in varying/vbg trace/nn amounts/nns ./.
None/pn of/in these/dts values/nns is/bez destroyed/vbn ,/, not/* significantly/rb altered/vbn by/in refrigeration/nn storage/nn ./.


	Dr./nn-tl Wilson/np C./np Grant/np ,/, of/in the/at Veterans'/nns$-tl Administration/nn-tl Hospital/nn-tl ,/, Coral/nn-tl Gables/nns-tl ,/, Florida/np ,/, and/cc the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Miami/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Medicine/nn-tl ,/, set/vbd out/rp to/to discover/vb if/cs avocados/nns ,/, because/rb of/in their/pp$ high/jj content/nn of/in unsaturated/jj fatty/jj acids/nns ,/, would/md reduce/vb the/at cholesterol/nn of/in the/at blood/nn in/in selected/vbn patients/nns ./.
The/at study/nn comprised/vbd 16/cd male/jj patients/nns ,/, ranging/vbg in/in age/nn from/in 27/cd to/in 72/cd ./.
They/ppss were/bed put/vbn on/in control/nn diets/nns to/to determine/vb as/ql accurately/rb as/ql possible/jj ,/, the/at normal/jj cholesterol/nn level/nn of/in their/pp$ blood/nn ./.
Then/rb they/ppss were/bed given/vbn 1/2/cd to/in 1-1/2/cd avocados/nns per/in day/nn as/cs a/at substitute/nn for/in part/nn of/in their/pp$ dietary/jj fat/nn consumption/nn ./.



	Five/cd ,/, four/cd ,/, three/cd ,/, two/cd ,/, one/cd ,/, fire/vb !/. !/.
The/at tremendous/jj energy/nn released/vbn by/in giant/jj rocket/nn engines/nns perhaps/rb can/md be/be felt/vbn much/ql better/rbr than/cs it/pps can/md be/be heard/vbn ./.
The/at pulsating/vbg vibration/nn of/in energy/nn clutches/vbz at/in the/at pit/nn of/in your/pp$ stomach/nn ./.


	Never/ql before/rb has/hvz the/at introduction/nn of/in a/at weapon/nn caused/vbd so/ql much/ap apprehension/nn and/cc fear/nn ./.
Nuclear/jj weapons/nns are/ber fearsome/jj ,/, but/cc the/at long-range/nn ballistic/jj missile/nn gives/vbz them/ppo a/at stealth/nn and/cc merciless/jj swiftness/nn which/wdt is/bez much/ql more/ap terrifying/jj ./.


	A/at great/jj many/ap writers/nns are/ber bewitched/vbn by/in the/at apparently/rb overwhelming/jj advantage/nn an/at attacker/nn would/md have/hv if/cs he/pps were/bed to/to strike/vb with/in complete/jj surprise/nn using/vbg nuclear/jj rockets/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez relatively/ql easy/jj to/to go/vb a/at step/nn further/rbr and/cc reason/vb that/cs an/at attacker/nn ,/, in/in possession/nn of/in such/jj absolute/jj power/nn ,/, would/md simultaneously/rb destroy/vb his/pp$ opponent's/nn$ cities/nns and/cc people/nns ./.
With/in a/at nation/nn defenseless/jj before/in it/ppo ,/, why/wrb would/md the/at attacker/nn spare/vb the/at victim's/nn$ people/nns ?/. ?/.
Wouldn't/md* the/at wanton/jj destruction/nn of/in cities/nns and/cc people/nns be/be the/at logical/jj act/nn of/in complete/jj subjugation/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at nation/nn would/md be/be utterly/rb devastated/vbn ./.
The/at will/nn of/in its/pp$ people/nns ,/, so/ql crucial/jj in/in time/nn of/in peril/nn ,/, would/md be/be broken/vbn ./.


	Nuclear/jj weapons/nns have/hv given/vbn the/at world/nn the/at means/nn for/in self-destruction/nn in/in hours/nns or/cc days/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb rockets/nns have/hv given/vbn it/ppo the/at means/nn to/to destroy/vb itself/ppl in/in minutes/nns ./.
At/in this/dt point/nn it/pps should/md be/be painfully/ql obvious/jj that/cs cities/nns ,/, being/beg ``/`` soft/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at people/nns within/in them/ppo are/ber ideally/rb suited/vbn to/in destruction/nn by/in nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./.


	However/rb ,/, because/cs this/dt vulnerability/nn is/bez mutual/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez to/in the/at advantage/nn of/in neither/dtx side/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at opponent's/nn$ cities/nns ,/, at/in least/ap so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at opponent/nn has/hvz nuclear/jj weapons/nns with/in which/wdt to/to effect/vb reprisal/nn ./.
It/pps should/md be/be appallingly/ql apparent/jj that/cs city-trading/nn is/bez not/* a/at profitable/jj military/jj tactic/nn ./.


	ICBMs/nps have/hv given/vbn us/ppo a/at capability/nn which/wdt could/md be/be used/vbn in/in two/cd different/jj ways/nns ./.
They/ppss could/md be/be used/vbn to/to attack/vb a/at nation's/nn$ people/nns (/( which/wdt would/md inevitably/rb mean/vb the/at loss/nn of/in the/at attacker's/nn$ own/jj people/nns )/) ,/, or/cc they/ppss could/md be/be used/vbn with/in discrimination/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ military/jj force/nn ./.


	If/cs our/pp$ national/jj interest/nn lies/vbz in/in being/beg able/jj to/to fight/vb and/cc win/vb a/at war/nn rather/in than/in committing/vbg national/jj suicide/nn ,/, then/rb we/ppss must/md take/vb a/at much/ql more/ql penetrating/jj look/nn at/in ballistic/jj missiles/nns ./.
We/ppss must/md determine/vb whether/cs missiles/nns can/md win/vb a/at war/nn all/abn by/in themselves/ppls ./.
We/ppss must/md make/vb certain/jj that/cs the/at aircraft/nn is/bez finished/vbn before/cs we/ppss give/vb the/at entire/jj job/nn to/in the/at missile/nn ./.


	Missiles/nns are/ber very/ql valuable/jj weapons/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss also/rb have/hv their/pp$ too/ql little/ql known/vbn limitations/nns ./.


	Because/rb of/in a/at missile's/nn$ ballistic/jj trajectory/nn ,/, the/at location/nn of/in a/at fixed/vbn target/nn must/md be/be known/vbn quite/ql accurately/rb ./.
Placing/vbg missiles/nns in/in submarines/nns ,/, on/in barges/nns ,/, railroads/nns ,/, highways/nns ,/, surface/nn vessels/nns and/cc in/in the/at air/nn provides/vbz them/ppo with/in passive/jj protection/nn by/in taking/vbg advantage/nn of/in the/at gravest/jjt weakness/nn of/in long-range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns today/nr --/-- the/at extreme/jj difficulty/nn of/in destroying/vbg a/at mobile/jj or/cc moving/vbg target/nn with/in such/jj weapons/nns ./.
One/pn must/md first/rb detect/vb a/at fleeting/vbg mobile/jj or/cc moving/vbg target/nn ,/, decide/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez worthy/jj of/in destruction/nn ,/, select/vb the/at missile/nn to/to be/be fired/vbn against/in the/at target/nn ,/, compute/vb ballistics/nns for/in the/at flight/nn ,/, and/cc prepare/vb the/at missile/nn for/in firing/vbg ./.


	Even/rb if/cs all/abn these/dts operations/nns could/md be/be performed/vbn instantaneously/rb ,/, the/at ICBM/nn still/rb has/hvz a/at time/nn of/in flight/nn to/in the/at target/nn of/in about/rb 30/cd minutes/nns ./.
Therefore/rb ,/, if/cs the/at target/nn can/md significantly/rb change/vb its/pp$ location/nn in/in something/pn less/ap than/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, the/at probability/nn of/in having/hvg destroyed/vbn it/ppo is/bez drastically/ql lowered/vbn ./.


	Because/rb of/in this/dt ,/, it/pps would/md appear/vb inevitable/jj that/cs an/at increasing/vbg percentage/nn of/in strategic/jj missiles/nns will/md seek/vb self-protection/nn in/in mobility/nn --/-- at/in least/ap until/cs missile/nn defenses/nns are/ber perfected/vbn which/wdt have/hv an/at exceedingly/ql high/jj kill/nn probability/nn ./.


	In/in order/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ mobile/jj ,/, moving/vbg ,/, or/cc imprecisely/ql located/vbn strategic/jj forces/nns ,/, we/ppss must/md have/hv a/at hunter-killer/nn capability/nn in/in addition/nn to/in our/pp$ missiles/nns ./.
Until/cs this/dt hunter-killer/nn operation/nn can/md be/be performed/vbn by/in spacecraft/nn ,/, manned/vbn aircraft/nn appear/vb to/to be/be the/at only/ap means/nn available/jj to/in us/ppo ./.


	It/pps seems/vbz reasonable/jj that/cs if/cs general/jj nuclear/jj war/nn is/bez not/* to/to be/be one/cd cataclysmic/jj act/nn of/in burning/vbg each/dt other's/ap$ citizens/nns to/in cinders/nns ,/, we/ppss must/md have/hv a/at manned/vbn strategic/jj force/nn of/in long-endurance/nn aircraft/nn capable/jj of/in going/vbg into/in China/np or/cc Russia/np to/to find/vb and/cc destroy/vb their/pp$ strategic/jj forces/nns which/wdt continued/vbd to/to threaten/vb us/ppo ./.


	Let/vb us/ppo suppose/vb the/at Russians/nps decide/vb to/to build/vb a/at rail-mobile/jj ICBM/nn force/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez entirely/ql feasible/jj to/to employ/vb aircraft/nn such/jj as/cs the/at B-52/nn or/cc B-70/nn in/in hunter-killer/nn operations/nns against/in Soviet/nn-tl railway-based/jj missiles/nns ./.
If/cs we/ppss stop/vb thinking/vbg in/in terms/nns of/in tremendous/jj multimegaton/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns and/cc consider/vb employing/vbg much/ql smaller/jjr nuclear/jj weapons/nns which/wdt may/md be/be more/ql appropriate/jj for/in most/ql important/jj military/jj targets/nns ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs the/at B-52/nn or/cc B-70/nn could/md carry/vb a/at great/ql many/ap small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./.


	An/at aircraft/nn with/in a/at load/nn of/in small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns could/md very/ql conceivably/rb be/be given/vbn a/at mission/nn to/to suppress/vb all/abn trains/nns operating/vbg within/in a/at specified/vbn geographic/jj area/nn of/in Russia/np --/-- provided/vbn that/cs we/ppss had/hvd used/vbn some/dti of/in our/pp$ ICBMs/nn to/to degrade/vb Russia's/np$ air/nn defenses/nns before/cs our/pp$ bombers/nns got/vbd there/rb ./.
The/at aircraft/nn could/md be/be used/vbn to/to destroy/vb other/ap mobile/jj ,/, fleeting/vbg ,/, and/cc imprecisely/ql located/vbn targets/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at known/vbn ,/, fixed/vbn and/cc hardened/vbn targets/nns which/wdt can/md also/rb be/be destroyed/vbn by/in missile/nn ./.


	Why/wrb ,/, then/rb ,/, aren't/ber* we/ppss planning/vbg a/at larger/jjr ,/, more/ql important/jj role/nn for/in manned/vbn military/jj aircraft/nn ?/. ?/.
Is/bez there/ex any/dti other/ap way/nn to/to do/do the/at job/nn ?/. ?/.


	Survivability/nn of/in our/pp$ strategic/jj forces/nns (/( Polaris/np ,/, mobile/jj and/cc hardened/vbn Minuteman/np ,/, hardened/vbn Atlas/np and/cc Titan/np ,/, and/cc airborne/jj Skybolt/np )/) means/vbz that/cs it/pps will/md take/vb some/dti time/nn ,/, perhaps/rb weeks/nns ,/, to/to destroy/vb a/at strategic/jj force/nn ./.
War/nn ,/, under/in these/dts circumstances/nns ,/, cannot/md* be/be one/cd massive/jj exchange/nn of/in nuclear/jj devastation/nn ./.
Forces/nns will/md survive/vb a/at surprise/nn attack/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts forces/nns will/md give/vb depth/nn ,/, or/cc considerable/jj duration/nn ,/, to/in the/at conflict/nn ./.




The/at forces/nns which/wdt survive/vb the/at initial/jj attack/nn must/md be/be found/vbn and/cc destroyed/vbn ./.
Even/rb mobile/jj forces/nns must/md be/be found/vbn and/cc destroyed/vbn ./.
But/cc ,/, how/wrb does/doz one/pn go/vb about/rb the/at job/nn of/in finding/vbg and/cc destroying/vbg mobile/jj forces/nns ?/. ?/.
They/ppss are/ber not/* susceptible/jj to/in wholesale/jj destruction/nn by/in ballistic/jj missile/nn ./.


	Some/dti day/nn ,/, many/ap years/nns in/in the/at future/nn ,/, true/jj spacecraft/nn will/md be/be able/jj to/to find/vb and/cc destroy/vb mobile/jj targets/nns ./.
But/cc until/cs we/ppss have/hv an/at effective/jj spacecraft/nn ,/, the/at answer/nn to/in the/at hunter-killer/nn problem/nn is/bez manned/vbn aircraft/nn ./.


	However/rb ,/, the/at aircraft/nns which/wdt we/ppss have/hv today/nr are/ber tied/vbn to/in large/jj ,/, ``/`` soft/jj ''/'' airfields/nns ./.
Nuclear/jj rockets/nns can/md destroy/vb airfields/nns with/in ease/nn ./.
Here/rb then/rb is/bez our/pp$ problem/nn :/: aircraft/nn are/ber vital/jj to/in winning/vbg a/at war/nn today/nr because/cs they/ppss can/md perform/vb those/dts missions/nns which/wdt a/at missile/nn is/bez totally/ql incapable/jj of/in performing/vbg ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at airfield/nn ,/, on/in which/wdt the/at aircraft/nn is/bez completely/ql dependent/jj ,/, is/bez doomed/vbn by/in the/at missile/nn ./.
This/dt makes/vbz today's/nr$ aircraft/nn a/at one-shot/jj ,/, or/cc one/cd mission/nn ,/, weapon/nn ./.
Aircraft/nn are/ber mighty/ql expensive/jj if/cs you/ppss can/md use/vb them/ppo only/ql once/rb ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at point/nn on/in which/wdt so/ql many/ap people/nns have/hv written/vbn off/rp the/at aircraft/nn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at missile/nn ./.
But/cc remember/vb this/dt --/-- it/pps isn't/bez* the/at aircraft/nn which/wdt is/bez vulnerable/jj to/in nuclear/jj rockets/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at airfield/nn ./.
Eliminate/vb the/at vulnerability/nn of/in aircraft/nn on/in the/at ground/nn and/cc you/ppss have/hv essentially/rb eliminated/vbn its/pp$ vulnerability/nn to/in long-range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber four/cd rather/ql obvious/jj ways/nns to/in reduce/vb or/cc eliminate/vb the/at vulnerability/nn of/in aircraft/nn on/in the/at ground/nn :/: 

	Put/vb aircraft/nn in/in ``/`` bomb-proof/jj ''/'' hangars/nns when/wrb they/ppss are/ber on/in the/at ground/nn ./.


	Build/vb long-range/nn aircraft/nn which/wdt can/md take/vb off/rp from/in small/jj (/( 3,000-foot/nn )/) airfields/nns with/in runways/nns ./.
If/cs we/ppss could/md use/vb all/abn the/at small/jj airfields/nns we/ppss have/hv in/in this/dt country/nn ,/, we/ppss could/md disperse/vb our/pp$ strategic/jj aircraft/nn by/in a/at factor/nn of/in 10/cd or/cc more/ap ./.


	Use/vb nuclear/jj propulsions/nns to/to keep/vb our/pp$ long-range/nn military/jj aircraft/nn in/in the/at air/nn for/in the/at majority/nn of/in their/pp$ useful/jj life/nn ./.


	Using/vbg very/ql high/jj thrust-to-weight/jj ratio/nn engines/nns ,/, develop/vb a/at vertical-takeoff-and-landing/nn (/( VTOL/np )/) long-range/nn military/jj aircraft/nns ./.


	We/ppss have/hv the/at technology/nn today/nr with/in which/wdt to/to build/vb aircraft/nn shelters/nns which/wdt could/md withstand/vb at/in least/ap 200/cd Aj/nn ./.
We/ppss could/md put/vb a/at portion/nn of/in our/pp$ strategic/jj bombers/nns in/in such/jj shelters/nns ./.


	Large/jj ,/, long-range/nn bombers/nns can/md be/be developed/vbn which/wdt would/md have/hv the/at capability/nn to/to take/vb off/rp from/in 3,000-foot/jj runways/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss would/md require/vb more/ql powerful/jj engines/nns than/cs we/ppss have/hv today/nr ./.
There/ex is/bez little/ap enthusiasm/nn for/in spending/vbg money/nn to/to develop/vb more/ql powerful/jj engines/nns because/cs of/in the/at erroneous/jj belief/nn that/cs the/at aircraft/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn obsolete/jj by/in the/at missile/nn ./.


	This/dt same/ap preoccupation/nn with/in missiles/nns at/in the/at expense/nn of/in aircraft/nn has/hvz resulted/vbn in/in our/pp$ half-hearted/jj effort/nn to/to develop/vb nuclear/jj propulsion/nn for/in aircraft/nn ./.
One/pn seldom/rb hears/vbz the/at analogy/nn ``/`` nuclear/jj propulsion/nn will/md do/do for/in the/at aircraft/nn what/wdt it/pps has/hvz already/rb done/vbn for/in the/at submarine/nn ''/'' ./.


	If/cs ,/, for/in some/dti reason/nn such/jj as/cs economy/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber not/* going/vbg to/to develop/vb aircraft/nn nuclear/jj propulsion/nn with/in a/at sense/nn of/in national/jj urgency/nn ,/, then/rb we/ppss should/md turn/vb our/pp$ effort/nn to/in developing/vbg jet/nn engines/nns with/in a/at thrust-to-weight/jj ratio/nn of/in 12/cd or/cc 15/cd to/in one/cd ./.
With/in powerplants/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts ,/, vertical/jj takeoff/nn and/cc landing/vbg combat/nn aircraft/nn could/md be/be built/vbn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, a/at 12-to-one/cd engine/nn would/md power/vb a/at supersonic/jj VTOL/nn fighter/nn ./.
With/in a/at 15-to-one/jj engine/nn ,/, a/at supersonic/jj aircraft/nn weighing/vbg 300,000/cd pounds/nns could/md rise/vb vertically/rb ./.
The/at reason/nn that/cs we/ppss are/ber not/* going/vbg ahead/rb full/jj speed/nn to/to develop/vb high/jj thrust-to-weight/jj engines/nns is/bez that/cs it/pps would/md cost/vb perhaps/rb a/at billion/cd dollars/nns --/-- and/cc you/ppss don't/do* spend/vb that/dt sort/nn of/in money/nn if/cs aircraft/nns are/ber obsolete/jj ./.


	When/wrb aircraft/nns are/ber no/ql longer/rbr helpless/jj on/in airfields/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber no/ql longer/rbr vulnerable/jj to/in Aj/nn ./.
If/cs our/pp$ SAC/nn bombers/nns were/bed ,/, today/nr ,/, capable/jj of/in surviving/vbg a/at surprise/nn missile/nn attack/nn and/cc because/cs of/in infinite/jj dispersion/nn or/cc long/jj endurance/nn had/hvd the/at capability/nn to/to strike/vb at/in Russia/np again/rb ,/, and/cc again/rb ,/, and/cc again/rb ,/, those/dts bombers/nns would/md unquestionably/rb assure/vb our/pp$ military/jj dominance/nn ./.


	We/ppss would/md have/hv the/at means/nns to/to seek/vb out/rp and/cc destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ force/nn --/-- whether/cs it/pps were/bed fixed/vbn or/cc mobile/jj ./.
With/in such/abl a/at force/nn of/in manned/vbn bombers/nns we/ppss could/md bring/vb enormous/jj pressure/nn to/to bear/vb on/in an/at enemy/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt pressure/nn would/md be/be selective/jj and/cc extremely/ql discriminating/jj ./.
No/at need/nn to/to kill/vb an/at entire/jj city/nn and/cc all/abn its/pp$ people/nns because/cs we/ppss lacked/vbd the/at precision/nn and/cc reconnaissance/nn to/in selectively/rb disarm/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ military/jj force/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ first/od necessity/nn ,/, at/in the/at very/ap outset/nn of/in war/nn ,/, is/bez post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn ./.
In/in a/at few/ap years/nns we/ppss will/md have/hv SAMOS/nn (/( semiautomatic/jj missile/nn observation/nn system/nn )/) ./.
But/cc in/in the/at case/nn of/in moving/vbg targets/nns ,/, and/cc targets/nns which/wdt have/hv limited/vbn mobility/nn ,/, what/wdt will/md their/pp$ location/nn be/be when/wrb it/pps is/bez time/nn to/to destroy/vb them/ppo ?/. ?/.
What/wdt targets/nns have/hv we/ppss successfully/rb knocked/vbd out/rp ?/. ?/.
A/at ballistic/jj missile/nn cannot/md* ,/, today/nr ,/, tell/vb you/ppo if/cs it/pps was/bedz successful/jj or/cc unsuccessful/jj ./.
What/wdt targets/nns still/rb remain/vb to/to be/be hit/vbn ?/. ?/.
These/dts crucial/jj questions/nns must/md be/be answered/vbn by/in post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn ./.
SAMOS/np will/md be/be hard/rb put/vbn to/to see/vb through/in clouds/nns --/-- and/cc to/to see/vb in/in the/at dark/nn ./.


	Even/rb if/cs this/dt is/bez some/dti day/nn possible/jj ,/, there/ex remains/vbz the/at 30-minute/jj time/nn of/in flight/nn of/in a/at missile/nn to/in its/pp$ overseas/jj target/nn ./.
If/cs the/at target/nn can/md change/vb its/pp$ position/nn significantly/rb during/in the/at 30/cd minutes/nns the/at missile/nn is/bez in/in the/at air/nn on/in its/pp$ way/nn ,/, the/at probability/nn of/in the/at missile/nn destroying/vbg the/at target/nn is/bez drastically/ql reduced/vbn ./.


	Pre-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn is/bez vital/jj but/cc only/rb post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn will/md allow/vb us/ppo to/to terminate/vb the/at war/nn favorably/rb ./.
It/pps would/md be/be priceless/jj to/to have/hv an/at aircraft/nn to/to gather/vb that/dt post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn ./.
It/pps could/md operate/vb under/in the/at clouds/nns and/cc perform/vb infrared/jj photography/nn through/in clouds/nns and/cc at/in night/nn ./.


	It/pps would/md be/be even/ql more/ql valuable/jj because/cs that/dt same/ap aircraft/nn could/md immediately/rb destroy/vb any/dti targets/nns it/pps discovered/vbd --/-- no/at need/nn to/to wait/vb for/in a/at missile/nn to/to come/vb all/abn the/at way/nn from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in the/at chance/nn that/cs the/at target/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps were/bed mobile/jj ,/, would/md be/be gone/vbn ./.


	A/at large/jj aircraft/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at B-52/nn or/cc B-70/nn ,/, could/md carry/vb perhaps/rb 50/cd or/cc 100/cd small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./.
Few/ap people/nns realize/vb that/cs one/cd kiloton/nn of/in nuclear/jj explosive/jj power/nn will/md create/vb 1,000/cd psi/nn overpressure/nn at/in 100/cd feet/nns ./.
Or/cc put/vbn another/dt way/nn ,/, the/at hardest/jjt missile/nn site/nn planned/vbn today/nr could/md be/be destroyed/vbn by/in placing/vbg a/at one-kiloton/nn warhead/nn (/( 1/20th/od the/at size/nn of/in those/dts used/vbn in/in Hiroshima/np and/cc Nagasaki/np )/) within/in 100/cd to/in 200/cd feet/nns of/in the/at target/nn !/. !/.


	It/pps is/bez our/pp$ lack/nn of/in extreme/jj accuracy/nn which/wdt forces/vbz the/at use/nn of/in very/ql large/jj yield/nn nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./.


	Today/nr we/ppss have/hv side-looking/jj radar/nn which/wdt has/hvz such/jj high/jj resolution/nn that/cs the/at radar/nn picture/nn clearly/rb shows/vbz individual/jj buildings/nns ,/, runways/nns ,/, taxi-ways/nns ,/, separate/jj spans/nns of/in bridges/nns ,/, etc./rb ./.
With/in these/dts keen/jj ``/`` eyes/nns ''/'' and/cc small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns delivered/vbn with/in accuracy/nn ,/, military/jj forces/nns can/md be/be directly/rb attacked/vbn with/in minimum/jj damage/nn to/in urban/jj areas/nns ./.


	If/cs we/ppss fail/vb to/to develop/vb the/at means/nn to/to hunt/vb down/rp and/cc destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ military/jj force/nn with/in extreme/jj care/nn and/cc precision/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs war/nn comes/vbz in/in spite/nn of/in our/pp$ most/ql ardent/jj desires/nns for/cs peace/nn ,/, our/pp$ choice/nn of/in alternatives/nns will/md be/be truly/ql frightening/vbg ./.



	The/at lyric/jj beauties/nns of/in Schubert's/np$ Trout/nn-tl Quintet/nn-tl --/-- its/pp$ elemental/jj rhythms/nns and/cc infectious/jj melodies/nns --/-- make/vb it/ppo a/at source/nn of/in pure/jj pleasure/nn for/in almost/ql all/abn music/nn listeners/nns ./.
But/cc for/in students/nns of/in musical/jj forms/nns and/cc would-be/jj classifiers/nns ,/, the/at work/nn presents/vbz its/pp$ problems/nns ./.
Since/cs it/pps requires/vbz only/rb five/cd players/nns ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb to/to fall/vb into/in the/at category/nn of/in chamber/nn music/nn --/-- yet/cc it/pps calls/vbz for/in a/at double/jj bass/nn ,/, an/at instrument/nn generally/rb regarded/vbn as/cs symphonic/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, the/at piece/nn is/bez written/vbn in/in five/cd movements/nns ,/, rather/in than/in the/at conventional/jj four/cd of/in most/ap quintets/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt gives/vbz the/at opus/nn a/at serenade/nn or/cc divertimento/nn flavor/nn ./.


	The/at many/ap and/cc frequent/jj performances/nns of/in the/at Trout/nn-tl serve/vb to/to emphasize/vb the/at dual/jj nature/nn of/in its/pp$ writing/nn ./.
Some/dti renditions/nns are/ber of/in symphonic/jj dimensions/nns ,/, with/in the/at contrabass/nn given/vbn free/jj rein/nn ./.
Other/ap interpretations/nns present/vb the/at music/nn as/cs an/at essentially/rb intimate/jj creation/nn ./.
In/in these/dts readings/nns ,/, the/at double/jj bass/nn is/bez either/cc kept/vbn discreetly/rb in/in the/at background/nn ,/, or/cc it/pps is/bez dressed/vbn in/in clown's/nn$ attire/nn --/-- the/at musical/jj equivalent/jj of/in a/at bull/nn in/in a/at china/nn shop/nn ./.
Recently/rb I/ppss was/bedz struck/vbn anew/rb by/in the/at divergent/jj approaches/nns ,/, when/wrb in/in the/at course/nn of/in one/cd afternoon/nn and/cc evening/nn I/ppss listened/vbd to/in no/at fewer/ap than/cs ten/cd different/jj performances/nns ./.
The/at occasion/nn for/in this/dt marathon/nn :/: Angel's/nn$-tl long-awaited/jj reissue/nn in/in its/pp$ ``/`` Great/jj-tl Recordings/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Century/nn-tl ''/'' series/nn of/in the/at Schnabel-Pro/np Arte/fw-nn-tl version/nn ./.
Let/vb me/ppo say/vb at/in the/at outset/nn that/cs the/at music/nn sounded/vbd as/ql sparkling/jj on/in the/at last/ap playing/nn as/cs it/pps did/dod on/in the/at first/od ./.


	Whether/cs considered/vbn alone/rb or/cc in/in relation/nn to/in other/ap editions/nns ,/, COLH/nn 40/cd is/bez a/at document/nn of/in prime/jj importance/nn ./.
Artur/np Schnabel/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt Schubert-Beethoven-Mozart/np players/nns of/in all/abn time/nn ,/, and/cc any/dti commentary/nn of/in his/pp$$ on/in this/dt repertory/nn is/bez valuable/jj ./.
But/cc Schnabel/np was/bedz a/at great/jj teacher/nn in/in addition/nn to/in being/beg a/at great/jj performer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs four/cd of/in the/at ten/cd versions/nns I/ppss listened/vbd to/in are/ber by/in Schnabel/np pupils/nns (/( Clifford/np Curzon/np ,/, Frank/np Glazer/np ,/, Adrian/np Aeschbacher/np ,/, and/cc Victor/np Babin/np )/) also/rb sheds/vbz light/nn on/in the/at master's/nn$ pedagogical/jj skills/nns ./.
Certain/jj pianistic/jj traits/nns are/ber common/jj to/in all/ql five/cd Schnabelian/jj renditions/nns ,/, most/ql notably/rb the/at ``/`` Schnabel/np trill/nn ''/'' (/( which/wdt differs/vbz from/in the/at conventional/jj trill/nn in/in that/cs the/at two/cd notes/nns are/ber struck/vbn simultaneously/rb )/) ./.
But/cc the/at most/ql impressive/jj testimony/nn to/in Schnabel's/np$ distinction/nn as/cs a/at teacher/nn is/bez reflected/vbn by/in the/at individuality/nn which/wdt marks/vbz each/dt student's/nn$ approach/nn as/ql distinctly/rb his/pp$ own/jj ./.


	Schnabel's/np$ emphasis/nn on/in structural/jj clarity/nn ,/, his/pp$ innate/jj rhythmic/jj vibrancy/nn ,/, and/cc impetuous/jj intensity/nn all/abn tend/vb to/to stamp/vb his/pp$ reading/nn as/cs a/at symphonic/jj one/cd ./.
Yet/cc no/at detail/nn was/bedz too/ql small/jj to/to receive/vb attention/nn from/in this/dt master/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at result/nn the/at playing/nn here/rb has/hvz humor/nn ,/, delicacy/nn ,/, and/cc radiant/jj humanity/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at serious-minded/jj interpretation/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez never/rb strait-laced/jj ./.
And/cc although/cs Schnabel's/np$ pianism/nn bristles/vbz with/in excitement/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez meticulously/ql faithful/jj to/in Schubert's/np$ dynamic/jj markings/nns and/cc phrase/nn indications/nns ./.
The/at piano/nn performance/nn on/in this/dt Trout/nn-tl is/bez one/cd that/wps really/rb demands/vbz a/at search/nn for/in superlatives/nns ./.


	About/in the/at Pro/fw-in-tl Arte's/fw-nn$-tl contribution/nn I/ppss am/bem less/ql happy/jj ./.
I/ppss ,/, for/in one/cd ,/, rather/rb regret/vb that/cs Schnabel/np didn't/dod* collaborate/vb with/in the/at Budapest/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ rugged/jj ,/, athletic/jj playing/nn was/bedz a/at good/jj deal/nn closer/rbr to/in this/dt pianist's/nn$ interpretative/jj outlook/nn than/cs the/at style/nn of/in the/at Belgian/jj group/nn ./.
From/in a/at technical/jj standpoint/nn ,/, the/at string/nn playing/nn is/bez good/jj ,/, but/cc the/at Pro/fw-in-tl Arte/fw-nn-tl people/nns fail/vb to/to enter/vb into/in the/at spirit/nn of/in things/nns here/rb ./.
The/at violinist/nn ,/, in/in particular/jj ,/, is/bez very/ql indulgent/jj with/in swoops/nns and/cc slides/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ tone/nn is/bez pinched/vbn and/cc edgy/jj ./.
The/at twenty-five-year-old/jj recording/nn offers/vbz rather/ql faded/vbn string/nn tone/nn ,/, but/cc the/at balance/nn between/in the/at instruments/nns is/bez good/jj and/cc the/at transfer/nn is/bez very/ql quiet/jj ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at break/nn in/in continuity/nn just/ql before/in the/at fourth/od variation/nn in/in the/at ``/`` Forellen/fw-nn-tl ''/'' movement/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez due/jj to/in imperfect/jj splicing/nn between/in sides/nns of/in the/at original/jj Aj/nn ./.


	Turning/vbg to/in the/at more/ql modern/jj versions/nns ,/, Curzon's/np$ (/( London/np )/) offers/vbz the/at most/ql sophisticated/jj keyboard/nn work/nn ./.
Every/at detail/nn in/in his/pp$ interpretation/nn has/hvz been/ben beautifully/rb thought/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc of/in these/dts I/ppss would/md especially/rb cite/vb the/at delicious/jj laendler/fw-nn touch/nn the/at pianist/nn brings/vbz to/in the/at fifth/od variation/nn (/( an/at obvious/jj indication/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez playing/vbg with/in Viennese/jj musicians/nns )/) ,/, and/cc the/at gossamer/nn shading/nn throughout/in ./.
Some/dti of/in Curzon's/np$ playing/nn strikes/vbz me/ppo as/cs finicky/jj ,/, however/rb ./.
Why/wrb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, does/doz he/pps favor/vb two/cd tempos/nns ,/, rather/in than/in one/cd ,/, for/in the/at third/od movement/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at assisting/vbg musicians/nns from/in the/at Vienna/np-tl Octet/nn-tl are/ber somewhat/ql lacking/vbg in/in expertise/nn ,/, but/cc their/pp$ contribution/nn is/bez rustic/jj and/cc appealing/jj ./.
(/( Special/jj compliments/nns to/in the/at double/jj bass/nn playing/nn of/in Johann/np Krumpp/np :/: his/pp$ scrawny/jj ,/, tottering/vbg sound/nn adds/vbz a/at delightful/jj hilarity/nn to/in the/at performance/nn ./.
)/) 

	The/at Glazer-Fine/np Arts/nns-tl edition/nn (/( Concert-Disc/np )/) is/bez a/at model/nn of/in lucidity/nn and/cc organization/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez ,/, moreover/rb ,/, a/at perfectly/ql integrated/vbn ensemble/nn effort/nn ./.
But/cc having/hvg lived/vbn with/in the/at disc/nn for/in some/dti time/nn now/rb ,/, I/ppss find/vb the/at performance/nn less/ql exciting/jj than/cs either/cc Schnabel's/np$ or/cc Fleisher's/np$ (/( whose/wp$ superb/jj performance/nn with/in the/at Budapest/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl has/hvz still/rb to/to be/be recorded/vbn )/) and/cc a/at good/jj deal/nn less/ql filled/vbn with/in humor/nn than/cs Curzon's/np$ ./.
Aeschbacher's/np$ work/nn is/bez very/ql much/ql akin/jj to/in Schnabel's/np$ ,/, but/cc the/at sound/nn on/in his/pp$ Decca/np disc/nn is/bez dated/vbn ,/, and/cc you/ppss will/md have/hv a/at hard/jj time/nn locating/vbg a/at copy/nn of/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at Hephzibah/np-tl Menuhin-Amadeus/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl (/( Angel/nn-tl )/) and/cc Victor/np Babin-Festival/np Quartet/nn-tl (/( RCA/np Victor/nn-tl )/) editions/nns give/vb us/ppo superlative/jj string/nn playing/nn (/( both/abx in/in symphonic/jj style/nn )/) crippled/vbn by/in unimaginative/jj piano/nn playing/nn ./.
(/( Babin/np has/hvz acquired/vbn some/dti of/in Schnabel's/np$ keyboard/nn manner/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ playing/nn is/bez of/in limited/vbn insight/nn ./.
)/) Badura-Skoda-Vienna/np Konzerthaus/fw-nn-tl (/( Westminster/np )/) and/cc Demus-Schubert/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl (/( Deutsche/fw-jj-tl Grammophon/fw-nn-tl )/) are/ber both/abx warm-toned/jj ,/, pleasantly/ql lyrical/jj ,/, but/cc rather/ql slack/jj and/cc tensionless/jj ./.
Helmut/np Roloff/np ,/, playing/vbg with/in a/at group/nn of/in musicians/nns from/in the/at Bayreuth/np-tl Ensemble/nn-tl ,/, gives/vbz a/at sturdy/jj reading/nn ,/, in/in much/ql the/at same/ap vein/nn as/cs that/dt of/in the/at last-mentioned/jj pianists/nns ./.
Telefunken/np has/hvz accorded/vbn him/ppo beautiful/jj sound/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt bargain-priced/jj disc/nn (/( it/pps sells/vbz for/in $2.98/nns )/) is/bez worthy/jj of/in consideration/nn ./.


	Returning/vbg once/rb again/rb to/in the/at Schnabel/np reissue/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem beguiled/vbn anew/rb by/in the/at magnificence/nn of/in this/dt pianist's/nn$ musical/jj penetration/nn ./.
Here/rb is/bez truly/rb a/at ``/`` Great/jj-tl Recording/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Century/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc its/pp$ greatness/nn is/bez by/in no/at means/nn diminished/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* quite/ql perfect/jj ./.
This/dt recording/nn surely/rb belongs/vbz in/in everyone's/pn$ collection/nn ./.
Must/md records/nns always/rb sound/vb like/cs records/nns ?/. ?/.


	From/in the/at beginning/nn of/in commercial/jj recording/nn ,/, new/jj discs/nns purported/vbd to/to be/be indistinguishable/jj from/in The/at-tl Real/jj-tl Thing/nn-tl have/hv regularly/rb been/ben put/vbn in/in circulation/nn ./.
Seen/vbn in/in perspective/nn ,/, many/ap of/in these/dts releases/nns have/hv a/at genuine/jj claim/nn to/to be/be milestones/nns ./.
Although/cs lacking/vbg absolute/jj verisimilitude/nn ,/, they/ppss supply/vb the/at ear/nn and/cc the/at imagination/nn with/in all/ql necessary/jj materials/nns for/in re-creation/nn of/in the/at original/nn ./.
On/in the/at basis/nn of/in what/wdt they/ppss give/vb us/ppo we/ppss can/md know/vb how/wrb the/at young/jj Caruso/np sang/vbd ,/, appreciate/vb the/at distinctive/jj qualities/nns of/in Parsifal/np-tl under/in Karl/np Muck's/np$ baton/nn ,/, or/cc sense/vb the/at type/nn of/in ensemble/nn Toscanini/np created/vbd in/in his/pp$ years/nns with/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl ./.


	Since/cs the/at concept/nn of/in high/jj fidelity/nn became/vbd important/jj some/dti dozen/nn years/nns ago/rb ,/, the/at claims/nns of/in technical/jj improvements/nns have/hv multiplied/vbn tenfold/rb ./.
In/in many/ap cases/nns the/at revolutionary/jj production/nn has/hvz offered/vbn no/at more/ap than/cs sensational/jj effects/nns :/: the/at first/od hearing/nn was/bedz fascinating/jj and/cc the/at second/od disillusioning/vbg as/cs the/at gap/nn between/in sound/nn and/cc substance/nn became/vbd clearer/jjr ./.
Other/ap innovations/nns with/in better/jjr claims/nns to/in musical/jj interest/nn survived/vbd rehearing/vbg to/to acquire/vb in/in time/nn the/at status/nn of/in classics/nns ./.
If/cs we/ppss return/vb to/in them/ppo today/nr ,/, we/ppss have/hv no/at difficulty/nn spotting/vbg their/pp$ weaknesses/nns but/cc we/ppss find/vb them/ppo still/rb pleasing/jj ./.


	Records/nns sound/vb like/cs records/nns because/cs they/ppss provide/vb a/at different/jj sort/nn of/in experience/nn than/cs live/jj music/nn ./.
This/dt difference/nn is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in many/ap factors/nns ./.
Some/dti of/in them/ppo are/ber obvious/jj ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs we/ppss associate/vb recorded/vbn and/cc live/jj music/nn with/in our/pp$ responses/nns and/cc behavior/nn in/in different/jj types/nns of/in environments/nns and/cc social/jj settings/nns ./.
(/( Music/nn often/rb sounds/vbz best/jjt to/in me/ppo when/wrb I/ppss can/md dress/vb informally/rb and/cc sit/vb in/in something/pn more/ql comfortable/jj than/cs a/at theatre/nn seat/nn ./.
)/) From/in the/at technical/jj standpoint/nn ,/, records/nns differ/vb from/in live/jj music/nn to/in the/at degree/nn that/cs they/ppss fail/vb to/to convey/vb the/at true/jj color/nn ,/, texture/nn ,/, complexity/nn ,/, range/nn ,/, intensity/nn ,/, pulse/nn ,/, and/cc pitch/nn of/in the/at original/jj ./.
Any/dti alteration/nn of/in one/cd of/in these/dts factors/nns is/bez distortion/nn ,/, although/cs we/ppss generally/rb use/vb that/dt word/nn only/rb for/in effects/nns so/ql pronounced/vbn that/cs they/ppss can/md be/be stated/vbn quantitatively/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in standard/jj tests/nns ./.
Yet/cc it/pps is/bez the/at accumulation/nn of/in distortion/nn ,/, the/at fitting/nn together/rb of/in fractional/jj bits/nns until/cs the/at total/nn reaches/vbz the/at threshold/nn of/in our/pp$ awareness/nn ,/, that/dt makes/vbz records/nns sound/vb like/cs records/nns ./.
The/at sound/nn may/md be/be good/jj ;/. ;/.
but/cc if/cs you/ppss know/vb The/at-tl Real/jj-tl Thing/nn-tl ,/, you/ppss know/vb that/cs what/wdt you/ppss are/ber hearing/vbg is/bez only/rb a/at clever/jj imitation/nn ./.


	Command's/np$ new/jj Brahms/np Second/nn-tl is/bez a/at major/jj effort/nn to/to make/vb a/at record/nn that/wps sounds/vbz like/cs a/at real/jj orchestra/nn rather/in than/in a/at copy/nn of/in one/cd ./.
Like/cs the/at recent/jj Scheherazade/np-tl from/in London/np (/( High/jj-tl Fidelity/nn-tl ,/, Sept./np 1961/cd )/) ,/, it/pps is/bez successful/jj because/cs emphasis/nn has/hvz been/ben placed/vbn on/in good/jj musical/jj and/cc engineering/vbg practices/nns rather/in than/in on/in creating/vbg sensational/jj effects/nns ./.
Because/rb of/in this/dt ,/, only/rb those/dts with/in truly/ql fine/jj equipment/nn will/md be/be able/jj to/to appreciate/vb the/at exact/jj degree/nn of/in the/at engineers'/nns$ triumph/nn ./.


	The/at easiest/jjt way/nn to/to describe/vb this/dt release/nn is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs it/pps reproduces/vbz an/at interesting/jj and/cc effective/jj Steinberg/np performance/nn with/in minimal/jj alteration/nn of/in its/pp$ musical/jj values/nns ./.
The/at engineering/nn as/cs such/jj never/rb obtrudes/vbz upon/in your/pp$ consciousness/nn ./.
The/at effect/nn of/in the/at recording/nn is/bez very/ql open/jj and/cc natural/jj ,/, with/in the/at frequency/nn emphasis/nn exactly/rb what/wdt you/ppss would/md expect/vb from/in a/at live/jj performance/nn ./.
This/dt absence/nn of/in peaky/jj highs/nns and/cc beefed-up/jj bass/nn not/* only/rb produces/vbz greater/jjr fidelity/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps eliminates/vbz listener/nn fatigue/nn ./.
A/at contributing/vbg factor/nn is/bez the/at perspective/nn ,/, the/at uniform/nn aesthetic/jj distance/nn which/wdt is/bez maintained/vbn ./.
The/at orchestra/nn is/bez far/rb enough/qlp away/rb from/in you/ppo that/cs you/ppss miss/vb the/at bow/nn scrapes/vbz ,/, valve/nn clicks/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap noises/nns incidental/jj to/in playing/vbg ./.
Yet/cc you/ppss feel/vb the/at orchestra/nn is/bez near/rb at/in hand/nn ,/, and/cc the/at individual/jj instruments/nns have/hv the/at same/ap firm/jj presence/nn associated/vbn with/in listening/vbg from/in a/at good/jj seat/nn in/in an/at acoustically/rb perfect/jj hall/nn ./.
Command/nn-tl has/hvz achieved/vbn the/at ideal/jj amount/nn of/in reverberation/nn ./.
The/at music/nn is/bez always/rb allowed/vbn the/at living/vbg space/nn needed/vbn to/to attain/vb its/pp$ full/jj sonority/nn ;/. ;/.
yet/cc the/at hall/nn never/rb intrudes/vbz as/cs a/at quasi-performer/nn ./.
The/at timbre/nn remains/vbz that/dt of/in the/at instruments/nns unclouded/jj by/in resonance/nn ./.


	All/abn of/in this/dt would/md be/be wasted/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs the/at performance/nn lacked/vbd authority/nn and/cc musical/jj distinction/nn ./.
For/in me/ppo it/pps has/hvz more/ap of/in both/abx elements/nns than/cs the/at majority/nn of/in its/pp$ competitors/nns ./.
Steinberg/np seems/vbz to/to have/hv gone/vbn directly/ql back/rb to/in the/at score/nn ,/, discounting/vbg tradition/nn ,/, and/cc has/hvz built/vbn his/pp$ performance/nn on/in the/at intention/nn to/to reproduce/vb as/ql faithfully/rb as/cs possible/jj exactly/rb what/wdt Brahms/np set/vbd down/rp on/in paper/nn ./.


	Those/dts accustomed/vbn to/in broader/jjr ,/, more/ql romantic/jj statements/nns of/in the/at symphony/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/in react/vb strongly/rb when/wrb they/ppss hear/vb this/dt one/cd ./.
Without/in losing/vbg the/at distinctive/jj undertow/nn of/in Brahmsian/jj rhythm/nn ,/, the/at pacing/nn is/bez firm/jj and/cc the/at over-all/jj performance/nn has/hvz a/at tightly/ql knit/vbn quality/nn that/wps makes/vbz for/in maximum/jj cumulative/jj effect/nn ./.
The/at Presto/fw-jj-tl Ma/fw-cc-tl non/fw-*-tl assai/fw-rb-tl of/in the/at first/od trio/nn of/in the/at scherzo/nn is/bez taken/vbn literally/rb and/cc may/md shock/vb you/ppo ,/, as/cs the/at real/jj Allegro/fw-jj-tl con/fw-in-tl Spirito/fw-nn-tl of/in the/at finale/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to bring/vb you/ppo to/in your/pp$ feet/nns ./.
In/in the/at end/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at thing/nn about/in this/dt performance/nn that/wps is/bez most/ql striking/jj is/bez the/at way/nn it/pps sings/vbz ./.
Steinberg/np obviously/rb has/hvz concluded/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez the/at lyric/jj element/nn which/wdt must/md dominate/vb in/in this/dt score/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps manages/vbz at/in times/nns to/to create/vb the/at effect/nn of/in the/at whole/jj orchestra/nn bursting/vbg into/in song/nn ./.


	The/at engineering/nn provides/vbz exactly/rb the/at support/nn needed/vbn for/in such/abl a/at result/nn ./.
Too/ql many/ap records/nns seem/vb to/to reduce/vb a/at work/nn of/in symphonic/jj complexity/nn to/in a/at melody/nn and/cc its/pp$ accompaniment/nn ./.
The/at Command/nn-tl technique/nn invites/vbz you/ppo to/to listen/vb to/in the/at depth/nn of/in the/at orchestration/nn ./.
Your/pp$ ear/nn takes/vbz you/ppo into/in the/at ensemble/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss may/md well/rb become/vb aware/jj of/in instrumental/jj details/nns which/wdt previously/rb were/bed apparent/jj only/rb in/in the/at score/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez this/dt sort/nn of/in experience/nn that/wps makes/vbz the/at concept/nn of/in high/jj fidelity/nn of/in real/jj musical/jj significance/nn for/in the/at home/nr music/nn listener/nn ./.
The/at first/od substantially/ql complete/jj stereo/nn Giselle/np-tl (/( and/cc the/at only/ap one/cd of/in its/pp$ scope/nn since/in Feyer's/np$ four-sided/jj LP/nn edition/nn of/in 1958/cd for/in Angel/nn-tl )/) ,/, this/dt set/nn is/bez ,/, I'm/ppss+bem afraid/jj ,/, likely/jj to/to provide/vb more/ql horrid/jj fascination/nn than/cs enjoyment/nn ./.
The/at already/rb faded/vbn pastel/nn charms/nns of/in the/at naive/jj music/nn itself/ppl vanish/vb entirely/rb in/in Fistoulari's/np$ melodramatic/jj contrasts/nns between/in ultravehement/jj brute/nn power/nn and/cc chilly/jj ,/, if/cs suave/jj ,/, sentimentality/nn ./.
And/cc in/in its/pp$ engineers'/nns$ frantic/jj attempts/nns to/to achieve/vb maximum/jj dynamic/jj impact/nn and/cc earsplitting/jj brilliance/nn ,/, the/at recording/vbg sounds/vbz as/cs though/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` doctored/vbn for/in super-high/jj fidelity/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at home/nr listener/nn is/bez overpowered/vbn ,/, all/ql right/rb ,/, but/cc the/at experience/nn is/bez a/at far/rb from/in pleasant/jj one/cd ./.
As/cs with/in the/at penultimate/jj Giselle/np-tl release/nn (/( Wolff's/np$ abridgment/nn for/in RCA/np Victor/nn-tl )/) I/ppss find/vb the/at cleaner/jjr ,/, less/ql razor-edged/jj monophonic/jj version/nn ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ lack/nn of/in big-stage/nn spaciousness/nn ,/, the/at more/ql aurally/rb tolerable/jj --/-- but/cc this/dt may/md be/be the/at result/nn of/in processing/vbg defects/nns in/in my/pp$ SD/nn copies/nns ./.



	At/in the/at Westminster/np-tl KC/nn-tl Dog/nn-tl Show/nn-tl in/in Madison/np-tl Square/nn-tl Garden/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl on/in the/at second/od day/nn ,/, the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl brought/vbd out/rp the/at most/ql competitive/jj competition/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in this/dt Class/nn-tl ./.
The/at Class/nn-tl had/hvd entries/nns from/in as/ql far/rb west/nr as/cs Wisconsin/np and/cc as/ql far/rb south/nr as/cs Kentucky/np ./.
This/dt year/nn several/ap entries/nns from/in Canada/np were/bed entered/vbn which/wdt made/vbd the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl International/jj-tl ./.


	Forty-six/cd of/in the/at 53/cd Juniors/nns-tl who/wps mailed/vbd in/rp entries/nns were/bed present/rb ./.
It/pps was/bedz interesting/jj to/to note/vb that/cs many/ap of/in these/dts Juniors/nns-tl were/bed showing/vbg dogs/nns in/in various/jj other/ap classes/nns at/in the/at show/nn prior/rb to/in the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl ./.


	As/cs has/hvz been/ben the/at custom/nn for/in the/at past/ap several/ap years/nns ,/, John/np Cross/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Bench/nn-tl Show/nn-tl Chmn./nn-tl of/in Westminster/np ,/, arranged/vbd for/in the/at Juniors'/nns$-tl meeting/nn before/in the/at Class/nn-tl ,/, and/cc invited/vbd two/cd speakers/nns from/in the/at dog/nn world/nn to/to address/vb them/ppo ./.
Over/rp 60/cd Juniors/nns-tl ,/, parents/nns and/cc guests/nns attended/vbd ./.



Mrs./np-hl William/np-hl H./np-hl Long/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl speaks/vbz-hl 
After/cs the/at Juniors/nns-tl were/bed welcomed/vbn and/cc congratulated/vbn for/in qualifying/vbg for/in the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl ,/, Mrs./np William/np H./np Long/np ,/, Jr./np was/bedz introduced/vbn as/cs the/at first/od speaker/nn ./.


	In/in her/pp$ opening/vbg remarks/nns Mrs./np Long/np also/rb welcomed/vbd the/at Juniors/nns-tl and/cc stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` There/ex isn't/bez* any/dti other/ap show/nn quite/ql like/cs Westminster/np ./.
I/ppss know/vb because/cs this/dt is/bez my/pp$ 37th/od year/nn with/in hardly/rb a/at break/nn ./.
Mrs./np Long/np still/rb feels/vbz the/at same/ap unique/jj spirit/nn of/in Westminster/np which/wdt she/pps stated/vbd the/at present/jj Juniors/nns-tl will/md experience/vb today/nr but/cc probably/rb will/md not/* appreciate/vb in/in full/jj for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns ./.


	Twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb her/pp$ daughter/nn Betsey/np Long/np ,/, then/rb 13/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ,/, won/vbd the/at Grand/jj-tl Challenge/nn-tl Trophy/nn-tl ,/, Children's/nns$-tl Handling/vbg-tl Class/nn-tl (/( as/cs they/ppss were/bed called/vbn then/rb )/) at/in Westminster/np ./.
No/at sooner/rbr had/hvd Betsey/np come/vb out/in of/in the/at ring/nn than/cs Mrs./np Long/np walked/vbd into/in the/at Working/vbg-tl Competition/nn-tl with/in Ch./nn-tl Cadet/nn-tl or/cc Noranda/np ,/, another/dt home-bred/jj product/nn ,/, and/cc won/vbd !/. !/.


	Speaking/vbg from/in long/jj years/nns of/in experience/nn ,/, Mrs./np Long/np advised/vbd the/at Juniors/nns-tl :/: ``/`` When/wrb showing/vbg dogs/nns ceases/vbz to/to be/be fun/nn and/cc excitement/nn ,/, stop/vb !/. !/.
Dogs/nns have/hv a/at way/nn of/in sensing/vbg our/pp$ feelings/nns !/. !/.
When/wrb you/ppss and/cc your/pp$ dog/nn step/vb into/in the/at Junior/jj-tl ring/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be just/rb what/wdt the/at dog/nn wants/vbz to/to do/do as/ql much/rb as/cs what/wdt you/ppss want/vb him/ppo to/to do/do ./.
If/cs you/ppss walk/vb into/in the/at ring/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez fun/nn to/to show/vb your/pp$ dog/nn ,/, he/pps will/md feel/vb it/ppo and/cc give/vb you/ppo a/at good/jj performance/nn !/. !/.
He/pps knows/vbz your/pp$ signals/nns ,/, what/wdt is/bez expected/vbn of/in him/ppo and/cc the/at way/nn the/at Class/nn-tl is/bez conducted/vbn ,/, right/ql up/rp through/in the/at flash-bulbs/nns of/in the/at photographers/nns ''/'' ./.



Right/jj-hl attitude/nn-hl essential/jj-hl !/.-hl !/.-hl

``/`` Take/vb away/rb your/pp$ attitude/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mrs./np Long/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc what/wdt have/hv you/ppss left/vbn ?/. ?/.
Either/cc a/at nervous/jj dog/nn because/cs you/ppss are/ber livid/jj with/in rage/nn --/-- a/at sure/jj sign/nn that/cs you/ppss are/ber taking/vbg things/nns too/ql seriously/rb and/cc had/hvd better/rbr stop/vb !/. !/.
Or/cc a/at bored/vbn dog/nn because/cs you/ppss are/ber more/ql interested/vbn in/in something/pn else/rb --/-- maybe/rb the/at way/nn you/ppss look/vb ,/, or/cc the/at date/nn you/ppss have/hv after/in the/at Class/nn-tl ,/, or/cc you/ppss are/ber just/rb doing/vbg this/dt to/to please/vb the/at parents/nns ./.


	``/`` The/at reason/nn you/ppss are/ber in/in the/at ring/nn today/nr is/bez to/to show/vb your/pp$ ability/nn to/to present/vb to/in any/dti judge/nn the/at most/ql attractive/jj picture/nn of/in your/pp$ dog/nn that/cs the/at skillful/jj use/nn of/in your/pp$ aids/nns can/md produce/vb ./.
Aids/nns sounds/vbz more/rbr like/cs a/at Pony/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, or/cc horsemanship/nn classes/nns --/-- riding/vbg a/at horse/nn and/cc showing/vbg a/at dog/nn are/ber very/ql similar/jj !/. !/.


	``/`` Your/pp$ aids/nns are/ber your/pp$ attitude/nn ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz through/in your/pp$ voice/nn ,/, your/pp$ hands/nns and/cc legs/nns --/-- voice/nn to/to encourage/vb ,/, discourage/vb or/cc whatever/wdt the/at need/nn may/md be/be ;/. ;/.
hands/nns to/to guide/vb or/cc restrain/vb ;/. ;/.
legs/nns to/to produce/vb motion/nn and/cc rate/nn of/in speed/nn ./.
Without/in right/jj attitude/nn the/at other/ap aids/nns just/rb do/do not/* work/vb right/rb ''/'' ./.


	Mrs./np Long/np wished/vbd all/abn the/at Juniors/nns-tl luck/nn in/in the/at Class/nn-tl and/cc stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` Have/hv fun/nn !/. !/.
And/cc may/md you/ppss all/abn continue/vb to/to show/vb at/in Westminster/np in/in-hl the/at-hl years/nns-hl to/to-hl come/vb-hl ''/'' !/.-hl !/.-hl



Harvey/np-hl Barcus/np-hl ,/,-hl second/od-hl speaker/nn-hl 
The/at second/od speaker/nn was/bedz Harvey/np Barcus/np ,/, President/nn-tl of/in the/at Dog/nn-tl Writers/nns-tl Ass'n/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ./.


	Mr./np Barcus/np spoke/vbd on/in the/at subject/nn of/in scholarships/nns for/in Juniors/nns-tl --/-- with/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez very/ql familiar/jj ./.
Last/ap year/nn a/at boy/nn he/pps knows/vbz and/cc helped/vbd in/in Journalism/nn-tl won/vbd the/at Thoroughbred/np-tl Racing/nn-tl Ass'n/nn-tl Scholarship/nn-tl which/wdt is/bez worth/jj $10,000/nns ./.
He/pps gave/vbd a/at resume/nn of/in the/at steps/nns taken/vbn in/in order/nn for/cs the/at boy/nn he/pps sponsored/vbd to/to win/vb the/at scholarship/nn ./.


	``/`` Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl is/bez an/at extremely/ql worthy/jj project/nn and/cc should/md be/be earnestly/rb encouraged/vbn ''/'' !/. !/.
Is/bez one/cd of/in Mr./np Barcus'/np$ strong/jj beliefs/nns ./.
He/pps feels/vbz very/ql forcibly/rb that/cs the/at American/jj-tl Kennel/nn-tl Club/nn-tl should/md take/vb a/at more/ql active/jj part/nn in/in encouraging/vbg the/at Junior/jj-tl Division/nn-tl !/. !/.


	In/in closing/vbg ,/, Mr./np Barcus/np also/rb wished/vbd all/abn the/at Juniors/nns-tl luck/nn in/in their/pp$ Class/nn-tl ./.



Westminster/np-hl Show/nn-tl-hl Notes/nns-tl-hl 
Instead/rb of/in 3/cd a.m./rb in/in the/at past/ap ,/, the/at Juniors/nns-tl Class/nn-tl at/in Westminster/np was/bedz held/vbn at/in 4:45/cd p.m./rb ./.
This/dt gave/vbd the/at Juniors/nns-tl the/at use/nn of/in the/at entire/jj ring/nn at/in the/at show/nn --/-- a/at great/jj advantage/nn to/in them/ppo !/. !/.


	Before/cs the/at Juniors/nns-tl entered/vbd the/at ring/nn the/at Steward/nn-tl announced/vbd that/cs after/cs all/abn Juniors/nns-tl had/hvd moved/vbn their/pp$ dogs/nns around/in the/at ring/nn and/cc set/vbn them/ppo up/rp ,/, they/ppss could/md relax/vb with/in their/pp$ dogs/nns ./.
From/in there/rb on/rp ,/, each/dt Junior/nn-tl was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be judged/vbn individually/rb ./.
This/dt thoughtful/jj gesture/nn was/bedz well/rb received/vbn by/in the/at Juniors/nns-tl as/cs the/at Class/nn-tl had/hvd an/at entry/nn of/in 46/cd Juniors/nns-tl and/cc it/pps took/vbd approximately/rb one/cd hour/nn ,/, 45/cd minutes/nns to/to judge/vb the/at Class/nn-tl ./.



Anne/np-hl Hone/np-hl Rogers/np-hl judges/vbz-hl 28th/od-hl finals/nns-hl 
This/dt year/nn Anne/np Hone/np Rogers/np ,/, outstanding/jj Handler/nn-tl ,/, judged/vbd the/at Class/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at third/od time/nn in/in 28/cd years/nns of/in Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl at/in Westminster/np that/cs a/at lady/nn Handler/nn-tl has/hvz judged/vbn the/at Class/nn-tl ./.


	As/cs the/at Juniors/nns-tl entered/vbd the/at ring/nn ,/, Mr./np Spring/np ,/, the/at announcer/nn ,/, stated/vbd over/in the/at public-address/nn system/nn that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at 28th/od year/nn that/cs Westminster/np has/hvz held/vbn the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Competition/nn-tl ./.
Juniors/nns-tl competed/vbd last/ap year/nn at/in American/jj-tl Kennel/nn-tl Club/nn-tl and/cc Canadian/jj-tl Kennel/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, recognized/vbn shows/nns to/to be/be eligible/jj to/to compete/vb in/in this/dt Class/nn-tl --/-- the/at Finals/nns-tl for/in the/at year/nn ./.
A/at Junior/nn-tl who/wps won/vbd two/cd or/cc more/ap wins/nns in/in the/at Open/jj-tl Class/nn-tl was/bedz eligible/jj ./.


	(/( The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl is/bez to/to teach/vb and/cc encourage/vb Juniors/nns-tl to/to become/vb good/jj sportsmen/nns ./.
Many/ap adults/nns showing/vbg at/in Westminster/np today/nr are/ber products/nns of/in this/dt Class/nn-tl ./.
)/) 

	It/pps seemed/vbd an/at almost/ql impossible/jj job/nn for/in Miss/np Rogers/np to/to select/vb 4/cd winners/nns from/in the/at 46/cd Juniors/nns-tl entered/vbn ./.
A/at large/jj number/nn of/in these/dts Juniors/nns-tl have/hv 7/cd and/cc 8/cd wins/nns to/in their/pp$ credit/nn and/cc are/ber seasoned/vbn campaigners/nns ./.


	After/cs the/at judge/nn moved/vbd all/abn the/at dogs/nns individually/rb ,/, she/pps selected/vbd several/ap from/in the/at group/nn and/cc placed/vbd them/ppo in/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at ring/nn ./.
She/pps then/rb went/vbd over/in them/ppo thoroughly/rb giving/vbg each/dt a/at strenuous/jj test/nn in/in showmanship/nn ./.



International/jj-tl-hl Champion/nn-tl-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl year/nn-hl 
Betty/np Lou/np Ham/np ,/, age/nn 16/cd ,/, Holyoke/np ,/, Mass./np ,/, showing/vbg an/at Irish/jj-tl Setter/np-tl ,/, was/bedz chosen/vbn as/cs International/jj-tl Champion/nn-tl of/in the/at year/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz awarded/vbn the/at Professional/jj-tl Handlers'/nns$-tl Ass'ns'/nns$-tl Leonard/np-tl Brumby/np-tl ,/, Sr./np-tl Memorial/jj-tl Trophy/nn-tl (/( named/vbn for/in the/at founder-originator/nn of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl ./.
)/) 

	Betty/np is/bez 16/cd years/nns of/in age/nn and/cc had/hvd several/ap wins/nns to/in her/pp$ credit/nn last/ap year/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in showing/vbg an/at Irish/jj-tl Setter/np-tl throughout/in the/at year/nn ,/, she/pps also/rb scored/vbd with/in an/at Afghan/np ./.



Other/ap-hl winners/nns-hl 
Sydney/np Le/np Blanc/np ,/, age/nn 15/cd ,/, Staten/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, N.Y./np ,/, showing/vbg a/at Doberman/np Pinscher/np ,/, was/bedz 2nd/od ./.


	Susan/np Hackmann/np ,/, age/nn 14/cd ,/, from/in Baltimore/np ,/, Md./np ,/, showing/vbg a/at Dachshund/fw-nn ,/, was/bedz 3rd/od ./.
Last/ap year/nn Susan/np also/rb placed/vbd 3rd/od in/in the/at Finals/nns-tl at/in Westminster/np ./.
From/in the/at records/nns we/ppss keep/vb --/-- Susan/np is/bez the/at only/ap Junior/nn-tl who/wps has/hvz placed/vbn in/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl in/in both/abx United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Canada/np ./.


	Karen/np Marcmann/np ,/, age/nn 16/cd ,/, Trapp/np ,/, Penna./np ,/, showing/vbg a/at Keeshond/np was/bedz 4th/od ./.


	Most/ap Juniors/nns-tl who/wps were/bed entered/vbn in/in the/at Finals/nns-tl are/ber seasoned/vbn campaigners/nns and/cc not/* only/rb show/vb and/cc win/vb in/in Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl but/cc score/vb in/in the/at Breed/nn-tl Classes/nns-tl as/ql well/rb ./.



Entries/nns-hl increasing/vbg-hl --/---hl requirements/nns-hl raised/vbn-hl 
In/in 1960/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed 7287/cd entries/nns in/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl ./.
Each/dt year/nn these/dts shows/nns have/hv increased/vbn in/in entries/nns ./.
Next/ap year/nn 1962/cd ,/, at/in Westminster/np ,/, the/at Bench/nn-tl Show/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl has/hvz raised/vbn the/at requirements/nns so/cs that/cs a/at junior/nn must/md win/vb 3/cd or/cc more/ap Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl in/in the/at open/jj division/nn only/rb to/to qualify/vb for/in Westminster/np ./.


	Percy/np Roberts/np ,/, a/at leading/vbg judge/nn will/md not/* be/be at/in the/at International/jj-tl Show/nn-tl this/dt year/nn for/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Judging/nn-tl Contest/nn-tl as/cs he/pps has/hvz been/ben invited/vbn to/to judge/vb in/in Australia/np in/in March/np ./.



Judging/vbg-hl class/nn-hl for/in-hl intermediates/nns-hl proposed/vbn-hl 
It/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn many/ap times/nns that/cs a/at Class/nn-tl be/be set/vbn up/rp for/in the/at Juniors/nns-tl who/wps are/ber overage/jj and/cc cannot/md* enter/vb the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl ./.
For/in some/dti time/nn this/dt writer/nn has/hvz been/ben suggesting/vbg a/at Junior/jj-tl Judging/nn-tl Class/nn-tl for/in Intermediates/nns-tl over/rp 16/cd and/cc under/rb 20/cd years/nns of/in age/nn who/wps are/ber ineligible/jj to/to compete/vb in/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl ./.


	Such/abl a/at Class/nn-tl was/bedz tried/vbn out/rp successfully/rb at/in the/at Westchester/np-tl KC/nn-tl Show/nn-tl recently/rb ./.
Not/* only/rb were/bed the/at contestants/nns pleased/vbn with/in the/at Class/nn-tl ,/, but/cc it/pps aroused/vbd the/at interest/nn of/in all/abn in/in attendance/nn that/dt day/nn ./.
The/at Intermediates/nns-tl in/in the/at Class/nn-tl with/in the/at Judge/nn-tl were/bed asked/vbn to/to pick/vb 4/cd winners/nns and/cc give/vb their/pp$ reasons/nns but/cc their/pp$ decisions/nns did/dod not/* affect/vb the/at choice/nn of/in the/at Judge/nn-tl ./.


	We/ppss suggested/vbd this/dt Class/nn-tl in/in the/at horse/nn world/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz accepted/vbn immediately/rb and/cc included/vbd in/in the/at programs/nns of/in horse/nn shows/nns ./.
At/in the/at recent/jj horse/nn show/nn convention/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl it/pps was/bedz stated/vbn that/cs this/dt Intermediate/jj-tl Judging/nn-tl Class/nn-tl is/bez meeting/vbg with/in great/jj success/nn and/cc will/md be/be a/at great/jj help/nn to/to future/jj judges/nns in/in the/at horse/nn world/nn ./.


	This/dt Class/nn-tl can/md be/be just/rb as/ql successful/jj in/in the/at dog/nn world/nn if/cs it/pps is/bez given/vbn a/at chance/nn ./.
Last/ap year/nn Robert/np Harris/np ,/, a/at leading/vbg Junior/jj-tl Handler/nn-tl entered/vbd the/at Dog/nn-tl Judging/nn-tl Contest/nn-tl (/( Junior/np )/) at/in the/at International/jj-tl KC/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np show/nn and/cc had/hvd the/at highest/jjt score/nn in/in judging/vbg of/in any/dti Junior/nn-tl since/in the/at Class'/nn$-tl inception/nn ./.
Juniors/nns who/wps attend/vb this/dt Chicago/np show/nn should/md make/vb a/at point/nn to/to enter/vb this/dt Class/nn-tl as/cs it/pps would/md be/be of/in great/jj help/nn to/in them/ppo ./.



More/ap-hl volunteer/nn-hl handlers/nns-hl needed/vbn-hl to/to-hl judge/vb-hl 
Superintendents/nns at/in dog/nn shows/nns state/vb it/pps is/bez becoming/vbg more/ql difficult/jj to/to obtain/vb a/at licensed/vbn Handler/nn-tl to/in Judge/vb Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl ./.
The/at founder/nn of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl the/at late/jj Leonard/np Brumby/np ,/, Sr./np (/( for/in whom/wpo the/at trophy/nn is/bez named/vbn after/in at/in Westminster/np )/) was/bedz an/at outstanding/jj Handler/nn-tl and/cc believed/vbd a/at Junior/nn-tl should/md have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to exhibit/vb in/in a/at dog/nn show/nn starting/vbg with/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ./.


	Some/dti years/nns ago/rb this/dt Class/nn-tl was/bedz judged/vbn by/in celebrities/nns who/wps knew/vbd nothing/pn of/in what/wdt was/bedz required/vbn of/in a/at Junior's/nn$-tl ability/nn to/to show/vb a/at dog/nn ./.
To/to overcome/vb this/dt unfair/jj judging/nn ,/, the/at A.K.C./np requires/vbz that/cs a/at licensed/vbn Handler/nn-tl be/be present/rb to/to judge/vb the/at Class/nn-tl ./.
If/cs the/at superintendents/nns do/do not/* receive/vb more/ap cooperation/nn from/in Handlers/nns-tl ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn that/cs licensed/vbn Judges/nns-tl also/rb be/be qualified/vbn to/to judge/vb this/dt Class/nn-tl ./.
By/in recognizing/vbg and/cc helping/vbg Juniors/nns-tl get/vb interested/vbn in/in the/at dog/nn world/nn ,/, all/abn will/md be/be helping/vbg to/to create/vb future/jj dog/nn owners/nns ./.



Other/ap-hl awards/nns-hl for/in-hl Juniors/nns-tl-hl 
The/at Airedale/np-tl Terrier/nn-tl Club/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl and/cc the/at Kerry/np-tl Blue/jj-tl Terrier/nn-tl Club/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl have/hv under/in consideration/nn donating/vbg trophies/nns to/in the/at boys/nns or/cc girls/nns who/wps win/vb with/in their/pp$ breeds/nns in/in Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl at/in any/dti Show/nn-tl ./.
The/at Kansas/np City/nn-tl and/cc the/at Topeka/np KCs/np-tl are/ber arranging/vbg that/cs Juniors/nns-tl who/wps win/vb at/in their/pp$ shows/nns will/md be/be qualified/vbn to/to win/vb points/nns for/in Westminster/np ./.
The/at Rio/np Grande/np KC/np-tl is/bez also/rb considering/vbg having/hvg their/pp$ Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl set/vbn up/rp so/cs that/cs Juniors/nns-tl can/md qualify/vb with/in points/nns for/in Westminster/np ./.


	The/at American/jj-tl Pointer/nn-tl Club/nn-tl is/bez still/rb continuing/vbg to/to donate/vb trophies/nns to/in Juniors/nns-tl who/wps win/vb at/in Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Classes/nns-tl with/in Pointers/nns-tl ./.


	Traveling/vbg through/in the/at South/nr-tl --/-- over/rp 16,000/cd miles/nns --/-- with/in two/cd Great/jj-tl Danes/nps ,/, an/at Afghan/np ,/, and/cc a/at Persian/jj kitten/nn ,/, we've/ppss+hv worked/vbn up/rp a/at regular/jj routine/nn for/in acceptance/nn at/in motels/nns ./.


	My/pp$ husband/nn enters/vbz the/at motel/nn office/nn ,/, signs/vbz up/rp for/in a/at room/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb solemnly/rb asks/vbz the/at proprieter/nn if/cs he/pps accepts/vbz pets/nns ./.
``/`` Puppies/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Comes/vbz the/at suspicious/jj question/nn ./.
``/`` No/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps replies/vbz ,/, ``/`` full/rb grown/vbn ,/, adult/nn show/nn dogs/nns ,/, housebroken/vbn ,/, and/cc obedience-trained/jj ''/'' ./.


	We've/ppss+hv never/rb been/ben refused/vbn !/. !/.


	Once/rb settled/vbn ,/, we're/ppss+ber careful/jj to/to walk/vb the/at dogs/nns in/in an/at out/in of/in the/at way/nn spot/nn ,/, keep/vb them/ppo under/in control/nn in/in the/at room/nn ,/, and/cc feed/vb and/cc bench/vb them/ppo where/wrb they/ppss can't/md* do/do any/dti harm/nn to/in the/at furnishings/nns or/cc the/at furniture/nn ./.


	In/in the/at morning/nn we/ppss leave/vb the/at room/nn looking/vbg as/ql neat/jj as/cs a/at pin/nn !/. !/.


	Many/abn a/at motel/nn owner/nn --/-- when/wrb we've/ppss+hv stopped/vbn there/rb again/rb --/-- has/hvz remembered/vbn us/ppo and/cc has/hvz said/vbn he/pps preferred/vbd our/pp$ dogs/nns to/in most/ap children/nns ./.


	So/ql many/ap times/nns I/ppss have/hv wondered/vbn why/wrb veterinarians/nns do/do not/* wipe/vb the/at table/nn clean/jj before/cs each/dt new/jj canine/nn patient/nn is/bez placed/vbn on/in it/ppo for/in examination/nn ./.
Is/bez it/pps that/cs they/ppss don't/do* care/vb ?/. ?/.
Are/ber they/ppss indifferent/jj to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at dog/nn can/md easily/rb pick/vb up/rp germs/nns from/in the/at preceding/vbg patient/nn ?/. ?/.



	At/in one/cd time/nn ,/, to/in most/ap Americans/nps ,/, unless/cs they/ppss were/bed fortunate/jj enough/qlp to/to live/vb near/in a/at body/nn of/in navigable/jj water/nn ,/, boats/nns were/bed considered/vbn the/at sole/jj concern/nn of/in fishermen/nns ,/, rich/jj people/nns ,/, and/cc the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Navy/nn-tl ./.


	Today/nr the/at recreational/jj boating/nn scene/nn is/bez awash/jj with/in heartening/jj statistics/nns which/wdt prove/vb the/at enormous/jj growth/nn of/in that/dt sport/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber more/ap than/in 8,000,000/cd recreational/jj boats/nns in/in use/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in almost/rb 10,000,000/cd the/at prediction/nn for/in within/in the/at next/ap decade/nn ./.
About/rb 40,000,000/cd people/nns participated/vbd in/in boating/vbg in/in 1960/cd ./.
Boating/vbg has/hvz become/vbn a/at giant/nn whose/wp$ strides/nns cover/vb the/at entire/jj nation/nn from/in sea/nn to/in shining/vbg sea/nn ./.
Boats/nns are/ber operated/vbn in/in every/at state/nn in/in the/at Union/nn-tl ,/, with/in the/at heaviest/jjt concentrations/nns along/in both/abx coasts/nns and/cc in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl West/nr-tl ./.


	The/at spectacular/jj upsurge/nn in/in pleasure/nn boating/nn is/bez markedly/ql evident/jj ,/, expectedly/rb ,/, in/in the/at areas/nns where/wrb boats/nns have/hv always/rb been/ben found/vbn :/: the/at natural/jj lakes/nns ,/, rivers/nns ,/, and/cc along/in the/at nation's/nn$ coastline/nn ./.
But/cc during/in the/at last/ap several/ap years/nns boats/nns were/bed launched/vbn in/in areas/nns where/wrb ,/, a/at short/jj time/nn ago/rb ,/, the/at only/ap water/nn to/to be/be found/vbn was/bedz in/in wells/nns and/cc watering/vbg troughs/nns for/in livestock/nn ./.


	Developed/vbn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at multi-purpose/jj resources/nns control/nn program/nn of/in the/at government/nn ,/, vast/jj ,/, man-made/jj bodies/nns of/in water/nn represent/vb a/at kind/nn of/in glorious/jj fringe/nn benefit/nn ,/, providing/vbg boating/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg havens/nns all/ql over/in the/at country/nn ./.


	No/at matter/nn how/wql determined/vbn or/cc wealthy/jj boating/vbg lovers/nns of/in the/at Southwest/nr-tl had/hvd been/ben ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, they/ppss could/md never/rb have/hv created/vbn anything/pn approaching/vbg the/at fifty/cd square-mile/nn Lake/nn-tl Texoma/np-tl ,/, located/vbn between/in Texas/np and/cc Oklahoma/np ,/, which/wdt resulted/vbd when/wrb the/at Corp/nn-tl of/in-tl Army/nn-tl Engineers/nns-tl dammed/vbd the/at Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ./.
In/in 1959/cd ,/, according/in to/in the/at Engineers/nns-tl ,/, Lake/nn-tl Texoma/np-tl was/bedz only/rb one/cd of/in thirty-two/cd artificial/jj lakes/nns and/cc reservoirs/nns which/wdt were/bed used/vbn for/in recreation/nn by/in over/rp 1,000,000/cd persons/nns ./.


	Where/wrb an/at opportunity/nn to/to enjoy/vb boating/vbg has/hvz not/* been/ben created/vbn by/in bringing/vbg bodies/nns of/in water/nn to/in the/at people/nns ,/, means/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to take/vb the/at people/nns and/cc their/pp$ boats/nns to/in the/at water/nn ./.
Providing/vbg these/dts means/nns are/ber about/rb ninety/cd companies/nns which/wdt manufactured/vbd the/at estimated/vbn 1,800,000/cd boat/nn trailers/nns now/rb in/in use/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at simple/jj task/nn to/to haul/vb a/at boat/nn fifty/cd or/cc one/cd hundred/cd miles/nns to/in a/at lake/nn or/cc reservoir/nn on/in the/at new/jj ,/, light/jj ,/, strong/jj ,/, easy-to-operate/jj trailers/nns which/wdt are/ber built/vbn to/to accommodate/vb almost/ql any/dti kind/nn of/in small/jj boat/nn and/cc retail/vb from/in $100/nns to/in $2,000/nns ./.
The/at sight/nn of/in sleek/jj inboards/nns ,/, outboards/nns ,/, and/cc sailboats/nns being/beg wheeled/vbn smartly/rb along/in highways/nns many/ap miles/nns from/in any/dti water/nn is/bez commonplace/jj ./.


	Boatmen/nns lucky/jj enough/qlp to/to have/hv facilities/nns for/in year-'round/jj anchorage/nn for/in their/pp$ craft/nn ,/, will/md recall/vb the/at tedious/jj procedure/nn of/in loading/vbg their/pp$ gear/nn into/in the/at car/nn ,/, driving/vbg to/in the/at water/nn ,/, and/cc making/vbg trip/nn after/in trip/nn to/to transfer/vb the/at gear/nn to/in the/at boat/nn ./.
Today/nr ,/, the/at boat/nn ,/, on/in its/pp$ trailer/nn ,/, is/bez brought/vbn to/in the/at gear/nn and/cc loaded/vbn at/in the/at door/nn ./.
Arriving/vbg at/in the/at waterside/nn ,/, the/at boat/nn is/bez launched/vbn ,/, the/at family/nn taken/vbn aboard/rb and/cc ,/, that/ql easily/rb ,/, another/dt day/nn afloat/rb is/bez begun/vbn ./.


	And/cc trailers/nns for/in boats/nns are/ber not/* what/wdt they/ppss started/vbd out/rp to/to be/be ten/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
This/dt year/nn ,/, Americans/nps will/md discover/vb previously/rb unheard/jj of/in refinements/nns in/in trailers/nns that/wps will/md be/be exhibited/vbn in/in about/rb one/cd hundred/cd of/in our/pp$ nation's/nn$ national/jj ,/, regional/jj and/cc local/jj boat/nn shows/nns ./.
The/at boats/nns of/in America's/np$ trailer/nn sailors/nns in/in 1961/cd will/md be/be coddled/vbn on/in clouds/nns as/cs they/ppss are/ber hauled/vbn to/in new/jj horizons/nns ./.


	The/at variety/nn of/in craft/nn on/in the/at country's/nn$ waters/nns today/nr is/bez overwhelming/jj ./.
They/ppss range/vb from/in an/at eight-foot/jj pram/nn ,/, which/wdt you/ppss can/md build/vb yourself/ppl for/in less/ap than/in $50/nns ,/, to/in auxiliary/jj sailboats/nns which/wdt can/md cost/vb over/rp $100,000/nns ./.
Boat/nn prices/nns vary/vb according/in to/in the/at buyer's/nn$ desires/nns or/cc needs/nns ./.
In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, boats/nns can/md be/be compared/vbn with/in houses/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at limit/nn to/in what/wdt you/ppss can/md spend/vb ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez easily/ql possible/jj to/to keep/vb within/in a/at set/vbn budget/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at question/nn as/in to/in just/rb what/wdt is/bez available/jj ./.
You/ppss name/vb it/ppo ,/, our/pp$ industry/nn is/bez producing/vbg it/ppo ,/, and/cc it/pps probably/rb is/bez made/vbn in/in different/jj models/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber canoes/nns ideal/jj for/in fishing/vbg in/in protected/vbn waters/nns or/cc for/in camping/vbg trips/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber houseboats/nns which/wdt are/ber literally/rb homes/nns afloat/rb ,/, accommodating/vbg whole/jj families/nns in/in comfort/nn and/cc convenience/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md cross/vb an/at ocean/nn in/in a/at fully/ql equipped/vbn craft/nn ,/, sail/nn ,/, power/nn ,/, or/cc both/abx ,/, or/cc laze/vb away/rb a/at fine/jj day/nn in/in a/at small/jj dinghy/nn on/in a/at local/jj pond/nn ./.


	You/ppss may/md have/hv your/pp$ boat/nn of/in wood/nn ,/, canvas/nn ,/, plywood/nn ,/, plastic/nn ,/, or/cc metal/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md order/vb utility/nn models/nns ,/, inboard/rb or/cc outboard/rb ,/, with/in or/cc without/in toilets/nns ,/, galleys/nns ,/, and/cc bunks/nns ./.
You/ppss may/md dress/vb it/ppo up/rp with/in any/dti number/nn of/in accessories/nns or/cc keep/vb it/ppo as/ql simple/jj as/cs you/ppss choose/vb ./.


	Designers/nns and/cc manufacturers/nns have/hv produced/vbn models/nns for/in purchasers/nns who/wps run/vb the/at gamut/nn from/in a/at nautical/jj version/nn of/in the/at elderly/jj Pasadena/np lady/nn who/wps never/rb drove/vbd more/ap than/in five/cd miles/nns an/at hour/nn on/in her/pp$ once-a-month/jj ride/nn around/in the/at block/nn ,/, to/in the/at sportiest/jjt boatman/nn who/wps insists/vbz on/in all/abn the/at dash/nn ,/, color/nn ,/, flair/nn and/cc speed/nn possible/jj to/to encompass/vb in/in a/at single/ap boat/nn ./.
You/ppss pay/vb your/pp$ money/nn and/cc you/ppss take/vb your/pp$ choice/nn ./.


	American/jj technology/nn in/in engine/nn and/cc hull/nn design/nn is/bez largely/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at plentiful/jj interest/nn in/in American/jj boating/nn ./.
I/ppss wonder/vb if/cs anyone/pn ever/rb bothered/vbd to/to make/vb the/at point/nn that/cs when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in boats/nns and/cc their/pp$ motors/nns ,/, Americans/nps excel/vb over/in any/dti country/nn in/in the/at world/nn in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ./.


	Russia/np ,/, whose/wp$ technology/nn is/bez not/* quite/ql primitive/jj ,/, is/bez still/rb in/in the/at dark/jj ages/nns when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in improving/vbg the/at outboard/jj motor/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ./.


	Now/rb here/rb is/bez truly/rb a/at marvel/nn ./.
The/at outboard/jj engine/nn of/in today/nr has/hvz a/at phenomenal/jj range/nn of/in one/cd to/in 80/cd horsepower/nn ,/, unheard/jj of/in a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb for/in a/at two/cd cycle/nn engine/nn in/in quantity/nn production/nn ./.
These/dts engines/nns can/md be/be removed/vbn from/in a/at boat/nn with/in relative/jj ease/nn ,/, wherein/wrb lies/vbz their/pp$ greatest/jjt advantage/nn ./.
Their/pp$ cost/nn is/bez not/* beyond/in the/at hopes/nns of/in the/at American/jj pocketbook/nn ,/, the/at range/nn being/beg about/rb $150/nns to/in $1,000/nns ,/, depending/in on/in size/nn ./.


	Great/jj thought/nn has/hvz been/ben given/vbn to/in making/vbg life/nn easier/jjr for/in the/at growing/vbg boating/vbg population/nn of/in the/at country/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc to/in making/vbg the/at owning/nn of/in a/at boat/nn simpler/jjr ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at time/nn when/wrb ,/, if/cs a/at man/nn wanted/vbd to/to purchase/vb a/at boat/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj for/in him/ppo to/to be/be able/jj to/to produce/vb a/at sizeable/jj amount/nn of/in cash/nn before/cs he/pps could/md touch/vb the/at tiller/nn or/cc wheel/nn ./.
Having/hvg a/at boat/nn financed/vbn through/in a/at local/jj bank/nn is/bez done/vbn much/rb the/at same/ap way/nn as/cs an/at automobile/nn loan/nn is/bez extended/vbn ./.
Marine/jj dealers/nns and/cc even/rb some/dti manufacturers/nns who/wps sell/vb direct/rb in/in non-dealer/nn areas/nns cooperate/vb in/in enabling/vbg you/ppo to/to launch/vb now/rb and/cc pay/vb later/rbr ./.


	Terms/nns range/vb from/in one/cd to/in five/cd years/nns and/cc the/at interest/nn rates/nns and/cc down/jj payments/nns run/vb about/rb the/at same/ap as/cs for/in automobiles/nns ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, individual/jj financing/vbg arrangements/nns depend/vb a/at good/jj deal/nn on/in the/at purchaser's/nn$ earning/vbg power/nn ,/, credit/nn rating/nn and/cc local/jj bank/nn policy/nn ./.


	Outboard/jj motors/nns ,/, insurance/nn ,/, and/cc boat/nn repairs/nns may/md also/rb be/be financed/vbn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn as/cs boats/nns ./.
Terms/nns and/cc rates/nns of/in interest/nn for/in motors/nns generally/rb follow/vb those/dts for/in home/nr appliances/nns ./.


	When/wrb the/at automobile/nn was/bedz in/in its/pp$ embryonic/jj stage/nn ,/, such/jj roads/nns as/cs existed/vbn were/bed pretty/ql much/rb open/jj roads/nns with/in the/at tacit/jj understanding/nn that/cs horses/nns should/md not/* be/be unduly/ql terrified/vbn being/beg about/rb the/at only/ap rule/nn governing/vbg where/wrb ,/, when/wrb and/cc how/wql fast/jj a/at car/nn could/md go/vb ./.
When/wrb air/nn travel/nn was/bedz in/in its/pp$ infancy/nn ,/, the/at sky/nn was/bedz considered/vbn big/jj enough/qlp and/cc high/jj enough/qlp for/in all/abn ./.
Man/nn had/hvd enough/ap to/to worry/vb about/in managing/vbg to/to get/vb up/rp there/rb and/cc stay/vb without/in being/beg burdened/vbn with/in rules/nns once/rb aloft/rb ./.
It/pps was/bedz much/rb the/at same/ap with/in pleasure/nn boating/nn at/in first/rb ./.
Come/vb one/cd ,/, come/vb all/abn ,/, the/at water's/nn+bez fine/jj !/. !/.


	As/cs the/at ungoverned/jj days/nns of/in the/at automobile/nn and/cc the/at airplane/nn are/ber long/rb since/rb relegated/vbn to/in the/at past/ap ,/, so/rb is/bez the/at carefree/jj attitude/nn toward/in what/wdt a/at boatman/nn may/md and/cc may/md not/* do/do ;/. ;/.
must/md and/cc should/md do/do ./.
However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at minimum/nn of/in legislative/jj restriction/nn on/in boating/vbg ./.


	Laws/nns on/in boating/vbg vary/vb according/in to/in the/at state/nn in/in which/wdt the/at craft/nn is/bez to/to be/be used/vbn and/cc according/in to/in its/pp$ horsepower/nn ./.
What/wdt may/md be/be acceptable/jj in/in one/cd state/nn may/md be/be strictly/rb prohibited/vbn across/in the/at boundary/nn line/nn ./.
The/at main/jjs requirement/nn is/bez to/to be/be sure/jj the/at boat/nn is/bez numbered/vbn according/in to/in the/at regulations/nns of/in the/at state/nn in/in which/wdt the/at boat/nn will/md be/be principally/rb used/vbn ./.
If/cs your/pp$ state/nn has/hvz no/at provisions/nns for/in the/at numbering/nn of/in pleasure/nn boats/nns ,/, you/ppss must/md apply/vb for/in a/at number/nn from/in the/at U.S./np-tl Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl for/in any/dti kind/nn of/in boat/nn with/in mechanical/jj propulsion/nn rated/vbn at/in more/ap than/in 10/cd horsepower/nn before/cs it/pps can/md be/be used/vbn on/in Federal/jj-tl waterways/nns ./.


	State/nn numbering/vbg laws/nns differ/vb from/in each/dt other/ap in/in many/ap ways/nns ./.
Fees/nns are/ber not/* the/at same/ap and/cc some/dti states/nns do/do not/* require/vb certain/jj craft/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs sailboats/nns with/in no/at power/nn ,/, to/to be/be registered/vbn at/in all/abn ./.
Many/ap states/nns have/hv laws/nns regulating/vbg the/at use/nn of/in boat/nn trailers/nns and/cc some/dti have/hv restrictions/nns regarding/in the/at age/nn of/in motor/nn boat/nn operators/nns ./.


	Generally/rb ,/, states/nns reserve/vb for/in communities/nns the/at right/nn to/to have/hv local/jj ordinances/nns regulating/vbg speed/nn and/cc other/ap activities/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez always/rb wise/jj to/to consult/vb your/pp$ marine/nn dealer/nn ,/, local/jj yacht/nn or/cc boat/nn club/nn secretary/nn ,/, or/cc local/jj law/nn enforcement/nn officers/nns if/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* positive/jj what/wdt the/at regulations/nns are/ber ./.
Ignorance/nn of/in the/at law/nn is/bez no/at better/jjr excuse/nn on/in the/at water/nn than/cs it/pps is/bez on/in land/nn ;/. ;/.
lack/nn of/in ability/nn and/cc common/jj sense/nn can/md lead/vb to/in just/ql as/ql much/ap tragedy/nn ./.


	Hand/nn in/in hand/nn with/in the/at legislative/jj program/nn is/bez the/at industry's/nn$ self/nn originated/vbn and/cc directed/vbn safety/nn program/nn ./.
Foreseeing/vbg the/at possible/jj threats/nns to/in safety/nn with/in the/at rapid/jj growth/nn of/in the/at sport/nn ,/, the/at industry/nn has/hvz been/ben supporting/vbg an/at intense/jj ,/, coordinated/vbn educational/jj program/nn with/in great/jj success/nn since/in 1947/cd ./.


	A/at primary/jj factor/nn in/in the/at success/nn of/in the/at safety/nn program/nn has/hvz been/ben the/at enthusiastic/jj cooperation/nn of/in the/at individual/jj manufacturers/nns ./.
The/at industry/nn has/hvz been/ben its/pp$ own/jj watch/nn dog/nn ./.
With/in U.S./np-tl Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl cooperation/nn ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Boat/nn-tl and/cc-tl Yacht/nn-tl Council/nn-tl was/bedz formed/vbn to/to develop/vb recommended/vbn practices/nns and/cc standards/nns for/in boats/nns and/cc their/pp$ equipment/nn with/in reference/nn to/in safety/nn ./.


	Industry/nn interest/nn in/in safety/nn goes/vbz even/ql farther/rbr ./.
In/in 1959/cd ,/, the/at Yacht/nn-tl Safety/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl was/bedz reorganized/vbn by/in the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Engine/nn-tl and/cc-tl Boat/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl and/cc a/at group/nn of/in insurance/nn underwriters/nns to/to provide/vb a/at testing/vbg laboratory/nn and/cc labeling/vbg service/nn for/in boats/nns and/cc their/pp$ equipment/nn ./.
A/at new/jj waterfront/nn site/nn for/in the/at bureau/nn is/bez now/rb being/beg built/vbn at/in Atlantic/jj-tl City/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, to/to provide/vb the/at most/ql modern/jj marine/nn testing/nn facilities/nns as/cs a/at further/jjr tool/jj to/to keep/vb the/at sport/nn safe/jj ./.


	In/in addition/nn to/in these/dts activities/nns ,/, the/at NAEBM/nn ,/, with/in headquarters/nn at/in 420/cd-tl Lexington/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap associations/nns and/cc individual/jj manufacturers/nns ,/, provide/vb and/cc distribute/vb films/nns ,/, booklets/nns ,/, and/cc public/jj services/nns in/in regard/nn to/in proper/jj boat/nn handling/nn and/cc safety/nn afloat/rb ./.


	It/pps is/bez important/jj to/to note/vb the/at work/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Power/nn-tl Squadrons/nns-tl and/cc the/at U.S./np-tl Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl Auxiliary/nn-tl ./.
Each/dt of/in these/dts fine/jj groups/nns gives/vbz free/jj boating/vbg classes/nns in/in seamanship/nn piloting/nn and/cc small/jj boat/nn handling/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber not/* governmentally/rb subsidized/vbn organizations/nns ./.
This/dt year/nn ,/, over/rp 100,000/cd persons/nns will/md receive/vb this/dt free/jj instruction/nn ./.


	As/cs America/np on/in wheels/nns was/bedz responsible/jj for/in an/at industry/nn of/in motor/nn courts/nns ,/, motels/nns ,/, and/cc drive-in/jj establishments/nns where/wrb you/ppss can/md dine/vb ,/, see/vb a/at movie/nn ,/, shop/nn ,/, or/cc make/vb a/at bank/nn deposit/nn ,/, the/at ever-increasing/jj number/nn of/in boating/vbg enthusiasts/nns have/hv sparked/vbn industries/nns designed/vbn especially/rb to/to accommodate/vb them/ppo ./.
Instead/rb of/in motels/nns ,/, for/in the/at boatman/nn there/ex are/ber marinas/nns ./.


	The/at word/nn marina/nn was/bedz coined/vbn by/in NAEBM/nn originally/rb to/to describe/vb a/at waterfront/nn facility/nn where/wrb recreational/jj boats/nns could/md find/vb protection/nn and/cc basic/jj needs/nns to/to lay/vb over/rp in/in relative/jj comfort/nn ./.
Currently/rb ,/, marina/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to indicate/vb a/at municipal/jj or/cc commercially/rb operated/vbn facility/nn where/wrb a/at pleasure/nn boat/nn may/md dock/vb and/cc find/vb some/dti or/cc all/abn of/in the/at following/vbg available/jj :/: gasoline/nn ,/, fresh/jj water/nn ,/, electricity/nn ,/, telephone/nn service/nn ,/, ice/nn ,/, repair/nn facilities/nns ,/, restaurants/nns ,/, sleeping/vbg accommodations/nns ,/, a/at general/jj store/nn ,/, and/cc a/at grocery/nn store/nn ./.


	Yachtel/nn ,/, a/at relatively/ql new/jj word/nn ,/, indicates/vbz a/at waterfront/nn type/nn of/in hotel/nn where/wrb a/at yachtsman/nn may/md dock/vb and/cc find/vb overnight/jj accommodations/nns on/in the/at premises/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap services/nns ./.
Boatel/nn has/hvz a/at similar/jj meaning/nn to/in yachtel/nn ./.
It/pps indicates/vbz the/at same/ap thing/nn but/cc it/pps is/bez meant/vbn to/to pertain/vb more/ql specifically/rb to/in establishments/nns designed/vbn to/to cater/vb to/in smaller/jjr type/nn boats/nns such/jj as/cs outboards/nns ./.
Regardless/rb of/in nomenclature/nn ,/, yachtels/nns and/cc boatels/nns are/ber marinas/nns ./.


	Boatyards/nns which/wdt also/rb provide/vb some/dti of/in the/at above/jj facilities/nns may/md rightfully/rb be/be called/vbn marinas/nns ./.


	A/at recent/jj survey/nn disclosed/vbd there/ex are/ber about/rb 4,000/cd commercially/rb and/cc municipally/rb operated/vbn marinas/nns and/cc boatyards/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, the/at majority/nn of/in which/wdt are/ber equipped/vbn to/to handle/vb outboard/jj boats/nns ./.

The/at design/nn of/in a/at mechanical/jj interlocking/vbg frame/nn is/bez much/ql like/cs a/at mechanical/jj puzzle/nn ,/, but/cc once/cs understood/vbn ,/, the/at principles/nns can/md be/be applied/vbn to/in any/dti track/nn and/cc signal/nn arrangement/nn ./.
In/in the/at frame/nn are/ber two/cd sets/nns of/in bars/nns which/wdt interact/vb with/in each/dt other/ap to/to prevent/vb the/at operator/nn from/in making/vbg dangerous/jj moves/nns ./.
The/at main/jjs set/nn of/in bars/nns are/ber the/at ``/`` tappets/nns ''/'' and/cc one/cd tappet/nn is/bez connected/vbn to/in each/dt lever/nn ./.
If/cs the/at lever/nn is/bez pulled/vbn to/to clear/vb a/at signal/nn or/cc move/vb a/at switch/nn ,/, the/at tappet/nn moves/vbz a/at short/jj distance/nn lengthwise/rb at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./.


	Close/ql behind/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at tappets/nns are/ber the/at locking/vbg bars/nns ./.
These/dts can/md also/rb move/vb a/at short/jj distance/nn but/cc at/in right/jj angles/nns to/in the/at tappets/nns ./.
The/at number/nn of/in locking/vbg bars/nns required/vbn depends/vbz on/in how/wrb many/ap false/jj moves/nns must/md be/be prevented/vbn ./.


	In/in the/at sides/nns of/in the/at tappets/nns are/ber notches/nns with/in sloping/vbg sides/nns ,/, and/cc connection/nn between/in the/at tappets/nns and/cc locking/vbg bars/nns consist/vb of/in cams/nns called/vbn ``/`` dogs/nns ''/'' ./.
Two/cd or/cc more/ap dogs/nns are/ber mounted/vbn on/in each/dt locking/vbg bar/nn ./.
These/dts slide/vb into/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at notches/nns in/in the/at tappets/nns as/cs the/at tappets/nns are/ber moved/vbn ,/, locking/vbg and/cc unlocking/vbg them/ppo ./.


	Here's/rb+bez how/wrb the/at scheme/nn works/vbz :/: Suppose/vb the/at operator/nn pulls/vbz the/at lever/nn to/to clear/vb a/at particular/jj signal/nn ./.
This/dt also/rb pulls/vbz the/at tappet/nn connected/vbn to/in the/at particular/jj lever/nn and/cc forces/vbz any/dti dogs/nns seated/vbn in/in the/at notches/nns to/in the/at side/nn ,/, thus/rb moving/vbg one/cd or/cc more/ap locking/vbg bars/nns ./.
The/at dogs/nns on/in the/at other/ap ends/nns of/in these/dts locking/vbg bars/nns are/ber thus/rb forced/vbn into/in notches/nns in/in other/ap tappets/nns ./.
By/in this/dt scheme/nn ,/, pulling/vbg one/cd signal/nn to/to clear/vb locks/nns all/abn the/at other/ap switch/nn and/cc signal/nn levers/nns in/in safe/jj positions/nns until/cs the/at first/od signal/nn is/bez again/rb restored/vbn to/in normal/jj ./.


	Interlocking/vbg signals/nns are/ber normally/rb at/in stop/nn or/cc ``/`` red/jj ''/'' position/nn ,/, and/cc a/at lever/nn must/md be/be pulled/vbn to/to ``/`` clear/vb ''/'' the/at signal/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* necessarily/rb to/in green/nn ,/, however/wrb ,/, for/in in/in some/dti situations/nns only/rb a/at yellow/jj indication/nn is/bez given/vbn to/in a/at train/nn to/to let/vb it/ppo into/in the/at ``/`` plant/nn ''/'' ./.


	There/ex are/ber other/ap basic/jj rules/nns ./.
A/at turnout/nn may/md have/hv two/cd levers/nns ,/, one/cd to/to actually/rb move/vb the/at switch/nn points/nns ,/, the/at other/ap to/in lock/nn the/at points/nns ./.
A/at signal/nn cannot/md* be/be cleared/vbn until/cs all/abn the/at related/vbn turnouts/nns are/ber properly/rb thrown/vbn and/cc locked/vbn ./.
Such/jj locks/nns are/ber nearly/ql always/rb used/vbn where/wrb the/at switch/nn points/nns ``/`` face/vb ''/'' oncoming/jj traffic/nn ./.
The/at lock/nn insures/vbz that/cs the/at points/nns are/ber thrown/vbn all/abn the/at way/nn with/in no/at chance/nn that/cs a/at wheel/nn flange/nn will/md snag/vb on/in a/at partly/ql thrown/vbn point/nn ./.
If/cs the/at points/nns aren't/ber* thrown/vbn all/abn the/at way/nn ,/, the/at Turnout/nn-tl cannot/md* be/be locked/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in turn/nn ,/, the/at signal/nn cannot/md* be/be cleared/vbn ./.
Generally/rb ,/, these/dts locks/nns on/in turnouts/nns are/ber called/vbn ``/`` facing/vbg point/nn locks/nns ''/'' ./.


	Figs./nns 1-6/cd show/vb typical/jj arrangements/nns of/in track/nn and/cc signals/nns ./.
Each/dt diagram/nn is/bez accompanied/vbn by/in a/at ``/`` dog/nn chart/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at list/nn of/in the/at levers/nns that/wps show/vb which/wdt other/ap levers/nns any/dti particular/jj lever/nn will/md lock/vb if/cs pulled/vbn ./.
The/at lines/nns connecting/vbg the/at wedge-shaped/jj dogs/nns represent/vb the/at locking/vbg bars/nns at/in right/jj angles/nns to/in the/at tappet/nn bars/nns ./.


	By/in studying/vbg the/at track-signal/nn diagrams/nns you'll/ppss+md note/vb several/ap other/ap details/nns ./.
Derails/nns --/-- mechanical/jj track/nn devices/nns that/wps actually/rb guide/vb the/at wheels/nns off/in the/at rails/nns if/cs a/at train/nn passes/vbz a/at ``/`` stop/nn ''/'' signal/nn --/-- are/ber used/vbn in/in many/ap instances/nns ./.
``/`` Home/nr ''/'' signals/nns have/hv two/cd blades/nns ./.
The/at blacked-in/jj blades/nns indicate/vb a/at fixed/vbn aspect/nn --/-- the/at blade/nn does/doz not/* move/vb ./.
As/cs an/at engineer/nn approaches/vbz the/at plant/nn the/at position/nn of/in the/at home/nr signal/nn is/bez seen/vbn in/in advance/nn when/wrb he/pps passes/vbz the/at ``/`` distant/jj ''/'' signal/nn located/vbn beyond/in the/at limits/nns of/in the/at interlocking/vbg plant/nn ./.
In/in some/dti low-speed/nn situations/nns ,/, the/at distant/jj signal/nn is/bez fixed/vbn at/in caution/nn ./.
In/in other/ap instances/nns where/wrb there/ex is/bez no/at automatic/jj block/nn signaling/nn ,/, the/at distant/jj has/hvz only/rb green/jj and/cc yellow/jj aspects/nns ./.


	So/ql much/ap for/in the/at prototype/nn ./.


	The/at interlocking/vbg frame/nn we/ppss built/vbd at/in the/at model/nn railroader/nn workshop/nn and/cc then/rb installed/vbd on/in Paul/np Larson's/np$ railroad/nn follows/vbz the/at Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl scheme/nn and/cc is/bez shown/vbn beginning/vbg in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, page/nn 65/cd ,/, and/cc in/in the/at photos/nns ./.
Here's/rb+bez how/wrb it/pps can/md be/be built/vbn ./.



Frame/nn-hl 
The/at sizes/nns of/in pieces/nns needed/vbn for/in the/at interlocking/vbg frame/nn are/ber shown/vbn in/in the/at notes/nns within/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, most/ap of/in the/at bars/nns being/beg 1/8''/nn ''/'' brass/nn in/in 1/4''/nn ''/'' and/cc 1/2''/nn ''/'' widths/nns ./.
You/ppss may/md change/vb the/at dimensions/nns to/to suit/vb a/at frame/nn for/in more/ap or/cc fewer/ap levers/nns and/cc locks/nns as/cs you/ppss wish/vb ./.
Our/pp$ instructions/nns assume/vb you/ppss are/ber building/vbg this/dt particular/jj frame/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez for/in a/at junction/nn ./.


	When/wrb cutting/vbg the/at pieces/nns ,/, dress/vb the/at ends/nns smooth/jj ,/, and/cc square/vb with/in a/at smooth/jj file/nn or/cc sanding/vbg disk/nn ./.
Start/vb with/in the/at right-hand/nn piece/nn ``/`` B/nn ''/'' ,/, Af/nn ,/, soldering/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at lower/jjr piece/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' of/in the/at same/ap material/nn but/cc 12''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./.
Let/vb exactly/rb 1''/nn ''/'' of/in ``/`` A/nn ''/'' extend/vb beyond/in ``/`` B/nn ''/'' and/cc use/vb a/at square/nn to/to check/vb your/pp$ angle/nn to/in exactly/rb 90/cd degrees/nns ./.


	Now/rb lay/vb 12/cd pieces/nns of/in Af/nn cut/vbn 5-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj side/nn by/in side/nn but/cc separated/vbn by/in 12/cd pieces/nns of/in the/at same/ap material/nn 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj ./.
This/dt gives/vbz you/ppo the/at spacing/nn for/in locating/vbg the/at left-hand/nn piece/nn ``/`` B/nn ''/'' ./.
Compress/vb the/at assembly/nn when/wrb you/ppss make/vb the/at mark/nn to/to show/vb the/at location/nn for/in ``/`` B/nn ''/'' ./.
Solder/vb this/dt second/od ``/`` B/nn ''/'' to/in ``/`` A/nn ''/'' at/in right/jj angles/nns ./.
There/ex should/md be/be 10''/nns ''/'' between/in the/at two/cd parallel/jj members/nns and/cc each/dt should/md be/be 1''/nn ''/'' from/in an/at end/nn of/in the/at long/jj piece/nn ./.


	Cap/vb this/dt assembly/nn (/( with/in spacing/vbg bars/nns in/in place/nn )/) with/in a/at Af/nn bar/nn ./.
Tack-solder/vb all/abn the/at 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj pieces/nns to/in the/at 10''/nn ''/'' and/cc 12''/nn ''/'' members/nns ./.
These/dts will/md be/be drilled/vbn and/cc tapped/vbn later/rbr on/rp ./.


	Now/rb cut/vb five/cd Af/nn locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns (/( which/wdt run/vb horizontally/rb )/) ./.
Position/vb these/dts using/vbg six/cd intermediate/jj temporary/jj Af/nn spacers/nns and/cc locate/vb the/at upper/jj 12''/nn ''/'' bar/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' ./.
Solder/vb it/ppo and/cc the/at five/cd locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns to/in the/at frame/nn ./.
Now/rb place/vb 12/cd pieces/nns 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj on/in this/dt edge/nn as/cs we/ppss did/dod before/rb and/cc space/vb them/ppo with/in the/at 5-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj ``/`` tappets/nns ''/'' ,/, as/cs they/ppss are/ber called/vbn ./.
Cap/vb with/in a/at Af/nn bar/nn and/cc tack-solder/vb in/in place/nn ./.
Cap/vb the/at locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns with/in two/cd Af/nn directly/rb under/in the/at first/od two/cd ``/`` B/nn ''/'' pieces/nns ./.
Remove/vb all/abn the/at loose/jj spacing/vbg bars/nns ./.


	Mark/vb and/cc center-punch/vb all/abn the/at holes/nns required/vbn for/in screws/nns to/to hold/vb this/dt assembly/nn together/rb ./.
See/vb Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
Placement/nn of/in these/dts holes/nns is/bez not/* critical/jj ,/, but/cc they/ppss should/md be/be located/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at centers/nns are/ber about/rb 1/8''/nn ''/'' from/in any/dti edge/nn ./.
Drill/vb all/abn No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl and/cc counter-drill/vb all/abn except/in the/at ``/`` A/nn ''/'' pieces/nns size/nn 43/cd ./.
Tap/vb the/at ``/`` A/nn ''/'' pieces/nns 2-56/cd ./.


	Now/rb unsolder/vb and/cc disassemble/vb the/at frame/nn except/in for/in the/at two/cd 12''/nn ''/'' and/cc the/at first/od two/cd 3-3/4''/nns ''/'' bars/nns (/( ``/`` A/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` B/nn ''/'' pieces/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt are/ber soldered/vbn together/rb ./.
Either/cc lay/vb the/at components/nns aside/rb in/in proper/jj order/nn or/cc code/vb them/ppo with/in numbers/nns and/cc letters/nns so/cs they/ppss may/md be/be replaced/vbn in/in their/pp$ proper/jj positions/nns ./.
Dress/vb all/abn surfaces/nns with/in a/at file/nn ,/, cleaning/vbg off/rp all/abn solder/nn and/cc drilling/vbg burrs/nns ./.


	Drill/vb 20/cd No./nn-tl 47/cd-tl holes/nns in/in the/at upper/jj piece/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
Tap/vb these/dts 3-48/cd for/in mounting/vbg the/at electrical/jj contact/nn later/rbr on/rp ./.
Note/vb ,/, 6/cd and/cc 8/cd lock/nn levers/nns don't/do* require/vb holes/nns for/in contacts/nns ./.


	Now/rb reassemble/vb the/at frame/nn ,/, using/vbg Af/nn roundhead/nn steel/nn screws/nns and/cc nuts/nns ./.
Put/vb the/at 12/cd tappets/nns and/cc some/dti Af/nn locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns in/in the/at frame/nn to/to help/vb align/vb all/abn the/at components/nns before/cs you/ppss tighten/vb the/at screws/nns ./.
Be/be sure/jj the/at tappets/nns are/ber not/* pinched/vbn by/in a/at twisted/vbn 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj spacer/nn ./.
As/cs an/at anchor/nn for/in the/at spring/nn lock/nn ,/, insert/vb a/at Af/nn bar/nn in/in the/at lower/jjr left/jj corner/nn of/in the/at frame/nn as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 43/cd-tl hole/nn through/in the/at pieces/nns and/cc secure/vb with/in a/at 2-56/cd nut/nn and/cc screw/nn ./.
Drill/vb two/cd No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl holes/nns ,/, one/cd in/in the/at insert/nn and/cc one/cd in/in the/at locking/vbg bar/nn spacer/nn directly/rb above/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc tap/vb 2-56/cd ./.
Number/vb all/abn the/at tappet/nn bars/nns before/cs removing/vbg them/ppo so/cs they/ppss can/md be/be replaced/vbn in/in the/at same/ap slots/nns ./.
Remove/vb all/abn other/ap loose/jj pieces/nns and/cc file/vb the/at edges/nns of/in the/at basic/jj frame/nn smooth/jj ./.
Cut/vb five/cd pieces/nns of/in Af/nn brass/nn bar/nn stock/nn 3-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./.
These/dts are/ber supporting/vbg members/nns for/in the/at short/jj locking/vbg bars/nns ./.
Locate/vb their/pp$ positions/nns in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc drill/vb No./nn-tl 43/cd-tl to/to match/vb the/at corresponding/jj holes/nns in/in the/at frame/nn ./.
Cut/vb off/rp excess/jj screw/nn lengths/nns and/cc file/vb flush/jj with/in either/cc frame/nn or/cc nut/nn ./.
Drill/vb four/cd No./nn-tl 19/cd-tl and/cc four/cd No./nn-tl 28/cd-tl holes/nns in/in the/at 12''/nns ''/'' long/jj ``/`` A/nn ''/'' pieces/nns ./.
Locate/vb the/at position/nn from/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./.



Tappets/nns-hl and/cc-hl locking/vbg-hl bars/nns-hl 
Draw-file/vb No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl tappet/nn to/in a/at smooth/jj fit/nn in/in its/pp$ respective/jj slot/nn and/cc square/vb the/at ends/nns ./.
Break/vb the/at end/nn corners/nns with/in a/at slight/jj 45/cd degree/nn chamfer/nn ./.
Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl hole/nn 1-1/4''/nn ''/'' from/in one/cd end/nn and/cc tap/vb 2-56/cd ./.
(/( See/vb Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
)/) Put/vb a/at 2-56/cd roundhead/nn screw/nn into/in the/at hole/nn ,/, cut/vb off/rp the/at excess/jj threads/nns and/cc file/vb flush/jj with/in the/at underside/nn of/in the/at bar/nn ./.
To/to find/vb the/at other/ap stop/nn screw/nn position/nn ,/, insert/vb the/at tappet/nn into/in the/at frame/nn and/cc hold/vb the/at screw/nn head/nn tight/rb against/in the/at frame/nn edge/nn ./.
Scribe/vb a/at line/nn across/in the/at bar/nn on/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at tappet/nn ,/, 1/4''/nn ''/'' plus/cc half/abn the/at diameter/nn of/in the/at 2-56/cd screw/nn head/nn (/( about/rb 5/64''/nn ''/'' )/) away/rb from/in the/at frame/nn edge/nn ./.
Total/nn distance/nn is/bez about/rb 21/64''/nns ''/'' ./.
Tend/vb to/to make/vb this/dt dimension/nn slightly/ql undersize/jj so/cs you/ppss can/md file/vb the/at screw/nn head/nn to/to get/vb exactly/rb 1/4''/nn ''/'' tappet/nn movement/nn ./.
Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl hole/nn ,/, tap/vb 2-56/cd and/cc insert/vb a/at roundhead/nn 2-56/cd screw/nn as/cs you/ppss did/dod on/in the/at first/od end/nn ./.
Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 47/cd-tl hole/nn crosswise/rb through/in the/at tappet/nn at/in the/at position/nn shown/vbn in/in Figs./nns-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc 8/cd-tl ./.
Repeat/vb these/dts drill/vb and/cc tap/vb operations/nns for/in each/dt of/in the/at tappet/nn bars/nns ./.


	To/in each/dt tappet/nn except/in 6/cd and/cc 8/cd ,/, solder/vb a/at Af/nn piece/nn of/in brass/nn and/cc file/vb to/in the/at tapered/vbn shape/nn shown/vbn in/in Figs./nns-tl 6/cd-tl and/cc 8/cd-tl ./.
These/dts will/md serve/vb as/cs lifting/vbg pads/nns for/in the/at electrical/jj contacts/nns ./.


	Fitting/vbg the/at locking/vbg bars/nns and/cc making/vbg the/at locking/vbg pieces/nns is/bez a/at rather/ql tedious/jj job/nn since/cs stop/nn screws/nns ,/, tappets/nns and/cc locking/vbg bars/nns must/md be/be removed/vbn and/cc replaced/vbn many/ap times/nns ./.
As/cs the/at work/nn progresses/vbz the/at frame/nn and/cc moving/vbg parts/nns become/vb a/at sort/nn of/in Chinese/jj puzzle/nn where/wrb several/ap pieces/nns must/md be/be removed/vbn before/cs the/at part/nn you/ppss are/ber working/vbg on/in is/bez accessible/jj ./.
A/at little/ap extra/jj work/nn here/rb will/md pay/vb off/rp with/in a/at smooth/jj ,/, snug-fitting/jj machine/nn when/wrb you/ppss are/ber finished/vbn ./.
Each/dt completed/vbn locking/vbg bar/nn should/md remain/vb in/in place/nn as/cs the/at work/nn progresses/vbz to/to insure/vb snug/jj fitting/nn ./.


	The/at order/nn of/in fitting/vbg is/bez not/* too/ql important/jj ./.
However/rb ,/, we/ppss started/vbd with/in the/at first/od row/nn of/in bars/nns and/cc worked/vbd our/pp$ way/nn back/rb ./.
Since/cs the/at same/ap method/nn of/in shaping/vbg and/cc fitting/vbg the/at dogs/nns and/cc notches/nns is/bez used/vbn throughout/rb ,/, we/ppss will/md only/rb describe/vb the/at construction/nn of/in one/cd locking/vbg bar/nn ./.
Figs./nns-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc 8/cd-tl give/vb all/abn pertinent/jj dimensions/nns ./.
All/abn the/at bars/nns are/ber cut/vbn from/in Af/nn brass/nn ./.
The/at lengths/nns of/in each/dt piece/nn are/ber listed/vbn at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./.
Bar/nn ``/`` C/nn ''/'' is/bez 2-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./.
Draw-file/vb the/at edges/nns ,/, square/vb up/rp the/at ends/nns and/cc put/vb a/at slight/jj chamfer/nn on/in the/at edges/nns so/cs they/ppss will/md not/* snag/vb in/in the/at frame/nn ./.


	Fig./nn-tl 8/cd-tl gives/vbz the/at dimensions/nns for/in locating/vbg the/at dog-pin/nn holes/nns ./.
Center-punch/vb and/cc drill/vb the/at No./nn-tl 31/cd-tl hole/nn 7/16''/nn ''/'' from/in one/cd end/nn of/in the/at bar/nn ./.
Chuck/vb a/at length/nn of/in 1/8''/nn ''/'' dia./nn drill/nn rod/nn into/in a/at drill/nn press/nn or/cc some/dti similar/jj turning/vbg device/nn and/cc while/cs it/pps is/bez rotating/vbg file/vb the/at end/nn square/jj and/cc then/rb file/vb a/at slight/jj taper/nn 1/8''/nn ''/'' long/jj ./.
Cut/vb the/at piece/nn about/rb 9/32''/nn ''/'' or/cc 5/16''/nn ''/'' long/jj and/cc drive/vb it/ppo into/in the/at No./nn-tl 31/cd-tl hole/nn drilled/vbn in/in the/at locking/vbg bar/nn ./.
File/vb the/at bottom/nn edge/nn flush/jj with/in the/at bar/nn and/cc the/at top/nn 1/8''/nn ''/'' above/in the/at bar/nn ./.
This/dt dog/nn will/md engage/vb a/at notch/nn to/to be/be cut/vbn in/in tappet/nn 3/cd ./.


	Place/vb the/at locking/vbg bar/nn in/in proper/jj position/nn and/cc insert/vb tappet/nn 3/cd ./.
Scribe/vb a/at line/nn through/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at pin/nn and/cc across/in the/at face/nn of/in tappet/nn 3/cd ,/, parallel/jj to/in piece/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' ./.
See/vb the/at drawings/nns for/in the/at shape/nn of/in the/at notch/nn ./.
Scribe/vb V-shaped/nn lines/nns on/in the/at bar/nn and/cc rough/vb out/rp with/in either/cc a/at hack/nn saw/nn or/cc a/at cutting/vbg disk/nn in/in a/at hand/nn power/nn tool/nn ./.
We/ppss used/vbd the/at latter/ap equipped/vbn with/in a/at carborundum/nn disk/nn about/rb 


''/'' thick/jj and/cc 1''/nn ''/'' dia./nn fitted/vbn on/in a/at 1/8''/nn ''/'' dia./nn mandrel/nn ./.
Such/jj disks/nns are/ber very/ql handy/jj for/in cutting/vbg and/cc shaping/vbg small/jj parts/nns ./.
File/vb to/in a/at smooth/jj finish/nn ./.
A/at Barrette/np Swiss/jj pattern/nn file/nn is/bez handy/jj since/cs its/pp$ triangular/jj shape/nn with/in only/ap one/cd cutting/vbg face/nn will/md allow/vb you/ppo to/to work/vb a/at surface/nn without/in marring/vbg an/at adjoining/vbg one/cd ./.
Endeavor/vb to/to get/vb the/at notches/nns as/ql much/ql alike/jj as/cs possible/jj ./.
The/at notch/nn should/md have/hv a/at smooth/jj finish/nn so/cs that/cs the/at steel/nn dog/nn will/md slide/vb easily/rb over/in it/ppo ./.
Assemble/vb the/at parts/nns in/in the/at frame/nn and/cc test/vb the/at sliding/vbg action/nn of/in the/at mating/vbg pieces/nns ./.
All/abn matching/vbg surfaces/nns should/md be/be checked/vbn frequently/rb and/cc mated/vbn on/in a/at cut/vb and/cc fit/vb basis/nn ./.


	Chuck/vb a/at 2''/nn ''/'' or/cc 3''/nn ''/'' piece/nn of/in 1/8''/nn ''/'' dia./nn drill/nn rod/nn in/in a/at drill/nn press/nn or/cc electric/jj hand/nn tool/nn ./.
Fashion/vb a/at sharp/jj scribing/vbg point/nn about/rb 3/64''/nn ''/'' long/jj on/in one/cd end/nn ,/, using/vbg Swiss/jj pattern/nn files/nns ./.
This/dt tool/nn can/md also/rb be/be made/vbn with/in a/at lathe/nn ./.



	Scientists/nns say/vb that/cs the/at world/nn and/cc everything/pn in/in it/ppo are/ber based/vbn on/in mathematics/nn ./.
Without/in math/nn the/at men/nns who/wps are/ber continually/rb seeking/vbg the/at causes/nns of/in and/cc the/at reasons/nns for/in the/at many/ap things/nns that/wps make/vb the/at world/nn go/vb 'round/rb would/md not/* have/hv any/dti means/nn of/in analyzing/vbg ,/, standardizing/vbg ,/, and/cc communicating/vbg the/at things/nns they/ppss discover/vb and/cc learn/vb ./.
Math/nn and/cc the/at formulas/nns that/wps allow/vb it/ppo to/to be/be applied/vbn to/in different/jj problems/nns are/ber ,/, therefore/rb ,/, essential/jj to/in any/dti scientific/jj endeavor/nn ./.


	Hot/jj rodding/nn is/bez a/at science/nn ./.
It's/pps+bez not/* a/at science/nn as/ql involved/vbn as/cs determining/vbg what/wdt makes/vbz the/at earth/nn rotate/vb on/in its/pp$ axis/nn or/cc building/vbg a/at rocket/nn or/cc putting/vbg a/at satellite/nn into/in orbit/nn but/cc it/pps is/bez ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, a/at science/nn ./.
But/cc because/cs science/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in mathematics/nn doesn't/doz* mean/vb that/cs a/at hot/jj rodder/nn must/md necessarily/rb be/be a/at mathematician/nn ./.
A/at guy/nn can/md be/be an/at active/jj and/cc successful/jj hot/jj rodder/nn for/in years/nns without/in becoming/vbg even/ql remotely/rb involved/vbn with/in mathematical/jj problems/nns ;/. ;/.
however/wrb ,/, he/pps will/md have/hv a/at clearer/jjr understanding/nn of/in what/wdt he/pps is/bez doing/vbg and/cc the/at chances/nns are/ber he/pps will/md be/be more/ql successful/jj if/cs he/pps understands/vbz the/at few/ap formulas/nns that/wps apply/vb to/in rodding/vbg ./.


	A/at mathematical/jj formula/nn is/bez nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at pattern/nn for/in solving/vbg a/at specific/jj problem/nn ./.
It/pps places/vbz the/at various/jj factors/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at problem/nn in/in their/pp$ correct/jj order/nn in/in relation/nn to/in each/dt other/ap so/cs that/cs the/at influence/nn of/in factors/nns on/in each/dt other/ap can/md be/be computed/vbn ./.


	The/at first/od step/nn in/in using/vbg a/at formula/nn is/bez to/to insert/vb the/at numerical/jj values/nns of/in the/at factors/nns involved/vbn in/in their/pp$ correct/jj positions/nns in/in the/at formula/nn ./.
This/dt changes/vbz the/at formula/nn to/in an/at ``/`` equation/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at equation/nn is/bez used/vbn for/in the/at mathematical/jj process/nn of/in solving/vbg the/at problem/nn ./.


	Equations/nns for/in rodding/vbg formulas/nns are/ber not/* complicated/vbn ./.
They/ppss involve/vb only/rb simple/jj mathematics/nns that/wps are/ber taught/vbn in/in grammar/nn school/nn arithmetic/nn classes/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez essential/jj that/cs the/at various/jj mathematical/jj symbols/nns used/vbn in/in the/at equations/nns be/be understood/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at mathematical/jj processes/nns can/md be/be done/vbn properly/rb and/cc in/in their/pp$ correct/jj order/nn ./.
They/ppss indicate/vb simple/jj division/nn ,/, multiplication/nn ,/, subtraction/nn ,/, and/cc addition/nn ./.


	The/at symbol/nn for/in division/nn is/bez a/at straight/jj line/nn that/wps separates/vbz two/cd numbers/nns placed/vbn one/cd above/in the/at other/ap ./.
The/at lower/jjr number/nn is/bez always/rb divided/vbn into/in the/at upper/jj number/nn :/: Af/nn 

	./.
The/at symbol/nn for/in multiplication/nn is/bez ``/`` **b/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps is/bez used/vbn to/to separate/vb two/cd or/cc more/ap numbers/nns in/in a/at row/nn ./.
For/in example/nn :/: Af/nn ./.
Numbers/nns to/to be/be multiplied/vbn together/rb may/md be/be multiplied/vbn in/in any/dti order/nn ./.
The/at result/nn will/md be/be the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in the/at order/nn used/vbn ./.


	The/at symbol/nn for/in subtraction/nn is/bez the/at standard/jj minus/nn sign/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at dash/nn ./.
It/pps separates/vbz two/cd or/cc more/ap numbers/nns ./.
The/at number/nn on/in the/at right/nr of/in the/at symbol/nn is/bez always/rb subtracted/vbn from/in the/at number/nn on/in the/at left/nr of/in the/at symbol/nn ./.
For/in example/nn :/: Af/nn ./.
When/wrb more/ap than/in two/cd figures/nns are/ber separated/vbn by/in subtraction/nn symbols/nns the/at subtraction/nn must/md be/be carried/vbn out/rp from/in the/at left/nr to/in right/nr if/cs the/at result/nn is/bez to/to be/be correct/jj ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, for/in the/at problem/nn Af/nn ,/, 10/cd from/in 25/cd equals/vbz 15/cd ,/, then/rb 6/cd from/in 15/cd equals/vbz 9/cd ./.


	Addition/nn is/bez indicated/vbn by/in the/at +/nn symbol/nn ./.
The/at symbol/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to separate/vb two/cd or/cc more/ap numbers/nns ./.
For/in example/nn :/: Af/nn ./.
Numbers/nns separated/vbd by/in addition/nn symbols/nns may/md be/be placed/vbn in/in any/dti order/nn ./.


	When/wrb solving/vbg an/at equation/nn that/wps involves/vbz division/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap steps/nns ,/, do/do all/abn the/at division/nn steps/nns first/rb to/to reduce/vb those/dts parts/nns of/in the/at equation/nn to/in their/pp$ numerical/jj value/nn ./.
Multiplication/nn ,/, subtraction/nn ,/, and/cc addition/nn can/md then/rb be/be accomplished/vbn as/cs they/ppss appear/vb in/in the/at equation/nn by/in starting/vbg at/in the/at left/jj end/nn of/in the/at equation/nn and/cc working/vbg toward/in the/at right/nr ./.
Completing/vbg the/at division/nn first/rb also/rb includes/vbz those/dts division/nn parts/nns that/wps require/vb multiplication/nn ,/, subtraction/nn ,/, or/cc addition/nn steps/nns :/: Af/nn ./.
This/dt would/md be/be reduced/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg 8/cd times/in 6/cd and/cc then/rb dividing/vbg the/at product/nn by/in 12/cd ./.
This/dt part/nn of/in the/at equation/nn would/md then/rb become/vb 4/cd ./.


	For/in use/nn in/in formulas/nns ,/, fractions/nns should/md be/be converted/vbn to/in their/pp$ decimal/nn equivalents/nns ./.
The/at easiest/jjt way/nn to/to do/do this/dt is/bez with/in a/at conversion/nn chart/nn ./.
Charts/nns for/in this/dt purpose/nn are/ber available/jj from/in many/ap sources/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber included/vbn in/in all/abn types/nns of/in mathematical/jj handbooks/nns and/cc they/ppss are/ber stamped/vbn on/in some/dti types/nns of/in precision/nn measuring/vbg instruments/nns ./.


	The/at various/jj mathematical/jj processes/nns can/md be/be simplified/vbn by/in carrying/vbg the/at results/nns to/in only/rb two/cd or/cc three/cd decimal/nn places/nns ./.
Shortening/vbg the/at results/nns in/in this/dt manner/nn will/md not/* have/hv any/dti detrimental/jj effect/nn on/in the/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at final/jj result/nn ./.


	Some/dti formulas/nns contain/vb ``/`` constants/nns ''/'' ./.
A/at constant/nn is/bez a/at number/nn that/wps remains/vbz the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in the/at other/ap numbers/nns used/vbn in/in the/at formula/nn and/cc the/at resultant/jj equation/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at number/nn without/in which/wdt the/at equation/nn cannot/md* be/be solved/vbn correctly/rb ./.


	Rodding/vbg formulas/nns apply/vb to/in many/ap phases/nns of/in the/at sport/nn ./.
The/at answers/nns they/ppss give/vb can/md often/rb pave/vb the/at way/nn to/in performance/nn increases/nns and/cc ,/, quite/ql often/rb ,/, are/ber necessary/jj for/in completing/vbg entry/nn blanks/nns for/in different/jj events/nns ./.
When/wrb it/pps is/bez needed/vbn ,/, one/cd formula/nn is/bez as/ql important/jj as/cs another/dt ./.
However/rb ,/, some/dti formulas/nns are/ber used/vbn more/rbr than/cs others/nns ./.
We'll/ppss+md take/vb them/ppo in/in the/at general/jj order/nn of/in their/pp$ popularity/nn ./.



Engine/nn-hl displacement/nn-hl 
A/at rodder/nn should/md be/be able/jj to/to compute/vb the/at displacement/nn of/in his/pp$ engine/nn ./.
Displacement/nn is/bez sometimes/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs ``/`` swept/vbn volume/nn ''/'' ./.
Most/ap entry/nn blanks/nns for/in competitive/jj events/nns require/vb engine/nn displacement/nn information/nn because/rb of/in class/nn restrictions/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez good/jj to/to be/be able/jj to/to compute/vb displacement/nn so/cs that/cs changes/nns in/in it/ppo resulting/vbg from/in boring/vbg and/cc stroking/nn can/md be/be computed/vbn ./.


	Factors/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at displacement/nn formula/nn are/ber the/at bore/nn diameter/nn of/in the/at engine's/nn$ cylinders/nns ,/, the/at length/nn of/in the/at piston/nn stroke/nn ,/, the/at number/nn of/in cylinders/nns in/in the/at engine/nn ,/, and/cc a/at constant/nn ./.
The/at constant/nn is/bez ,/, which/wdt is/bez one-quarter/nn of/in 3.1416/cd ,/, another/dt constant/nn known/vbn as/cs ``/`` pi/nn ''/'' ./.
Pi/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in formulas/nns concerned/vbn with/in the/at dimensions/nns of/in circles/nns ./.


	Actually/rb ,/, the/at engine/nn displacement/nn formula/nn is/bez the/at standard/jj formula/nn for/in computing/vbg the/at volume/nn of/in a/at cylinder/nn of/in any/dti type/nn with/in an/at added/vbn factor/nn that/wps represents/vbz the/at number/nn of/in cylinders/nns in/in the/at engine/nn ./.
The/at cross-sectional/jj area/nn of/in the/at cylinders/nns is/bez determined/vbn and/cc then/rb the/at volume/nn of/in the/at individual/jj cylinders/nns is/bez computed/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg the/at area/nn by/in the/at stroke/nn length/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at equivalent/jj of/in the/at length/nn of/in the/at cylinders/nns ./.
Multiplying/vbg the/at result/nn by/in the/at number/nn of/in cylinders/nns in/in the/at engine/nn gives/vbz the/at engine's/nn$ total/nn displacement/nn ./.


	The/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./.
Dimensions/nns in/in inches/nns ,/, and/cc fractions/nns of/in inches/nns will/md give/vb the/at displacement/nn in/in cubic/jj inches/nns ./.
Dimensions/nns in/in centimeters/nns and/cc fractions/nns of/in centimeters/nns will/md give/vb the/at displacement/nn in/in cubic/jj centimeters/nns (/( cc./nns )/) ./.
One/cd inch/nn equals/vbz 2.54/cd centimeters/nns :/: one/cd cubic/jj inch/nn equals/vbz 16.38/cd cubic/jj centimeters/nns ./.


	For/in example/nn ,/, let's/vb+ppo consider/vb a/at standard/jj 283/cd cubic/jj inch/nn Chevy/np Aj/nn ./.
These/dts engines/nns have/hv a/at cylinder/nn diameter/nn of/in 3-7/8/cd inches/nns and/cc a/at stroke/nn length/nn of/in 3/cd inches/nns ./.
The/at formula/nn ,/, with/in the/at fractions/nns converted/vbn to/in decimals/nns ,/, becomes/vbz Af/nn ./.


	To/to arrive/vb at/in the/at answer/nn ,/, multiply/vb the/at numbers/nns together/rb by/in starting/vbg at/in the/at left/nr of/in the/at group/nn and/cc working/vbg to/in the/at right/nr ./.
The/at different/jj steps/nns will/md look/vb like/cs this/dt :/: Af/nn 


./.
Compression/nn-hl ratio/nn-hl 
A/at cylinder's/nn$ compression/nn ratio/nn is/bez computed/vbn by/in comparing/vbg the/at cylinder's/nn$ volume/nn ,/, or/cc its/pp$ displacement/nn ,/, with/in the/at total/nn volume/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn and/cc its/pp$ combustion/nn chamber/nn ./.
Cylinder/nn volume/nn can/md be/be determined/vbn mathematically/rb but/cc combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn must/md be/be measured/vbn with/in a/at liquid/nn ./.


	Cylinder/nn volume/nn is/bez determined/vbn in/in exactly/rb the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs for/in the/at displacement/nn formula/nn :/: Af/nn ./.


	To/to measure/vb the/at volume/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at combustion/nn chambers/nns in/in the/at cylinder/nn head/nn ,/, install/vb the/at valves/nns and/cc spark/nn plug/nn in/in the/at chamber/nn and/cc support/vb the/at head/nn so/cs that/cs its/pp$ gasket/nn surface/nn is/bez level/jj ./.
Then/rb pour/vb water/nn or/cc light/jj oil/nn from/in a/at graduated/vbn beaker/nn into/in the/at chamber/nn to/to fill/vb the/at chamber/nn to/in its/pp$ gasket/nn surface/nn ./.
Do/do not/* overfill/vb the/at chamber/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez possible/jj with/in water/nn and/cc other/ap liquids/nns that/wps have/hv a/at high/jj surface/nn tension/nn ./.
Such/jj liquids/nns will/md rise/vb to/in a/at considerable/jj height/nn above/in the/at surface/nn around/in the/at chamber/nn before/cs they/ppss will/md flow/vb out/in of/in the/at chamber/nn ./.


	The/at amount/vb of/in liquid/nn poured/vbn into/in the/at chamber/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in subtracting/vbg the/at quantity/nn still/rb in/in the/at beaker/nn when/wrb the/at chamber/nn is/bez full/jj from/in the/at original/jj quantity/nn ./.
Most/ap beakers/nns are/ber graduated/vbn in/in cubic/jj centimeters/nns (/( cc./nns )/) ,/, making/vbg it/ppo necessary/jj to/to convert/vb the/at result/nn to/in cubic/jj inches/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at displacement/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn can/md be/be converted/vbn to/in cubic/jj centimeters/nns ./.
The/at compression/nn ratio/nn arrived/vbn at/in with/in the/at formula/nn will/md be/be the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in whether/cs cubic/jj inches/nns or/cc cubic/jj centimeters/nns are/ber used/vbn ./.
The/at only/ap precaution/nn is/bez that/cs all/abn volumes/nns used/vbn in/in the/at formula/nn be/be quoted/vbn in/in the/at same/ap terms/nns ./.


	The/at volume/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn opening/nn in/in the/at head/nn gasket/nn must/md be/be computed/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg its/pp$ area/nn in/in square/jj inches/nns by/in the/at gasket's/nn$ thickness/nn in/in thousandths/nns of/in an/at inch/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb it/pps is/bez necessary/jj to/to roughly/rb calculate/vb the/at square/jj inch/nn area/nn of/in the/at opening/nn but/cc the/at calculation/nn can/md usually/rb be/be made/vbn with/in sufficient/jj accuracy/nn that/cs it/pps won't/md* affect/vb the/at final/jj computation/nn ./.
The/at volume/nn of/in the/at opening/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in the/at combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn ./.


	Another/dt thing/nn that/wps must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in consideration/nn is/bez the/at volume/nn of/in the/at area/nn between/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at piston/nn and/cc the/at top/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn block/nn when/wrb the/at piston/nn is/bez in/in top/nn dead/jj center/nn position/nn ./.
Compute/vb this/dt volume/nn by/in measuring/vbg the/at distance/nn from/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at block/nn to/in the/at piston/nn head/nn as/ql accurately/rb as/cs possible/jj with/in a/at depth/nn micrometer/nn or/cc some/dti other/ap precision/nn measuring/vbg device/nn and/cc then/rb multiply/vb the/at area/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn by/in the/at depth/nn ./.
The/at formula/nn for/in this/dt step/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./.
This/dt volume/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in the/at total/nn volume/nn of/in the/at combustion/nn chamber/nn and/cc head/nn gasket/nn opening/nn ./.
The/at total/nn of/in these/dts three/cd volumes/nns is/bez the/at ``/`` final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn ''/'' ./.


	After/cs the/at factors/nns just/rb described/vbn have/hv been/ben computed/vbn ,/, they/ppss are/ber applied/vbn to/in the/at following/vbg formula/nn :/: Af/nn 

	./.
For/in an/at example/nn let's/vb+ppo dream/vb up/rp an/at engine/nn that/wps has/hvz a/at final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn of/in 5/cd cubic/jj inches/nns and/cc a/at cylinder/nn volume/nn of/in 45/cd cubic/jj inches/nns ./.
Applying/vbg these/dts figures/nns to/in the/at formula/nn we/ppss get/vb the/at equation/nn :/: Af/nn ./.
The/at compression/nn ratio/nn is/bez 10/cd to/in 1/cd ./.


	This/dt method/nn of/in computing/vbg compression/nn ratio/nn cannot/md* be/be used/vbn accurately/rb for/in engines/nns that/wps have/hv pistons/nns with/in either/cc domed/vbn or/cc irregularly/rb shaped/vbn heads/nns ./.
Any/dti irregularity/nn on/in the/at piston/nn heads/nns will/md make/vb it/ppo impossible/jj ,/, with/in normal/jj means/nns ,/, to/to determine/vb the/at final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn because/cs the/at volume/nn displaced/vbn by/in the/at piston/nn heads/nns cannot/md* be/be readily/rb computed/vbn ./.
The/at only/ap way/nn to/to determine/vb the/at final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn when/wrb such/jj pistons/nns are/ber used/vbn is/bez by/in measuring/vbg it/ppo with/in liquid/nn while/cs the/at cylinder/nn head/nn is/bez bolted/vbn to/in the/at cylinder/nn block/nn and/cc the/at piston/nn is/bez in/in top/nn dead/jj center/nn position/nn ./.



Gear/nn-hl ratio/nn-hl --/---hl speed/nn-hl relationships/nns-hl 
There/ex are/ber four/cd versions/nns of/in the/at formula/nn that/wps involves/vbz the/at relationships/nns of/in car/nn speed/nn ,/, engine/nn speed/nn ,/, rear/jj axle/nn gear/nn ratio/nn ,/, and/cc rear/jj tire/nn size/nn ./.
By/in using/vbg the/at appropriate/jj version/nn any/dti one/cd of/in these/dts factors/nns can/md be/be determined/vbn for/in any/dti combination/nn of/in the/at other/ap three/cd ./.


	To/to simplify/vb the/at formulas/nns a/at representative/jj symbol/nn is/bez substituted/vbn for/in each/dt of/in the/at factors/nns ./.
These/dts are/ber 

	MPH/nn for/in Car/nn speed/nn 

	,/, for/nn Engine/nn crankshaft/nn speed/nn 

	,/, for/nn Rear/jj axle/nn gear/nn ratio/nn 

	,/, for/nn Tire/nn size/nn 

	./.
Tire/nn size/nn can/md be/be determined/vbn in/in several/ap ways/nns but/cc the/at one/cd that/dt is/bez the/at easiest/jjt and/cc as/ql accurate/jj as/cs any/dti is/bez by/in measuring/vbg the/at effective/jj radius/nn of/in a/at wheel/nn and/cc tire/nn assembly/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez done/vbn by/in measuring/vbg the/at distance/nn from/in the/at surface/nn on/in which/wdt the/at tire/nn is/bez resting/vbg to/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at rear/jj axle/nn shaft/nn ./.
A/at tire/nn must/md be/be inflated/vbn to/in its/pp$ normal/jj hot/jj operating/vbg pressure/nn and/cc the/at car/nn must/md be/be loaded/vbn to/in its/pp$ operating/vbg weight/nn when/wrb this/dt measurement/nn is/bez made/vbn ./.
The/at measurement/nn must/md be/be in/in inches/nns ./.
Any/dti fraction/nn of/in an/at inch/nn involved/vbn in/in the/at measurement/nn must/md be/be converted/vbn to/in a/at decimal/nn equivalent/nn to/to simplify/vb the/at mathematics/nn ./.
When/wrb tire/nn size/nn is/bez measured/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn a/at constant/nn of/in 168/cd is/bez used/vbn in/in the/at formula/nn ./.


	To/to determine/vb car/nn speed/nn for/in a/at given/vbn combination/nn of/in engine/nn speed/nn ,/, gear/nn ratio/nn ,/, and/cc tire/nn size/nn ,/, the/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./.
For/in an/at engine/nn speed/nn of/in 5000/cd rpm/nn ,/, a/at gear/nn ratio/nn of/in 4.00/cd to/in 1/cd ,/, and/cc a/at tire/nn radius/nn of/in 13/cd inches/nns ,/, the/at equation/nn would/md look/vb like/cs this/dt :/: Af/nn 

	./.
To/to determine/vb engine/nn speed/nn for/in a/at given/vbn combination/nn of/in the/at other/ap three/cd factors/nns the/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./.
Using/vbg the/at same/ap figures/nns as/cs for/in the/at previous/jj example/nn ,/, the/at equation/nn becomes/vbz :/: Af/nn 

	./.
To/to determine/vb the/at rear/jj axle/nn gear/nn ratio/nn for/in a/at combination/nn of/in the/at other/ap three/cd factors/nns ,/, the/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./.
Using/vbg the/at figures/nns from/in the/at previous/jj examples/nns ,/, the/at equation/nn becomes/vbz :/: Af/nn ./.




Orlando/np-hl ,/,-hl Fla./np-hl ,/,-hl Feb./np-hl 2/cd-hl 
--/-- The/at best/jjt 2-year-old/jj pacing/vbg mile/nn up/rp to/in date/nn at/in Ben/np-tl White/np-tl Raceway/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben that/dt of/in Mary/np Liner/np (/( Mainliner-Highland/np Ellen/np )/) ,/, a/at member/nn of/in the/at Dick/np Williams/np stable/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz clocked/vbn 2:25/cd ./.
She/pps is/bez owned/vbn by/in Ralph/np H./np Kroening/np ,/, Milwaukee/np ,/, Wis./np ,/, who/wps ,/, according/in to/in the/at railbirds/nns ,/, can/md feel/vb justly/ql proud/jj of/in her/ppo ./.


	Other/ap good/jj miles/nns have/hv been/ben by/in Debonnie/np (/( Dale/np Frost-Debby/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Prompt/jj-tl Time/nn-tl (/( Adios-On/np Time/nn-tl )/) in/in 2:28-:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Kimberly/np Gal/nn-tl (/( Galophone-Kimberly/np Hanover/np )/) 2:26.2/cd ;/. ;/.
Laguerre/np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Lotus/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Monel/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Miracle/np Byrd/np )/) in/in 2:34/cd ./.
Laguerre/np Hanover/np is/bez outstanding/jj in/in type/nn and/cc conformation/nn --/-- good/jj body/nn ,/, plenty/nn of/in heart/nn girth/nn ,/, stands/vbz straight/rb on/in his/pp$ legs/nns on/in excellent/jj feet/nns --/-- and/cc has/hvz the/at smoothest/jjt gait/nn ./.
This/dt colt/nn is/bez behind/in most/ap of/in the/at other/ap 2-year-olds/nns in/in the/at Simpson/np stable/nn but/cc can/md show/vb about/rb as/ql much/ap pace/nn as/cs any/dti of/in them/ppo ./.
Monel/np shows/vbz improvement/nn with/in each/dt work-out/nn and/cc looks/vbz the/at makings/nns of/in a/at good/jj brood/nn mare/nn after/cs winning/vbg her/pp$ share/nn of/in races/nns ./.


	Stardel/np (/( Star's/nn$-tl Pride-Starlette/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:34/cd ,/, looks/vbz quite/ql promising/jj ./.
Fury/nn-tl Hanover/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Fay/np )/) ,/, Caper/nn-tl (/( Hoot/np Mon-Columbia/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Isaac/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Goddess/np Hanover/np )/) has/hvz been/ben working/vbg together/rb but/cc have/hv not/* equalled/vbn their/pp$ best/jjt work/nn done/vbn some/dti weeks/nns ago/rb ./.
Fury/nn-tl and/cc Caper/nn-tl worked/vbd in/in 2:35/cd and/cc did/dod it/ppo with/in ease/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber two/cd good/jj colts/nns of/in different/jj type/nn ./.
Fury/nn-tl is/bez upstanding/jj and/cc on/in the/at rangy/jj side/nn ,/, and/cc Caper/nn-tl is/bez more/ap the/at compact/jj type/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv never/rb seen/vbn Caper/nn-tl off/in his/pp$ feet/nns --/-- he/pps seems/vbz to/to know/vb nothing/pn but/in '/' trot/nn '/' and/cc keeps/vbz trying/vbg a/at little/ql harder/rbr if/cs asked/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ./.
Fury/nn-tl has/hvz made/vbn a/at few/ap mistakes/nns but/cc looks/vbz like/cs a/at wonderful/jj prospect/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ impressive/jj gait/nn and/cc stride/nn which/wdt certainly/rb make/vb him/ppo cover/vb the/at ground/nn ./.


	Trackdown/np (/( Torrid-Mighty/np Lady/nn-tl )/) has/hvz worked/vbn a/at mile/nn in/in 2:33.3/cd ./.
It/pps took/vbd this/dt colt/nn several/ap weeks/nns to/to strike/vb a/at pace/nn ./.
Then/rb ,/, after/in emasculation/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz eased/vbn up/rp for/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ./.
He/pps has/hvz thrived/vbn on/in all/abn he/pps has/hvz gone/vbn through/in and/cc looks/vbz the/at makings/nns of/in a/at good/jj little/jj race/nn horse/nn ./.


	Thor/np Hanover/np (/( Adios-Trustful/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez a/at wonderful/jj looking/jj prospect/nn and/cc another/dt good/jj individual/nn ,/, with/in solid/jj ,/, rugged/jj conformation/nn ,/, good/jj ,/, flat/jj bone/nn and/cc excellent/jj feet/nns ./.
This/dt colt/nn arrived/vbd at/in the/at Raceway/nn-tl early/rb last/ap November/np ,/, and/cc immediately/rb was/bedz put/vbn into/in harness/nn and/cc line-driven/vbn for/in a/at few/ap days/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb put/vbn to/in cart/nn and/cc broken/vbn in/rp very/ql nicely/rb ,/, knowing/vbg nothing/pn but/in trot/nn ./.
He/pps appeared/vbd in/in the/at hopples/nns about/rb November/np 14/cd ,/, was/bedz treated/vbn for/in worms/nns on/in the/at 18th/od ,/, the/at latter/ap date/nn being/beg the/at first/od time/nn he/pps struck/vbd a/at real/jj pace/nn ./.
On/in December/np 5/cd he/pps paced/vbd a/at mile/nn in/in 55/cd on/in the/at twice-around/nn ,/, out/rp in/in third/od position/nn all/abn the/at way/nn ./.
This/dt colt/nn has/hvz done/vbn everything/pn asked/vbn of/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc done/vbn it/ppo with/in ease/nn ./.
His/pp$ best/jjt mile/nn to/in date/nn is/bez 2:32.2/cd ./.


	Gamecock/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Terka/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez another/dt promising/jj colt/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez 2:32.2/cd ./.
This/dt is/bez one/cd of/in the/at best-tempered/jjt Tar/nn-tl Heels/nns-tl ever/rb at/in the/at center/nn ./.
The/at first/od time/nn he/pps was/bedz harnessed/vbn he/pps stood/vbd like/cs a/at gentle/jj old/jj mare/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at crupper/nn under/in his/pp$ tail/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be old/jj stuff/nn ./.
The/at fourth/od time/nn in/in harness/nn he/pps walked/vbd off/rp like/cs a/at gentleman/nn ./.
Being/beg blistered/vbn for/in curbs/nns has/hvz delayed/vbn his/pp$ work/nn somewhat/rb ./.
But/cc up/rp to/in date/nn he/pps has/hvz shown/vbn as/ql much/ap as/cs any/dti in/in the/at big/jj Simpson/np stable/nn ./.


	Hustler/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Torkin/np )/) is/bez a/at playful/jj bay/nn rascal/nn of/in a/at colt/nn ,/, not/* the/at best/jjt gaited/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps surely/rb can/md pace/vb and/cc is/bez right/ql there/rb with/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb leading/vbg them/ppo ,/, in/in the/at best/jjt miles/nns ./.
Torrid/nn-tl Freight/nn-tl (/( Torrid-Breeze/np On/in-tl Hal/np )/) is/bez a/at very/ql rugged/jj ,/, strong-made/jj colt/nn with/in a/at wonderful/jj stride/nn who/wps has/hvz done/vbn with/in ease/nn everything/pn asked/vbn of/in him/ppo ./.
His/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez around/rb 2:33/cd ./.


	Strongheart/np (/( Adios-Direct/np Gal/nn-tl )/) ,/, a/at fair-looking/jj sorrel/nn colt/nn ,/, knows/vbz nothing/pn but/in pace/nn and/cc has/hvz been/ben right/ql there/rb in/in the/at best/jjt miles/nns ./.
Torrid/jj-tl Adios/np (/( Torrid-Adios/np Molly/np )/) is/bez not/* so/ql masculine/jj as/cs most/ap of/in the/at colts/nns ,/, but/cc I/ppss like/vb his/pp$ type/nn and/cc he/pps certainly/rb is/bez one/cd of/in the/at best-gaited/jjt pacers/nns on/in the/at grounds/nns ./.
Blistered/vbn for/in curbs/nns and/cc laid/vbn off/rp three/cd weeks/nns ,/, he/pps is/bez coming/vbg along/rb fine/rb and/cc looks/vbz like/cs a/at pacer/nn to/in me/ppo ./.
First/od-tl Flyer/nn-tl (/( Frisco/np Flyer-Castle/np Light/nn-tl )/) looks/vbz like/cs a/at splendid/jj candidate/nn for/in the/at Illinois/np-tl Stakes/nns-tl ./.
His/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez 2:33.2/cd ./.


	The/at colts/nns in/in Simpson's/np$ stable/nn have/hv little/ap if/cs anything/pn on/in the/at fillies/nns ,/, especially/rb the/at pacers/nns ./.
Justine/np Hanover/np (/( Sampson/np Hanover-Justitia/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez improving/vbg with/in each/dt work-out/nn and/cc paced/vbd 2:32.4/cd weeks/nns ago/rb ./.


	Mrs./np Freight/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Miss/np Reed/np )/) shows/vbz promise/nn and/cc does/doz it/ppo in/in good/jj form/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez about/rb 2:35/cd ./.
Hoopla/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Holiday/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, a/at filly/nn that/wps wanted/vbd to/to trot/vb ,/, knocked/vbd herself/ppl October/np 31/cd and/cc November/np 1/cd fighting/vbg the/at hopples/nns ./.
She/pps was/bedz then/rb trained/vbn on/in the/at trot/nn until/in December/np 29/cd ,/, hitched/vbn to/in a/at breaking/vbg cart/nn once/rb around/in the/at half-mile/nn track/nn and/cc hoppled/vbn again/rb ./.
This/dt time/nn she/pps submitted/vbd and/cc in/in a/at few/ap days/nns was/bedz going/vbg good/rb ./.
On/in January/np 11/cd she/pps paced/vbd a/at mile/nn in/in 2:43.1--:38/cd ;/. ;/.
on/in Jan./np 18/cd 2:37.3--:36.1/cd ;/. ;/.
on/in Jan./np 21/cd ,/, ,/, 2:36/cd ./.
This/dt filly/nn is/bez a/at much/ql better/jjr individual/nn than/cs either/dtx of/in her/pp$ full-sisters/nns ,/, Valentine/np-tl Day/nn-tl and/cc Cerise/np --/-- more/ap scale/nn and/cc much/ql better/jjr underpinning/nn ./.
She/pps is/bez more/rbr like/cs her/pp$ full/jj brother/nn ,/, Taraday/np Hanover/np ,/, but/cc larger/jjr ./.
Up/rp to/in date/nn she/pps is/bez a/at grand-looking/jj filly/nn ./.


	Pete/np Dailey/np has/hvz four/cd promising/jj 2-year-old/jj pacers/nns ./.
Marquis/np Pick/np (/( Gene/np Abbe-Direct/np Grattan/np )/) seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at pick/nn of/in the/at stable/nn at/in the/at present/jj time/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at fine-looking/jj colt/nn with/in a/at good/jj body/nn ,/, good/jj set/nn of/in legs/nns and/cc nice/jj way/nn of/in going/vbg ./.
His/pp$ best/jjt mile/nn to/in date/nn is/bez 2:28-:33/cd ./.
Majestic/jj-tl Pick/np comes/vbz next/rb ,/, with/in a/at mile/nn in/in 2:30-:33.2/cd ./.
This/dt colt/nn is/bez another/dt fine-looking/jj equine/nn ./.
Staley/np Hanover/np (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Sweetmite/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez a/at little/ap on/in the/at small/jj side/nn but/cc a/at very/ql compact/jj colt/nn and/cc looks/vbz like/cs one/cd to/to stand/vb training/vbg and/cc many/ap future/jj battles/nns with/in colts/nns in/in his/pp$ class/nn ./.
Best/jjt time/nn to/in date/nn is/bez 2:34-:34/cd ./.
Step/vb-tl Aside/rb-tl (/( Direct/jj-tl Rhythm-Wily/np Widow/nn-tl )/) has/hvz worked/vbn in/in 2:32/cd on/in the/at half-mile/nn track/nn and/cc shows/vbz promise/nn ./.


	Most/ap of/in Billy/np Haughton's/np$ 2-year-olds/nns have/hv worked/vbn from/in 2:40/cd to/in 2:35/cd ./.
Bonnie/np Wick/np (/( Gene/np Abbe-Scotch/np Mary/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Hickory/nn-tl Ash/nn-tl (/( Titan/np Hanover-Misty/np Hanover/np )/) in/in 2:35/cd ./.
The/at first/od time/nn I/ppss saw/vbd the/at latter/ap filly/nn she/pps trotted/vbd by/in me/ppo and/cc I/ppss noticed/vbd such/abl a/at family/nn resemblance/nn that/cs I/ppss said/vbd to/in myself/ppl ,/, ``/`` that/dt must/md be/be Hickory/nn-tl Ash/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
She/pps is/bez a/at beautiful/jj filly/nn and/cc likes/vbz to/to trot/vb ./.
Hickory/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl (/( Star's/nn$-tl Pride-Venus/np Hanover/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:33/cd ;/. ;/.
Hickory/nn-tl Spark/np (/( Harlan-Hickory/np Tiny/jj-tl )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/.
Buxton/np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Beryl/np Hanover/np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/.
Faber's/np$ Kathy/np (/( Faber/np Hanover-Ceyway/np )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/.
Honor/np Rodney/np (/( Rodney-Honor/np Bright/jj-tl )/) around/rb 2:40/cd ./.
The/at last-named/jj is/bez a/at fine-looking/jj ,/, large/jj colt/nn ,/, who/wps has/hvz been/ben unfortunate/jj to/to be/be laid/vbn off/rp for/in some/dti time/nn due/rb to/in injuries/nns ./.
He/pps is/bez going/vbg sound/jj again/rb now/rb ,/, and/cc looks/vbz good/jj ./.


	Brief/jj-tl Candle/nn-tl (/( Harlan-Marcia/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:37/cd ;/. ;/.
Lena/np Faber/np (/( Faber/np Hanover-Chalidale/np Lena/np )/) 2:33/cd ;/. ;/.
Martha/np Rodney/np (/( Rodney-Miss/np Martha/np D./np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/.
Checkit/np (/( Faber/np Hanover-Supermarket/np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/.
Charm/np Rodney/np (/( Rodney-The/np Charmer/nn-tl )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/.
Fair/jj-tl Sail/nn-tl (/( Farvel-Topsy/np Herring/nn-tl )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Custom/jj-tl Maid/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Way/np Dream/nn-tl )/) 2:34.2/cd ;/. ;/.
Jacky/np Dares/np (/( (/( Meadow/jj-tl Gene-Princess/np Lorraine/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Good/jj-tl Flying/nn-tl (/( Good/jj-tl Time-Olivette/np Hanover/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Bordner/np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Betty/np Mahone/np )/) 2:34/cd ;/. ;/.
Faber's/np$ Choice/nn-tl (/( Faber/np Hanover-Sally/np Joe/np Whippet/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Invercalt/np (/( Florican-Inverness/np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/.
Duffy/np Dares/np (/( Meadow/nn-tl Gene-Princess/np Mite/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Harold/np J./np (/( Worthy/np Boy-Lady/np Scotland/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Knightfall/np (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Miss/np Worthy/jj-tl Grapes/nns-tl )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Next/ap-tl Knight/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Next/np Time/nn-tl )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Trader/nn-tl Jet/nn-tl (/( Florican-My/np Precious/jj-tl )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/.
Trader/nn-tl Rich/np (/( Worthy/np Boy-Marquita/np Hanover/np )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/.
Good/jj-tl Little/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl (/( Good/jj-tl Time-Mynah/np Hanover/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Iosola/np Hanover/np (/( Kimberly/np Kid-Isoletta/np Hanover/np )/) 2:36/cd ./.
The/at last-named/jj is/bez one/cd of/in the/at favorites/nns in/in the/at stable/nn ,/, and/cc the/at boys/nns like/vb her/ppo very/ql much/rb ./.
I/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to tell/vb you/ppo more/ap about/in this/dt string/nn of/in equines/nns in/in the/at near/jj future/nn ./.


	I/ppss have/hv just/rb seen/vbn Debonnie/np and/cc Prompt/jj-tl Time/nn-tl work/vb a/at mile/nn in/in 2:34/cd ,/, last/ap quarter/nn in/in :35.3/cd ./.
In/in going/vbg away/rb Debonnie/np got/vbd behind/rb several/ap lengths/nns ,/, stalling/vbg at/in the/at start/nn --/-- she/pps is/bez a/at little/ql fussy/jj ./.
They/ppss left/vbd the/at three-quarters/nns together/rb and/cc finished/vbd almost/rb together/rb ./.
Prompt/jj-tl Time/nn-tl shows/vbz class/nn ./.
This/dt filly/nn is/bez another/dt Adios/np that/wps wants/vbz to/to trot/vb ,/, and/cc trot/vb she/pps did/dod until/cs forced/vbn to/to do/do otherwise/rb ./.
After/cs well/rb broken/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn with/in 12-oz./jj shoes/nns on/rp behind/rb ,/, bare-footed/jj in/in front/nn ,/, she/pps would/md trot/vb a/at real/jj storm/nn with/in the/at master/nn ,/, Delvin/np ,/, driving/vbg ./.
Being/beg placed/vbn in/in the/at hopples/nns she/pps was/bedz completely/ql baffled/vbn ./.
She/pps hesitated/vbd ,/, she/pps hopped/vbd ,/, she/pps rolled/vbd and/cc rocked/vbd ,/, skipped/vbd and/cc jumped/vbd ,/, but/cc in/in some/dti two/cd weeks/nns she/pps started/vbd to/to pace/vb ,/, From/in that/dt time/nn to/in this/dt she/pps has/hvz shown/vbn steady/jj improvement/nn and/cc now/rb looks/vbz like/cs one/cd of/in the/at classiest/jjt things/nns on/in the/at grounds/nns ./.


	Rain/nn on/in Friday/nr prevented/vbd many/ap workouts/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex were/bed a/at few/ap miles/nns of/in note/nn on/in Thursday/nr ./.
Those/dts responsible/jj included/vbd Stardel/np Hanover/np (/( Star's/nn$-tl Pride-Starlette/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30-:34.3/cd ;/. ;/.
Lorena/np Gallon/np (/( Bill/np Gallon-Loren/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30-:34.3/cd ;/. ;/.
Prudent/jj-tl Hanover/np (/( Dean/np Hanover-Precious/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:35.3/cd ;/. ;/.
Premium/nn-tl Freight/nn-tl (/( Titan/np Hanover-Pebble/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-35.3/cd ;/. ;/.
Laguerre/np Hanover/np (/( (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Lotus/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36.1/cd ;/. ;/.
Monel/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Miracle/np Byrd/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36.1/cd ;/. ;/.
Fury/nn-tl Hanover/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Fay/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Isaac/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Goddess/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Caper/nn-tl (/( Hoot/np Mon-Columbia/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36/cd ;/. ;/.
Lucky/jj-tl Freight/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Lusty/np Helen/np )/) ,/, 2:31.3-:35.3/cd ./.


	Sam/np Caton's/np$ Butterwyn/np (/( Scotch/jj-tl Victor-Butler/np Wyn/np )/) ,/, a/at light/jj bay/nn filly/nn ,/, knows/vbz nothing/pn but/in trot/nn and/cc has/hvz worked/vbn on/in the/at half-mile/nn in/in 2:30-:36/cd ./.
Riverboat/np (/( Dalzell-Cousin/np Rachel/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:38/cd ./.
Sam/np is/bez having/hvg his/pp$ troubles/nns with/in Layton/np Hanover/np (/( Dean/np Hanover-Lucy/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, but/cc hopes/vbz to/to have/hv him/ppo straightened/vbn out/rp and/cc going/vbg before/in long/rb ./.


	Jimmy/np Jordon/np is/bez high/jj on/in Adios/np Scarlet/jj-tl (/( Adios-Rena/np Grattan/np )/) and/cc she/pps sure/rb looks/vbz good/jj as/cs she/pps goes/vbz by/rb ./.
Her/pp$ best/jjt time/nn to/in date/nn is/bez about/rb 2:30/cd ./.
He/pps also/rb likes/vbz Hampton/np Hanover/np (/( Titan/np Hanover-Bertie/np Hanover/np )/) 2:37/cd ./.
Cathy/np J./np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Kaola/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, formerly/rb called/vbn Karet/np Hanover/np ,/, has/hvz been/ben rather/abl a/at problem/nn child/nn ,/, but/cc is/bez getting/vbg better/jjr all/abn the/at while/nn and/cc can/md pace/vb a/at twice/rb around/rb in/in about/rb 2:31/cd ./.
Armbro/np-tl Comet/nn-tl (/( Nibble/np Hanover-Mauri/np Hanover/np )/) has/hvz been/ben in/in 2:38/cd ./.


	Flick/np Nipe's/np$ and/cc Neil/np Engle's/np$ Miss/np Phone/np (/( Galophone-Prissy/np Miss/nn-tl )/) is/bez a/at fine-looking/jj filly/nn with/in good/jj disposition/nn and/cc good/jj gait/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps has/hvz worked/vbn up/rp to/in date/nn in/in 2:46/cd ./.



Del/np-hl Mar/np-hl ,/,-hl Calif./np-hl ,/,-hl Feb./np-hl 3/cd-hl 
--/-- After/in 52/cd rainless/jj days/nns ,/, moisture/nn finally/rb came/vbd to/in Del/np Mar/np ,/, resulting/vbg in/in but/rb one/cd workout/nn during/in the/at week/nn for/in most/ap of/in the/at horses/nns ,/, and/cc leaving/vbg us/ppo with/in less/ap than/in half/abn our/pp$ total/nn average/nn rainfall/nn during/in the/at season/nn ./.


	While/cs 2-year-olds/nns are/ber still/rb gaining/vbg most/ap of/in the/at attention/nn at/in the/at track/nn ,/, green/jj horses/nns are/ber starting/vbg to/to go/vb a/at bit/nn ,/, and/cc Jimmy/np Cruise/np has/hvz several/ap that/wps can/md really/rb make/vb it/ppo ./.
Work-outs/nns for/in the/at week/nn are/ber as/ql follows/vbz :/: Plain/jj-tl Scotch/np-tl ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Scotch/jj-tl Victor/nn-tl )/) ,/, Demon/nn-tl Law/nn-tl ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Demon/nn-tl Hanover/np )/) ,/, Coffee/nn-tl Royal/jj-tl ,/, p/nn (/( by/in Royal/jj-tl Blackstone/np )/) and/cc Beauty/nn-tl Way/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Demon/nn-tl Hanover/np )/) in/in 25/cd ;/. ;/.
Eddie/np Duke/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Duke/nn-tl Of/in-tl Lullwater/np-tl )/) ,/, Marilyn/np C./np ,/, p/nn (/( by/in Sampson/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Chalidale/np Barry/np ,/, 5/cd (/( by/in King's/nn$-tl Ransom/nn-tl )/) in/in 2:20/cd ;/. ;/.
Tiger/nn-tl Hanover/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Adios/np )/) in/in 2:26/cd ;/. ;/.
Sherwood/np Lass/nn-tl ,/, 4/cd (/( by/in Victory/nn-tl Song/nn-tl )/) in/in 2:22/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc Dauntless/jj-tl ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Greentree/np Adios/np )/) in/in 2:32/cd ./.
For/in the/at aged/vbn horses/nns :/: Mr./np Budlong/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:00.2/cd ,/, Lottie/np Thomas/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:04.2/cd ,/, Mighty/jj-tl Signal/nn-tl 2:03/cd ,/, Clever/jj-tl Braden/np-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:01.1/cd ,/, and/cc Glow/nn-tl Star/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:02.3/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:35/cd ;/. ;/.
Miss/np Demon/nn-tl Abbe/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 1:59.3/cd has/hvz trotted/vbn in/in 2:26/cd ,/, and/cc is/bez expected/vbn to/to race/vb at/in this/dt gait/nn ;/. ;/.
Carter/np Creed/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd ,/, 2:01.1/cd ,/, Great/jj-tl Lullwater/np 2:00.3/cd ,/, and/cc Hi/uh-tl Jay/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:05.1/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:30/cd ;/. ;/.
Tanker/np T./np ,/, 3/cd ,/, 2:05.3/cd is/bez now/rb wearing/vbg hopples/nns and/cc has/hvz trained/vbn in/in 2:19/cd ;/. ;/.
Stormy/jj-tl Dream/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:01.3/cd ,/, Demon/nn-tl Abbe/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:02/cd ,/, Dundeen/np B./np ,/, 4/cd ,/, 2:04.2/cd ,/, Claudia's/np$ Song/nn-tl ,/, 3/cd ,/, 2:06.3/cd ,/, and/cc (/( Jet/nn-tl Fire/nn-tl ,/, 4/cd ,/, 2:02.2/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:25/cd ;/. ;/.
Maria/np Key/np ,/, 2/cd ,/, 2:06/cd looked/vbd great/jj in/in 2:22/cd ;/. ;/.
Mocking/vbg-tl Byrd/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:01.1/cd has/hvz been/ben in/in 2:12/cd ,/, with/in a/at racing/vbg date/nn approaching/vbg at/in Bay/nn-tl Meadows/nns-tl ./.


	Dewey/np Urban/jj-tl has/hvz a/at clever/jj green/jj trotter/nn in/in Dr./nn-tl Orin/np I./np ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Yankee/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, his/pp$ latest/jjt mile/nn in/in 2:20/cd ;/. ;/.
Victory/nn-tl Sun/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:04/cd has/hvz trained/vbn in/in 2:24/cd ;/. ;/.
Early/jj-tl Sun/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:02.3/cd ,/, Chester/np Maid/nn-tl 2:05/cd ,/, Dark/jj-tl Sun/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:06.1/cd ,/, and/cc Sun/nn-tl Tan/nn-tl Maid/nn-tl 2:05.2/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:21/cd ./.



	The/at average/nn reader/nn of/in this/dt magazine/nn owns/vbz more/ap than/in one/cd gun/nn (/( we/ppss ran/vbd a/at survey/nn to/to find/vb out/rp )/) but/cc he's/pps+bez always/rb on/in the/at lookout/nn for/in new/jj and/cc better/jjr arms/nns ./.
He's/pps+bez more/ap than/cs a/at reader/nn of/in outdoor/jj articles/nns ;/. ;/.
he's/pps+bez a/at real/jj hunter/nn and/cc shooter/nn ,/, eager/jj to/to improve/vb his/pp$ sport/nn ./.
Well/uh ,/, if/cs you're/ppss+ber that/dt kind/nn of/in sportsman/nn we're/ppss+ber here/rb to/to help/vb you/ppo ./.
You've/ppss+hv probably/rb given/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in Christmas-season/jj thought/nn to/in the/at guns/nns in/in your/pp$ rack/nn ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez not/* easy/jj to/to decide/vb on/in a/at new/jj one/cd ./.
You/ppss still/rb have/hv time/nn to/to drop/vb a/at few/ap hints/nns about/in the/at gifts/nns you'd/ppss+md appreciate/vb most/rbt ;/. ;/.
the/at time/nn to/to decide/vb on/in them/ppo is/bez now/rb ./.
As/cs a/at Christmas/np service/nn ,/, I've/ppss+hv taken/vbn a/at close/jj look/nn at/in this/dt year's/nn$ crop/nn of/in new/jj models/nns ./.
Here/rb they/ppss are/ber ,/, with/in my/pp$ comments/nns and/cc judgments/nns ./.
Read/vb on/rp ,/, take/vb your/pp$ pick/nn --/-- and/cc start/vb dropping/vbg those/dts hints/nns ./.


	First/od on/in my/pp$ own/jj list/nn would/md be/be two/cd arms/nns --/-- a/at rifle/nn and/cc a/at handgun/nn --/-- that/wps qualify/vb as/cs new/jj in/in the/at strictest/jjt sense/nn ./.
For/in me/ppo ,/, a/at changed/vbn barrel/nn length/nn or/cc an/at improved/vbn stock/nn doesn't/doz* constitute/vb a/at truly/ql new/jj design/nn ./.
Such/jj modifications/nns are/ber all/abn for/in the/at best/jjt but/cc it/pps takes/vbz something/pn as/ql different/jj as/cs a/at Deerstalker/np or/cc a/at Jet/nn-tl to/to change/vb arms-making/nn concepts/nns ./.


	Bill/np Ruger's/np$ long-awaited/jj Deerstalker/np (/( under/rb $110/nns )/) is/bez a/at new/jj rifle/nn action/nn in/in a/at caliber/nn that/wps upsets/vbz all/abn the/at modern/jj theory/nn of/in high-velocity/nn fans/nns ;/. ;/.
it's/pps+bez a/at short/jj ,/, light/jj ,/, quick-handling/jj ,/, fast-firing/jj little/jj timber/nn gun/nn designed/vbn to/to push/vb a/at heavy/jj slug/nn at/in modest/jj velocity/nn but/cc with/in lots/nns of/in killing/vbg power/nn and/cc ample/jj range/nn for/in our/pp$ most/ql popular/jj big/jj game/nn --/-- whitetail/nns ./.


	Ruger/np reports/vbz that/cs on/in his/pp$ recent/jj African/jj safari/nn the/at little/ap Magnum/np cartridge/nn was/bedz a/at real/jj work/nn horse/nn ./.
Small/jj antelope/nn were/bed generally/rb grassed/vbn with/in one/cd shot/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Magnum/np carbine/nn also/rb bagged/vbd reedbuck/nns ,/, kob/nns and/cc wart/nn hog/nns with/in deadly/jj efficiency/nn ;/. ;/.
these/dts are/ber fairly/ql large/jj ,/, tough/jj animals/nns ./.


	The/at deadliness/nn of/in the/at Magnum/np in/in a/at rifle/nn comes/vbz as/cs no/at surprise/nn to/in me/ppo ./.
At/in least/ap five/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, Tom/np Robinson/np of/in Marlin/np made/vbd up/rp an/at over/under/jj double/jj rifle/nn for/in me/ppo in/in this/dt caliber/nn ,/, using/vbg the/at now/rb defunct/jj Model/nn-tl 90/cd-tl action/nn in/in 20-gauge/nn size/nn ./.
After/cs figuring/vbg out/rp how/wrb to/to regulate/vb the/at barrels/nns so/cs that/cs they/ppss shot/vbd to/in the/at same/ap point/nn of/in impact/nn ,/, we/ppss fired/vbd this/dt little/jj 20-inch-barrel/nn job/nn on/in my/pp$ home/nr range/nn and/cc in/in Marlin's/np$ underground/jj test/nn gallery/nn ./.
We/ppss quickly/rb ran/vbd into/in the/at same/ap trouble/nn that/wps plagued/vbd Bill/np Ruger/np in/in his/pp$ first/od experiments/nns :/: Three/cd or/cc four/cd bullets/nns would/md be/be placed/vbn well/rb in/in a/at six-inch/jj bull/nn at/in 100/cd yards/nns and/cc then/rb ,/, unaccountably/rb ,/, one/cd could/md stray/vb far/ql out/rp of/in the/at group/nn ./.


	Ruger/np learned/vbd that/cs this/dt was/bedz because/cs the/at higher/jjr velocity/nn achieved/vbn in/in a/at long/jj barrel/nn was/bedz upsetting/vbg the/at shape/nn of/in the/at unjacketed/jj revolver/nn bullet/nn ./.
The/at new/jj ,/, jacketed/vbn slug/nn in/in Magnum/np corrected/vbd this/dt ./.
But/cc even/vb without/in jacketed/vbn bullets/nns ,/, I/ppss had/hvd enough/ap faith/nn in/in my/pp$ double/jj to/to take/vb it/ppo on/in an/at opening-day/nn deer/nns hunt/nn that/dt first/od year/nn ./.
Within/in half/abn an/at hour/nn I/ppss jumped/vbd a/at six-point/jj buck/nn that/wps hop-skipped/vbd through/in a/at rhododendron/nn thicket/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss caught/vbd him/ppo just/ql behind/in the/at left/jj foreleg/nn at/in 60/cd yards/nns ./.
He/pps moved/vbd only/rb about/rb 30/cd feet/nns after/in the/at 240-grain/jj slug/nn hit/vbd him/ppo --/-- and/cc this/dt was/bedz after/cs the/at bullet/nn had/hvd passed/vbn through/in a/at sapling/nn ./.


	Three/cd more/ap deer/nns have/hv fallen/vbn to/in this/dt same/ap gun/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn were/bed one-shot/jj kills/nns ./.
My/pp$ double/nn was/bedz made/vbn with/in standard-weight/nn revolver/nn barrels/nns (/( before/rb cutting/vbg to/in revolver/nn length/nn )/) ,/, and/cc although/cs it/pps compares/vbz well/rb in/in other/ap respects/nns ,/, it's/pps+bez considerably/ql heavier/jjr than/cs the/at Deerstalker/np ,/, which/wdt only/rb scales/vbz about/rb 6-1/2/cd pounds/nns ./.


	If/cs ever/rb a/at rifle/nn met/vbd the/at needs/nns of/in the/at whitetail/nn hunter/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez it/pps ./.
The/at Deerstalker/np points/vbz with/in the/at ease/nn ,/, speed/nn and/cc precision/nn of/in a/at fine/jj imported/vbn double/jj shotgun/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ trigger/nn pull/nn is/bez light/jj and/cc sharp/jj ./.
The/at 240-grain/jj bullet/nn leaves/vbz the/at muzzle/nn at/in 1,850/cd fps/nn ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz it/ppo all/abn the/at smash/nn needed/vbn at/in woods/nns ranges/nns ./.
With/in five/cd shots/nns at/in the/at immediate/jj command/nn of/in the/at hunter's/nn$ trigger/nn finger/nn ,/, the/at gun/nn and/cc load/nn are/ber a/at deadly/jj combination/nn ./.


	The/at second/od really/ql new/jj development/nn this/dt year/nn was/bedz a/at revolver/nn handling/vbg a/at different/jj sort/nn of/in varmint/nn load/nn --/-- the/at 


Remington/np Jet/nn-tl Magnum/np-tl Center/nn-tl Fire/vb-tl ./.
At/in present/nn it's/pps+bez available/jj in/in one/cd model/nn ,/, the/at fine/jj and/cc familiar/jj Smith/np-tl &/cc-tl Wesson/np-tl Magnum/np-tl revolver/nn (/( about/rb $110/nns )/) ,/, long/rb a/at top-quality/nn handgun/nn among/in target/nn arms/nns ./.
The/at velocity/nn of/in this/dt 


,/, 40-grain/jj bullet/nn is/bez rated/vbn at/in a/at very/ql hot/jj 2,460/cd fps/nn ,/, and/cc it's/pps+bez the/at flattest/jjt shooting/nn of/in any/dti revolver/nn cartridge/nn ,/, with/in a/at mid-range/nn rise/nn of/in about/rb an/at inch/nn over/in a/at 100-yard/jj range/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at varmint/nn load/nn ,/, pure/jj and/cc simple/jj ;/. ;/.
it's/pps+bez much/ql too/ql explosive/jj for/in small/jj edible/jj game/nn ./.
It/pps can/md cut/vb a/at red/jj squirrel/nn neatly/rb in/in two/cd or/cc burst/vb a/at crow/nn into/in a/at flurry/nn of/in feathers/nns ./.


	The/at most/ql intriguing/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at S/np &/cc-tl W/np Magnum/np chambered/vbn for/in the/at new/jj Jet/nn-tl is/bez that/cs it/pps can/md also/rb fire/vb standard/jj 


rim-fires/nns by/in means/nn of/in adapter/nn sleeves/nns in/in the/at chambers/nns ./.
You/ppss may/md therefore/rb convert/vb the/at gun/nn into/in a/at small-game/nn and/cc plinking/vbg arm/nn ,/, although/cs the/at difference/nn in/in the/at point/nn of/in impact/nn (/( Jet/nn-tl vs./in rim-fire/nn )/) can/md be/be somewhat/ql disconcerting/jj ./.
The/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at Jet/nn-tl cartridge/nn is/bez fine/jj ;/. ;/.
I/ppss tested/vbd it/ppo in/in my/pp$ scoped/jj S/np &/cc-tl W/np and/cc it/pps was/bedz good/jj enough/qlp to/to allow/vb me/ppo to/to hit/vb a/at chuck/nn with/in every/at shot/nn at/in 100/cd yards/nns if/cs I/ppss did/dod my/pp$ part/nn by/in holding/vbg the/at handgun/nn steadily/rb ./.



Hunting/vbg-hl rifles/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl 
The/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Deerstalker/np and/cc the/at Jet/nn-tl were/bed the/at only/ap completely/ql new/jj designs/nns this/dt year/nn doesn't/doz* mean/vb that/cs 1961/cd didn't/dod* see/vb changes/nns in/in models/nns ,/, actions/nns and/cc calibers/nns ./.
Aside/rb from/in the/at Ruger/np carbine/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in hunting/vbg rifles/nns have/hv been/ben introduced/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn ./.
Here/rb are/ber the/at brands/nns (/( in/in alphabetical/jj order/nn )/) and/cc the/at new/jj models/nns ./.


	Newcomers/nns to/in the/at American/jj hunter/nn are/ber the/at Browning/np group/nn of/in bolt-action/nn ,/, high-power/nn rifles/nns ./.
They/ppss have/hv fine/jj FN/nn actions/nns and/cc a/at better-than-average/jj finish/nn on/in both/abx the/at metal/nn and/cc the/at stock/nn wood/nn ./.
Barrel/nn weights/nns vary/vb sensibly/rb with/in the/at various/jj calibers/nns available/jj ,/, and/cc these/dts include/vb the/at standard/jj bores/nns (/( about/rb $165/nns )/) plus/cc the/at Magnums/nps (/( around/rb $170/nns )/) ;/. ;/.
the/at latter/ap include/vb the/at 


,/, S/np &/cc-tl H/np ,/, ,/, and/cc ./.
Shotgun-type/jj rubber/nn recoil/nn pads/nns are/ber standard/jj on/in all/abn of/in the/at Magnums/nps except/in the/at 


./.
Stock/nn designs/nns are/ber excellent/jj for/in use/nn with/in scopes/nns ./.


	Colt's/np$ center-fire/nn 1961/cd rifles/nns are/ber all/abn made/vbn with/in Sako/np actions/nns ,/, regardless/rb of/in caliber/nn ./.
The/at 


have/hv the/at short/jj action/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at 


and/cc ,/, the/at medium/jj action/nn ,/, and/cc the/at 


,/, Af/nn and/cc the/at Magnums/nps ,/, the/at long/jj action/nn (/( about/rb $135/nns for/in the/at Standard/jj-tl Coltsman/np-tl and/cc $200/nns for/in the/at Custom/jj-tl version/nn )/) ./.
Previously/rb ,/, FN/nn actions/nns were/bed used/vbn for/in the/at larger/jjr cartridges/nns ./.


	High/jj-tl Standard/nn-tl has/hvz introduced/vbn a/at 


auto/nn ,/, the/at Sport-King/np ,/, in/in two/cd grades/nns --/-- field/nn and/cc special/jj (/( less/ap than/in $45/nns and/cc just/ql over/in $45/nns ,/, respectively/rb )/) ./.
It's/pps+bez a/at streamlined/vbn rifle/nn ,/, fast/jj and/cc well-made/jj ./.


	Among/in 


Magnum/np-tl Rim-Fire/jj-tl rifles/nns ,/, 1961's/cd$ lone/jj newcomer/nn was/bedz the/at Kodiak/np-tl Model/nn-tl 260/cd-tl autoloader/nn (/( around/rb $60/nns )/) ./.
Previously/rb known/vbn as/cs Jefferson/np-tl Arms/nns-tl ,/, Kodiak/np has/hvz given/vbn this/dt 11-shot/jj hammerless/jj job/nn an/at exceptionally/ql fine/jj stock/nn design/nn ,/, and/cc the/at 260/cd is/bez the/at first/od autoloader/nn to/to handle/vb 


Magnum/np rim-fires/nns ./.


	Marlin/np has/hvz made/vbn two/cd contributions/nns to/in the/at harvest/nn of/in new/jj offerings/nns ./.
The/at Model/nn-tl 99/cd-tl (/( under/rb $45/nns )/) is/bez a/at light-weight/jj ,/, streamlined/vbn 


rim-fire/nn auto/nn with/in a/at tubular/jj magazine/nn that/wps holds/vbz 18/cd Long/jj-tl Rifles/nns-tl ./.
It's/pps+bez extremely/ql accurate/jj for/in an/at auto/nn ,/, and/cc the/at test/nn rifle/nn I/ppss tried/vbd was/bedz completely/ql trouble-free/jj in/in functioning/vbg ./.
The/at 989/cd (/( about/rb $40/nns )/) is/bez an/at even/ql newer/jjr 


auto/nn ,/, this/dt one/cd with/in a/at seven-/cd or/cc 12-shot/jj clip/nn ./.


	Once/rb again/rb the/at Mossberg/np Targo/np outfit/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn ,/, but/cc this/dt time/nn as/cs a/at bolt-action/nn rifle-shotgun/nn combination/nn ./.
The/at bore/nn is/bez unrifled/jj but/cc is/bez provided/vbn with/in an/at insert/nn tube/nn which/wdt is/bez rifled/vbn and/cc which/wdt ,/, surprisingly/rb ,/, gives/vbz pretty/ql fair/jj accuracy/nn even/rb though/cs it's/pps+bez only/rb 3-1/2/cd inches/nns long/jj ./.
You/ppss can/md unscrew/vb this/dt tube/nn and/cc replace/vb it/ppo with/in a/at smoothbore/nn insert/nn for/in use/nn with/in 


shotshells/nns --/-- to/to break/vb the/at little/jj Targo/np clay/nn targets/nns ./.
A/at trap/nn for/in throwing/vbg these/dts miniature/jj clays/nns fastens/vbz to/in the/at barrel/nn so/cs that/cs the/at shooter/nn can/md throw/vb his/pp$ own/jj targets/nns ./.
A/at spring/nn trap/nn for/in solid/jj mounting/nn and/cc a/at regular/jj hand/nn trap/nn are/ber also/rb available/jj ./.
You/ppss can/md have/hv your/pp$ choice/nn of/in a/at seven-shot/jj repeater/nn ,/, the/at 340TR/nn (/( about/rb $40/nns )/) or/cc a/at single-shot/nn ,/, the/at 320TR/nn (/( $10/nns less/ap )/) ./.


	The/at Targo/np is/bez a/at good/jj outfit/nn for/in fun/nn shooting/vbg or/cc for/in economic/jj wing-shooting/nn practice/nn ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez tougher/jjr than/cs it/pps looks/vbz to/to run/vb up/rp a/at score/nn on/in the/at clay/nn birds/nns ./.
They'll/ppss+md travel/vb 50/cd feet/nns or/cc more/ap when/wrb thrown/vbn from/in the/at spring/nn trap/nn but/cc it's/pps+bez almost/ql impossible/jj to/to break/vb one/cd after/cs it/pps passes/vbz the/at 35-foot/jj mark/nn ./.
The/at combination/nn of/in thin/jj pattern/nn and/cc very/ql tiny/jj pellets/nns makes/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to get/vb on/in the/at birds/nns ,/, right/ql now/rb !/. !/.


	Big/jj Magnum/np calibers/nns appeared/vbd in/in the/at Remington/np line/nn for/in 1961/cd ,/, with/in the/at addition/nn of/in the/at and/cc to/in the/at list/nn of/in Model/nn-tl 725's/nps-tl ./.
These/dts are/ber made/vbn on/in special/jj order/nn only/rb ,/, in/in Kodiak/np grade/nn (/( about/rb $310/nns )/) ,/, with/in integral/jj muzzle/nn brakes/nns and/cc heavy/jj rubber/nn recoil/nn pads/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss weigh/vb around/rb nine/cd pounds/nns ./.


	A/at shortened/vbn version/nn of/in the/at highly/ql regarded/vbn Remington/np 742/np autoloader/nn also/rb appeared/vbd in/in 1961/cd ./.
This/dt carbine/nn (/( under/rb $140/nns ,/, about/rb $15/nns more/ap for/in a/at deluxe/jj grade/nn )/) has/hvz an/at 18-1/2-inch/jj barrel/nn and/cc was/bedz obviously/rb inspired/vbn by/in the/at popularity/nn of/in last/ap year's/nn$ Model/nn-tl 760/cd-tl pump/nn with/in a/at short-barrel/nn ./.
This/dt design/nn is/bez hard/jj to/to beat/vb for/in timber/nn hunting/nn or/cc for/in packing/vbg in/in a/at saddle/nn scabbard/nn ./.
Presently/rb ,/, the/at 742C/nn is/bez available/jj in/in Af/nn ./.


	The/at latest/jjt versions/nns of/in the/at famous/jj Savage/np-tl Model/nn-tl 99/cd-tl are/ber the/at 99/cd-tl Featherweight/nn-tl (/( about/rb $125/nns )/) and/cc the/at 99/cd-tl Deluxe/jj-tl (/( under/rb $135/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt have/hv a/at top-tang/nn safety/nn and/cc improved/vbn trigger/nn design/nn ./.
The/at replacement/nn of/in the/at slide-lock/nn side/nn safety/nn catch/nn will/md make/vb this/dt lever-action/nn favorite/jj more/ql appealing/jj than/cs ever/rb since/cs the/at new/jj safety/nn is/bez easier/jjr and/cc faster/jjr to/to operate/vb ./.



Beginners'/nns$-hl guns/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl 
A/at fresh/jj crop/nn of/in beginners'/nns$ guns/nns showed/vbd up/rp in/in 1961/cd ,/, and/cc they're/ppss+ber good/jj bets/nns for/in your/pp$ Christmas/np gift/nn list/nn if/cs you're/ppss+ber wondering/vbg what/wdt to/to get/vb for/in a/at youngster/nn ./.
The/at most/ql unusual/jj of/in them/ppo is/bez the/at Ithaca/np 49/cd-tl (/( about/rb $20/nns ,/, $5/nns for/in a/at saddle/nn scabbard/nn )/) --/-- a/at lever-action/nn single-shot/nn patterned/vbn after/in the/at famous/jj Winchester/np lever-action/nn and/cc featuring/vbg the/at Western/jj-tl look/nn ./.
Because/rb of/in its/pp$ traditional/jj lines/nns ,/, it/pps probably/rb has/hvz more/ap kid/nn appeal/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap model/nn ./.
The/at action/nn is/bez a/at drop-block/nn ,/, handling/vbg all/abn the/at standard/jj 


rim-fires/nns ./.


	Marlin's/np$ latest/jjt is/bez also/rb designed/vbn for/in the/at beginning/vbg shooter/nn ,/, although/cs it's/pps+bez a/at full-sized/jj rifle/nn with/in plenty/nn of/in barrel/nn weight/nn and/cc ample/jj stock/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at Model/nn-tl 122/cd-tl (/( about/rb $20/nns )/) ;/. ;/.
it's/pps+bez a/at single-shot/nn bolt-action/nn with/in an/at automatic/jj safety/nn --/-- i.e./rb ,/, the/at safety/nn goes/vbz on/rp every/at time/nn the/at bolt/nn is/bez lifted/vbn and/cc the/at gun/nn cocked/vbn for/in the/at next/ap shot/nn ./.
Stock/nn design/nn is/bez excellent/jj ,/, and/cc this/dt model/nn is/bez a/at good/jj first/od gun/nn ./.
Another/dt boy's/nn$ model/nn is/bez the/at 


single-shot/nn Remington/np 514C/np-tl (/( around/rb $20/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz with/in a/at 21-inch/jj barrel/nn and/cc a/at short/jj --/-- 12-1/2-inch/jj --/-- stock/nn ;/. ;/.
it's/pps+bez just/ql right/jj for/in a/at boy/nn of/in 12-1/2/cd ./.


	A/at beginner's/nn$ shotgun/nn has/hvz also/rb been/ben introduced/vbn this/dt year/nn ./.
The/at single-barrel/nn Stevens/np 940Y/np-tl (/( under/rb $35/nns )/) is/bez made/vbn with/in a/at side/nn lever/nn rather/in than/in a/at top-tang/nn lever/nn because/cs many/ap youngsters/nns aren't/ber* strong/jj enough/qlp to/to operate/vb a/at top/jjs tang/nn to/to open/vb a/at gun/nn --/-- and/cc the/at side/nn lever/nn does/doz indeed/rb open/vb very/ql easily/rb ./.
This/dt gun/nn has/hvz a/at 12-1/2-inch/jj stock/nn and/cc is/bez available/jj in/in either/cc 20/cd or/cc gauge/nn ./.
There's/ex+bez another/dt addition/nn to/in the/at Stevens/np line/nn ,/, the/at pump-action/nn Model/nn-tl 77/cd-tl in/in (/( under/rb $75/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt you/ppss may/md or/cc may/md not/* consider/vb a/at kid's/nn$ gun/nn ;/. ;/.
many/ap experienced/vbn hunters/nns like/vb this/dt gauge/nn and/cc type/nn of/in scattergun/nn too/rb ./.



Shotguns/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl 
Although/cs there/ex were/bed no/at startling/jj developments/nns in/in shotgun/nn design/nn this/dt year/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in new/jj models/nns and/cc variations/nns of/in existing/vbg models/nns did/dod hit/vb the/at market/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, a/at Browning/np trap/nn version/nn of/in the/at Superposed/vbn-tl over/under/jj ,/, the/at Broadway/np (/( from/in $350/nns up/rp ,/, depending/in on/in grade/nn )/) ,/, differs/vbz from/in standard/jj models/nns in/in that/cs it/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in a/at full/jj beavertail/nn fore/jj end/nn ,/, a/at cushion/nn recoil/nn pad/nn and/cc a/at barrel-wide/jj ventilated/vbn rib/nn for/in fast/jj sighting/nn ./.


	The/at Colt/np line/nn now/rb includes/vbz a/at new/jj scattergun/nn ,/, the/at Standard/jj-tl or/cc Custom/jj-tl Pump/nn-tl Model/nn-tl (/( about/rb $90/nns and/cc $150/nns ,/, respectively/rb )/) in/in 12/cd ,/, 16/cd and/cc 20/cd ./.


	Firearms/nns-tl International/jj-tl has/hvz introduced/vbn another/dt import/nn ,/, this/dt one/cd from/in Finland/np ./.
It's/pps+bez the/at Valmet/np (/( about/rb $170/nns )/) ,/, a/at 12-gauge/nn over/under/jj very/ql much/rb like/cs the/at old/jj Remington/np 32/cd-tl --/-- which/wdt was/bedz so/ql fine/jj a/at gun/nn that/cs today/nr a/at used/vbn one/cd still/rb brings/vbz high/jj prices/nns ./.


	High/jj-tl Standard/nn-tl has/hvz also/rb added/vbn two/cd models/nns to/in its/pp$ line/nn ./.
The/at Supermatic/np-tl Trophy/nn-tl (/( prices/nns begin/vb at/in less/ap than/in $135/nns and/cc depend/vb on/in grade/nn and/cc optional/jj features/nns )/) is/bez a/at 12-gauge/nn auto/nn ./.
The/at Flite-King/np-tl Trophy/nn-tl (/( beginning/vbg at/in just/ql over/rp $85/nns )/) is/bez a/at pump/nn gun/nn in/in 12/cd or/cc 16/cd ./.
Either/cc model/nn is/bez a/at very/ql good/jj dollar/nn value/nn ./.


	Mossberg's/np$ latest/jjt contribution/nn to/in the/at field/nn is/bez the/at Model/nn-tl 500/cd-tl (/( from/in $73.50/nns )/) ;/. ;/.
this/dt is/bez an/at improved/vbn version/nn of/in the/at old/jj Model/nn-tl 200/cd-tl ,/, a/at pump-action/nn 12-gauge/nn shotgun/nn ./.
See/vb page/nn 24/cd for/in a/at complete/jj report/nn on/in it/ppo ./.



Handguns/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl 
Aside/rb from/in the/at 


Jet/nn-tl --/-- which/wdt I/ppss coupled/vbd with/in the/at Deerstalker/np carbine/nn as/cs one/cd of/in the/at year's/nn$ two/cd biggest/jjt developments/nns --/-- few/ap significant/jj innovations/nns appeared/vbd among/in 1961's/cd$ handguns/nns ./.



	Livery/nn stable/nn --/-- J./np Vernon/np ,/, prop./nn ''/'' ./.
Coaching/vbg had/hvd declined/vbn considerably/rb by/in 1905/cd ,/, but/cc the/at sign/nn was/bedz still/rb there/rb ,/, near/in the/at old/jj Wells/np Fargo/np building/nn in/in San/np Francisco/np ,/, creaking/vbg in/in the/at fog/nn as/cs it/pps had/hvd for/in thirty/cd years/nns ./.
John/np Vernon/np had/hvd had/hvn all/abn the/at patronage/nn he/pps cared/vbd for/in --/-- he/pps had/hvd prospered/vbn ,/, but/cc he/pps could/md not/* retire/vb from/in horsedom/nn ./.
Coaching/vbg was/bedz in/in his/pp$ blood/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd two/cd interests/nns in/in life/nn :/: the/at pleasures/nns of/in the/at table/nn and/cc driving/vbg ./.
Twice/rb a/at week/nn he/pps drove/vbd his/pp$ tallyho/nn over/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np road/nn ,/, upland/rb and/cc through/in the/at redwood/nn forest/nn ,/, with/in orchards/nns below/in him/ppo at/in one/cd hand/nn ,/, and/cc glimpses/nns of/in the/at Pacific/np at/in the/at other/ap ./.
The/at journey/nn back/rb he/pps made/vbd along/in the/at coast/nn road/nn ,/, traveling/vbg hell-for-leather/rb ,/, every/at lantern/nn of/in the/at tallyho/nn ablaze/rb ./.


	The/at southward/jj route/nn was/bedz the/at classic/jj run/nn in/in California/np ,/, and/cc the/at most/ql fashionable/jj ./.
His/pp$ patronage/nn on/in this/dt stretch/nn was/bedz made/vbn up/rp largely/rb of/in San/np Franciscans/nps-tl --/-- regulars/nns ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc trenchermen/nns like/cs himself/ppl ./.
They/ppss did/dod not/* complain/vb at/in the/at inhuman/jj hour/nn of/in starting/vbg (/( seven/cd in/in the/at morning/nn )/) ,/, nor/cc of/in the/at tariff/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz reasonable/jj since/cs it/pps covered/vbd everything/pn but/in the/at tobacco/nn ./.
Breakfast/nn was/bedz at/in the/at Palace/nn-tl Hotel/nn-tl ,/, luncheon/nn was/bedz somewhere/rb in/in the/at mountain/nn forest/nn ,/, and/cc dinner/nn was/bedz either/cc at/in Boulder/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl or/cc at/in Santa/np Cruz/np ./.


	Gazing/vbg too/ql long/rb at/in the/at scenery/nn could/md be/be tiring/vbg ,/, so/cs halts/nns were/bed contrived/vbn between/in meals/nns ./.
Then/rb the/at Chinese/jj hostler/nn ,/, who/wps rode/vbd with/in Vernon/np on/in the/at box/nn ,/, would/md break/vb open/jj a/at hamper/nn and/cc produce/vb filets/nns of/in smoked/vbn bass/nn or/cc sturgeon/nn ,/, sandwiches/nns ,/, pickled/vbn eggs/nns ,/, and/cc a/at rum/nn sangaree/nn to/to be/be heated/vbn over/in a/at spirit/nn lamp/nn ./.


	In/in spring/nn and/cc in/in autumn/nn the/at run/nn was/bedz made/vbn for/in a/at group/nn of/in botanists/nns which/wdt included/vbd an/at old/jj friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ./.
They/ppss gathered/vbd roots/nns ,/, bulbs/nns ,/, odd/jj ferns/nns ,/, leaves/nns ,/, and/cc bits/nns of/in resin/nn from/in the/at rare/jj Santa/np Lucia/np fir/nn ,/, which/wdt exists/vbz only/rb on/in a/at forty-five/cd mile/nn strip/nn on/in the/at westerly/jj side/nn of/in these/dts mountains/nns ./.
In/in the/at Spanish/jj days/nns Franciscan/jj monks/nns roamed/vbd here/rb to/to collect/vb the/at resin/nn for/in incense/nn ./.
It/pps yields/vbz a/at fragrance/nn as/ql Orphic/jj as/cs that/dt of/in the/at pastilles/nns of/in Malabar/np ./.
Vernon/np was/bedz serviceable/jj on/in the/at botanical/jj field/nn trips/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps could/md arrange/vb no/at schedule/nn with/in the/at cooks/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz glad/jj when/wrb the/at trips/nns dropped/vbd off/rp ,/, and/cc the/at botanists/nns began/vbd to/to motor/vb out/rp by/in themselves/ppls ./.


	My/pp$ friend/nn often/rb breakfasted/vbd with/in Vernon/np on/in the/at morning/nn of/in the/at regular/jj tallyho/nn run/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz an/at honor/nn ,/, like/cs dining/vbg with/in a/at captain/nn at/in his/pp$ private/jj table/nn ./.
Vernon's/np$ office/nn adjoined/vbd the/at stable/nn ,/, and/cc the/at walls/nns were/bed adorned/vbn with/in brightly/ql colored/vbn lithographs/nns ,/, the/at folk/nn art/nn of/in the/at period/nn ./.
They/ppss advertised/vbd harness/nn polish/nn ,/, liniments/nns ,/, Ball's/np$ Rubber/nn-tl Boots/nns-tl ,/, Green/jj-tl River/nn-tl Whiskey/nn-tl ,/, Hood's/np$ Sarsaparilla/nn-tl ,/, patent/nn medicines/nns ,/, shoe/nn blacking/nn ,/, and/cc chewing/vbg tobacco/nn ./.


	The/at hostler/nn would/md have/hv the/at table/nn ready/jj and/cc a/at pot/nn of/in coffee/nn hissing/vbg on/in the/at stove/nn ;/. ;/.
then/rb a/at porter/nn from/in Manning's/np$ Fish/nn-tl House/nn-tl would/md trot/vb in/rp with/in a/at tray/nn on/in his/pp$ head/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz draped/vbn with/in snowy/jj napkins/nns that/wps kept/vbd hot/jj a/at platter/nn of/in oyster/nn salt/nn roast/nn and/cc a/at mound/nn of/in corn/nn fritters/nns ./.
Vernon/np was/bedz consummately/rb fond/jj of/in oysters/nns ,/, and/cc Manning's/np$ had/hvd been/ben famous/jj for/in them/ppo since/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.
Oyster/nn salt/nn roast/nn --/-- oysters/nns on/in the/at half/abn shell/nn ,/, cooked/vbn on/in a/at bed/nn of/in coarse/jj salt/nn that/wps kept/vbd them/ppo hot/jj when/wrb served/vbn --/-- was/bedz a/at standby/nn at/in Manning's/np$ ./.
Its/pp$ early/jj morning/nn patrons/nns were/bed coachmen/nns ,/, who/wps fortified/vbd themselves/ppls for/in the/at day/nn with/in that/dt delicacy/nn ./.


	In/in the/at 1890's/nns the/at Palace/nn-tl Hotel/nn-tl began/vbd serving/vbg an/at oyster/nn dish/nn named/vbn after/in its/pp$ manager/nn ,/, John/np C./np Kirkpatrick/np ./.
This/dt dish/nn much/rb resembles/vbz the/at oysters/nns Rockefeller/np made/vbn famous/jj by/in Antoine's/np$ in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, though/cs the/at Palace/nn-tl chef/nn announced/vbd it/ppo as/cs a/at variant/nn of/in Manning's/np$ roast/nn oysters/nns ./.
(/( Gastronomes/nns have/hv long/rb argued/vbn about/in which/wdt came/vbd first/rb ,/, the/at Palace's/nn$-tl or/cc Antoine's/np$ ./.
Antoine's/np$ held/vbd as/cs mandatory/jj a/at splash/nn of/in absinthe/nn or/cc Pernod/np on/in the/at parsley/nn or/cc spinach/nn which/wdt was/bedz used/vbn for/in the/at underbedding/nn ./.
The/at Kirkpatrick/np version/nn holds/vbz liqueur/nn as/cs optional/jj ./.
)/) Vernon/np ,/, however/rb ,/, held/vbd out/rp for/in plain/jj oyster/nn roast/nn ,/, and/cc plenty/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, unadorned/jj by/in herbs/nns or/cc any/dti seasoning/nn but/in salt/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps did/dod fancy/vb a/at bit/nn of/in lemon/nn ./.


	After/in the/at meal/nn ,/, he/pps and/cc his/pp$ guests/nns went/vbd out/rp to/to inspect/vb the/at rig/nn ;/. ;/.
this/dt was/bedz merely/rb a/at ritual/nn ,/, to/to please/vb all/abn hands/nns concerned/vbn ./.
The/at tallyho/nn had/hvd cost/vbn Vernon/np $2,300/nns ./.
A/at replica/nn of/in two/cd coaches/nns made/vbn in/in England/np for/in the/at Belmont/np-tl Club/nn-tl in/in the/at East/jj-tl ,/, and/cc matchless/jj west/nr of/in the/at Rockies/nps ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at despair/nn of/in whips/nns on/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np run/nn ./.
One/pn could/md shave/vb in/in the/at reflection/nn of/in its/pp$ French-polished/jj panels/nns ,/, and/cc its/pp$ axles/nns were/bed greased/vbn like/cs those/dts of/in roulette/nn wheels/nns ./.
The/at horses/nns were/bed groomed/vbn to/in a/at high/jj gloss/nn ;/. ;/.
departing/vbg ,/, they/ppss stepped/vbd solemnly/rb with/in knees/nns lifted/vbn to/in the/at jaw/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben trained/vbn to/to drag/vb at/in important/jj funerals/nns ./.


	But/in for/in the/at start/nn of/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np run/nn ,/, the/at whip/nn fell/vbd ./.
The/at clients/nns boarded/vbd the/at tallyho/nn at/in the/at Palace/nn-tl promptly/rb at/in seven/cd ./.
They/ppss had/hvd been/ben fed/vbn a/at hunting/vbg breakfast/nn ,/, so/rb called/vbn because/cs a/at kedgeree/nn ,/, the/at dish/nn identified/vbn with/in fox/nn hunting/nn ,/, was/bedz on/in the/at bill/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber many/ap ways/nns of/in making/vbg a/at kedgeree/nn ,/, every/at one/cd of/in which/wdt is/bez right/jj ./.
Here/rb is/bez an/at original/jj kedgeree/nn recipe/nn from/in the/at Family/nn-tl Club's/nn$-tl kitchen/nn :/: 


Club/nn-tl-hl Kedgeree/nn-hl 
Flake/vb (/( for/in three/cd )/) a/at cupful/nn of/in cold/jj boiled/vbn haddock/nn ,/, mix/vb with/in a/at cupful/nn of/in cooked/vbn rice/nn ,/, two/cd minced/vbn hard-boiled/jj eggs/nns ,/, some/dti buttery/jj white/jj sauce/nn done/vbn with/in cream/nn ,/, cayenne/nn ,/, pepper/nn ,/, salt/nn ,/, a/at pinch/nn of/in curry/nn ,/, a/at tablespoonful/nn of/in minced/vbn onion/nn fried/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at bit/nn of/in anchovy/nn ./.
Heat/vb and/cc serve/vb hot/jj on/in toast/nn ./.




The/at omelet/nn named/vbn for/in Ernest/np Arbogast/np ,/, the/at Palace's/nn$-tl chef/nn ,/, was/bedz even/ql more/rbr in/in demand/nn ./.
For/in decades/nns it/pps was/bedz the/at most/ql popular/jj dish/nn served/vbn in/in the/at Ladies'/nns$-tl Grill/nn-tl at/in breakfast/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at few/ap old/jj Palace/nn-tl dishes/nns that/wps still/rb survive/vb ./.
Native/jj California/np oysters/nns ,/, salty/jj and/cc piquant/jj ,/, as/ql coppery/jj as/cs Delawares/nps and/cc not/* much/ql larger/jjr than/cs a/at five-cent/jj piece/nn ,/, went/vbd into/in it/ppo ./.
The/at original/jj formula/nn goes/vbz thus/rb :/: 


omelet/nn-hl Arbogast/np-hl 
Fry/vb in/in butter/nn a/at small/jj minced/vbn onion/nn ,/, rub/vb with/in a/at tablespoonful/nn of/in flour/nn ,/, add/vb half/abn a/at cup/nn of/in cream/nn ,/, six/cd beaten/vbn eggs/nns ,/, pepper/nn ,/, celery/nn salt/nn ,/, a/at teaspoonful/nn of/in minced/vbn chives/nns ,/, a/at dash/nn of/in cayenne/nn ,/, and/cc a/at pinch/nn of/in nutmeg/nn ./.
A/at jigger/nn of/in dry/jj Sherry/nn-tl follows/vbz ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at mixture/nn stiffens/vbz ,/, in/in go/vb a/at hundred/cd of/in the/at little/jj oysters/nns ./.


	Louis/np Sherry/np once/rb stayed/vbd a/at fortnight/nn at/in the/at Palace/nn-tl ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz so/ql pleased/vbn with/in omelet/nn Arbogast/np that/cs he/pps introduced/vbd it/ppo at/in his/pp$ restaurant/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl J./np Pierpont/np Morgan/np had/hvd come/vbn in/in his/pp$ private/jj train/nn to/in San/np Francisco/np ,/, to/to attend/vb an/at Episcopal/jj-tl convention/nn ,/, and/cc brought/vbd the/at restaurateur/nn with/in him/ppo ./.
As/cs things/nns happened/vbd ,/, Morgan/np was/bedz installed/vbn in/in the/at Nob/np-tl Hill/nn-tl residence/nn of/in a/at magnate/nn friend/nn ,/, whose/wp$ kitchen/nn swarmed/vbd with/in cooks/nns of/in approved/vbn talent/nn ./.
Sherry/np remained/vbd in/in his/pp$ hotel/nn suite/nn ,/, where/wrb he/pps amused/vbd himself/ppl as/ql best/rbt he/pps could/md ./.
Twice/rb he/pps left/vbd everything/pn to/in his/pp$ entourage/nn ,/, and/cc fled/vbd to/to make/vb the/at Santa/np Cruz/np tour/nn under/in Vernon's/np$ guidance/nn ./.


	In/in the/at grand/jj court/nn of/in the/at Palace/nn-tl ,/, notable/jj for/in its/pp$ tiers/nns of/in Moorish/jj galleries/nns that/wps looked/vbd down/rp on/in the/at maelstrom/nn of/in vehicles/nns below/rb ,/, Vernon's/np$ station/nn was/bedz at/in the/at entrance/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at post/nn of/in honor/nn ,/, held/vbn inviolate/jj for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
he/pps had/hvd the/at primacy/nn among/in the/at coachmen/nns ./.
Of/in majestic/jj build/vb ,/, rubicund/jj and/cc slash-mouthed/jj ,/, he/pps resembled/vbd the/at late/jj General/nn-tl Winfield/np Scott/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be the/at most/ql imposing/vbg general/jj of/in his/pp$ century/nn ,/, if/cs not/* of/in all/abn centuries/nns ./.
Vernon/np wore/vbd a/at gray/jj tall/jj hat/nn ,/, a/at gardenia/nn ,/, and/cc maroon/jj Wellington/np boots/nns that/wps glistened/vbd like/cs currant/nn jelly/nn ./.


	Promptly/rb at/in seven/cd he/pps would/md clatter/vb out/in of/in the/at court/nn with/in twelve/cd in/in the/at tallyho/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd style/nn :/: he/pps held/vbd his/pp$ reins/nns in/in a/at loose/jj bunch/nn at/in the/at third/od button/nn of/in his/pp$ checked/vbn Epsom/np surtout/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at horses/nns leaned/vbd at/in a/at curve/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs bent/vbn by/in the/at force/nn of/in a/at gale/nn ,/, he/pps leaned/vbd with/in them/ppo ./.
They/ppss cantered/vbd down/in the/at peninsula/nn ,/, not/* slackening/vbg until/cs the/at coach/nn reached/vbd Woodside/np where/wrb the/at Santa/np Cruz/np uplands/nns begin/vb ./.


	The/at road/nn maps/nns of/in the/at region/nn have/hv changed/vbn since/in 1905/cd ;/. ;/.
inns/nns have/hv burned/vbn down/rp ,/, moved/vbn elsewhere/rb ,/, or/cc taken/vbn other/ap names/nns ./.
Once/rb on/in the/at road/nn (/( and/cc especially/rb if/cs the/at passengers/nns were/bed all/abn regulars/nns and/cc masculine/jj )/) ,/, the/at schedule/nn meant/vbd nothing/pn ./.
An/at agreeable/jj ease/nn suffused/vbd Vernon/np and/cc the/at passengers/nns of/in the/at tallyho/nn ,/, from/in which/wdt there/ex issued/vbd clouds/nns of/in smoke/nn ./.
Vernon/np would/md tilt/vb his/pp$ hat/nn over/in one/cd ear/nn as/cs he/pps lounged/vbd with/in his/pp$ feet/nns on/in the/at dashboard/nn ,/, indulging/vbg in/in a/at huge/jj cigar/nn ./.
The/at horses/nns moved/vbd at/in a/at clump/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed no/ql more/rbr on/in parade/nn than/cs was/bedz their/pp$ driver/nn ;/. ;/.
one/cd fork/nn of/in the/at road/nn was/bedz as/ql good/jj as/cs another/dt ./.
The/at Santa/np Cruz/np mountains/nns sprawl/vb over/in three/cd counties/nns ,/, and/cc the/at roads/nns twist/vb through/in sky-tapping/jj redwoods/nns down/in whose/wp$ furrowed/vbn columns/nns ripple/vb streams/nns of/in rain/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb heat/nn bakes/vbz the/at Santa/np Clara/np valley/nn below/rb at/in the/at left/nr ./.
The/at water/nn splashes/vbz into/in shoulder-high/jj tracts/nns of/in fernery/nn ./.
You/ppss arrive/vb there/rb in/in seersucker/nn ,/, and/cc feel/vb you/ppss were/bed half-witted/jj not/* to/to bring/vb a/at mackintosh/nn ./.


	Vernon/np kept/vbd an/at account/nn book/nn with/in a/at list/nn of/in all/abn the/at establishments/nns that/wpo he/pps thought/vbd worthy/jj of/in patronage/nn ./.
A/at number/nn of/in them/ppo must/md have/hv fallen/vbn into/in disfavor/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed struck/vbn out/rp with/in remarks/nns in/in red/jj ink/nn ,/, denouncing/vbg both/abx the/at cooks/nns and/cc the/at management/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz copious/jj in/in his/pp$ praise/nn of/in those/dts that/wps served/vbd food/nn that/wps was/bedz good/jj to/to eat/vb ./.
The/at horses/nns seemed/vbd to/to know/vb these/dts by/in instinct/nn ,/, he/pps used/vbd to/to say/vb :/: such/jj places/nns invariably/rb had/hvd stables/nns with/in superior/jj feed/nn bins/nns ./.


	There/ex was/bedz Wright's/np$ ,/, for/in one/cd ,/, lost/vbn amongst/in trees/nns ,/, its/pp$ wide/jj verandas/nns strewn/vbn with/in rockers/nns ./.
Many/ap of/in its/pp$ sojourners/nns were/bed devoted/vbn to/in seclusion/nn and/cc quiet/nn ,/, and/cc lived/vbd there/rb to/in the/at end/nn of/in their/pp$ days/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at haunt/nn of/in writer/nn Ambrose/np Bierce/np ,/, who/wps admired/vbd its/pp$ redwoods/nns ./.
Acorns/nns from/in the/at great/jj oaks/nns fed/vbd the/at small/jj black/jj pigs/nns (/( akin/jj to/in Berkshires/nps )/) ,/, whose/wp$ ``/`` carcass/nn sweepstakes/nns ''/'' were/bed renowned/jj ./.
Their/pp$ ham/nn butts/nns ,/, cured/vbn in/in oak-log/nn smoke/nn ,/, were/bed also/rb esteemed/vbn when/wrb roasted/vbn or/cc boiled/vbn ,/, and/cc served/vbn with/in this/dt original/jj sauce/nn :/: 


Wright's/np$-hl devil/nn-hl sauce/nn-hl 
;/.-hl ;/.-hl
put/vb into/in a/at saucepan/nn a/at cupful/nn of/in the/at baked/vbn ham/nn gravy/nn ,/, or/cc of/in the/at boiled/vbn ham/nn liquor/nn ,/, with/in a/at half/abn stick/nn of/in butter/nn ,/, three/cd teaspoonfuls/nns of/in made/vbn mustard/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd mashed/vbn garlic/nn cloves/nns ./.
Contribute/vb also/rb an/at onion/nn ,/, a/at peeled/vbn tomato/nn and/cc two/cd pickled/vbn gherkins/nns ,/, and/cc a/at mashed/vbn lime/nn ./.
After/cs this/dt has/hvz simmered/vbn an/at hour/nn ,/, add/vb two/cd tablespoons/nns each/dt of/in Worcestershire/np ,/, catsup/nn ,/, and/cc chutney/nn ,/, two/cd pickled/vbn walnuts/nns ,/, and/cc a/at pint/nn of/in Sherry/nn-tl ./.
Then/rb simmer/vb fifteen/cd minutes/nns longer/rbr ./.




Every/at winter/nn a/at kegful/nn of/in this/dt sauce/nn was/bedz made/vbn and/cc placed/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at row/nn of/in four/cd other/ap kegs/nns in/in the/at cellar/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs when/wrb its/pp$ turn/nn came/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz properly/rb mellowed/vbn ./.


	Vineyards/nns and/cc orchards/nns also/rb grew/vbd around/in Wright's/np$ ,/, and/cc deer/nns were/bed rather/abl a/at nuisance/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss leaped/vbd six-foot/jj fences/nns with/in the/at agility/nn of/in panthers/nns ./.
But/cc no/at one/pn complained/vbd when/wrb they/ppss wound/vb up/rp ,/, regardless/rb of/in season/nn ,/, in/in venison/nn pies/nns ./.
No/at one/pn complained/vbd of/in the/at white/jj wine/nn either/rb :/: at/in this/dt altitude/nn of/in two/cd thousand/cd feet/nns ,/, grapes/nns acquire/vb a/at dryness/nn and/cc the/at tang/nn of/in gunflint/nn ./.
(/( The/at Almaden/np vineyards/nns have/hv now/rb climbed/vbn to/in this/dt height/nn ./.
)/) Apple/nn trees/nns grew/vbd there/rb also/rb ./.
Though/cs creeks/nns in/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np mountains/nns flow/vb brimful/jj the/at year/nn round/rb and/cc it/pps is/bez forever/rb spring/nn ,/, the/at apples/nns that/wps grow/vb there/rb have/hv a/at wintry/jj crackle/nn ./.


	Dwellers/nns thereabouts/rb preferred/vbd to/to get/vb their/pp$ apple/nn pies/nns at/in the/at local/jj bakery/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd a/at brick/nn oven/nn fired/vbn with/in redwood/nn billets/nns ./.
The/at merit/nn of/in the/at pie/nn ,/, Vernon/np believed/vbd ,/, was/bedz due/jj more/rbr to/in its/pp$ making/nn than/cs to/in the/at waning/vbg heat/nn of/in the/at oven/nn ./.
The/at recipe/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps got/vbd from/in the/at baker/nn ,/, and/cc wrote/vbd down/rp in/in his/pp$ ledger/nn ,/, is/bez basically/rb this/dt :/: 


Wright's/np$-hl apple/nn-hl pie/nn-hl 
;/.-hl ;/.-hl
peel/vb ,/, core/vb ,/, and/cc slice/vb across/rp enough/ap apples/nns to/to make/vb a/at dome/nn in/in the/at pie/nn tin/nn ,/, and/cc set/vb aside/rb ./.
In/in a/at saucepan/nn put/vbd sufficient/jj water/nn to/to cover/vb them/ppo ,/, an/at equal/jj amount/nn of/in sugar/nn ,/, a/at sliced/vbn lemon/nn ,/, a/at tablespoonful/nn of/in apricot/nn preserve/nn or/cc jam/nn ,/, a/at pinch/nn each/dt of/in clove/nn and/cc nutmeg/nn ,/, and/cc a/at large/jj bay/nn leaf/nn ./.
Let/vb this/dt boil/nn gently/rb for/in twenty/cd minutes/nns ,/, then/rb strain/vb ./.
Poach/vb the/at apples/nns in/in this/dt syrup/nn for/in twelve/cd minutes/nns ,/, drain/vb them/ppo ,/, and/cc cool/vb ./.


	Set/vb the/at apples/nns in/in the/at pastry-lined/jj tin/nn ,/, spread/vb over/in them/ppo three/cd tablespoonfuls/nns of/in softened/vbn butter/nn ,/, with/in as/ql much/ap brown/jj sugar/nn ,/, a/at sprinkling/nn of/in nutmeg/nn ,/, and/cc a/at fresh/jj bay/nn leaf/nn ,/, then/rb lay/vb on/rp a/at cover/nn of/in pastry/nn ,/, and/cc gild/vb it/ppo with/in beaten/vbn yolk/nn of/in egg/nn ./.



	Those/dts who/wps have/hv never/rb traveled/vbn the/at width/nn and/cc length/nn of/in this/dt land/nn cannot/md* conceive/vb ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in textbook/nn description/nn alone/rb ,/, the/at overwhelming/jj space/nn and/cc variety/nn of/in this/dt country/nn held/vbn together/rb under/in one/cd government/nn ./.
The/at miracle/nn of/in democratic/jj America/np comes/vbz home/nr to/in one/pn most/ql strongly/rb only/rb when/wrb one/pn has/hvz seen/vbn the/at endless/jj Great/jj-tl Plains/nns-tl of/in the/at Midwest/np ;/. ;/.
the/at sky-reaching/jj peaks/nns of/in the/at Northwest/jj-tl mountains/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at smoke-filled/jj ,/, art-filled/jj ,/, drama-filled/jj life/nn of/in the/at great/jj cities/nns of/in the/at East/nr-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at lush/jj and/cc historic/jj charm/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
Now/rb ,/, to/to add/vb to/in the/at already/ql unbelievable/jj extremes/nns found/vbn in/in one/cd nation/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv the/at two/cd new/jj states/nns of/in Hawaii/np and/cc Alaska/np ./.


	To/to hope/vb to/to cover/vb just/rb one/cd region/nn of/in this/dt land/nn and/cc to/to enjoy/vb all/abn of/in its/pp$ sights/nns and/cc events/nns and/cc ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to bring/vb back/rb pictures/nns of/in your/pp$ experiences/nns ,/, requires/vbz advance/nn planning/nn ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, U.S./np-tl Camera/nn-tl has/hvz prepared/vbd this/dt special/jj U.S.A./np vacation/nn feature/nn ./.
We/ppss divided/vbd the/at country/nn into/in five/cd regions/nns plus/cc Hawaii/np and/cc Alaska/np and/cc in/in each/dt is/bez included/vbn a/at general/jj description/nn of/in the/at area/nn plus/cc specific/jj recommendations/nns of/in places/nns and/cc events/nns to/to cover/vb ./.
Any/dti special/jj photographic/jj requirements/nns are/ber also/rb given/vbn ./.


	Use/vb this/dt section/nn to/to plan/vb now/rb to/to make/vb the/at most/ap of/in your/pp$ vacation/nn in/in photogenic/jj America/np ./.



The/at-hl Northeast/nr-tl-hl 
birthplace/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, the/at Northeast/nr-tl offers/vbz historic/jj battlefields/nns ;/. ;/.
lovely/jj old/jj villages/nns and/cc a/at rugged/jj seashore/nn among/in its/pp$ many/ap worthwhile/jj sights/nns ./.
The/at rolling/vbg farms/nns of/in Maryland/np ,/, the/at peerless/jj metropolis/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, the/at verdant/jj mountains/nns of/in Vermont/np can/md all/abn be/be included/vbn in/in your/pp$ Northeast/nr-tl vacation/nn ./.


	By/in automobile/nn from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, you/ppss can/md take/vb a/at one/cd or/cc two-day/jj tour/nn to/in Annapolis/np ,/, Maryland/np to/to see/vb the/at colonial/jj homes/nns and/cc the/at U.S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl (/( where/wrb you/ppss can/md shoot/vb the/at dress/nn parade/nn on/in Wednesdays/nrs )/) ;/. ;/.
to/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, for/in an/at eye-filling/jj tour/nn of/in the/at city/nn ;/. ;/.
or/cc to/in Lancaster/np ,/, Pa./np ,/, the/at center/nn of/in the/at Pennsylvania/np-tl Dutch/jj-tl country/nn ;/. ;/.
Philadelphia/np with/in its/pp$ historic/jj buildings/nns and/cc nearby/jj Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
to/in West/jj-tl Point/nn-tl ,/, N.Y./np ,/, the/at famous/jj military/jj academy/nn in/in a/at beautiful/jj setting/nn on/in the/at Hudson/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.


	New/jj-tl England/np-tl deserves/vbz as/ql much/ap of/in your/pp$ vacation/nn time/nn as/cs you/ppss can/md afford/vb with/in such/jj areas/nns as/cs Cape/nn-tl Cod/nn-tl providing/vbg wonderful/jj beaches/nns ,/, artists'/nns$ colonies/nns and/cc quaint/jj townships/nns ./.
From/in here/rb you/ppss can/md easily/rb include/vb a/at side/nn trip/nn to/in the/at old/jj whaling/vbg port/nn of/in Nantucket/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, which/wdt looks/vbz just/rb as/cs it/pps must/md have/hv two/cd centuries/nns ago/rb ./.


	At/in Sturbridge/np-tl Village/nn-tl ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, you'll/ppss+md find/vb a/at completely-restored/jj New/jj-tl England/np-tl town/nn ./.
North/nr to/in Acadia/np-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, Maine/np ,/, with/in views/nns of/in a/at rockbound/jj coast/nn and/cc dark/jj ,/, magnificent/jj forests/nns ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql exciting/jj ways/nns to/to end/vb a/at Northeast/nr-tl vacation/nn would/md be/be with/in a/at week/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.
Return/vb through/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, stopping/vbg for/in a/at visit/nn to/in Lake/nn-tl Champlain/np-tl where/wrb you/ppss can/md take/vb a/at boat/nn ride/nn and/cc go/vb to/in Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl Park/nn-tl ./.
There/rb you'll/ppss+md witness/vb a/at view/nn which/wdt includes/vbz the/at Adirondack/np-tl Mts./nns-tl and/cc the/at Winooski/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.


	Now/rb you're/ppss+ber ready/jj for/in a/at whirlwind/nn sightseeing/vbg tour/nn of/in America's/np$ most/ql exciting/jj city/nn ./.
The/at skyline/nn ,/, the/at bridges/nns ,/, Broadway/np ,/, and/cc the/at Staten/np-tl Island/nn-tl ferry/nn are/ber only/rb a/at few/ap of/in the/at spots/nns to/to put/vb on/in your/pp$ ``/`` must/nn ''/'' list/nn for/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.



Photographing/vbg-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl Northeast/nr-tl-hl 
Some/dti tips/nns for/in shooting/vbg in/in Northeastern/jj locales/nns :/: In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl don't/do* miss/vb coverage/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./.
These/dts striking/jj ,/, modernistic/jj buildings/nns on/in the/at East/jj-tl River/nn-tl are/ber open/jj to/in the/at public/nn and/cc every/at weekday/nn guided/vbn tours/nns are/ber available/jj ./.
Pictures/nns can/md be/be taken/vbn in/in the/at public/jj areas/nns and/cc when/wrb on/in tours/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at use/nn of/in tripods/nns is/bez not/* allowed/vbn ./.
Photos/nns of/in Conference/nn-tl Rooms/nns-tl and/cc the/at General/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl can/md be/be made/vbn when/wrb these/dts rooms/nns are/ber not/* being/beg used/vbn for/in meetings/nns ./.
Flash/nn is/bez allowed/vbn ,/, subject/jj to/in above/jj restrictions/nns ./.


	Around/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, you'll/ppss+md no/at doubt/nn want/vb a/at color/nn shot/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at picturesque/jj lighthouses/nns ./.
Be/be careful/jj here/rb not/* to/to overexpose/vb this/dt subject/nn since/cs they/ppss are/ber extremely/ql bright/jj and/cc light-reflecting/jj ./.
In/in color/nn ,/, 1/50th/od of/in a/at second/nn between/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn will/md do/do for/in bright/jj ,/, frontal/jj sunlight/nn ./.



The/at-hl South/nr-tl-hl 
the/at southern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, extending/vbg from/in Florida/np in/in the/at east/nr to/in Texas/np in/in the/at west/nr ,/, still/rb maintains/vbz its/pp$ unique/jj flavor/nn of/in gracious/jj living/nn and/cc historical/jj elegance/nn ./.
It/pps encompasses/vbz in/in its/pp$ expanse/nn areas/nns where/wrb the/at natural/jj beauty/nn encourages/vbz a/at vacation/nn of/in quiet/jj contemplation/nn ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, to/in places/nns where/wrb entertainment/nn and/cc spectacles/nns of/in all/abn sorts/nns have/hv been/ben provided/vbn for/in the/at tourist/nn with/in camera/nn ./.


	Of/in special/jj interest/nn this/dt anniversary/nn year/nn of/in the/at war/nn between/in the/at states/nns are/ber the/at many/ap Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl battlefields/nns where/wrb ,/, likely/jj as/cs not/* ,/, you'll/ppss+md catch/vb some/dti memorial/jj re-enactments/nns ./.
Among/in the/at locales/nns to/in visit/nn are/ber Shiloh/np ,/, Tennessee/np ;/. ;/.
Lookout/nn-tl Mountain/nn-tl ,/, Tennessee/np ;/. ;/.
Vicksburg/np ,/, Mississippi/np ;/. ;/.
Richmond/np ,/, Virginia/np ;/. ;/.
Petersburg/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc Fredericksburg/np ,/, Virginia/np ./.


	Florida/np provides/vbz tropical/jj scenes/nns unequalled/jj in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
At/in Cypress/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl special/jj bleachers/nns are/ber set/vbn up/rp for/in photographers/nns at/in water-ski/nn shows/nns and/cc lovely/jj models/nns pose/vb for/in pictures/nns in/in garden/nn settings/nns ./.
Silver/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl features/vbz glass-bottom/nn boat/nn rides/nns and/cc in/in Everglades/nns-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl there/ex are/ber opportunities/nns to/to photograph/vb rare/jj wildlife/nn ./.
Miami/np-tl Beach/nn-tl and/cc surroundings/nns feature/vb fabulous/jj ``/`` hotel/nn row/nn ''/'' ,/, palm-studded/jj beaches/nns plus/cc the/at Miami/np Seaquarium/np and/cc Parrot/nn-tl Jungle/nn-tl ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql delightful/jj spots/nns in/in a/at southern/jj tour/nn is/bez the/at city/nn of/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ./.
The/at famous/jj old/jj French/jj and/cc Spanish/jj buildings/nns with/in their/pp$ elaborate/jj wrought/vbn iron/nn balconies/nns and/cc the/at narrow/jj streets/nns of/in the/at Latin/jj-tl Quarter/nn-tl present/vb an/at Old/jj-tl World/nn-tl scene/nn ./.


	For/in restoration/nn of/in early/jj American/jj life/nn the/at places/nns to/in visit/nn are/ber Williamsburg/np ,/, Jamestown/np and/cc Yorktown/np ,/, Virginia/np ./.
Another/dt Virginia/np sight/nn and/cc a/at photographic/jj adventure/nn are/ber the/at Luray/np-tl Caverns/nns-tl ,/, lit/vbn by/in photofloodlights/nns ./.


	The/at great/jj state/nn of/in Texas/np offers/vbz metropolitan/jj attractions/nns such/jj as/cs the/at Dallas/np-tl Fair/nn-tl Park/nn-tl with/in its/pp$ art/nn and/cc natural/jj history/nn museums/nns ./.
In/in contrast/nn are/ber the/at vast/jj open/jj stretches/nns of/in ranch/nn country/nn and/cc oil/nn wells/nns ./.
In/in San/np Antonio/np visit/vb the/at famous/jj Alamo/np and/cc photograph/vb 18th/od Century/nn-tl Spanish/jj buildings/nns and/cc churches/nns ./.


	The/at Great/jj-tl Smoky/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl is/bez another/dt area/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl well/ql worth/jj a/at visit/nn ./.
Along/in the/at 127-mile/jj route/nn through/in Great/jj-tl Smoky/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl you/ppss can/md photograph/vb the/at breath-taking/jj peaks/nns ,/, gorges/nns and/cc valleys/nns which/wdt come/vb into/in view/nn at/in every/at turn/nn ./.
Gatlinburg/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, is/bez the/at center/nn of/in this/dt area/nn ./.
Another/dt scenic/jj spot/nn in/in Tennessee/np is/bez Chattanooga/np where/wrb the/at Rock/nn-tl City/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl are/ber not/* to/to be/be missed/vbn ./.


	Beautiful/jj homes/nns and/cc gardens/nns are/ber trademarks/nns of/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc cities/nns particularly/rb noted/vbn for/in them/ppo are/ber Charleston/np ,/, S.C./np ,/, Natchez/np ,/, Miss./np ,/, and/cc Savannah/np ,/, Ga./np ./.
At/in Charlottesville/np ,/, Va./np ,/, shoot/vb Monticello/np and/cc the/at beautiful/jj buildings/nns of/in the/at University/nn-tl ./.



Picturing/vbg-hl the/at-hl south/nr-hl 
Foliage/nn is/bez the/at outstanding/jj photo/nn subject/nn in/in many/ap of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl locales/nns mentioned/vbn above/rb and/cc some/dti specific/jj tips/nns on/in how/wrb and/cc where/wrb to/to shoot/vb it/ppo are/ber in/in order/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl of/in Gatlinburg/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, sponsors/vbz special/jj camera/nn tours/nns into/in the/at Great/jj-tl Smoky/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl to/to get/vb pictures/nns of/in the/at profusion/nn of/in wild/jj flowers/nns flourishing/vbg in/in these/dts wooded/jj regions/nns ./.


	Exposure/nn problems/nns may/md occur/vb in/in these/dts forest/nn areas/nns where/wrb uneven/jj lighting/nn results/vbz from/in shafts/nns of/in sunlight/nn filtering/vbg through/in the/at overhead/jj branches/nns ./.
Best/jjt solution/nn is/bez to/to find/vb an/at area/nn that/wps is/bez predominantly/rb sunlight/nn or/cc shade/nn ./.
In/in any/dti instance/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md determine/vb the/at exposure/nn according/in to/in the/at type/nn of/in light/nn which/wdt falls/vbz on/in most/ap of/in the/at subject/nn area/nn ./.


	Try/vb some/dti closeups/nns on/in Southern/jj-tl blossoms/nns to/to provide/vb a/at welcome/jj contrast/nn with/in the/at many/ap long-view/nn scenics/nns you'll/ppss+md be/be making/vbg ./.


	For/in shooting/vbg the/at interiors/nns of/in the/at famous/jj ante-bellum/jj Southern/jj-tl mansions/nns make/vb sure/jj your/pp$ equipment/nn includes/vbz a/at tripod/nn ./.
Enough/ap daylight/nn is/bez usually/rb available/jj from/in the/at windows/nns ,/, but/cc if/cs you/ppss have/hv synchronized/vbn flash/nn --/-- use/vb it/ppo ./.


	For/in some/dti unusual/jj photographic/jj subjects/nns ,/, if/cs your/pp$ vacation/nn takes/vbz you/ppo nearby/rb ,/, try/vb these/dts events/nns :/: the/at 600-mile/jj auto/nn race/nn in/in Charlotte/np ,/, N.C./np ,/, ,/, on/in May/np 27/cd ;/. ;/.
the/at Florida/np-tl Folk/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl ,/, White/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, May/np 5-7/cd ;/. ;/.
Singing/vbg-tl On/in-tl The/at-tl Mountain/nn-tl in/in Linville/np ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, on/in June/np 25/cd ./.
Peak/nn action/nn photography/nn is/bez your/pp$ goal/nn at/in Miami's/np$ Seaquarium/np and/cc the/at Cypress/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl waterskiing/vbg events/nns ./.



The/at-hl Midwest/np-hl 
A/at pleasant/jj start/nn to/in your/pp$ midwestern/jj vacation/nn is/bez a/at few/ap days/nns spent/vbn in/in cosmopolitan/jj Chicago/np ./.
Lake/nn-tl Michigan/np-tl offers/vbz swimming/vbg and/cc pictures/nns which/wdt combine/vb cityscapes/nns with/in beaches/nns ./.
A/at visit/nn to/in Chicago's/np$ museums/nns and/cc a/at stroll/nn around/in broad/jj Michigan/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl will/md unfold/vb many/ap photogenic/jj subjects/nns to/in the/at alert/jj photographer/nn ./.


	Wisconsin/np-tl Dells/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb fantastically/ql scenic/jj rocks/nns carved/vbn by/in the/at Wisconsin/np-tl River/nn-tl are/ber overgrown/vbn with/in fern/nn and/cc other/ap foliage/nn ,/, rates/vbz a/at stopover/nn when/wrb traveling/vbg from/in Chicago/np ./.


	The/at farmlands/nns forming/vbg the/at heart/nn of/in America/np stretch/vb out/rp across/in the/at Midwest/np from/in Chicago/np ./.
In/in North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl the/at strangely/ql beautiful/jj Badlands/nps will/md challenge/vb you/ppo to/to translate/vb its/pp$ wonder/nn on/rp to/in film/nn ./.
While/cs here/rb ,/, visit/vb Theodore/np-tl Roosevelt/np-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl for/in its/pp$ spectacular/jj scenery/nn ./.


	Another/dt spot/nn with/in an/at image-provoking/jj name/nn is/bez the/at Black/jj-tl Hills/nns-tl where/wrb you/ppss can/md visit/vb the/at old/jj frontier/nn mining/vbg town/nn of/in Deadwood/np ./.
The/at Black/jj-tl Hills/nns-tl Passion/nn-tl Play/nn-tl is/bez produced/vbn every/at summer/nn and/cc is/bez a/at pageant/nn worth/jj seeing/vbg and/cc shooting/vbg ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, while/cs in/in this/dt vicinity/nn you/ppss won't/md* want/vb to/to miss/vb a/at visit/nn to/in Mount/nn-tl Rushmore/np-tl National/jj-tl Memorial/nn-tl where/wrb on/in the/at side/nn of/in a/at mountain/nn are/ber the/at famous/jj sculptures/nns of/in Presidents/nns-tl Washington/np ,/, Lincoln/np ,/, Jefferson/np and/cc Theodore/np Roosevelt/np ./.


	In/in Missouri/np (/( which/wdt we/ppss are/ber including/in in/in our/pp$ general/jj Midwest/np region/nn )/) you/ppss can/md glance/vb into/in Mark/np Twain's/np$ birthplace/nn at/in Hannibal/np ,/, see/vb the/at landmarks/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn and/cc writings/nns and/cc visualize/vb where/wrb Huck/np Finn/np hatched/vbd his/pp$ boyish/jj mischief/nn ./.


	Similarly/rb in/in Illinois/np there/ex is/bez Lincoln/np country/nn to/to be/be seen/vbn --/-- his/pp$ tomb/nn and/cc other/ap landmarks/nns ./.


	Minnesota/np ,/, fabled/jj land/nn of/in waters/nns ,/, is/bez in/in itself/ppl ,/, ideal/jj vacationland/nn ,/, having/hvg within/in its/pp$ borders/nns 10,000/cd lakes/nns !/. !/.
Itasca/np-tl State/nn-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at Mississippi/np-tl River/nn-tl begins/vbz ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at outstanding/jj tourist/nn spots/nns in/rp Minnesota/np ./.


	Mementoes/nns of/in the/at Old/jj-tl West/nr-tl recall/vb the/at days/nns of/in Wyatt/np Earp/np in/in Dodge/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Nebraska/np ,/, where/wrb present-day/jj cowboys/nns add/vb a/at colorful/jj human/jj interest/nn note/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn shooting/nn ./.


	Of/in current/jj interest/nn is/bez Abilene/np ,/, Kansas/np ,/, the/at birthplace/nn of/in ex-President/nn Eisenhower/np ./.
There's/ex+bez a/at museum/nn here/rb and/cc also/rb Old/jj-tl Abilene/np-tl Town/nn-tl ,/, a/at reconstruction/nn of/in the/at cattle/nns boomtown/nn of/in the/at 70's/nns and/cc 80's/nns ./.


	For/in a/at resort/nn area/nn ,/, Mackinack/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, Michigan/np ,/, is/bez the/at place/nn to/to visit/vb ./.
It/pps truly/rb relives/vbz another/dt age/nn for/cs the/at inhabitants/nns use/vb carriages/nns rather/in than/in autos/nns and/cc old/jj British/jj and/cc French/jj forts/nns are/ber left/vbn intact/jj for/cs tourists/nns to/to visit/vb and/cc record/vb ./.



Pictures/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl Midwest/np-hl 
Night/nn scenes/nns will/md add/vb an/at exciting/jj touch/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn travelogue/nn and/cc what/wdt better/jjr place/nn to/to take/vb them/ppo then/rb along/in Chicago's/np$ Lake/nn-tl Shore/nn-tl Drive/nn-tl ?/. ?/.
Just/ql after/in sunset/nn is/bez a/at good/jj time/nn to/to record/vb the/at city/nn lights/nns in/in color/nn since/cs you/ppss get/vb a/at ``/`` fill-in/nn ''/'' light/nn from/in the/at sky/nn ./.


	Another/dt memo/nn for/in sightseers/nns :/: bring/vb your/pp$ camera/nn along/rb to/in museums/nns ./.
Photos/nns of/in historic/jj dioramas/nns of/in the/at area/nn you/ppss visit/vb will/md add/vb depth/nn and/cc background/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn photo/nn story/nn ./.
Again/rb ,/, be/be sure/jj your/pp$ tripod/nn is/bez handy/jj for/in those/dts sometimes-necessary/jj time/nn exposures/nns ./.


	Special/jj events/nns and/cc their/pp$ dates/nns which/wdt will/md make/vb interesting/jj shooting/nn in/in the/at Midwest/np area/nn ,/, include/vb the/at following/nn :/: 

	A/at re-enactment/nn of/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl Lexington/np-tl ,/, May/np 18th/od at/in Lexington/np ,/, Missouri/np ;/. ;/.
the/at world-renowned/jj 500-mile/jj auto/nn race/nn at/in Indianapolis/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, plus/cc a/at festival/nn from/in May/np 27-30/cd ;/. ;/.
``/`` Song/nn-tl Of/in-tl Hiawatha/np-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in Elgin/np ,/, Illinois/np ,/, from/in June/np 20/cd to/in 24th/od ./.
Michigan/np offers/vbz the/at lovely/jj Tulip/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl in/in Holland/np ,/, Michigan/np ,/, May/np 12-14/cd ;/. ;/.
the/at USGA/nn Open/nn-tl in/in Birmingham/np from/in June/np 15-17/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at International/jj-tl Freedom/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl in/in Detroit/np ,/, June/np 29/cd thru/in July/np 4/cd ./.


	For/in early/jj vacationers/nns there's/ex+bez the/at fun-filled/jj Fishing/nn-tl Derby/nn-tl in/in Hot/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, Arkansas/np ,/, April/np 19-23/cd ,/, and/cc the/at Arkansas/np-tl Band/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl in/in Hot/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, April/np 20-22/cd ./.



The/at-hl West/nr-tl-hl 
A/at western/jj vacation/nn is/bez practically/ql synonymous/jj with/in a/at visit/nn to/in at/in least/ap one/cd of/in the/at magnificent/jj national/nn parks/nns in/in this/dt area/nn ./.
A/at tour/nn of/in several/ap of/in them/ppo is/bez possible/jj in/in a/at two-week/jj vacation/nn while/cs a/at stay/nn at/in just/rb one/cd of/in these/dts natural/jj beauty/nn spots/nns can/md be/be of/in equal/jj reward/nn ./.


	In/in California/np is/bez located/vbn one/cd of/in the/at most/ql popular/jj of/in the/at national/jj parks/nns --/-- Yosemite/np ./.
Among/in its/pp$ most/ql spectacular/jj features/nns are/ber its/pp$ falls/nns ,/, the/at highest/jjt being/beg Upper/jj-tl Yosemite/np-tl which/wdt drops/vbz 2,425/cd feet/nns ./.
The/at Sequoia/np-tl Grove/nn-tl presents/vbz another/dt unique/jj aspect/nn of/in Yosemite/np ,/, for/in these/dts ancient/jj giant/jj trees/nns are/ber a/at sight/nn never/rb to/to be/be forgotten/vbn ./.


	In/in the/at Utah/np area/nn are/ber Zion/np-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl and/cc Bryce/np-tl Canyon/nn-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl ./.
Fantastic/jj colors/nns are/ber to/to be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at fanciful/jj formations/nns of/in eroded/vbn rock/nn which/wdt loom/vb out/in of/in the/at semiarid/jj country/nn in/in both/abx parks/nns ./.


	Colorado's/np$ Grand/jj-tl Canyon/nn-tl ,/, probably/rb the/at most/ql famous/jj landmark/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, can/md be/be the/at highpoint/nn of/in your/pp$ Western/jj-tl vacation/nn ./.



	Built/vbn upon/in seven/cd hills/nns ,/, Istanbul/np ,/, like/cs Rome/np ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql ancient/jj cities/nns in/in the/at world/nn ,/, filled/vbn with/in splendor/nn and/cc contrast/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez an/at exotic/jj place/nn ,/, so/ql different/jj from/in the/at ordinary/jj that/cs the/at casual/jj tourist/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to see/vb at/in first/rb only/rb the/at contrast/nn and/cc the/at ugliness/nn of/in narrow/jj streets/nns lined/vbn with/in haphazard/jj houses/nns ./.
At/in the/at moment/nn ,/, many/ap of/in these/dts are/ber being/beg pulled/vbn down/rp ./.
Whole/jj blocks/nns are/ber disappearing/vbg and/cc more/ap are/ber scheduled/vbn to/to vanish/vb to/to make/vb room/nn for/in wide/jj boulevards/nns that/wps will/md show/vb off/rp its/pp$ treasures/nns to/in better/jjr advantage/nn --/-- the/at great/jj domes/nns and/cc graceful/jj spires/nns of/in its/pp$ mosques/nns ,/, the/at panorama/nn of/in the/at Bosphorus/np and/cc the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ./.
Even/rb when/wrb they/ppss are/ber finished/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at contrast/nn will/md remain/vb ,/, for/cs Istanbul/np is/bez the/at only/ap city/nn in/in the/at world/nn that/wps is/bez built/vbn upon/in two/cd continents/nns ./.
For/in almost/rb 3,000/cd years/nns Europe/np and/cc Asia/np have/hv rubbed/vbn shoulders/nns in/in its/pp$ streets/nns ./.


	Founded/vbn in/in the/at Ninth/od-tl Century/nn-tl B.C./np it/pps was/bedz called/vbn Byzantium/np 200/cd years/nns later/rbr when/wrb Byzas/np ,/, ruler/nn of/in the/at Megarians/nps ,/, expanded/vbd the/at settlement/nn and/cc named/vbd it/ppo after/in himself/ppl ./.
About/rb a/at thousand/cd years/nns after/in that/dt ,/, when/wrb the/at Roman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl was/bedz divided/vbn ,/, it/pps became/vbd capital/nn of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl section/nn ./.
On/in May/np 11,330/cd ,/, A.D./rb ,/, ,/, its/pp$ name/nn was/bedz changed/vbn again/rb ,/, this/dt time/nn to/in Constantinople/np after/in its/pp$ emperor/nn ,/, Constantine/np ./.
In/in 1453/cd when/wrb the/at last/ap vestige/nn of/in ancient/jj Roman/jj power/nn fell/vbd to/in the/at Turks/nps ,/, the/at city/nn officially/rb shifted/vbd religions/nns --/-- although/cs the/at Patriarch/nn-tl ,/, or/cc Pope/nn-tl ,/, of/in the/at Orthodox/jj-tl Church/nn-tl continued/vbd to/to live/vb there/rb ,/, and/cc still/rb does/doz --/-- and/cc became/vbd the/at capital/nn of/in the/at Ottoman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl ./.
When/wrb that/dt was/bedz broken/vbn up/rp after/in the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ,/, its/pp$ name/nn was/bedz changed/vbn once/rb more/rbr ./.
Rich/jj in/in Christian/jj and/cc Moslem/jj art/nn ,/, Istanbul/np is/bez today/nr a/at fascinating/jj museum/nn of/in East/nr-tl and/cc West/nr-tl that/wps recently/rb became/vbd a/at seaside/nn resort/nn as/ql well/rb with/in the/at development/nn of/in new/jj beaches/nns on/in the/at Bosphorus/np and/cc the/at Sea/nn-tl of/in-tl Marmara/np-tl only/rb a/at short/jj distance/nn from/in the/at center/nn of/in town/nn ./.
Easy/jj to/to get/vb to/in ,/, and/cc becoming/vbg more/ql popular/jj every/at year/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez only/rb fourteen/cd hours/nns from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl by/in Pan/jj-tl American/jj-tl World/nn-tl Airways/nns-tl jet/nn ,/, four/cd hours/nns from/in Rome/np ./.



Start/nn-hl of/in-hl tour/nn-hl 
Most/ap of/in the/at sights/nns lie/vb in/in the/at old/jj section/nn across/in the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl from/in the/at modern/jj hotels/nns ./.
I/ppss started/vbd my/pp$ tour/nn of/in them/ppo at/in the/at Turkish/jj-tl Government/nn-tl Tourist/nn-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, next/in to/in Pan/jj-tl American's/np$ office/nn on/in the/at left/nr as/cs you/ppss enter/vb the/at driveway/nn that/wps leads/vbz to/in the/at Hilton/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl ./.
From/in there/rb I/ppss turned/vbd left/nr along/in Cumhuriyet/np Cadesi/np past/in more/ap hotels/nns and/cc a/at park/nn on/in the/at left/nr ,/, Republic/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl ,/, and/cc came/vbd in/in a/at few/ap moments/nns to/in Taksim/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at hubs/nns of/in the/at city/nn ,/, with/in the/at Monument/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Republic/nn-tl ,/, erected/vbn in/in 1928/cd ,/, in/in its/pp$ center/nn ./.


	Directly/rb across/rp from/in the/at Gardens/nns-tl I/ppss found/vbd a/at bus/nn stop/nn sign/nn for/in T/nn 4/cd and/cc rode/vbd it/ppo down/rp to/in the/at Bosphorus/np ,/, with/in the/at sports/nns center/nn on/in my/pp$ left/nr just/rb before/cs I/ppss reached/vbd the/at water/nn and/cc the/at entrance/nn to/in Dolmabahce/np-tl Palace/nn-tl immediately/ql after/in that/dt ./.
There/rb the/at bus/nn turned/vbd right/nr along/in the/at Bosphorus/np ,/, past/in ocean/nn liners/nns at/in anchor/nn ,/, to/in Galata/np-tl Bridge/nn-tl over/in the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ,/, a/at brown/jj sweep/nn of/in water/nn that/wps empties/vbz into/in the/at Bosphorus/np ./.
Across/in the/at bridge/nn on/in the/at left/nr I/ppss saw/vbd St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl with/in its/pp$ sturdy/jj brown/jj minarets/nns and/cc to/in the/at right/nr of/in them/ppo the/at slenderer/jjr spires/nns of/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl I/ppss rode/vbd through/in Eminonu/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, with/in Yeni/np Cami/np ,/, or/cc the/at New/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt dates/vbz from/in the/at Seventeenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, just/rb across/rp from/in the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at bridge/nn ./.
Passing/vbg it/ppo ,/, the/at bus/nn climbed/vbd a/at hill/nn ,/, with/in the/at covered/vbn spice/nn bazaar/nn on/in the/at right/nr and/cc Pandelli's/np$ ,/, a/at famous/jj and/cc excellent/jj restaurant/nn ,/, above/in it/ppo ./.
At/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at hill/nn the/at buildings/nns on/in the/at left/nr gave/vbd way/nn to/in a/at park/nn ./.
I/ppss got/vbd off/rp there/rb ,/, crossed/vbd the/at street/nn ,/, walked/vbd ahead/rb with/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl on/in my/pp$ left/nr ,/, the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl on/in my/pp$ right/nr ,/, and/cc in/in a/at moment/nn came/vbd to/in the/at entrance/nn of/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl ./.


	Erected/vbn on/in the/at site/nn of/in pagan/nn temples/nns and/cc three/cd previous/jj St./nn-tl Sophias/nps-tl ,/, the/at first/od of/in which/wdt was/bedz begun/vbn by/in Constantine/np ,/, this/dt fourth/od church/nn was/bedz started/vbn by/in Justinian/np in/in 532/cd and/cc completed/vbn twenty/cd years/nns later/rbr ./.
On/in his/pp$ first/od trip/nn to/in the/at finished/vbn structure/nn he/pps boasted/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd built/vbn a/at temple/nn grander/jjr than/cs Solomon's/np$ in/in Jerusalem/np ./.
A/at few/ap years/nns later/rbr the/at dome/nn fell/vbd in/rp ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps remained/vbd one/cd of/in the/at most/ql splendid/jj churches/nns of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at Byzantine/jj Emperors/nns-tl were/bed crowned/vbn ./.
After/cs the/at Turks/nps conquered/vbd the/at city/nn in/in 1453/cd they/ppss converted/vbd it/ppo to/in a/at mosque/nn ,/, adding/vbg the/at stubby/jj minarets/nns ./.
In/in the/at second/od half/abn of/in the/at Sixteenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, Sinan/np ,/, the/at great/jj architect/nn who/wps is/bez the/at Michelangelo/np of/in the/at East/nr-tl ,/, designed/vbd the/at massive/jj buttresses/nns that/wps now/rb help/vb support/vb the/at dome/nn ./.
With/in the/at birth/nn of/in the/at Turkish/jj-tl Republic/nn-tl after/in the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ,/, St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl became/vbd a/at museum/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ancient/jj mosaics/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed plastered/vbn over/rp by/in the/at Moslems/nps ,/, whose/wp$ religion/nn forbids/vbz pictures/nns in/in holy/jj places/nns ,/, have/hv been/ben restored/vbn ./.


	Inside/rb over/in the/at first/od door/nn I/ppss saw/vbd one/cd of/in these/dts ,/, which/wdt shows/vbz Constantine/np offering/vbg the/at city/nn to/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np and/cc Justinian/np offering/vbg the/at temple/nn ./.
On/in the/at columns/nns around/in the/at immense/jj dome/nn are/ber round/jj plaques/nns with/in Arabic/jj writing/nn ./.
The/at eight/cd green/jj columns/nns ,/, I/ppss learned/vbd ,/, came/vbd from/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Artemis/np-tl at/in Ephesus/np ,/, the/at others/nns ,/, red/jj ,/, from/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Sun/nn-tl at/in Heliopolis/np ./.


	Beneath/in the/at dome/nn I/ppss saw/vbd the/at spot/nn where/wrb the/at Byzantine/jj Emperors/nns-tl were/bed crowned/vbn ,/, a/at bit/nn of/in floor/nn protected/vbn now/rb by/in a/at wooden/jj fence/nn ./.
Behind/in this/dt is/bez a/at minber/fw-nn or/cc Moslem/jj pulpit/nn and/cc near/in it/ppo a/at raised/vbn platform/nn with/in golden/jj grillwork/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at emperors/nns and/cc ,/, after/in them/ppo ,/, the/at sultans/nns ,/, sat/vbd ./.
Directly/ql opposite/in is/bez the/at emperor's/nn$ door/nn ,/, through/in which/wdt they/ppss entered/vbd the/at building/nn ./.


	Outside/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl I/ppss walked/vbd through/in the/at flower/nn garden/nn in/in front/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, with/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ahead/rb on/in my/pp$ left/nr ./.
Across/in the/at street/nn on/in my/pp$ right/nr I/ppss saw/vbd the/at Hippodrome/np ,/, now/rb a/at park/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz laid/vbn out/rp in/in 196/cd for/in chariot/nn races/nns and/cc other/ap public/jj games/nns ./.
Statues/nns and/cc other/ap monuments/nns that/wps stood/vbd there/rb were/bed stolen/vbn ,/, mostly/rb by/in the/at waves/nns of/in Crusaders/nns-tl ./.


	At/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at Hippodrome/np I/ppss saw/vbd the/at Kaiser's/np$-tl Fountain/nn-tl ,/, an/at ugly/jj octagonal/jj building/nn with/in a/at glass/nn dome/nn ,/, built/vbn in/in 1895/cd by/in the/at German/np-tl Emperor/nn-tl ,/, and/cc on/in my/pp$ left/nr ,/, directly/ql across/in from/in it/ppo ,/, the/at tomb/nn of/in Sultan/nn-tl Ahmet/np ,/, who/wps constructed/vbd the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ,/, more/ql properly/rb known/vbn by/in his/pp$ name/nn ./.


	Just/rb before/cs coming/vbg to/in the/at mosque/nn entrance/nn I/ppss crossed/vbd the/at street/nn ,/, entered/vbd the/at Hippodrome/np ,/, and/cc walked/vbd ahead/rb to/in the/at Obelisk/nn-tl of/in-tl Theodosius/np-tl ,/, originally/rb erected/vbn in/in Heliopolis/np in/in Egypt/np about/rb 1,600/cd B.C./np by/in Thutmose/np ,/, who/wps also/rb built/vbd those/dts now/rb in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, London/np and/cc Rome/np at/in the/at Lateran/np ./.
This/dt one/cd was/bedz set/vbn up/rp here/rb in/in 390/cd A.D./rb on/in a/at pedestal/nn ,/, the/at faces/nns of/in which/wdt are/ber carved/vbn with/in statues/nns of/in the/at emperor/nn and/cc his/pp$ family/nn watching/vbg games/nns in/in the/at Hippodrome/np ,/, done/vbn so/ql realistically/rb that/cs the/at obelisk/nn itself/ppl is/bez included/vbn in/in them/ppo ./.


	Beyond/in it/ppo I/ppss noted/vbd a/at small/jj green/jj column/nn ,/, about/rb twelve/cd feet/nns below/in the/at present/jj ground/nn level/nn --/-- the/at Serpentine/jj-tl Column/nn-tl ,/, three/cd entwined/vbn serpents/nns ,/, which/wdt once/rb stood/vbd at/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Apollo/np-tl at/in Delphi/np ,/, Greece/np ./.
Near/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at Hippodrome/np I/ppss came/vbd upon/in the/at Built/vbn-tl Column/nn-tl ,/, a/at truncated/vbn obelisk/nn of/in blocks/nns ,/, all/abn that/wps remains/vbz of/in a/at monument/nn that/wps once/rb rivalled/vbd the/at Colossus/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhodes/np-tl ./.



Magnificent/jj-hl Mosque/nn-tl-hl 
Retracing/vbg my/pp$ steps/nns to/in the/at Mosque/nn-tl of/in-tl Sultan/nn-tl Ahmet/np-tl ,/, only/rb one/cd with/in six/cd minarets/nns ,/, I/ppss entered/vbd the/at courtyard/nn ,/, with/in a/at gallery/nn supported/vbn by/in pointed/jj arches/nns running/vbg around/in it/ppo and/cc a/at fountain/nn in/in the/at middle/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at most/ql beautiful/jj buildings/nns in/in Istanbul/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz constructed/vbn in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at Seventeenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, with/in a/at huge/jj central/jj dome/nn ,/, two/cd half/abn domes/nns that/wps seem/vb to/to cascade/vb down/rp from/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc smaller/jjr full/jj domes/nns around/in the/at gallery/nn ./.
The/at round/jj minarets/nns ,/, tall/jj and/cc graceful/jj ,/, rise/vb from/in rectangular/jj bases/nns and/cc have/hv three/cd platforms/nns from/in which/wdt the/at muezzin/nn can/md chant/vb his/pp$ call/nn to/in prayer/nn ./.
Inside/rb ,/, the/at walls/nns are/ber covered/vbn with/in blue/jj and/cc white/jj tile/nn ,/, the/at floor/nn with/in red/jj and/cc cream/jj carpets/nns ./.


	Back/rb at/in the/at Kaiser's/np$-tl Fountain/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss walked/vbd left/nr to/in the/at streetcar/nn stop/nn and/cc rode/vbd up/in the/at hill/nn --/-- any/dti car/nn will/md do/do --/-- past/in the/at Column/nn-tl of/in-tl Constantine/np-tl ,/, also/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Burnt/vbn-tl Column/nn-tl ,/, at/in the/at top/nn on/in my/pp$ right/nr ./.
It/pps stands/vbz in/in the/at middle/nn of/in what/wdt was/bedz once/cs the/at Forum/nn-tl of/in-tl Constantine/np-tl ,/, who/wps brought/vbd it/ppo from/in Rome/np ./.


	I/ppss stayed/vbd on/in the/at car/nn for/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns until/cs ,/, turning/vbg right/nr ,/, it/pps entered/vbd a/at huge/jj square/nn ,/, Bayezit/np ,/, with/in the/at Bayezit/np-tl Mosque/nn-tl on/in the/at right/nr and/cc the/at gate/nn to/in the/at university/nn just/ql beyond/in it/ppo ./.
There/rb I/ppss got/vbd off/rp ,/, crossed/vbd the/at square/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at side/nn directly/ql opposite/in the/at gate/nn found/vbd a/at good/jj restaurant/nn ,/, hard/jj to/to come/vb by/rb in/in this/dt part/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./.
Called/vbn the/at Marmara/np-tl Gazinosu/np ,/, it/pps is/bez on/in the/at third/od floor/nn ,/, with/in signs/nns pointing/vbg the/at way/nn there/rb ,/, and/cc has/hvz a/at terrace/nn overlooking/vbg the/at Sea/nn-tl of/in-tl Marmara/np-tl ./.
After/in lunch/nn ,/, in/in the/at arcade/nn on/in my/pp$ left/nr just/rb before/cs reaching/vbg the/at street/nn I/ppss found/vbd a/at pastry/nn shop/nn that/wps sells/vbz some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt baklava/fw-nn --/-- a/at sweet/jj ,/, flaky/jj cake/nn --/-- in/in Istanbul/np ./.
It's/pps+bez a/at great/jj favorite/nn of/in the/at university/nn students/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss joined/vbd them/ppo there/rb for/in dessert/nn ./.


	Taking/vbg the/at streetcar/nn back/rb to/in Kaiser's/np$-tl Fountain/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss walked/vbd ahead/rb ,/, then/rb left/nr down/in the/at street/nn opposite/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl and/cc just/ql beyond/in the/at corner/nn came/vbd to/in a/at small/jj ,/, one-story/jj building/nn with/in a/at red-tile/nn roof/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at Sunken/jj-tl Palace/nn-tl ./.
Actually/rb an/at underground/jj cistern/nn ,/, its/pp$ roof/nn supported/vbn by/in rows/nns and/cc rows/nns of/in pillars/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz built/vbn by/in Justinian/np in/in the/at Sixth/od-tl Century/nn-tl to/to supply/vb the/at palace/nn with/in water/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez still/rb water/nn in/in it/ppo ./.
I/ppss found/vbd it/ppo fairly/ql depressing/jj and/cc emerged/vbd almost/ql immediately/rb ./.


	Outside/rb I/ppss walked/vbd past/in the/at entrance/nn to/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl ,/, turned/vbd left/nr at/in the/at end/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc continued/vbd toward/in a/at gate/nn in/in the/at wall/nn ahead/rb ./.
Just/rb before/cs reaching/vbg it/ppo I/ppss came/vbd to/in a/at grey/jj and/cc brown/jj stone/nn building/nn that/wps looks/vbz somewhat/rb like/cs an/at Oriental/jj-tl pagoda/nn ,/, with/in Arabic/jj lettering/nn in/in gold/nn and/cc colored/vbn tile/nn decorations/nns --/-- the/at Fountain/nn-tl of/in-tl Sultan/nn-tl Ahmet/np-tl ./.


	Going/vbg through/in the/at Imperial/jj-tl Gate/nn-tl in/in the/at wall/nn ,/, I/ppss entered/vbd the/at grounds/nns of/in Topkapi/np-tl Palace/nn-tl ,/, home/nn of/in the/at Sultans/nns-tl and/cc nerve/nn center/nn of/in the/at vast/jj Ottoman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl ,/, and/cc walked/vbd along/in a/at road/nn toward/in another/dt gate/nn in/in the/at distance/nn ,/, past/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Irene/np-tl ,/, completed/vbn by/in Constantine/np in/in 330/cd A.D./rb on/in my/pp$ left/nr ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, just/ql outside/in the/at second/od gate/nn ,/, I/ppss saw/vbd a/at spring/nn with/in a/at tap/nn in/in the/at wall/nn on/in my/pp$ right/nr --/-- the/at Executioner's/nn$-tl Spring/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps washed/vbd his/pp$ hands/nns and/cc his/pp$ sword/nn after/cs beheading/vbg his/pp$ victims/nns ./.


	Passing/vbg through/in the/at gate/nn ,/, with/in towers/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn once/rb used/vbn as/cs prisons/nns ,/, I/ppss entered/vbd a/at huge/jj square/nn surrounded/vbn by/in buildings/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at wall/nn to/in my/pp$ right/nr found/vbd a/at general/jj plan/nn of/in the/at grounds/nns ,/, with/in explanations/nns in/in English/np for/in each/dt building/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber a/at good/jj many/ap of/in them/ppo ./.
At/in one/cd time/nn about/rb 10,000/cd people/nns lived/vbd there/rb ./.


	Following/vbg arrowed/jj signs/nns ,/, I/ppss veered/vbd right/ql toward/in the/at former/ap kitchens/nns ,/, complete/jj with/in chimneys/nns ,/, which/wdt now/rb house/vb one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ greatest/jjt collections/nns of/in Chinese/jj porcelain/nn and/cc a/at fabulous/jj array/nn of/in silver/nn dinner/nn services/nns ./.
Next/in to/in it/ppo is/bez a/at copper/nn section/nn ,/, with/in cooking/vbg utensils/nns and/cc a/at figure/nn of/in the/at chief/jjs cook/nn in/in an/at elaborate/jj ,/, floor-length/nn robe/nn ./.


	In/in the/at court/nn once/rb more/rbr ,/, I/ppss went/vbd right/ql toward/in the/at Reception/nn-tl House/nn-tl ,/, a/at long/jj one-story/jj building/nn with/in a/at deep/jj portico/nn ./.
Going/vbg through/in a/at door/nn into/in another/dt small/jj court/nn ,/, I/ppss had/hvd the/at Throne/nn-tl Room/nn-tl directly/ql in/in front/nn ./.
I/ppss walked/vbd to/in the/at right/nr around/in it/ppo to/in buildings/nns containing/vbg illuminated/vbn manuscripts/nns and/cc came/vbd to/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt houses/vbz such/jj things/nns as/cs coffee/nn cups/nns covered/vbn with/in diamonds/nns ,/, jewelled/jj swords/nns ,/, rifles/nns glittering/vbg with/in diamonds/nns and/cc huge/jj divan-like/jj thrones/nns as/ql large/jj as/cs small/jj beds/nns ,/, on/in which/wdt the/at sultans/nns sat/vbd cross-legged/jj ./.
They/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in gold/nn and/cc covered/vbn with/in emeralds/nns ,/, pearls/nns and/cc other/ap jewels/nns ./.


	Taking/vbg the/at path/nn behind/in the/at Throne/nn-tl Room/nn-tl to/in the/at building/nn directly/ql beyond/in it/ppo ,/, the/at Portrait/nn-tl Gallery/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss went/vbd right/ql at/in the/at end/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, through/in a/at garden/nn to/in a/at small/jj building/nn at/in the/at back/nn --/-- a/at sitting/vbg room/nn furnished/vbn with/in low/jj blue/jj divans/nns ,/, its/pp$ floor/nn covered/vbn with/in carpets/nns ,/, its/pp$ ceiling/nn painted/vbn with/in gold/jj squares/nns and/cc floral/jj designs/nns ./.



	(/( Do/do start/vb fires/nns one/cd or/cc two/cd hours/nns ahead/rb of/in time/nn to/to obtain/vb a/at lasting/vbg bed/nn of/in glowing/vbg coals/nns ./.
Keep/vb ashes/nns from/in one/cd barbecue/nn to/in the/at next/ap to/to sprinkle/vb over/in coals/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber too/ql hot/jj ,/, and/cc to/to stop/vb flames/nns that/wps arise/vb from/in melting/vbg grease/nn ./.


	Do/do line/vb barbecue/nn fire/nn bowl/nn with/in heavy/jj foil/nn to/to reflect/vb heat/nn ./.


	Don't/do* forget/vb to/to buy/vb a/at plastic/nn pastry/nn brush/nn for/in basting/vbg with/in sauces/nns ./.
Clean/vb it/ppo meticulously/rb in/in boiling/vbg water/nn and/cc detergent/nn ,/, rinse/vb thoroughly/rb ./.


	Do/do build/vb a/at wall/nn of/in glowing/vbg coals/nns six/cd to/in eight/cd inches/nns in/in front/nn of/in meat/nn that/wps is/bez barbecued/vbn on/in an/at electric/jj spit/nn ./.
Make/vb use/nn of/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at barbecue/nn or/cc of/in the/at hood/nn for/in heating/vbg vegetables/nns ,/, sauces/nns and/cc such/jj ./.


	Don't/do* fail/vb to/to shorten/vb cooking/vbg time/nn by/in the/at use/nn of/in aluminum/nn foil/nn cut/vbn slightly/ql larger/jjr than/cs the/at surface/nn of/in steaks/nns and/cc chops/nns ./.
Sear/vb on/in both/abx sides/nns then/rb cover/vb meat/nn loosely/rb with/in heat/nn reflecting/vbg foil/nn for/in juiciest/jjt results/nns ./.


	Do/do avoid/vb puncturing/vbg or/cc cutting/vbg into/in meats/nns to/to test/vb them/ppo ./.
If/cs doubtful/jj about/in a/at steak/nn ,/, boldly/rb cut/vb it/ppo in/in half/abn ./.
If/cs necessary/jj to/to replace/vb both/abx halves/nns on/in grill/nn ,/, sear/vb cuts/nns and/cc allot/vb extra/jj time/nn ./.
For/in roasts/nns ,/, insert/vb meat/nn thermometer/nn diagonally/rb so/cs it/pps does/doz not/* rest/vb on/in bone/nn ./.
Also/rb make/vb sure/jj thermometer/nn does/doz not/* touch/vb the/at revolving/vbg spit/nn or/cc hit/vb the/at coals/nns ./.


	Don't/do* practice/vb a/at new/jj recipe/nn on/in guests/nns ./.
Have/hv a/at test-run/nn on/in the/at family/nn first/rb ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj timing/vbg and/cc seasoning/nn are/ber right/jj ./.


	Do/do buy/vb meat/nn the/at day/nn or/cc the/at day/nn before/cs you/ppss intend/vb to/to cook/vb it/ppo ./.
Keep/vb it/ppo no/at longer/jjr than/in 36/cd hours/nns before/cs cooking/vbg ,/, and/cc keep/vb it/ppo in/in the/at coldest/jjt (/( but/cc non-freezing/jj )/) compartment/nn of/in the/at refrigerator/nn ./.


	Don't/do* plan/vb meals/nns that/wps are/ber too/ql complicated/vbn ./.
Limit/vb yourself/ppl to/in good/jj meat/nn and/cc drink/nn ,/, with/in bread/nn ,/, salad/nn ,/, corn/nn or/cc potatoes/nns as/cs accessories/nns ./.
Keep/vb the/at desserts/nns simple/jj ;/. ;/.
fruit/nn does/doz nicely/rb ./.


	Do/do whatever/wdt kitchen/nn work/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs fixing/vbg a/at salad/nn ,/, preparing/vbg garlic/nn bread/nn ,/, or/cc making/vbg a/at marinade/nn sauce/nn ,/, ahead/rb of/in time/nn ./.
When/wrb you/ppss start/vb the/at outdoor/jj performance/nn ,/, you/ppss can/md stay/vb outdoors/rb without/in a/at dozen/nn running/vbg trips/nns into/in the/at kitchen/nn ./.
(/( This/dt goes/vbz for/in getting/vbg a/at drink/nn tray/nn ready/jj ,/, and/cc for/in having/hvg a/at big/jj cooler/nn full/jj of/in ice/nn on/in hand/nn long/rb before/cs the/at party/nn begins/vbz ./.
)/) 

	Don't/do* think/vb you/ppss have/hv to/to start/vb with/in the/at most/ql expensive/jj equipment/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.
The/at simplest/jjt grill/nn (/( pan/nn type/nn )/) or/cc inexpensive/jj hibachi/nn can/md make/vb you/ppo a/at chef/nn ./.
You/ppss need/vb tongs/nns to/to handle/vb meat/nn ;/. ;/.
long/jj forks/nns for/in turning/vbg potatoes/nns and/cc corn/nn ;/. ;/.
heavy/jj foil/nn on/in hand/nn at/in all/abn times/nns ./.
And/cc lots/nns of/in hot/jj pads/nns !/. !/.


	Do/do keep/vb the/at grill/nn high/jj enough/qlp above/in the/at fire/nn so/cs that/cs when/wrb fat/nn from/in meat/nn drips/vbz down/rp and/cc flares/vbz up/rp ,/, flames/nns cannot/md* reach/vb the/at meat/nn ./.


	Don't/do* forget/vb to/to have/hv a/at supply/nn of/in Melamine/np plates/nns ,/, bowls/nns ,/, cups/nns ,/, saucers/nns ,/, and/cc platters/nns for/in outdoor/jj use/nn ./.
Made/vbn of/in the/at world's/nn$ toughest/jjt unbreakable/jj plastic/nn ,/, Melamine/np dinnerware/nn comes/vbz in/in almost/rb 400/cd different/jj patterns/nns and/cc dozens/nns of/in colors/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez even/rb one/cd set/nn that/wps has/hvz ``/`` barbecue/nn ''/'' written/vbn on/in it/ppo ./.


	Do/do without/in fancy/jj tablecloths/nns ./.
It's/pps+bez cheaper/jjr to/to buy/vb Wall-Tex/np and/cc cover/vb your/pp$ outdoor/jj table/nn ./.
Or/cc buy/vb half/abn a/at dozen/nn lengths/nns of/in oilcloth/nn and/cc change/vb patterns/nns for/in different/jj kinds/nns of/in barbecues/nns ./.
Oilcloth/nn only/rb costs/vbz about/rb 79-cents/nns a/at yard/nn for/in the/at very/ql best/jjt ./.
Tougher/jjr than/cs plastic/nn ,/, it/pps wears/vbz well/rb ./.


	Don't/do* forget/vb --/-- when/wrb you/ppss take/vb to/in the/at hills/nns or/cc the/at beach/nn --/-- that/cs your/pp$ cooler/nn ,/, which/wdt you/ppss might/md have/hv used/vbn for/in wine-/nn or/cc beer-cooling/nn on/in your/pp$ terrace/nn or/cc back/jj yard/nn ,/, is/bez indispensable/jj for/in carrying/vbg liquid/nn refreshments/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber many/ap varieties/nns of/in coolers/nns and/cc they/ppss serve/vb many/ap purposes/nns ./.
With/in them/ppo ,/, you/ppss can/md carry/vb steaks/nns and/cc hamburgers/nns at/in refrigerator/nn temperatures/nns ,/, and/cc also/rb get/vb your/pp$ frozen/vbn food/nn for/in stews/nns and/cc chowders/nns ,/, to/in the/at marina/nn or/cc picnic/nn ,/, in/in A-1/jj-tl condition/nn ./.


	Do/do use/vb paper/nn napkins/nns ;/. ;/.
lots/nns of/in them/ppo ./.
Except/in when/wrb you/ppss prepare/vb ``/`` do/do it/ppo yourself/ppl ''/'' shish/nn kebob/nn or/cc a/at lobster/nn roast/nn ./.
Then/rb you'll/ppss+md want/vb terry/nn cloth/nn towels/nns for/in mopping/vbg up/rp ./.


	Don't/do* think/vb barbecue/nn cooking/nn is/bez just/rb sometimes/rb ,/, or/cc seasonal/jj ./.
It's/pps+bez year-round/jj ,/, and/cc everywhere/rb ./.
In/in the/at winter/nn ,/, hibachi/vb in/in the/at kitchen/nn or/cc grill/vb over/in the/at logs/nns of/in the/at fireplace/nn ./.
Even/rb use/vb your/pp$ portable/jj electric/jj or/cc gas/nn grill/nn in/in the/at winter/nn ,/, inside/rb ./.
Summertime/nn supper/nn ,/, outside/rb ,/, is/bez a/at natural/jj ./.
You'll/ppss+md find/vb ,/, once/cs your/pp$ technique/nn is/bez perfected/vbn ,/, that/cs you/ppss can/md cook/vb on/in a/at boat/nn with/in a/at simple/jj Bernz-O-Matic/np ./.


	Do/do buy/vb all-purpose/jj mugs/nns or/cc cups/nns ./.
Get/vb copper/nn or/cc earthenware/nn mugs/nns that/wps keep/vb beer/nn chilled/vbn or/cc soup/nn hot/jj ./.
Be/be sure/jj to/to get/vb a/at few/ap more/ap than/cs you/ppss need/vb ./.
You/ppss will/md discover/vb you/ppss keep/vb the/at sauce/nn for/in basting/vbg meat/nn in/in one/cd ,/, use/vb six/cd for/in drinks/nns ,/, serve/vb soup/nn or/cc coffee/nn in/in another/dt half-dozen/nn --/-- and/cc need/vb one/cd more/ap to/to mix/vb the/at salad/nn dressing/nn ./.


	Don't/do* forget/vb the/at joys/nns of/in a/at meal/nn on/in the/at road/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss travel/vb over/in the/at vast/jj U.S.A./np you/ppss will/md ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, discover/vb that/cs feeding/vbg is/bez an/at expensive/jj business/nn ./.
Decide/vb in/in the/at beginning/nn to/to put/vb your/pp$ barbecue/nn equipment/nn to/in work/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md take/vb it/ppo with/in you/ppo ./.
A/at picnic/nn bag/nn ,/, a/at grill/nn ,/, a/at cooler/nn for/in soft/jj drinks/nns and/cc beer/nn ,/, and/cc for/in frozen/vbn convenience/nn foods/nns ./.
Eat/vb in/in a/at restaurant/nn or/cc motel/nn mornings/nns and/cc evenings/nns ;/. ;/.
or/cc just/rb evenings/nns ./.
Turn/vb off/rp at/in any/dti one/cd of/in the/at marked/vbn picnic/nn areas/nns (/( gasoline/nn companies/nns have/hv touring/vbg service/nn bureaus/nns that/wps issue/vb booklets/nns on/in national/jj parks/nns to/to tell/vb you/ppo where/wrb you/ppss have/hv barbecue/nn facilities/nns )/) and/cc --/-- with/in soft/jj drinks/nns cooled/vbn from/in morning/nn loading/nn up/rp ,/, hamburger/nn ,/, buns/nns ,/, an/at array/nn of/in relishes/nns ,/, and/cc fresh/jj fruit/nn --/-- your/pp$ lunch/nn is/bez 75%/nn cheaper/jjr than/cs at/in a/at restaurant/nn ,/, and/cc 100%/nn more/ap fun/nn ./.
You/ppss need/vb a/at little/jj stove/nn ,/, a/at coffee/nn pot/nn and/cc a/at stew/nn pot/nn ;/. ;/.
maybe/rb a/at skillet/nn ,/, a/at basket/nn of/in essentials/nns like/cs salt/nn ,/, pepper/nn ,/, plates/nns ,/, forks/nns ,/, knives/nns and/cc a/at can/nn opener/nn ./.
As/cs you/ppss pull/vb out/rp of/in your/pp$ motel/nn or/cc national/jj park/nn home-for-the-night/nn ,/, visit/vb a/at market/nn and/cc buy/vb just/rb what/wdt you/ppss need/vb for/in the/at next/ap meal/nn ./.
For/in 25-cents/nns load/vb up/rp the/at cooler/nn with/in ice/nn and/cc keep/vb cool/jj pop/nn in/in the/at car/nn ./.



Simple/jj-hl meat/nn-hl dishes/nns-hl 
spice/nn is/bez a/at fact/nn of/in life/nn in/in the/at U.S.A./np ./.
You/ppss only/rb have/hv to/to think/vb of/in franks/nns and/cc sausages/nns to/to know/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ./.
Go/vb a/at step/nn further/rbr and/cc list/vb all/abn the/at wonderful/jj barbecue/nn basics/nns --/-- cervelat/nn ,/, salami/nn ,/, Vienna/np sausages/nns ,/, mettwurst/fw-nn ,/, bratwurst/fw-nn ,/, bockwurst/fw-nn ,/, knackwurst/nn ,/, Bologna/nn ,/, pepperoni/nn ,/, blutwurst/fw-nn --/-- and/cc you/ppss have/hv a/at long/jj list/nn of/in easy/jj specialties/nns ./.
Threaded/vbn on/in a/at skewer/nn with/in new/jj boiled/vbn potatoes/nns ,/, a/at bit/nn of/in green/jj pepper/nn ,/, a/at fresh/jj white/jj mushroom/nn --/-- any/dti one/cd of/in these/dts spiced/vbn meats/nns makes/vbz a/at man/nn a/at cook/nn ,/, and/cc a/at meal/nn a/at feast/nn ./.


	Sure/rb ,/, for/in the/at most/ap of/in us/ppo ,/, a/at frankfurter/nn is/bez the/at favorite/jj ./.
A/at story/nn goes/vbz that/cs a/at certain/jj Herr/np Feuchtwanger/np of/in St./np Louis/np ,/, around/rb 1883/cd served/vbd his/pp$ sausages/nns (/( grilled/vbn )/) and/cc mustard/nn to/in his/pp$ fancy/jj customers/nns ./.
So/cs that/cs his/pp$ customers/nns should/md not/* soil/vb their/pp$ hands/nns ,/, Feuchtwanger/np issued/vbd white/jj gloves/nns ./.
Discovery/nn that/cs the/at gloves/nns frequently/rb left/vbd with/in the/at customers/nns made/vbd the/at wise/jj peddler/nn of/in spiced/vbn sausage-meat/nn come/vb upon/in a/at compromise/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd a/at bakery/nn make/vb buns/nns sized/vbn to/to fit/vb his/pp$ franks/nns ./.
Years/nns later/rbr ,/, franks-in-buns/nns were/bed accepted/vbn as/cs the/at ``/`` first/od to/to go/vb ''/'' at/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Polo/nn-tl Grounds/nns-tl ./.


	The/at nation's/nn$ number/nn one/cd picnic/nn treat/nn is/bez the/at skinless/jj frankfurter/nn --/-- toasted/vbn over/in a/at bonfire/nn on/in the/at beach/nn or/cc ,/, more/ql sedately/rb ,/, charcoal/nn broiled/vbn on/in a/at portable/jj grill/nn ./.
Either/dtx way/nn it's/pps+bez hard/jj to/to beat/vb in/in flavor/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs ease/nn of/in preparation/nn ./.
To/to make/vb the/at picnic/nn frank/nn come/vb close/rb to/in perfection/nn ,/, remember/vb these/dts tips/nns :/: 

	--/-- Score/vb each/dt frankfurter/nn in/in four/cd or/cc five/cd places/nns about/rb a/at third/od of/in the/at way/nn through/rp ./.
This/dt permits/vbz the/at juices/nns to/to permeate/vb the/at meat/nn during/in cooking/vbg ./.


	--/-- Relishes/nns are/ber as/ql vital/jj to/in the/at success/nn of/in the/at frank/nn as/cs are/ber buns/nns ./.
Bring/vb along/rb the/at conventional/jj ones/nns --/-- catsup/nn ,/, pickle/nn relish/nn ,/, mustard/nn ,/, mayonnaise/nn --/-- plus/cc a/at few/ap extras/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs tangy/jj barbecue/nn sauce/nn ,/, chive/nn cream/nn cheese/nn ,/, or/cc horse-radish/nn for/in the/at brave/jj ones/nns in/in the/at crowd/nn ./.


	--/-- Using/vbg a/at portable/jj grill/nn permits/vbz you/ppo to/to toast/vb the/at buns/nns ,/, too/rb ./.
Watch/vb closely/rb while/cs browning/vbg them/ppo ,/, as/cs it/pps doesn't/doz* take/vb long/rb ./.


	--/-- An/at unusual/jj flavor/nn can/md be/be achieved/vbn by/in marinating/vbg the/at franks/nns in/in French/jj dressing/nn or/cc a/at mixture/nn of/in honey/nn ,/, lemon/nn juice/nn and/cc brown/jj sugar/nn prior/rb to/in the/at picnic/nn ./.
Broil/vb or/cc toast/vb as/cs usual/rb ./.


	Contrary/jj to/in popular/jj opinion/nn ,/, ``/`` a/fw-in la/fw-at mode/fw-nn ''/'' doesn't/doz* mean/vb ``/`` with/in ice/nn cream/nn ''/'' --/-- it/pps just/rb means/vbz ,/, in/in the/at latest/jjt style/nn ./.
Here/rb are/ber a/at couple/nn of/in the/at latest/jjt ,/, highly/ql styled/vbn ways/nns to/to fix/vb skinless/jj franks/nns in/in your/pp$ own/jj back/jj yard/nn !/. !/.
You'll/ppss+md have/hv the/at neighbor's/nn$ eyes/nns popping/vbg as/ql well/rb as/cs their/pp$ mouths/nns watering/vbg !/. !/.
Jiffy/jj-hl barbecues/nns-hl 
1/cd cup/nn chili/nn sauce/vb 1/3/cd cup/nn water/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn barbecue/nn sauce/nn 2/cd teaspoons/nns prepared/vbn mustard/nn 1/2/cd pound/nn chipped/vbn ,/, spiced/vbn ham/nn 6/cd sandwich/nn buns/nns ,/, heated/vbn 

	./.
Combine/vb first/od 4/cd ingredients/nns in/in saucepan/nn ;/. ;/.
heat/vb thoroughly/rb ./.
Add/vb ham/nn ;/. ;/.
heat/vb ./.
Serve/vb on/in buns/nns ./.
Makes/vbz 6/cd barbecues/nns ./.
Hot/jj-hl hibachi/nn-hl franks/nns-hl 
You'll/ppss+md never/rb hear/vb ``/`` sayonara/fw-uh-nc ''/'' ,/, the/at Japanese/jj word/nn for/in goodbye/nn ,/, from/in your/pp$ guests/nns when/wrb you/ppss give/vb a/at hibachi/nn party/nn ./.
The/at fun/nn of/in toasting/vbg their/pp$ own/jj sausages/nns over/in the/at small/jj Oriental/jj-tl charcoal/nn burners/nns and/cc dipping/vbg them/ppo in/in tasty/jj sauces/nns will/md keep/vb your/pp$ group/nn busy/jj --/-- try/vb it/ppo and/cc see/vb !/. !/.
Canned/vbn-hl cocktail/nn-hl frankfurters/nns-hl 
sweet-sour/jj-hl sauce/nn-hl 
1/cd large/jj onion/nn ,/, chopped/vbn fine/jj 2/cd tablespoons/nns salad/nn oil/nn 1/cd 8-oz./nn can/nn crushed/vbn pineapple/nn and/cc 1/2/cd cup/nn of/in the/at juice/nn 1/4/cd cup/nn brown/jj sugar/nn 2/cd tablespoons/nns vinegar/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn prepared/vbn mustard/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn Worcestershire/np sauce/nn pineapple/nn-hl chunks/nns-hl 
./.-hl
Mustard/nn-hl cream/nn-hl 
2/cd tablespoons/nns dry/jj mustard/nn Water/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn heavy/jj cream/nn ,/, whipped/vbn Salt/nn Paprika/nn 

	./.
Spear/vb canned/vbn cocktail/nn franks/nns with/in picks/nns ./.
Also/rb spear/vb pineapple/nn chunks/nns and/cc place/vb in/in separate/jj bowl/nn ./.


	Make/vb sauces/nns ahead/rb ./.
Sweet-sour/jj sauce/nn can/md be/be kept/vbn warm/jj over/in a/at second/od hibachi/nn or/cc chafing/vbg dish/nn while/cs charcoal/nn in/in broiler/nn is/bez reaching/vbg glowing/vbg coal/nn stage/nn ./.
Mustard/nn cream/nn ,/, used/vbn as/cs alternate/jj dip/nn for/in franks/nns and/cc pineapple/nn tidbits/nns ,/, tastes/vbz best/jjt when/wrb served/vbn at/in room/nn temperature/nn ./.


	For/in sweet-sour/jj sauce/nn ,/, cook/vb onion/nn in/in oil/nn until/cs soft/jj ./.
Add/vb remaining/vbg ingredients/nns and/cc bring/vb to/in a/at boil/nn ./.
Simmer/vb about/rb 10/cd minutes/nns ,/, and/cc keep/vb warm/jj for/in serving/vbg ./.


	To/to prepare/vb mustard/nn cream/nn ,/, blend/vb mustard/nn with/in enough/ap water/nn to/to make/vb a/at thin/jj paste/nn ./.
Fold/vb into/in whipped/vbn cream/nn and/cc add/vb a/at dash/nn of/in salt/nn and/cc sprinkling/nn of/in paprika/nn ./.
Trim-your-own-franks/nns-hl 
A/at back-yard/nn picnic/nn with/in grilled/vbn frankfurters/nns and/cc a/at selection/nn of/in frankfurter/nn trimmings/nns is/bez a/at fine/jj way/nn to/to entertain/vb guests/nns this/dt summer/nn ./.
Be/be sure/jj to/to have/hv plenty/nn of/in frankfurters/nns and/cc buns/nns on/in hand/nn ./.
Some/dti tasty/jj frank/nn toppings/nns are/ber chili/fw-nn con/fw-in carne/fw-nn ,/, Coney/np-tl Island/nn-tl sauce/nn and/cc savory/jj sauerkraut/nn ./.
Serve/vb the/at chili/nn and/cc kraut/nn hot/jj with/in the/at franks/nns ./.


	Here/rb are/ber suggestions/nns for/in the/at frankfurter/nn trimmings/nns :/: 1/cd ./.

Chili/fw-nn con/fw-in carne/fw-nn :/: use/vb canned/vbn chili/fw-nn con/fw-in carne/fw-nn ./.
2/cd ./.

Coney/np-tl Island/nn-tl sauce/nn :/: finely/rb chop/vb several/ap onions/nns and/cc add/vb enough/ap catsup/nn to/to moisten/vb well/rb ;/. ;/.
add/vb prepared/vbn mustard/nn to/to suit/vb taste/nn ./.
3/cd ./.

Savory/jj sauerkraut/nn :/: add/vb several/ap tablespoons/nns of/in brown/jj sugar/nn to/in a/at can/nn of/in sauerkraut/nn ./.
Add/vb a/at few/ap caraway/nn seeds/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, if/cs you'd/ppss+md like/vb ./.
Barbecued/vbn-hl frankfurters/nns-hl 
1/2/cd cup/nn minced/vbn celery/nn 1/4/cd cup/nn minced/vbn onion/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn tomato/nn ketchup/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn water/nn 1/4/cd cup/nn vinegar/nn 2/cd tablespoons/nns brown/jj sugar/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn Worcestershire/np sauce/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn prepared/vbn mustard/nn 1/2/cd teaspoon/nn salt/nn 8/cd frankfurters/nns 

	./.
Combine/vb first/od 9/cd ingredients/nns in/in skillet/nn ./.
Simmer/vb 15/cd minutes/nns ./.
Prick/vb frankfurters/nns with/in fork/nn ;/. ;/.
place/vb in/in sauce/nn ./.
Cover/vb ;/. ;/.
simmer/vb 15/cd minutes/nns ,/, stirring/vbg occasionally/rb ,/, until/cs sauce/nn is/bez of/in desired/vbn consistency/nn ./.
Serve/vb in/in frankfurter/nn buns/nns or/cc as/cs a/at meat/nn dish/nn ./.
Makes/vbz 8/cd sandwiches/nns or/cc 4/cd servings/nns ./.
Pretend/jj-hl ham/nn-hl 
Make/vb criss-cross/jj gashes/nns on/in one/cd side/nn of/in skinless/jj frankfurters/nns ./.
Stick/vb 4/cd or/cc 5/cd cloves/nns in/in each/dt frank/nn ,/, ham/nn fashion/nn ./.
Make/vb a/at paste/nn of/in brown/jj sugar/nn and/cc mustard/nn and/cc spread/vb lightly/rb over/in scored/vbn surface/nn ./.
If/cs desired/vbn ,/, sprinkle/vb with/in 1/cd teaspoon/nn drained/vbn crushed/vbn pineapple/nn ./.
Place/vb on/in rectangle/nn of/in foil/nn and/cc pinch/vb edges/nns together/rb tightly/rb ./.
Roast/vb on/in grill/nn over/in coals/nns 15-20/cd minutes/nns ./.
Frankfurter/nn-hl twists/nns-hl 
Blend/vb 2/cd cups/nns biscuit/nn mix/nn with/in 2/3/cd cup/nn milk/nn to/to make/vb a/at soft/jj dough/nn ./.
Knead/vb on/in lightly/rb floured/vbn board/nn and/cc roll/vb out/rp to/to form/vb a/at Af-inch/nn rectangle/nn ./.
Spread/vb dough/nn with/in a/at mixture/nn of/in 3/cd tablespoons/nns chili/nn sauce/nn ,/, 1/cd teaspoon/nn horse-radish/nn and/cc 2/cd teaspoons/nns mustard/nn ./.
Cut/vb dough/nn carefully/rb into/in 12/cd strips/nns ,/, about/rb 3/4/cd inch/nn by/in a/at foot/nn long/jj ./.
Twist/vb one/cd strip/nn diagonally/rb around/in each/dt skinless/jj frankfurter/nn ,/, pinching/vbg dough/nn at/in ends/nns to/to seal/vb it/ppo ./.
Brush/vb frankfurter/nn twists/nns with/in about/rb 1/2/cd cup/nn melted/vbn butter/nn and/cc toast/vb slowly/rb over/in glowing/vbg coals/nns until/cs dough/nn is/bez golden/jj brown/nn ./.
Serves/vbz 12/cd ./.
Hamburger/nn-hl patties/nns-hl with/in-hl nuts/nns-hl 
1/cd pound/nn ground/vbn beef/nn 2/cd teaspoons/nns grated/vbn onion/nn Dash/nn of/in pepper/nn 1/2/cd teaspoon/nn salt/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn chopped/vbn walnuts/nns 1/4/cd cup/nn ice/nn cold/jj bourbon/nn 

	./.
Combine/vb ingredients/nns ;/. ;/.
form/vb into/in patties/nns and/cc barbecue/vb 5/cd minutes/nns on/in each/dt side/nn ./.

Note/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Directions/nns are/ber written/vbn for/in those/dts who/wps have/hv had/hvn previous/jj experience/nn in/in making/vbg pottery/nn ./.
Instructions/nns for/in preparing/vbg clay/nn ,/, drying/vbg ,/, glazing/vbg and/cc firing/vbg are/ber not/* given/vbn ./.



Equipment/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Basic/jj pottery/nn studio/nn equipment/nn ./.
Wooden/jj butter/nn molds/nns and/cc cookie/nn presses/nns ./.



Materials/nns-hl :/:-hl 
Ceramic/jj modeling/vbg clay/nn :/: red/jj ,/, white/jj or/cc buff/jj ./.
Stoneware/nn clay/nn for/in tiles/nns ./.
Glazes/nns ,/, one-stroke/nn ceramic/jj colors/nns ,/, stains/nns ,/, cones/nns as/cs indicated/vbn in/in the/at individual/jj instructions/nns ./.



General/jj-hl directions/nns-hl :/:-hl 
Use/vb well-wedged/jj clay/nn ,/, free/jj of/in air/nn bubbles/nns and/cc pliable/jj enough/qlp to/to bend/vb without/in cracking/vbg ./.
Clean/jj wooden/jj molds/nns and/cc presses/vbz thoroughly/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss must/md be/be free/jj of/in oil/nn ,/, wax/nn and/cc dust/nn ./.
Pressing/vbg-hl designs/nns-hl :/:-hl 
The/at size/nn of/in wooden/jj mold/nn will/md determine/vb the/at amount/nn of/in clay/nn needed/vbn ./.
Roll/vb clay/nn to/in thickness/nn indicated/vbn in/in individual/jj instructions/nns ./.
Whenever/wrb possible/jj ,/, use/vb the/at wooden/jj mold/nn as/cs a/at pattern/nn for/in cutting/vbg clay/nn ./.
When/wrb mold/nn has/hvz more/ap than/in one/cd design/nn cavity/nn ,/, make/vb individual/jj paper/nn patterns/nns ./.
Place/vb mold/nn or/cc paper/nn pattern/nn on/in rolled/vbn clay/nn and/cc cut/vb clay/nn by/in holding/vbg knife/nn in/in vertical/jj position/nn (/( cut/vb more/ap pieces/nns than/cs required/vbn for/in project/nn to/to make/vb allowance/nn for/in defects/nns ;/. ;/.
experiment/vb with/in defects/nns for/in decoration/nn techniques/nns of/in glazes/nns and/cc colors/nns )/) ./.
Place/vb the/at cut/vbn clay/nn piece/nn loosely/rb over/in the/at carved/vbn cavity/nn design/nn side/nn of/in wooden/jj mold/nn ./.
To/to obtain/vb clear/jj impression/nn of/in mold/nn ,/, press/vb clay/nn gently/rb but/cc firmly/rb into/in mold/nn cavity/nn ,/, starting/vbg at/in center/nn and/cc working/vbg to/in outer/jj edges/nns ./.
Trim/vb excess/jj clay/nn away/rb from/in outer/jj edges/nns ./.
Check/vb thickness/nn of/in clay/nn and/cc build/vb up/rp thin/jj areas/nns by/in moistening/vbg surface/nn with/in a/at little/ap water/nn and/cc adding/vbg small/jj pieces/nns of/in clay/nn ./.
Be/be sure/jj to/to press/vb the/at additional/jj clay/nn firmly/rb into/in place/nn without/in locking/vbg in/rp air/nn bubbles/nns ./.
Allow/vb project/nn to/to stand/vb for/in about/rb five/cd minutes/nns (/( if/cs wooden/jj press/nn mold/nn is/bez a/at good/jj antique/nn ,/, do/do not/* leave/vb clay/nn in/in too/ql long/rb as/cs the/at dampness/nn may/md cause/vb mold/nn to/to crack/vb )/) ./.


	To/to release/vb clay/nn from/in mold/nn ,/, place/vb hands/nns in/in a/at cupped/vbn position/nn around/in project/nn ;/. ;/.
gently/rb lift/vb the/at edge/nn on/in far/jj side/nn ,/, then/rb continue/vb to/to release/vb edge/nn completely/rb around/in mold/nn ./.
Slight/jj tapping/nn on/in the/at underside/nn of/in mold/nn will/md help/vb release/vb the/at clay/nn ,/, but/cc too/ql much/ap agitation/nn will/md cause/vb the/at clay/nn to/to become/vb soft/jj and/cc will/md interfere/vb with/in removal/nn of/in clay/nn from/in mold/nn ./.
Place/vb a/at piece/nn of/in plaster/nn wall/nn board/nn or/cc plaster/nn bat/nn on/in clay/nn and/cc reverse/vb bat/nn ,/, clay/nn and/cc mold/nn in/in one/cd action/nn ./.
This/dt will/md prevent/vb the/at clay/nn from/in twisting/vbg or/cc bending/vbg ,/, causing/vbg warping/vbg when/wrb fired/vbn ./.
Place/vb project/nn on/in table/nn and/cc carefully/rb lift/vb the/at mold/nn off/rp ./.
Study/vb surface/nn of/in clay/nn for/in defects/nns or/cc desired/vbn corrections/nns ./.
If/cs clay/nn is/bez slightly/ql out/in of/in shape/nn ,/, square/vb straight/jj sides/nns with/in guide/nn sticks/nns or/cc rulers/nns pressed/vbn against/in opposite/jj sides/nns ,/, or/cc smooth/vb round/jj pieces/nns with/in damp/jj fingers/nns ./.
If/cs the/at background/nn of/in design/nn is/bez too/ql smooth/jj ,/, or/cc you/ppss wish/vb to/to create/vb a/at wood-grained/jj effect/nn ,/, it/pps may/md be/be added/vbn at/in this/dt time/nn with/in a/at dull/jj tool/nn such/jj as/cs the/at handle/nn of/in a/at fine/jj paintbrush/nn ./.
Make/vb slight/jj ,/, smooth/jj grooves/nns rather/in than/in cuts/nns for/in the/at texture/nn (/( cuts/nns could/md cause/vb air/nn pockets/nns under/in the/at glaze/nn creating/vbg pinholes/nns or/cc craters/nns in/in the/at glaze/nn during/in firing/vbg )/) ./.
Leave/vb the/at clay/nn on/in plaster/nn board/nn to/to dry/vb slowly/rb ,/, covered/vbn lightly/rb with/in a/at loose/jj piece/nn of/in plastic/nn or/cc cloth/nn to/to prevent/vb warping/vbg ./.



Rectangular/jj-hl tiles/nns-hl 
(/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, right/jj top/nn )/) :/: Stoneware/nn clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn ./.
Clay/nn was/bedz rolled/vbn to/in 1/4''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./.
Back/nn of/in clay/nn scored/vbn or/cc roughened/vbn for/in proper/jj gripping/vbg surface/nn ./.
No/at bisque/nn firing/vbg ./.
Glazed/vbn with/in two/cd coats/nns of/in Creek-Turn/np white/jj stoneware/nn glaze/nn (/( no/at glaze/nn on/in sides/nns or/cc bottom/nn )/) ./.
Decorated/vbn on/in unfired/jj glaze/nn with/in one/cd coat/nn of/in one-stroke/nn ceramic/jj colors/nns ;/. ;/.
raised/vbn details/nns of/in designs/nns were/bed colored/vbn in/in shades/nns of/in yellow-green/jj ,/, blue-green/jj ,/, brown/jj and/cc pink/jj ./.
Tiles/nns were/bed fired/vbn once/rb to/in cone/nn 05/cd ./.



Round/jj-hl plaque/nn-hl 
(/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, bottom/nn )/) :/: White/jj clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn ,/, rolled/vbn to/in 1/4''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./.
Bisque/nn fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 05/cd ./.
Stained/vbn with/in Jacquelyn's/np$ ceramic/jj unfired/jj stain/nn ,/, polished/vbn ,/, following/vbg manufacturer's/nn$ directions/nns ./.
Opaque/jj cantaloupe/nn and/cc transparent/jj wood/nn brown/nn were/bed used/vbn ./.
No/at further/ap firing/vbg ./.



Paperweight/nn-hl 
(/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, top/nn left/nr )/) :/: Red/jj clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn ,/, rolled/vbn 1/2''/nn ''/'' thick/nn ./.
Mold/nn was/bedz used/vbn as/cs pattern/nn and/cc clay/nn cut/vbn by/in holding/vbg knife/nn at/in about/rb 45-degree/jj angle/nn ,/, to/to form/vb an/at undercut/nn ,/, making/vbg base/nn smaller/jjr than/cs the/at pattern/nn top/nn ./.
While/cs clay/nn is/bez still/rb pressed/vbn in/in mold/nn ,/, press/vb three/cd equally/rb spaced/vbn holes/nns 1/4''/nn ''/'' deep/jj ,/, using/vbg pencil/nn eraser/nn ,/, in/in bottom/nn of/in clay/nn to/to allow/vb for/in proper/jj drying/nn and/cc firing/vbg ./.
Paperweight/nn may/md be/be personalized/vbn on/in back/nn while/cs clay/nn is/bez leather/nn hard/jj ./.
Bisque/nn fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 05/cd ./.
Unglazed/jj ./.



Jars/nns-hl with/in-hl lids/nns-hl 
(/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, top/nn left/nr )/) :/: Remove/vb wooden/jj design/nn head/nn from/in bowl/nn of/in butter/nn mold/nn ./.
Fill/vb small/jj hole/nn in/in bowl/nn with/in clay/nn ./.
Make/vb paper/nn patterns/nns for/in sections/nns of/in jar/nn and/cc lid/nn (/( see/vb Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, opposite/in page/nn )/) ./.
Measurements/nns for/in rectangular/jj pattern/nn piece/nn A/nn are/ber obtained/vbn by/in measuring/vbg inside/jj circumference/nn and/cc depth/nn of/in butter/nn mold/nn bowl/nn ./.
Pattern/nn for/in circular/jj base/nn piece/nn B/nn is/bez diameter/nn of/in Aj/nn ./.
Use/vb wooden/jj design/nn head/nn of/in mold/nn for/in pattern/nn C/nn ;/. ;/.
pattern/nn D/nn for/in lid/nn fits/vbz over/in top/nn diameter/nn of/in Aj/nn ./.
Pattern/nn for/in inner/jj lid/nn piece/nn E/nn fits/vbz inside/in Aj/nn ./.
Jars/nns are/ber assembled/vbn in/in bowl/nn of/in butter/nn mold/nn ./.


	Use/vb white/jj or/cc buff/jj clay/nn ,/, rolled/vbn to/in 3/16''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./.
Place/vb patterns/nns on/in rolled/vbn clay/nn and/cc cut/vb around/in them/ppo with/in knife/nn in/in vertical/jj position/nn ./.
Place/vb clay/nn pieces/nns on/in wall/nn board/nn ./.


	To/to assemble/vb jar/nn ,/, put/vb paper/nn pattern/nn B/nn for/in base/nn in/in bottom/nn of/in mold/nn and/cc clay/nn disk/nn B/nn on/in top/nn ./.
Line/vb sides/nns of/in mold/nn with/in paper/nn pattern/nn Aj/nn ./.
Bevel/vb and/cc score/vb ends/nns of/in clay/nn piece/nn A/nn so/cs that/cs they/ppss overlap/vb about/rb 1/2''/nn ''/'' and/cc make/vb even/jj thickness/nn ./.
Place/vb clay/nn piece/nn A/nn inside/rb ;/. ;/.
use/vb slip/nn to/to join/vb overlapped/vbn ends/nns together/rb ./.
Join/vb B/nn to/in bottom/nn of/in A/nn ,/, scoring/vbg and/cc reinforcing/vbg with/in clay/nn coil/nn ./.
Trim/vb excess/jj clay/nn from/in around/in lip/nn of/in mold/nn and/cc set/vb aside/rb while/cs assembling/vbg lid/nn ./.


	To/to assemble/vb lid/nn ,/, press/vb clay/nn piece/nn C/nn in/in cavity/nn of/in wooden/jj design/nn head/nn ./.
Press/vb clay/nn into/in mold/nn as/cs instructed/vbn in/in General/nn-tl Directions/nns-tl ./.
Score/vb plain/jj side/nn of/in C/nn and/cc leave/vb in/in mold/nn ./.
Score/vb one/cd side/nn of/in disk/nn D/nn ,/, join/vb to/in C/nn ;/. ;/.
score/vb other/ap side/nn of/in D/nn and/cc one/cd side/nn of/in disk/nn E/nn and/cc join/vb as/cs before/rb ./.
While/cs assembled/vbn lid/nn is/bez still/rb on/in design/nn head/nn ,/, gently/rb but/cc firmly/rb press/vb it/ppo on/in plaster/nn board/nn ./.
If/cs design/nn head/nn has/hvz a/at deep/jj cavity/nn ,/, clay/nn lid/nn will/md be/be quite/ql thick/jj at/in this/dt point/nn ;/. ;/.
press/vb eraser/nn of/in pencil/nn gently/rb 1/4''/nn ''/'' deep/jj into/in deep/jj clay/nn to/to allow/vb vent/nn for/in proper/jj drying/nn and/cc firing/vbg ./.
Check/vb fit/nn of/in lid/nn on/in jar/nn ;/. ;/.
if/cs inner/jj lid/nn is/bez too/ql big/jj ,/, trim/vb to/to fit/vb ,/, allowing/vbg room/nn for/in thickness/nn of/in glaze/nn ./.
Remove/vb lid/nn from/in head/nn of/in mold/nn ./.
Remove/vb jar/nn from/in mold/nn ./.
Place/vb jar/nn on/in plaster/nn board/nn with/in lid/nn in/in place/nn to/to dry/vb slowly/rb ./.
Bisque/nn fire/nn to/in cone/nn 08/cd with/in lid/nn on/in jar/nn ./.


	For/in an/at antique/nn effect/nn on/in jars/nns ,/, brush/vb Creek-Turn/np brown/jj toner/nn on/in bisque/nn ware/nn and/cc sponge/vb it/ppo off/rp ./.
Glaze/vb with/in two/cd coats/nns of/in clear/jj or/cc transparent/jj matt/nn glaze/nn ./.
The/at large/jj jar/nn was/bedz brushed/vbn with/in Creek-Turn/np green/jj toner/nn and/cc sponged/vbn off/rp ./.
Glaze/vb with/in two/cd coats/nns of/in matt/nn glazes/nns in/in turquoise/jj with/in touches/nns of/in blossom/nn pink/jj on/in lid/nn ./.
When/wrb dry/jj they/ppss were/bed fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 06-05/cd ./.



Little/jj-hl folks/nns-hl set/nn-hl :/:-hl 
(/( Made/vbn from/in modern/jj wooden/jj molds/nns Af/nn ./.
)/) Roll/vb white/jj clay/nn to/in 3/16''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./.
Salt/nn-hl and/cc-hl pepper/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Use/vb mold/nn to/to cut/vb four/cd side/nn pieces/nns ./.
For/in top/nn and/cc bottom/nn pieces/nns ,/, use/vb short/jj end/nn of/in mold/nn as/cs measurement/nn guide/nn ./.
Press/vb the/at side/nn pieces/nns of/in clay/nn into/in cavity/nn of/in mold/nn ./.
Trim/vb excess/jj clay/nn from/in rim/nn of/in mold/nn ./.
Cut/vb beveled/vbn edge/nn on/in the/at long/jj sides/nns of/in clay/nn at/in a/at 45-degree/jj angle/nn to/to miter/vb corners/nns ./.
Score/vb beveled/vbn edges/nns and/cc remove/vb pieces/nns from/in mold/nn ;/. ;/.
place/vb design-side/nn up/rp on/in plaster/nn board/nn ./.
Make/vb all/abn four/cd sides/nns ./.
Cut/vb clay/nn top/nn and/cc base/nn pieces/nns ;/. ;/.
place/vb on/in plaster/nn board/nn ./.
Allow/vb all/abn pieces/nns to/to become/vb leather/nn hard/jj before/cs constructing/vbg shaker/nn ./.
To/to-hl assemble/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Construct/vb sides/nns ,/, bottom/nn and/cc top/nn as/cs for/in box/nn ,/, using/vbg slip/nn on/in scored/vbn edges/nns and/cc coils/nns of/in clay/nn to/to reinforce/vb seams/nns ./.
Join/vb the/at four/cd sides/nns together/rb first/rb ,/, then/rb add/vb the/at base/nn ;/. ;/.
add/vb top/nn last/rb ./.
Use/vb water/nn on/in finger/nn to/to smooth/vb seams/nns and/cc edges/nns ./.
Turn/vb shaker/nn upside/rb down/rp ./.
Recess/vb base/nn slightly/rb to/to allow/vb room/nn for/in stopper/nn ./.
Cut/vb hole/nn in/in base/nn for/in cork/nn stopper/nn ./.
Add/vb holes/nns in/in top/nn ,/, forming/vbg ``/`` S/nn ''/'' for/in salt/nn and/cc ``/`` P/nn ''/'' for/in pepper/nn ./.
Set/vb aside/rb to/to dry/vb thoroughly/rb ./.
Sugar/nn-hl and/cc-hl creamer/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Cut/vb a/at strip/nn of/in clay/nn for/in sides/nns long/jj enough/qlp and/cc wide/jj enough/qlp for/in three/cd impressions/nns of/in mold/nn design/nn ./.
Press/vb clay/nn into/in cavity/nn of/in one/cd mold/nn three/cd times/nns ;/. ;/.
bevel/vb overlapping/vbg ends/nns for/in splice/nn joint/nn ,/, score/vb beveled/vbn edges/nns ./.
Form/vb clay/nn strip/nn into/in a/at cylinder/nn ;/. ;/.
use/vb slip/nn to/to join/vb scored/vbn ends/nns ./.
Place/vb cylinder/nn on/in a/at disk/nn of/in clay/nn slightly/ql larger/jjr than/cs cylinder/nn ./.
Score/vb bottom/nn edge/nn of/in cylinder/nn and/cc join/vb to/in disk/nn with/in slip/nn ./.
Trim/vb away/rb excess/jj clay/nn ;/. ;/.
reinforce/vb seam/nn with/in a/at coil/nn of/in clay/nn ./.
This/dt will/md form/vb the/at sugar/nn bowl/nn ./.
Make/vb creamer/nn the/at same/ap ./.


	Handle/nn for/in creamer/nn is/bez a/at strip/nn of/in clay/nn 1/2''/nn ''/'' wide/jj and/cc 3-1/2''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./.
To/to add/vb handle/nn ,/, place/vb a/at wooden/jj dowel/nn against/in the/at inside/jj wall/nn of/in creamer/nn ./.
Score/vb outside/nn of/in container/nn where/wrb handle/nn ends/nns will/md be/be joined/vbn ./.
Bend/vb handle/nn ;/. ;/.
press/vb scored/vbn handle/nn ends/nns firmly/rb in/in place/nn using/vbg dowel/nn to/to reinforce/vb container/nn while/cs pressing/vbg ;/. ;/.
use/vb slip/nn to/to join/vb ./.
To/to form/vb spout/nn ,/, between/in two/cd designs/nns ,/, dampen/vb area/nn slightly/rb and/cc gently/rb push/vb clay/nn outward/rb ./.
Make/vb lid/nn for/in sugar/nn bowl/nn the/at same/ap as/cs jar/nn lids/nns ,/, omitting/vbg design/nn disk/nn ./.
Cut/vb a/at notch/nn in/in lid/nn for/in spoon/nn handle/nn if/cs desired/vbn ./.
Set/vb aside/rb to/to dry/vb with/in lid/nn on/in sugar/nn bowl/nn ./.
Vases/nns-hl :/:-hl 
Make/vb same/ap as/cs salt/nn and/cc pepper/nn shakers/nns ,/, leaving/vbg off/rp top/nn pieces/nns ./.
Vases/nns may/md be/be made/vbn into/in candles/nns by/in filling/vbg with/in melted/vbn wax/nn and/cc a/at wick/nn ./.
Napkin/nn-hl holder/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Cut/vb a/at piece/nn of/in clay/nn for/in base/nn and/cc two/cd for/in sides/nns each/dt about/rb Af/nn (/( long/jj enough/qlp for/in three/cd impressions/nns of/in mold/nn )/) ./.
Press/vb the/at two/cd sides/nns into/in cavity/nn of/in one/cd mold/nn three/cd times/nns ./.
Put/vb cut/vbn pieces/nns on/in plaster/nn board/nn to/to dry/vb to/in firm/jj leather-hard/jj state/nn ./.
Score/vb side/nn edges/nns of/in base/nn ;/. ;/.
join/vb sides/nns and/cc base/nn with/in slip/nn and/cc reinforce/vb with/in coil/nn ./.
A/at cardboard/nn pattern/nn cut/vbn to/to fit/vb inside/in holder/nn will/md help/vb to/to prevent/vb warping/vbg ./.
Place/vb pattern/nn inside/in holder/nn ;/. ;/.
use/vb three/cd strips/nns of/in clay/nn to/to hold/vb in/in place/nn (/( see/vb Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, page/nn 71/cd )/) ./.
Do/do not/* use/vb wood/nn as/cs it/pps will/md not/* shrink/vb with/in the/at clay/nn and/cc would/md cause/vb breakage/nn ./.


	Let/vb all/abn projects/nns dry/vb slowly/rb for/in several/ap days/nns ./.
Clean/vb greenware/nn ./.
Bisque/nn fire/nn to/in cone/nn 08/cd ./.
Inside/nn of/in pieces/nns was/bedz glazed/vbn with/in three/cd coats/nns of/in Creek-Turn/np bottle/nn green/jj antique/nn glaze/nn ./.
Outside/nn was/bedz finished/vbn with/in Creek-Turn/np brown/jj toner/nn brushed/vbn on/rp and/cc sponged/vbn off/rp to/to give/vb antique/nn finish/nn ./.
Fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 06-05/cd ./.



Changing/vbg-hl colors/nns-hl 
to/to-hl change/vb-hl from/in-hl one/cd-hl color/nn-hl yarn/nn-hl to/in-hl another/dt-hl :/:-hl 
When/wrb changing/vbg from/in one/cd color/nn to/in another/dt ,/, whether/cs working/vbg on/in right/jj or/cc wrong/jj side/nn ,/, pick/vb up/rp the/at new/jj strand/nn from/in underneath/in dropped/vbn strand/nn ./.
Photograph/nn shows/vbz the/at wrong/jj side/nn of/in work/nn with/in light/jj strand/nn being/beg picked/vbn up/rp under/in dark/jj strand/nn in/in position/nn to/to be/be purled/vbn ./.
To/to-hl measure/vb-hl work/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Spread/vb article/nn on/in flat/jj surface/nn to/in required/vbn width/nn before/cs measuring/vbg length/nn at/in center/nn ./.



Measuring/vbg-hl armhole/nn-hl 
to/to-hl measure/vb-hl armhole/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Mark/vb row/nn on/in which/wdt first/od stitches/nns have/hv been/ben bound/vbn off/rp for/in armhole/nn by/in drawing/vbg a/at contrasting/vbg colored/vbn thread/nn through/in it/ppo ./.
Place/vb work/nn on/in a/at flat/jj surface/nn and/cc smooth/vb out/rp ./.
Measure/vb straight/rb up/rp from/in marked/vbn row/nn ./.
See/vb illustration/nn ./.
To/to-hl insert/vb-hl markers/nns-hl :/:-hl 
When/wrb directions/nns read/vb ``/`` sl/nn a/at marker/nn on/in needle/nn ''/'' ,/, put/vb a/at small/jj safety/nn pin/nn ,/, paper/nn clip/nn ,/, or/cc commercial/jj ring/nn marker/nn on/in needle/nn ./.
In/in working/vbg ,/, always/rb slip/vb marker/nn from/in one/cd needle/nn to/in another/dt ./.
To/to mark/vb a/at row/nn or/cc stitch/nn ,/, tie/vb contrasting/vbg thread/nn around/in end/nn of/in row/nn or/cc stitch/nn to/to be/be marked/vbn ./.



Backstitching/vbg-hl seam/nn-hl 
to/to-hl sew/vb-hl seams/nns-hl with/in-hl backstitch/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Most/ap seams/nns are/ber sewn/vbn with/in backstitch/nn ,/, especially/rb on/in curved/vbn ,/, slanted/vbn or/cc loose/jj edges/nns ./.
Pin/vb right/jj sides/nns of/in pieces/nns together/rb ,/, keeping/vbg edges/nns even/jj and/cc matching/vbg rows/nns or/cc patterns/nns ./.
Thread/vb matching/vbg yarn/nn in/in tapestry/nn needle/nn ./.
Run/vb end/nn of/in yarn/nn through/in several/ap stitches/nns along/in edge/nn to/to secure/vb ;/. ;/.
backstitch/vb pieces/nns together/rb close/rb to/in edge/nn ./.
Do/do not/* draw/vb yarn/nn too/ql tight/jj ./.
See/vb illustration/nn ./.
To/to-hl sew/vb-hl in/rp-hl sleeves/nns-hl :/: 
Place/vb sleeve/nn seam/nn at/in center/nn underarm/nn and/cc center/nn of/in sleeve/nn cap/nn at/in shoulder/nn seam/nn ./.
Ease/vb in/rp any/dti extra/jj fullness/nn evenly/rb around/rb ./.
Backstitch/vb seam/nn ./.



Weaving/vbg-hl seam/nn-hl 
to/to-hl weave/vb-hl seams/nns-hl together/rb-hl :/:-hl 
Straight/jj vertical/jj edges/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs those/dts at/in the/at back/nn seam/nn of/in a/at sock/nn ,/, can/md be/be woven/vbn together/rb invisibly/rb ./.
Thread/vb matching/vbg yarn/nn in/in tapestry/nn needle/nn ./.
Hold/vb edges/nns together/rb ,/, right/jj side/nn up/rp ./.



	Hotei/np is/bez 23/cd feet/nns long/jj with/in an/at 8-1/2-foot/jj beam/nn and/cc every/at inch/nn a/at family/nn boat/nn ./.
Menfolk/nns can/md ride/vb in/in the/at forward/jj cockpit/nn where/wrb the/at helmsman/nn has/hvz a/at clear/jj view/nn ./.
Youngsters/nns can/md sleep/vb or/cc amuse/vb themselves/ppls safely/rb in/in the/at large/jj cabin/nn which/wdt has/hvz 5-foot/jj 11-inch/jj headroom/nn ,/, bunks/nns for/in three/cd ,/, galley/nn and/cc marine/jj toilet/nn ./.
The/at gals/nns can/md sun/vb themselves/ppls in/in the/at roomy/jj aft/jj cockpit/nn ./.
All/abn are/ber well/rb distributed/vbn ,/, not/* crowded/vbn together/rb near/in the/at stern/nn ./.
And/cc with/in passenger/nn weight/nn shifted/vbn forward/rb ,/, Hotei/np levels/vbz off/rp for/in speed/nn under/in power/nn of/in a/at Merc/np-tl 800/cd-tl ./.
The/at 80-hp/jj motor/nn drives/vbz her/ppo at/in 25/cd mph/nn with/in six/cd aboard/rb !/. !/.


	With/in only/rb two/cd aboard/rb ,/, Hotei/np does/doz better/jjr than/cs 27/cd mph/nn --/-- and/cc she/pps gives/vbz a/at comfortable/jj ride/nn at/in this/dt speed/nn even/rb in/in a/at three-foot/jj chop/nn ./.
She/pps also/rb banks/vbz into/in a/at turn/nn like/cs a/at fine/jj runabout/nn --/-- not/* digging/vbg in/rp on/in the/at outside/nn to/to throw/vb passengers/nns all/ql over/in the/at boat/nn like/cs many/abn a/at small/jj cabin/nn cruiser/nn ./.
Nor/cc is/bez she/pps a/at wet/jj boat/nn ./.
We've/ppss+hv been/ben out/rp in/in five-foot/jj waves/nns and/cc stayed/vbn dry/jj ./.


	A/at lot/nn of/in thought/nn went/vbd into/in storage/nn space/nn construction/nn ./.
There's/ex+bez a/at large/jj compartment/nn in/in the/at forward/jj cockpit/nn for/in charts/nns and/cc other/ap items/nns ./.
The/at cabin/nn has/hvz several/ap shelves/nns for/in small/jj items/nns and/cc storage/nn under/in the/at bunks/nns for/in water/nn skiis/nns ,/, life/nn jackets/nns ,/, etc./rb ./.
The/at aft/jj cockpit/nn has/hvz a/at Af/nn storage/nn bin/nn over/rp six/cd feet/nns long/jj that/wps doubles/vbz as/cs a/at seat/nn ./.
On/in each/dt side/nn of/in the/at motor/nn well/nn there's/ex+bez storage/nn for/in battery/nn ,/, bumpers/nns ,/, line/nn and/cc spare/jj props/nns with/in six-gallon/jj gas/nn tanks/nns below/rb ./.
The/at well/nn itself/ppl is/bez designed/vbn to/to take/vb two/cd Merc/np 800's/nps or/cc 500's/nps if/cs you/ppss wish/vb and/cc there's/ex+bez room/nn for/in a/at 25-gallon/jj long-cruise/nn gas/nn tank/nn below/in it/ppo ./.


	Needless/jj to/to say/vb ,/, you/ppss can't/md* build/vb Hotei/np in/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ./.
Our/pp$ building/vbg time/nn was/bedz slightly/ql over/in 400/cd hours/nns --/-- but/cc the/at total/nn cost/nn for/in the/at hull/nn with/in Fiberglas/nn-tl bottom/nn ,/, sink/nn ,/, head/nn and/cc hardware/nn was/bedz under/rb $800/nns ./.
A/at comparable/jj manufactured/vbn boat/nn would/md cost/vb close/rb to/in $3,000/nns ./.
Consider/vb what/wdt you/ppss have/hv to/to earn/vb to/to be/be able/jj to/to spend/vb the/at $3,000/nns and/cc your/pp$ building/vbg time/nn is/bez well/ql worth/jj it/ppo ./.
A/at Gator/np trailer/nn ,/, Model/nn-tl 565/cd-tl ,/, is/bez used/vbn to/to transport/vb the/at boat/nn to/in the/at waterways/nns ./.
This/dt piece/nn of/in equipment/nn costs/vbz a/at little/jj over/rp $600/nns but/cc it/pps will/md save/vb you/ppo that/dt in/in mooring/vbg and/cc hauling/vbg fees/nns in/in a/at few/ap years/nns ./.


	All/abn framing/nn in/in Hotei/np is/bez one-inch/jj mahogany/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in the/at dressed/vbn state/nn you/ppss buy/vb it/ppo ,/, is/bez about/rb the/at 13/16-inch/jj thickness/nn specified/vbn in/in the/at drawings/nns ./.
Therefore/rb ,/, the/at lumber/nn is/bez bought/vbn in/in planks/nns and/cc ripped/vbn to/in size/nn for/in battens/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, on/in a/at table/nn saw/nn ./.
Besides/rb flathead/nn bronze/nn screws/nns ,/, silicon/nn bronze/nn Stronghold/nn-tl nails/nns (/( made/vbn by/in Independent/jj-tl Nail/nn-tl &/cc-tl Packing/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Bridgewater/np ,/, Mass./np )/) are/ber used/vbn extensively/rb in/in assembly/nn and/cc Weldwood/np resorcinol/nn glue/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in all/abn the/at joints/nns ./.


	Construction/nn follows/vbz a/at thorough/jj study/nn of/in the/at drawings/nns ./.
Start/vb by/in laying/vbg out/rp the/at six/cd frames/nns and/cc the/at transom/nn on/in a/at level/jj floor/nn ./.
Draw/vb each/dt outline/nn in/in a/at different-color/jj chalk/nn ,/, one/cd on/in top/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./.
In/in this/dt way/nn you/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to detect/vb any/dti obvious/jj mistakes/nns ./.


	The/at transom/nn frame/nn is/bez made/vbn first/rb with/in the/at joints/nns lapped/vbn ,/, glued/vbn and/cc fastened/vbn with/in one-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 12/cd-tl Stronghold/nn-tl nails/nns ./.
After/cs notching/vbg it/ppo for/in the/at keelson/nn ,/, chines/nns and/cc battens/nns ,/, the/at half-inch/nn plywood/nn transom/nn is/bez secured/vbn to/in it/ppo with/in glue/nn and/cc the/at same/ap type/nn nails/nns ./.
All/abn frames/nns are/ber butted/vbn at/in the/at joints/nns and/cc 3/8-inch/nn plywood/nn gussets/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc nailed/vbn on/in each/dt side/nn of/in each/dt joint/nn ,/, again/rb using/vbg the/at one-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 12/cd-tl nails/nns ./.
The/at frames/nns are/ber notched/vbn only/rb for/in the/at keelson/nn and/cc the/at chines/nns ./.
If/cs notched/vbn for/in the/at battens/nns ,/, they/ppss would/md require/vb more/ap work/nn ,/, be/be weakened/vbn and/cc limber/nn holes/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be bored/vbn so/cs that/cs bilge/nn water/nn could/md flow/vb through/rp ./.
Nowhere/rb in/in the/at boat/nn do/do the/at frames/nns come/vb in/in contact/nn with/in the/at plywood/nn planking/nn ./.


	The/at jig/nn is/bez erected/vbn after/cs the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn are/ber complete/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez an/at important/jj step/nn because/cs any/dti misalignment/nn would/md cause/vb progressively/ql worse/jjr misalignment/nn in/in the/at hull/nn as/cs you/ppss advance/vb in/in construction/nn ./.
Be/be sure/jj all/abn members/nns are/ber parallel/jj ,/, vertical/jj and/cc level/jj as/cs required/vbn ./.


	After/cs the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn are/ber set/vbn up/rp on/in the/at jig/nn and/cc temporarily/rb braced/vbn ,/, a/at piece/nn of/in three-inch-wide/jj mahogany/nn (/( only/rb widths/nns will/md be/be given/vbn since/cs the/at 13/16-inch/jj thickness/nn is/bez used/vbn throughout/rb )/) is/bez butted/vbn between/in frames/nns one/cd and/cc two/cd below/in the/at line/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn ./.
The/at frames/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in this/dt piece/nn ./.
The/at joints/nns are/ber also/rb reinforced/vbn on/in each/dt side/nn with/in small/jj blocks/nns set/vbn in/in resin-saturated/jj Fiberglas/nn-tl cloth/nn and/cc nailed/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez over/in this/dt piece/nn that/cs the/at laminated/vbn stem/nn and/cc keelson/nn are/ber spliced/vbn ./.


	The/at keelson/nn ,/, made/vbn of/in two/cd three-inch/jj widths/nns ,/, is/bez next/rb installed/vbn ./.
The/at first/od piece/nn is/bez glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn and/cc the/at piece/nn butted/vbn between/in frames/nns one/cd and/cc two/cd ./.
The/at second/od piece/nn is/bez in/in turn/nn glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at first/od ./.
Note/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs it/pps is/bez six/cd inches/nns shorter/jjr at/in the/at forward/jj end/nn ./.
One-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 10/cd-tl screws/nns are/ber used/vbn in/in both/abx cases/nns ./.


	A/at stem/nn jig/nn is/bez next/rb cut/vbn to/in the/at proper/jj shape/nn and/cc temporarily/rb fastened/vbn to/in frame/nn one/cd ./.
The/at stem/nn is/bez laminated/vbn from/in four/cd pieces/nns ./.
Take/vb two/cd three-inch-wide/jj pieces/nns and/cc rip/vb them/ppo down/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at thickness/nn to/to make/vb the/at four/cd ./.
Then/rb spread/vb a/at generous/jj amount/nn of/in glue/nn on/in the/at four/cd pieces/nns and/cc bend/vb them/ppo into/in place/nn on/in the/at jig/nn ./.
The/at first/od two/cd pieces/nns butt/vb against/in the/at inner/jj member/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn and/cc are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at brace/nn between/in the/at first/od two/cd frames/nns ./.
The/at second/od two/cd pieces/nns lap/vb over/in the/at inner/jj member/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn and/cc butt/vb against/in the/at outer/jj member/nn ./.
They're/ppss+ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at inner/jj member/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn ./.
A/at number/nn of/in C/nn clamps/nns hold/vb the/at pieces/nns together/rb on/in the/at jig/nn until/cs the/at glue/nn sets/vbz ./.


	All/abn bottom/nn battens/nns are/ber two/cd inches/nns wide/jj ./.
The/at side/jj ones/nns are/ber a/at half-inch/nn narrower/jjr ./.
The/at battens/nns are/ber carefully/rb fastened/vbn in/in place/nn after/in some/dti necessary/jj fairing/nn on/in all/abn frames/nns ./.
Glue/vb and/cc 1-1/2-inch/nn ,/, No./nn-tl 10/cd-tl screws/nns are/ber used/vbn ./.
Placement/nn is/bez important/jj because/cs the/at rear/jj seat/nn ,/, bunks/nns and/cc front/jj jump/nn seats/nns rest/vb on/in or/cc are/ber fastened/vbn to/in many/ap of/in the/at side/jj battens/nns ./.
With/in the/at exception/nn of/in two/cd battens/nns ,/, all/abn run/vb to/in the/at stem/nn where/wrb they/ppss are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn after/in careful/jj beveling/nn ./.
The/at chines/nns go/vb in/rp the/at same/ap way/nn except/in that/cs they/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in two/cd pieces/nns of/in two-inch/jj wood/nn for/in strength/nn and/cc easier/jjr bending/nn ./.


	Fairing/vbg is/bez always/rb a/at tedious/jj job/nn but/cc the/at work/nn can/md be/be cut/vbn down/rp considerably/rb with/in a/at Skill/nn-tl planer/nn and/cc a/at simple/jj jig/nn ./.
I/ppss clamped/vbd a/at 30-inch/jj piece/nn of/in aluminum/nn to/in the/at base/nn of/in the/at planer/nn with/in a/at pair/nn of/in Sure/jj-tl Grips/nns-tl ./.
The/at aluminum/nn ,/, flush/jj against/in the/at battens/nns ,/, acted/vbn as/cs a/at fairing/vbg stick/nn and/cc enabled/vbd me/ppo to/to plane/vb the/at chines/nns and/cc keelson/nn to/in the/at proper/jj bevels/nns easily/rb ./.
If/cs you/ppss don't/do* own/vb a/at planer/nn and/cc don't/do* want/vb to/to buy/vb one/cd ,/, it's/pps+bez well/ql worth/jj renting/vbg ./.


	The/at planking/nn is/bez five-ply/jj ,/, 3/8-inch-thick/jj Weldwood/np-tl Royal/jj-tl Marine/nn-tl plywood/nn ./.
This/dt can/md be/be obtained/vbn in/in 42-inch/jj widths/nns 24/cd feet/nns long/jj ./.
The/at 42-inch/jj width/nn leaves/vbz very/ql little/ap waste/nn ./.
Four/cd pieces/nns are/ber used/vbn ./.
Plank/vb the/at sides/nns first/rb ,/, using/vbg glue/nn and/cc one-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 12/cd-tl Stronghold/nn-tl nails/nns at/in all/abn battens/nns ,/, the/at stem/nn and/cc the/at transom/nn ./.
Another/dt person/nn inside/rb with/in a/at weight/nn against/in each/dt batten/nn will/md help/vb in/in the/at fastening/nn ./.
The/at best/jjt procedure/nn is/bez to/to have/hv a/at few/ap friends/nns hold/vb the/at planking/nn in/in place/nn while/cs you/ppss mark/vb it/ppo off/rp ./.
Then/rb trim/vb the/at excess/nn ./.
I/ppss used/vbd a/at Homemaster/np Routo-Jig/np made/vbn by/in Porter/np-tl Cable/nn-tl for/in this/dt job/nn ./.
It's/pps+bez good/jj for/in cutting/vbg all/abn the/at planking/nn because/cs it/pps cuts/vbz with/in a/at bit-like/jj blade/nn at/in high/jj rpm/nn and/cc does/doz not/* chatter/vb the/at plywood/nn like/cs a/at saber/nn saw/nn ./.


	When/wrb cut/vbn ,/, the/at planking/nn is/bez clamped/vbn in/in place/nn for/in a/at final/jj and/cc careful/jj trimming/nn ./.
Then/rb it/pps is/bez marked/vbn on/in the/at inside/nn where/wrb it/pps comes/vbz in/in contact/nn with/in the/at transom/nn ,/, frames/nns ,/, keelson/nn and/cc all/abn the/at battens/nns ./.
It/pps may/md then/rb be/be pre-drilled/vbn for/in the/at fastenings/nns ./.
The/at next/ap step/nn is/bez to/to remove/vb it/ppo and/cc spread/vb glue/nn where/wrb it/pps has/hvz been/ben marked/vbn at/in the/at contact/nn points/nns ./.
Then/rb it/pps is/bez replaced/vbn and/cc fastened/vbn ./.
The/at bottom/nn planking/nn is/bez applied/vbn in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn ./.


	After/in planking/nn ,/, the/at bottom/nn gets/vbz a/at layer/nn of/in Fiberglas/nn-tl ./.
The/at spray/nn rails/nns are/ber first/rb glued/vbn on/in the/at outside/nn and/cc fastened/vbn from/in the/at inside/nn with/in screws/nns ./.
Then/rb the/at chines/nns are/ber rounded/vbn off/rp and/cc the/at bottom/nn is/bez rough-sanded/vbn in/in preparation/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at sides/nns are/ber also/rb covered/vbn up/in to/in the/at spray/nn rails/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber also/rb rough-sanded/vbn in/in that/dt area/nn ./.
The/at cloth/nn is/bez laid/vbn on/in one/cd half/abn of/in the/at bottom/nn at/in a/at time/nn ./.
A/at 50-inch/jj width/nn is/bez used/vbn on/in each/dt side/nn and/cc it/pps laps/vbz the/at keel/nn line/nn by/in about/rb three/cd inches/nns ./.
Lay/vb the/at cloth/nn in/in place/nn and/cc trim/vb it/ppo to/in size/nn ./.
Then/rb remove/vb it/ppo and/cc give/vb the/at whole/jj bottom/nn a/at coat/nn of/in resin/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at resin/nn has/hvz hardened/vbn ,/, mix/vb up/rp another/dt batch/nn with/in a/at pigment/nn added/vbn if/cs you/ppss wish/vb ./.
I/ppss used/vbd bright/jj red/nn ,/, mixing/vbg the/at pigment/nn in/rp thoroughly/rb before/cs adding/vbg the/at hardener/nn ./.
Using/vbg a/at cheap/jj brush/nn ,/, coat/vb one/cd side/nn of/in the/at bottom/nn with/in the/at resin/nn and/cc then/rb apply/vb the/at cloth/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at cloth/nn is/bez smooth/jj ,/, apply/vb another/dt coat/nn of/in resin/nn ,/, spreading/vbg it/ppo with/in a/at paint/nn roller/nn ./.
Be/be sure/jj it/pps is/bez well/ql saturated/vbn and/cc then/rb allow/vb it/ppo to/to harden/vb ./.


	When/wrb the/at whole/jj bottom/nn has/hvz hardened/vbn ,/, use/vb a/at disk/nn sander/nn to/to feather/vb the/at edges/nns of/in the/at cloth/nn at/in the/at keel/nn line/nn and/cc near/in the/at spray/nn rail/nn ./.
Then/rb lay/vb a/at three-inch-wide/jj strip/nn of/in cloth/nn along/in the/at keel/nn line/nn from/in the/at transom/nn to/in the/at point/nn of/in the/at stem/nn ./.
Before/cs the/at resin/nn has/hvz hardened/vbn ,/, screw/vb a/at one-inch/jj mahogany/nn keel/nn strip/nn along/in the/at centerline/nn ./.
This/dt protects/vbz the/at bottom/nn in/in beaching/vbg ./.
Fiberglas/nn-tl materials/nns are/ber available/jj from/in Glass/nn-tl Plastic/nn-tl Supply/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, 1605/cd-tl W./jj-tl Elizabeth/np-tl Ave./nn-tl ,/, Linden/np ,/, N./np J./np ./.
They/ppss will/md also/rb supply/vb literature/nn on/in application/nn ./.


	The/at hull/nn is/bez now/rb turned/vbn over/rp (/( with/in the/at help/nn of/in about/rb seven/cd friends/nns )/) and/cc placed/vbn in/in a/at level/jj ,/, well-braced/jj position/nn ./.
I/ppss set/vb it/ppo on/in the/at Gator/np trailer/nn ./.
I/ppss laid/vbd three/cd layers/nns of/in glass/nn cloth/nn on/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at stem/nn ,/, also/rb installing/vbg a/at bow/nn eye/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ./.
For/in added/vbn strength/nn ,/, I/ppss also/rb fastened/vbd a/at small/jj block/nn on/in each/dt side/nn of/in every/at frame/nn and/cc batten/nn joint/nn ./.
Again/rb ,/, these/dts blocks/nns were/bed set/vbn in/in resin-saturated/jj glass/nn cloth/nn and/cc nailed/vbn ./.


	After/cs trimming/vbg off/rp the/at excess/nn on/in the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn which/wdt was/bedz used/vbn to/to fasten/vb them/ppo to/in the/at jig/nn at/in a/at working/vbg height/nn ,/, the/at top/nn of/in the/at side/nn planking/nn is/bez installed/vbn ./.
This/dt is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in scraps/nns left/vbn over/rp from/in the/at sides/nns and/cc bottom/nn ./.
These/dts flaring/vbg parts/nns really/rb help/vb to/to keep/vb the/at boat/nn dry/jj ./.
When/wrb they're/ppss+ber on/rp ,/, the/at top/jjs edges/nns are/ber planed/vbn even/rb with/in the/at sheer/jj batten/nn ./.


	The/at sides/nns of/in the/at motor/nn well/nn run/vb from/in the/at bottom/nn battens/nns to/in the/at top/nn and/cc from/in frame/nn six/cd to/in the/at transom/nn ,/, forming/vbg a/at real/ql strong/jj transom/nn brace/nn ./.
Note/vb another/dt piece/nn of/in wood/nn six/cd inches/nns wide/jj is/bez fastened/vbn to/in the/at transom/nn between/in these/dts pieces/nns ./.


	The/at decking/nn is/bez quarter-inch/nn mahogany/nn marine/jj plywood/nn ./.
All/abn the/at flooring/nn and/cc the/at storage/nn bin/nn is/bez half-inch/nn exterior/jj fir/nn plywood/nn ./.
Most/ap floor/nn battens/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at flooring/nn ./.
The/at exception/nn is/bez where/wrb the/at flooring/nn butts/vbz ./.
These/dts battens/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at frames/nns ./.


	With/in all/abn deck/nn battens/nns in/in place/nn ,/, the/at bilge/nn is/bez cleaned/vbn and/cc painted/vbn up/in to/in the/at floor/nn line/nn ./.
Use/vb one/cd coat/nn of/in Firzite/np and/cc one/cd coat/nn of/in marine/jj paint/nn ./.
Bottoms/nns of/in the/at floorboards/nns are/ber also/rb painted/vbn and/cc the/at flooring/nn is/bez then/rb screwed/vbn in/in place/nn ./.


	After/cs the/at decking/nn is/bez on/rp ,/, the/at cabin/nn sides/nns are/ber installed/vbn ./.
They're/ppss+ber followed/vbn by/in the/at front/jj and/cc rear/jj bulkheads/nns as/cs illustrated/vbn ./.
The/at windshield/nn glass/nn is/bez shatterproof/jj and/cc Plexiglas/np is/bez used/vbn in/in the/at cabin/nn ./.


	Inside/rb ,/, bunks/nns are/ber framed/vbn up/rp and/cc installed/vbn as/cs indicated/vbn ./.
A/at head/nn is/bez a/at handy/jj thing/nn to/to have/hv and/cc I/ppss installed/vbd one/cd under/in a/at removable/jj section/nn of/in the/at port/nn bunk/nn ./.
The/at sink/nn in/in the/at hinged/vbn panel/nn above/in the/at bunk/nn drains/vbz into/in the/at head/nn and/cc a/at five-gallon/jj water/nn tank/nn is/bez mounted/vbn on/in the/at bulkhead/nn above/in the/at sink/nn ./.
For/in padding/vbg the/at seats/nns and/cc bunks/nns ,/, I/ppss used/vbd Ensolite/np ,/, Type/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./.
Lightweight/jj ,/, non-absorbent/jj ,/, fire/nn resistant/jj and/cc dimensionally/rb stable/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez easily/rb bonded/vbn to/in the/at wood/nn with/in contact/nn cement/nn ./.
Available/jj in/in Af/nn sheets/nns ,/, it/pps costs/vbz about/rb a/at dollar/nn a/at square/nn foot/nn ./.

You/ppss can/md build/vb this/dt vacation/nn cottage/nn yourself/ppl ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at full/jj scale/nn ,/, small/jj ,/, but/cc efficient/jj house/nn that/wps can/md become/vb a/at year/nn 'round/rb retreat/nn complete/jj in/in every/at detail/nn ./.
Because/rb of/in the/at unique/jj design/nn by/in the/at architect/nn Egils/np Hermanovski/np ,/, you/ppss can/md build/vb most/ap of/in it/ppo in/in your/pp$ own/jj home/nr workshop/nn in/in your/pp$ spare/jj time/nn ./.
Most/ap of/in it/ppo is/bez panelized/vbn and/cc utilizes/vbz standard/jj materials/nns ,/, and/cc requires/vbz the/at use/nn of/in only/rb simple/jj tools/nns ./.
On/in the/at following/vbg pages/nns and/cc in/in the/at following/vbg issues/nns we/ppss take/vb you/ppo every/at step/nn of/in the/at way/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn cottage/nn ,/, from/in choosing/vbg the/at proper/jj site/nn to/in applying/vbg the/at final/jj trim/nn ./.


	In/in recognition/nn of/in the/at growing/vbg trend/nn for/in second/od homes/nns ,/, or/cc vacation/nn cottages/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv designed/vbn this/dt one/cd specifically/rb with/in the/at family/nn handyman/nn in/in mind/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at big/jj project/nn ,/, not/* to/to be/be taken/vbn lightly/rb ./.
But/cc each/dt step/nn has/hvz been/ben broken/vbn down/rp into/in easy/jj stages/nns ,/, utilizing/vbg standard/jj materials/nns and/cc simple/jj tools/nns ,/, well/rb within/in the/at capabilities/nns of/in the/at handyman/nn ./.



The/at-hl theory/nn-hl 
The/at idea/nn behind/in our/pp$ design/nn is/bez modular/jj units/nns ,/, or/cc panelization/nn ./.
Everything/pn possible/jj has/hvz been/ben scaled/vbn to/in standard/jj sizes/nns and/cc measurements/nns of/in materials/nns ./.
Wall/nn panels/nns and/cc structural/jj timbers/nns are/ber standard/jj as/cs are/ber windows/nns and/cc doors/nns ,/, making/vbg for/in a/at minimum/nn of/in cutting/vbg ./.
We/ppss have/hv developed/vbn an/at ingenious/jj method/nn of/in interlocking/vbg these/dts so/cs that/cs you/ppss can/md make/vb the/at major/jj part/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn in/in your/pp$ own/jj workshop/nn ,/, panel/nn by/in panel/nn ,/, according/in to/in plan/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, when/wrb you/ppss have/hv prepared/vbn your/pp$ foundation/nn and/cc laid/vbn the/at floor/nn ,/, these/dts can/md be/be trucked/vbn to/in the/at site/nn and/cc erected/vbn with/in a/at small/jj crew/nn of/in friends/nns in/in a/at weekend/nn ./.
The/at roof/nn timbers/nns are/ber precut/vbn and/cc the/at panels/nns standard/jj so/cs that/cs the/at house/nn can/md be/be completely/rb enclosed/vbn in/in a/at matter/nn of/in three/cd or/cc four/cd days/nns ./.
Then/rb you/ppss can/md do/do the/at finishing/vbg touches/nns at/in your/pp$ leisure/nn ./.



A/at-hl warning/nn-hl 
Due/rb to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs building/vbg codes/nns and/cc regulations/nns vary/vb so/ql much/rb throughout/in the/at country/nn ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn to/to do/do is/bez to/to find/vb out/rp what/wdt ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, they/ppss are/ber ./.
Close/rb to/in a/at large/jj city/nn they/ppss might/md even/rb specify/vb the/at size/nn of/in the/at nails/nns used/vbn ;/. ;/.
in/in a/at remote/jj section/nn there/ex might/md be/be no/at restrictions/nns at/in all/abn ./.
This/dt can/md usually/rb be/be found/vbn out/rp at/in the/at nearest/jjt town/nn hall/nn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn check/vb the/at electrical/jj ,/, plumbing/nn ,/, and/cc sanitary/jj requirements/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs possible/jj zoning/vbg regulations/nns ./.
Whether/cs electricity/nn and/cc public/jj water/nn and/cc sewers/nns are/ber available/jj or/cc not/* ,/, check/vb the/at local/jj customs/nns in/in the/at use/nn of/in bottled/vbn or/cc L-P/nn gas/nn (/( we/ppss give/vb you/ppo alternatives/nns later/rbr on/rp )/) ./.
Be/be sure/jj that/cs this/dt information/nn is/bez reasonably/ql official/jj and/cc not/* just/rb an/at unfounded/jj opinion/nn ./.
If/cs there/ex are/ber any/dti major/jj restrictions/nns ,/, they/ppss usually/rb can/md be/be obtained/vbn in/in printed/vbn form/nn ./.
Where/wrb a/at building/vbg permit/nn is/bez required/vbn ,/, find/vb out/rp what/wdt you/ppss must/md present/vb when/wrb applying/vbg for/in one/cd ./.
In/in many/ap cases/nns ,/, you/ppss must/md file/vb a/at complete/jj set/nn of/in plans/nns with/in the/at local/jj building/vbg inspector/nn ./.
These/dts will/md be/be available/jj at/in cost/nn from/in our/pp$ Plans/nns-tl Department/nn-tl ./.



The/at-hl site/nn-hl 
Some/dti general/jj things/nns to/to look/vb for/in in/in a/at site/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss haven't/hv* already/rb bought/vbn one/cd ,/, are/ber accessibility/nn ,/, water/nn drainage/nn ,/, and/cc orientation/nn ./.
How/wrb are/ber the/at roads/nns ,/, and/cc how/wrb will/md they/ppss stand/vb up/rp ?/. ?/.
Is/bez there/ex evidence/nn of/in wash-outs/nns on/in the/at property/nn ;/. ;/.
swampy/jj areas/nns or/cc intermittent/jj springs/nns ?/. ?/.
A/at visit/nn in/in the/at early/jj spring/nn after/in a/at thaw/nn will/md be/be very/ql informative/jj ./.
Note/vb where/wrb the/at sun/nn rises/vbz and/cc sets/vbz ,/, and/cc ask/vb which/wdt direction/nn the/at prevailing/vbg winds/nns and/cc storms/nns come/vb from/in ./.
Will/md the/at view/nn be/be something/pn you/ppss can/md live/vb with/in ?/. ?/.
Don't/do* worry/vb too/ql much/rb about/in rocky/jj or/cc sloping/vbg terrain/nn ;/. ;/.
we/ppss will/md take/vb up/rp alternative/jj foundations/nns later/rbr on/rp ./.



The/at-hl materials/nns-hl 
With/in this/dt first/od issue/nn we/ppss give/vb you/ppo a/at list/nn of/in the/at materials/nns needed/vbn to/to build/vb the/at basic/jj (/( AjA/nn version/nn )/) and/cc the/at expandable/jj (/( AjB/nn version/nn )/) ./.
This/dt will/nn be/be for/in the/at shell/nn of/in the/at house/nn only/rb (/( roof/nn ,/, walls/nns ,/, and/cc floor/nn )/) ,/, and/cc does/doz not/* include/vb the/at carport/nn or/cc balcony/nn ./.
This/dt will/md permit/vb you/ppo to/to get/vb a/at rough/jj estimate/nn of/in how/wrb much/ap the/at materials/nns for/in the/at shell/nn will/md cost/vb ./.
Bear/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs this/dt does/doz not/* include/vb interior/jj panels/nns for/in partitions/nns ,/, fancy/jj flooring/nn ,/, appliances/nns and/cc fixtures/nns ,/, electrical/jj wiring/nn ,/, and/cc plumbing/nn ,/, all/abn of/in which/wdt will/md be/be taken/vbn up/rp in/in detail/nn in/in later/jjr issues/nns ./.


	The/at wall/nn panels/nns are/ber constructed/vbn of/in a/at framework/nn of/in standard/jj Af/nn and/cc Af/nn of/in a/at good/jj grade/nn ,/, free/jj from/in structural/jj faults/nns ./.
They/ppss should/md be/be as/ql straight/jj as/cs possible/jj ,/, as/cs this/dt will/md effect/vb their/pp$ ability/nn to/to mesh/vb properly/rb when/wrb the/at walls/nns are/ber erected/vbn ./.
The/at outside/jj surface/nn of/in the/at solid/jj units/nns shall/md be/be of/in an/at exterior/jj grade/nn of/in panel/nn board/nn such/jj as/cs plywood/nn ,/, plastic/jj coated/vbn panel/nn board/nn ,/, high/jj density/nn particle/nn board/nn ,/, asbestos-cement/nn board/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti other/ap product/nn locally/rb obtainable/jj upon/in recommendation/nn of/in your/pp$ building/vbg supply/nn dealer/nn ./.
The/at inner/jj panels/nns do/do not/* have/hv to/to be/be weatherproof/jj ,/, and/cc the/at choice/nn will/md depend/vb on/in the/at quality/nn of/in finish/nn desired/vbn ./.
All/abn panel/nn board/nn comes/vbz in/in standard/jj Af/nn foot/nn size/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez recommended/vbn that/cs panels/nns be/be both/abx glued/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs nailed/vbn to/in the/at frame/nn ./.
The/at fixed/vbn window/nn panels/nns with/in louvers/nns should/md have/hv a/at good/jj grade/nn of/in 1/8-inch/nn double-strength/jj glass/nn set/vbn in/in a/at mastic/nn glazing/vbg compound/nn ./.
The/at louvers/nns are/ber constructed/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in the/at detail/nn ,/, with/in a/at drop/jj door/nn for/in ventilation/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber standard/jj sliding/vbg glass/nn windows/nns in/in wood/nn or/cc aluminum/nn frames/nns for/in those/dts panels/nns requiring/vbg them/ppo ./.
The/at door/nn panels/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to accommodate/vb standard/jj doors/nns which/wdt should/md be/be of/in exterior/jj grade/nn ./.
The/at filler/nn panels/nns for/in the/at gable/nn ends/nns are/ber cut/vbn from/in full/jj Af/nn sheets/nns as/cs shown/vbn ,/, leaving/vbg no/at wastage/nn ./.
The/at battens/nns covering/vbg the/at joints/nns are/ber of/in Af/nn stock/nn and/cc are/ber applied/vbn after/cs the/at walls/nns are/ber erected/vbn ./.
All/abn nails/nns should/md be/be rustproof/jj ,/, and/cc aluminum/nn is/bez highly/ql recommended/vbn ./.
Note/vb :/: If/cs 1/2-inch/nn panel/nn board/nn is/bez used/vbn inside/rb and/cc out/rp ,/, or/cc 5/8-inch/nn one/cd side/nn and/cc 3/8-inch/nn the/at other/ap ,/, and/cc 1/8-inch/nn glass/nn is/bez used/vbn ,/, stock/nn lumber/nn in/in Af/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, and/cc Af/nn can/md be/be used/vbn in/in making/vbg the/at glass/nn panels/nns ./.
Other/ap thicknesses/nns may/md necessitate/vb ripping/vbg a/at special/jj size/nn lumber/nn for/in the/at glass/nn trim/nn ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at special/jj milling/nn or/cc rabbeting/nn required/vbn for/in the/at panels/nns ./.


	With/in modern/jj techniques/nns of/in woodworking/vbg and/cc the/at multitude/nn of/in cutting/vbg tools/nns ,/, fixtures/nns ,/, and/cc attachments/nns available/jj ,/, the/at drill/nn press/nn has/hvz become/vbn a/at basic/jj home/nr workshop/nn tool/nn ./.
The/at drill/nn press/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at vertical/jj shaft/nn (/( spindle/nn )/) which/wdt is/bez tapered/vbn or/cc threaded/vbn on/in one/cd end/nn to/to hold/vb a/at drill/nn chuck/nn ,/, a/at tubular/jj housing/nn (/( quill/nn )/) in/in which/wdt the/at spindle/nn is/bez mounted/vbn ,/, a/at head/nn in/in which/wdt the/at quill/nn is/bez mounted/vbn ,/, a/at feed/nn lever/nn which/wdt moves/vbz the/at quill/nn up/rp or/cc down/rp ,/, a/at power/nn source/nn ,/, and/cc a/at movable/jj table/nn upon/in which/wdt the/at work/nn is/bez placed/vbn ./.
There/ex is/bez often/rb a/at means/nn of/in locking/vbg the/at quill/nn and/cc ,/, on/in larger/jjr presses/nns ,/, the/at table/nn can/md be/be tilted/vbn ./.


	The/at size/nn of/in the/at press/nn is/bez usually/rb expressed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in chuck/nn capacity/nn (/( the/at maximum/jj diameter/nn tool/nn shank/nn it/pps will/md hold/vb )/) or/cc distance/nn between/in the/at spindle/nn center/nn and/cc the/at column/nn ./.
A/at press/nn with/in an/at 11/cd inch/nn capacity/nn lets/vbz you/ppo drill/vb to/in the/at center/nn of/in a/at 22/cd inch/nn board/nn or/cc circle/nn ./.


	A/at new/jj radial/jj drill/nn press/nn with/in a/at 16/cd inch/nn capacity/nn has/hvz a/at tilting/vbg head/nn that/wps allows/vbz drilling/vbg to/to be/be done/vbn at/in any/dti angle/nn ./.
The/at head/nn is/bez mounted/vbn on/in a/at horizontal/jj arm/nn that/wps swivels/vbz on/in the/at supporting/vbg column/nn to/to position/vb the/at drill/nn bit/nn instead/rb of/in the/at work/nn ./.



Set-up/nn-hl and/cc-hl maintenance/nn-hl 
The/at drill/nn press/nn should/md be/be leveled/vbn and/cc ,/, depending/in on/in whether/cs it/pps is/bez a/at bench/nn or/cc floor/nn model/nn ,/, bolted/vbn securely/rb to/in a/at sturdy/jj bench/nn or/cc stand/nn or/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at floor/nn with/in lag/nn or/cc expansion/nn screws/nns ./.
This/dt will/nn reduce/vb vibration/nn and/cc increase/vb accuracy/nn ./.


	A/at coat/nn of/in paste/nn wax/nn or/cc a/at rubdown/nn with/in a/at piece/nn of/in wax/nn paper/nn will/md protect/vb the/at polished/vbn surface/nn of/in the/at table/nn ;/. ;/.
wiping/vbg with/in a/at slightly/rb oiled/vbn cloth/nn will/md discourage/vb rusting/nn of/in the/at column/nn and/cc quill/nn ./.
Presses/nns not/* fitted/vbn with/in sealed/vbn spindle/nn bearings/nns will/md need/vb a/at drop/nn of/in oil/nn now/rb and/cc then/rb in/in the/at lubrication/nn holes/nns in/in the/at quill/nn ./.
The/at rest/nn of/in the/at press/nn should/md be/be kept/vbn clean/jj by/in dusting/vbg with/in a/at clean/jj rag/nn or/cc brush/nn ./.


	Be/be careful/jj to/to keep/vb the/at drive/nn belt/nn free/jj of/in oil/nn and/cc grease/nn ./.
Belt/nn tension/nn is/bez adjusted/vbn by/in manipulation/nn of/in two/cd locking/vbg bolts/nns and/cc a/at movable/jj motor/nn mount/nn ./.
Keep/vb the/at belt/nn just/rb tight/jj enough/qlp so/cs the/at pulleys/nns won't/md* slip/vb when/wrb pulled/vbn by/in hand/nn ;/. ;/.
excess/jj tension/nn will/md only/rb cause/vb undue/jj wear/nn on/in the/at motor/nn and/cc spindle/nn bearings/nns ./.
Most/ap drill/nn presses/nns have/hv a/at quill/nn return/nn spring/nn that/wps raises/vbz the/at spindle/nn automatically/rb when/wrb the/at feed/nn lever/nn is/bez released/vbn and/cc holds/vbz the/at quill/nn in/in the/at raised/vbn position/nn ./.
The/at return/nn spring/nn tension/nn may/md be/be adjusted/vbn to/to suit/vb individual/jj requirements/nns by/in gripping/vbg the/at spring/nn housing/nn with/in a/at pair/nn of/in pliers/nns (/( to/to prevent/vb the/at spring/nn from/in unwinding/vbg when/wrb it/pps is/bez released/vbn )/) ,/, loosening/vbg the/at lock/nn nut/nn or/cc screw/nn ,/, and/cc rotating/vbg the/at housing/nn until/cs the/at desired/vbn tension/nn is/bez achieved/vbn ./.
Turning/vbg the/at housing/nn clockwise/rb will/md reduce/vb tension/nn ,/, counter-clockwise/rb will/md increase/vb it/ppo ./.



Don't/do*-hl lose/vb-hl the/at-hl chuck/nn-hl key/nn-hl 
./.-hl
Some/dti manufacturers/nns have/hv had/hvn the/at foresight/nn to/to provide/vb a/at socket/nn for/in the/at chuck/nn key/nn ;/. ;/.
otherwise/rb ,/, you'll/ppss+md have/hv to/to spend/vb a/at few/ap minutes/nns to/to either/cc attach/vb a/at suitable/jj spring/nn clip/nn somewhere/rb on/in the/at press/nn head/nn or/cc fit/vb the/at key/nn to/in a/at length/nn of/in light/jj chain/nn and/cc fasten/vb to/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at motor/nn mount/nn so/cs that/cs the/at key/nn is/bez out/in of/in the/at way/nn when/wrb not/* in/in use/nn ./.



Feeds/nns-hl and/cc-hl speeds/nns-hl 
Drill/nn speeds/nns are/ber important/jj if/cs you/ppss want/vb a/at good/jj job/nn ./.
Each/dt cutting/vbg tool/nn will/md operate/vb best/rbt at/in a/at given/vbn speed/nn ,/, depending/in on/in the/at material/nn worked/vbn ./.
On/in most/ap drill/nn presses/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez impossible/jj to/to get/vb the/at exact/jj speed/nn ,/, but/cc you/ppss can/md come/vb close/rb by/in adjusting/vbg the/at drive/nn belt/nn on/in the/at step-cone/nn pulleys/nns ./.
You/ppss will/md find/vb a/at chart/nn giving/vbg the/at various/jj speed/nn ratios/nns available/jj with/in your/pp$ particular/jj drill/nn press/nn somewhere/rb in/in the/at instruction/nn booklet/nn that/wps came/vbd with/in the/at tool/nn ./.
See/vb the/at table/nn on/in page/nn 34/cd for/in exact/jj recommended/vbn speeds/nns ./.
Generally/rb ,/, the/at larger/jjr the/at tool/nn and/cc the/at harder/jjr the/at material/nn ,/, the/at slower/jjr the/at speed/nn ./.


	Feed/nn pressure/nn is/bez also/rb of/in major/jj importance/nn ./.
Too/ql much/ap pressure/nn will/md force/vb the/at tool/nn beyond/in its/pp$ cutting/vbg capacity/nn and/cc result/vb in/in rough/jj cuts/nns and/cc jammed/vbn or/cc broken/vbn tools/nns ./.
Too/ql light/jj a/at feed/nn ,/, particularly/rb with/in metal/nn or/cc other/ap hard/jj material/nn ,/, causes/vbz overheating/nn of/in the/at tool/nn and/cc burning/nn of/in the/at cutting/vbg edge/nn ./.
The/at best/jjt results/nns will/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in matching/vbg the/at correct/jj speed/nn with/in a/at steady/jj feed/nn pressure/nn that/wps lets/vbz the/at tool/nn cut/vb easily/rb at/in an/at even/jj rate/nn ./.



Common/jj-hl drilling/vbg-hl tools/nns-hl 
There/ex are/ber numerous/jj types/nns and/cc styles/nns of/in tools/nns to/to drill/vb holes/nns ./.
The/at most/ql common/jj are/ber the/at twist/nn drill/nn ,/, the/at solid/jj center/nn shaft/nn with/in interchangeable/jj cutting/vbg blades/nns ,/, the/at double/jj spur/nn bit/nn ,/, and/cc the/at power/nn wood/nn bit/nn ./.
All/abn will/md do/do a/at good/jj job/nn if/cs sharp/jj ,/, but/cc the/at twist/nn drills/nns don't/do* cut/vb quite/ql as/ql smoothly/rb as/cs the/at others/nns ,/, since/cs they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv the/at outlining/vbg spurs/nns that/wps sever/vb the/at fibers/nns before/cs actual/jj boring/nn starts/vbz ./.


	The/at adjustable/jj fly/nn cutter/nn is/bez very/ql useful/jj for/in cutting/vbg large/jj diameter/nn holes/nns and/cc can/md be/be used/vbn to/to cut/vb exact-size/jj discs/nns by/in reversing/vbg the/at cutter/nn blade/nn ./.
Since/cs fly/nn cutters/nns are/ber one/cd sided/vbn and/cc not/* balanced/vbn ,/, they/ppss should/md be/be used/vbn at/in the/at slowest/jjt speed/nn available/jj ,/, and/cc fed/vbn very/ql slowly/rb to/to avoid/vb binding/vbg ./.
Fly/nn cutters/nns can/md fool/vb you/ppo into/in putting/vbg your/pp$ hand/nn too/ql close/rb to/in the/at tool/nn ,/, so/cs if/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to avoid/vb nicked/vbn fingers/nns ,/, keep/vb your/pp$ hands/nns well/ql out/in of/in the/at way/nn ./.



Simple/jj-hl hole/nn-hl drilling/vbg-hl operations/nns-hl 
When/wrb drilling/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn through/in a/at workpiece/nn ,/, always/rb place/vb a/at piece/nn of/in scrap/nn wood/nn underneath/in ./.
This/dt will/nn not/* only/rb protect/vb the/at work/nn table/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb assure/vb a/at clean/jj breakthrough/nn ./.
Another/dt method/nn of/in assuring/vbg a/at clean/jj hole/nn is/bez to/to first/rb drill/vb a/at small/jj pilot/nn hole/nn all/abn the/at way/nn through/in ,/, then/rb drill/vb half/abn way/nn with/in the/at dimensional/jj bit/nn ,/, turn/vb the/at piece/nn over/rp ,/, and/cc finish/vb from/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./.
In/in soft/jj woods/nns with/in pronounced/vbn grain/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez sometimes/rb a/at tendency/nn for/in the/at hole/nn to/to wander/vb ,/, due/rb to/in the/at varying/vbg hardness/nn of/in the/at wood/nn ./.
In/in this/dt case/nn ,/, drilling/vbg a/at small/jj pilot/nn hole/nn or/cc clamping/vbg the/at work/nn will/md do/do much/ap to/to improve/vb accuracy/nn ./.


	When/wrb a/at hole/nn is/bez to/to be/be bored/vbn to/in a/at predetermined/vbn depth/nn ,/, mark/vb the/at depth/nn on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at stock/nn ,/, then/rb run/vb the/at bit/nn down/rp so/cs that/cs it/pps is/bez even/jj with/in the/at mark/nn ./.
The/at depth/nn gauge/nn rod/nn can/md now/rb be/be set/vbn ,/, and/cc any/dti number/nn of/in holes/nns bored/vbn to/in exact/jj and/cc identical/jj depth/nn ./.



	The/at old-time/jj bridges/nns over/in the/at Merrimac/np-tl River/nn-tl in/in Massachusetts/np are/ber of/in unusual/jj interest/nn in/in many/ap respects/nns ./.
For/in their/pp$ length/nn ,/, their/pp$ types/nns of/in construction/nn ,/, their/pp$ picturesque/jj settings/nns ,/, and/cc their/pp$ literary/jj associations/nns ,/, they/ppss should/md be/be known/vbn and/cc remembered/vbn ./.
In/in this/dt sequence/nn I/ppss shall/md write/vb about/in them/ppo in/in the/at order/nn of/in their/pp$ erection/nn ./.


	The/at first/od bridge/nn known/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben covered/vbn wholly/rb or/cc in/in part/nn ,/, --/-- and/cc perhaps/rb the/at most/ql interesting/jj one/cd ,/, connected/vbd Newbury/np (/( now/rb Newburyport/np )/) with/in Salisbury/np-tl Point/nn-tl ./.
Its/pp$ building/nn was/bedz first/rb proposed/vbn in/in 1791/cd ,/, when/wrb a/at group/nn of/in citizens/nns ,/, mostly/rb Newburyport/np men/nns ,/, petitioned/vbd the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl for/in an/at act/nn of/in incorporation/nn ./.
This/dt document/nn began/vbd :/: ``/`` No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl-hl Newbury/np-hl Port/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl may/md-hl 30th/od-hl ,/,-hl 1791/cd-hl 


	``/`` Whereas/cs ,/, a/at Bridge/nn over/in Merrimack/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, from/in the/at Land/nn of/in Hon'ble/jj-tl Jonathan/np Greenleaf/np ,/, Esquire/np ,/, in/in Newbery/np ,/, to/in Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc from/in said/vbn Island/nn to/in Salisbury/np ,/, would/md be/be of/in very/ql extensive/jj utility/nn ,/, by/in affording/vbg a/at safe/jj Conveyance/nn to/in Carriages/nns ,/, Teams/nns and/cc Travellers/nns at/in all/abn seasons/nns of/in the/at year/nn ,/, and/cc at/in all/abn Times/nns of/in Tide/nn ./.


	``/`` We/ppss ,/, the/at Subscribers/nns ,/, do/do agree/vb ,/, that/cs as/ql soon/rb as/cs a/at convenient/jj Number/nn of/in Persons/nns have/hv subscribed/vbn to/in this/dt ,/, or/cc a/at similar/jj Writing/nn-tl ,/, We/ppss-tl will/md present/vb a/at petition/nn to/in the/at Hon'ble/jj-tl General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl ,/, praying/vbg for/in an/at Act/nn incorporating/vbg into/in a/at Body/nn politic/jj the/at subscribers/nns to/in such/jj Writing/nn with/in Liberty/nn to/to build/vb such/abl a/at Bridge/nn ,/, and/cc a/at Right/nn to/to demand/vb a/at Toll/nn equal/jj to/in that/dt received/vbn at/in Malden/np-tl Bridge/nn-tl ,/, and/cc on/in like/jj Terms/nns ,/, and/cc if/cs such/abl an/at Act/nn shall/md be/be obtained/vbn ,/, then/rb we/ppss severally/rb agree/vb each/dt with/in the/at others/nns ,/, that/cs we/ppss will/md hold/vb in/in the/at said/vbn Bridge/nn the/at several/ap shares/nns set/vbn against/in our/pp$ respective/jj Names/nns ,/, the/at whole/nn into/in two/cd hundred/cd shares/nns being/beg divided/vbn ,/, and/cc that/cs we/ppss will/md pay/vb such/jj sums/nns of/in Money/nn at/in such/jj Times/nns and/cc in/in such/jj Manners/nns ,/, as/cs by/in the/at said/vbn proposed/vbn Corporation/nn ,/, shall/md be/be directed/vbn and/cc required/vbn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt paper/nn was/bedz signed/vbn by/in forty-five/cd persons/nns ,/, subscribing/vbg a/at total/nn of/in two/cd hundred/cd shares/nns ./.


	A/at month/nn later/rbr the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl served/vbd notice/nn to/in the/at town/nn of/in Newbury/np that/cs the/at bridge/nn was/bedz to/to be/be built/vbn ./.
The/at matter/nn was/bedz considered/vbn and/cc reconsidered/vbn ,/, and/cc finally/rb opposed/vbn ,/, but/cc in/in spite/nn of/in many/ap objections/nns ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl granted/vbd a/at charter/nn on/in January/np 9/cd ,/, 1792/cd ./.
On/in November/np 26/cd of/in that/dt year/nn the/at bridge/nn was/bedz completed/vbn and/cc opened/vbn ./.


	Timothy/np Palmer/np ,/, who/wps invented/vbd and/cc later/rbr patented/vbd the/at arch/nn type/nn of/in construction/nn for/in wooden/jj bridges/nns ,/, was/bedz the/at genius/nn who/wps planned/vbd and/cc supervised/vbd the/at building/nn of/in the/at Essex/np ,/, or/cc ``/`` Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ''/'' bridge/nn although/cs the/at actual/jj work/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in the/at direction/nn of/in William/np Coombs/np ,/, who/wps received/vbd $300/nns as/cs recompense/nn ./.


	This/dt two-part/jj bridge/nn is/bez best/rbt described/vbn by/in Rev./np Timothy/np Dwight/np ,/, president/nn of/in Yale/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Travels/nns-tl In/in-tl New-England/np-tl And/cc-tl New-York/np-tl ''/'' ,/, published/vbn in/in New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl in/in 1821/cd ./.
He/pps says/vbz of/in it/ppo :/: 

	``/`` It/pps consists/vbz of/in two/cd divisions/nns ,/, separated/vbn by/in an/at island/nn at/in a/at small/jj distance/nn from/in the/at southern/jj shore/nn ./.
The/at division/nn between/in the/at island/nn and/cc this/dt shore/nn ,/, consists/vbz principally/rb of/in an/at arch/nn ;/. ;/.
whose/wp$ chord/nn is/bez one/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty/cd feet/nns ,/, and/cc whose/wp$ vortex/nn is/bez forty/cd feet/nns (/( it/pps was/bedz actually/rb 37/cd feet/nns )/) above/in the/at high-water/nn mark/nn ./.
In/in appearance/nn and/cc construction/nn it/pps resembles/vbz the/at Pascataqua/np bridge/nn ./.
The/at whole/jj length/nn of/in Essex/np bridge/nn is/bez one/cd thousand/cd and/cc thirty/cd feet/nns and/cc its/pp$ breadth/nn thirty-four/cd ./.
I/ppss have/hv already/rb mentioned/vbn that/cs Mr./np Timothy/np Palmer/np of/in Newburyport/np was/bedz the/at inventor/nn of/in the/at arched/vbn bridges/nns in/in this/dt country/nn ./.
As/cs Mr./np Palmer/np was/bedz educated/vbn to/in house-building/nn only/rb ,/, and/cc had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn a/at structure/nn of/in this/dt nature/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps certainly/rb deserves/vbz not/* a/at little/ap credit/nn for/in the/at invention/nn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez hardly/rb necessary/jj to/to remind/vb students/nns of/in covered/vbn bridges/nns that/cs Timothy/np Palmer/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in 1751/cd in/in nearby/jj Rowley/np ;/. ;/.
that/cs he/pps moved/vbd with/in his/pp$ parents/nns to/in West/jj-tl Boxford/np-tl when/wrb he/pps was/bedz sixteen/cd years/nns old/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc was/bedz there/rb apprenticed/vbn to/in a/at builder/nn and/cc architect/nn ,/, Moody/np Spofford/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz indeed/rb a/at remarkable/jj feat/nn that/cs a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd had/hvn no/at experience/nn of/in bridge/nn building/vbg should/md have/hv applied/vbn the/at principle/nn of/in the/at arch/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz in/in his/pp$ famous/jj bridges/nns at/in Portsmouth/np ,/, Haverhill/np ,/, and/cc Philadelphia/np ./.


	The/at Essex/np-tl Merrimack/np-tl Bridge/nn-tl when/wrb first/rb built/vbn was/bedz not/* covered/vbn ./.
As/ql far/rb as/cs we/ppss know/vb ,/, no/at American/jj bridge/nn had/hvd been/ben thus/rb protected/vbn in/in 1792/cd ./.
Richard/np S./np Allen/np is/bez the/at authority/nn for/in the/at statement/nn that/cs the/at northern/jj section/nn was/bedz probably/rb roofed/vbn by/in 1810/cd ./.
Its/pp$ original/jj appearance/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in an/at engraving/nn published/vbn in/in the/at ``/`` Massachusetts/np-tl Magazine/nn-tl ''/'' in/in May/np 1793/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez reproduced/vbn herewith/rb (/( Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./.
A/at brief/jj description/nn accompanying/vbg the/at picture/nn says/vbz that/cs the/at bridge/nn contained/vbd more/ap than/in 6000/cd tons/nns of/in timber/nn ./.
Between/in the/at abutments/nns on/in the/at Newbury/np shore/nn and/cc the/at south/nr bank/nn of/in Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl there/ex was/bedz one/cd span/nn or/cc arch/nn measuring/vbg 160/cd feet/nns ;/. ;/.
between/in the/at north/nr shore/nn of/in Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc the/at Salisbury/np side/nn there/ex was/bedz an/at arch/nn of/in 113/cd feet/nns and/cc a/at series/nn of/in piers/nns with/in a/at draw/nn forty/cd feet/nns long/jj ./.


	A/at dinner/nn and/cc celebration/nn in/in honor/nn of/in this/dt piece/nn of/in engineering/vbg took/vbd place/nn July/np 4/cd ,/, 1793/cd ,/, in/in a/at tavern/nn erected/vbn by/in the/at corporation/nn on/in the/at island/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez said/vbn that/cs the/at eccentric/jj Timothy/np Dexter/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at first/od share-holders/nns ,/, stood/vbd on/in the/at table/nn and/cc made/vbd a/at speech/nn worthy/jj of/in the/at occasion/nn ./.
The/at ``/`` Essex/np-tl Journal/nn-tl ''/'' says/vbz that/cs he/pps ``/`` delivered/vbd an/at oration/nn on/in the/at bridge/nn ,/, which/wdt for/in elegance/nn of/in style/nn ,/, propriety/nn of/in speech/nn or/cc force/nn of/in argument/nn ,/, was/bedz truly/rb Ciceronian/jj ''/'' ./.
The/at reporter/nn must/md have/hv written/vbn this/dt with/in tongue/nn in/in cheek/nn ,/, because/cs Dexter's/np$ oration/nn could/md hardly/rb be/be understood/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, although/cs he/pps later/rbr explained/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz talking/vbg French/np ,/, it/pps seems/vbz rather/ql more/ql likely/jj that/cs he/pps had/hvd succumbed/vbn to/in the/at joys/nns of/in the/at evening/nn ./.


	The/at north/nr portion/nn of/in the/at Essex/np bridge/nn was/bedz well/ql worth/jj the/at cost/nn of/in construction/nn ,/, although/cs it/pps proved/vbd to/to be/be twice/rb what/wdt was/bedz estimated/vbn in/in the/at beginning/nn ./.
It/pps stood/vbd in/in its/pp$ original/jj form/nn until/in 1882/cd ./.
The/at southern/jj half/abn ,/, however/rb ,/, on/in account/nn of/in its/pp$ underbracing/nn ,/, was/bedz considered/vbn by/in boat/nn owners/nns a/at menace/nn to/in navigation/nn ./.
In/in 1810/cd it/pps was/bedz torn/vbn down/rp and/cc replaced/vbn by/in a/at chain/nn suspension/nn bridge/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz built/vbn by/in John/np Templeman/np from/in plans/nns submitted/vbn by/in James/np Finley/np of/in Fayette/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, Pennsylvania/np ./.
Timothy/np Palmer/np had/hvd general/jj supervision/nn of/in the/at work/nn ./.


	An/at advertisement/nn in/in the/at ``/`` Newburyport/np Herald/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, December/np 21/cd ,/, 1810/cd ,/, shows/vbz Palmer/np in/in a/at new/jj light/nn as/cs an/at expert/nn on/in chain/nn-hl bridges/nns-hl ./.
It/pps reads/vbz :/: ``/`` chain/nn bridges/nns 


	``/`` ./.
Information/nn is/bez hereby/rb given/vbn that/cs Mr./np Timothy/np Palmer/np of/in Newburyport/np ,/, Mass./np has/hvz agreed/vbn to/to take/vb charge/nn of/in the/at concerns/nns of/in the/at Patentees/nns-tl of/in the/at Chain/nn-tl Bridge/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at states/nns of/in Massachusetts/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, Vermont/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Connecticut/np ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs relates/vbz to/in the/at sale/nn of/in Patent/nn-tl rights/nns and/cc the/at construction/nn of/in Chain/nn-tl Bridges/nns-tl ./.


	``/`` Mr./np Palmer/np will/md attend/vb to/in any/dti applications/nns relating/vbg to/in bridges/nns and/cc if/cs desired/vbn will/md view/vb the/at proposed/vbn site/nn ,/, and/cc lay/vb out/rp and/cc superintend/vb the/at work/nn ,/, or/cc recommend/vb a/at suitable/jj person/nn to/to execute/vb it/ppo ./.


	John/np Templeman/np 

	``/`` Approved/vbd ,/, Timothy/np Palmer/np ''/'' 

	./.
This/dt chain/nn bridge/nn proved/vbd less/ql durable/jj than/cs the/at wooden/jj arch/nn on/in the/at Salisbury/np end/nn ./.
It/pps fell/vbd ,/, February/np 6/cd ,/, 1827/cd ,/, carrying/vbg with/in it/ppo a/at horse/nn and/cc wagon/nn ,/, two/cd men/nns and/cc four/cd oxen/nns ./.
The/at horse/nn and/cc men/nns were/bed saved/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at oxen/nns drowned/vbd ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt catastrophe/nn ,/, the/at bridge/nn was/bedz rebuilt/vbn on/in the/at same/ap plan/nn and/cc opened/vbn again/rb on/in July/np 17/cd ,/, 1827/cd ./.
This/dt second/od chain/nn bridge/nn was/bedz 570/cd feet/nns long/jj ,/, had/hvd two/cd thirty-foot/jj towers/nns and/cc a/at draw/nn ,/, and/cc a/at double/jj roadway/nn ./.


	The/at Essex/np bridge/nn was/bedz a/at toll/nn crossing/nn until/in 1868/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at County/nn-tl Commissioners/nns-tl laid/vbd out/rp all/abn the/at Merrimack/np bridges/nns as/cs highways/nns ./.


	Sturdy/jj and/cc strong/jj after/in more/ap than/in a/at century/nn of/in continuous/jj use/nn ,/, the/at old/jj covered/vbn ,/, wooden/jj bridge/nn that/wps spans/vbz the/at Tygartis/np-tl Valley/nn-tl River/nn-tl at/in Philippi/np will/md have/hv a/at distinctive/jj part/nn in/in the/at week-long/jj observance/nn of/in the/at first/od land/nn battle/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl at/in its/pp$ home/nr site/nn ,/, May/np 28th/od to/in June/np 3rd/od ./.
Colonel/nn-tl Frederick/np W./np Lander/np ,/, impersonated/vbn ,/, will/md again/rb make/vb his/pp$ break-neck/jj ride/nn down/in the/at steep/nn declivity/nn of/in Talbott's/np$ (/( now/rb College/nn-tl )/) Hill/nn-tl and/cc thunder/vb across/in the/at bridge/nn to/to join/vb Colonel/nn-tl Benjamin/np F./np Kelley's/np$ (/( West/jj-tl )/) Virginia/np-tl Infantry/nn-tl ,/, then/rb swarming/vbg through/in the/at streets/nns in/in pursuit/nn of/in the/at retreating/vbg Confederates/nns-tl ./.
He/pps was/bedz closely/rb followed/vbn by/in the/at Ohio/np and/cc Indiana/np troops/nns --/-- thus/rb the/at old/jj bridge/nn has/hvz another/dt distinction/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt of/in being/beg the/at first/od such/jj structure/nn secured/vbn by/in force/nn of/in arms/nns in/in the/at war/nn of/in the/at '60s/nns ./.


	The/at bridge/nn has/hvz survived/vbn the/at natural/jj hazards/nns of/in the/at elements/nns ,/, war/nn ,/, fire/nn ,/, and/cc floods/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs injuries/nns incident/jj to/in heavy/jj traffic/nn ,/, for/in more/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd years/nns ./.
Twice/rb during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl it/pps was/bedz saved/vbn from/in destruction/nn by/in the/at opposing/vbg armies/nns by/in the/at pleas/nns and/cc prayers/nns of/in a/at local/jj minister/nn ./.
It/pps still/rb stands/vbz as/cs a/at monument/nn to/in the/at engineering/vbg skills/nns of/in the/at last/ap century/nn and/cc still/rb serves/vbz in/in the/at gasoline/nn age/nn to/to carry/vb heavy/jj traffic/nn on/in U.S./np-tl Route/nn-tl 250/cd-tl --/-- the/at old/jj Beverly/np-tl and/cc-tl Fairmont/np-tl Turnpike/nn-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap ,/, if/cs not/* the/at only/ap surviving/vbg bridge/nn of/in its/pp$ type/nn to/to serve/vb a/at main/jjs artery/nn of/in the/at U.S./np highway/nn system/nn ,/, thus/rb it/pps is/bez far/ql more/ap than/in a/at relic/nn of/in the/at horse/nn and/cc buggy/nn days/nns ./.


	This/dt covered/vbn ,/, wooden/jj bridge/nn is/bez so/ql closely/rb identified/vbn with/in the/at first/od action/nn in/in the/at early/jj morning/nn of/in June/np 3/cd ,/, 1861/cd ,/, and/cc with/in subsequent/jj troop/nn movements/nns of/in both/abx armies/nns in/in the/at Philippi/np area/nn that/cs it/pps has/hvz become/vbn a/at part/nn and/cc parcel/nn of/in the/at war/nn story/nn ./.
So/ql frequently/rb have/hv pictures/nns of/in the/at bridge/nn appeared/vbn in/in books/nns and/cc in/in national/jj publications/nns that/cs it/pps vies/vbz with/in the/at old/jj John/np-tl Brown/np-tl Fort/nn-tl at/in Harpers/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl as/cs the/at two/cd nationally/rb best/rbt known/vbn structures/nns in/in West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl ./.


	Completed/vbn and/cc opened/vbn for/in traffic/nn in/in 1852/cd ,/, the/at bridge/nn was/bedz designed/vbn and/cc built/vbn by/in Lemuel/np Chenoweth/np and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ,/, Eli/np ,/, of/in Beverly/np ./.
The/at Chenoweth/np brothers/nns were/bed experienced/jj bridge/nn builders/nns ,/, and/cc against/in the/at competition/nn of/in other/ap ,/, and/cc better/rbr known/vbn ,/, bridge/nn designers/nns and/cc builders/nns they/ppss had/hvd constructed/vbn nine/cd of/in the/at covered/vbn ,/, wooden/jj bridges/nns on/in the/at Parkersburg/np-tl and/cc-tl Staunton/np-tl Turnpike/nn-tl a/at dozen/nn years/nns before/rb ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs many/ap other/ap bridges/nns for/in several/ap counties/nns ./.
The/at Philippi/np-tl bridge/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz the/at Chenoweth/np master/nn piece/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ 139-foot/jj ,/, dual/jj lane/nn ,/, span/nn --/-- and/cc it/pps stands/vbz today/nr as/cs a/at monument/nn to/in its/pp$ builders/nns ./.
Never/rb rebuilt/vbn ,/, the/at bridge/nn was/bedz strengtened/vbn in/in 1938/cd by/in two/cd extra/jj piers/nns ,/, a/at concrete/nn floor/nn ,/, and/cc a/at walk-way/nn along/in the/at upper/jj side/nn in/in order/nn to/to care/vb for/in modern/jj traffic/nn ./.


	During/in the/at war/nn it/pps was/bedz in/in constant/jj use/nn by/in the/at wagon/nn trains/nns transporting/vbg supplies/nns from/in the/at railhead/nn at/in Grafton/np to/in the/at troops/nns operating/vbg in/in the/at interior/nn ./.
Union/nn-tl soldiers/nns at/in times/nns used/vbd it/ppo for/in sleeping/vbg quarters/nns to/to escape/vb from/in the/at rain/nn or/cc other/ap inclement/jj weather/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo left/vbd momentoes/nns of/in their/pp$ stay/nn by/in carving/vbg their/pp$ names/nns and/cc small/jj tokens/nns on/in its/pp$ walls/nns and/cc beams/nns ./.


	But/cc what/wdt the/at elements/nns could/md not/* do/do was/bedz seriously/rb threatened/vbn when/wrb Brigadier/nn-tl General/nn-tl William/np E./np (/( Grumble/np )/) Jones/np reached/vbd Philippi/np while/cs on/in the/at famous/jj Jones-Imboden/np raid/nn in/in May/np ,/, 1863/cd ./.
General/nn-tl Jones/np was/bedz fresh/jj from/in a/at long/jj series/nn of/in bridge/nn burnings/nns ,/, including/in the/at long/jj bridge/nn at/in Fairmont/np ,/, and/cc ,/, after/cs seeing/vbg a/at great/jj drove/nn of/in horses/nns and/cc cattle/nns he/pps had/hvd collected/vbn safely/rb across/in the/at bridge/nn ,/, he/pps sent/vbd his/pp$ men/nns to/to work/vb piling/vbg combustibles/nns in/in and/cc around/in it/ppo ./.
Reverend/np Joshual/np Corder/np ,/, a/at Baptist/jj-tl minister/nn ,/, gathered/vbd a/at few/ap citizens/nns of/in Southern/jj-tl sympathies/nns ,/, to/to call/vb on/in Jones/np and/cc plead/vb with/in him/ppo to/to spare/vb the/at structure/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps reasoned/vbd and/cc argued/vbd ,/, pointing/vbg out/rp that/cs Jones/np or/cc other/ap Confederate/jj-tl commanders/nns would/md need/vb it/ppo should/md troops/nns pass/vb that/dt way/nn in/in retreat/nn ./.
Jones/np relented/vbd ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* order/vb his/pp$ men/nns to/to apply/vb the/at torch/nn --/-- the/at drove/nn of/in livestock/nn was/bedz driven/vbn up/in the/at valley/nn ,/, via/in Beverly/np ,/, and/cc across/in the/at mountains/nns to/to feed/vb and/cc serve/vb the/at Confederate/jj-tl army/nn ,/, while/cs Jones/np and/cc his/pp$ raiders/nns turned/vbd toward/in Buckhannon/np to/to join/vb forces/nns with/in Imboden/np ./.


	Again/rb Reverend/np Corder/np saved/vbd the/at bridge/nn when/wrb Union/nn-tl soldiers/nns planned/vbd to/to destroy/vb it/ppo ,/, after/cs filling/vbg its/pp$ two/cd lanes/nns with/in hay/nn and/cc straw/nn --/-- but/cc for/in what/wdt reason/nn is/bez not/* recorded/vbn nor/cc remembered/vbn ,/, certainly/rb not/* because/cs of/in pressure/nn from/in an/at opposing/vbg Confederate/jj-tl force/nn ./.
On/in the/at second/od occasion/nn it/pps took/vbd prayers/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs reason/nn to/to dissuade/vb the/at soldiers/nns from/in their/pp$ purpose/nn ./.


	Centering/vbg around/in this/dt historic/jj old/jj structure/nn ,/, a/at group/nn of/in public-spirited/jj Barbour/np-tl County/nn-tl citizens/nns have/hv organized/vbn and/cc planned/vbn a/at week-long/jj series/nn of/in events/nns ,/, beginning/vbg on/in May/np 28th/od and/cc continuing/vbg through/in June/np 3rd/od ,/, to/to observe/vb most/ql appropriately/rb the/at centennial/nn of/in the/at first/od land/nn engagement/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl at/in Philippi/np ./.



	It/pps is/bez a/at good/jj eight/cd years/nns now/rb since/cs each/dt of/in us/ppo acquired/vbd a/at swimming/vbg pool/nn --/-- eight/cd enlightening/jj ,/, vigorous/jj ,/, rigorous/jj ,/, not/* wholly/ql unrewarding/jj years/nns ./.
We/ppss have/hv learned/vbn a/at lot/nn --/-- a/at dash/nn of/in hydrochemistry/nn here/rb ,/, a/at bit/nn about/in plumbing/nn and/cc pump-priming/nn there/rb ./.
We/ppss have/hv had/hvn sound/jj grounding/nn in/in the/at principles/nns of/in the/at mailed-fist-in-velvet-glove/jj school/nn of/in diplomacy/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv become/vbn amateur/jj insurance/nn experts/nns and/cc fine-feathered/jj yard/nn birds/nns ./.
True/rb ,/, our/pp$ problems/nns have/hv lessened/vbn a/at bit/nn as/cs more/ap and/cc more/ap of/in our/pp$ neighbors/nns have/hv built/vbn their/pp$ own/jj pools/nns ,/, thereby/rb diluting/vbg our/pp$ spectacular/jj attractions/nns ./.
But/cc problems/nns cling/vb to/in pools/nns ,/, as/cs any/dti pool/nn owner/nn knows/vbz ./.
So/rb our/pp$ innate/jj generosity/nn of/in spirit/nn prompts/vbz us/ppo to/to share/vb our/pp$ trials/nns ,/, errors/nns and/cc solutions/nns with/in any/dti who/wps are/ber taking/vbg the/at pool/nn plunge/nn for/in the/at first/od time/nn --/-- in/in the/at pious/jj hope/nn that/cs some/dti may/md profit/vb from/in our/pp$ experience/nn ./.



Where/wrb-hl to/to-hl put/vb-hl it/ppo-hl 
Position/nn may/md not/* be/be everything/pn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at case/nn of/in a/at pool/nn it/pps can/md certainly/rb contribute/vb difficulties/nns ,/, social/jj and/or/cc physical/jj ./.
We/ppss speak/vb from/in varying/vbg viewpoints/nns ./.
One/cd of/in us/ppo has/hvz a/at pool/nn set/vbn in/in a/at wooded/jj area/nn very/ql near/in the/at house/nn ./.
The/at other/ap has/hvz his/pp$ pool/nn far/ql away/rb from/in the/at house/nn in/in a/at field/nn high/rb on/in a/at hill/nn ./.


	If/cs you/ppss are/ber dreaming/vbg of/in a/at blue/jj ,/, shimmering/vbg pool/nn right/ql outside/in your/pp$ living/vbg room/nn windows/nns ,/, close/vb your/pp$ eyes/nns firmly/rb and/cc fill/vb in/in the/at picture/nn with/in lots/nns and/cc lots/nns of/in children/nns ,/, damp/jj towels/nns ,/, squashed/vbn tubes/nns of/in suntan/nn oil/nn and/cc semi-inflated/jj plastic/nn toys/nns ./.
You/ppss are/ber likely/jj to/to be/be nearer/rbr the/at truth/nn ./.


	You/ppss can/md also/rb see/vb that/cs the/at greater/jjr the/at proximity/nn of/in the/at pool/nn to/in your/pp$ main/jjs living/vbg quarters/nns ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at chance/nn for/in violation/nn of/in family/nn privacy/nn ,/, annoying/jj noise/nn and/cc the/at let's-make-your-house-our-club/jj attitude/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, out-of-sight/nn does/doz not/* lead/vb to/in out-of-mind/nn when/wrb children/nns cannot/md* be/be easily/rb observed/vbn and/cc you/ppss have/hv to/to make/vb a/at long/jj trek/nn to/to reach/vb the/at pool/nn ./.


	Another/dt dilemma/nn :/: As/ql picturesque/jj as/cs a/at sylvan/jj pond/nn in/in the/at forest/nn may/md be/be ,/, trees/nns offer/vb a/at leaf/nn and/cc root/nn hazard/nn to/in the/at well-being/nn of/in a/at pool/nn ./.
Yet/cc a/at grassy/jj approach/nn can/md turn/vb a/at pool/nn into/in a/at floating/vbg lawn/nn every/at time/nn the/at grass/nn is/bez mowed/vbn ./.


	As/cs in/in choosing/vbg a/at wife/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez only/rb sensible/jj to/to consider/vb also/rb how/wql appealing/jj a/at pool/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be in/in bad/jj weather/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in good/jj ./.
In/in the/at colder/jjr climes/nns ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to live/vb through/in the/at many/ap unglamorous/jj winter/nn months/nns when/wrb your/pp$ pool/nn will/md hardly/rb look/vb its/pp$ best/jjt ./.
It/pps may/md be/be a/at big/jj hole/nn in/in the/at ground/nn filled/vbn with/in salt/nn hay/nn ,/, or/cc an/at ice/nn floe/nn studded/vbn with/in logs/nns ./.
Even/rb a/at neat/jj ,/, plastic-covered/jj plunge/nn is/bez not/* exactly/rb a/at joy/nn to/to behold/vb ./.
(/( We/ppss do/do ,/, however/rb ,/, recommend/vb those/dts patented/vbn covers/nns to/to prevent/vb both/abx people/nns and/cc junk/nn --/-- flora/nns and/cc fauna/nns generally/rb --/-- from/in accidentally/rb wintering/vbg in/in the/at pool/nn ./.
)/) 

	Probably/rb no/at location/nn for/in a/at pool/nn is/bez perfect/jj on/in all/abn counts/nns ./.
Naturally/rb it/pps will/md be/be dictated/vbn to/in a/at large/jj extent/nn by/in the/at shape/nn and/cc size/nn of/in your/pp$ land/nn ./.
But/cc if/cs space/nn and/cc money/nn are/ber no/at problem/nn and/cc small/jj children/nns are/ber not/* on/in hand/nn every/at day/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez certainly/rb more/ql restful/jj to/to have/hv your/pp$ pool/nn and/cc entertainment/nn area/nn removed/vbn from/in the/at immediate/jj environs/nns of/in the/at house/nn ./.
And/cc a/at good/jj several/ap feet/nns around/in the/at pool/nn should/md be/be neither/cc greensward/nn nor/cc woods/nns ,/, but/cc good/jj hard/jj pavement/nn ./.


	The/at placement/nn of/in your/pp$ pool/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, will/md not/* of/in itself/ppl solve/vb the/at two/cd major/jj problems/nns of/in pool/nn owning/nn --/-- those/dts that/wps involve/vb your/pp$ social/jj life/nn and/cc those/dts pertaining/vbg to/in safety/nn ./.
Coping/vbg with/in them/ppo demands/vbz stern/jj discipline/nn --/-- of/in yourself/ppl as/ql well/rb as/cs of/in your/pp$ family/nn ,/, neighbors/nns ,/, friends/nns and/cc anyone/pn you/ppss ever/rb talked/vbd to/in on/in a/at transoceanic/jj jet/nn ./.


	Eight/cd years/nns ago/rb while/cs we/ppss were/bed going/vbg through/in the/at mud-sweat-and-tears/jj construction/nn period/nn ,/, we/ppss were/bed each/dt solaced/vbn by/in the/at vision/nn of/in early/jj morning/nn dips/nns and/cc evening/nn home-comings/nns to/in a/at cool/jj family/nn collected/vbn around/in the/at pool/nn with/in a/at buffet/nn table/nn laid/vbn out/rp nearby/rb for/in the/at lord/nn and/cc master's/nn$ delectation/nn ./.
But/cc not/* even/rb our/pp$ first/od pool-side/nn gatherings/nns came/vbd anywhere/rb near/in those/dts rosy/jj fantasies/nns ./.
We/ppss seemed/vbd to/to be/be witnessing/vbg the/at population/nn explosion/nn right/ql in/in our/pp$ own/jj backyards/nns ./.
Our/pp$ respective/jj families/nns looked/vbd as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd quadrupled/vbn ./.
Had/hvd we/ppss taken/vbn a/at lien/nn on/in a/at state/nn park/nn ?/. ?/.
Not/* at/in all/abn ./.
We/ppss had/hvd merely/rb been/ben discovered/vbn by/in the/at pool/nn sharks/nns ./.
We/ppss were/bed in/in business/nn !/. !/.


	From/in proud/jj pool-owners/nns to/in perpetual/jj hosts/nns and/cc handymen/nns was/bedz a/at short/jj step/nn --/-- no/at more/ap than/cs the/at change/nn from/in city/nn clothes/nns to/in trunks/nns ./.
Naive/jj of/in us/ppo ,/, maybe/rb ,/, but/cc the/at results/nns of/in our/pp$ impulsive/jj invitations/nns to/to ``/`` come/vb over/rp next/ap summer/nn and/cc swim/vb in/in our/pp$ new/jj pool/nn ''/'' were/bed both/abx unexpected/jj and/cc unsettling/vbg ./.



Our/pp$-hl book/nn-hl of/in-hl etiquette/nn-hl 
After/in the/at first/od few/ap weeks/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz obvious/jj that/cs rules/nns had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn ,/, laid/vbn down/rp and/cc obeyed/vbn --/-- even/rb if/cs our/pp$ popularity/nn ratings/nns became/vbd subnormal/jj as/cs a/at result/nn ./.
So/rb rules/nns we/ppss made/vbd ,/, in/in unabashed/jj collusion/nn ./.
Since/cs our/pp$ viewpoints/nns in/in this/dt respect/nn coincided/vbd precisely/rb ,/, we/ppss present/vb the/at fruits/nns of/in our/pp$ efforts/nns herewith/rb as/cs a/at single/jj social/jj code/nn for/in pool/nn owners/nns ./.


	First/od and/cc foremost/rb :/: No/at one/pn --/-- no/rb ,/, not/* anyone/pn --/-- in/in the/at family/nn is/bez allowed/vbn to/to issue/vb blanket/nn invitations/nns to/in his/pp$ or/cc her/pp$ own/jj circle/nn ./.
Just/ql short/jj of/in forty/cd lashes/nns we/ppss finally/rb managed/vbd to/to coerce/vb our/pp$ children/nns to/in this/dt view/nn ./.
Their/pp$ friends/nns and/cc ours/pp$$ are/ber welcome/jj to/to share/vb the/at pool/nn ,/, but/cc on/in our/pp$ terms/nns and/cc at/in our/pp$ times/nns ./.


	No/at friends/nns are/ber to/to arrive/vb without/in an/at invitation/nn or/cc without/in at/in least/ap telephoning/vbg beforehand/rb ./.


	No/at ringers/nns ,/, either/rb --/-- even/rb if/cs they/ppss are/ber trailing/vbg legitimate/jj invitees/nns ./.
We/ppss want/vb to/to know/vb when/wrb the/at Potlatches/nps telephone/vb exactly/rb how/wql many/ap they/ppss are/ber planning/vbg to/to bring/vb ,/, so/cs that/cs we/ppss won't/md* end/vb up/rp with/in a/at splashing/vbg mob/nn that/wps looks/vbz like/cs Coney/np-tl Island/nn-tl in/in August/np ./.


	No/at young/jj children/nns may/md come/vb without/in adults/nns except/in for/in a/at specific/jj ,/, organized/vbn ,/, chaperoned/vbn party/nn ./.
And/cc accompanying/vbg adults/nns are/ber urged/vbn to/to keep/vb an/at alert/jj and/cc sensible/jj eye/nn on/in their/pp$ responsibilities/nns ./.
A/at gaggle/nn of/in gabbling/vbg mothers/nns ,/, backs/nns to/in the/at pool/nn ,/, is/bez no/at safeguard/nn ./.


	No/at bottle/nn pool/nn is/bez tolerated/vbn --/-- bottle/nn pool/nn being/beg our/pp$ lingo/nn for/in those/dts who/wps come/vb to/to swim/vb and/cc sink/vb into/in our/pp$ bar/nn while/cs protesting/vbg that/cs they/ppss can/md only/rb dunk/vb and/cc run/vb ./.
(/( Sanity/nn ,/, solvency/nn and/cc relations/nns with/in our/pp$ wine/nn merchant/nn took/vbd a/at beating/nn that/dt first/od summer/nn as/cs we/ppss inadvertently/rb became/vbd the/at neighborhood/nn free-drink/nn stop/nn ./.
)/) 

	We/ppss designated/vbd one/cd day/nn a/at week/nn as/cs the/at time/nn when/wrb neighborhood/nn teen-agers/nns might/md swim/vb at/in definite/jj hours/nns ./.
This/dt has/hvz saved/vbn us/ppo from/in constant/jj requests/nns seven/cd days/nns a/at week/nn and/cc made/vbn us/ppo feel/vb less/ql brutal/jj to/in the/at young/jj ``/`` less/ql fortunate/jj ''/'' than/cs ours/pp$$ ./.


	We/ppss also/rb worked/vbd out/rp logistics/nn for/in Sunday/nr afternoon/nn swimmers/nns who/wps arrive/vb two/cd hours/nns early/rb with/in their/pp$ weekend/nn guests/nns while/cs we/ppss are/ber still/rb enjoying/vbg an/at alfresco/nn lunch/nn en/fw-in famille/fw-nn ./.
We/ppss gently/rb usher/vb them/ppo to/in an/at island/nn of/in tables/nns and/cc chairs/nns strategically/rb placed/vbn on/in the/at far/jj side/nn of/in the/at pool/nn where/wrb they/ppss can/md amuse/vb each/dt other/ap until/cs we/ppss get/vb ready/jj to/to merge/vb sides/nns ./.


	All/abn dressing/vbg (/( undressing/vbg to/to be/be more/ql exact/jj )/) must/md be/be done/vbn in/in our/pp$ small/jj bath/nn house/nn or/cc at/in the/at swimmers'/nns$ homes/nns ./.
(/( To/to avoid/vb any/dti possible/jj excuse/nn for/in a/at dripping/vbg parade/nn through/in your/pp$ house/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at good/jj idea/nn to/to have/hv a/at telephone/nn extension/nn near/in the/at pool/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at direct/jj outdoor/jj route/nn between/in the/at pool/nn ,/, and/cc the/at parking/vbg area/nn ./.
)/) We/ppss do/do ,/, however/rb ,/, provide/vb a/at limited/vbn number/nn of/in extra/jj suits/nns ,/, mainly/rb for/in children/nns ,/, and/cc we/ppss stock/vb extra/jj towels/nns and/cc a/at few/ap inexpensive/jj bathing/vbg conveniences/nns ./.
Life-preservers/nns ,/, the/at buckle-on/jj kapok-filled/jj kind/nn ,/, are/ber held/vbn in/in readiness/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, for/in the/at very/ql young/jj ./.



Preserving/vbg-hl life/nn-hl and/cc-hl limb/nn-hl 
Safety/nn rules/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, are/ber more/ql important/jj than/cs all/abn the/at others/nns put/vbn together/rb ./.


	In/in many/ap localities/nns ,/, now/rb ,/, the/at law/nn requires/vbz all/abn pools/nns to/to be/be fenced/vbn ,/, usually/rb to/in a/at minimum/jj height/nn of/in 5/cd feet/nns ./.
But/cc fenced/vbn or/cc unfenced/jj ,/, no/at pool-side/nn is/bez the/at place/nn for/in running/vbg or/cc horseplay/nn ./.
We/ppss allow/vb no/at underwater/jj endurance/nn contests/nns ,/, either/rb ,/, or/cc inexpert/jj versions/nns of/in water/nn polo/nn ./.


	Diving/vbg boards/nns must/md have/hv non-skid/nn surfaces/nns (/( coco/nn matting/nn takes/vbz an/at awful/jj beating/nn from/in chlorine/nn and/cc rots/vbz quickly/rb ,/, but/cc grit-impregnated/jj paints/nns are/ber excellent/jj )/) ./.
And/cc divers/nns must/md be/be enjoined/vbn to/to look/vb before/cs they/ppss leap/vb ,/, either/cc on/in top/nn of/in someone/pn else/rb or/cc onto/in a/at pool/nn edge/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ pools/nns also/rb have/hv wide/jj ,/, shallow/jj steps/nns --/-- for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at littlest/jjt swimmers/nns who/wps can/md thus/rb be/be introduced/vbn to/in the/at water/nn with/in far/ql greater/jjr safety/nn than/cs a/at ladder/nn affords/vbz ./.


	All/abn bottles/nns must/md be/be kept/vbn a/at safe/jj distance/nn away/rb from/in the/at pool/nn and/cc drinking/vbg glasses/nns are/ber banned/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in plastic/nn or/cc metal/nn cups/nns ./.


	When/wrb you/ppss first/rb acquire/vb a/at pool/nn ,/, we/ppss earnestly/rb recommend/vb --/-- for/in your/pp$ own/jj mental/jj health/nn --/-- a/at good/jj long/jj chat/nn with/in your/pp$ insurance/nn agent/nn ./.
You/ppss should/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to cope/vb with/in any/dti pitfall/nn such/jj as/cs plunges/nns into/in empty/jj pools/nns or/cc shallow/jj ends/nns and/cc all/abn manner/nn of/in winter/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs summer/nn lawsuits/nns ./.


	Soignee/jj pools/nns ,/, alas/uh ,/, do/do not/* just/rb happen/vb ./.
They/ppss are/ber the/at result/nn of/in a/at constant/jj and/cc careful/jj contest/nn with/in the/at elements/nns ./.
Unless/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to make/vb your/pp$ wife/nn a/at pool/nn widow/nn and/cc to/to spend/vb a/at great/ql many/ap of/in your/pp$ leisure/nn hours/nns nursing/vbg your/pp$ pool's/nn$ pristine/jj purity/nn ,/, its/pp$ care/nn and/cc feeding/vbg --/-- from/in pH/nn content/nn to/in filtering/vbg and/cc vacuuming/vbg --/-- is/bez best/rbt left/vbn to/in a/at weekly/jj or/cc bi-monthly/jj professional/jj service/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs your/pp$ pool/nn is/bez close/rb to/in the/at house/nn ,/, your/pp$ wife/nn can/md always/rb add/vb it/ppo to/in her/pp$ housekeeping/nn chores/nns (/( you/ppss hope/vb )/) ./.
Or/cc you/ppss can/md make/vb pool/nn care/nn the/at price/nn of/in swimming/vbg for/in teen-agers/nns ./.
Even/ql so/rb ,/, every/at pool/nn owner/nn ,/, in/in case/nn of/in emergency/nn ,/, should/md have/hv some/dti idea/nn of/in what/wdt makes/vbz things/nns work/vb ./.
A/at brief/jj course/nn in/in hydraulics/nn from/in the/at pool/nn builders/nns may/md well/rb be/be appreciated/vbn in/in a/at future/jj crisis/nn ./.



Preserving/vbg-hl the/at-hl pool/nn-hl 
A/at sudden/jj high/jj rise/nn in/in temperature/nn will/md turn/vb your/pp$ pool/nn poison/nn green/jj overnight/rb ./.
You/ppss need/vb more/ap chlorine/nn ./.
The/at walls/nns feel/vb slippery/jj ./.
You/ppss need/vb algaecide/nn ./.
With/in or/cc without/in professional/jj help/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to be/be able/jj to/to do/do some/dti of/in these/dts jobs/nns yourself/ppl unless/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at full-time/jj pool/nn nurse/nn ./.


	You/ppss should/md see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs the/at trap/nn ,/, the/at dirt-catcher/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at filter/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb clean/jj ./.
A/at pool/nn is/bez no/at place/nn for/in a/at shut/vbn trap/nn ./.


	You/ppss should/md firmly/rb insist/vb that/cs no/at bobby/nn pins/nns or/cc hair/nn pins/nns be/be worn/vbn in/in the/at water/nn ./.
When/wrb shed/vbn ,/, they/ppss leave/vb rust/nn marks/nns ./.


	You/ppss can/md hope/vb against/in hope/nn that/cs come/vbn spring/nn cleaning/nn ,/, your/pp$ fair-weather/nn friends/nns will/md lend/vb a/at hand/nn at/in scrubbing/vbg and/cc furbishing/vbg ./.
It/pps has/hvz happened/vbn ./.


	Many/ap hours/nns of/in spring/nn cleaning/nn will/md be/be saved/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, if/cs you/ppss remove/vb the/at main/jjs drain/nn grate/nn when/wrb you/ppss close/vb the/at pool/nn season/nn in/in the/at fall/nn ./.
As/cs the/at pool/nn is/bez emptied/vbn ,/, stand/vb by/rb to/to brush/vb down/rp the/at walls/nns and/cc bottom/nn while/cs they/ppss are/ber still/rb wet/jj ./.
Much/ap of/in the/at dirt/nn and/cc leaf/nn stain/nn is/bez easily/rb removed/vbn when/wrb damp/jj ,/, but/cc requires/vbz dynamite/nn if/cs allowed/vbn to/to dry/vb ./.
If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at 6-/cd to/in 8-inch/jj drain/nn pipe/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md easily/rb wash/vb out/rp all/abn the/at debris/nn when/wrb the/at grate/nn is/bez out/rp ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, when/wrb your/pp$ 6-inch/jj torrent/nn of/in water/nn is/bez released/vbn ,/, it/pps may/md cause/vb a/at lot/nn of/in comment/nn as/cs it/pps passes/vbz through/in or/cc by/in neighboring/vbg properties/nns ./.
Do/do not/* forget/vb this/dt possibility/nn ./.


	If/cs your/pp$ pool/nn is/bez located/vbn on/in or/cc near/in sloping/vbg ground/nn ,/, it/pps may/md have/hv natural/jj drainage/nn which/wdt is/bez certainly/rb more/ql desirable/jj than/cs to/to be/be faced/vbn with/in the/at annual/jj expense/nn and/cc labor/nn of/in first/rb pumping/vbg out/rp the/at water/nn and/cc then/rb scooping/vbg out/rp all/abn the/at debris/nn ./.


	It/pps may/md be/be true/jj that/cs pool/nn lighting/nn dramatizes/vbz an/at evening/nn scene/nn ,/, but/cc lights/nns also/rb attract/vb all/abn the/at insect/nn life/nn for/in miles/nns around/rb ./.
Once/cs on/in the/at water/nn ,/, these/dts little/jj visitors/nns seldom/rb leave/vb ,/, and/cc this/dt adds/vbz to/in your/pp$ filtering/vbg and/cc vacuuming/vbg problems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs providing/vbg a/at slapping/vbg good/jj time/nn for/in all/abn those/dts present/rb ./.
Often/rb one/cd floodlight/nn high/rb in/in a/at tree/nn will/md provide/vb all/abn the/at light/nn you/ppss need/vb at/in much/ql less/ap expense/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ experience/nn has/hvz taught/vbn us/ppo that/cs it/pps pays/vbz to/to buy/vb the/at best/jjt equipment/nn possible/jj ,/, from/in pipes/nns to/in brushes/nns ./.
Follow/vb pool-care/nn instructions/nns to/in the/at letter/nn ,/, and/cc be/be sure/jj that/cs one/cd person/nn (/( in/in the/at family/nn or/cc not/* )/) is/bez regularly/rb responsible/jj for/in each/dt aspect/nn of/in the/at job/nn ,/, with/in no/at chance/nn for/in claiming/vbg ,/, ``/`` It/pps wasn't/bedz* my/pp$ turn/nn ''/'' ./.


	Never/rb let/vb anyone/pn not/* in/in the/at know/nn take/vb a/at turn/nn at/in the/at valves/nns --/-- even/rb if/cs the/at little/jj boys/nns do/do want/vb to/to play/vb space/nn ship/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md find/vb yourself/ppl hitting/vbg bottom/nn ,/, literally/rb ,/, as/cs you/ppss discover/vb that/dt water/nn is/bez running/vbg out/rp even/rb while/cs you/ppss are/ber putting/vbg it/ppo in/rp ./.



	Draw/vb a/at line/nn across/in the/at country/nn at/in the/at latitude/nn of/in lower/jjr Pennsylvania/np ./.
Any/dti house/nn built/vbn now/rb below/in that/dt line/nn without/in air/nn conditioning/nn will/md be/be obsolete/jj in/in 10/cd years/nns ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at FHA/nn which/wdt has/hvz arrived/vbn at/in this/dt conclusion/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps means/vbz that/cs cooling/vbg equipment/nn of/in all/abn kinds/nns may/md now/rb be/be included/vbn in/in a/at mortgage/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb acquired/vbn with/in a/at minimum/nn of/in financial/jj stress/nn ./.
Even/rb if/cs you/ppss live/vb above/in that/dt line/nn ,/, the/at FHA/nn will/md back/vb you/ppo ,/, for/cs they/ppss have/hv decided/vbn that/cs the/at inclusion/nn of/in air/nn conditioning/nn in/in all/abn new/jj homes/nns is/bez a/at good/jj thing/nn and/cc should/md be/be encouraged/vbn ./.


	New/jj simplified/vbn packaged/vbn units/nns ,/, recently/rb devised/vbn prefabricated/vbn glass-fiber/nn ducts/nns ,/, and/cc improved/vbn add-on/jj techniques/nns make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to acquire/vb a/at system/nn for/in an/at 1800-square-foot/jj house/nn for/in as/ql little/ap as/in $600/nns to/in $900/nns ./.
Two/cd men/nns can/md often/rb do/do the/at installation/nn in/in a/at day/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md install/vb it/ppo yourself/ppl --/-- this/dt is/bez a/at central/jj system/nn that/wps will/md cool/vb every/at part/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn ./.
Its/pp$ upkeep/nn ?/. ?/.
No/at less/ap an/at authority/nn than/cs the/at FHA/nn concurs/vbz that/cs the/at savings/nns air/nn conditioning/nn makes/vbz possible/jj more/rbr than/cs offset/vb its/pp$ operating/vbg costs/nns ./.
Is/bez-hl it/pps-hl worth-while/jj-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Home/nn air/nn conditioning/nn has/hvz come/vbn a/at long/jj way/nn from/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in overcooled/vbn theaters/nns and/cc the/at thermal/jj shock/nn they/ppss inflicted/vbd ./.
We/ppss know/vb now/rb that/cs a/at 15-degree/jj differential/nn in/in temperature/nn is/bez the/at maximum/jj usually/rb desirable/jj ,/, and/cc accurate/jj controls/nns assure/vb the/at comfort/nn we/ppss want/vb ./.


	We/ppss know/vb ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs health/nn is/bez never/rb harmed/vbn by/in summer/nn cooling/nn ./.
On/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, there/ex are/ber fewer/ap colds/nns and/cc smaller/jjr doctor/nn bills/nns ./.
The/at filtered/vbn air/nn benefits/vbz allergies/nns ,/, asthma/nn ,/, sinus/nn ,/, hay/nn fever/nn ./.
Control/nn of/in temperature/nn and/cc humidity/nn is/bez a/at godsend/nn to/in the/at aged/vbn and/cc the/at invalid/nn ./.
Heart/nn conditions/nns and/cc high/jj blood/nn pressure/nn escape/vb the/at stresses/nns brought/vbn on/rp by/in oppressive/jj heat/nn ./.


	Housekeeping/nn is/bez easier/jjr ./.
The/at cleaner/jjr air/nn means/vbz less/ap time/nn spent/vbn pushing/vbg a/at vacuum/nn ,/, fewer/ap trips/nns to/in the/at dry/jj cleaners/nns ,/, lighter/jjr loads/nns for/in the/at washing/vbg machine/nn ./.
The/at need/nn for/in reupholstering/vbg ,/, redecorating/vbg ,/, repainting/vbg becomes/vbz more/ql infrequent/jj ./.
Clothes/nns hold/vb their/pp$ shape/nn better/rbr ,/, and/cc mildew/nn and/cc rust/nn become/vb almost/rb forgotten/vbn words/nns ./.


	It/pps will/md improve/vb your/pp$ disposition/nn ./.
When/wrb you're/ppss+ber less/ql fatigued/vbn ,/, things/nns just/rb naturally/rb look/vb brighter/jjr ./.
The/at children/nns can/md have/hv their/pp$ daytime/jj naps/nns and/cc hot/jj meals/nns ,/, and/cc be/be put/vbn to/in bed/nn on/in schedule/nn in/in shade-darkened/jj rooms/nns ./.
You'll/ppss+md sleep/vb longer/rbr and/cc better/rbr ,/, too/rb ,/, awake/vb refreshed/vbn and/cc free/jj of/in hot/jj weather/nn nerves/nns ./.


	You/ppss can/md forget/vb about/in screens/nns ,/, and/cc leave/vb the/at storm/nn windows/nns up/rp all/abn year/nn around/rb ./.


	Best/jjt of/in all/abn ,/, central/jj air/nn conditioning/nn is/bez something/pn you/ppss can/md afford/vb ./.
Like/cs its/pp$ long-lived/jj cousin/nn ,/, the/at refrigerator/nn ,/, a/at conditioner/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to last/vb 20/cd to/in 25/cd years/nns or/cc more/ap ./.
That/dt brings/vbz its/pp$ per-year/jj cost/nn down/rp mighty/ql low/rb ./.
For/in-hl any/dti-hl house/nn-hl ./.-hl

No/at matter/nn what/wdt style/nn your/pp$ home/nn is/bez ,/, ranch/nn ,/, two-story/jj ,/, Colonial/jj-tl or/cc contemporary/jj ,/, central/jj air/nn conditioning/nn is/bez easily/rb installed/vbn ./.
The/at equipment/nn won't/md* take/vb up/rp valuable/jj space/nn either/rb ./.
It/pps can/md go/vb in/in out-of-the-way/jj waste/nn space/nn ./.


	But/cc there's/ex+bez no/at denying/nn that/cs the/at easiest/jjt and/cc most/ql economical/jj way/nn to/to get/vb year-'round/jj whole-house/nn air/nn conditioning/nn is/bez when/wrb you/ppss build/vb ./.
If/cs that's/dt+bez done/vbn ,/, the/at house/nn can/md be/be designed/vbn and/cc oriented/vbn for/in best/jjt operation/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt can/md mean/vb savings/nns both/abx in/in the/at size/nn of/in equipment/nn and/cc in/in the/at cost/nn of/in the/at house/nn itself/ppl ./.


	If/cs you/ppss can't/md* see/vb your/pp$ way/nn clear/jj to/to have/hv summer/nn cooling/nn included/vbn when/wrb building/vbg ,/, by/in all/abn means/nns make/vb provision/nn for/in its/pp$ easy/jj adding/nn later/rbr ./.
Manufacturers/nns have/hv designed/vbn equipment/nn for/in just/ql such/jj circumstances/nns ,/, and/cc your/pp$ savings/nns over/in starting/vbg from/in scratch/nn will/md be/be substantial/jj ./.


	If/cs your/pp$ house/nn is/bez to/to have/hv a/at forced/vbn warm/jj air/nn system/nn ,/, cooling/vbg can/md be/be a/at part/nn of/in it/ppo ./.
This/dt costs/vbz less/ap than/cs having/hvg a/at completely/ql separate/jj cooling/vbg system/nn ,/, for/in your/pp$ regular/jj heating/nn ductwork/nn ,/, filters/nns and/cc furnace/nn blower/nn do/do double/jj duty/nn for/in cooling/vbg ./.
You/ppss can/md get/vb year-'round/jj air/nn conditioners/nns in/in the/at same/ap variety/nn of/in styles/nns in/in which/wdt you/ppss buy/vb a/at furnace/nn alone/rb --/-- high/jj or/cc low/jj boy/nn ,/, horizontal/jj or/cc counterflow/jj ./.
The/at units/nns can/md be/be installed/vbn in/in basement/nn ,/, attic/nn ,/, crawlspace/nn ,/, or/cc in/in a/at closet/nn located/vbn in/in the/at living/vbg area/nn ./.
The/at cooling/vbg coil/nn is/bez located/vbn in/in the/at furnace's/nn$ outlet/nn ./.
From/in the/at coil/nn small/jj copper/nn pipes/nns connect/vb to/in a/at weatherproof/jj refrigeration/nn section/nn set/vbn in/in the/at yard/nn ,/, garage/nn ,/, carport/nn ,/, or/cc basement/nn ./.


	If/cs you/ppss plan/vb to/to add/vb cooling/vbg later/rbr to/in your/pp$ heating/vbg system/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber things/nns to/to watch/vb for/in ./.
Be/be sure/jj ducts/nns that/wps require/vb insulation/nn get/vb it/ppo when/wrb they/ppss are/ber installed/vbn ./.
They/ppss may/md be/be inaccessible/jj later/rbr ./.
Be/be sure/jj your/pp$ ducts/nns and/cc blower/nn are/ber big/jj enough/qlp to/to handle/vb cooling/vbg ./.
This/dt is/bez especially/ql important/jj if/cs you/ppss live/vb in/in a/at mild-winter/nn zone/nn ./.
Be/be sure/jj you/ppss get/vb a/at perimeter/nn heating/vbg system/nn ,/, and/cc diffusers/nns that/wps will/md work/vb as/ql well/rb for/in cooling/vbg as/cs they/ppss do/do for/in heating/vbg ./.


	You/ppss can/md get/vb a/at hot/jj water/nn system/nn that/wps will/md also/rb work/vb for/in cooling/vbg your/pp$ house/nn ./.
For/in cooling/vbg ,/, chilled/vbn water/nn is/bez circulated/vbn instead/rb of/in hot/jj water/nn ./.
Instead/rb of/in radiators/nns you'll/ppss+md have/hv cooling-heating/jj units/nns ,/, each/dt with/in its/pp$ own/jj thermostat/nn ./.
These/dts systems/nns are/ber more/ql expensive/jj than/cs year-'round/jj forced/vbn air/nn systems/nns ./.
The/at minimum/jj cost/nn for/in an/at average/jj one-story/jj ,/, 7-room/jj house/nn with/in basement/nn ,/, is/bez likely/jj to/to run/vb $1500/nns above/in the/at cost/nn of/in the/at heating/vbg alone/rb ./.
Separate/jj-hl systems/nns-hl ./.-hl

If/cs the/at problems/nns of/in combining/vbg cooling/vbg with/in your/pp$ heating/nn are/ber knotty/jj ,/, it/pps may/md be/be cheaper/jjr to/to plan/vb on/in a/at completely/ql separate/jj cooling/vbg system/nn ./.
The/at simplest/jjt kind/nn of/in separate/jj system/nn uses/vbz a/at single/ap ,/, self-contained/jj unit/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, an/at oversize/jj room/nn conditioner/nn equipped/vbn with/in prefab/jj glass-fiber/nn ducts/nns to/to distribute/vb the/at cooled/vbn ,/, cleaned/vbn ,/, dehumidified/vbn air/nn where/wrb it/pps is/bez wanted/vbn ./.


	In/in a/at long/jj ,/, rambling/vbg ranch/nn ,/, two/cd such/jj units/nns can/md be/be installed/vbn ,/, one/cd serving/vbg the/at living/vbg area/nn ,/, the/at other/ap the/at sleeping/vbg zone/nn ./.
In/in a/at two-story/jj house/nn ,/, one/cd unit/nn may/md be/be installed/vbn in/in the/at basement/nn to/to serve/vb the/at first/od floor/nn ,/, another/dt in/in the/at attic/nn to/to cool/vb the/at second/od ./.
In/in each/dt case/nn ,/, having/hvg separate/jj systems/nns for/in living/vbg and/cc sleeping/vbg areas/nns has/hvz the/at advantage/nn of/in permitting/vbg individual/jj zone/nn control/nn ./.
The/at-hl heat/nn-hl pump/nn-hl ./.-hl

One/cd of/in the/at more/ql remarkable/jj of/in the/at new/jj cooling/vbg systems/nns is/bez one/cd that/wps can/md be/be switched/vbn to/in heating/vbg ./.
As/cs you/ppss know/vb ,/, a/at conditioner/nn makes/vbz indoor/jj air/nn cool/jj by/in pumping/vbg the/at heat/nn out/in of/in it/ppo and/cc then/rb releasing/vbg this/dt heat/nn outdoors/rb ./.
A/at relatively/ql simple/jj switching/vbg arrangement/nn reverses/vbz the/at cycle/nn so/cs that/cs the/at machine/nn literally/rb runs/vbz backward/rb ,/, and/cc the/at heat/nn is/bez extracted/vbn from/in outdoor/jj air/nn and/cc turned/vbn indoors/rb ./.


	Up/rp until/in recently/rb ,/, this/dt heat/nn pump/nn method/nn of/in warming/vbg air/nn was/bedz efficient/jj only/rb in/in areas/nns of/in mild/jj winters/nns and/cc when/wrb outside/jj temperatures/nns were/bed above/in 40/cd degrees/nns ./.
Now/rb ,/, the/at machine/nn has/hvz been/ben improved/vbn to/in a/at point/nn where/wrb it/pps is/bez generally/rb more/ql economical/jj than/cs oil/nn heat/nn at/in temperatures/nns down/rp to/in 15/cd degrees/nns ./.
You/ppss can/md get/vb this/dt added/vbn heating/vbg feature/nn for/in as/ql little/ap as/cs $200/nns more/ap than/in the/at price/nn of/in cooling/vbg alone/rb ./.


	Consider/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at standby/jj setup/nn ,/, at/in negligible/jj cost/nn ,/, for/in those/dts emergencies/nns when/wrb the/at furnace/nn quits/vbz ,/, a/at blizzard/nn holds/vbz up/rp fuel/nn delivery/nn ,/, or/cc for/in cool/jj summer/nn mornings/nns or/cc evenings/nns when/wrb you/ppss don't/do* want/vb to/to start/vb up/rp your/pp$ whole/jj heating/vbg plant/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl size/nn-hl conditioner/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

How/wql large/jj a/at cooling/vbg unit/nn you/ppss need/vb ,/, and/cc the/at method/nn of/in its/pp$ installation/nn ,/, depends/vbz on/in a/at variety/nn of/in factors/nns ./.
Among/in other/ap things/nns ,/, besides/in the/at nature/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn and/cc how/wql much/ap heat/nn finds/vbz its/pp$ way/nn into/in its/pp$ various/jj rooms/nns from/in the/at outside/nn ,/, it/pps will/md depend/vb upon/in your/pp$ personal/jj habits/nns and/cc the/at makeup/nn of/in your/pp$ family/nn ./.
Families/nns with/in children/nns usually/rb don't/do* want/vb the/at house/nn quite/ql so/ql cool/jj ./.
If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at party/nn thrower/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md need/vb added/vbn capacity/nn ./.
The/at body/nn is/bez a/at heat/nn machine/nn ,/, and/cc 20/cd to/in 25/cd guests/nns can/md easily/rb double/vb your/pp$ cooling/vbg load/nn ./.


	Cooling/vbg requirements/nns are/ber best/rbt expressed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in Aj/nn ./.
A/at BTU/nn is/bez a/at unit/nn of/in heat/nn ,/, and/cc the/at BTU/nn rating/nn of/in a/at conditioner/nn refers/vbz to/to how/wql much/ap heat/nn your/pp$ machine/nn can/md pump/vb out/in of/in your/pp$ house/nn in/in an/at hour/nn ./.
A/at very/ql rough/jj rule/nn of/in thumb/nn is/bez that/cs ,/, under/in favorable/jj conditions/nns ,/, you'll/ppss+md need/vb 15/cd BTU's/nn of/in cooling/vbg for/in every/at square/jj foot/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez if/cs outdoor/jj temperatures/nns have/hv a/at high/jj average/nn of/in 95/cd degrees/nns ./.
You'll/ppss+md need/vb more/ap if/cs the/at high/jj average/nn is/bez above/in that/dt ,/, less/ap if/cs it's/pps+bez below/rb ./.


	Coolers/nns are/ber also/rb rated/vbn by/in tons/nns ./.
A/at ton/nn of/in cooling/vbg compares/vbz to/in the/at cooling/nn you/ppss get/vb by/in melting/vbg a/at ton/nn of/in ice/nn ./.
By/in accepted/vbn definition/nn ,/, a/at 1-ton/nn conditioner/nn will/md provide/vb 12,000/cd BTU/nn of/in cooling/vbg in/in one/cd hour/nn ./.


	You/ppss may/md find/vb a/at conditioner/nn rated/vbn by/in horsepower/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez generally/rb an/at inaccurate/jj method/nn of/in rating/vbg ,/, for/in the/at horsepower/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at compressor/nn motor/nn ,/, and/cc many/ap other/ap components/nns beside/in it/ppo determine/vb how/wql much/ap cooling/nn you'll/ppss+md get/vb ./.
A/at 1-hp/nn conditioner/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, may/md vary/vb in/in effectiveness/nn from/in under/in 8,000/cd BTU/nn to/in well/ql over/in 10,000/cd Aj/nn ./.


	The/at safest/jjt procedure/nn is/bez to/to let/vb your/pp$ builder/nn estimate/vb the/at size/nn of/in the/at unit/nn you/ppss need/vb ,/, rather/in than/in trying/vbg to/to do/do this/dt yourself/ppl ./.


	Don't/do* urge/vb your/pp$ builder/nn to/to give/vb you/ppo a/at little/ql extra/jj cooling/vbg capacity/nn just/rb to/to be/be sure/jj you/ppss have/hv enough/ap ./.
Better/rbr to/to have/hv your/pp$ equipment/nn slightly/ql undersized/jj than/cs too/ql big/jj ./.
Here's/rb+bez why/wrb :/: 

	Reducing/vbg humidity/nn is/bez often/rb as/ql important/jj as/cs cooling/vbg ./.
An/at oversize/jj unit/nn will/md cool/vb off/rp your/pp$ house/nn quickly/rb ,/, then/rb shut/vb down/rp for/in a/at long/jj period/nn ./.
Before/cs it/pps cycles/vbz on/rp again/rb ,/, humidity/nn can/md build/vb up/rp and/cc make/vb you/ppo uncomfortable/jj even/rb though/cs the/at temperature/nn is/bez still/rb low/jj ./.
With/in a/at unit/nn of/in the/at right/jj size/nn ,/, a/at compressor/nn will/md run/vb continuously/rb during/in hot/jj weather/nn ,/, reducing/vbg humidity/nn as/ql evenly/rb as/cs it/pps does/doz temperature/nn ./.
Money-saving/jj-hl tips/nns-hl ./.-hl

Attention/nn to/in details/nns can/md cut/vb in/in half/abn the/at size/nn unit/nn you/ppss need/vb and/cc pare/vb operating/vbg expense/nn proportionately/rb ./.
A/at well-designed/jj ,/, 1200-square-foot/jj house/nn can/md be/be comfortably/rb cooled/vbn and/cc heated/vbn for/in as/ql little/ap as/in $128/nns a/at year/nn ,/, or/cc $11/nns a/at month/nn ./.


	If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at house/nn which/wdt heat/nn doesn't/doz* penetrate/vb easily/rb ,/, your/pp$ unit/nn will/md have/hv less/ap heat/nn to/to remove/vb ./.
Keep/vb the/at direct/jj sun/nn from/in reaching/vbg the/at house/nn and/cc you've/ppss+hv won/vbn the/at first/od battle/nn ./.
In/in a/at new/jj house/nn ,/, generous/jj roof/nn overhangs/nns are/ber a/at logical/jj and/cc effective/jj solution/nn ./.
If/cs the/at house/nn you/ppss plan/vb to/to buy/vb or/cc build/vb won't/md* have/hv big/jj overhangs/nns ,/, you/ppss can/md still/rb do/do a/at fair/jj job/nn of/in keeping/vbg the/at sun/nn off/in walls/nns and/cc windows/nns with/in properly/rb designed/vbn trellises/nns ,/, fences/nns and/cc awnings/nns ./.


	Shade/nn trees/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, are/ber a/at big/jj help/nn ,/, so/rb keep/vb them/ppo if/cs you/ppss can/md ./.
Drawn/vbn blinds/nns and/cc draperies/nns do/do some/dti good/nn ,/, but/cc not/* nearly/ql as/ql much/ap as/cs shading/vbg devices/nns on/in the/at outside/nn of/in the/at house/nn ./.


	The/at more/ql directly/rb the/at sun/nn strikes/vbz walls/nns and/cc roof/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr its/pp$ heat/nn impact/nn ./.
The/at way/nn a/at house/nn is/bez set/vbn on/in its/pp$ lot/nn can/md therefore/rb influence/vb how/wql much/ap cooling/nn you're/ppss+ber going/vbg to/to need/vb ./.
A/at shift/nn in/in the/at walls/nns ,/, or/cc a/at change/nn in/in the/at roof/nn slope/nn ,/, so/cs the/at sun/nn hits/vbz them/ppo more/ql obliquely/rb ,/, can/md save/vb you/ppo money/nn ./.


	You/ppss can/md use/vb heat-absorbing/jj glass/nn to/to stop/vb the/at sun/nn ,/, double/jj glass/nn and/cc insulated/vbn glass/nn to/to combat/vb condensation/nn ./.
Restrict/vb large/jj glass/nn areas/nns to/in the/at north/nr and/cc south/nr sides/nns of/in the/at house/nn ./.
They're/ppss+ber easier/jjr to/to shade/vb there/rb ./.
An/at attic/nn space/nn above/in insulation/nn makes/vbz a/at house/nn easier/jjr to/to cool/vb ./.
You'll/ppss+md even/rb gain/vb by/in putting/vbg your/pp$ water/nn heater/nn outside/in the/at conditioned/vbn space/nn ,/, and/cc using/vbg an/at electric/jj range/nn instead/rb of/in a/at gas/nn one/cd ./.
Gas/nn adds/vbz to/in the/at moisture/nn load/nn ./.


	Insulate/vb ,/, weatherstrip/vb ,/, double-glaze/vb to/in the/at maximum/jj ./.
In/in insulation/nn ,/, the/at numbers/nns to/to remember/vb are/ber 6-4-2/cd ./.
They/ppss stand/vb for/in 6/cd inches/nns of/in mineral/nn wool/nn insulation/nn in/in the/at ceiling/nn ,/, 4/cd inches/nns in/in the/at side/nn walls/nns ,/, 2/cd inches/nns in/in the/at floors/nns ./.
Such/jj extra-thick/jj insulation/nn not/* only/rb permits/vbz a/at much/ql smaller/jjr cooling/vbg installation/nn ,/, but/cc will/md continue/vb to/to reduce/vb operating/vbg expenses/nns both/abx in/in heating/vbg and/cc cooling/vbg ./.
A/at light-colored/jj roof/nn will/md reduce/vb sun/nn heat/nn by/in 50/cd per/in cent/nn ./.


	It/pps costs/vbz two/cd to/in three/cd times/nns as/ql much/ap to/to remove/vb a/at BTU/nn in/in summer/nn as/cs it/pps does/doz to/to add/vb one/cd in/in winter/nn ,/, so/rb every/at solitary/jj BTU/nn is/bez worth/jj attention/nn ./.
You'll/ppss+md foil/vb them/ppo in/in droves/nns ,/, along/rb with/in their/pp$ pal/nn humidity/nn ,/, by/in having/hvg and/cc using/vbg a/at kitchen/nn range/nn exhaust/nn fan/nn ,/, a/at bathroom/nn ventilator/nn for/in when/wrb you/ppss shower/vb ,/, and/cc an/at outside/jj vent/nn for/in the/at clothes/nns drier/nn ./.
Keeping/vbg-hl conditioners/nns-hl quiet/jj-hl ./.-hl

It's/pps+bez no/at use/nn pretending/vbg that/cs all/abn conditioners/nns are/ber quiet/jj ,/, but/cc the/at noise/nn they/ppss produce/vb can/md be/be kept/vbn to/in a/at minimum/nn ./.
Good/jj workmanship/nn is/bez important/jj in/in the/at installation/nn ,/, so/rb if/cs you're/ppss+ber doing/vbg your/pp$ own/jj contracting/nn ,/, don't/do* award/vb the/at job/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in price/nn alone/rb ./.


	Avoid/vb attic/nn placement/nn directly/rb above/in a/at bedroom/nn ./.





Most/ap recreation/nn work/nn calls/vbz for/in a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in pre-planning/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj in/in site/nn selection/nn ./.
You/ppss must/md know/vb before/cs you/ppss start/vb what/wdt the/at needs/nns and/cc objectives/nns of/in your/pp$ organization/nn are/ber ;/. ;/.
you/ppss must/md have/hv a/at list/nn of/in requirements/nns on/in where/wrb ,/, how/wql many/ap ,/, and/cc what/wdt type/nn sites/nns are/ber needed/vbn ./.
With/in such/abl a/at program/nn you/ppss can/md make/vb constructive/jj selections/nns of/in the/at best/jjt sites/nns available/jj ./.


	Begin/vb the/at examination/nn of/in a/at site/nn with/in a/at good/jj map/nn and/cc aerial/jj photos/nns if/cs possible/jj ./.
These/dts are/ber becoming/vbg more/ql and/cc more/ql available/jj through/in the/at work/nn of/in counties/nns and/cc other/ap government/nn agencies/nns ./.
The/at new/jj editions/nns of/in topographic/jj maps/nns being/beg made/vbn by/in the/at federal/jj government/nn are/ber excellent/jj for/in orienting/vbg yourself/ppl to/in the/at natural/jj features/nns of/in the/at site/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber inexpensive/jj and/cc available/jj from/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Geological/jj-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd-tl ,/, D./np C./np ./.
In/in recent/jj years/nns many/ap counties/nns and/cc the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Forest/nn-tl Service/nn-tl have/hv taken/vbn aerial/jj photos/nns which/wdt show/vb features/nns in/in detail/nn and/cc are/ber very/ql good/jj for/in planning/vbg use/nn ./.
Most/ap counties/nns also/rb have/hv maps/nns available/jj from/in the/at county/nn engineer/nn showing/vbg roads/nns and/cc other/ap features/nns and/cc from/in the/at assessor's/nn$ office/nn showing/vbg ownerships/nns of/in land/nn ./.


	Inspect/vb the/at site/nn in/in the/at field/nn during/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at year/nn when/wrb the/at area/nn will/md be/be most/ql heavily/rb used/vbn for/in recreation/nn ./.
This/dt gives/vbz you/ppo a/at better/jjr opportunity/nn to/to get/vb the/at feel/nn of/in the/at climate/nn conditions/nns ,/, the/at exposure/nn to/in the/at sun/nn and/cc wind/nn ,/, the/at water/nn interests/nns ,/, etcetera/rb ,/, which/wdt vary/vb greatly/rb with/in the/at seasons/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez usually/rb helpful/jj to/to make/vb a/at sketch/nn map/nn in/in the/at field/nn ,/, showing/vbg the/at size/nn and/cc location/nn of/in the/at features/nns of/in interest/nn and/cc to/to take/vb photographs/nns at/in the/at site/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber a/at great/jj aid/nn for/in planning/vbg use/nn back/rb at/in the/at office/nn ./.




For/in site/nn planning/vbg work/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez best/jjt to/to have/hv a/at qualified/vbn and/cc experienced/vbn park/nn planner/nn to/to carry/vb through/rp the/at study/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez also/rb much/ap to/to be/be gained/vbn by/in making/vbg use/nn of/in the/at abilities/nns of/in the/at local/jj people/nns who/wps are/ber available/jj and/cc interested/vbn in/in recreation/nn ./.
County/nn judges/nns ,/, commissioners/nns ,/, engineers/nns ,/, assessors/nns ,/, and/cc others/nns who/wps have/hv lived/vbn in/in the/at area/nn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn may/md have/hv valuable/jj knowledge/nn regarding/in the/at site/nn or/cc opinions/nns to/to offer/vb from/in their/pp$ varied/vbn professional/jj experiences/nns ./.
A/at visit/nn to/in the/at site/nn by/in a/at group/nn of/in several/ap persons/nns can/md usually/rb bring/vb out/rp new/jj ideas/nns or/cc verify/vb opinions/nns most/ql helpful/jj to/in the/at planning/vbg study/nn of/in any/dti recreation/nn area/nn ./.


	How/wql much/ap study/nn is/bez required/vbn ?/. ?/.
This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, depends/vbz on/in the/at character/nn of/in the/at site/nn itself/ppl ,/, the/at previous/jj experience/nn of/in the/at investigator/nn ,/, and/cc the/at number/nn of/in factors/nns needed/vbn to/to arrive/vb at/in a/at good/jj decision/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez too/ql easy/jj for/in the/at inexperienced/jj person/nn to/to make/vb a/at quick/jj judgment/nn of/in a/at few/ap values/nns of/in the/at area/nn and/cc base/vb a/at decision/nn on/in these/dts alone/rb ./.
Usually/rb there/ex are/ber more/ap factors/nns to/in good/jj site/nn planning/nn than/cs first/od impressions/nns ./.
A/at site/nn may/md be/be a/at rundown/jj slum/nn or/cc a/at desolate/jj piece/nn of/in desert/nn in/in appearance/nn today/nr but/cc have/hv excellent/jj potentials/nns for/in the/at future/nn with/in a/at little/ap development/nn or/cc water/nn ./.
The/at same/ap is/bez true/jj of/in areas/nns which/wdt at/in first/rb look/vb good/jj because/rb of/in a/at few/ap existing/vbg recreation/nn features/nns but/cc may/md actually/rb be/be poor/jj areas/nns to/to develop/vb for/in general/jj public/jj use/nn ./.


	In/in looking/vbg for/in the/at best/jjt sites/nns available/jj that/wps meet/vb the/at requirements/nns ,/, you/ppss need/md information/nn to/to compare/vb the/at site/nn with/in others/nns ./.
You/ppss need/md answers/nns to/in four/cd important/jj questions/nns ./.


	What/wdt are/ber the/at existing/vbg recreation/nn features/nns ?/. ?/.


	How/wql well/rb can/md the/at site/nn be/be developed/vbn ?/. ?/.


	How/ql useful/jj will/md it/pps be/be to/in the/at public/nn ?/. ?/.


	Is/bez this/dt site/nn available/jj ?/. ?/.


	Check/vb the/at quantity/nn and/cc quality/nn of/in all/abn of/in the/at recreation/nn interests/nns already/rb existing/vbg at/in the/at site/nn ./.
Naturally/rb ,/, a/at park/nn site/nn with/in scenic/jj views/nns ,/, a/at good/jj lake/nn ,/, trees/nns ,/, and/cc sand/nn dunes/nns ,/, will/md attract/vb more/ap people/nns than/cs a/at nearby/jj area/nn with/in only/rb trees/nns and/cc dunes/nns ./.
Quality/nn is/bez vitally/ql important/jj ./.
Frontage/nn on/in a/at body/nn of/in clear/jj ,/, clean/jj water/nn will/md be/be vastly/ql different/jj from/in the/at same/ap amount/vb of/in frontage/nn on/in polluted/vbn water/nn ./.
Some/dti recreation/nn features/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs scenic/jj values/nns and/cc water/nn interest/nn ,/, also/rb have/hv greater/jjr overall/jj value/nn than/cs other/ap interests/nns ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql desirable/jj features/nns for/in a/at park/nn are/ber beautiful/jj views/nns or/cc scenery/nn ./.
It/pps may/md be/be distant/jj views/nns of/in a/at valley/nn or/cc the/at mountains/nns or/cc natural/jj features/nns such/jj as/cs a/at small/jj lake/nn ,/, colorful/jj rock/nn formations/nns ,/, or/cc unusual/jj trees/nns ./.
A/at site/nn which/wdt overlooks/vbz a/at harbor/nn or/cc river/nn may/md offer/vb interest/nn in/in the/at activities/nns of/in boating/vbg traffic/nn ./.
An/at area/nn on/in the/at coast/nn may/md have/hv relaxing/vbg views/nns of/in the/at surf/nn rolling/vbg in/rp on/in a/at beach/nn ./.
A/at site/nn may/md also/rb be/be attractive/jj just/rb through/in the/at beauty/nn of/in its/pp$ trees/nns and/cc shrubs/nns ./.
Note/vb extent/nn of/in these/dts interests/nns and/cc how/wrb available/jj they/ppss will/md be/be for/in the/at public/nn to/to enjoy/vb ./.


	Water/nn interest/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql valuable/jj factors/nns you/ppss can/md find/vb for/in a/at recreation/nn site/nn ./.
Most/ap park/nn planners/nns look/vb to/in water/nn frontage/nn for/in basic/jj park/nn areas/nns ./.
This/dt follows/vbz naturally/rb since/cs frontage/nn on/in an/at ocean/nn ,/, stream/nn ,/, or/cc lake/nn provides/vbz scenic/jj values/nns and/cc opportunities/nns for/in the/at very/ql popular/jj recreation/nn activities/nns of/in bathing/vbg ,/, fishing/vbg ,/, boating/vbg ,/, and/cc other/ap water/nn sports/nns ./.
A/at body/nn of/in water/nn is/bez usually/rb the/at center/nn of/in interest/nn at/in parks/nns which/wdt attract/vb the/at greatest/jjt picnic/nn and/cc camping/vbg use/nn ./.
It/pps also/rb cools/vbz the/at air/nn in/in summer/nn and/cc nourishes/vbz the/at trees/nns and/cc wild/jj life/nn ./.


	The/at amount/nn of/in water/nn frontage/nn ,/, the/at quantity/nn and/cc quality/nn of/in the/at water/nn ,/, and/cc the/at recreation/nn afforded/vbn by/in it/ppo are/ber important/jj ./.
A/at restricted/vbn frontage/nn may/md be/be too/ql crowded/vbn an/at area/nn for/in public/jj use/nn ./.
The/at quantity/nn of/in water/nn flow/nn may/md be/be critical/jj ;/. ;/.
a/at stream/nn or/cc pond/nn which/wdt is/bez attractive/jj in/in the/at springtime/nn may/md become/vb stagnant/jj or/cc dry/jj in/in late/jj summer/nn ./.
If/cs the/at site/nn is/bez on/in a/at reservoir/nn ,/, the/at level/nn of/in the/at water/nn at/in various/jj seasons/nns as/cs it/pps affects/vbz recreation/nn should/md be/be studied/vbn ./.
Check/vb the/at quality/nn of/in the/at water/nn ./.
A/at stream/nn which/wdt has/hvz all/abn of/in its/pp$ watershed/nn within/in a/at national/jj forest/nn or/cc other/ap lands/nns under/in good/jj conservation/nn practices/nns is/bez less/ql likely/jj to/to be/be affected/vbn by/in pollution/nn than/cs one/cd passing/vbg through/in unrestricted/jj logging/nn or/cc past/in an/at industrial/jj area/nn ./.
Other/ap factors/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs water/nn temperature/nn ,/, depth/nn of/in water/nn ,/, the/at fish/nn life/nn it/pps supports/vbz ,/, wave/nn action/nn ,/, flooding/vbg ,/, etcetera/rb ,/, will/md affect/vb its/pp$ recreation/nn value/nn ./.




Other/ap natural/jj features/nns which/wdt can/md be/be of/in high/jj interest/nn are/ber the/at forests/nns ,/, canyons/nns ,/, mountains/nns ,/, deserts/nns ,/, seacoast/nn ,/, beaches/nns ,/, sand/nn dunes/nns ,/, waterfalls/nns ,/, springs/nns ,/, etcetera/rb with/in which/wdt the/at area/nn is/bez blessed/vbn ./.
Just/rb as/cs the/at national/jj and/cc state/nn parks/nns place/vb emphasis/nn on/in features/nns which/wdt are/ber of/in national/jj or/cc state/nn significance/nn ,/, counties/nns should/md seek/vb out/rp these/dts features/nns which/wdt are/ber distinctive/jj of/in their/pp$ area/nn ./.
Although/cs the/at site/nn may/md not/* contain/vb the/at features/nns themselves/ppls ,/, there/ex are/ber often/rb opportunities/nns to/to include/vb them/ppo as/cs additional/jj interest/nn to/in the/at site/nn ./.
The/at route/nn to/in the/at park/nn may/md lead/vb people/nns past/in them/ppo or/cc display/vb views/nns of/in them/ppo ./.
A/at group/nn of/in native/jj trees/nns or/cc plants/nns which/wdt are/ber outstanding/jj in/in a/at particular/jj county/nn can/md be/be featured/vbn at/in the/at site/nn ./.


	The/at fish/nn ,/, animals/nns ,/, and/cc birds/nns which/wdt may/md be/be found/vbn at/in the/at site/nn are/ber another/dt interest/nn ./.
Fishing/vbg interest/nn calls/vbz for/in a/at check/nn of/in the/at species/nn found/vbn ,/, quantity/nn and/cc size/nn ,/, the/at season/nn they/ppss are/ber available/jj ,/, and/cc the/at stocking/vbg program/nn of/in the/at fish/nn commission/nn ./.
Animals/nns may/md be/be present/rb at/in the/at site/nn or/cc provide/vb hunting/vbg in/in nearby/jj areas/nns ./.
The/at site/nn may/md be/be on/in one/cd of/in the/at major/jj flyways/nns of/in migratory/jj birds/nns or/cc have/hv its/pp$ own/jj resident/nn bird/nn life/nn ./.
Clams/nns ,/, crabs/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap marine/jj life/nn may/md add/vb interest/nn at/in coastal/jj areas/nns ./.




Each/dt area/nn has/hvz its/pp$ own/jj historical/jj interests/nns with/in which/wdt much/ap can/md be/be done/vbn ./.
Park/nn visitors/nns are/ber always/rb eager/jj to/to learn/vb more/ap about/in the/at area/nn they/ppss are/ber in/in ./.
The/at historical/jj sign/nn tells/vbz its/pp$ story/nn ,/, but/cc nothing/pn gets/vbz interest/nn across/rp as/ql well/rb as/cs some/dti of/in the/at original/jj historical/jj items/nns or/cc places/nns themselves/ppls which/wdt still/rb have/hv the/at character/nn of/in the/at period/nn covered/vbn ./.
Notice/nn should/md be/be taken/vbn of/in unusual/jj rock/nn formations/nns ,/, deposits/nns ,/, or/cc shapes/nns of/in the/at earth's/nn$ crust/nn in/in your/pp$ region/nn ./.
Those/dts which/wdt tell/vb a/at story/nn of/in the/at earth's/nn$ formation/nn in/in each/dt area/nn can/md add/vb geological/jj interest/nn to/in the/at recreation/nn sites/nns ./.
An/at old/jj shipwreck/nn ,/, a/at high/jj dam/nn ,/, an/at old/jj covered/vbn bridge/nn ,/, a/at place/nn to/to find/vb agates/nns or/cc other/ap semi-precious/jj stones/nns or/cc a/at place/nn to/to pan/vb gold/nn ,/, etcetera/rb may/md be/be of/in interest/nn ./.
Some/dti areas/nns may/md provide/vb archeological/jj values/nns such/jj as/cs ancient/jj Indian/jj village/nn sites/nns or/cc hunting/vbg areas/nns ,/, caves/nns ,/, artifacts/nns ,/, etcetera/rb ./.


	How/wql well/rb can/md the/at site/nn be/be developed/vbn ?/. ?/.
Look/vb at/in the/at physical/jj features/nns of/in the/at land/nn to/to determine/vb how/wql desirable/jj it/pps is/bez for/in use/nn ,/, what/wdt can/md be/be done/vbn to/to correct/vb the/at faults/nns ,/, and/cc what/wdt it/pps will/md cost/vb to/to make/vb the/at area/nn meet/nn your/pp$ needs/nns in/in comparison/nn to/in other/ap sites/nns ./.
Many/ap things/nns need/vb to/to be/be checked/vbn :/: 


size/nn-hl and/cc-hl shape/nn-hl 
--/-- The/at size/nn of/in the/at area/nn alone/rb can/md be/be a/at determining/vbg factor/nn ./.
An/at area/nn may/md be/be too/ql small/jj for/in the/at needs/nns of/in the/at project/nn ./.
Areas/nns should/md be/be large/jj enough/qlp to/to include/vb the/at attractions/nns ,/, have/hv ample/jj space/nn for/in the/at use/nn of/in facilities/nns needed/vbn ,/, and/cc have/hv room/nn around/in the/at edges/nns to/to protect/vb the/at values/nns of/in the/at area/nn from/in encroachment/nn by/in private/jj developments/nns ./.
Acreage/nn in/in excess/nn of/in the/at minimum/nn is/bez good/jj practice/nn as/cs recreation/nn areas/nns are/ber never/rb too/ql large/jj for/in the/at future/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez often/rb more/ql economical/jj to/to operate/vb one/cd large/jj area/nn than/cs several/ap small/jj ones/nns ./.


	Shape/nn of/in the/at area/nn is/bez also/rb related/vbd to/in the/at use/nn attractions/nns and/cc needs/nns of/in the/at development/nn ./.
A/at large/jj picnic/nn area/nn or/cc camping/vbg development/nn is/bez most/ql efficient/jj in/in shape/nn as/cs a/at square/nn or/cc rectangle/nn several/ap hundred/cd feet/nns in/in width/nn in/in preference/nn to/in a/at long/jj narrow/jj area/nn less/ap than/in one/cd hundred/cd feet/nns wide/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez true/jj because/rb of/in savings/nns in/in utility/nn lines/nns and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs your/pp$ buildings/nns have/hv a/at useful/jj radius/nn equal/jj in/in all/abn directions/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, a/at narrow/jj strip/nn may/md be/be very/ql practical/jj for/in small/jj developments/nns ,/, or/cc to/to provide/vb additional/jj stream/nn frontage/nn for/in a/at fisherman's/nn$ trail/nn ,/, or/cc include/vb scenic/jj strips/nns within/in the/at park/nn unit/nn ./.



Adjoining/vbg-hl areas/nns-hl 
--/-- The/at values/nns of/in the/at site/nn may/md be/be affected/vbn by/in the/at appearance/nn of/in the/at adjoining/vbg lands/nns ,/, ownership/nn and/cc use/nn of/in the/at land/nn ,/, and/cc the/at utilities/nns available/jj there/rb ./.
For/in instance/nn ,/, a/at site/nn adjoining/vbg other/ap publicly/rb owned/vbn lands/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs a/at national/jj forest/nn or/cc a/at public/jj road/nn ,/, may/md be/be desirable/jj ,/, whereas/cs a/at site/nn next/in to/in an/at industrial/jj plant/nn might/md not/* ./.
The/at utilities/nns available/jj nearby/rb may/md provide/vb a/at savings/nn in/in the/at cost/nn of/in extending/vbg electricity/nn or/cc water/nn to/in the/at site/nn ./.



Topography/nn-hl 
--/-- Topography/nn is/bez very/ql important/jj ./.
Check/vb the/at elevation/nn of/in the/at ground/nn ,/, degree/nn and/cc direction/nn of/in slopes/nns ,/, drainage/nn ,/, rock/nn outcrops/nns ,/, topsoil/nn types/nns and/cc quality/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs subsoil/nn ./.
Nearly/ql level/jj areas/nns are/ber required/vbn for/in parking/vbg areas/nns ,/, beaches/nns ,/, camp/nn areas/nns ,/, ballfields/nns ,/, etcetera/rb ./.
Determine/vb how/wql much/ap topography/nn limits/vbz useful/jj area/nn or/cc what/wdt the/at costs/nns of/in earth/nn moving/nn or/cc grading/vbg might/md be/be ./.



Water/nn-hl 
--/-- In/in addition/nn to/in its/pp$ recreation/nn interests/nns ,/, water/nn is/bez needed/vbn for/in drinking/vbg ,/, sanitation/nn ,/, and/cc irrigation/nn ./.
The/at quantity/nn and/cc quality/nn of/in water/nn sources/nns is/bez often/rb a/at big/jj factor/nn in/in site/nn selection/nn ./.
The/at area/nn may/md provide/vb good/jj springs/nns or/cc opportunities/nns for/in a/at well/nn or/cc be/be near/rb to/in municipal/jj water/nn lines/nns ./.
Figure/vb the/at cost/nn of/in providing/vbg water/nn to/in the/at use/nn areas/nns ./.



Plants/nns-hl 
--/-- The/at existing/vbg plant/nn growth/nn calls/vbz for/in thorough/jj checking/nn ./.
Look/vb at/in the/at trees/nns as/in to/in size/nn and/cc interest/nn ,/, the/at amount/nn of/in shade/nn they/ppss provide/vb ,/, how/wql healthy/jj they/ppss are/ber ,/, the/at problems/nns of/in maintenance/nn ,/, fire/nn hazards/nns ,/, wind/nn throw/nn ,/, etcetera/rb ./.


	An/at area/nn may/md have/hv been/ben partially/rb logged/vbn and/cc requires/vbz removal/nn of/in stumps/nns or/cc clean-up/nn ./.
Some/dti shrubs/nns may/md be/be of/in good/jj landscaping/vbg value/nn ,/, other/ap areas/nns of/in brush/nn may/md need/vb to/to be/be cleared/vbn ./.
The/at extent/nn and/cc location/nn of/in open/jj areas/nns is/bez noted/vbn ./.



Exposure/nn-hl 
--/-- How/wql much/ap will/md wind/nn ,/, rain/nn ,/, sun/nn ,/, and/cc temperature/nn affect/vb the/at use/nn ?/. ?/.
An/at area/nn sheltered/vbn from/in strong/jj winds/nns may/md be/be highly/ql desirable/jj for/in recreation/nn use/nn ./.
The/at direction/nn ,/, velocity/nn ,/, and/cc season/nn of/in these/dts winds/nns should/md be/be noted/vbn as/in to/in just/ql how/wrb they/ppss will/md affect/vb the/at recreation/nn use/nn and/cc your/pp$ maintenance/nn and/cc operation/nn of/in the/at area/nn ./.
Lack/nn of/in rainfall/nn and/cc extreme/jj temperatures/nns may/md call/vb for/in the/at development/nn of/in shade/nn and/cc irrigation/nn of/in a/at site/nn to/to make/vb it/ppo useable/jj ./.
Sometimes/rb ,/, you/ppss have/hv a/at choice/nn of/in exposure/nn for/in sites/nns where/wrb the/at topography/nn or/cc trees/nns of/in the/at area/nn will/md provide/vb afternoon/nn shade/nn ,/, morning/nn sun/nn ,/, or/cc whatever/wdt may/md be/be most/ql desirable/jj for/in the/at use/nn intended/vbn ./.



Improvements/nns-hl 
--/-- Some/dti areas/nns may/md already/rb have/hv been/ben improved/vbn and/cc contain/vb buildings/nns ,/, roads/nns ,/, utilities/nns ,/, cleared/vbn land/nn ,/, etcetera/rb which/wdt may/md raise/vb the/at cost/nn of/in the/at site/nn ./.



	Your/pp$ invitation/nn to/to write/vb about/in Serge/np Prokofieff/np to/to honor/vb his/pp$ 70th/od Anniversary/nn for/in the/at April/np issue/nn of/in Sovietskaya/fw-jj-tl Muzyka/fw-nn-tl is/bez accepted/vbd with/in pleasure/nn ,/, because/cs I/ppss admire/vb the/at music/nn of/in Prokofieff/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc with/in sober/jj purpose/nn ,/, because/cs the/at development/nn of/in Prokofieff/np personifies/vbz ,/, in/in many/ap ways/nns ,/, the/at course/nn of/in music/nn in/in the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Soviet/np-tl Socialist/jj-tl Republics/nns-tl ./.


	The/at Serge/np Prokofieff/np whom/wpo we/ppss knew/vbd in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np was/bedz gay/jj ,/, witty/jj ,/, mercurial/jj ,/, full/jj of/in pranks/nns and/cc bonheur/fw-nn --/-- and/cc very/ql capable/jj as/cs a/at professional/jj musician/nn ./.
These/dts qualities/nns endeared/vbd him/ppo to/in both/abx the/at musicians/nns and/cc the/at social-economic/jj haute/fw-jj monde/fw-nn which/wdt supported/vbd the/at concert/nn world/nn of/in the/at post-World/jj War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, era/nn ./.
Prokofieff's/np$ outlook/nn as/cs a/at composer-pianist-conductor/nn in/in America/np was/bedz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, brilliant/jj ./.


	Prokofieff's/np$ Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl was/bedz hailed/vbn as/cs an/at ingenious/jj work/nn from/in a/at naturally/rb gifted/jj and/cc well-trained/jj musician/nn still/rb in/in his/pp$ twenties/nns ./.
To/in the/at Traditionalists/nns-tl ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at brilliant/jj satire/nn on/in modernism/nn ;/. ;/.
to/in the/at Neo-Classicists/nns-tl ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at challenge/nn to/in the/at pre-war/jj world/nn ./.
What/wdt was/bedz it/pps to/in Prokofieff/np ?/. ?/.
A/at tongue-in-cheek/jj stylization/nn of/in 18th-Century/np ideas/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at trial/nn balloon/nn to/to test/vb the/at aesthetic/jj climate/nn of/in the/at times/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at brilliant/jj piece/fw-nn de/fw-in resistance/fw-nn ?/. ?/.
Certainly/rb its/pp$ composer/nn was/bedz an/at ascending/vbg star/nn on/in a/at new/jj world/nn horizon/nn ./.


	I/ppss heard/vbd the/at Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl for/in the/at first/od time/nn when/wrb Koussevitzky/np conducted/vbd it/ppo in/in Paris/np in/in 1927/cd ./.
All/abn musical/jj Paris/np was/bedz there/rb ./.
Some/dti musicians/nns were/bed enthusiastic/jj ,/, some/dti skeptical/jj ./.
I/ppss myself/ppl was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at skeptics/nns (/( 35/cd years/nns ago/rb )/) ./.
I/ppss remember/vb Ernest/np Bloch/np in/in the/at foyer/nn ,/, shouting/vbg in/in his/pp$ high-pitched/jj voice/nn :/: ``/`` it/pps may/md be/be a/at tour/fw-nn de/fw-in force/fw-nn ,/, mais/fw-cc mon/fw-pp$ Dieu/fw-np ,/, can/md anyone/pn take/vb this/dt music/nn seriously/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	The/at answer/nn is/bez ,/, ``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' !/. !/.
Certainly/rb ,/, America/np took/vbd Prokofieff/np and/cc his/pp$ Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl seriously/rb ,/, and/cc with/in a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in pleasure/nn ./.
His/pp$ life-long/jj friend/nn ,/, Serge/np Koussevitzky/np ,/, gave/vbd unreservedly/rb of/in his/pp$ praise/nn and/cc brilliant/jj performances/nns in/in Boston/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps added/vbd broadcastings/nns and/cc recordings/nns for/in the/at whole/jj nation/nn ./.
Chicago/np was/bedz also/rb a/at welcome/jj host/nn :/: there/rb ,/, in/in 1921/cd ,/, Prokofieff/np conducted/vbd the/at world/nn premiere/nn of/in the/at Love/nn-tl For/in-tl Three/cd-tl Oranges/nns-tl ,/, and/cc played/vbd the/at first/od performance/nn of/in his/pp$ Third/od-tl Piano/nn-tl Concerto/nn-tl ./.
``/`` Uncle/np Sam/np ''/'' was/bedz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, a/at rich/jj uncle/nn to/in Prokofieff/np ,/, in/in those/dts opulent/jj ,/, post-war/jj victory/nn years/nns of/in peace/nn and/cc prosperity/nn ,/, bold/jj speculations/nns and/cc extravaganzas/nns ,/, enjoyment/nn and/cc pleasure/nn :/: ``/`` The/at-tl Golden/jj-tl Twenties/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
We/ppss attended/vbd the/at premieres/nns of/in his/pp$ concertos/nns ,/, symphonies/nns ,/, and/cc suites/nns ;/. ;/.
we/ppss studied/vbd ,/, taught/vbd ,/, and/cc performed/vbd his/pp$ piano/nn sonatas/nns ,/, chamber/nn music/nn ,/, gavottes/nns ,/, and/cc marches/nns ;/. ;/.
we/ppss bought/vbd his/pp$ records/nns and/cc played/vbd them/ppo in/in our/pp$ schools/nns and/cc universities/nns ./.
We/ppss unanimously/rb agreed/vbd that/cs Prokofieff/np had/hvd won/vbn his/pp$ rights/nns as/cs a/at world/nn citizen/nn to/in the/at first/od ranks/nns of/in Twentieth-Century/jj Composers/nns-tl ./.


	Nevertheless/rb ,/, Prokofieff/np was/bedz much/ql influenced/vbn by/in Paris/np during/in the/at Twenties/nns-tl :/: the/at Paris/np which/wdt was/bedz the/at artistic/jj center/nn of/in the/at Western/jj-tl World/nn-tl --/-- the/at social/jj Paris/np to/in which/wdt Russian/jj aristocracy/nn migrated/vbd --/-- the/at chic/jj Paris/np which/wdt attracted/vbd the/at tourist/nn dollars/nns of/in rich/jj America/np --/-- the/at avant-garde/jj Paris/np of/in Diaghileff/np ,/, Stravinsky/np ,/, Koussevitzky/np ,/, Cocteau/np ,/, Picasso/np --/-- the/at laissez-faire/jj Paris/np of/in Dadaism/np and/cc ultramodern/jj art/nn --/-- the/at Paris/np sympathique/fw-jj which/wdt took/vbd young/jj composers/nns to/in her/pp$ bosom/nn with/in such/jj quick/jj and/cc easy/jj enthusiasms/nns ./.


	So/rb young/jj Prokofieff/np was/bedz the/at darling/nn of/in success/nn :/: in/in his/pp$ motherland/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at spacious/jj hunting/vbg grounds/nns of/in ``/`` Uncle/np Sam/np ''/'' ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at exciting/jj salons/nns of/in his/pp$ lovely/jj ,/, brilliant/jj Paris/np --/-- mistress/nn of/in gaiety/nn --/-- excess/nn and/cc abandon/nn --/-- world/nn theatre/nn of/in new-found/jj freedoms/nns in/in tone/nn ,/, color/nn ,/, dance/nn ,/, design/nn ,/, and/cc thought/nn ./.


	Meanwhile/rb ,/, three/cd great/jj terrible/jj forces/nns were/bed coagulating/vbg and/cc crystallizing/vbg ./.
In/in this/dt world-wide/jj conscription/nn of/in men/nns ,/, minds/nns ,/, and/cc machines/nns ,/, Prokofieff/np was/bedz recalled/vbn to/in his/pp$ native/jj land/nn ./.
The/at world/nn exploded/vbd when/wrb Fascism/np challenged/vbd all/abn concepts/nns of/in peace/nn and/cc liberty/nn ,/, and/cc the/at outraged/vbn ,/, freedom-loving/jj peoples/nns of/in the/at Capitalist/jj and/cc Socialist/jj-tl worlds/nns combined/vbd forces/nns to/to stamp/vb Fascist/jj tyranny/nn into/in cringing/vbg submission/nn ./.
After/in this/dt holocaust/nn ,/, a/at changing/vbg world/nn occupied/vbd the/at minds/nns of/in men/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at world/nn beset/vbn with/in new/jj boundaries/nns ,/, new/jj treaties/nns and/cc governments/nns ,/, new/jj goals/nns and/cc methods/nns ,/, and/cc the/at age-old/jj fears/nns of/in aggression/nn and/cc subjugation/nn --/-- hunger/nn and/cc exposure/nn ./.


	In/in this/dt changed/vbn world/nn ,/, Prokofieff/np settled/vbd to/to find/vb himself/ppl ,/, and/cc to/to create/vb for/in large/jj national/jj purpose/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, this/dt happy/jj ,/, roving/vbg son/nn of/in good/jj fortune/nn proved/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md accept/vb the/at disciplines/nns of/in a/at new/jj social-economic/jj order/nn fighting/vbg for/in its/pp$ very/ap existence/nn and/cc ideals/nns in/in a/at truculent/jj world/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, Prokofieff/np became/vbd a/at workman/nn in/in the/at vineyards/nns of/in Socialism/nn-tl --/-- producing/vbg music/nn for/in the/at masses/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez at/in this/dt point/nn in/in his/pp$ life/nn that/cs the/at mature/jj Prokofieff/np emerges/vbz ./.
One/pn might/md have/hv expected/vbn that/cs such/abl a/at violent/jj epoch/nn of/in transition/nn would/md have/hv destroyed/vbn the/at creative/jj flair/nn of/in a/at composer/nn ,/, especially/rb one/cd whose/wp$ works/nns were/bed so/ql fluent/jj and/cc spontaneous/jj ./.


	But/cc no/rb :/: Prokofieff/np grew/vbd ./.
He/pps accepted/vbd the/at environment/nn of/in his/pp$ destiny/nn --/-- took/vbd root/nn and/cc grew/vbd to/to fulfill/vb the/at stature/nn of/in his/pp$ early/jj promise/nn ./.
By/in 1937/cd he/pps had/hvd clarified/vbn his/pp$ intentions/nns to/to serve/vb his/pp$ people/nns :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv striven/vbn for/in clarity/nn and/cc melodious/jj idiom/nn ,/, but/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn I/ppss have/hv by/in no/at means/nns attempted/vbn to/to restrict/vb myself/ppl to/in the/at accepted/vbn methods/nns of/in harmony/nn and/cc melody/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt makes/vbz lucid/jj ,/, straightforward/jj music/nn so/ql difficult/jj to/to compose/vb --/-- the/at clarity/nn must/md be/be new/jj ,/, not/* old/jj ''/'' ./.
How/wql right/jj he/pps was/bedz ;/. ;/.
how/wql clearly/rb he/pps saw/vbd the/at cultural/jj defection/nn of/in experimentation/nn as/cs an/at escape/nn for/in those/dts who/wps dare/md not/* or/cc prefer/vb not/* to/to face/vb the/at discipline/nn of/in modern/jj traditionalism/nn ./.
And/cc with/in what/wdt resource/nn did/dod Prokofieff/np back/vb up/rp his/pp$ Credo/nn-tl of/in words/nns --/-- with/in torrents/nns of/in powerful/jj music/nn ./.
Compare/vb the/at vast/jj difference/nn in/in scope/nn and/cc beauty/nn between/in his/pp$ neat/jj and/cc witty/jj little/jj Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl and/cc his/pp$ big/jj ,/, muscular/jj ,/, passionate/jj ,/, and/cc eloquent/jj Fifth/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
or/cc the/at Love/nn-tl For/in-tl Three/cd-tl Oranges/nns-tl (/( gay/jj as/cs it/pps is/bez )/) with/in the/at wonderful/jj ,/, imaginative/jj ,/, colorful/jj ,/, and/cc subtle/jj tenderness/nn of/in the/at magnificent/jj ballet/nn ,/, The/at Stone/nn-tl Flower/nn-tl ./.
This/dt masterpiece/nn has/hvz gaiety/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez the/at gaiety/nn of/in dancing/vbg people/nns :/: earthy/jj ,/, salty/jj and/cc humorous/jj ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, these/dts works/nns are/ber not/* comparable/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at same/ap brain/nn conceived/vbd them/ppo ./.
The/at early/jj works/nns were/bed conceived/vbn for/in a/at sophisticated/jj ,/, international/jj audience/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at later/jjr works/nns were/bed conceived/vbn to/to affirm/vb a/at way/nn of/in life/nn for/in fellow/nn citizens/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, in/in all/abn of/in Prokofieff's/np$ music/nn ,/, young/jj or/cc mature/jj ,/, we/ppss find/vb his/pp$ profile/nn --/-- his/pp$ ``/`` signature/nn ''/'' --/-- his/pp$ craftsman's/nn$ attitude/nn ./.
Prokofieff/np never/rb forsakes/vbz his/pp$ medium/nn for/in the/at cause/nn of/in experimentation/nn per/in se/fw-ppl ./.
In/in orchestration/nn ,/, he/pps stretches/vbz the/at limits/nns of/in instrumentation/nn with/in good/jj judgment/nn and/cc a/at fine/jj imagination/nn for/in color/nn ./.
His/pp$ sense/nn for/in rhythmic/jj variety/nn and/cc timing/vbg is/bez impeccable/jj ./.
His/pp$ creative/jj development/nn of/in melodic/jj designs/nns of/in Slavic/jj dance/nn tunes/nns and/cc love/nn songs/nns is/bez captivating/jj :/: witty/jj ,/, clever/jj ,/, adroit/jj ,/, and/cc subtle/jj ./.
His/pp$ counterpoint/nn is/bez pertinent/jj ,/, skillful/jj ,/, and/cc rarely/rb thick/jj ./.


	Also/rb ,/, it/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs the/at polytonal/jj freedom/nn of/in his/pp$ melodies/nns and/cc harmonic/jj modulations/nns ,/, the/at brilliant/jj orchestrations/nns ,/, the/at adroitness/nn for/in evading/vbg the/at heaviness/nn of/in figured/vbn bass/nn ,/, the/at skill/nn in/in florid/jj counterpoint/nn were/bed not/* lost/vbn in/in his/pp$ mature/jj output/nn ,/, even/rb in/in the/at spectacular/jj historical/jj dramas/nns of/in the/at stage/nn and/cc cinema/nn ,/, where/wrb a/at large/jj ,/, dramatic/jj canvas/nn of/in sound/nn was/bedz required/vbn ./.
That/cs Prokofieff's/np$ harmonies/nns and/cc forms/nns sometimes/rb seem/vb professionally/rb routine/nn to/in our/pp$ ears/nns ,/, may/md or/cc may/md not/* indicate/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz less/ap of/in an/at ``/`` original/jj ''/'' than/cs we/ppss prefer/vb to/to believe/vb ./.
Need/nn for/in novelty/nn may/md be/be a/at symptom/nn of/in cultural/jj fatigue/nn and/cc instability/nn ./.


	Prokofieff/np might/md well/rb emerge/vb as/cs a/at cultural/jj hero/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, by/in the/at force/nn of/in his/pp$ creative/jj life/nn ,/, helped/vbd preserve/vb the/at main/jjs stream/nn of/in tradition/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt the/at surviving/vbg idioms/nns of/in current/jj experimentalism/nn may/md be/be eventually/rb added/vbn and/cc integrated/vbn ./.


	At/in this/dt date/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz probable/jj that/cs the/at name/nn of/in Serge/np Prokofieff/np will/md appear/vb in/in the/at archives/nns of/in History/nn-tl ,/, as/cs an/at effective/jj Traditionalist/nn-tl ,/, who/wps was/bedz fully/ql aware/jj of/in the/at lure/nn and/cc danger/nn of/in experimentation/nn ,/, and/cc used/vbd it/ppo as/cs it/pps served/vbd his/pp$ purpose/nn ;/. ;/.
yet/cc was/bedz never/rb caught/vbn up/rp in/in it/ppo --/-- never/rb a/at slave/nn to/in its/pp$ academic/jj dialectics/nns ./.
Certainly/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at traditional/jj clarity/nn of/in his/pp$ music/nn which/wdt has/hvz endeared/vbn him/ppo to/in the/at Western/jj-tl World/nn-tl --/-- not/* his/pp$ experimentations/nns ./.


	So/rb Prokofieff/np was/bedz able/jj to/to cultivate/vb his/pp$ musical/jj talents/nns and/cc harvest/vb a/at rich/jj reward/nn from/in them/ppo ./.
Nor/cc can/md anyone/pn be/be certain/jj that/cs Prokofieff/np would/md have/hv done/vbn better/rbr ,/, or/cc even/rb as/ql well/rb ,/, under/in different/jj circumstances/nns ./.
His/pp$ fellow-countryman/nn ,/, Igor/np Stravinsky/np ,/, certainly/rb did/dod not/* ./.
Why/wrb did/dod Prokofieff/np expand/vb in/in stature/nn and/cc fecundity/nn ,/, while/cs Stravinsky/np (/( who/wps leaped/vbd into/in fame/nn like/cs a/at young/jj giant/nn )/) dwindled/vbd in/in stature/nn and/cc fruitfulness/nn ?/. ?/.
I/ppss think/vb the/at answer/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in Prokofieff's/np$ own/jj words/nns :/: ``/`` the/at clarity/nn must/md be/be new/jj ,/, not/* old/jj ''/'' ./.
When/wrb Prokofieff/np forged/vbd his/pp$ new/jj clarity/nn of/in ``/`` lucid/jj ,/, straightforward/jj music/nn ,/, so/ql difficult/jj to/to compose/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps shaped/vbd his/pp$ talents/nns to/in his/pp$ purpose/nn ./.


	When/wrb Stravinsky/np shaped/vbd his/pp$ purpose/nn to/in the/at shifting/vbg scenes/nns of/in many/ap cultures/nns ,/, many/ap salons/nns ,/, many/ap dialectics/nns ,/, many/ap personalities/nns ,/, he/pps tried/vbd to/to refashion/vb himself/ppl into/in a/at stylist/nn of/in many/ap styles/nns ,/, determined/vbn by/in many/ap disparate/jj cultures/nns ./.
Prokofieff/np was/bedz guided/vbn in/in a/at consistent/jj direction/nn by/in the/at life/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj people/nns --/-- by/in the/at compass/nn of/in their/pp$ national/jj ideas/nns ./.
But/cc Stravinsky/np was/bedz swayed/vbn by/in the/at attitudes/nns of/in whatever/wdt culture/nn he/pps was/bedz reflecting/vbg ./.
In/in all/abn his/pp$ miscalculations/nns ,/, Stravinsky/np made/vbd the/at fatal/jj historical/jj blunder/nn of/in presuming/vbg that/cs he/pps could/md transform/vb other/ap composers'/nns$ inspirations/nns --/-- representing/vbg many/ap peoples/nns ,/, time/nn periods/nns and/cc styles/nns --/-- into/in his/pp$ own/jj music/nn by/in warping/vbg the/at harmony/nn ,/, melody/nn ,/, or/cc form/nn ,/, to/to verify/vb his/pp$ own/jj experiments/nns ./.
Because/rb of/in the/at authentic/jj homogeneity/nn of/in his/pp$ early/jj Nationalistic/jj-tl materials/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ flair/nn for/in orchestrations/nns --/-- his/pp$ brilliant/jj Petruchka/np ,/, his/pp$ savage/jj Sacre/fw-nn-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Printemps/fw-nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ incisive/jj Les/fw-at-tl Noces/fw-nns-tl --/-- the/at world/nn kept/vbd hoping/vbg that/cs he/pps could/md recapture/vb the/at historical/jj direction/nn for/in which/wdt his/pp$ native/jj talents/nns were/bed predisposed/vbn ./.


	But/cc time/nn is/bez running/vbg out/rp ,/, and/cc many/ap of/in Stravinsky's/np$ admirers/nns begin/vb to/to fear/vb that/cs he/pps will/md never/rb find/vb terra/fw-nn firma/fw-jj ./.
His/pp$ various/jj aesthetic/jj postulates/nns remain/vb as/cs landmarks/nns of/in a/at house/nn divided/vbn against/in itself/ppl :/: Supra-Expressionism/np ,/, Neo-Paganism/np ,/, Neo-Classicism/nn-tl ,/, Neo-Romanticism/np ,/, Neo-Jazz/np ,/, Neo-Ecclesiasticism/np ,/, Neo-Popularism/np ,/, and/cc most/ql recently/rb ,/, Post-Serialism/np --/-- all/abn competing/vbg with/in each/dt other/ap within/in one/cd composer/nn !/. !/.
What/wdt a/at patchwork/nn of/in proclamations/nns and/cc renunciations/nns !/. !/.
Meager/jj and/cc shabby/jj by-products/nns linger/vb to/to haunt/vb our/pp$ memories/nns of/in a/at once/rb mighty/jj protagonist/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at maladroit/jj reharmonization/nn of/in our/pp$ National/jj-tl Anthem/nn-tl (/( The/at-tl Star-Spangled/jj-tl Banner/nn-tl )/) ;/. ;/.
a/at poor/jj attempt/nn to/to write/vb an/at idiomatic/jj jazz/nn concerto/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at circus/nn polka/nn for/in elephants/nns ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ hopes/nns that/cs the/at tunes/nns from/in his/pp$ old/jj music/nn might/md be/be used/vbn for/in popular/jj American/jj commercial/jj songs/nns !/. !/.
Stravinsky/np ,/, nearing/vbg the/at age/nn of/in eighty/cd ,/, is/bez like/cs a/at lost/vbn and/cc frantic/jj bird/nn ,/, flitting/vbg from/in one/cd abandoned/vbn nest/nn to/in another/dt ,/, searching/vbg for/in a/at home/nn ./.


	How/wql differently/rb Prokofieff's/np$ life/nn unfolded/vbd ./.
Prokofieff/np was/bedz able/jj to/to adjust/vb his/pp$ creative/jj personality/nn to/in a/at swiftly/rb changing/vbg world/nn without/in losing/vbg his/pp$ particular/jj force/nn and/cc direction/nn ./.
In/in the/at process/nn ,/, his/pp$ native/jj endowments/nns were/bed stretched/vbn ,/, strengthened/vbn and/cc disciplined/vbn to/to serve/vb their/pp$ human/jj purpose/nn ./.


	With/in a/at large/jj and/cc circumspect/jj 20th-Century/nn technique/nn ,/, he/pps wove/vbd the/at materials/nns of/in national/jj heroes/nns and/cc events/nns ,/, national/jj folklore/nn and/cc children's/nns$ fairy/nn tales/nns --/-- Slavic/jj dances/nns and/cc love/nn songs/nns --/-- into/in a/at solid/jj musical/jj literature/nn which/wdt served/vbd his/pp$ people/nns well/rb ,/, and/cc is/bez providing/vbg much/ap enjoyment/nn to/in the/at World/nn at/in large/jj ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, it/pps must/md not/* be/be forgotten/vbn that/cs in/in achieving/vbg this/dt historical/jj feat/nn ,/, Prokofieff/np had/hvd the/at vast/jj resources/nns of/in his/pp$ people/nns behind/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
time/nn and/cc economic/jj security/nn ;/. ;/.
symphony/nn orchestras/nns ,/, opera/nn and/cc ballet/nn companies/nns ;/. ;/.
choruses/nns ,/, chamber/nn music/nn ensembles/nns ;/. ;/.
soloists/nns ;/. ;/.
recordings/nns ;/. ;/.
broadcastings/nns ;/. ;/.
television/nn ;/. ;/.
large/jj and/cc eager/jj audiences/nns ./.
It/pps must/md be/be conceded/vbn that/cs his/pp$ native/jj land/nn provided/vbd Prokofieff/np with/in many/ap of/in the/at necessary/jj conditions/nns for/in great/jj creative/jj incentive/nn :/: economic/jj security/nn and/cc cultural/jj opportunities/nns ,/, incisive/jj idioms/nns ,/, social/jj fermentations/nns for/in a/at new/jj national/jj ideology/nn --/-- a/at sympathetic/jj public/jj and/cc a/at large/jj body/nn of/in performers/nns especially/rb trained/vbn to/to fulfill/vb his/pp$ purpose/nn ./.


	Thus/rb in/in Prokofieff/np the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Soviet/np-tl Socialist/jj-tl Republics/nns-tl produced/vbd one/cd of/in the/at great/jj composers/nns of/in the/at Twentieth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ./.
That/cs his/pp$ moods/nns ,/, even/rb in/in his/pp$ early/jj years/nns ,/, are/ber those/dts of/in his/pp$ people/nns ,/, does/doz him/ppo honor/nn ,/, as/cs his/pp$ music/nn honors/vbz those/dts who/wps inspired/vbd it/ppo ./.
That/cs he/pps mastered/vbd every/at aspect/nn of/in his/pp$ medium/nn according/in to/in his/pp$ own/jj great/jj talents/nns and/cc contemporary/jj judgments/nns ,/, is/bez a/at good/jj and/cc solid/jj symbol/nn of/in his/pp$ people/nns under/in the/at tremendous/jj pressures/nns of/in proclaiming/vbg and/cc practising/vbg the/at rigors/nns of/in a/at new/jj culture/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc perhaps/rb of/in even/ql greater/jjr significance/nn --/-- his/pp$ music/nn is/bez strong/jj 20th-Century/nn evidence/nn of/in the/at effectiveness/nn of/in Evolution/nn-tl ,/, based/vbn on/in a/at broad/jj Traditionalism/nn-tl for/in the/at creative/jj art/nn of/in music/nn ./.


	April/np 10/cd marked/vbd a/at memorable/jj date/nn in/in New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl musical/jj history/nn --/-- indeed/rb in/in the/at musical/jj history/nn of/in the/at entire/jj eastern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
On/in that/dt date/nn the/at Musicians/nns-tl Emergency/nn-tl Fund/nn-tl ,/, organized/vbn to/to furnish/vb employment/nn for/in musicians/nns unable/jj to/to obtain/vb engagements/nns during/in the/at depression/nn and/cc to/to provide/vb relief/nn for/in older/jjr musicians/nns who/wps lost/vbd their/pp$ fortunes/nns in/in the/at stock/nn market/nn crash/nn ,/, observed/vbd its/pp$ 30th/od anniversary/nn ./.

Roy/np Mason/np is/bez essentially/rb a/at landscape/nn painter/nn whose/wp$ style/nn and/cc direction/nn has/hvz a/at kinship/nn with/in the/at English/jj watercolorists/nns of/in the/at early/jj nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, especially/rb the/at beautifully/ql patterned/vbn art/nn of/in John/np Sell/np Cotman/np ./.
And/cc like/cs this/dt English/jj master/nn ,/, Mason/np realizes/vbz his/pp$ subjects/nns in/in large/jj ,/, simplified/vbn masses/nns which/wdt ,/, though/cs they/ppss seem/vb effortless/jj ,/, are/ber in/in reality/nn the/at result/nn of/in skilled/jj design/nn born/vbn of/in hard/jj work/nn and/cc a/at thorough/jj distillation/nn of/in the/at natural/jj form/nn that/wps inspired/vbd them/ppo ./.


	As/cs a/at boy/nn Roy/np Mason/np began/vbd the/at long/jj process/nn of/in extracting/vbg the/at goodness/nn of/in the/at out-of-doors/nn ,/, its/pp$ tang/nn of/in weather/nn ,/, its/pp$ change/nn of/in seasons/nns ,/, its/pp$ variable/jj moods/nns ./.
His/pp$ father/nn ,/, a/at professional/jj engraver/nn and/cc an/at amateur/jj landscape/nn painter/nn ,/, took/vbd his/pp$ sons/nns on/in numerous/jj hunting/vbg expeditions/nns ,/, and/cc imparted/vbd to/in them/ppo his/pp$ knowledge/nn and/cc love/nn of/in nature/nn ./.
Out/in of/in this/dt background/nn of/in hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg ,/, it/pps was/bedz only/rb natural/jj that/cs Roy/np first/rb painted/vbd subjects/nns he/pps knew/vbd best/rbt :/: hunters/nns in/in the/at field/nn ,/, fishermen/nns in/in the/at stream/nn ,/, ducks/nns and/cc geese/nns on/in the/at wing/nn --/-- almost/ql always/rb against/in a/at vast/jj backdrop/nn of/in weather/nn landscape/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez this/dt subject/nn matter/nn that/wps has/hvz brought/vbn Mason/np a/at large/jj and/cc enthusiastic/jj following/nn among/in sportsmen/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez his/pp$ exceptional/jj performance/nn with/in this/dt motif/nn that/wps commends/vbz him/ppo to/in artists/nns and/cc discerning/vbg collectors/nns ./.


	Mason/np had/hvd to/to earn/vb the/at privilege/nn of/in devoting/vbg himself/ppl exclusively/rb to/in painting/vbg ./.
Like/cs many/ap others/nns ,/, he/pps had/hvd to/to work/vb hard/rb ,/, long/jj hours/nns in/in a/at struggling/vbg family/nn business/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs it/pps was/bedz allied/vbn to/in art/nn of/in a/at kind/nn --/-- the/at design/nn and/cc production/nn of/in engraved/vbn seals/nns --/-- bore/vbd no/at relation/nn to/in the/at painting/nn of/in pictures/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps did/dod teach/vb Roy/np the/at basic/jj techniques/nns of/in commercial/jj art/nn ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, for/in twelve/cd years/nns ,/, he/pps and/cc his/pp$ sister/nn Nina/np conducted/vbd an/at advertising/vbg art/nn studio/nn in/in Philadelphia/np ./.
On/in the/at death/nn of/in their/pp$ father/nn ,/, they/ppss returned/vbd to/in their/pp$ home/nr in/in Batavia/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
After/in more/ap years/nns of/in concentrated/vbn effort/nn ,/, Roy/np and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn Max/np finally/rb established/vbd a/at thriving/vbg family/nn business/nn at/in the/at old/jj stand/nn ./.


	During/in all/abn this/dt time/nn Roy/np continued/vbd to/to paint/vb ,/, first/rb only/rb on/in weekends/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, as/cs the/at family/nn business/nn permitted/vbd ,/, for/in longer/jjr periods/nns ./.
Gradually/rb he/pps withdrew/vbd from/in the/at shop/nn altogether/rb ,/, and/cc for/in the/at past/ap thirty/cd years/nns ,/, he/pps has/hvz worked/vbn independently/rb as/cs a/at painter/nn ,/, except/in for/in his/pp$ continued/vbn hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg expeditions/nns ./.
But/cc even/rb on/in these/dts ,/, the/at palette/nn often/rb takes/vbz over/rp while/cs the/at shotgun/nn cools/vbz off/rp !/. !/.


	Except/in for/in a/at rich/jj friendship/nn with/in the/at painter/nn ,/, Chauncey/np Ryder/np who/wps gave/vbd him/ppo the/at only/ap professional/jj instruction/nn he/pps ever/rb had/hvd --/-- and/cc this/dt was/bedz limited/vbn to/in a/at few/ap lessons/nns ,/, though/cs the/at two/cd artists/nns often/rb went/vbd on/in painting/vbg trips/nns together/rb --/-- Roy/np developed/vbd his/pp$ art/nn by/in himself/ppl ./.
In/in the/at best/jjt tradition/nn ,/, he/pps first/rb taught/vbd himself/ppl to/to see/vb ,/, then/rb to/to draw/vb with/in accuracy/nn and/cc assurance/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb to/to paint/vb ./.
He/pps worked/vbd in/in oil/nn for/in years/nns before/cs beginning/vbg his/pp$ work/nn in/in watercolor/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ first/od public/jj recognition/nn and/cc early/jj honors/nns ,/, including/in his/pp$ election/nn to/in the/at Academy/nn-tl ,/, were/bed for/in his/pp$ essays/nns in/in the/at heavier/jjr medium/nn ./.
Gradually/rb watercolor/nn claimed/vbd his/pp$ greater/jjr affection/nn until/cs today/nr it/pps has/hvz become/vbn his/pp$ major/jj ,/, if/cs not/* exclusive/jj ,/, technique/nn ./.


	It/pps has/hvz been/ben my/pp$ privilege/nn to/to paint/vb with/in Roy/np Mason/np on/in numerous/jj occasions/nns ,/, mostly/rb in/in the/at vicinity/nn of/in Batavia/np ./.
More/ql often/rb than/cs not/* I/ppss have/hv found/vbn easy/jj excuse/nn to/to leave/vb my/pp$ own/jj work/nn and/cc stand/vb at/in a/at respectable/jj distance/nn where/wrb I/ppss could/md watch/vb this/dt man/nn transform/vb raw/jj nature/nn into/in a/at composed/vbn ,/, not/* imitative/jj ,/, painting/nn ./.
What/wdt I/ppss have/hv observed/vbn time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb is/bez a/at process/nn of/in integration/nn ,/, integration/nn that/wps begins/vbz as/cs abstract/jj design/nn and/cc gradually/rb takes/vbz on/rp recognizable/jj form/nn ;/. ;/.
color/nn patterns/nns that/wps are/ber made/vbn to/to weave/vb throughout/in the/at whole/jj composition/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/dt over-all/jj ,/, amazing/jj control/nn of/in large/jj washes/nns which/wdt is/bez the/at Mason/np stylemark/nn ./.
Finally/rb come/vb those/dts little/jj flicks/nns of/in a/at rigger/nn brush/nn and/cc the/at job/nn is/bez done/vbn ./.
Inspiring/vbg --/-- yes/rb ;/. ;/.
instructive/jj --/-- maybe/rb ;/. ;/.
duplicable/jj --/-- no/rb !/. !/.


	But/cc for/in the/at technical/jj fact/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv the/at artist's/nn$ own/jj testimony/nn :/: 

	``/`` Of/in late/jj years/nns ,/, I/ppss find/vb that/cs I/ppss like/vb best/rbt to/to work/vb out-of-doors/rb ./.
First/rb I/ppss make/vb preliminary/jj watercolor/nn sketches/nns in/in quarter/nn scale/nn (/( approximately/rb Af/nn inches/nns )/) in/in which/wdt I/ppss pay/vb particular/jj attention/nn to/in the/at design/nn principles/nns of/in three/cd simple/jj values/nns --/-- the/at lightest/jjt light/jj ,/, the/at middle/jj tone/nn ,/, and/cc the/at darkest/jjt dark/jj --/-- by/in reducing/vbg the/at forms/nns of/in my/pp$ subject/nn to/in these/dts large/jj patterns/nns ./.
If/cs a/at human/jj figure/nn or/cc wild/jj life/nn are/ber to/to be/be part/nn of/in the/at projected/vbn final/jj picture/nn ,/, I/ppss try/vb to/to place/vb them/ppo in/in the/at initial/jj sketch/nn ./.
For/in me/ppo ,/, these/dts will/md belong/vb more/ql completely/rb to/in their/pp$ surroundings/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber conceived/vbn in/in this/dt early/jj stage/nn ,/, though/cs I/ppss freely/rb admit/vb that/cs I/ppss do/do not/* hesitate/vb to/to add/vb or/cc eliminate/vb figures/nns on/in the/at full/jj sheet/nn when/wrb it/pps serves/vbz my/pp$ final/jj purpose/nn ./.


	``/`` I/ppss am/bem thoroughly/rb convinced/vbn that/cs most/ap watercolors/nns suffer/vb because/cs the/at artist/nn expects/vbz nature/nn will/md do/do his/pp$ composing/nn for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
as/cs a/at result/nn ,/, such/jj pictures/nns are/ber only/rb a/at literal/jj translation/nn of/in what/wdt the/at artist/nn finds/vbz in/in the/at scene/nn before/in him/ppo ./.
Just/rb because/cs a/at tree/nn or/cc other/ap object/nn appears/vbz in/in a/at certain/jj spot/nn is/bez absolutely/rb no/at reason/nn to/to place/vb it/ppo in/in the/at same/ap position/nn in/in the/at painting/nn ,/, unless/cs the/at position/nn serves/vbz the/at design/nn of/in the/at whole/jj composition/nn ./.
If/cs the/at artist/nn would/md study/vb his/pp$ work/nn more/ql thoroughly/rb and/cc move/vb certain/jj units/nns in/in his/pp$ design/nn ,/, often/rb only/ql slightly/rb ,/, finer/jjr pictures/nns would/md result/vb ./.
Out/in of/in long/jj experience/nn I/ppss have/hv found/vbn that/cs incidental/jj figures/nns and/cc other/ap objects/nns like/cs trees/nns ,/, logs/nns ,/, and/cc bushes/nns can/md be/be traced/vbn from/in the/at original/jj sketch/nn and/cc moved/vbn about/rb in/in the/at major/jj areas/nns on/in the/at final/jj sheet/nn until/cs they/ppss occupy/vb the/at right/jj position/nn ,/, which/wdt I/ppss call/vb clicking/nn ./.


	``/`` Speed/nn in/in painting/vbg a/at picture/nn is/bez valid/jj only/rb when/wrb it/pps imparts/vbz spontaneity/nn and/cc crispness/nn ,/, but/cc unless/cs the/at artist/nn has/hvz lots/nns of/in experience/nn so/cs that/cs he/pps can/md control/vb rapid/jj execution/nn ,/, he/pps would/md do/do well/rb to/to take/vb these/dts first/od sketches/nns and/cc soberly/rb reorder/vb their/pp$ design/nn to/to achieve/vb a/at unified/vbn composition/nn ./.


	``/`` If/cs I/ppss have/hv seemed/vbn to/to emphasize/vb the/at structure/nn of/in the/at composition/nn ,/, I/ppss mean/vb to/to project/vb equal/jj concern/nn for/in color/nn ./.
Often/rb ,/, in/in working/vbg out-of-doors/rb under/in all/abn conditions/nns of/in light/nn and/cc atmosphere/nn ,/, a/at particular/jj passage/nn that/wps looked/vbd favorable/jj in/in relation/nn to/in the/at subject/nn will/md be/be too/ql bright/jj ,/, too/ql dull/jj ,/, or/cc too/ql light/jj ,/, or/cc too/ql dark/jj when/wrb viewed/vbn indoors/rb in/in a/at mat/nn ./.
When/wrb this/dt occurs/vbz ,/, I/ppss make/vb the/at change/nn on/in the/at sketch/nn or/cc on/in the/at final/jj watercolor/nn --/-- if/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben working/vbg on/in a/at full/jj sheet/nn in/in the/at field/nn ./.


	``/`` When/wrb working/vbg from/in one/cd of/in my/pp$ sketches/nns I/ppss square/vb it/ppo up/rp and/cc project/vb its/pp$ linear/jj form/nn freehand/rb to/in the/at watercolor/nn sheet/nn with/in charcoal/nn ./.
When/wrb this/dt linear/jj draft/nn is/bez completed/vbn ,/, I/ppss dust/vb it/ppo down/rp to/in a/at faint/jj image/nn ./.
From/in this/dt point/nn ,/, I/ppss paint/vb in/in as/ql direct/jj a/at manner/nn as/cs possible/jj ,/, by/in flowing/vbg on/rp the/at washes/nns with/in as/ql pure/jj a/at color/nn mixture/nn as/cs I/ppss can/md manage/vb ./.
However/rb ,/, first/rb I/ppss thoughtfully/rb study/vb my/pp$ sketch/nn for/in improvement/nn of/in color/nn and/cc design/nn along/in the/at lines/nns I/ppss have/hv described/vbn ./.
Then/rb I/ppss plan/vb my/pp$ attack/nn :/: the/at parts/nns I/ppss will/md finish/vb first/rb ,/, the/at range/nn of/in values/nns ,/, the/at accenting/nn of/in minor/jj details/nns --/-- all/abn in/in all/abn ,/, mechanics/nns of/in producing/vbg the/at finished/vbn job/nn with/in a/at maximum/jj of/in crispness/nn ./.
The/at longer/rbr I/ppss work/vb ,/, the/at more/rbr I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs for/in me/ppo ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, a/at workmanlike/jj method/nn is/bez important/jj ./.
Trial/nn and/cc error/nn are/ber better/rbr placed/vbn in/in the/at preliminary/jj sketch/nn than/cs in/in hoping/vbg for/in miracles/nns in/in the/at final/jj painting/nn ./.


	``/`` As/in for/in materials/nns ,/, I/ppss use/vb the/at best/jjt available/jj ./.
I/ppss work/vb on/in a/at watercolor/nn easel/nn in/in the/at field/nn ,/, and/cc frequently/rb resort/vb to/in a/at large/jj garden/nn umbrella/nn to/to protect/vb my/pp$ eyes/nns from/in undue/jj strain/nn ./.
In/in my/pp$ studio/nn I/ppss work/vb at/in a/at tilt-top/nn table/nn ,/, but/cc leave/vb the/at paper/nn unfixed/jj so/cs that/cs I/ppss can/md move/vb it/ppo freely/rb to/to control/vb the/at washes/nns ./.
I/ppss have/hv used/vbn a/at variety/nn of/in heavy-weight/nn hand-made/jj papers/nns ,/, but/cc prefer/vb an/at English/jj make/nn ,/, rough/jj surface/nn ,/, in/in 400-pound/jj weight/nn ./.
After/cs selecting/vbg a/at sheet/nn and/cc inspecting/vbg it/ppo for/in flaws/nns (/( even/rb the/at best/jjt sometimes/rb has/hvz foreign/jj '/' nubbins/nns '/' on/in its/pp$ surface/nn )/) ,/, I/ppss sponge/vb it/ppo thoroughly/rb on/in both/abx sides/nns with/in clean/jj ,/, cold/jj water/nn ./.
Then/rb I/ppss dry/vb the/at sheet/nn under/in mild/jj pressure/nn so/cs that/cs it/pps will/md lie/vb flat/rb as/cs a/at board/nn ./.


	``/`` In/in addition/nn to/in the/at usual/jj tools/nns ,/, I/ppss make/vb constant/jj use/nn of/in cleansing/vbg tissue/nn ,/, not/* only/rb to/to wipe/vb my/pp$ brushes/nns ,/, but/cc to/to mop/vb up/rp certain/jj areas/nns ,/, to/to soften/vb edges/nns ,/, and/cc to/to open/vb up/rp lights/nns in/in dark/jj washes/nns ./.
The/at great/jj absorbency/nn of/in this/dt tissue/nn and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez easier/jjr to/to control/vb than/cs a/at sponge/nn makes/vbz it/ppo an/at ideal/jj tool/nn for/in the/at watercolorist/nn ./.
I/ppss also/rb use/vb a/at small/jj electric/jj hand-blower/nn to/to dry/vb large/jj washes/nns in/in the/at studio/nn ./.


	``/`` My/pp$ brushes/nns are/ber different/jj from/in those/dts used/vbn by/in most/ap watercolorists/nns ,/, for/cs I/ppss combine/vb the/at sable/nn and/cc the/at bristle/nn ./.
The/at red/jj sables/nns are/ber 8/cd ;/. ;/.
two/cd riggers/nns ,/, 6/cd and/cc 10/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc a/at very/ql large/jj ,/, flat/jj wash/nn brush/nn ./.
The/at bristles/nns are/ber a/at Fitch/np 2/cd and/cc a/at one-half/nn inch/nn brush/nn shaved/vbn to/in a/at sharp/jj chisel/nn edge/nn ./.


	``/`` My/pp$ usual/jj palette/nn consists/vbz of/in top-quality/nn colors/nns :/: alizarin/nn crimson/nn ,/, orange/nn ,/, raw/jj sienna/nn ,/, raw/jj umber/nn ,/, burnt/vbn sienna/nn ,/, sepia/nn ,/, cerulean/jj blue/nn ,/, cobalt/nn blue/nn ,/, French/jj ultramarine/jj blue/nn ,/, Winsor/np green/nn ,/, Hooker's/np$ green/nn 2/cd ,/, cadmium/nn yellow/nn pale/jj ,/, yellow/jj ochre/nn ,/, Payne's/np$ gray/nn ,/, charcoal/nn gray/nn ,/, Davy's/np$ gray/nn ,/, and/cc ivory/jj black/nn ''/'' ./.


	In/in analyzing/vbg the/at watercolors/nns of/in Roy/np Mason/np ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn that/wps comes/vbz to/in mind/nn is/bez their/pp$ essential/jj decorativeness/nn ,/, yet/cc this/dt word/nn has/hvz such/abl a/at varied/vbn connotation/nn that/cs it/pps needs/vbz some/dti elaboration/nn here/rb ./.
True/rb ,/, a/at Mason/np watercolor/nn is/bez unmistakably/rb a/at synthesis/nn of/in nature/nn rather/in than/in a/at detailed/vbn inventory/nn ./.
Unlike/in many/ap decorative/jj patterns/nns that/wps present/vb a/at static/jj flat/jj convention/nn ,/, this/dt artist's/nn$ pictures/nns are/ber full/jj of/in atmosphere/nn and/cc climate/nn ./.


	Long/jj observation/nn has/hvz taught/vbn Mason/np that/cs most/ap landscape/nn can/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in three/cd essential/jj planes/nns :/: a/at foreground/nn in/in sharp/jj focus/nn --/-- either/cc a/at light/jj area/nn with/in dark/jj accents/nns or/cc a/at dark/jj one/cd with/in lights/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at middle/jj distance/nn often/rb containing/vbg the/at major/jj motif/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc a/at background/nn ,/, usually/rb a/at silhouetted/vbn form/nn foiled/vbn against/in the/at sky/nn ./.
In/in following/vbg this/dt general/nn principle/nn ,/, Mason/np provides/vbz the/at observer/nn with/in a/at natural/jj eye/nn progression/nn from/in foreground/nn to/in background/nn ,/, and/cc the/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn is/bez instantly/rb created/vbn ./.


	When/wrb painting/vbg ,/, Mason's/np$ physical/jj eyes/nns are/ber half-closed/jj ,/, while/cs his/pp$ mind's/nn$ eye/nn is/bez wide/ql open/jj ,/, and/cc this/dt circumstance/nn accounts/vbz in/in part/nn for/in the/at impression/nn he/pps wishes/vbz to/to convey/vb ./.
He/pps does/doz not/* insist/vb on/in telling/vbg all/abn he/pps knows/vbz about/in any/dti given/vbn subject/nn ;/. ;/.
rather/rb his/pp$ pictures/nns invite/vb the/at observer/nn to/to draw/vb on/in his/pp$ memory/nn ,/, his/pp$ imagination/nn ,/, his/pp$ nostalgia/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez for/in this/dt reason/nn that/cs Roy/np avoids/vbz selecting/vbg subjects/nns that/wps require/vb specific/jj recognition/nn of/in place/nn for/in their/pp$ enjoyment/nn ./.
His/pp$ pictures/nns generalize/vb ,/, though/cs they/ppss are/ber inspired/vbn by/in a/at particular/jj locale/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss universalize/vb in/in terms/nns of/in weather/nn ,/, skies/nns ,/, earth/nn ,/, and/cc people/nns ./.
By/in dealing/vbg with/in common/jj landscape/nn in/in an/at uncommon/jj way/nn ,/, Roy/np Mason/np has/hvz found/vbn a/at particular/jj niche/nn in/in American/jj landscape/nn art/nn ./.
Living/vbg with/in his/pp$ watercolors/nns is/bez a/at vicarious/jj experience/nn of/in seeing/vbg nature/nn distilled/vbn through/in the/at eyes/nns of/in a/at sensitive/jj interpretor/nn ,/, a/at breath/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in the/at outdoor/jj world/nn to/to help/vb man/nn honor/vb the/at Creator/nn-tl of/in it/ppo all/abn ./.


	The/at artist/nn was/bedz born/vbn in/in Gilbert/np Mills/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, in/in 1886/cd ,/, and/cc until/in two/cd years/nns ago/rb when/wrb he/pps and/cc his/pp$ wife/nn moved/vbd to/in California/np ,/, he/pps lived/vbd in/in western/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, in/in Batavia/np ./.
When/wrb I/ppss looked/vbd up/rp the/at actual/jj date/nn of/in his/pp$ birth/nn and/cc found/vbd it/ppo to/to be/be March/np 15th/od ,/, I/ppss realized/vbd that/cs Roy/np was/bedz born/vbn under/in the/at right/jj zodiacal/jj sign/nn for/in a/at watercolorist/nn :/: the/at water/nn sign/nn of/in Pisces/np (/( February/np 18/cd thru/in March/np 20/cd )/) ./.
And/cc how/wql very/ql often/rb a/at water/nn plane/nn is/bez featured/vbn in/in his/pp$ landscapes/nns ,/, and/cc how/wql appropriate/jj that/cs he/pps should/md appear/vb in/in American/jj-tl Artist/nn-tl again/rb ,/, in/in his/pp$ natal/jj month/nn of/in March/np !/. !/.


	Over/in the/at years/nns ,/, beginning/vbg in/in 1929/cd ,/, Mason/np has/hvz been/ben awarded/vbn seventeen/cd major/jj prizes/nns including/in two/cd gold/nn medals/nns ;/. ;/.
two/cd Ranger/np-tl Fund/nn-tl purchase/nn awards/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at Joseph/np-tl Pennell/np-tl Memorial/jj-tl Medal/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
two/cd American/jj-tl Watercolor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl prizes/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at Blair/np-tl Purchase/nn-tl Prize/nn-tl for/in watercolor/nn ,/, Art/nn-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc others/nns in/in Buffalo/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Chautauqua/np ,/, New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl ,/, Rochester/np ,/, Rockport/np ,/, and/cc most/ql recently/rb ,/, the/at $300/nns prize/nn for/in a/at watercolor/nn at/in the/at Laguna/np-tl Beach/nn-tl Art/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, 

	He/pps was/bedz elected/vbn to/in the/at National/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl of/in-tl Design/nn-tl as/cs an/at Associate/nn-tl in/in the/at oil/nn class/nn in/in 1931/cd (/( after/cs receiving/vbg his/pp$ first/od Ranger/np-tl Fund/nn-tl Purchase/nn-tl Prize/nn-tl at/in the/at Academy/nn-tl in/in 1930/cd )/) ,/, and/cc elevated/vbn to/in Academicianship/nn-tl in/in 1940/cd ./.
Other/ap memberships/nns include/vb the/at American/jj-tl Watercolor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, Philadelphia/np-tl Water/nn-tl Color/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Allied/vbn-tl Artists/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, Audubon/np-tl Artists/nns-tl ,/, Baltimore/np-tl Watercolor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl ./.



	The/at Russian/jj gymnasts/nns beat/vbd the/at tar/nn out/in of/in the/at American/jj gymnasts/nns in/in the/at 1960/cd Olympics/nps for/in one/cd reason/nn --/-- they/ppss were/bed better/jjr ./.
They/ppss were/bed better/rbr trained/vbn ,/, better/rbr looking/vbg ,/, better/rbr built/vbn ,/, better/rbr disciplined/vbn and/cc something/pn else/rb --/-- they/ppss were/bed better/jjr dancers/nns ./.
Our/pp$ athletes/nns are/ber only/ql just/rb beginning/vbg to/to learn/vb that/cs they/ppss must/md study/vb dance/nn ./.
The/at Russians/nps are/ber all/abn trained/vbn as/cs dancers/nns before/cs they/ppss start/vb to/to study/vb gymnastics/nn ./.


	But/cc why/wrb gymnastics/nn at/in all/abn ?/. ?/.
And/cc is/bez the/at sport/nn really/ql important/jj ?/. ?/.
After/in all/abn ,/, we/ppss did/dod pretty/ql well/rb in/in some/dti other/ap areas/nns of/in the/at Olympics/nps competition/nn ./.
But/cc if/cs it/pps is/bez important/jj ,/, what/wdt can/md we/ppss do/do to/to improve/vb ourselves/ppls ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs just/rb lack/nn of/in dance/nn training/nn that/wps is/bez our/pp$ problem/nn ,/, for/in just/rb as/cs gymnastics/nns can/md learn/vb from/in dance/nn ,/, dance/nn has/hvz some/dti very/ql important/jj things/nns to/to learn/vb from/in gymnastics/nn ./.


	Taking/vbg first/od things/nns first/rb ,/, let's/vb+ppo understand/vb the/at sport/nn called/vbn gymnastics/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in tumbling/vbg ,/, which/wdt might/md be/be said/vbn to/to start/vb with/in a/at somersault/nn ,/, run/vb through/in such/jj stunts/nns as/cs headstands/nns ,/, handstands/nns ,/, cartwheels/nns ,/, backbends/nns ,/, and/cc culminate/vb in/in nearly/ql impossible/jj combinations/nns of/in aerial/jj flips/nns and/cc twists/nns and/cc apparatus/nn work/nn ./.
The/at apparatus/nn used/vbn by/in gymnasts/nns was/bedz once/rb a/at common/jj sight/nn in/in American/jj gyms/nns ,/, but/cc about/rb 1930/cd it/pps was/bedz dropped/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in games/nns ./.
The/at parallel/jj bars/nns ,/, horse/nn ,/, buck/nn ,/, springboard/nn ,/, horizontal/jj bar/nn ,/, rings/nns ,/, and/cc mats/nns formerly/rb in/in the/at school/nn gyms/nns were/bed replaced/vbn by/in baseball/nn ,/, volleyball/nn ,/, basketball/nn and/cc football/nn ./.


	But/cc the/at Russians/nps use/vb gymnastics/nns as/cs the/at first/od step/nn in/in training/vbg for/in all/abn other/ap sports/nns because/cs it/pps provides/vbz training/nn in/in every/at basic/jj quality/nn except/in one/cd ,/, endurance/nn ./.
The/at gymnast/nn must/md develop/vb strength/nn ,/, flexibility/nn ,/, coordination/nn ,/, timing/vbg ,/, rhythm/nn ,/, courage/nn ,/, discipline/nn ,/, persistence/nn and/cc the/at desire/nn for/in perfection/nn ./.
In/in short/jj ,/, gymnastics/nn uses/vbz every/at part/nn of/in the/at body/nn and/cc requires/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in character/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
The/at addition/nn of/in endurance/nn training/nn later/rbr ,/, when/wrb the/at body/nn is/bez mature/jj enough/qlp to/to benefit/vb from/in it/ppo without/in danger/nn of/in injury/nn ,/, provides/vbz that/dt final/jj quality/nn that/wps makes/vbz the/at top/jjs athlete/nn ,/, soldier/nn or/cc citizen/nn ./.


	Another/dt reason/nn gymnastic/jj study/nn is/bez valuable/jj is/bez that/cs it/pps can/md be/be started/vbn very/ql early/rb in/in life/nn ./.
(/( An/at enterprising/jj teacher/nn or/cc parent/nn could/md start/vb training/vbg a/at healthy/jj child/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in seven/cd days/nns ./.
Most/ap Europeans/nps have/hv been/ben exercising/vbg newborn/jj infants/nns for/in centuries/nns ./.
)/) In/in most/ap sports/nns ,/, as/cs in/in most/ap walks/nns of/in life/nn ,/, the/at angels/nns are/ber on/in the/at side/nn of/in those/dts who/wps begin/vb young/jj ,/, and/cc the/at Russian/jj competitor/nn of/in 16/cd has/hvz at/in least/ap thirteen/cd years/nns of/in training/vbg behind/in him/ppo ./.
The/at American/np is/bez very/ql lucky/jj if/cs he/pps has/hvz three/cd ./.


	If/cs a/at nation/nn wished/vbd to/to get/vb a/at head/nn start/nn in/in physical/jj fitness/nn over/in all/abn other/ap nations/nns ,/, it/pps would/md start/vb its/pp$ kindergarten/nn students/nns on/in a/at program/nn of/in gymnastics/nn the/at day/nn they/ppss entered/vbd and/cc thus/rb eliminate/vb a/at large/jj number/nn of/in the/at problems/nns that/wps plague/vb American/jj schools/nns ./.
First/od of/in the/at problems/nns attacked/vbn would/md be/be fatigue/nn and/cc emotional/jj tension/nn ,/, since/cs action/nn relieves/vbz both/abx ./.
Oddly/rb enough/qlp ,/, it/pps is/bez proven/vbn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be less/ap reading/vbg difficulty/nn ./.
Certainly/rb there/ex would/md be/be less/ap anxiety/nn ,/, fewer/ap accidents/nns (/( it/pps is/bez the/at clumsy/jj child/nn who/wps sustains/vbz the/at worst/jjt injuries/nns )/) ,/, and/cc higher/jjr scholastic/jj averages/nns ,/, since/cs alert/jj children/nns work/vb better/rbr ./.
Russia/np knows/vbz this/dt ,/, and/cc that/dt is/bez why/wrb there/ex were/bed over/rp 800,000/cd competing/vbg for/in places/nns as/cs candidates/nns for/in the/at Olympic/jj gymnastic/jj team/nn ./.
Eighty/cd thousand/cd won/vbd top/jjs honors/nns and/cc a/at chance/nn to/to try/vb for/in the/at team/nn itself/ppl ./.
We/ppss could/md scarcely/rb find/vb eighty/cd in/in our/pp$ great/jj land/nn of/in over/rp 180/cd million/cd people/nns ./.


	And/cc what/wdt has/hvz dancing/vbg to/to do/do with/in all/abn this/dt ?/. ?/.
A/at great/jj deal/nn ./.
Russia's/np$ young/jj gymnasts/nns have/hv studied/vbn dance/nn before/cs having/hvg the/at rigorous/jj training/nn on/in apparatus/nn ./.
Well-stretched/jj ,/, trained/vbn in/in posture/nn and/cc coordinated/vbn movement/nn ,/, and/cc wedded/vbn to/in rhythm/nn ,/, they/ppss presented/vbd the/at audiences/nns in/in Rome/np with/in one/cd of/in the/at most/ql beautiful/jj sights/nns ever/rb seen/vbn at/in any/dti Olympic/jj contest/nn ./.
American/jj audiences/nns in/in particular/jj learned/vbd two/cd valuable/jj lessons/nns ./.
They/ppss saw/vbd completely/ql masculine/jj and/cc obviously/rb virile/jj men/nns performing/vbg with/in incredible/jj grace/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed further/rbr stripped/vbn of/in old/jj wive's/nns$ tales/nns by/in seeing/vbg the/at slender/jj ,/, lovely/jj Russian/jj girls/nns performing/vbg feats/nns requiring/vbg tremendous/jj strength/nn and/cc with/in not/* one/cd bulging/vbg muscle/nn ./.


	President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz asked/vbn that/cs we/ppss become/vb a/at physically/rb fit/jj nation/nn ./.
If/cs we/ppss wait/vb until/cs children/nns are/ber in/in junior/jj high/nn or/cc high/jj school/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md never/rb manage/vb it/ppo ./.
To/to be/be fit/jj ,/, one/cd has/hvz to/to start/vb early/rb with/in young/jj children/nns ,/, and/cc today/nr the/at only/ap person/nn who/wps really/rb reaches/vbz such/jj children/nns is/bez the/at teacher/nn of/in dance/nn ./.
If/cs the/at dance/nn teachers/nns of/in America/np make/vb it/ppo their/pp$ business/nn to/to prepare/vb their/pp$ young/jj charges/nns for/in the/at gymnastics/nn that/wps must/md come/vb some/dti day/nn if/cs our/pp$ schools/nns are/ber really/rb responsible/jj ,/, we/ppss will/md be/be that/ql much/ql ahead/rb ./.
School/nn teachers/nns ,/, all/abn too/ql unprepared/jj for/in the/at job/nn they/ppss must/md do/do ,/, will/md need/vb demonstrators/nns ./.
There/ex should/md be/be youngsters/nns who/wps know/vb how/wrb to/to do/do a/at headstand/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb how/wrb to/to help/vb other/ap children/nns learn/vb it/ppo ./.
They/ppss should/md know/vb simple/jj exercises/nns that/wps could/md prepare/vb less/ql fortunate/jj children/nns for/in the/at sports/nns we/ppss will/md demand/nn be/be taught/vbn ./.


	Dance/nn teachers/nns can/md respond/vb to/in President/nn-tl Kennedy's/np$ request/nn not/* only/rb through/in their/pp$ regular/jj dance/nn work/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb through/in the/at kind/nn of/in basic/jj gymnastic/jj work/nn that/wps makes/vbz for/in strength/nn and/cc flexibility/nn ./.


	Very/ql little/ap in/in today's/nr$ living/nn provides/vbz the/at strength/nn we/ppss need/vb and/cc nothing/pn provides/vbz the/at flexibility/nn ./.
Dancers/nns do/do have/hv flexibility/nn ./.
They/ppss often/rb fail/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to develop/vb real/jj abdominal/jj ,/, back/nn ,/, chest/nn ,/, shoulder/nn and/cc arm/nn strength/nn ./.
Ask/vb any/dti group/nn of/in ballerinas/nns to/to do/do ten/cd push-ups/nns or/cc three/cd chin-ups/nns and/cc the/at results/nns ,/, considering/in the/at amount/nn of/in physical/jj training/nn they/ppss have/hv had/hvn ,/, will/md be/be very/ql disappointing/jj ./.
Even/rb the/at boys/nns will/md not/* be/be outstanding/jj in/in these/dts areas/nns ./.
This/dt isn't/bez* surprising/jj when/wrb we/ppss consider/vb that/cs over/rp 29/cd percent/nn of/in the/at 11-year-old/jj boys/nns in/in America/np cannot/md* chin/vb themselves/ppls once/rb ,/, and/cc that/cs English/jj school/nn girls/nns outdo/vb them/ppo in/in almost/rb every/at test/nn (/( even/rb dashes/nns and/cc endurance/nn )/) ./.
The/at only/ap area/nn in/in which/wdt American/jj boys/nns hold/vb their/pp$ own/jj is/bez the/at baseball/nn throw/nn ./.



The/at-hl chinning/vbg-hl bar/nn-hl 
For/in arm/nn and/cc shoulder/nn strength/nn a/at chinning/vbg bar/nn is/bez recommended/vbn ./.
It/pps should/md be/be installed/vbn over/in a/at door/nn that/wps is/bez in/in full/jj view/nn of/in everyone/pn ,/, and/cc a/at chair/nn should/md be/be placed/vbn under/in it/ppo ,/, a/at little/ap to/in one/cd side/nn ./.
Those/dts children/nns who/wps can/md chin/vb themselves/ppls should/md be/be told/vbn to/to do/do one/cd chin-up/nn each/dt time/nn they/ppss pass/vb under/in it/ppo ./.
Those/dts who/wps are/ber too/ql weak/jj ,/, should/md climb/vb on/in the/at chair/nn and/cc ,/, starting/vbg at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at chin/nn ,/, let/vb themselves/ppls slowly/rb down/rp ./.
When/wrb they/ppss can/md take/vb ten/cd seconds/nns to/to accomplish/vb the/at descent/nn ,/, they/ppss will/md have/hv the/at strength/nn to/to chin-up/vb ./.
Parents/nns should/md be/be informed/vbn about/in this/dt system/nn and/cc encouraged/vbn to/to do/do the/at same/ap with/in the/at whole/jj family/nn at/in home/nr ./.



The/at-hl horse/nn-hl kick/nn-hl 
Arm/nn ,/, shoulder/nn ,/, chest/nn ,/, upper/jj and/cc lower/jjr back/nn strength/nn will/md be/be aided/vbn with/in the/at Horse/nn kick/nn ./.
Start/vb on/in hands/nns and/cc feet/nns ./.
Keeping/vbg the/at hands/nns in/in the/at starting/vbg position/nn ,/, run/vb in/in place/nn to/in a/at quick/jj rhythm/nn ./.
After/in this/dt has/hvz become/vbn easy/jj ,/, use/vb slower/jjr and/cc slower/jjr rhythms/nns ,/, kicking/vbg higher/rbr and/cc higher/rbr ./.
Follow/vb this/dt by/in crossing/vbg from/in one/cd corner/nn of/in the/at room/nn to/in the/at other/ap on/in all/abn fours/nns ,/, kicking/vbg as/ql high/rb as/cs possible/jj ./.



Push-ups/nns-hl 
Push-ups/nns are/ber essential/jj ,/, but/cc few/ap have/hv the/at strength/nn for/in them/ppo at/in first/rb ./.
Start/vb on/in the/at knees/nns in/in a/at large/jj circle/nn ./.
Fall/vb slowly/rb forward/rb onto/in the/at hands/nns and/cc let/vb the/at body/nn down/rp to/in rest/nn on/in the/at floor/nn ./.
Push/vb back/nn up/rp and/cc repeat/vb ./.
Do/do this/dt exercise/vb six/cd times/nns each/dt class/nn period/nn ./.
As/cs strength/nn improves/vbz start/vb in/in a/at standing/vbg position/nn with/in legs/nns wide/ql apart/rb and/cc upper/jj body/nn bent/vbn forward/rb ./.
Start/vb by/in falling/vbg forward/rb to/in a/at point/nn close/jj to/in the/at feet/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs strength/nn improves/vbz ,/, fall/vb farther/ql and/cc farther/ql out/rp ./.
Try/vb to/to push/vb back/rb to/in the/at stand/nn position/nn from/in the/at stretched/vbn position/nn without/in any/dti intermediate/jj pushes/nns from/in the/at hands/nns ./.
The/at push-up/nn itself/ppl can/md be/be taught/vbn by/in starting/vbg at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at push-up/nn with/in legs/nns spread/vbn wide/rb ./.
Let/vb the/at body/nn down/rp slowly/rb ,/, taking/vbg at/in least/ap five/cd seconds/nns for/in the/at letting/nn down/rp ./.
Five/cd of/in these/dts done/vbn daily/rb for/in about/rb a/at week/nn will/md develop/vb the/at strength/nn for/in one/cd push-up/nn ./.



Handstands/nns-hl 
Handstands/nns come/vb after/in arms/nns ,/, chest/nn and/cc shoulders/nns have/hv developed/vbn at/in least/ap a/at minimum/nn of/in strength/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn those/dts who/wps have/hv developed/vbn more/rbr will/md find/vb them/ppo easier/rbr ./.
Start/vb with/in the/at class/nn standing/vbg in/in a/at circle/nn ,/, with/in weight/nn on/in the/at right/jj foot/nn and/cc the/at left/jj extended/vbn a/at little/jj way/nn into/in the/at circle/nn ./.
At/in first/rb each/dt child/nn should/md do/do a/at kick-up/nn by/in himself/ppl so/cs that/cs the/at teacher/nn can/md determine/vb those/dts ready/jj to/to work/vb alone/rb ,/, and/cc those/dts who/wps need/vb help/nn ./.
Drop/vb both/abx hands/nns to/in the/at floor/nn and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn kick/vb the/at right/jj foot/nn up/rp in/in back/nn ./.
The/at left/jj will/md follow/vb at/in once/rb ./.
The/at right/jj will/md land/vb first/rb ,/, followed/vbn by/in the/at left/jj ./.
Return/vb to/in the/at standing/vbg position/nn ./.
Care/nn should/md be/be taken/vbn to/to see/vb that/cs the/at hands/nns are/ber placed/vbn on/in the/at floor/nn before/cs the/at kick/nn starts/vbz and/cc also/rb that/cs the/at landing/vbg foot/nn is/bez brought/vbn as/ql close/rb to/in the/at hands/nns as/cs possible/jj ./.
This/dt will/md prevent/vb flat/jj falls/nns and/cc toe/nn injuries/nns ./.
Bare/jj feet/nns are/ber better/jjr for/in such/jj work/nn than/cs any/dti form/nn of/in slipper/nn ./.
Eventually/rb the/at class/nn will/md be/be able/jj to/to kick/vb up/rp high/rb enough/qlp so/cs that/cs the/at teacher/nn can/md catch/vb the/at leading/vbg leg/nn ./.
The/at child/nn should/md then/rb bring/vb both/abx legs/nns together/rb overhead/rb ,/, point/vb the/at toes/nns and/cc tighten/vb the/at seat/nn muscles/nns ./.
Be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at landing/vbg foot/nn is/bez brought/vbn close/rb to/in the/at hands/nns and/cc that/cs only/rb one/cd foot/nn lands/vbz at/in a/at time/nn ./.



Backbends/nns-hl 
The/at backbend/nn is/bez of/in extreme/jj importance/nn to/in any/dti form/nn of/in free/jj gymnastics/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs with/in all/abn acrobatics/nn ,/, the/at sooner/rbr begun/vbn the/at better/jjr the/at results/nns ./.
Have/hv the/at class/nn lie/vb supine/jj with/in knees/nns apart/rb and/cc bent/vbn ./.
Place/vb flat/jj palms/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at head/nn a/at few/ap inches/nns away/rb from/in the/at ears/nns ,/, fingers/nns pointing/vbg toward/in the/at shoulders/nns ./.
Arch/vb the/at back/nn upwards/rb to/to make/vb a/at bridge/nn ./.
Be/be sure/jj the/at head/nn drops/vbz backward/rb so/cs that/cs the/at child/nn looks/vbz at/in the/at floor/nn rather/in than/in toward/in the/at ceiling/nn ./.
As/cs flexibility/nn improves/vbz ,/, the/at feet/nns will/md move/vb closer/rbr to/in the/at hands/nns and/cc the/at bridge/nn rise/vb higher/rbr ./.
Later/rbr this/dt can/md be/be combined/vbn with/in the/at handstand/nn to/to provide/vb a/at walkover/nn ./.



Back/nn-hl circle/nn-hl 
To/to further/rbr increase/vb back/nn flexibility/nn ,/, work/vb on/in the/at back/nn circle/nn ./.
Have/hv the/at class/nn lie/vb prone/rb ./.
Place/vb the/at hands/nns in/in front/nn of/in the/at chest/nn ./.
Keep/vb the/at legs/nns straight/jj and/cc the/at toes/nns pointed/vbn ./.
Straighten/vb the/at arms/nns slowly/rb ,/, this/dt arches/vbz the/at back/nn ./.
At/in the/at peak/nn of/in the/at arch/nn ,/, tip/vb the/at head/nn back/rb and/cc bend/vb the/at knees/nns in/in an/at effort/nn to/to touch/vb toes/nns to/in head/nn ./.
Improvement/nn can/md be/be measured/vbn by/in the/at lessening/vbg distance/nn between/in toes/nns and/cc head/nn ./.



Somersaults/nns-hl 
The/at last/ap essential/nn to/in the/at beginner's/nn$ gymnastic/jj program/nn is/bez the/at somersault/nn ,/, or/cc forward/jj roll/nn ./.
This/dt used/vbd to/to be/be part/nn of/in every/at child's/nn$ bag/nn of/in tricks/nns ,/, but/cc few/ap children/nns can/md do/do it/ppo today/nr ;/. ;/.
some/dti are/ber actually/rb incapable/jj of/in rolling/vbg forward/rb and/cc are/ber completely/ql confused/vbn when/wrb not/* sitting/vbg or/cc standing/vbg upright/rb ./.
For/in most/ap small/jj children/nns ,/, learning/vbg a/at forward/jj roll/nn is/bez simply/rb a/at matter/nn of/in copying/vbg another/dt child/nn who/wps can/md ./.
After/cs it/pps has/hvz been/ben seen/vbn ,/, have/hv the/at child/nn start/nn on/in a/at mat/nn on/in hands/nns and/cc knees/nns (/( a/at thin/jj ,/, inexpensive/jj mat/nn is/bez quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in anything/pn that/wps does/doz not/* require/vb falling/vbg )/) ./.
He/pps places/vbz the/at hands/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at head/nn ,/, keeping/vbg the/at chin/nn down/rp on/in the/at chest/nn ./.
He/pps then/rb pushes/vbz his/pp$ seat/nn into/in the/at air/nn and/cc the/at teacher/nn guides/vbz it/ppo over/rp ./.
One/cd or/cc two/cd practice/nn runs/nns should/md be/be sufficient/jj for/in solo/nn ./.
If/cs ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at child/nn is/bez weak/jj ,/, overweight/jj ,/, or/cc afraid/jj ,/, more/ap help/nn will/md be/be needed/vbn ./.
When/wrb the/at child/nn raises/vbz his/pp$ seat/nn into/in the/at air/nn ,/, the/at teacher/nn takes/vbz hold/nn under/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at pelvis/nn ;/. ;/.
then/rb no/at matter/nn what/wdt happens/vbz ,/, the/at child's/nn$ performance/nn will/md be/be controlled/vbn ./.
By/in lifting/vbg the/at seat/nn upwards/rb a/at little/jj ,/, the/at weight/nn is/bez taken/vbn off/in the/at neck/nn and/cc the/at back/nn is/bez kept/vbn rounded/vbn ./.


	These/dts are/ber beginnings/nns ,/, but/cc correctly/rb learned/vbn they/ppss prepare/vb for/in satisfying/vbg and/cc exciting/jj stunts/nns that/wps can/md be/be performed/vbn by/in a/at strong/jj ,/, flexible/jj body/nn (/( we/ppss are/ber not/* talking/vbg of/in eccentric/jj extremes/nns )/) ./.
Even/rb if/cs gymnastics/nns are/ber not/* the/at ultimate/jj goal/nn ,/, the/at good/jj tumbler/nn will/md be/be a/at better/jjr dancer/nn ,/, a/at better/jjr athlete/nn ,/, and/cc a/at human/jj being/nn with/in a/at greater/jjr margin/nn of/in safety/nn in/in any/dti activity/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez very/ql important/jj for/cs parents/nns to/to understand/vb that/cs early/jj training/nn is/bez imperative/jj ./.
And/cc dancing/vbg school/nn ,/, so/ql helpful/jj in/in artistic/jj and/cc psychological/jj development/nn ,/, also/rb contributes/vbz to/in this/dt essential/jj early/jj training/nn --/-- and/cc can/md contribute/vb even/ql more/rbr ./.



	Every/at taxpayer/nn is/bez well/ql aware/jj of/in the/at vast/jj size/nn of/in our/pp$ annual/jj defense/nn budget/nn and/cc most/ap of/in our/pp$ readers/nns also/rb realize/vb that/cs a/at large/jj portion/nn of/in these/dts expenditures/nns go/vb for/in military/jj electronics/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv noted/vbn how/wrb some/dti electronic/jj techniques/nns ,/, developed/vbn for/in the/at defense/nn effort/nn ,/, have/hv evenutally/rb been/ben used/vbn in/in commerce/nn and/cc industry/nn ./.
The/at host/nn of/in novel/jj applications/nns of/in electronics/nn to/in medical/jj problems/nns is/bez far/ql more/ql thrilling/jj because/rb of/in their/pp$ implication/nn in/in matters/nns concerning/in our/pp$ health/nn and/cc vitality/nn ./.


	When/wrb we/ppss consider/vb the/at electronic/jj industry/nn potential/nn for/in human/jj betterment/nn ,/, the/at prospect/nn is/bez staggering/jj ./.
The/at author/nn has/hvz recently/rb studied/vbn the/at field/nn of/in medical/jj electronics/nn and/cc has/hvz been/ben convinced/vbn that/cs ,/, in/in this/dt area/nn alone/rb ,/, the/at application/nn of/in electronic/jj equipment/nn has/hvz enormous/jj possibilities/nns ./.
The/at benefits/nns electronics/nn can/md bring/vb to/in bio-medicine/nn may/md be/be greater/jjr by/in far/rb than/cs any/dti previous/jj medical/jj discovery/nn ./.
We/ppss use/vb the/at term/nn ``/`` bio-medicine/nn ''/'' because/rb of/in the/at close/jj interrelation/nn between/in biology/nn and/cc medical/jj research/nn ./.


	Electronics/nn has/hvz been/ben applied/vbn to/in medicine/nn for/in many/ap years/nns in/in the/at form/nn of/in such/jj familiar/jj equipment/nn as/cs the/at x-ray/nn machine/nn ,/, the/at electrocardiograph/nn ,/, and/cc the/at diathermy/nn machine/nn ./.
Recently/rb many/ap doctors/nns have/hv installed/vbn ultrasonic/jj vibration/nn machines/nns for/in deep/jj massage/nn of/in bruises/nns ,/, contusions/nns ,/, and/cc simple/jj bursitis/nn ./.


	Commonly/rb used/vbn electronic/jj devices/nns which/wdt are/ber found/vbn in/in practically/rb every/at hospital/nn are/ber closed-circuit/jj TV/nn and/cc audio/nn systems/nns for/in internal/jj paging/nn and/cc instruction/nn ,/, along/rb with/in radiation/nn counters/nns ,/, timers/nns ,/, and/cc similar/jj devices/nns ./.


	In/in this/dt article/nn we/ppss will/md concentrate/vb on/in the/at advances/nns in/in the/at application/nn of/in electronics/nn in/in bio-medical/jj research/nn laboratories/nns because/cs this/dt is/bez where/wrb tomorrow's/nr$ commonplace/jj equipment/nn originates/vbz ./.
From/in the/at wealth/nn of/in material/nn and/cc the/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in different/jj electronic/jj techniques/nns perfected/vbn in/in the/at past/ap few/ap years/nns we/ppss have/hv selected/vbn a/at few/ap examples/nns which/wdt appear/vb to/to be/be headed/vbn for/in use/nn in/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn and/cc which/wdt offer/vb completely/ql new/jj tools/nns in/in medical/jj research/nn ./.



Ultraviolet/jj-hl microscopy/nn-hl 
Many/ap cells/nns ,/, bacteria/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap microorganisms/nns are/ber transparent/jj to/in visible/jj light/nn and/cc must/md be/be stained/vbn for/in microscopic/jj investigation/nn ./.
This/dt stain/nn often/rb disrupts/vbz the/at normal/jj cell/nn activity/nn or/cc else/rb colors/vbz only/rb the/at outside/nn ./.
A/at completely/ql new/jj insight/nn into/in living/vbg cells/nns and/cc their/pp$ structure/nn will/md be/be possible/jj by/in use/nn of/in a/at new/jj technique/nn which/wdt replaces/vbz visible/jj light/nn with/in ultraviolet/jj radiation/nn and/cc combines/vbz a/at microscope/nn with/in a/at color-TV/nn system/nn to/to view/vb the/at results/nns ./.


	Fig./nn 1/cd is/bez a/at simplified/vbn block/nn diagram/nn of/in the/at ultraviolet/jj microscopy/nn system/nn developed/vbn at/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Electronics/nn-tl Center/nn-tl of/in Rockefeller/np Institute/nn-tl ./.
By/in combining/vbg the/at talents/nns of/in a/at medical/jj man/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Aterman/np ,/, a/at biophysicist/nn ,/, Mr./np Berkely/np ,/, and/cc an/at electronics/nn expert/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Zworykin/np ,/, this/dt novel/jj technique/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn which/wdt promises/vbz to/to open/vb broad/jj avenues/nns to/in understanding/vbg life/nn processes/nns ./.


	Three/cd different/jj wavelengths/nns of/in ultraviolet/jj radiation/nn are/ber selected/vbn by/in the/at variable/jj filters/nns placed/vbn in/in front/nn of/in the/at three/cd mercury/nn xenon/nn lights/nns which/wdt serve/vb as/cs the/at ultraviolet/jj sources/nns ./.
These/dts wavelengths/nns are/ber reflected/vbn in/in sequence/nn through/in the/at specimen/nn by/in the/at rotating/vbg mirror/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at specimen/nn is/bez magnified/vbn by/in the/at microscope/nn ./.
Instead/rb of/in the/at observer's/nn$ eye/nn the/at image/nn orthicon/nn in/in the/at TV/nn camera/nn does/doz the/at ``/`` looking/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at microscope/nn and/cc orthicon/nn are/ber both/abx selected/vbn to/to operate/vb well/ql into/in the/at ultraviolet/jj spectrum/nn ,/, which/wdt means/vbz that/cs all/abn lenses/nns must/md be/be quartz/nn ./.


	The/at video/nn signal/nn is/bez amplified/vbn and/cc then/rb switched/vbn ,/, in/in synchronism/nn with/in the/at three/cd ultraviolet/jj light/nn sources/nns which/wdt are/ber sequenced/vbn by/in the/at rotating/vbg mirror/nn so/cs that/cs during/in one-twentieth/nn of/in a/at second/nn only/rb one/cd wavelength/nn ,/, corresponding/vbg to/in red/nn ,/, green/nn ,/, or/cc blue/nn ,/, is/bez seen/vbn ./.
(/( Note/vb :/: Because/rb of/in light/nn leakage/nn from/in one/cd ultraviolet/jj source/nn to/in another/dt ,/, the/at lights/nns are/ber switched/vbn by/in a/at commutator-like/jj assembly/nn rotated/vbn by/in a/at synchronous/jj motor/nn ./.
This/dt assembly/nn also/rb supplies/vbz a/at 20-cps/nn switching/vbg gate/nn for/in the/at electronics/nn circuitry/nn ./.
)/) This/dt is/bez the/at same/ap system/nn as/cs was/bedz used/vbn in/in the/at field-sequential/jj color-TV/nn system/nn which/wdt preceded/vbd the/at present/jj simultaneous/jj system/nn ./.
Three/cd separate/jj amplifiers/nns then/rb drive/vb a/at 21-inch/jj tricolor/nn tube/nn ./.
The/at result/nn is/bez a/at color/nn picture/nn of/in the/at specimen/nn where/wrb the/at primary/jj colors/nns correspond/vb to/in the/at three/cd different/jj ultraviolet/jj wavelengths/nns ./.


	Many/ap of/in the/at cells/nns and/cc microorganisms/nns which/wdt are/ber transparent/jj to/in visible/jj light/nn ,/, absorb/vb or/cc reflect/vb the/at much/ql shorter/jjr wavelengths/nns of/in the/at ultraviolet/jj spectrum/nn ./.
Different/jj parts/nns of/in these/dts cells/nns sometimes/rb absorb/vb or/cc reflect/vb different/jj wavelengths/nns so/cs that/cs it/pps is/bez often/rb possible/jj to/to see/vb internal/jj portions/nns of/in cells/nns in/in a/at different/jj color/nn ./.
Where/wrb the/at microscope/nn under/in visible/jj light/nn may/md show/vb only/rb vague/jj shadows/nns or/cc nothing/pn at/in all/abn ,/, ultraviolet/jj illumination/nn and/cc subsequent/jj translation/nn into/in a/at color/nn TV/nn picture/nn reveal/vb a/at wealth/nn of/in detail/nn ./.


	At/in the/at present/jj time/nn the/at research/nn team/nn which/wdt pioneered/vbd this/dt new/jj technique/nn is/bez primarily/rb interested/vbn in/in advancing/vbg and/cc perfecting/vbg it/ppo ./.



Breathing/vbg-hl --/---hl electronically/rb-hl analyzed/vbn-hl 
The/at medical/jj title/nn of/in ``/`` Lobar/jj-tl Ventilation/nn-tl In/in-tl Man/nn-tl ''/'' by/in Drs./nns-tl C./np J./np Martin/np and/cc A./np C./np Young/np ,/, covers/vbz a/at brief/jj paper/nn which/wdt is/bez one/cd part/nn of/in a/at much/ql larger/jjr effort/nn to/to apply/vb electronics/nn to/in the/at study/nn of/in the/at respiratory/jj process/nn ./.
At/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl Medical/jj-tl School/nn-tl ,/, the/at electronics/nn group/vb has/hvz developed/vbn the/at ``/`` Respiratory/jj-tl Gas/nn-tl Analyzer/nn-tl ''/'' shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./.
This/dt unit/nn ,/, affectionately/rb dubbed/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Monster/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, can/md be/be wheeled/vbn to/in any/dti convenient/jj location/nn and/cc provides/vbz a/at wealth/nn of/in information/nn about/in the/at patient's/nn$ breathing/nn ./.


	In/in the/at lower/jjr center/jj rack/nn an/at 8-channel/jj recorder/nn indicates/vbz the/at percentage/nn of/in carbon/nn dioxide/nn and/cc nitrogen/nn from/in the/at upper/jj and/cc lower/jjr lobes/nns of/in one/cd lung/nn ,/, the/at total/nn volume/nn of/in inhalation/nn per/in breath/nn ,/, the/at flow/nn of/in air/nn from/in both/abx lobes/nns ,/, and/cc the/at pressure/nn of/in the/at two/cd lobes/nns with/in respect/nn to/in each/dt other/ap ./.
Usually/rb the/at patient/nn breathes/vbz into/in a/at mouthpiece/nn while/cs walking/vbg a/at treadmill/nn ,/, standing/vbg still/rb ,/, or/cc in/in some/dti other/ap medically/rb significant/jj position/nn ./.
From/in the/at resulting/vbg data/nn the/at doctor/nn can/md determine/vb lung/nn defects/nns with/in hitherto/rb unknown/jj accuracy/nn and/cc detail/nn ./.



Heart-measuring/jj-hl techniques/nns-hl 
The/at original/jj electrocardiograph/nn primarily/rb indicates/vbz irregularities/nns in/in the/at heartbeat/nn ,/, but/cc today's/nr$ techniques/nns allow/vb exact/jj measurements/nns of/in the/at flow/nn of/in blood/nn through/in the/at aorta/nn ,/, dimensioning/nn of/in the/at heart/nn and/cc its/pp$ chambers/nns ,/, and/cc a/at much/ql more/ql detailed/vbn study/nn of/in each/dt heartbeat/nn ./.
For/in many/ap of/in these/dts measurements/nns the/at chest/nn must/md be/be opened/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at blood/nn vessels/nns and/cc the/at heart/nn itself/ppl remain/vb undisturbed/jj ./.


	A/at group/nn of/in researchers/nns at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl have/hv given/vbn a/at paper/nn which/wdt briefly/rb outlines/vbz some/dti of/in these/dts techniques/nns ./.
One/cd simple/jj method/nn of/in measuring/vbg the/at expansion/nn of/in the/at heart/nn is/bez to/to tie/vb a/at thin/jj rubber/nn tube/nn ,/, filled/vbn with/in mercury/nn ,/, around/in the/at heart/nn and/cc record/vb the/at change/nn in/in resistance/nn as/cs the/at tube/nn is/bez stretched/vbn ./.
A/at balanced/vbn resistance/nn bridge/nn and/cc a/at pen/nn recorder/nn are/ber all/abn the/at electronic/jj instrumentation/nn needed/vbn ./.


	Sonar/nn can/md be/be used/vbn to/to measure/vb the/at thickness/nn of/in the/at heart/nn by/in placing/vbg small/jj crystal/nn transducers/nns at/in opposite/jj sides/nns of/in the/at heart/nn or/cc blood/nn vessel/nn and/cc exciting/vbg one/cd with/in some/dti pulsed/vbn ultrasonic/jj energy/nn ./.
The/at travel/nn time/nn of/in sound/nn in/in tissue/nn is/bez about/rb 1500/cd meters/nns per/in second/nn ;/. ;/.
thus/rb it/pps takes/vbz about/rb 16/cd Msec./nns to/to traverse/vb 25/cd mm./nns of/in tissue/nn ./.
A/at sonar/nn or/cc radar-type/nn of/in pulse/nn generator/nn and/cc time-delay/nn measuring/vbg system/nn is/bez required/vbn for/in body-tissue/nn evaluation/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at heart/nn and/cc aorta/nn ,/, successful/jj measurements/nns of/in liver/nn and/cc spleen/nn have/hv also/rb been/ben made/vbn by/in this/dt technique/nn ./.
The/at Doppler/np effect/nn ,/, using/vbg ultrasonic/jj signals/nns ,/, can/md be/be employed/vbn to/to measure/vb the/at flow/nn of/in blood/nn without/in cutting/vbg into/in the/at blood/nn vessel/nn ./.


	A/at still/ql more/ql sophisticated/jj system/nn has/hvz been/ben devised/vbn for/in determining/vbg the/at effective/jj power/nn of/in the/at heart/nn itself/ppl ./.
It/pps uses/vbz both/abx an/at ultrasonic/jj dimensioning/vbg arrangement/nn of/in the/at heart/nn and/cc a/at catheter/nn carrying/vbg a/at thermistor/nn inserted/vbn into/in the/at bloodstream/nn ./.
The/at latter/ap measures/nns the/at heat/nn carried/vbn away/rb by/in the/at bloodstream/nn as/cs an/at indication/nn of/in the/at velocity/nn of/in the/at blood/nn flow/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez also/rb possible/jj to/to utilize/vb a/at pressure/nn transducer/nn ,/, mounted/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at catheter/nn which/wdt is/bez inserted/vbn into/in the/at heart's/nn$ left/jj ventricle/nn ,/, to/to indicate/vb the/at blood/nn pressure/nn in/in the/at heart/nn itself/ppl ./.
This/dt pressure/nn measurement/nn may/md be/be made/vbn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs the/at ultrasonic/jj dimensioning/vbg measurement/nn is/bez made/vbn ./.
A/at simplified/vbn version/nn of/in the/at instrumentation/nn for/in this/dt procedure/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./.
Outputs/nns of/in the/at two/cd systems/nns are/ber measured/vbn by/in a/at pulse-timing/jj circuit/nn and/cc a/at resistance/nn bridge/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at simple/jj analogue/nn computer/nn which/wdt feeds/vbz a/at multichannel/jj recorder/nn ./.
From/in this/dt doctors/nns can/md read/vb heart/nn rate/nn ,/, change/nn in/in diameter/nn ,/, pressure/nn ,/, and/cc effective/jj heart/nn power/nn ./.



Radio-transmitter/nn-hl pills/nns-hl 
Several/ap years/nns ago/rb headlines/nns were/bed made/vbn by/in a/at small/jj radio/nn transmitter/nn capsule/nn which/wdt could/md be/be swallowed/vbn by/in the/at patient/nn and/cc which/wdt would/md then/rb radio/vb internal/jj pressure/nn data/nn to/in external/jj receivers/nns ./.
This/dt original/jj capsule/nn contained/vbd a/at battery/nn and/cc a/at transistor/nn oscillator/nn and/cc was/bedz about/rb 1/cd cm./nn in/in diameter/nn ./.
Battery/nn life/nn limited/vbd the/at use/nn of/in this/dt ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' to/in about/rb 8/cd to/in 30/cd hours/nns maximum/nn ./.


	A/at refinement/nn of/in this/dt technique/nn has/hvz been/ben described/vbn by/in Drs./nns-tl Zworykin/np and/cc Farrar/np and/cc Mr./np Berkely/np of/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Electronics/nn-tl Center/nn-tl of/in the/at Rockefeller/np-tl Institute/nn-tl ./.
In/in this/dt novel/jj arrangement/nn the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' is/bez much/ql smaller/jjr and/cc contains/vbz only/rb a/at resonant/jj circuit/nn in/in which/wdt the/at capacitor/nn is/bez formed/vbn by/in a/at pressure-sensing/jj transducer/nn ./.
As/ql shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 4/cd-tl ,/, an/at external/jj antenna/nn is/bez placed/vbn over/in or/cc around/in the/at patient/nn and/cc excited/vbn 3000/cd times/nns a/at second/nn with/in short/jj 400-kc./nn bursts/nns ./.
The/at energy/nn received/vbn by/in the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' causes/vbz the/at resonant/jj circuit/nn to/to ``/`` ring/vb ''/'' on/rp after/in the/at burst/nn and/cc this/dt ``/`` ringing/nn ''/'' takes/vbz place/nn at/in the/at resonant/jj frequency/nn of/in the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' ./.
These/dts frequencies/nns are/ber amplified/vbn and/cc detected/vbn by/in the/at FM/nn receiver/nn after/in each/dt burst/nn of/in transmitted/vbn energy/nn and/cc ,/, after/cs the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' has/hvz been/ben calibrated/vbn ,/, precise/jj internal/jj pressure/nn indications/nns can/md be/be obtained/vbn ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at advantages/nns of/in this/dt method/nn is/bez that/cs the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' can/md remain/vb in/in the/at patient/nn for/in several/ap days/nns ,/, permitting/vbg observation/nn under/in natural/jj conditions/nns ./.
Applications/nns to/in organs/nns other/ap than/in the/at gastrointestinal/jj tract/nn are/ber planned/vbn for/in future/jj experiments/nns ./.



Sonar/nn-hl in/in-hl medical/jj-hl research/nn-hl 
One/cd of/in the/at most/ql gratifying/jj applications/nns of/in an/at important/jj technique/nn of/in submarine/nn detection/nn is/bez in/in the/at exploration/nn of/in the/at human/jj body/nn ./.
Our/pp$ readers/nns are/ber familiar/jj with/in the/at principles/nns of/in sonar/nn where/wrb sound/nn waves/nns are/ber sent/vbn out/rp in/in water/nn and/cc the/at echoes/nns then/rb indicate/vb submerged/vbn objects/nns ./.
Various/jj methods/nns of/in pulsing/vbg ,/, scanning/vbg ,/, and/cc displaying/vbg these/dts sound/nn waves/nns are/ber used/vbn to/to detect/vb submarines/nns ,/, map/vb ocean/nn floors/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb communicate/vb under/in water/nn ./.
In/in medicine/nn the/at frequencies/nns are/ber much/ql higher/jjr ,/, transducers/nns and/cc the/at sonar/nn beams/nns themselves/ppls are/ber much/ql smaller/jjr ,/, and/cc different/jj scanning/vbg techniques/nns may/md be/be used/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at principles/nns involved/vbn are/ber the/at same/ap as/cs in/in sonar/nn ./.


	Because/cs the/at body/nn contains/vbz so/ql much/ap liquid/nn ,/, transmission/nn of/in ultrasonic/jj signals/nns proceeds/vbz fairly/ql well/rb in/in muscles/nns and/cc blood/nn vessels/nns ./.
Bones/nns and/cc cartilage/nn transmit/vb poorly/rb and/cc tend/vb to/to reflect/vb the/at ultrasonic/jj signals/nns ./.
Based/vbn on/in this/dt phenomenon/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in investigators/nns have/hv used/vbn this/dt method/nn to/to ``/`` look/vb through/in ''/'' human/jj organs/nns ./.
A/at good/jj example/nn of/in the/at results/nns obtainable/jj with/in ultrasonic/jj radiation/nn is/bez contained/vbn in/in papers/nns presented/vbn by/in Dr./nn-tl G./np Baum/np who/wps has/hvz explored/vbn the/at human/jj eye/nn ./.
He/pps can/md diagnose/vb detachment/nn of/in the/at retina/nn where/wrb conventional/jj methods/nns indicate/vb blindness/nn due/jj to/in glaucoma/nn ./.
The/at method/nn used/vbn to/to scan/vb the/at eye/nn ultrasonically/rb is/bez illustrated/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./.
The/at transducer/nn is/bez coupled/vbn to/in the/at body/nn through/in a/at water/nn bath/nn ,/, not/* shown/vbn ./.
For/in display/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Baum/np uses/vbz a/at portion/nn of/in an/at Af/nn ,/, an/at airborne/jj radar/nn indicator/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb photographs/vbz the/at screen/nn to/to obtain/vb a/at permanent/jj record/nn ./.


	A/at typical/jj ``/`` sonogram/nn ''/'' of/in a/at human/jj eye/nn ,/, together/rb with/in a/at description/nn of/in the/at anatomical/jj parts/nns ,/, is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 5/cd-tl ./.
The/at frequency/nn used/vbn for/in these/dts experiments/nns is/bez 15/cd mc./nns and/cc the/at transducer/nn is/bez a/at specially/rb cut/vbn crystal/nn with/in an/at epoxy/nn lens/nn capable/jj of/in providing/vbg beam/nn diameters/nns smaller/jjr than/cs one/cd millimeter/nn ./.
The/at transducer/nn itself/ppl moves/vbz the/at beam/nn in/in a/at sector/nn scan/nn ,/, just/rb like/cs a/at radar/nn antenna/nn ,/, while/cs the/at entire/jj transducer/nn structure/nn is/bez moved/vbn over/in a/at 90-degree/jj arc/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at eye/nn to/to ``/`` look/vb into/in ''/'' all/abn corners/nns ./.
The/at total/nn picture/nn is/bez only/rb seen/vbn by/in the/at camera/nn which/wdt integrates/vbz the/at many/ap sector/nn scans/nns over/in the/at entire/jj 90-degree/jj rotation/nn period/nn ./.


	Drs./nns-tl Howry/np and/cc Holmes/np at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Colorado/np-tl Medical/jj-tl School/nn-tl have/hv applied/vbn the/at same/ap sonar/nn technique/nn to/in other/ap areas/nns of/in soft/jj tissue/nn and/cc have/hv obtained/vbn extremely/ql good/jj results/nns ./.
By/in submerging/vbg the/at patient/nn in/in a/at tub/nn and/cc rotating/vbg the/at transducer/nn while/cs the/at scanning/nn goes/vbz on/rp ,/, they/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to get/vb cross-section/nn views/nns of/in the/at neck/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs many/ap other/ap hitherto/rb impossible/jj insights/nns ./.
As/cs mentioned/vbn before/rb ,/, bone/nn reflects/vbz the/at sound/nn energy/nn and/cc in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl the/at portion/nn of/in the/at spine/nn shows/vbz as/cs the/at black/jj area/nn in/in the/at center/nn ./.
Arteries/nns and/cc veins/nns are/ber apparent/jj by/in their/pp$ black/jj ,/, blood-filled/jj centers/nns and/cc the/at surrounding/vbg white/jj walls/nns ./.


	A/at cross-section/nn of/in a/at normal/jj lower/jjr human/jj leg/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 8/cd-tl with/in the/at various/jj parts/nns labeled/vbn ./.



	Oersted's/np$ boyhood/nn represented/vbd a/at minimal/jj chance/nn of/in either/cc attaining/vbg greatness/nn or/cc serving/vbg his/pp$ people/nns so/ql well/rb and/cc over/in so/ql long/jj a/at span/nn of/in life/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz born/vbn in/in the/at small/jj Danish/jj town/nn of/in Rudkoebing/np on/in the/at island/nn of/in Langeland/np in/in the/at south-central/jj part/nn of/in Denmark/np on/in August/np 14/cd ,/, 1777/cd ./.
His/pp$ father/nn Soeren/np was/bedz the/at village/nn apothecary/nn whose/wp$ slender/jj income/nn made/vbd it/ppo difficult/jj to/to feed/vb his/pp$ family/nn ,/, let/vb alone/rb educate/vb them/ppo in/in a/at town/nn without/in even/rb a/at school/nn ./.
The/at two/cd older/jjr boys/nns ,/, Hans/np and/cc Anders/np ,/, his/pp$ junior/jj by/in a/at year/nn ,/, therefore/rb went/vbd daily/rb to/in the/at home/nn of/in a/at warm/jj and/cc friendly/jj wigmaker/nn nearby/rb for/in instruction/nn in/in German/np ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ wife/nn taught/vbd the/at two/cd boys/nns to/to read/vb and/cc write/vb Danish/jj ./.
Other/ap brothers/nns later/rbr joined/vbd them/ppo for/in instruction/nn with/in Oldenburg/np ,/, the/at wigmaker/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb arithmetic/nn was/bedz added/vbn to/in Bible/np reading/nn ,/, German/jj ,/, and/cc Danish/jj in/in the/at informal/jj curriculum/nn ./.
Oldenburg's/np$ contributions/nns were/bed soon/rb exhausted/vbn and/cc the/at boys/nns had/hvd to/to turn/vb to/in a/at wider/jjr circle/nn of/in the/at town's/nn$ learned/vbn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at pastor/nn ,/, to/to supplement/vb the/at simple/jj teaching/nn ./.
From/in the/at town/nn surveyor/nn ,/, Hans/np learned/vbd drawing/vbg and/cc mathematics/nn and/cc ,/, from/in a/at university/nn student/nn ,/, some/dti academic/jj subjects/nns ./.
The/at mayor/nn of/in the/at town/nn taught/vbd them/ppo English/np and/cc French/np ./.
Whatever/wdt Hans/np or/cc Anders/np learned/vbd separately/rb they/ppss passed/vbd on/rp to/in each/dt other/ap ;/. ;/.
they/ppss read/vbd every/at book/nn that/cs they/ppss could/md borrow/vb in/in the/at village/nn ./.
At/in 12/cd ,/, Hans/np was/bedz sufficiently/ql mature/jj to/to help/vb his/pp$ father/nn in/in the/at apothecary/nn shop/nn ,/, which/wdt helped/vbd stimulate/vb his/pp$ interest/nn in/in medicine/nn and/cc science/nn ./.
His/pp$ earlier/jjr love/nn for/in literature/nn and/cc history/nn remained/vbd with/in him/ppo for/in his/pp$ entire/jj life/nn ./.


	In/in 1793/cd the/at brothers/nns decided/vbd to/to enter/vb the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Copenhagen/np-tl (/( founded/vbn in/in 1479/cd )/) and/cc the/at following/vbg spring/nn found/vbd them/ppo at/in the/at university/nn preparing/vbg to/to matriculate/vb for/in the/at autumn/nn session/nn ./.
While/cs Hans/np devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in the/at sciences/nns of/in medicine/nn ,/, physics/nn ,/, and/cc astronomy/nn ,/, his/pp$ brother/nn studied/vbd law/nn ./.
The/at brothers/nns continued/vbd to/to help/vb each/dt other/ap during/in their/pp$ studies/nns ,/, sharing/vbg a/at joint/jj purse/nn ,/, lodging/vbg together/rb in/in the/at dormitory/nn and/cc dining/vbg together/rb at/in the/at home/nn of/in their/pp$ aunt/nn ./.
They/ppss supplemented/vbd their/pp$ income/nn by/in small/jj government/nn assistance/nn ,/, by/in tutoring/vbg and/cc economizing/vbg wherever/wrb they/ppss could/md ./.
So/ql impressive/jj were/bed those/dts serious/jj years/nns of/in study/nn at/in the/at university/nn that/cs Hans/np later/rbr wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to be/be perfectly/ql free/jj ,/, the/at young/jj man/nn must/md revel/vb in/in the/at great/jj kingdom/nn of/in thought/nn and/cc imagination/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez a/at struggle/nn there/rb ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, if/cs he/pps falls/vbz ,/, it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/in him/ppo to/to rise/vb again/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez freedom/nn of/in utterance/nn there/rb ,/, which/wdt draws/vbz after/in it/ppo no/at irreparable/jj consequences/nns on/in society/nn ./.
I/ppss lived/vbd in/in this/dt onward-driving/jj contest/nn where/wrb each/dt day/nn overcame/vbd a/at new/jj difficulty/nn ,/, gained/vbd a/at new/jj truth/nn ,/, or/cc banished/vbd a/at previous/jj error/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps openly/rb proclaimed/vbd his/pp$ pleasure/nn in/in lecturing/vbg and/cc writing/vbg about/in science/nn ./.
In/in this/dt third/od year/nn at/in the/at university/nn ,/, Hans/np ,/, in/in 1797/cd ,/, was/bedz awarded/vbn the/at first/od important/jj token/nn of/in recognition/nn ,/, a/at gold/nn medal/nn for/in his/pp$ essay/nn on/in ``/`` Limits/nns-tl Of/in-tl Poetry/nn-tl And/cc-tl Prose/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
He/pps completed/vbd his/pp$ training/nn in/in pharmacy/nn also/rb ,/, taking/vbg his/pp$ degree/nn with/in high/jj honors/nns in/in 1797/cd ,/, and/cc in/in 1799/cd was/bedz awarded/vbn the/at degree/nn of/in Doctor/nn-tl of/in-tl Philosophy/nn-tl along/rb with/in a/at prize/nn for/in an/at essay/nn in/in medicine/nn ./.
He/pps proposed/vbd a/at fresh/jj theory/nn of/in alkalis/nns which/wdt later/rbr was/bedz accepted/vbn in/in chemical/nn practices/nns ./.



Ferment/nn-hl of/in-hl scientific/jj-hl activity/nn-hl 
Hans'/np$ student/nn days/nns were/bed at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb Europe/np was/bedz in/in a/at new/jj intellectual/jj ferment/nn following/vbg the/at revolutions/nns in/in America/np and/cc in/in France/np ,/, Germany/np and/cc Italy/np were/bed rising/vbg from/in divisive/jj nationalisms/nns and/cc a/at strong/jj wave/nn of/in intellectual/jj awareness/nn was/bedz sweeping/vbg the/at Continent/nn-tl ./.


	The/at new/jj century/nn opened/vbd with/in Oersted/np beginning/vbg his/pp$ professional/jj career/nn in/in charge/nn of/in an/at apothecary/nn shop/nn in/in Copenhagen/np and/cc as/cs lecturer/nn at/in the/at university/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz stirred/vbn by/in the/at announcement/nn of/in Volta's/np$ discovery/nn of/in chemical/nn electricity/nn and/cc he/pps immediately/rb applied/vbd the/at voltaic/jj pile/nn to/in experiments/nns with/in acids/nns and/cc alkalis/nns ./.
The/at following/vbg year/nn he/pps devoted/vbd to/in the/at customary/jj ``/`` Wanderjahr/fw-nn ''/'' ,/, traveling/vbg in/in Germany/np ,/, France/np ,/, and/cc the/at Netherlands/np ,/, meeting/vbg the/at philosophers/nns Schelling/np ,/, Fichte/np ,/, and/cc Tieck/np ./.
He/pps also/rb met/vbd Count/nn-tl Rumford/np (/( born/vbn Benjamin/np Thompson/np in/in Woburn/np ,/, Mass./np )/) who/wps was/bedz then/rb serving/vbg the/at Elector/nn-tl of/in-tl Bavaria/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at physicist/nn Ritter/np ;/. ;/.
these/dts were/bed Oersted's/np$ main/jjs contacts/nns in/in science/nn ./.


	From/in Gottingen/np (/( 1801/cd )/) where/wrb he/pps stayed/vbd for/in 10/cd days/nns ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` The/at first/od question/nn asked/vbn everywhere/rb is/bez about/in galvanism/nn ./.
As/cs everybody/pn is/bez curious/jj to/to see/vb the/at battery/nn of/in glass/nn tubes/nns I/ppss have/hv invented/vbn ,/, I/ppss have/hv had/hvn quite/abl a/at small/jj one/cd made/vbn here/rb of/in four/cd glass/nn tubes/nns (/( in/in Copenhagen/np I/ppss used/vbd 30/cd )/) and/cc intend/vb to/to carry/vb it/ppo with/in me/ppo ''/'' ./.
Oersted/np joined/vbd Ritter/np at/in Jena/np and/cc stayed/vbd with/in him/ppo for/in 3/cd weeks/nns ,/, continuing/vbg their/pp$ correspondence/nn after/cs he/pps left/vbd ./.
With/in Ritter/np he/pps was/bedz exposed/vbn to/in the/at fantastic/jj profusion/nn of/in ideas/nns that/wps stormed/vbd through/in his/pp$ host's/nn$ fertile/jj but/cc disorganized/vbn mind/nn ./.
Oersted/np remodeled/vbd Ritter's/np$ notes/nns into/in an/at essay/nn in/in French/np which/wdt was/bedz submitted/vbn to/in the/at Institut/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in-tl France/np-tl for/in its/pp$ annual/jj prize/nn of/in 3,000/cd francs/nns ./.
The/at sound/jj discoveries/nns of/in this/dt quixotic/jj genius/nn were/bed so/ql diluted/vbn by/in those/dts of/in fantasy/nn that/cs the/at prize/nn was/bedz never/rb awarded/vbn to/in him/ppo ./.
In/in May/np ,/, 1803/cd ,/, Ritter/np ,/, in/in another/dt flight/nn of/in fancy/nn ,/, wrote/vbd to/in Oersted/np a/at letter/nn that/wps contained/vbd a/at remarkable/jj prophecy/nn ./.
He/pps related/vbd events/nns on/in earth/nn to/in periodic/jj celestial/jj phenomena/nns and/cc indicated/vbd that/cs the/at years/nns of/in maximum/jj inclination/nn of/in the/at ecliptic/nn coincided/vbd with/in the/at years/nns of/in important/jj electrical/jj discoveries/nns ./.
Thus/rb ,/, 1745/cd corresponded/vbd to/in the/at invention/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Leiden/np ''/'' jar/nn by/in Kleist/np ,/, 1764/cd that/dt of/in the/at electrophorus/nn by/in Wilcke/np ,/, 1782/cd produced/vbd the/at condenser/nn of/in Volta/np ,/, and/cc 1801/cd the/at voltaic/jj pile/nn ./.
Ritter/np proceeded/vbd ,/, ``/`` You/ppss now/rb emerge/vb into/in a/at new/jj epoch/nn in/in which/wdt late/rb in/in the/at year/nn 1819/cd or/cc 1820/cd ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to reckon/vb ./.
This/dt we/ppss might/md well/rb witness/vb ''/'' ./.
Ritter/np died/vbd in/in 1810/cd and/cc Oersted/np not/* only/rb lived/vbd to/to see/vb the/at event/nn occur/vb but/cc was/bedz the/at author/nn of/in it/ppo ./.


	In/in 1803/cd Oersted/np returned/vbd to/in Copenhagen/np and/cc applied/vbd for/in the/at university's/nn$ chair/nn in/in physics/nn but/cc was/bedz rejected/vbn because/cs he/pps was/bedz probably/rb considered/vbn more/ap a/at philosopher/nn than/cs a/at physicist/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, he/pps continued/vbd experimenting/vbg and/cc lecturing/vbg ,/, publishing/vbg the/at results/nns of/in his/pp$ experiments/nns in/in German/jj and/cc Danish/jj periodicals/nns ./.
In/in 1806/cd his/pp$ ambition/nn was/bedz realized/vbn and/cc he/pps became/vbd professor/nn of/in physics/nn at/in the/at Copenhagen/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, though/cs not/* realizing/vbg full/jj professorship/nn (/( ordinarius/fw-nn )/) until/in 1817/cd ./.


	During/in Oersted's/np$ attendance/nn at/in the/at university/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz poorly/ql equipped/vbn with/in physical/jj apparatus/nn for/in experimenting/vbg in/in the/at sciences/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz ,/, however/rb ,/, fortunate/jj in/in his/pp$ contact/nn with/in Prof./nn-tl J./np G./np L./np Manthey/np (/( 1769-1842/cd )/) ,/, teacher/nn of/in chemistry/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in his/pp$ academic/jj chair/nn ,/, was/bedz also/rb proprietor/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Lion/nn-tl Pharmacy/nn-tl ''/'' in/in Copenhagen/np where/wrb Oersted/np assisted/vbd him/ppo ./.
Manthey/np maintained/vbd a/at valuable/jj collection/nn of/in physical/jj and/cc chemical/nn apparatus/nn which/wdt was/bedz at/in Oersted's/np$ disposal/nn during/in and/cc after/in his/pp$ graduation/nn ./.
In/in 1800/cd ,/, Manthey/np went/vbd abroad/rb and/cc Oersted/np was/bedz appointed/vbn manager/nn of/in the/at Lion/nn-tl Pharmacy/nn-tl ./.
In/in February/np 1801/cd ,/, Oersted/np did/dod manage/vb to/to experiment/vb with/in physical/jj apparatus/nn and/cc reported/vbd experiments/nns made/vbn with/in a/at voltaic/jj battery/nn of/in 600/cd plates/nns of/in zinc/nn and/cc silver/nn and/cc of/in later/jjr experiments/nns with/in a/at battery/nn of/in 60/cd plates/nns of/in zinc/nn and/cc lead/nn ./.
In/in the/at following/vbg year/nn ,/, 1803/cd ,/, Oersted/np ,/, simultaneously/rb with/in Davy/np ,/, discovered/vbd that/cs acids/nns increased/vbd the/at strength/nn of/in a/at voltaic/jj battery/nn more/rbr than/cs did/dod salts/nns ./.
Eager/jj as/cs he/pps was/bedz to/to pursue/vb this/dt promising/jj line/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz so/ql loaded/vbn down/rp with/in the/at management/nn of/in the/at pharmacy/nn and/cc lectures/nns in/in the/at medical/jj and/cc pharmaceutical/jj faculties/nns at/in the/at university/nn that/cs he/pps could/md devote/vb only/rb Sunday/nr afternoons/nns to/in ``/`` galvanizing/vbg ''/'' ./.


	He/pps assumed/vbd his/pp$ academic/jj career/nn with/in the/at same/ap intensity/nn and/cc thoroughness/nn that/wps had/hvd marked/vbn every/at step/nn in/in his/pp$ rise/nn from/in boyhood/nn ./.
The/at university/nn was/bedz the/at only/ap one/cd in/in Denmark/np and/cc the/at status/nn of/in professor/nn represented/vbd the/at upper/jj social/jj level/nn ./.
His/pp$ broad/jj interest/nn in/in literary/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, and/cc philosophical/jj movements/nns opened/vbd many/ap doors/nns to/in him/ppo ./.
His/pp$ friends/nns were/bed numerous/jj and/cc their/pp$ ties/nns to/in him/ppo were/bed strong/jj ./.


	The/at years/nns 1812/cd and/cc 1813/cd saw/vbd him/ppo in/in Germany/np and/cc France/np again/rb ,/, but/cc on/in this/dt visit/nn to/in Berlin/np he/pps did/dod not/* seek/vb out/rp the/at philosophers/nns as/cs he/pps had/hvd on/in his/pp$ first/od journey/nn ./.
In/in Berlin/np he/pps published/vbd his/pp$ views/nns of/in the/at chemical/nn laws/nns of/in nature/nn in/in German/np and/cc this/dt was/bedz issued/vbn in/in French/jj translation/nn (/( Paris/np ,/, 1813/cd )/) under/in the/at title/nn Recherches/fw-nns-tl Sur/fw-in-tl l'identite/fw-at+nn-tl Des/fw-in+at-tl Forces/fw-nns-tl chimiques/fw-jj-tl et/fw-cc-tl electriques/fw-jj-tl ,/, a/at work/nn held/vbn in/in very/ql high/jj esteem/nn by/in the/at new/jj generation/nn of/in research/nn chemists/nns ./.
His/pp$ interest/nn in/in finding/vbg a/at relationship/nn between/in voltaic/jj electricity/nn and/cc magnetism/nn is/bez here/rb first/rb indicated/vbn ./.
Chapter/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, is/bez entitled/vbn ``/`` On/in-tl Magnetism/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc in/in it/ppo are/ber included/vbn such/jj remarks/nns as/cs ,/, ``/`` One/pn has/hvz always/rb been/ben tempted/vbn to/to compare/vb the/at magnetic/jj forces/nns with/in the/at electrical/jj forces/nns ./.
The/at great/jj resemblance/nn between/in electrical/jj and/cc magnetic/jj attractions/nns and/cc repulsions/nns and/cc the/at similarity/nn of/in their/pp$ laws/nns necessarily/rb would/md bring/vb about/rp this/dt comparison/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, that/cs nothing/pn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn comparable/jj with/in electricity/nn by/in communication/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at phenomena/nns observed/vbn had/hvd such/abl a/at degree/nn of/in analogy/nn to/in those/dts depending/vbg on/in electrical/jj distribution/nn that/cs one/pn could/md not/* find/vb the/at slightest/jjt difference/nn ./.
The/at form/nn of/in galvanic/jj activity/nn is/bez halfway/rb between/in the/at magnetic/jj form/nn and/cc the/at electrical/jj form/nn ./.
There/rb ,/, forces/nns are/ber more/ql latent/jj than/cs in/in electricity/nn ,/, and/cc less/ql than/cs in/in magnetism/nn ./.
But/cc in/in such/abl an/at important/jj question/nn ,/, we/ppss would/md be/be satisfied/vbn if/cs the/at judgment/nn were/bed that/cs the/at principal/jjs objection/nn to/in the/at identity/nn of/in forces/nns which/wdt produce/vb electricity/nn and/cc magnetism/nn were/bed only/rb a/at difficulty/nn ,/, and/cc not/* a/at thing/nn which/wdt is/bez contrary/jj to/in it/ppo ./.
One/pn could/md also/rb add/vb to/in these/dts analogies/nns that/cs steel/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ magnetism/nn by/in heat/nn ,/, which/wdt proves/vbz that/cs steel/nn becomes/vbz a/at better/jjr conductor/nn through/in a/at rise/nn in/in temperature/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs electrical/jj bodies/nns do/do ./.
It/pps is/bez also/rb found/vbn that/dt magnetism/nn exists/vbz in/in all/abn bodies/nns of/in nature/nn ,/, as/cs proven/vbn by/in Bruckmann/np and/cc Coulomb/np ./.
By/in that/dt ,/, one/pn feels/vbz that/cs magnetic/jj forces/nns are/ber as/ql general/jj as/cs electrical/jj forces/nns ./.
An/at attempt/nn should/md be/be made/vbn to/to see/vb if/cs electricity/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ most/ql latent/jj stage/nn ,/, has/hvz any/dti action/nn on/in the/at magnet/nn as/cs such/jj ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ plan/nn and/cc intent/nn were/bed clearly/rb charted/vbn ./.


	Oersted/np returned/vbd in/in 1814/cd and/cc resumed/vbd an/at active/jj part/nn in/in university/nn and/cc political/jj discussions/nns ./.
In/in one/cd debate/nn he/pps supported/vbd the/at freedom/nn of/in judgment/nn as/cs opposed/vbn to/in dogma/nn ,/, in/in another/dt he/pps held/vbd that/cs the/at practice/nn of/in science/nn was/bedz in/in fact/nn an/at act/nn of/in religious/jj worship/nn ./.
He/pps continued/vbd as/cs a/at popular/jj lecturer/nn ./.
He/pps devised/vbd a/at detonating/vbg fuse/nn in/in which/wdt a/at short/jj wire/nn was/bedz caused/vbn to/to glow/vb by/in an/at electric/jj current/nn ./.


	In/in 1819/cd under/in royal/jj command/nn he/pps undertook/vbd a/at very/ql successful/jj geological/jj expedition/nn to/in Bornholm/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Danish/jj islands/nns ,/, being/beg one/cd of/in three/cd scientists/nns in/in the/at expedition/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at members/nns of/in this/dt expedition/nn ,/, Lauritz/np Esmarch/np ,/, that/cs Oersted/np succeeded/vbd in/in producing/vbg light/nn by/in creating/vbg an/at electric/jj discharge/nn in/in mercury/nn vapor/nn through/in which/wdt an/at electric/jj current/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/to flow/vb ./.
Together/rb they/ppss also/rb developed/vbd a/at new/jj form/nn of/in voltaic/jj cell/nn in/in which/wdt the/at wooden/jj trough/nn was/bedz replaced/vbn by/in one/cd of/in copper/nn ,/, thereby/rb producing/vbg stronger/jjr currents/nns ./.
Esmarch/np was/bedz among/in those/dts who/wps witnessed/vbd Oersted's/np$ first/od demonstration/nn of/in his/pp$ discovery/nn ./.



Discovery/nn-hl of/in-hl electromagnetism/nn-hl 
the/at association/nn between/in electric/jj (/( both/abx electrostatic/jj and/cc voltaic/jj )/) forces/nns and/cc magnetic/jj forces/nns had/hvd been/ben recognized/vbn by/in investigators/nns for/in many/ap decades/nns ./.
Electrical/jj literature/nn contained/vbd numerous/jj references/nns to/in lightning/nn that/wps had/hvd magnetized/vbn iron/nn and/cc had/hvd altered/vbn the/at polarity/nn of/in compass/nn needles/nns ./.
In/in the/at late/jj 1700's/nns Beccaria/np and/cc Van/np Marum/np ,/, among/in others/nns ,/, had/hvd magnetized/vbn iron/nn by/in sending/vbg an/at electrostatic/jj charge/nn through/in it/ppo ./.
Beccaria/np had/hvd almost/rb stumbled/vbn on/in a/at lead/nn to/in the/at relationship/nn between/in electricity/nn and/cc magnetism/nn when/wrb a/at discharge/nn from/in a/at Leyden/np jar/nn was/bedz sent/vbn transversally/rb through/in a/at piece/nn of/in watch-spring/nn steel/nn making/vbg its/pp$ ends/nns magnetic/jj ./.
The/at resulting/vbg magnetic/jj effect/nn proved/vbd stronger/jjr than/cs when/wrb the/at discharge/nn was/bedz made/vbn lengthwise/rb ./.
The/at experiments/nns of/in Romagnosi/np and/cc others/nns have/hv already/rb been/ben noted/vbn but/cc no/at one/pn had/hvd determined/vbn the/at cause-and-effect/jj relationship/nn between/in these/dts two/cd primary/jj forces/nns ./.
Oersted's/np$ own/jj earlier/jjr experiments/nns were/bed unimpressive/jj ,/, possibly/rb because/cs he/pps had/hvd ,/, like/cs other/ap experimenters/nns ,/, laid/vbn the/at conducting/vbg wire/nn across/in the/at compass/nn needle/nn instead/rb of/in parallel/rb with/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at sequence/nn of/in events/nns leading/vbg to/in his/pp$ important/jj discovery/nn still/rb remains/vbz ambiguous/jj but/cc it/pps seems/vbz that/cs one/cd of/in the/at advanced/vbn students/nns at/in the/at university/nn related/vbd that/cs the/at first/od direct/jj event/nn that/wps led/vbd to/in the/at publication/nn of/in Oersted's/np$ discovery/nn occurred/vbd during/in a/at private/jj lecture/nn made/vbn before/in a/at group/nn of/in other/ap advanced/vbn students/nns in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1820/cd ./.
At/in this/dt lecture/nn Oersted/np happened/vbd to/to place/vb the/at conducting/vbg wire/nn over/in and/cc parallel/rb to/in a/at magnetic/jj needle/nn ./.

Knowing/vbg specifically/rb what/wdt the/at many/ap feed/nn additives/nns can/md do/do and/cc how/wrb and/cc when/wrb to/to feed/vb them/ppo can/md make/vb a/at highly/ql competitive/jj business/nn more/ql profitable/jj for/in beef/nn ,/, dairy/nn ,/, and/cc sheep/nn men/nns ./.


	The/at target/nn chart/nn quickly/rb and/cc briefly/rb tells/vbz you/ppo which/wdt additives/nns do/do what/wdt ./.
All/abn the/at additives/nns listed/vbn here/rb are/ber sanctioned/vbn for/in use/nn by/in the/at Food/nn-tl and/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl of/in the/at federal/jj government/nn ./.
All/abn comments/nns concerning/in effectiveness/nn and/cc use/nn of/in drugs/nns have/hv been/ben carefully/rb reviewed/vbn by/in a/at veterinary/jj medical/jj officer/nn with/in Aj/nn ./.


	This/dt article/nn assumes/vbz that/cs the/at rations/nns you/ppss are/ber feeding/vbg your/pp$ beef/nn ,/, dairy/nn cattle/nns ,/, and/cc sheep/nn are/ber adequately/ql balanced/vbn with/in protein/nn ,/, vitamins/nns ,/, and/cc minerals/nns ./.


	The/at drug's/nn$ chemical/nn name/nn is/bez listed/vbn ,/, since/cs most/ap states/nns require/vb feed/nn processors/nns to/to use/vb this/dt name/nn instead/rb of/in the/at trade/nn name/nn on/in the/at feed/nn tag/nn ./.
In/in some/dti instances/nns ,/, the/at trade/nn name/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in parentheses/nns following/vbg the/at chemical/nn name/nn ./.
This/dt indicates/vbz that/cs this/dt drug/nn is/bez being/beg marketed/vbn under/in one/cd trade/nn name/nn only/rb or/cc state/nn regulatory/jj organizations/nns have/hv approved/vbn its/pp$ use/nn on/in the/at feed/nn tag/nn ./.



Here's/rb+bez-hl your/pp$-hl feed/nn-hl additive/nn-hl guide/nn-hl for/in-hl ruminants/nns-hl :/:-hl 



drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Oxytetracycline/nn hydrochloride/nn (/( Terramycin/np )/) what/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Increases/nns rate/vb of/in gain/nn and/cc improves/vbz feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, aids/vbz in/in the/at prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn (/( depending/in on/in level/nn fed/vbn )/) of/in the/at early/jj stages/nns of/in shipping/vbg fever/nn ,/, prevents/vbz or/cc treats/vbz bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn ,/, and/cc aids/vbz in/in reducing/vbg incidence/nn of/in bloat/nn and/cc liver/nn abscesses/nns ./.
Milk/nn production/nn may/md be/be increased/vbn by/in the/at anti-infective/jj properties/nns of/in this/dt drug/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl cattle/nns-hl (/(-hl finishing/vbg-hl ration/nn-hl )/)-hl 
--/-- To/to increase/vb rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improve/vb feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, feed/vb 75/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn in/in daily/jj supplement/nn ./.
Calves/nns-hl 
--/-- To/to increase/vb rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improve/vb feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, feed/vb 10/cd to/in 25/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn of/in complete/jj feed/nn ./.
As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn (/( scours/nn )/) ,/, feed/vb 50/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn of/in complete/jj feed/nn ./.
For/in the/at treatment/nn of/in bacterial/jj scours/nn ,/, feed/vb 100-200/cd grams/nns ./.
For/in prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in bacterial/jj scours/nn ,/, feed/vb 0.1/cd to/in 5/cd milligrams/nns per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./.
Beef/nn-hl and/cc-hl dairy/nn-hl 
--/-- As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reducing/vbg incidence/nn and/cc severity/nn of/in bloat/nn ,/, provide/vb 75/cd milligrams/nns of/in oxytetracycline/nn hydrochloride/nn per/in animal/nn daily/rb ./.
To/to reduce/vb incidence/nn of/in liver/nn abscesses/nns ,/, supply/vb 75/cd milligrams/nns of/in oxytetracycline/nn activity/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb ./.
To/to prevent/vb or/cc treat/vb bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn ,/, furnish/vb 0.1/cd to/in 5/cd milligrams/nns per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./.
For/in the/at prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in the/at early/jj stages/nns of/in shipping/vbg fever/nn complex/nn ,/, increase/vb feeding/vbg level/nn to/in 0.5/cd to/in 2/cd grams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./.
For/in the/at best/jjt results/nns ,/, feed/vb this/dt level/nn to/in cattle/nns 3/cd to/in 5/cd days/nns preceding/vbg shipment/nn and/or/cc 3/cd to/in 5/cd days/nns following/vbg their/pp$ arrival/nn in/in your/pp$ feed/nn lot/nn ./.
For/in treatment/nn of/in shipping/vbg fever/nn ,/, this/dt level/nn should/md be/be fed/vbn at/in the/at onset/nn of/in the/at disease/nn symptoms/nns until/cs symptoms/nns disappear/vb ./.
Sheep/nn-hl 
--/-- To/to increase/vb rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improve/vb feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, feed/vb 10/cd to/in 20/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn ./.
As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn (/( scours/nn )/) ,/, feed/vb 50/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Chlortetracycline/nn (/( Aureomycin/np )/) what/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Increases/vbz gains/nns ,/, improves/vbz feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, and/cc reduces/vbz losses/nns from/in bacterial/jj infections/nns listed/vbn under/in ``/`` How/wql-tl To/to-tl Feed/vb-tl ''/'' section/nn ./.
Milk/nn production/nn may/md be/be increased/vbn by/in the/at anti-infective/jj properties/nns of/in this/dt drug/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl 
--/-- Not/* less/ap than/in 70/cd milligrams/nns of/in Aureomycin/np per/in head/nn daily/rb to/to aid/vb in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in liver/nn abscesses/nns in/in feed-lot/nn beef/nn cattle/nns ./.
Prevention/nn of/in bacterial/jj pneumonia/nn ,/, shipping/vbg fever/nn ,/, as/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reduction/nn of/in losses/nns due/jj to/in respiratory/jj infections/nns (/( infectious/jj rhinotracheitis/nn --/-- shipping/vbg fever/nn complex/nn )/) ./.
Feed/vb at/in level/nn of/in 70/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./.
Treatment/nn of/in the/at above/jj diseases/nns :/: 350/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn for/in 30/cd days/nns only/rb ./.
For/in prevention/nn of/in these/dts diseases/nns during/in periods/nns of/in stress/nn such/jj as/cs shipping/vbg ,/, excessive/jj handling/nn ,/, vaccination/nn ,/, extreme/jj weather/nn conditions/nns :/: 350/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn for/in 30/cd days/nns only/rb ./.
As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reducing/vbg bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn and/cc preventing/vbg foot/nn rot/nn ,/, feed/vb not/* less/ap than/in 0.1/cd milligram/nn per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./.
To/to aid/vb in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in anaplasmosis/nn ,/, feed/vb not/* less/ap than/in 0.5/cd milligram/nn per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./.
Dairy/nn-hl 
--/-- For/in calves/nns ,/, feed/vb not/* less/ap than/in 50/cd grams/nns of/in Aureomycin/np per/in ton/nn complete/jj feed/nn as/cs an/at aid/nn in/in preventing/vbg bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn and/cc foot/nn rot/nn ./.
For/in cows/nns ,/, feed/nn providing/vbg an/at intake/nn of/in 0.1/cd milligram/nn of/in Aureomycin/np per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb aids/vbz in/in the/at reduction/nn of/in bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn ,/, in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in foot/nn rot/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at reduction/nn of/in losses/nns due/jj to/in respiratory/jj infection/nn (/( infectious/jj rhinotracheitis/nn --/-- shipping/vbg fever/nn complex/nn )/) ./.
Sheep/nns-hl 
--/-- As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reducing/vbg losses/nns due/jj to/in enterotoxemia/nn (/( overeating/vbg disease/nn )/) ,/, feed/vb a/at complete/jj ration/nn containing/vbg not/* less/ap than/in 20/cd and/cc not/* more/ap than/in 50/cd grams/nns of/in Aureomycin/np per/in ton/nn ./.
To/to reduce/vb vibrionic/jj abortion/nn in/in breeding/vbg sheep/nn ,/, feed/vb 80/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn daily/rb ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Dynafac/np ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
An/at aid/nn in/in getting/vbg cattle/nns and/cc sheep/nns on/in full/jj feed/nn ,/, in/in improving/vbg feed/nn conversion/nn and/cc growth/nn ,/, in/in reducing/vbg bloat/nn and/cc founder/nn ,/, and/cc in/in controlling/vbg scours/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl and/cc-hl dairy/nn-hl calves/nns-hl 
--/-- 0.2/cd gram/nn Dynafac/np per/in head/nn daily/rb (/( 1/cd gram/nn of/in premix/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb )/) for/in promoting/vbg growth/nn ,/, feed/nn conversion/nn ,/, bloom/nn ,/, and/cc full/jj feed/nn earlier/rbr ./.
Feeder/nn-hl cattle/nns-hl 
--/-- Dynafac/np in/in a/at complete/jj ration/nn or/cc 0.3/cd to/in 0.4/cd gram/nn per/in head/nn per/in day/nn (/( 200/cd grams/nns of/in premix/nn per/in ton/nn complete/jj ration/nn or/cc equivalent/jj ./.
Animals/nns consuming/vbg 20/cd pounds/nns feed/nn daily/rb receive/vb 2/cd grams/nns Dynafac/np )/) ./.
Aids/vbz in/in minimizing/vbg the/at occurrence/nn of/in feed-lot/nn bloat/nn due/jj to/in high/jj consumption/nn of/in concentrates/nns ./.
Sheep/nns-hl and/cc-hl lambs/nns-hl 
--/-- 1.0/cd gram/nn premix/nn per/in head/nn per/in day/nn for/in promoting/vbg growth/nn ,/, feed/nn conversion/nn ,/, and/cc getting/vbg lambs/nns on/in full/jj feed/nn earlier/rbr ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Diethylstilbestrol/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Increases/vbz rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improves/vbz feed/nn efficiency/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl cattle/nns-hl 
--/-- 10/cd milligrams/nns of/in diethylstilbestrol/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb ./.
This/dt may/md be/be incorporated/vbn in/in complete/jj feeds/nns at/in the/at level/nn of/in 0.4/cd milligram/nn of/in diethylstilbestrol/nn per/in pound/nn of/in ration/nn --/-- assuming/vbg animal/nn consumes/vbz about/rb 25/cd pounds/nns daily/rb ./.
The/at drug/nn is/bez also/rb incorporated/vbn in/in supplements/nns ./.
These/dts are/ber to/to be/be fed/vbn at/in a/at rate/nn to/to provide/vb 10/cd milligrams/nns DES/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb ./.
The/at recommended/vbn 10-milligram/jj daily/jj intake/nn level/nn should/md be/be maintained/vbn ./.
It/pps may/md be/be incorporated/vbn into/in cattle/nns creep/nn feeds/nns in/in levels/nns from/in 1.0/cd to/in 1.5/cd milligrams/nns of/in diethylstilbestrol/nn per/in pound/nn of/in feed/nn ./.
Sheep/nns-hl fattening/vbg-hl rations/nns-hl 
--/-- The/at recommended/vbn level/nn for/in sheep/nns is/bez 2/cd milligrams/nns daily/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt level/nn should/md be/be maintained/vbn ./.
Include/vb supplement/nn containing/vbg 0.4/cd to/in 2/cd milligrams/nns per/in pound/nn to/to provide/vb 2/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./.
Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Discontinue/vb medication/nn 48/cd hours/nns before/in slaughter/nn ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Hydroxazine/nn hydrochloride/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Improves/vbz growth/nn rate/nn and/cc feed/nn efficiency/nn of/in fattening/vbg beef/nn animals/nns ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
At/in the/at rate/nn of/in 2-1/2/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Iodinated/vbn casein/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Drug/nn elevates/vbz the/at metabolic/jj rate/nn of/in the/at cow/nn ./.
Fed/vbn to/in dairy/nn cattle/nns to/to increase/vb milk/nn production/nn and/cc butterfat/nn percentage/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
1/cd to/in 1-1/2/cd grams/nns per/in 100/cd pounds/nns of/in body/nn weight/nn ./.
Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Cows/nns receiving/vbg drug/nn may/md not/* be/be officially/rb tested/vbn under/in breed/nn registry/nn testing/nn programs/nns ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Bacterial/jj and/cc fungal/jj enzymes/nns ./.
(/( These/dts enzyme/nn preparations/nns appear/vb on/in today's/nr$ feed/nn tags/nns as/cs fermentation/nn extracts/nns of/in Bacillus/np subtilis/np ,/, Apergillus/np orzae/np ,/, Niger/np ,/, and/cc Flavus/np ./.
)/) what/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Improves/vbz utilization/nn of/in low-moisture/nn corn/nn (/( less/ap than/in 14%/nn )/) ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Greatest/jjt benefits/nns have/hv been/ben associated/vbn with/in feeding/vbg low-moisture/nn corn/nn in/in beef-feeding/jj programs/nns ./.
Several/ap firms/nns are/ber merchandising/vbg enzyme/nn preparation/nn through/in feed/nn manufacturers/nns ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Ronnel/nn ./.
What/wdt it/pps does/doz :/: 
Effectively/rb controls/vbz cattle/nns grubs/nns which/wdt damage/vb hides/nns and/cc can/md reduce/vb gains/nns ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Drug/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in either/cc a/at protein/nn or/cc mineral/nn supplement/nn for/in a/at period/nn of/in 7/cd or/cc 14/cd days/nns ./.
Follow/vb manufacturer's/nn$ recommendation/nn carefully/rb ./.
Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Do/do not/* feed/vb to/in dairy/nn cows/nns and/cc do/do not/* feed/vb within/in 60/cd days/nns of/in slaughter/nn ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Methyl/nn polysiloxanes/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Aids/nns in/in preventing/vbg foamy/jj bloat/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
For/in prevention/nn of/in foamy/jj bloat/nn ,/, feed/vb at/in a/at rate/nn of/in 0.5/cd to/in 2/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn in/in mineral/nn or/cc salt/nn or/cc feed/nn ./.
For/in treatment/nn of/in bloat/nn ,/, drug/nn is/bez fed/vbn at/in a/at higher/jjr level/nn ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Phenothiazine/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Reduces/vbz losses/nns from/in stomach/nn ,/, hookworm/nn ,/, and/cc nodular/jj worms/nns by/in interfering/vbg with/in reproduction/nn of/in the/at female/nn worm/nn by/in reducing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in eggs/nns laid/vbn and/cc essentially/rb rendering/vbg all/abn laid/vbn eggs/nns sterile/jj ./.
Also/rb ,/, aids/vbz in/in the/at control/nn of/in horn/nn flies/nns by/in preventing/vbg them/ppo from/in hatching/vbg in/in the/at droppings/nns ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Treat/vb cattle/nns with/in 10/cd grams/nns per/in 100/cd pounds/nns body/nn weight/nn with/in a/at maximum/nn of/in 70/cd grams/nns per/in animal/nn ./.
Then/rb ,/, for/in the/at above/jj parasites/nns ,/, feed/vb continuously/rb at/in these/dts levels/nns :/: Feeder/nn cattle/nns --/-- 2-5/cd grams/nns of/in phenothiazine/nn daily/rb ;/. ;/.
beef/nn calves/nns --/-- to/in 1.5/cd grams/nns daily/rb depending/in on/in weight/nn of/in animal/nn ./.
Treat/vb lambs/nns with/in 12/cd grams/nns per/in head/nn for/in lambs/nns weighing/vbg up/rp to/in 50/cd pounds/nns ;/. ;/.
treat/vb lambs/nns over/rp 50/cd pounds/nns and/cc adults/nns with/in 24/cd grams/nns per/in animal/nn ./.
For/in continuous/jj control/nn ,/, feed/vb 1/cd part/nn phenothiazine/nn to/in 9/cd parts/nns minerals/nns or/cc salts/nns ./.
To/to include/vb in/in feed/nn ,/, add/vb phenothiazine/nn to/to supply/vb 0.5/cd to/in 1/cd gram/nn per/in sheep/nn daily/rb ./.
Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Continuous/jj administration/nn is/bez not/* recommended/vbn for/in lactating/vbg cows/nns ./.
Following/vbg single-dose/nn treatment/nn ,/, milk/nn should/md be/be discarded/vbn for/in 4/cd days/nns following/vbg treatment/nn ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Procaine/nn penicillin/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Aids/vbz in/in reducing/vbg the/at incidence/nn and/cc severity/nn of/in bloat/nn in/in beef/nn or/cc dairy/nn cattle/nns on/in legume/nn pasture/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Feed/vb 75,000/cd units/nns or/cc 75/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn daily/rb ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Sodium/nn propionate/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
For/in the/at prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in acetonemia/nn (/( ketosis/nn )/) in/in dairy/nn cows/nns ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
For/in the/at prevention/nn of/in acetonemia/nn (/( ketosis/nn )/) feed/vb 1/4/cd pound/nn per/in day/nn beginning/vbg at/in calving/vbg and/cc continuing/vbg for/in 6/cd weeks/nns ./.
For/in the/at treatment/nn of/in ketosis/nn feed/vb 1/4/cd to/in 1/2/cd pound/nn per/in day/nn for/in 10/cd days/nns ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Sulfaquinoxaline/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Helps/vbz control/vb shipping/vbg dysentery/nn and/cc coccidiosis/nn in/in lambs/nns ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl lambs/nns-hl 
--/-- feed/vb at/in level/nn for/in 2/cd or/cc 3/cd days/nns ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Dried/vbn rumen/nn bacteria/nns ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Stimulates/vbz rumen/nn activity/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Incorporated/vbn in/in commercially/rb prepared/vbn feed/nn at/in proper/jj levels/nns ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Calcium/nn and/cc sodium/nn lactate/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
Prevents/vbz and/cc treats/vbz acetonemia/nn (/( ketosis/nn )/) in/in dairy/nn cows/nns ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
For/in prevention/nn of/in ketosis/nn ,/, feed/vb 1/4/cd pound/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb for/in 6/cd weeks/nns commencing/vbg at/in calving/vbg time/nn ./.
For/in treatment/nn of/in ketosis/nn ,/, feed/vb 1/2/cd pound/nn daily/rb until/cs symptoms/nns disappear/vb ./.
Then/rb ,/, feed/vb preventive/jj dose/nn until/in 6/cd weeks/nns after/in calving/vbg ./.



Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Promazine/nn hydrochloride/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl 
A/at tranquilizer/nn fed/vbn to/in cattle/nns (/( other/ap than/in lactating/vbg dairy/nn cows/nns )/) prior/rb to/in their/pp$ being/beg subjected/vbn to/in stress/nn conditions/nns such/jj as/cs vaccinating/vbg ,/, shipping/vbg ,/, weaning/vbg calves/nns ,/, and/cc excessive/jj handling/nn ./.
How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 
Not/* less/ap than/in milligram/nn but/cc not/* more/ap than/in 1.25/cd milligrams/nns of/in additive/nn per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn ./.
Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl 
Additive/nn should/md not/* be/be fed/vbn 72/cd hours/nns before/cs animals/nns are/ber slaughtered/vbn ./.
There/ex are/ber three/cd principal/jjs feed/nn bunk/nn types/nns for/in dairy/nn and/cc beef/nn cattle/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) Fence-line/nn bunks/nns --/-- cattle/nns eat/vb from/in one/cd side/nn while/cs feed/nn is/bez put/vbn in/rp from/in the/at opposite/jj side/nn of/in the/at fence/nn by/in self-unloading/jj wagons/nns ;/. ;/.
(/( 2/cd )/) Mechanized/vbn bunks/nns --/-- they/ppss sit/vb within/in the/at feed/nn lot/nn ,/, are/ber filled/vbn by/in a/at mechanical/jj conveyor/nn above/in feeding/vbg surface/nn ;/. ;/.
(/( 3/cd )/) Special/jj bunks/nns --/-- as/cs discussed/vbn here/rb ,/, they/ppss permit/vb cattle/nns to/to eat/vb from/in all/abn sides/nns ./.
Feed/nn is/bez put/vbn in/rp with/in an/at elevator/nn ./.


	Several/ap materials/nns or/cc combinations/nns of/in materials/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to construct/vb a/at satisfactory/jj feed/nn bunk/nn ./.
The/at selection/nn of/in materials/nns depends/vbz on/in skills/nns of/in available/jj labor/nn for/in installation/nn ,/, cost/nn of/in materials/nns available/jj locally/rb ,/, and/cc your/pp$ own/jj preference/nn ./.
No/at one/cd material/nn is/bez best/jjt for/in all/abn situations/nns ./.
Selecting/vbg bunks/nns by/in economic/jj comparison/nn is/bez usually/rb an/at individual/jj problem/nn ./.



Fence-line/nn-hl feeding/vbg-hl ./.-hl

Animals/nns eat/vb only/rb from/in one/cd side/nn ,/, so/rb the/at fence-line/nn bunk/nn must/md be/be twice/rb as/ql long/jj as/cs the/at mechanical/jj bunk/nn ./.
These/dts bunks/nns also/rb serve/vb as/cs a/at fence/nn ,/, so/rb part/nn of/in the/at additional/jj cost/nn must/md be/be attributed/vbn to/in the/at fence/nn ./.
Because/rb of/in their/pp$ location/nn ,/, on/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at feed/nn lot/nn ,/, fence-line/nn bunks/nns are/ber not/* in/in the/at way/nn of/in mechanical/jj manure/nn removal/nn ./.
Filling/vbg these/dts bunks/nns by/in the/at same/ap self-unloading/jj wagons/nns used/vbn to/to fill/vb silos/nns spreads/vbz cost/nn of/in the/at wagons/nns over/in more/ap time/nn and/cc operations/nns ./.


	All-weather/jj roads/nns must/md be/be provided/vbn next/in to/in the/at feeding/vbg floor/nn so/cs access/nn will/md be/be possible/jj all/abn year/nn ./.
This/dt will/nn be/be a/at problem/nn in/in areas/nns of/in heavy/jj snowfall/nn ./.

Marketing/vbg in/in the/at new/jj decade/nn will/md be/be no/at picnic/nn --/-- for/cs the/at sixties/nns will/md present/vb possibly/rb the/at most/ql intense/jj competitive/jj activity/nn that/cs you/ppss have/hv experienced/vbn in/in the/at last/ap 20-25/cd yrs./nns ./.


	Why/wrb ?/. ?/.
Companies/nns of/in all/abn types/nns have/hv made/vbn great/jj advances/nns in/in production/nn capabilities/nns and/cc efficiencies/nns --/-- in/in modern/jj equipment/nn and/cc new/jj processes/nns ,/, enlarged/vbn R/np &/cc-tl D/np facilities/nns ,/, faster/jjr new/jj product/nn development/nn ./.
Many/ap companies/nns have/hv upgraded/vbn their/pp$ sales/nns manpower/nn and/cc tested/vbn new/jj selling/vbg ,/, distribution/nn ,/, and/cc promotion/nn techniques/nns to/to gain/vb a/at bigger/jjr competitive/jj edge/nn ./.


	Given/vbn this/dt kind/nn of/in business/nn climate/nn ,/, what/wdt competitive/jj marketing/vbg problems/nns will/md your/pp$ company/nn face/vb in/in the/at next/ap 10/cd yrs./nns ?/. ?/.
Based/vbn on/in our/pp$ experience/nn with/in clients/nns ,/, ,/, we/ppss see/vb 14/cd major/jj problems/nns which/wdt fall/vb into/in three/cd broad/jj groups/nns --/-- the/at market/nn place/nn itself/ppl ,/, marketing/vbg methods/nns ,/, and/cc marketing/vbg management/nn ./.



1/cd-hl ./.-hl
Problems/nns-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl market/nn-hl 
greater/jjr-hl price-consciousness/nn-hl ./.

There/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at intensification/nn of/in price-consciousness/nn in/in recent/jj years/nns ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez every/at indication/nn it/pps will/md continue/vb ./.
Frequently/rb ,/, wittingly/rb or/cc unwittingly/rb ,/, price-consciousness/nn has/hvz been/ben fostered/vbn by/in manufacturers/nns ,/, distributors/nns ,/, and/cc dealers/nns ./.
Despite/in generally/rb good/jj levels/nns of/in income/nn ,/, we/ppss see/vb greater/jjr price/nn pressures/nns than/cs ever/rb before/rb --/-- traveling/vbg back/rb along/in the/at chain/nn from/in consumer/nn to/in distributor/nn to/in manufacturer/nn ./.


	Here/rb are/ber some/dti key/jjs areas/nns to/to examine/vb to/to make/vb sure/jj your/pp$ pricing/vbg strategy/nn will/md be/be on/in target/nn :/: 

	Has/hvz the/at probable/jj price/nn situation/nn in/in your/pp$ field/nn been/ben forecast/vbn as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in future/jj planning/nn ?/. ?/.
Have/hv cost/nn studies/nns been/ben made/vbn of/in every/at phase/nn of/in your/pp$ operation/nn to/to determine/vb what/wdt might/md be/be done/vbn if/cs things/nns get/vb worse/jjr ?/. ?/.
Have/hv you/ppss actually/rb checked/vbn out/rp (/( not/* just/rb mentally/rb tested/vbn )/) different/jj selling/vbg approaches/nns designed/vbn to/to counter/vb the/at price/nn competition/nn problem/nn ?/. ?/.
Increased/vbn-hl customer/nn-hl sophistication/nn-hl ./.-hl

Average/nn consumer/nn is/bez becoming/vbg more/ql sophisticated/jj regarding/in product/nn and/cc advertising/vbg claims/nns ,/, partly/rb because/rb of/in widespread/jj criticism/nn of/in such/jj assertions/nns ./.
This/dt problem/nn can/md force/vb a/at change/nn in/in marketing/vbg approach/nn in/in many/ap kinds/nns of/in businesses/nns ./.
Have/hv you/ppss examined/vbd this/dt problem/nn of/in increasing/vbg consumer/nn sophistication/nn from/in the/at standpoint/nn of/in your/pp$ own/jj company/nn ?/. ?/.
Greater/jjr-hl demand/nn-hl for/in-hl services/nns-hl ./.-hl

Need/nn for/in service/nn is/bez here/rb to/to stay/vb --/-- and/cc the/at problem/nn is/bez going/vbg to/to be/be tougher/jjr to/to solve/vb in/in the/at sixties/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber two/cd reasons/nns for/in this/dt ./.
First/od ,/, most/ap products/nns tend/vb to/to become/vb more/ql complex/jj ./.
Second/od ,/, in/in a/at competitive/jj market/nn ,/, the/at customer/nn feels/vbz his/pp$ weight/nn and/cc throws/vbz it/ppo around/rb ./.


	Providing/vbg good/jj customer/nn service/nn requires/vbz as/ql thorough/jj a/at marketing/vbg and/cc general/jj management/nn planning/vbg job/nn as/cs the/at original/jj selling/vbg of/in the/at product/nn ./.
Too/ql often/rb it/pps is/bez thought/vbn of/in at/in the/at last/ap moment/nn of/in new/jj product/nn introduction/nn ./.


	Good/jj service/nn starts/vbz with/in product/nn design/nn and/cc planning/nn :/: Many/ap products/nns seem/vb to/to be/be designed/vbn for/in a/at production/nn economy/nn ,/, not/* for/in a/at service/nn one/cd ./.
Proper/jj follow-through/nn requires/vbz training/vbg your/pp$ own/jj sales/nns organization/nn ,/, and/cc your/pp$ distributor/nn organizations/nns ,/, not/* only/rb in/in the/at techniques/nns but/cc also/rb in/in good/jj customer/nn relations/nns ./.


	Have/hv you/ppss assessed/vbn the/at importance/nn of/in service/nn and/cc given/vbn it/ppo proper/jj attention/nn ?/. ?/.
Wider/jjr-hl discretionary/jj-hl choices/nns-hl for/in-hl customers/nns-hl ./.-hl

In/in spending/vbg his/pp$ money/nn today/nr ,/, the/at consumer/nn is/bez pulled/vbn in/in many/ap directions/nns ./.
To/in the/at manufacturer/nn of/in the/at more/ql convenient-type/jj product/nn --/-- the/at purchase/nn of/in which/wdt can/md be/be switched/vbn ,/, delayed/vbn ,/, or/cc put/vbn off/rp entirely/rb --/-- the/at implications/nns are/ber important/jj ./.
Your/pp$ competition/nn is/bez now/rb proportionately/rb greater/jjr --/-- you/ppss are/ber competing/vbg not/* only/rb against/in manufacturers/nns in/in the/at same/ap field/nn but/cc also/rb against/in a/at vast/jj array/nn of/in manufacturers/nns of/in other/ap appealing/jj consumer/nn products/nns ./.


	Many/ap industry/nn trade/nn associations/nns are/ber developing/vbg campaigns/nns to/to protect/vb or/cc enhance/vb the/at share/nn of/in the/at consumer's/nn$ dollar/nn being/beg spent/vbn on/in their/pp$ particular/jj products/nns ./.
Has/hvz your/pp$ company/nn thought/vbn through/rp its/pp$ strategy/nn in/in this/dt whole/jj ``/`` discretionary/jj buying/vbg ''/'' area/nn ?/. ?/.
Geographic/jj-hl shift/nn-hl of/in-hl customers/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at trends/nns have/hv been/ben in/in evidence/nn for/in many/ap years/nns --/-- population/nn shifts/nns to/in the/at Southwest/nr-tl and/cc Far/jj-tl West/nr-tl ,/, and/cc from/in city/nn to/in suburbs/nns ./.
These/dts shifts/nns will/md continue/vb in/in the/at next/ap 10/cd yrs./nns ./.
Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn the/at implications/nns of/in continuing/vbg geographic/jj shifts/nns in/in terms/nns of/in sales/nns force/nn allocation/nn ,/, strength/nn of/in distributor/nn organizations/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb plant/nn location/nn ?/. ?/.
Market/nn-hl concentration/nn-hl and/cc-hl distribution/nn-hl in/in-hl fewer/ap-hl accounts/nns-hl ./.-hl

We/ppss have/hv already/rb witnessed/vbn great/jj changes/nns through/in mergers/nns and/cc acquisitions/nns in/in the/at food/nn industry/nn --/-- at/in both/abx the/at manufacturing/vbg and/cc retail/jj ends/nns ./.
Instead/rb of/in relatively/ql small/jj sales/nns to/in many/ap accounts/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber now/rb larger/jjr sales/nns to/in or/cc through/in fewer/ap accounts/nns ./.


	The/at change/nn may/md require/vb different/jj products/nns ,/, pricing/vbg ,/, packaging/vbg ,/, warehousing/vbg ,/, salesmanship/nn ,/, advertising/vbg and/cc executive/nn attention/nn --/-- practically/rb every/at link/nn in/in the/at marketing/vbg network/nn may/md have/hv to/to be/be adjusted/vbn ./.
Have/hv you/ppss examined/vbn these/dts trends/nns ,/, forecast/vbn the/at effects/nns ,/, and/cc planned/vbn your/pp$ marketing/vbg strategy/nn to/to compete/vb effectively/rb under/in changing/vbg circumstances/nns ?/. ?/.



2/cd-hl ./.-hl
Problems/nns-hl in/in-hl marketing/vbg-hl methods/nns-hl 
more/ap-hl private/jj-hl label/nn-hl competition/nn-hl ./.-hl

In/in the/at area/nn of/in private/jj label/nn competition/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez logical/jj to/to expect/vb a/at continuation/nn of/in trends/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben under/in way/nn during/in the/at first/od decade/nn ./.
As/cs mass/nn dealer/nn and/cc distributor/nn organizations/nns grow/vb in/in size/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez every/at reason/nn to/to expect/vb them/ppo to/to try/vb to/to share/vb in/in the/at manufacturer's/nn$ as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at distributor's/nn$ profits/nns --/-- which/wdt is/bez ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, what/wdt the/at sale/nn of/in private/jj brands/nns tends/vbz to/to do/do ./.


	Average/nn manufacturer/nn frequently/rb has/hvz helped/vbn build/vb private/jj brand/nn business/nn ,/, delivering/vbg largely/rb the/at same/ap qualities/nns and/cc styles/nns in/in private/jj brand/nn merchandise/nn as/cs in/in branded/vbn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, the/at larger/jjr and/cc more/ql aggressive/jj mass/nn distribution/nn outlets/nns and/cc chain/nn stores/nns have/hv insisted/vbn on/in high/jj quality/nn --/-- and/cc the/at customer/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv caught/vbn on/rp ./.


	If/cs you/ppss are/ber up/rp against/in private/jj brand/nn competition/nn ,/, have/hv you/ppss formulated/vbn a/at long-term/nn program/nn for/in researching/vbg and/cc strengthening/vbg your/pp$ market/nn position/nn ?/. ?/.
If/cs private/jj brand/nn competition/nn hasn't/hvz* been/ben felt/vbn in/in your/pp$ product/nn field/nn as/ql yet/rb ,/, have/hv you/ppss thought/vbn how/wrb you/ppss will/md cope/vb with/in it/ppo if/cs and/cc when/wrb it/pps does/doz appear/vb ?/. ?/.
Less/ap-hl personal/jj-hl salesmanship/nn-hl ./.-hl

Display/nn merchandising/vbg ,/, backed/vbn by/in pre-selling/vbg through/in advertising/vbg and/cc promotion/nn ,/, will/md continue/vb to/to make/vb strides/nns in/in the/at sixties/nns ./.
It/pps has/hvz multiple/jj implications/nns and/cc possible/jj headaches/nns for/in your/pp$ marketing/vbg program/nn ./.


	How/wrb can/md you/ppss cash/vb in/rp on/in this/dt fast-growing/jj type/nn of/in outlet/nn and/cc still/rb maintain/vb relationships/nns with/in older/jjr existing/vbg outlets/nns which/wdt are/ber still/rb important/jj ?/. ?/.
If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at higher-quality/nn product/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md you/ppss make/vb it/ppo stand/vb out/rp --/-- justify/vb its/pp$ premium/nn price/nn --/-- without/in the/at spoken/vbn word/nn ?/. ?/.
Salesmanship/nn is/bez still/rb necessary/jj ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez a/at different/jj brand/nn of/in salesmanship/nn ./.


	Have/hv you/ppss carefully/rb examined/vbn the/at selling/vbg techniques/nns which/wdt best/rbt suit/vb your/pp$ products/nns ?/. ?/.
Have/hv you/ppss studied/vbn the/at caliber/nn and/cc sales/nns approaches/nns of/in your/pp$ sales/nns force/nn in/in relation/nn to/in requirements/nns for/in effective/jj marketing/nn ?/. ?/.
Are/ber you/ppss experimenting/vbg with/in different/jj selling/vbg slants/nns in/in developing/vbg new/jj customers/nns ?/. ?/.
Higher/jjr-hl costs/nns-hl of/in-hl distribution/nn-hl generally/rb-hl ./.-hl

Some/dti distribution/nn costs/nns are/ber kept/vbn up/rp by/in competitive/jj pressure/nn ,/, some/dti by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at customers/nns have/hv come/vbn to/to expect/vb certain/jj niceties/nns and/cc flourishes/nns ./.
No/at manufacturer/nn has/hvz taken/vbn the/at initiative/nn in/in pointing/vbg out/rp the/at costs/nns involved/vbn ./.


	The/at use/nn of/in bulk/nn handling/nn is/bez continuously/rb growing/vbg ./.
Computers/nns are/ber being/beg used/vbn to/to keep/vb branch/nn inventories/nns at/in more/ql workable/jj levels/nns ./.
``/`` Selective/jj selling/nn ''/'' --/-- concentrating/vbg sales/nns on/in the/at larger/jjr accounts/nns --/-- has/hvz been/ben used/vbn effectively/rb by/in some/dti manufacturers/nns ./.


	There/ex may/md be/be possible/jj economies/nns at/in any/dti one/cd of/in a/at number/nn of/in links/nns in/in your/pp$ marketing/vbg and/cc distribution/nn chain/nn ./.
Do/do you/ppo have/hv a/at program/nn for/in scrutinizing/vbg all/abn these/dts links/nns regularly/rb and/cc carefully/rb --/-- and/cc with/in some/dti imagination/nn ?/. ?/.
In/in your/pp$ sales/nns force/vb ,/, will/md a/at smaller/jjr number/nn of/in higher-priced/jjr ,/, high-quality/nn salesmen/nns serve/vb you/ppo best/rbt ,/, or/cc can/md you/ppss make/vb out/rp better/rbr with/in a/at larger/jjr number/nn of/in lower-paid/jjr salesmen/nns ?/. ?/.


	Will/md your/pp$ trade/nn customers/nns settle/vb for/in less/ap attention/nn and/cc fewer/ap frills/nns in/in return/nn for/in some/dti benefit/nn they/ppss can/md share/vb ?/. ?/.
In/in one/cd company/nn covering/vbg the/at country/nn with/in a/at high-quality/nn sales/nns force/nn of/in 10/cd men/nns ,/, the/at president/nn personally/rb phones/vbz each/dt major/jj account/nn every/at 6/cd mos./nns ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, distribution/nn costs/nns were/bed cut/vbn ,/, customer/nn relations/nns improved/vbn ./.


	Distribution/nn costs/nns are/ber almost/rb bound/vbn to/to increase/vb in/in the/at sixties/nns --/-- and/cc you/ppss will/md never/rb know/vb what/wdt you/ppss can/md do/do to/to control/vb them/ppo unless/cs you/ppss study/vb each/dt element/nn and/cc experiment/vb with/in alternative/jj ways/nns of/in doing/vbg the/at job/nn ./.
Higher/jjr-hl costs/nns-hl of/in-hl advertising/vbg-hl and/cc-hl promotion/nn-hl ./.-hl

From/in the/at manufacturer's/nn$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, the/at increasing/vbg cost/nn of/in advertising/vbg and/cc promotion/nn is/bez a/at very/ql real/jj problem/nn to/to be/be faced/vbn in/in the/at sixties/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez accentuated/vbn by/in the/at need/md for/in pre-selling/nn goods/nns ,/, and/cc private/jj label/nn competition/nn ./.


	How/wql much/ap fundamental/jj thinking/nn and/cc research/nn has/hvz your/pp$ company/nn done/vbn on/in its/pp$ advertising/vbg program/nn ?/. ?/.
Are/ber you/ppss following/vbg competition/nn willy-nilly/rb --/-- trying/vbg to/to match/vb dollar/nn for/in dollar/nn --/-- or/cc are/ber you/ppss experimenting/vbg with/in new/jj means/nns for/in reaching/vbg and/cc influencing/vbg consumers/nns ?/. ?/.
Have/hv you/ppss evaluated/vbn the/at proper/jj place/nn of/in advertising/vbg and/cc all/abn phases/nns of/in promotion/nn in/in your/pp$ total/nn marketing/vbg program/nn --/-- from/in the/at standpoint/nn of/in effort/nn ,/, money/nn ,/, and/cc effectiveness/nn ?/. ?/.
Increasing/vbg-hl tempo/nn-hl of/in-hl new/jj-hl product/nn-hl development/nn-hl ./.-hl

Practically/ql all/abn forecasts/nns mention/vb new/jj and/cc exciting/jj products/nns on/in the/at horizon/nn ./.
Will/md you/ppss be/be out/rp in/in the/at market/nn place/nn with/in some/dti of/in these/dts sales-building/jj new/jj products/nns ?/. ?/.


	If/cs competition/nn beats/vbz you/ppo to/in it/ppo ,/, this/dt exciting/jj new/jj product/nn era/nn can/md have/hv real/jj headaches/nns in/in store/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in obsoleting/vbg an/at old/jj product/nn and/cc introducing/vbg the/at new/jj one/cd is/bez usually/rb mighty/ql expensive/jj ./.
As/cs markets/nns become/vb larger/jjr and/cc marketing/vbg more/ql complex/jj ,/, the/at costs/nns of/in an/at error/nn become/vb progressively/rb larger/jjr ./.


	Is/bez your/pp$ R/np &/cc-tl D/np or/cc product/nn development/nn program/nn tuned/vbn in/rp to/in the/at commercial/jj realities/nns of/in the/at market/nn ?/. ?/.
Are/ber there/ex regular/jj communications/nns from/in the/at field/nn ,/, or/cc meetings/nns of/in sales/nns and/cc marketing/vbg personnel/nns with/in R/np &/cc-tl D/np people/nns ?/. ?/.
Technical/jj knowledge/nn is/bez a/at wonderful/jj thing/nn ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez useless/jj unless/cs it/pps eventually/rb feeds/vbz the/at cash/nn register/nn ./.


	Are/ber there/ex individuals/nns in/in your/pp$ organization/nn who/wps can/md shepherd/vb a/at new/jj product/nn through/rp to/in commercialization/nn ;/. ;/.
who/wps can/md develop/vb reliable/jj estimates/nns of/in sales/nns volume/nn ,/, production/nn ,/, and/cc distribution/nn costs/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc translate/vb the/at whole/jj into/in profit/nn and/cc loss/nn and/cc balance/vb sheet/nn figures/nns which/wdt management/nn can/md act/vb on/in with/in some/dti assurance/nn ?/. ?/.
We/ppss have/hv seen/vbn good/jj new/jj products/nns shelved/vbn because/cs no/at one/pn had/hvd the/at assignment/nn to/to develop/vb such/jj facts/nns and/cc plans/nns --/-- and/cc management/nn couldn't/md* make/vb up/rp its/pp$ mind/nn ./.



3/cd-hl ./.-hl
Problems/nns-hl in/in-hl marketing/vbg-hl management/nn-hl 
shortage/nn-hl of/in-hl skilled/jj-hl salesmen/nns-hl ./.-hl

There/ex is/bez a/at shortage/nn of/in salesmen/nns today/nr ./.
In/in the/at future/nn ,/, quantitative/jj demand/nn will/md be/be greater/jjr because/rb of/in the/at expansion/nn of/in the/at economy/nn ,/, and/cc the/at qualitative/jj need/nn will/md be/be greater/jjr still/qlp ./.


	While/cs many/ap companies/nns have/hv done/vbn fine/jj work/nn in/in developing/vbg sales/nns personnel/nns ,/, much/ap of/in it/ppo has/hvz been/ben product/nn rather/in than/in sales/nns training/nn ./.
Nor/cc has/hvz the/at training/nn been/ben enough/ap in/in relation/nn to/in the/at need/nn ./.
Most/ap marketing/vbg people/nns agree/vb it/pps is/bez going/vbg to/to take/vb redoubled/vbn efforts/nns to/to satisfy/vb future/jj requirements/nns ./.


	Have/hv you/ppss estimated/vbn your/pp$ sales/nns manpower/nn needs/nns for/in the/at future/nn (/( both/abx quantitatively/rb and/cc qualitatively/rb )/) ?/. ?/.
Has/hvz your/pp$ company/nn developed/vbn selection/nn and/cc training/vbg processes/nns that/wps are/ber geared/vbn to/in providing/vbg the/at caliber/nn of/in salesmen/nns you/ppss will/md need/vb in/in the/at next/ap 10/cd yrs./nns ?/. ?/.
Shortage/nn-hl of/in-hl sales/nns-hl management/nn-hl talent/nn-hl ./.-hl

With/in the/at growing/vbg complexity/nn of/in markets/nns and/cc intensity/nn of/in competition/nn ,/, sales/nns management/nn ,/, whether/cs at/in the/at district/nn ,/, region/nn or/cc headquarters/nn level/nn ,/, is/bez a/at tough/jj job/nn today/nr --/-- and/cc it/pps will/md be/be tougher/jjr in/in the/at future/nn ./.
Men/nns qualified/vbn for/in the/at broader/jjr task/nn of/in marketing/vbg manager/nn are/ber even/ql more/ql scarce/jj due/rb to/in the/at demanding/vbg combination/nn of/in qualifications/nns called/vbn for/in by/in this/dt type/nn of/in management/nn work/nn ./.
The/at growth/nn of/in business/nn has/hvz outdistanced/vbn the/at available/jj supply/nn ,/, and/cc the/at demand/nn will/md continue/vb to/to exceed/vb the/at supply/nn in/in the/at sixties/nns ./.


	Does/doz your/pp$ company/nn have/hv a/at program/nn for/in selecting/vbg and/cc developing/vbg sales/nns and/cc marketing/vbg management/nn personnel/nns for/in the/at longer/jjr term/nn ?/. ?/.
Does/doz your/pp$ management/nn climate/nn and/cc your/pp$ management/nn compensation/nn plan/nn attract/vb and/cc keep/vb top-notch/nn marketing/vbg people/nns ?/. ?/.
Complexity/nn-hl of/in-hl complete/jj-hl marketing/vbg-hl planning/vbg-hl ./.-hl

Every/at single/ap problem/nn touched/vbn on/rp thus/ql far/rb is/bez related/vbn to/in good/jj marketing/vbg planning/nn ./.
``/`` Hip-pocket/nn ''/'' tactics/nns are/ber going/vbg to/to be/be harder/jjr to/to apply/vb ./.
Many/ap food/nn and/cc beverage/nn companies/nns are/ber already/rb on/in a/at highly/ql planned/vbn basis/nn ./.
They/ppss have/hv to/to be/be ./.
With/in greater/jjr investments/nns in/in plant/nn facilities/nns ,/, with/in automation/nn growing/vbg ,/, you/ppss can't/md* switch/vb around/rb ,/, either/cc in/in volume/nn or/cc in/in product/nn design/nn ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs was/bedz formerly/rb possible/jj --/-- or/cc at/in least/ap not/* as/ql economically/rb ./.


	Are/ber planning/vbg and/cc strategy/nn development/nn emphasized/vbn sufficiently/rb in/in your/pp$ company/nn ?/. ?/.
We/ppss find/vb too/ql many/ap sales/nns and/cc marketing/vbg executives/nns so/ql burdened/vbn with/in detail/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber short-changing/vbg planning/vbg ./.


	Are/ber annual/jj marketing/vbg plans/nns reviewed/vbn throughout/in your/pp$ management/nn group/nn to/to get/vb the/at perspective/nn of/in all/abn individuals/nns and/cc get/vb everyone/pn on/in the/at marketing/vbg team/nn ?/. ?/.
Do/do you/ppo have/hv a/at long-term/nn (/( 5-/cd or/cc 10-yr./jj )/) marketing/vbg program/nn ?/. ?/.


	The/at key/nn to/in effective/jj marketing/nn is/bez wrapped/vbn up/rp in/in defining/vbg your/pp$ company's/nn$ marketing/vbg problems/nns realistically/rb ./.
Solutions/nns frequently/rb suggest/vb themselves/ppls when/wrb you/ppss accurately/rb pinpoint/vb your/pp$ problems/nns ,/, whether/cs they/ppss be/be in/in the/at market/nn ,/, in/in marketing/vbg methods/nns or/cc in/in marketing/vbg management/nn ./.


	If/cs companies/nns will/md take/vb the/at time/nn to/to give/vb objective/jj consideration/nn to/in their/pp$ major/jj problems/nns and/cc to/in the/at questions/nns they/ppss provoke/vb ,/, then/rb a/at long/jj constructive/jj step/nn will/md have/hv been/ben taken/vbn toward/in more/ql effective/jj marketing/nn in/in next/ap decade/nn ./.

The/at controversy/nn of/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns over/in whether/cs architects/nns or/cc interior/jj designers/nns should/md plan/vb the/at interiors/nns of/in modern/jj buildings/nns has/hvz brought/vbn clearly/rb into/in focus/nn one/cd important/jj difference/nn of/in opinion/nn ./.
The/at architects/nns do/do not/* believe/vb that/cs the/at education/nn of/in the/at interior/jj designer/nn is/bez sufficiently/ql good/jj or/cc sufficiently/ql extended/vbn to/to compare/vb with/in that/dt of/in the/at architect/nn and/cc that/cs ,/, therefore/rb ,/, the/at interior/jj designer/nn is/bez incapable/jj of/in understanding/vbg the/at architectural/jj principles/nns involved/vbn in/in planning/vbg the/at interior/nn of/in a/at building/nn ./.


	Ordinary/jj politeness/nn may/md have/hv militated/vbn against/in this/dt opinion/nn being/beg stated/vbn so/ql badly/rb but/cc anyone/pn with/in a/at wide/jj acquaintance/nn in/in both/abx groups/nns and/cc who/wps has/hvz sat/vbn through/in the/at many/ap round/jj tables/nns ,/, workshops/nns or/cc panel/nn discussions/nns --/-- whatever/wdt they/ppss are/ber called/vbn --/-- on/in this/dt subject/nn will/md recognize/vb that/cs the/at final/jj ,/, boiled/vbn down/rp crux/nn of/in the/at matter/nn is/bez education/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs most/ap architectural/jj schools/nns have/hv five/cd year/nn courses/nns ,/, some/dti even/rb have/hv six/cd or/cc more/ap ./.
The/at element/nn of/in public/jj danger/nn which/wdt enters/vbz so/ql largely/rb into/in architectural/jj certification/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, would/md demand/vb a/at prolonged/vbn study/nn of/in structure/nn ./.
This/dt would/md ,/, naturally/rb ,/, lengthen/vb their/pp$ courses/nns far/ql beyond/in the/at largely/ql esthetic/jj demands/nns of/in interior/jj designer's/nn$ training/nn ./.


	We/ppss may/md then/rb dismiss/vb the/at time/nn difference/nn between/in these/dts courses/nns and/cc the/at usual/jj four/cd year/nn course/nn of/in the/at interior/jj design/nn student/nn as/cs not/* having/hvg serious/jj bearing/nn on/in the/at subject/nn ./.
The/at real/jj question/nn that/wps follows/vbz is/bez --/-- how/wrb are/ber those/dts four/cd years/nns used/vbn and/cc what/wdt is/bez their/pp$ value/nn as/cs training/nn ?/. ?/.


	The/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl has/hvz published/vbn a/at recommended/vbn course/nn for/in designers/nns and/cc a/at percentage/nn layout/nn of/in such/abl a/at course/nn ./.
An/at examination/nn of/in some/dti forty/cd catalogs/nns of/in schools/nns offering/vbg courses/nns in/in interior/jj design/nn ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn schools/nns accredited/vbn by/in membership/nn in/in the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Schools/nns-tl of/in-tl Art/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at further/jjr ``/`` on/in the/at spot/nn ''/'' inspection/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in schools/nns ,/, show/vb their/pp$ courses/nns adhere/vb pretty/ql closely/rb to/in the/at recommendations/nns ./.
One/cd or/cc two/cd of/in the/at schools/nns have/hv a/at five/cd year/nn curriculum/nn ,/, but/cc the/at usual/jj pattern/nn of/in American/jj education/nn has/hvz limited/vbn most/ap of/in them/ppo to/in the/at four-year/jj plan/nn which/wdt seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at minimum/nn in/in acceptable/jj institutions/nns ./.


	The/at suggested/vbn course/nn of/in the/at A.I.D./np was/bedz based/vbn on/in the/at usual/jj course/nn offered/vbn and/cc on/in the/at opinion/nn of/in many/ap educators/nns as/in to/in curricular/jj necessities/nns ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, the/at four/cd year/nn provision/nn limits/vbz this/dt to/in fundamentals/nns and/cc much/ap desirable/jj material/nn must/md be/be eliminated/vbn ./.


	Without/in comparing/vbg the/at relative/jj merits/nns of/in the/at two/cd courses/nns --/-- architecture/nn versus/in interior/jj design/nn --/-- let/vb us/ppo examine/vb the/at educational/jj needs/nns of/in the/at interior/jj designer/nn ./.


	To/to begin/vb with/in ,/, what/wdt is/bez an/at interior/jj designer/nn ?/. ?/.
``/`` The/at Dictionary/nn-tl Of/in-tl Occupational/jj-tl Titles/nns-tl ''/'' published/vbn by/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl describes/vbz him/ppo as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` Designs/vbz ,/, plans/vbz and/cc furnishes/vbz interiors/nns of/in houses/nns ,/, commercial/jj and/cc institutional/jj structures/nns ,/, hotels/nns ,/, clubs/nns ,/, ships/nns ,/, theaters/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs set/nn decorations/nns for/in motion/nn picture/nn arts/nns and/cc television/nn ./.
Makes/vbz drawings/nns and/cc plans/nns of/in rooms/nns showing/vbg placement/nn of/in furniture/nn ,/, floor/nn coverings/nns ,/, wall/nn decorations/nns ,/, and/cc determines/vbz color/nn schemes/nns ./.


	Furnishes/vbz complete/jj cost/nn estimates/nns for/in clients/nns approval/nn ./.
Makes/nns necessary/jj purchases/nns ,/, places/vbz contracts/nns ,/, supervises/vbz construction/nn ,/, installation/nn ,/, finishing/vbg and/cc placement/nn of/in furniture/nn ,/, fixtures/nns and/cc other/ap correlated/vbn furnishings/nns ,/, and/cc follows/vbz through/rp to/in completion/nn of/in project/nn ''/'' ./.


	In/in addition/nn to/in this/dt the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Civil/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb examining/vbg applicants/nns for/in government/nn positions/nns as/cs interior/jj designers/nns ,/, expects/vbz that/cs ``/`` when/wrb various/jj needed/vbn objects/nns are/ber not/* obtainable/jj on/in the/at market/nn he/pps will/md design/vb them/ppo ./.
He/pps must/md be/be capable/jj of/in designing/vbg for/in and/cc supervising/vbg the/at manufacture/nn of/in any/dti craft/nn materials/nns needed/vbn in/in the/at furnishings/nns ''/'' ./.


	This/dt seems/vbz like/cs a/at large/jj order/nn ./.
The/at interior/jj designer/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, must/md first/rb be/be an/at artist/nn but/cc also/rb understand/vb carpentry/nn and/cc painting/vbg and/cc lighting/vbg and/cc plumbing/nn and/cc finance/nn ./.
Yet/cc nobody/pn will/md question/vb the/at necessity/nn of/in all/abn this/dt and/cc any/dti reputable/jj interior/jj designer/nn does/doz know/vb all/abn this/dt and/cc does/doz practice/vb it/ppo ./.
And/cc further/rbr he/pps must/md understand/vb his/pp$ obligation/nn to/in the/at client/nn to/to not/* only/rb meet/vb his/pp$ physical/jj necessities/nns but/cc also/rb to/to enhance/vb and/cc improve/vb his/pp$ life/nn and/cc to/to enlarge/vb the/at cultural/jj horizon/nn of/in our/pp$ society/nn ./.


	Few/ap will/md quarrel/vb with/in the/at aim/nn of/in the/at schools/nns or/cc with/in the/at wording/nn of/in their/pp$ curriculum/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez in/in the/at quality/nn of/in the/at teaching/nn of/in all/abn this/dt that/cs a/at question/nn may/md arise/vb ./.


	The/at old/jj established/vbn independent/jj art/nn schools/nns try/vb their/pp$ best/jjt to/to fulfill/vb their/pp$ obligations/nns ./.
Yet/cc even/ql here/rb many/abn a/at problem/nn is/bez presented/vbn ;/. ;/.
as/cs in/in a/at recent/jj design/nn competition/nn with/in a/at floor/nn plan/nn and/cc the/at simple/jj command/nn --/-- ``/`` design/vb a/at luxury/nn apartment/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
no/at description/nn of/in the/at client/nn or/cc his/pp$ cultural/jj level/nn ,/, no/at assertion/nn of/in geographical/jj area/nn or/cc local/jj social/jj necessities/nns --/-- simply/rb ``/`` a/at luxury/nn apartment/nn ''/'' ./.
Working/vbg in/in a/at vacuum/nn of/in minimal/jj information/nn can/md result/vb only/rb in/in show/nn pieces/nns that/wps look/vb good/jj in/in exhibitions/nns and/cc catalogs/nns and/cc may/md please/vb the/at public/jj relations/nns department/nn but/cc have/hv little/ap to/to do/do with/in the/at essence/nn of/in interior/jj design/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez possible/jj ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to work/vb on/in extant/jj or/cc projected/vbn buildings/nns where/wrb either/cc architect/nn or/cc owner/nn will/md explain/vb their/pp$ necessities/nns so/cs that/cs the/at student/nn may/md get/vb ``/`` the/at feel/nn ''/'' of/in real/jj interior/jj design/nn demands/nns ./.
Unfortunately/rb ,/, the/at purely/ql synthetic/jj problem/nn is/bez the/at rule/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez like/cs medical/jj schools/nns in/in India/np where/wrb ,/, in/in that/dt fairy-land/nn of/in religious/jj inhibition/nn ,/, the/at dissection/nn of/in dead/jj bodies/nns is/bez frowned/vbn upon/rb ./.
Instead/rb they/ppss learn/vb their/pp$ dissection/nn on/in the/at bulbs/nns of/in plants/nns ./.
Thus/rb technical/jj efficiency/nn is/bez achieved/vbn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in actual/jj experience/nn ./.


	In/in the/at earlier/jjr years/nns of/in training/vbg certain/jj phases/nns of/in the/at work/nn must/md be/be covered/vbn and/cc the/at synthetic/jj problem/nn has/hvz its/pp$ use/nn ./.
But/cc to/to continue/vb to/to divorce/vb advanced/vbn students/nns from/in reality/nn is/bez inexcusable/jj ./.


	Consultation/nn with/in architects/nns ,/, clients/nns ,/, real/jj estate/nn men/nns ,/, fabric/nn houses/nns and/cc furniture/nn companies/nns is/bez essential/jj to/in the/at proper/jj development/nn of/in class/nn problems/nns just/rb as/cs in/in actual/jj work/nn ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, although/cs only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb they/ppss held/vbd the/at student/nn at/in arms/nns length/nn ,/, today/nr the/at business/nn houses/nns welcome/vb the/at opportunity/nn to/to aid/vb the/at student/nn ,/, not/* only/rb from/in an/at increased/vbn sense/nn of/in community/nn responsibility/nn but/cc also/rb from/in the/at realization/nn that/cs the/at student/nn of/in today/nr is/bez the/at interior/jj designer/nn of/in tomorrow/nr --/-- that/cs the/at student/nn already/rb is/bez ``/`` in/in the/at trade/nn ''/'' ./.


	Even/rb the/at ``/`` history/nn of/in furniture/nn ''/'' can/md hardly/rb be/be taught/vbn exclusively/rb from/in photographs/nns and/cc lantern/nn slides/nns ./.
Here/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at reality/nn of/in actual/jj furniture/nn must/md be/be experienced/vbn ./.


	The/at professional/jj organizations/nns such/jj as/cs American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl ,/, National/jj-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl ,/, Home/nn-tl Fashions/nns-tl League/nn-tl and/cc various/jj trade/nn associations/nns ,/, can/md and/cc do/do aid/vb greatly/rb in/in this/dt work/nn ./.
Certainly/rb every/at educator/nn involved/vbn in/in interior/jj design/nn should/md be/be a/at member/nn and/cc active/jj in/in the/at work/nn of/in one/cd of/in these/dts organizations/nns ./.


	Not/* only/rb should/md every/at educator/nn above/in the/at rank/nn of/in instructor/nn be/be expected/vbn to/to be/be a/at member/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at professional/jj organizations/nns ,/, but/cc his/pp$ first/od qualification/nn for/in membership/nn as/cs an/at educator/nn should/md be/be so/ql sharply/rb scrutinized/vbn that/dt membership/nn would/md be/be equivalent/jj to/in certification/nn to/to teach/vb the/at subject/nn ./.


	Participation/nn for/in the/at educator/nn in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, would/md have/hv to/to be/be raised/vbn to/in full/jj and/cc complete/jj membership/nn ./.
The/at largest/jjt of/in these/dts organizations/nns at/in present/nn denies/vbz to/in the/at full/jj time/nn educator/nn any/dti vote/nn on/in the/at conduct/nn and/cc standards/nns of/in the/at group/nn and/cc ,/, indeed/rb ,/, refuses/vbz him/ppo even/rb the/at right/nn to/to attach/vb the/at customary/jj initials/nns after/in his/pp$ name/nn in/in the/at college/nn catalog/nn ./.


	This/dt anomalous/jj status/nn of/in the/at educator/nn cannot/md* fail/vb to/to lower/vb his/pp$ standing/nn in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in the/at students/nns ./.
The/at professor/nn in/in turn/nn dares/vbz not/* tolerate/vb the/at influence/nn in/in his/pp$ classes/nns of/in an/at organization/nn in/in the/at policies/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz no/at voice/nn ./.


	This/dt seems/vbz somewhat/ql shortsighted/jj since/cs if/cs the/at absolute/jj educational/jj qualifications/nns for/in membership/nn which/wdt the/at organizations/nns profess/vb are/ber ever/rb enforced/vbn ,/, the/at educator/nn will/md have/hv the/at molding/nn of/in the/at entire/jj profession/nn in/in his/pp$ hands/nns ./.


	In/in one/cd way/nn the/at Institutes/nns-tl and/cc Societies/nns-tl do/do a/at disservice/nn to/in the/at schools/nns ./.
That/dt is/bez in/in the/at continuance/nn of/in the/at ``/`` grandfather/nn clauses/nns ''/'' in/in their/pp$ membership/nn requirements/nns ./.


	When/wrb these/dts groups/nns were/bed first/rb formed/vbn many/ap prominent/jj and/cc accomplished/vbn decorators/nns could/md not/* have/hv had/hvn the/at advantage/nn of/in school/nn training/nn since/cs interior/jj design/nn courses/nns were/bed rare/jj and/cc undeveloped/jj during/in their/pp$ youth/nn ./.
Long/jj hard/jj years/nns of/in ``/`` on/in the/at job/nn ''/'' training/nn had/hvd brought/vbn them/ppo to/in their/pp$ competence/nn ./.


	The/at necessity/nn of/in that/dt day/nn has/hvz long/rb disappeared/vbn ./.
There/ex is/bez plenty/nn of/in opportunity/nn for/in proper/jj education/nn today/nr ./.
It/pps is/bez discouraging/jj for/in students/nns to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at societies/nns do/do not/* truly/rb uphold/vb the/at standards/nns for/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber supposed/vbn to/to stand/vb ./.


	The/at reason/nn and/cc the/at day/nn of/in ``/`` grandfather/nn clauses/nns ''/'' has/hvz long/ql since/rb passed/vbn ./.
No/at one/pn can/md deny/vb that/cs these/dts ``/`` back/jj door/nn ''/'' admissions/nns to/in membership/nn provisions/nns have/hv been/ben seriously/rb abused/vbn nor/cc that/cs they/ppss have/hv not/* resulted/vbn in/in the/at admission/nn of/in downright/jj incompetents/nns to/in membership/nn in/in supposedly/rb learned/vbn societies/nns ./.


	Beyond/in any/dti question/nn of/in curriculum/nn and/cc approach/nn to/in subject/nn must/md be/be the/at quality/nn of/in the/at teachers/nns themselves/ppls ./.
It/pps will/md occur/vb to/in anyone/pn that/cs the/at teacher/nn must/md have/hv adequate/jj education/nn ,/, a/at depth/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in knowledge/nn far/ql beyond/in the/at immediate/jj necessities/nns of/in his/pp$ course/nn plus/cc complete/jj dedication/nn to/in his/pp$ subject/nn and/cc to/in his/pp$ students/nns ./.
The/at local/jj decorator/nn who/wps rushes/vbz in/rp for/in a/at few/ap hours/nns of/in teaching/vbg may/md but/cc more/ql likely/rb may/md not/* have/hv these/dts qualifications/nns ./.


	Nor/cc will/md the/at hack/nn ,/, the/at Jack-of-all-trades/nn-tl ,/, still/rb found/vbn in/in some/dti of/in the/at smaller/jjr art/nn schools/nns ,/, suffice/vb ./.


	Only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb a/at middle/jj western/jj college/nn circulated/vbd a/at request/nn for/in a/at teacher/nn of/in interior/jj design/nn ./.
At/in the/at end/nn of/in its/pp$ letter/nn was/bedz the/at information/nn that/cs applicants/nns for/in this/dt position/nn ``/`` must/md also/rb be/be prepared/vbn to/to teach/vb costume/nn design/nn and/cc advertising/vbg art/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt kind/nn of/in irresponsibility/nn toward/in their/pp$ students/nns can/md scarcely/rb build/vb a/at strong/jj professional/jj attitude/nn in/in the/at future/jj designer/nn ./.


	We/ppss must/md build/vb a/at corps/nn of/in highly/ql professional/jj teachers/nns of/in interior/jj design/nn who/wps have/hv had/hvn education/nn ,/, experience/nn in/in the/at profession/nn and/cc are/ber willing/jj to/to take/vb on/rp the/at usual/jj accompaniments/nns of/in teaching/vbg --/-- minimal/jj income/nn and/cc minimal/jj status/nn among/in their/pp$ confreres/nns ./.


	Considerable/jj specialization/nn in/in teaching/vbg subjects/nns such/jj as/cs architecture/nn ,/, furniture/nn design/nn ,/, textiles/nns and/cc color/nn is/bez also/rb desirable/jj ./.


	In/in all/abn ``/`` degree/nn ''/'' courses/nns in/in interior/jj design/nn a/at number/nn of/in ``/`` academic/jj ''/'' or/cc ``/`` general/jj studies/nns ''/'' courses/nns are/ber included/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez only/rb fair/jj to/to demand/vb that/cs teachers/nns of/in courses/nns in/in English/np ,/, history/nn ,/, psychology/nn and/cc so/rb on/rp be/be as/ql well/ql informed/vbn in/in matters/nns of/in art/nn ,/, especially/rb interior/jj design/nn ,/, as/cs are/ber the/at art/nn teachers/nns educated/vbn in/in the/at academic/jj subjects/nns ./.
The/at proper/jj correlation/nn of/in the/at art/nn with/in the/at academic/nn can/md be/be achieved/vbn only/rb if/cs this/dt standard/nn is/bez observed/vbn ./.
The/at matter/nn of/in sympathy/nn of/in the/at academic/jj professors/nns for/in art/nn objectives/nns also/rb must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn ./.


	One/cd technical/jj question/nn of/in school/nn organization/nn comes/vbz to/in mind/nn here/rb ./.
For/in proper/jj accreditation/nn of/in schools/nns ,/, teachers/nns in/in any/dti course/nn must/md have/hv a/at degree/nn at/in least/ap one/cd level/nn above/in that/dt for/in which/wdt the/at student/nn is/bez a/at candidate/nn ./.
Since/cs there/ex are/ber almost/rb no/at schools/nns in/in the/at country/nn offering/vbg graduate/nn work/nn in/in interior/jj design/nn this/dt rule/nn cannot/md* at/in present/nn be/be observed/vbn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps has/hvz only/rb been/ben a/at matter/nn of/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns that/cs reputable/jj schools/nns of/in art/nn have/hv granted/vbn degrees/nns at/in all/abn ./.
The/at question/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, cannot/md* be/be ignored/vbn for/in long/rb ./.
The/at basic/jj problem/nn involved/vbn is/bez that/cs a/at college/nn setting/vbg up/rp a/at graduate/nn school/nn must/md have/hv an/at entirely/ql separate/jj faculty/nn for/in the/at advanced/vbn degree/nn ./.
Most/ap professors/nns in/in the/at course/nn must/md ,/, naturally/rb ,/, again/rb have/hv a/at higher/jjr degree/nn than/cs the/at course/nn offers/vbz ./.
One/cd solution/nn is/bez the/at aquisition/nn of/in degrees/nns in/in education/nn but/cc it/pps is/bez a/at poor/jj substitute/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at sort/nn of/in academic/jj ring-around-a-rosy/nn and/cc you/ppss solve/vb it/ppo ./.


	This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at question/nn of/in accreditation/nn of/in art/nn schools/nns in/in general/jj ./.
Only/rb the/at independent/jj art/nn schools/nns ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, those/dts not/* connected/vbn with/in any/dti university/nn or/cc college/nn ,/, receive/vb severe/jj and/cc separate/jj investigation/nn before/in accreditation/nn by/in the/at various/jj regional/jj organizations/nns ./.
It/pps has/hvz been/ben the/at custom/nn for/in most/ap universities/nns to/to stretch/vb the/at blanket/nn of/in accreditation/nn for/in their/pp$ liberal/jj arts/nns school/vb to/to cover/vb the/at shivering/vbg body/nn of/in their/pp$ fine/jj arts/nns department/nn ./.
This/dt ,/, plus/cc the/at habit/nn of/in many/ap schools/nns of/in simply/rb adding/vbg interior/jj design/nn to/in the/at many/ap subjects/nns of/in their/pp$ home/nr economics/nn department/nn ,/, yet/rb ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, claiming/vbg that/cs they/ppss teach/vb interior/jj design/nn ,/, has/hvz contributed/vbn to/in the/at low/jj repute/nn of/in many/ap university/nn courses/nns in/in interior/jj design/nn ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt ,/, many/ap universities/nns offer/vb adequate/jj and/cc even/rb distinguished/vbn courses/nns in/in the/at subject/nn ./.


	There/ex will/md be/be no/at mitigation/nn of/in these/dts offences/nns until/cs all/abn art/nn schools/nns ,/, whether/cs independent/jj or/cc attached/vbn to/in universities/nns have/hv separate/jj accreditation/nn --/-- as/cs do/do medical/jj schools/nns --/-- by/in an/at art/nn accreditation/nn group/nn such/jj as/cs the/at ``/`` National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Schools/nns-tl of/in-tl Art/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Independent/jj art/nn schools/nns granting/vbg degrees/nns must/md ,/, naturally/rb ,/, follow/vb this/dt with/in academic/jj accreditation/nn by/in the/at appropriate/jj regional/jj group/nn ./.




General/jj-hl 
How/wql long/rb has/hvz it/pps been/ben since/cs you/ppss reviewed/vbd the/at objectives/nns of/in your/pp$ benefit/nn and/cc service/nn program/nn ?/. ?/.
Have/hv you/ppss permitted/vbd it/ppo to/to become/vb a/at giveaway/nn program/nn rather/in than/in one/cd that/dt has/hvz the/at goal/nn of/in improved/vbn employee/nn morale/nn and/cc ,/, consequently/rb ,/, increased/vbn productivity/nn ?/. ?/.


	What/wdt effort/nn do/do you/ppss make/vb to/to assess/vb results/nns of/in your/pp$ program/nn ?/. ?/.
Do/do you/ppss measure/vb its/pp$ relation/nn to/in reduced/vbn absenteeism/nn ,/, turnover/nn ,/, accidents/nns ,/, and/cc grievances/nns ,/, and/cc to/in improved/vbn quality/nn and/cc output/nn ?/. ?/.


	Have/hv you/ppss set/vbn specific/jj objectives/nns for/in your/pp$ employee/nn publication/nn ?/. ?/.
Is/bez it/pps reaching/vbg these/dts goals/nns ?/. ?/.
Is/bez it/pps larger/jjr or/cc fancier/jjr than/cs you/ppss really/rb need/vb ?/. ?/.
Are/ber you/ppss using/vbg the/at most/ql economical/jj printing/vbg methods/nns ,/, paper/nn ,/, etc./rb ./.
Are/ber there/ex other/ap ,/, cheaper/jjr communications/nns techniques/nns that/wps could/md be/be substituted/vbn ?/. ?/.


	Has/hvz your/pp$ attitude/nn toward/in employee/nn benefits/nns encouraged/vbn an/at excess/nn of/in free/jj ``/`` government/nn ''/'' work/nn in/in your/pp$ plant/nn ?/. ?/.


	Is/bez your/pp$ purchasing/vbg agent/nn offering/vbg too/ql much/ap free-buying/jj service/nn for/in employees/nns ?/. ?/.


	When/wrb improvements/nns are/ber recommended/vbn in/in working/vbg conditions/nns --/-- such/jj as/cs lighting/vbg ,/, rest/nn rooms/nns ,/, eating/vbg facilities/nns ,/, air-conditioning/nn --/-- do/do you/ppss try/vb to/to set/vb a/at measure/nn of/in their/pp$ effectiveness/nn on/in productivity/nn ?/. ?/.


	When/wrb negotiating/vbg with/in your/pp$ union/nn ,/, do/do you/ppss make/vb sure/jj employees/nns have/hv a/at choice/nn between/in new/jj benefits/nns and/cc their/pp$ cents-per-hour/jj cost/nn in/in wages/nns ./.


	Can/md you/ppss consider/vb restricting/vbg any/dti additional/jj employee/nn benefits/nns to/in those/dts paid/vbn for/in by/in profit-sharing/jj money/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs was/bedz done/vbn in/in the/at union/nn contract/nn recently/rb signed/vbn by/in American/jj-tl Motors/nns-tl Corporation/nn-tl ?/. ?/.



Insurance/nn-hl 
Do/do your/pp$ employees/nns understand/vb all/abn the/at benefits/nns to/in which/wdt your/pp$ insurance/nn entitles/vbz them/ppo ?/. ?/.
Are/ber they/ppss encouraged/vbd to/to take/vb full/rb legal/jj advantage/nn of/in these/dts benefits/nns ?/. ?/.
Have/hv you/ppss publicized/vbn the/at cents-per-hour/jj value/nn of/in the/at company's/nn$ share/nn of/in insurance/nn premiums/nns ?/. ?/.


	When/wrb did/dod you/ppss last/rb compare/vb your/pp$ present/jj premium/nn costs/nns with/in the/at costs/nns of/in insurance/nn from/in other/ap sources/nns ?/. ?/.


	Can/md your/pp$ insurance/nn company/nn aid/vb you/ppo in/in reducing/vbg administrative/jj costs/nns ?/. ?/.


	Do/do you/ppss try/vb to/to maintain/vb the/at principle/nn of/in employee-contributed/jj (/( as/cs opposed/vbn to/in fully/rb company-paid/jj )/) programs/nns ?/. ?/.



Holidays/nns-hl ,/,-hl time/nn-hl off/rp-hl ,/,-hl overtime/nn-hl 
Do/do you/ppss protect/vb your/pp$ holiday/nn privileges/nns with/in an/at attendance/nn requirement/nn both/abx before/in and/cc after/in the/at holiday/nn ?/. ?/.


	Do/do you/ppss plan/vb to/to limit/vb additional/jj holidays/nns to/in area/nn and/or/cc industrial/jj patterns/nns ?/. ?/.


	Have/hv you/ppss investigated/vbn the/at possibility/nn of/in moving/vbg midweek/nn holidays/nns forward/rb to/in Monday/nr or/cc back/rb to/in Friday/nr in/in order/nn to/to have/hv an/at uninterrupted/jj work/nn week/nn ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss carefully/rb policing/vbg wash-up/nn time/nn and/cc rest/nn periods/nns to/to be/be certain/jj that/cs all/abn other/ap time/nn is/bez productive/jj ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss watching/vbg work/nn schedules/nns for/in boiler/nn operators/nns ,/, guards/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap 24-hour-day/nn ,/, 7-day-week/nn operations/nns in/in order/nn to/to minimize/vb overtime/nn ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss careful/jj to/to restrict/vb the/at number/nn of/in people/nns on/in leave/nn at/in one/cd time/nn so/cs that/cs your/pp$ total/nn employment/nn obligation/nn is/bez minimized/vbn ?/. ?/.



Plant/nn-hl feeding/vbg-hl facilities/nns-hl 
Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn using/vbg vending/vbg equipment/nn to/to replace/vb or/cc reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in cafeteria/nn employees/nns ?/. ?/.


	What/wdt are/ber the/at possibilities/nns for/in operating/vbg your/pp$ cafeteria/nn for/in a/at single/ap shift/nn only/rb and/cc relying/vbg upon/in vending/vbg machines/nns or/cc prepackaged/vbn sandwiches/nns for/in the/at second-/od and/cc third-shift/nn operations/nns ?/. ?/.


	Have/hv you/ppss checked/vbn the/at cost/nn of/in subcontracting/vbg your/pp$ cafeteria/nn operation/nn in/in order/nn to/to save/vb administrative/jj costs/nns ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber there/ex possibilities/nns of/in having/hvg cafeteria/nn help/nn work/vb part-time/rb on/in custodial/jj or/cc other/ap jobs/nns ?/. ?/.


	Can/md staggered/vbn lunch/nn periods/nns relieve/vb the/at capacity/nn strain/nn on/in your/pp$ feeding/vbg facilities/nns ?/. ?/.


	Would/md it/ppo be/be feasible/jj to/to limit/vb the/at menu/nn in/in order/nn to/to reduce/vb feeding/vbg costs/nns ?/. ?/.


	Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn gradual/jj withdrawal/nn of/in subsidies/nns to/in your/pp$ in-plant/jj feeding/vbg operation/nn ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss utilizing/vbg cafeteria/nn space/nn for/in company/nn meetings/nns or/cc discussions/nns ?/. ?/.



Recreation/nn-hl facilities/nns-hl 
Are/ber your/pp$ expenses/nns in/in this/dt area/nn commensurate/jj with/in the/at number/nn of/in employees/nns who/wps benefit/vb from/in your/pp$ program/nn ?/. ?/.


	Have/hv you/ppss audited/vbn your/pp$ program/nn recently/rb to/to weed/vb out/rp those/dts phases/nns that/wps draw/vb least/ap participation/nn ?/. ?/.


	Do/do employees/nns contribute/vb their/pp$ share/nn of/in money/nn to/in recreational/jj facilities/nns ?/. ?/.


	Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn delegating/vbg operational/jj responsibility/nn to/in your/pp$ employee/nn association/nn and/cc carefully/rb restricting/vbg your/pp$ plant's/nn$ financial/jj contribution/nn ?/. ?/.


	Could/md an/at employee's/nn$ garden/nn club/nn take/vb over/rp partial/jj care/nn of/in plant/nn grounds/nns ?/. ?/.
Would/md a/at camera/nn club/nn be/be useful/jj in/in taking/vbg pictures/nns pertinent/jj to/in plant/nn safety/nn ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss spending/vbg too/ql much/ap money/nn on/in team/nn uniforms/nns that/wps benefit/vb only/rb a/at few/ap employees/nns ?/. ?/.
Are/ber you/ppss underwriting/vbg expensive/jj team/nn trips/nns ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss utilizing/vbg vending/vbg machine/nn proceeds/nns to/to help/vb pay/vb for/in your/pp$ program/nn ?/. ?/.



Transportation/nn-hl and/cc-hl parking/vbg-hl 
Do/do you/ppss know/vb the/at trend/nn in/in your/pp$ cost/nn of/in maintaining/vbg access/nn roads/nns and/cc parking/vbg lots/nns ?/. ?/.


	If/cs you/ppss use/vb parking/vbg attendants/nns ,/, can/md they/ppss be/be replaced/vbn by/in automatic/jj parking/vbg gates/nns ?/. ?/.


	Will/md your/pp$ local/jj bus/nn company/nn erect/vb and/or/cc maintain/vb the/at bus/nn stops/nns at/in your/pp$ plant/nn ?/. ?/.


	If/cs you/ppss provide/vb inter-plant/jj transportation/nn ,/, can/md this/dt be/be replaced/vbn by/in available/jj public/jj transportation/nn ?/. ?/.
If/cs you/ppss use/vb company/nn transportation/nn to/to meet/vb trains/nns or/cc to/to haul/vb visitors/nns ,/, would/md taxis/nns be/be cheaper/jjr ?/. ?/.


	How/wql efficient/jj and/cc necessary/jj are/ber your/pp$ intra-company/jj vehicles/nns ?/. ?/.
Can/md they/ppss be/be re-scheduled/vbn ?/. ?/.
Can/md part-time/jj drivers/nns be/be assigned/vbn to/in other/ap productive/jj work/nn ?/. ?/.



Paid/vbn-hl vacations/nns-hl 
Which/wdt is/bez more/ql economical/jj for/in your/pp$ plant/nn --/-- a/at vacation/nn shutdown/nn or/cc spaced/vbn vacations/nns that/wps require/vb extra/jj employees/nns for/in vacation/nn fill-ins/nns ?/. ?/.


	Can/md vacations/nns be/be spaced/vbn throughout/in the/at 12/cd months/nns to/to minimize/vb the/at number/nn of/in employee/nn fill-ins/nns ?/. ?/.


	Do/do you/ppo insist/vb that/cs unneeded/jj salary/nn employees/nns take/vb their/pp$ vacations/nns during/in plant/nn shutdowns/nns ?/. ?/.


	What/wdt can/md your/pp$ sales/nns and/cc purchasing/vbg departments/nns do/do to/to curtail/vb orders/nns ,/, shipments/nns ,/, and/cc receipts/nns during/in vacation/nn shutdown/nn periods/nns ?/. ?/.



Retirement/nn-hl 
Is/bez an/at arbitrary/jj retirement/nn age/nn of/in 65/cd actually/rb costing/vbg your/pp$ plant/nn money/nn ?/. ?/.


	What/wdt sort/nn of/in effort/nn do/do you/ppss make/vb to/to assure/vb that/cs older/jjr or/cc disabled/vbn workers/nns are/ber fully/ql productive/jj ?/. ?/.
Would/md early/jj retirement/nn of/in non-productive/jj ,/, disabled/vbn employees/nns reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in make-work/jj jobs/nns ?/. ?/.


	Will/md your/pp$ union/nn accept/vb seniority/nn concessions/nns in/in assigning/vbg work/nn for/in older/jjr or/cc disabled/vbn employees/nns ?/. ?/.



Medical/jj-hl and/cc-hl health/nn-hl 
Can/md you/ppss share/vb medical/jj facilities/nns and/cc staff/nn with/in neighboring/vbg plants/nns ?/. ?/.


	If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at full-time/jj doctor/nn now/rb ,/, can/md he/pps be/be replaced/vbn with/in a/at part-time/jj doctor/nn or/cc one/cd who/wps serves/vbz on/in a/at fee-per-case/jj basis/nn only/rb ?/. ?/.


	Can/md your/pp$ plant/nn nurse/nn be/be replaced/vbn by/in a/at trained/vbn first-aid/nn man/nn who/wps works/vbz full-time/rb on/in some/dti other/ap assignment/nn ?/. ?/.


	Do/do you/ppss rigidly/rb distinguish/vb between/in job-/nn and/cc non-job-connected/jj health/nn problems/nns and/cc avoid/vb treating/vbg the/at latter/ap ?/. ?/.


	Are/ber you/ppss indiscriminantly/rb offering/vbg unnecessary/jj medical/jj services/nns --/-- flu/nn shots/nns ,/, sun/nn lamp/nn treatments/nns ,/, etc./rb ?/. ?/.


	If/cs you/ppss have/hv an/at annual/jj or/cc regular/jj physical/jj examination/nn program/nn ,/, is/bez it/pps worth/jj what/wdt it/pps is/bez costing/vbg you/ppo ?/. ?/.



A/at-hl program/nn-hl to/to-hl fit/vb-hl your/pp$-hl needs/nns-hl 
Consider/vb what/wdt you/ppss can/md afford/vb to/to spend/vb and/cc what/wdt your/pp$ goals/nns are/ber before/cs setting/vbg up/rp or/cc revamping/vbg your/pp$ employee/nn benefit/nn program/nn ./.
Too/ql many/ap plant/nn officials/nns are/ber all/ql too/ql eager/jj to/to buy/vb a/at package/nn program/nn from/in an/at insurance/nn company/nn simply/rb because/cs it/pps works/vbz for/in another/dt plant/nn ./.


	But/cc even/rb if/cs that/dt other/ap plant/nn employs/vbz the/at same/ap number/nn of/in workers/nns and/cc makes/vbz the/at same/ap product/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber other/ap facts/nns to/to consider/vb ./.
How/wql old/jj is/bez your/pp$ working/vbg force/nn ?/. ?/.
What's/wdt+bez your/pp$ profit/nn margin/nn ?/. ?/.
In/in what/wdt section/nn of/in the/at country/nn are/ber you/ppss located/vbn ?/. ?/.
Are/ber you/ppss in/in a/at rural/jj or/cc urban/jj area/nn ?/. ?/.
These/dts factors/nns can/md make/vb the/at difference/nn between/in waste/nn and/cc efficiency/nn in/in any/dti benefit/nn program/nn ./.


	Above/in all/abn ,/, don't/do* set/vb up/rp extravagant/jj fringe/nn benefits/nns just/rb to/to buy/vb employee/nn good/jj will/nn ./.
Unions/nns stress/vb fringe/nn benefits/nns ,/, but/cc the/at individual/jj hourly/jj worker/nn prefers/vbz cash/nn every/at time/nn ./.


	Aim/vb to/to balance/vb your/pp$ employee/nn benefit/nn package/nn ./.
Some/dti plants/nns go/vb overboard/rb on/in one/cd type/nn of/in fringe/nn --/-- say/vb a/at liberal/jj retirement/nn plan/nn --/-- and/cc find/vb themselves/ppls vulnerable/jj elsewhere/rb ./.
They're/ppss+ber asking/vbg for/in union/nn trouble/nn ./.



Communications/nns-hl 
If/cs you/ppss want/vb credit/nn for/in your/pp$ employee/nn services/nns program/nn ,/, let/vb your/pp$ workers/nns know/vb what/wdt they're/ppss+ber entitled/vbn to/in ./.
Encourage/vb them/ppo to/to exercise/vb their/pp$ benefits/nns ./.
This/dt can/md be/be done/vbn by/in stories/nns in/in your/pp$ house/nn organs/nns ,/, posters/nns ,/, special/jj publications/nns ,/, letters/nns to/in workers'/nns$ homes/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs by/in word/nn of/in mouth/nn through/in your/pp$ chain/nn of/in command/nn ./.


	Some/dti companies/nns find/vb a/at little/ap imagination/nn helpful/jj ./.
Hallmark/nn-tl Cards/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Mo./np-tl ,/, has/hvz a/at do-it-yourself/jj quiz/nn game/nn called/vbn ``/`` Benefit/nn-tl Bafflers/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt it/pps distributes/vbz to/in employees/nns ./.
M/nn &/cc R/nn Dietetic/jj-tl Laboratories/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Columbus/np ,/, gives/vbz all/abn its/pp$ workers/nns a/at facsimile/nn checkbook/nn --/-- each/dt check/nn showing/vbg the/at amount/nn the/at company/nn spends/vbz on/in a/at particular/jj fringe/nn ./.
U./np-tl S./np-tl Rubber/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, passes/vbz out/rp a/at form/nn itemizing/vbg the/at value/nn of/in benefits/nns ./.
The/at blue-collar/jj worker/nn thus/rb knows/vbz his/pp$ insurance/nn-hl package/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, costs/vbz $227.72/nns ./.



Insurance/nn 
Have/hv the/at insurance/nn company/nn or/cc your/pp$ own/jj accounting/vbg department/nn break/vb down/rp the/at cost/nn of/in your/pp$ insurance/nn package/nn periodically/rb ./.
You/ppss may/md find/vb certain/jj coverage/nn costing/vbg much/ql more/ap than/cs is/bez economically/rb feasible/jj ,/, thereby/rb alerting/vbg you/ppo to/in desirable/jj revisions/nns ./.


	Check/vb to/to see/vb if/cs some/dti of/in your/pp$ benefits/nns --/-- such/jj as/cs on-the-job/jj disability/nn pay/nn --/-- can/md be/be put/vbn on/in a/at direct/jj payment/nn rather/in than/in an/at insured/vbn basis/nn at/in a/at savings/nn to/in you/ppo ./.


	Use/vb deductable/jj insurance/nn wherever/wrb feasible/jj ./.
It/pps can/md put/vb an/at end/nn to/in marginal/jj claims/nns which/wdt play/vb havoc/nn with/in your/pp$ insurance/nn rates/nns ./.
Also/rb ,/, beware/vb of/in open-end/nn policies/nns ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at medical/jj field/nn ./.
This/dt will/md mean/vb that/cs every/at time/nn there's/ex+bez an/at increase/nn in/in hospital/nn rates/nns your/pp$ cost/nn will/md go/vb up/rp in/in like/jj manner/nn ./.
Put/vb a/at dollar-and-cents/jj limit/nn on/in benefits/nns ./.


	Don't/do* go/vb overboard/rb on/in insurance/nn that/wps pays/vbz benefits/nns only/rb upon/in death/nn ./.
Generally/rb ,/, your/pp$ employee/nn will/md greatly/rb appreciate/vb benefits/nns that/wps protect/vb him/ppo during/in his/pp$ working/vbg life/nn or/cc during/in retirement/nn ./.



Special/jj-hl time/nn-hl off/rp-hl 
In/in granting/vbg bereavement/nn leaves/nns ,/, specify/vb the/at maximum/jj time/nn off/rp and/cc list/vb what/wdt the/at worker's/nn$ relation/nn to/in the/at deceased/nn must/md be/be to/to qualify/vb ./.
Thus/rb ,/, you/ppss avoid/vb headaches/nns when/wrb an/at employee/nn wants/vbz off/rp for/in his/pp$ fourth/od cousin's/nn$ funeral/nn ./.
Also/rb ,/, reserve/vb the/at right/nn to/to demand/vb proof/nn of/in death/nn despite/in the/at fact/nn that/cs you'll/ppss+md probably/rb never/rb use/vb it/ppo ./.


	Coffee/nn breaks/nns can/md be/be a/at real/jj headache/nn if/cs not/* regulated/vbn ./.
Vending/vbg machines/nns can/md alleviate/vb the/at long/jj hike/nn to/in the/at cafeteria/nn during/in the/at break/nn with/in resulting/vbg waste/nn of/in production/nn time/nn ./.
If/cs coffee/nn is/bez sold/vbn at/in the/at cafeteria/nn ,/, let/vb a/at few/ap workers/nns in/in each/dt department/nn get/vb it/ppo for/in the/at whole/jj group/nn ./.
Consider/vb installing/vbg supplemental/jj serving/vbg lines/nns in/in production/nn areas/nns ./.
Make/vb sure/jj milk/nn for/in the/at coffee/nn is/bez placed/vbn in/in dispensers/nns rather/in than/in in/in containers/nns ,/, if/cs you/ppss are/ber supplying/vbg the/at coffee/nn ./.
Otherwise/rb ,/, you/ppss may/md be/be saddled/vbn with/in a/at good-size/jj milk/nn bill/nn by/in milk/nn drinkers/nns ./.



Retirement/nn-hl policies/nns-hl 
Keep/vb the/at retirement/nn age/nn flexible/jj so/cs skilled/jj craftsmen/nns such/jj as/cs tool/nn and/cc die/nn makers/nns can/md be/be kept/vbn on/in the/at job/nn for/in the/at convenience/nn of/in the/at company/nn ./.
And/cc so/cs deadheads/nns on/in the/at payroll/nn can/md be/be eased/vbn out/rp at/in the/at earliest/jjt possible/jj age/nn ./.
Make/vb sure/jj you/ppss have/hv minimum/jj age/nn and/cc time-on-the-job/nn requirements/nns tied/vbn into/in your/pp$ pension/nn plan/nn ./.
Younger/jjr men/nns usually/rb don't/do* think/vb of/in pensions/nns as/cs an/at important/jj job/nn benefit/nn factor/nn anyhow/rb and/cc they're/ppss+ber liable/jj to/to change/vb jobs/nns several/ap times/nns before/cs settling/vbg down/rp ./.


	Choose/vb carefully/rb between/in contributory/jj or/cc non-contributory/jj pension/nn plans/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber two/cd sides/nns of/in a/at coin/nn for/in this/dt decision/nn ./.
Workers/nns usually/rb think/vb more/ap of/in a/at plan/nn they/ppss contribute/vb to/in ./.
And/cc they/ppss can/md at/in least/ap collect/vb the/at money/nn they/ppss put/vb in/rp ,/, plus/cc interest/nn ,/, when/wrb they/ppss leave/vb the/at company/nn ./.
A/at non-contributory/jj plan/nn usually/rb won't/md* pay/vb off/rp for/in the/at worker/nn until/cs he/pps retires/vbz ./.
Thus/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at added/vbn incentive/nn to/to stay/vb on/in the/at job/nn ./.



Holidays/nns-hl 
Make/vb sure/jj you/ppss don't/do* pay/vb for/in holidays/nns that/wps occur/vb when/wrb an/at employee/nn would/md not/* otherwise/rb be/be working/vbg ./.
These/dts include/vb :/: leaves/nns of/in absences/nns ,/, illnesses/nns ,/, and/cc layoffs/nns ./.


	Consider/vb adopting/vbg a/at system/nn of/in holidays/nns in/in which/wdt time/nn off/rp is/bez granted/vbn with/in an/at eye/nn to/in minimum/jj inconvenience/nn to/in the/at operation/nn of/in the/at plant/nn ./.
It's/pps+bez usually/rb not/* too/ql hard/jj to/to sell/vb workers/nns on/in this/dt as/cs it/pps gives/vbz them/ppo longer/jjr holiday/nn periods/nns ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at Friday/nr after/in Thanksgiving/nn-tl can/md be/be substituted/vbn for/in Washington's/np$ birthday/nn ./.
This/dt reduces/vbz the/at number/nn of/in expensive/jj plant/nn shutdowns/nns and/cc startups/nns ./.


	Require/vb each/dt employee/nn to/to work/vb his/pp$ last/ap shift/nn both/abx before/in and/cc after/in the/at holiday/nn to/to be/be eligible/jj for/in pay/nn ./.
This/dt cuts/vbz the/at absentee/nn rate/nn ./.



Eating/vbg-hl facilities/nns-hl 
Consider/vb using/vbg vending/vbg machines/nns rather/in than/in subsidized/vbn cafeterias/nns ./.
Latest/jjt models/nns serve/vb hot/jj meals/nns at/in reasonable/jj prices/nns ,/, and/cc at/in a/at profit/nn to/in you/ppo ./.
If/cs a/at concessionaire/nn runs/vbz the/at cafeteria/nn ,/, keep/vb an/at eye/nn out/rp for/in quality/nn and/cc price/nn ./.
If/cs the/at soup/nn tastes/vbz like/cs dishwater/nn ,/, your/pp$ employees/nns won't/md* blame/vb the/at concessionaire/nn ./.
You'll/ppss+md take/vb the/at rap/nn ./.


	Check/vb your/pp$ cafeteria/nn location/nn to/to make/vb sure/jj it's/pps+bez convenient/jj for/in most/ap employees/nns ./.
You/ppss may/md save/vb valuable/jj production/nn minutes/nns with/in a/at change/nn ./.



Vacations/nns-hl 
Spread/vb your/pp$ vacation/nn period/nn over/in the/at widest/jjt possible/jj span/nn of/in time/nn or/cc shut/vb the/at plant/nn down/rp for/in two/cd weeks/nns ./.
This/dt will/nn cut/vb the/at expense/nn of/in vacation/nn replacements/nns ./.
And/cc with/in the/at shutdown/nn method/nn there/ex will/md be/be no/at argument/nn as/in to/in who/wps gets/vbz the/at choice/jj vacation/nn dates/nns ./.


	Also/rb make/vb sure/jj you/ppss have/hv reasonable/jj requirements/nns as/in to/in hours/nns worked/vbn before/cs a/at production/nn employee/nn is/bez entitled/vbn to/in a/at vacation/nn ./.
You/ppss might/md try/vb providing/vbg standard/jj vacation/nn time/nn off/rp but/cc make/vb the/at vacation/nn pay/nn depend/vb on/in the/at number/nn of/in hours/nns worked/vbn in/in the/at previous/jj year/nn ./.

The/at long/jj and/cc ever-increasing/jj column/nn of/in sportsmen/nns is/bez now/rb moving/vbg into/in a/at new/jj era/nn ./.
Modern/jj times/nns have/hv changed/vbn the/at world/nn beyond/in recognition/nn ./.
The/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn seem/vb very/ql far/rb away/rb ./.
But/cc with/in all/abn the/at changes/nns in/in philosophy/nn ,/, dress/nn and/cc terrain/nn --/-- a/at few/ap things/nns remain/vb constant/jj ,/, including/in the/at devotion/nn of/in Americans/nps to/in the/at great/jj field/nn sports/nns ,/, hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg ./.


	As/cs the/at generations/nns move/vb on/rp ,/, clothes/nns become/vb more/ql suitable/jj for/in the/at enjoyment/nn of/in outdoor/jj sports/nns ./.
Sporting/vbg firearms/nns change/vb ,/, markedly/rb for/in the/at better/jjr ./.
Just/rb as/cs modern/jj transportation/nn has/hvz outmoded/jj the/at early/jj Studebaker/np covered/vbd wagon/nn ,/, the/at demand/nn of/in today's/nr$ sportsmen/nns and/cc women/nns has/hvz necessitated/vbn changes/nns in/in their/pp$ equipment/nn ./.


	The/at American/jj firearms/nns and/cc ammunition/nn manufacturers/nns through/in diligent/jj research/nn and/cc technical/jj development/nn have/hv replaced/vbn the/at muzzle/nn loader/nn and/cc slow-firing/jj single-shot/nn arms/nns with/in modern/jj fast/jj firing/vbg auto-loaders/nns ,/, extremely/ql accurate/jj bolt/nn ,/, lever/nn ,/, and/cc slide/nn action/nn firearms/nns ./.
And/cc millions/nns of/in rounds/nns of/in entirely/ql new/jj and/cc modern/jj small-arms/nns ammunition/nn ,/, designed/vbn for/in today's/nr$ hunting/nn and/cc target/nn shooting/nn ./.


	And/cc due/rb to/in modern/jj resource-use/nn and/cc game/nn management/nn practices/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez still/rb game/nn to/to shoot/vb ,/, even/rb with/in the/at ever-expanding/jj encroachment/nn on/in land/nn and/cc water/nn ./.
Present/jj conservation/nn practices/nns regard/vb wildlife/nn ,/, not/* as/cs an/at expendable/jj natural/jj resource/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs an/at annual/jj harvest/nn to/to be/be sown/vbn and/cc also/rb reaped/vbn ./.
Unlimited/jj game/nn bags/nns are/ber possible/jj and/cc legal/jj in/in more/ap than/in 40/cd states/nns ,/, on/in shooting/vbg preserves/nns (/( one/cd of/in the/at newer/jjr phases/nns of/in modern/jj game-management/nn )/) for/in five/cd and/cc six/cd months/nns each/dt year/nn ./.


	Close/rb to/in two/cd million/cd game/nn birds/nns were/bed harvested/vbn on/in 1,500/cd commercial/jj and/cc private/jj shooting/vbg preserves/nns ,/, and/cc on/in State/nn-tl Game/nn-tl Commission-controlled/jj upland/jj game/nn areas/nns during/in the/at 1960-61/cd season/nn ./.
The/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn of/in the/at Sporting/vbg-tl Arms/nns-tl and/cc-tl Ammunition/nn-tl Manufacturers'/nns$-tl Institute/nn-tl has/hvz successfully/rb published/vbn these/dts facts/nns in/in all/abn major/jj outdoor/jj magazines/nns ,/, many/ap national/jj weeklies/nns and/cc the/at trade/nn papers/nns ./.


	The/at most/ql effective/jj way/nn to/to develop/vb more/ap places/nns for/in more/ap sportsmen/nns to/in shoot/nn is/bez to/to encourage/vb properly/rb managed/vbn shooting/vbg preserves/nns ./.
This/dt has/hvz been/ben the/at aim/nn of/in the/at director/nn of/in the/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl staff/nn of/in the/at Sportsmen's/nns$-tl Service/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at SAAMI/nn shooting/vbg preserve/nn field/nn consultants/nns since/in the/at start/nn of/in the/at program/nn in/in 1954/cd ./.


	Following/vbg the/at kick-off/nn of/in SAAMI's/nn shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn in/in 1954/cd ,/, a/at most/ql interesting/jj meeting/nn took/vbd place/nn in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./.
The/at group/nn known/vbn as/cs the/at American/jj-tl Association/nn-tl for/in-tl Health/nn-tl ,/, ,/, Physical/jj-tl Education/nn-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Recreation/nn-tl (/( a/at division/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Education/nn-tl Association/nn-tl )/) initiated/vbd a/at conference/nn which/wdt brought/vbd together/rb representatives/nns of/in the/at National/jj-tl Rifle/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, SAAMI/nn and/cc the/at American/jj-tl Fishing/nn-tl Tackle/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl ./.
This/dt meeting/nn was/bedz called/vbn to/to determine/vb how/wrb these/dts groups/nns might/md cooperate/vb to/to launch/vb what/wdt is/bez known/vbn as/cs the/at Outdoor/jj-tl Education/nn-tl Project/nn-tl ./.


	The/at Outdoor/jj-tl Education/nn-tl Project/nn-tl took/vbd cognizance/nn of/in the/at fact/nn ,/, so/ql often/rb overlooked/vbn ,/, that/cs athletic/jj activities/nns stressed/vbn in/in most/ap school/nn programs/nns have/hv little/ap or/cc no/at relationship/nn to/in the/at physical/jj and/cc mental/jj needs/nns and/cc interests/nns of/in later/jjr life/nn ./.
The/at various/jj team/nn sports/nns assuredly/rb have/hv their/pp$ place/nn in/in every/at school/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss are/ber important/jj to/in proper/jj physical/jj development/nn ./.
But/cc with/in the/at exception/nn of/in professional/jj athletes/nns ,/, few/ap contact/nn sports/nns and/cc physical/jj education/nn activities/nns in/in our/pp$ schools/nns have/hv any/dti carryover/nn in/in the/at adult/nn life/nn of/in the/at average/nn American/jj man/nn or/cc woman/nn ./.


	Following/vbg a/at vigorous/jj campaign/nn of/in interpretation/nn and/cc leadership/nn development/nn by/in OEP/nn director/nn Dr./nn-tl Julian/np Smith/np ,/, today/nr thousands/nns of/in secondary/jj schools/nns ,/, colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns have/hv shooting/vbg and/cc hunting/vbg education/nn in/in their/pp$ physical/jj education/nn and/cc recreation/nn programs/nns ./.
SAAMI's/np$ financial/jj support/nn since/in 1955/cd has/hvz contributed/vbn to/in the/at success/nn of/in this/dt project/nn in/in education/nn ./.
Personnel/nns assigned/vbn through/in the/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn have/hv proudly/rb participated/vbn in/in over/rp 53/cd state/nn and/cc regional/jj workshops/nns ,/, at/in which/wdt hundreds/nns of/in school/nn administrators/nns ,/, teachers/nns ,/, professors/nns ,/, and/cc recreational/jj leaders/nns have/hv been/ben introduced/vbn to/in Outdoor/jj-tl Education/nn-tl ./.
Considering/in that/cs the/at current/jj school-age/nn potential/nn is/bez 23/cd million/cd youths/nns ,/, the/at project/nn and/cc its/pp$ message/nn on/in hunting/vbg and/cc shooting/vbg education/nn have/hv many/ql more/ap to/to reach/vb ./.


	In/in 1959/cd SAAMI's/nn shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn announced/vbd a/at new/jj activity/nn designed/vbn to/to expose/vb thousands/nns of/in teen-age/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns to/in the/at healthy/jj fun/nn enjoyed/vbn through/in the/at participation/nn in/in the/at shooting/vbg sports/nns ./.
This/dt program/nn is/bez now/rb nationally/rb known/vbn as/cs ``/`` Teen/nn-tl Hunter/nn-tl Clubs/nns-tl ''/'' ./.


	Teen/nn-tl Hunter/nn-tl Clubs/nns-tl were/bed initially/rb sponsored/vbn by/in affiliated/vbn members/nns of/in the/at Allied/vbn-tl Merchandising/vbg-tl Corporation/nn-tl ./.
The/at first/od program/nn was/bedz sponsored/vbn by/in Abraham/np-tl &/cc-tl Strauss/np-tl ,/, Hempstead/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, under/in the/at direction/nn of/in Special/jj-tl Events/nns-tl director/nn Jennings/np Dennis/np ./.
Other/ap pilot/nn programs/nns were/bed conducted/vbn by/in A/nn &/cc S/nn ,/, Babylon/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ;/. ;/.
J./np L./np Hudson/np ,/, Detroit/np ;/. ;/.
Joseph/np Horne/np ,/, Pittsburgh/np ./.


	Other/ap THC/nn activities/nns followed/vbd ,/, conducted/vbn by/in shopping/vbg centers/nns ,/, department/nn stores/nns ,/, recreation/nn equipment/nn dealers/nns ,/, radio-TV/nn stations/nns ,/, newspapers/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap organizations/nns interested/vbn in/in the/at need/nn existing/vbg to/to acquaint/vb youngsters/nns with/in the/at proper/jj use/nn of/in sporting/vbg firearms/nns and/cc the/at development/nn of/in correct/jj attitudes/nns and/cc appreciations/nns related/vbn to/in hunting/vbg and/cc wise/jj use/nn of/in our/pp$ natural/jj resources/nns ./.
SAAMI's/np$ field/nn men/nns have/hv served/vbn as/cs consultants/nns and/or/cc have/hv participated/vbn in/in 75/cd Teen/nn-tl Hunter/nn-tl Club/nn-tl activities/nns which/wdt have/hv reached/vbn over/rp 40,000/cd enthusiastic/jj young/jj Americans/nps ./.


	Through/in the/at efforts/nns of/in SAAMI's/nn shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn these/dts shooting/vbg activities/nns ,/, and/cc many/ap others/nns ,/, including/in assists/nns in/in the/at development/nn of/in public/jj and/cc privately/rb financed/vbn shooting/vbg parks/nns ,/, trap/nn and/cc skeet/nn leagues/nns ,/, rifle/nn and/cc pistol/nn marksmanship/nn programs/nns have/hv been/ben promoted/vbn ,/, to/to mention/vb only/rb a/at few/ap ./.


	The/at continuation/nn and/cc expansion/nn of/in the/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn will/md assure/vb to/in some/dti degree/nn that/cs national/jj and/cc community/nn leaders/nns will/md be/be made/vbn aware/jj of/in the/at ever-growing/jj need/nn for/in shooting/vbg facilities/nns and/cc activities/nns for/in hunting/vbg and/cc shooting/vbg in/in answer/nn to/in public/jj demand/nn ./.
While/cs individual/jj sportsmen/nns are/ber aware/jj of/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, too/ql many/ap of/in our/pp$ political/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, educational/jj and/cc even/rb religious/jj leaders/nns too/ql often/rb forget/vb it/ppo ./.
Help/nn is/bez needed/vbn from/in dealers/nns ,/, at/in the/at grass-roots/nns level/nn ./.


	The/at American/jj gun/nn and/cc ammunition/nn producers/nns sponsor/vb a/at successful/jj promotional/jj program/nn through/in their/pp$ industry/nn trade/nn association/nn ./.
Since/in SAAMI's/nn conception/nn in/in 1926/cd ,/, and/cc more/ql specifically/rb since/in the/at adoption/nn of/in the/at Shooting/nn-tl Development/nn-tl Program/nn-tl in/in 1954/cd ,/, millions/nns of/in dollars/nns and/cc promotional/jj man-hours/nns have/hv gone/vbn into/in the/at development/nn of/in more/ap places/nns to/to shoot/vb for/in more/ap youths/nns and/cc adults/nns ./.
We/ppss trust/vb that/cs you/ppss ,/, as/cs a/at gun/nn and/cc ammunition/nn dealer/nn ,/, have/hv benefited/vbn through/in additional/jj sales/nns of/in equipment/nn ./.


	Are/ber you/ppss getting/vbg top/jjs dollar/nn from/in the/at shooting/vbg sports/nns ?/. ?/.
Are/ber you/ppss looking/vbg ahead/rb to/in the/at exploding/vbg market/nn of/in millions/nns of/in American/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns ,/, who/wps will/md grow/vb up/rp to/to enjoy/vb a/at traditional/jj American/jj way/nn of/in life/nn --/-- ranging/vbg the/at fields/nns with/in a/at fine/jj American/jj gun/nn and/cc uniformly/rb excellent/jj ammunition/nn ?/. ?/.


	Is/bez your/pp$ sporting/vbg firearms/nns and/cc ammunition/nn department/nn primed/vbn for/in the/at expanding/vbg horizons/nns ?/. ?/.


	Would/md you/ppss like/vb to/to organize/vb Teen/nn-tl Hunters/nns-tl Clubs/nns-tl ,/, shooting/vbg programs/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv information/nn on/in seasons/nns including/in six/cd months/nns of/in hunting/vbg with/in unlimited/jj game/nn bags/nns on/in shooting/vbg preserves/nns ?/. ?/.
Ask/vb Sammy/np Shooter/np ./.
We/ppss were/bed camping/vbg a/at few/ap weeks/nns ago/rb on/in Cape/nn-tl Hatteras/np-tl Campground/nn-tl in/in that/dt land/nn of/in pirates/nns ,/, seagulls/nns and/cc bluefish/nns on/in North/jj-tl Carolina's/np$ famed/jj Outer/jj-tl Banks/nns-tl ./.
This/dt beach/nn campground/nn with/in no/at trees/nns or/cc hills/nns presents/vbz a/at constant/jj camping/vbg show/nn with/in all/abn manner/nn of/in equipment/nn in/in actual/jj use/nn ./.


	With/in the/at whole/jj camp/nn exposed/vbn to/in view/nn we/ppss could/md see/vb the/at variety/nn of/in canvas/nn shelters/nns in/in which/wdt Americans/nps are/ber camping/vbg now/rb ./.
There/ex were/bed umbrella/nn tents/nns ,/, wall/nn tents/nns ,/, cottage/nn tents/nns ,/, station/nn wagon/nn tents/nns ,/, pup/nn tents/nns ,/, Pop/vb-tl tents/nns ,/, Baker/np tents/nns ,/, tents/nns with/in exterior/jj frames/nns ,/, camper/nn trailers/nns ,/, travel/nn trailers/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb a/at few/ap surplus/nn parachutes/nns serving/vbg as/cs sunshades/nns over/in entire/jj family/nn camps/nns ./.


	Moving/vbg around/in camp/nn we/ppss saw/vbd all/abn kinds/nns of/in camp/nn stoves/nns ,/, lanterns/nns ,/, coolers/nns ,/, bedding/nn ,/, games/nns ,/, fishing/vbg tackle/nn ,/, windbreaks/nns and/cc sunshades/nns ./.
We/ppss saw/vbd similar/jj displays/nns in/in the/at other/ap three/cd campgrounds/nns in/in this/dt 70-mile-long/jj National/jj-tl Seashore/nn-tl Recreation/nn-tl Area/nn-tl ./.
Dealers/nns would/md do/do well/rb to/to visit/vb such/abl a/at campground/nn often/rb ,/, look/vb at/in the/at equipment/nn and/cc talk/vb with/in the/at campers/nns ./.
Here/rb you/ppss begin/vb to/to appreciate/vb the/at scope/nn of/in the/at challenges/nns and/cc possibilities/nns facing/vbg the/at industry/nn ./.


	Camping/vbg is/bez big/jj and/cc getting/vbg bigger/jjr ./.
No/at one/pn knows/vbz where/wrb it/pps will/md stop/vb ./.
Almost/rb every/at official/nn who/wps reflects/vbz on/in it/ppo thinks/vbz this/dt movement/nn of/in Americans/nps to/in canvas/nn dwellings/nns opens/vbz one/cd of/in the/at most/ql promising/jj of/in all/abn outdoor/jj markets/nns ./.
You/ppss read/vbd various/jj guesses/nns on/in how/wql many/ap Americans/nps are/ber camping/vbg ./.
The/at number/nn depends/vbz on/in who/wps is/bez talking/vbg at/in the/at moment/nn ./.
The/at figures/nns range/vb as/ql high/jj as/cs 15/cd million/cd families/nns ./.
I've/ppss+hv heard/vbn 10/cd million/cd mentioned/vbn often/rb ,/, but/cc I'm/ppss+bem more/ql inclined/vbn to/to think/vb there/ex may/md be/be a/at total/nn of/in some/rb five/cd to/in seven/cd million/cd families/nns camping/vbg ./.
Seven/cd million/cd families/nns would/md total/vb 30/cd million/cd Americans/nps or/cc more/ap ./.
Consider/vb the/at equipment/nn needed/vbn to/to protect/vb this/dt many/ap from/in the/at weather/nn ,/, to/to make/vb their/pp$ cooking/nn easy/jj and/cc their/pp$ sleeping/nn comfortable/jj ./.



More/ap-hl campers/nns-hl than/cs-hl campsites/nns-hl 
Harassed/vbn state/nn park/nn officials/nns often/rb have/hv more/ap campers/nns than/cs they/ppss know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do with/in ./.
They/ppss are/ber struggling/vbg to/to meet/vb the/at demand/nn for/in camping/vbg space/nn ,/, but/cc families/nns are/ber being/beg turned/vbn away/rb ,/, especially/rb on/in holiday/nn weekends/nns ./.
The/at National/jj-tl Parks/nns-tl ,/, always/rb popular/jj camping/vbg places/nns ,/, are/ber facing/vbg the/at same/ap pressure/nn ./.
The/at National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl Service/nn-tl hopes/vbz by/in 1966/cd to/to have/hv 30,000/cd campsites/nns available/jj for/in 100,000/cd campers/nns a/at day/nn --/-- almost/rb twice/rb what/wdt there/ex are/ber at/in present/nn ./.
The/at U.S./np-tl Forest/nn-tl Service/nn-tl cares/vbz for/in hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in campers/nns in/in its/pp$ 149/cd National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc is/bez increasing/vbg its/pp$ facilities/nns steadily/rb ./.


	But/cc the/at campers/nns still/rb come/vb ./.
They/ppss bring/vb their/pp$ families/nns and/cc tents/nns and/cc camp/nn kitchens/nns and/cc bedding/nn ./.
They/ppss bring/vb their/pp$ fishing/vbg rods/nns and/cc binoculars/nns and/cc bathing/vbg suits/nns ./.
They/ppss come/vb prepared/vbn for/in family/nn fun/nn because/cs Americans/nps in/in ever-growing/jj numbers/nns are/ber learning/vbg that/cs here/rb is/bez the/at way/nn to/in a/at fine/jj economical/jj vacation/nn that/wps becomes/vbz a/at family/nn experience/nn of/in lasting/vbg importance/nn ./.



Why/wrb-hl they/ppss-hl keep/vb-hl coming/vbg-hl 
There/ex are/ber a/at half/abn dozen/nn reasons/nns helping/vbg to/to account/vb for/in the/at migration/nn to/in the/at campgrounds/nns ./.
Among/in them/ppo ,/, according/in to/in the/at U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, are/ber :/: (/( 1/cd )/) shorter/jjr work/nn weeks/nns ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) higher/jjr pay/nn ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) longer/jjr paid/vbn vacations/nns ,/, (/( 4/cd )/) better/jjr transportation/nn ,/, (/( 5/cd )/) earlier/jjr retirement/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 6/cd )/) more/ap education/nn ./.
The/at more/ap people/nns learn/vb about/in their/pp$ country/nn ,/, the/at more/ap they/ppss want/vb to/to learn/vb ./.
Camping/vbg is/bez family/nn fun/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez helping/vbg more/ap Americans/nps see/vb more/ap of/in the/at country/nn than/cs they/ppss ever/rb saw/vbd before/rb ./.


	But/cc make/vb no/at mistake/nn about/in it/ppo ,/, the/at first/od reason/nn people/nns turn/vb to/in camping/vbg is/bez one/cd of/in economy/nn ./.
Here/rb is/bez the/at promise/nn of/in a/at vacation/nn trip/nn they/ppss can/md afford/vb ./.


	The/at American/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, computing/vbg the/at cost/nn for/in two/cd people/nns to/to vacation/vb by/in automobile/nn ,/, comes/vbz up/rp with/in an/at average/nn daily/jj expenditure/nn figure/nn of/in $29/nns ./.
The/at AAA/nn then/rb splits/vbz it/ppo down/rp this/dt way/nn :/: $10.50/nns for/in meals/nns ,/, $9.50/nns for/in lodging/vbg ,/, $7/nns for/in gas/nn and/cc oil/nn ,/, and/cc $2/nns for/in tips/nns and/cc miscellaneous/jj ./.


	What/wdt does/doz the/at camping/vbg couple/nn do/do to/in this/dt set/nn of/in figures/nns ?/. ?/.
The/at $9.50/nns for/in lodging/vbg they/ppss save/vb ./.
Because/cs they/ppss prepare/vb their/pp$ own/jj meals/nns they/ppss also/rb keep/vb in/in their/pp$ pockets/nns a/at good/jj portion/nn of/in that/dt $10.50/nns food/nn bill/nn along/rb with/in most/ap of/in the/at tip/nn money/nn ./.
The/at automobile/nn expenses/nns are/ber about/rb the/at only/ap vacationing/vbg cost/nn they/ppss can't/md* either/cc eliminate/vb or/cc pare/vb down/rp drastically/rb by/in camping/vbg along/in the/at way/nn ./.


	Where/wrb Americans/nps used/vbd to/to think/vb of/in a/at single/ap vacation/nn each/dt summer/nn ,/, they/ppss now/rb think/vb about/in how/wql many/ap vacations/nns they/ppss can/md have/hv ./.
Long/jj weekends/nns enable/vb many/ap to/to get/vb away/rb from/in home/nn for/in three/cd or/cc four/cd days/nns several/ap times/nns a/at year/nn ./.
And/cc even/rb if/cs they/ppss stay/vb in/in resorts/nns part/vb of/in the/at time/nn ,/, they/ppss might/md ,/, if/cs the/at right/jj salesman/nn gets/vbz them/ppo in/in tow/nn ,/, develop/vb a/at yearning/nn to/to spice/vb the/at usual/jj vacation/nn fare/nn with/in a/at camping/vbg trip/nn into/in the/at wide/jj open/jj spaces/nns ./.


	It/pps would/md be/be a/at mistake/nn to/to sell/vb those/dts thousands/nns of/in beginning/vbg campers/nns on/in the/at idea/nn they're/ppss+ber buying/vbg the/at comforts/nns of/in home/nn ./.
They're/ppss+ber not/* ./.
Home/nn is/bez the/at place/nn to/to find/vb the/at comforts/nns of/in home/nn ./.
They're/ppss+ber buying/vbg fun/nn and/cc adventure/nn and/cc family/nn experiences/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps would/md also/rb be/be a/at mistake/nn for/in them/ppo not/* to/to realize/vb how/wql comfortable/jj camping/vbg has/hvz become/vbn ./.
This/dt is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at way/nn of/in life/nn for/in the/at bearded/vbn logger/nn and/cc the/at wandering/vbg cowboy/nn ./.
Today's/nr$ campers/nns want/vb comforts/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss have/hv them/ppo ./.
And/cc this/dt helps/nns explain/vb why/wrb so/ql many/ap people/nns are/ber now/rb going/vbg camping/vbg ./.
It's/pps+bez fun/nn ,/, and/cc it's/pps+bez easy/jj --/-- so/ql easy/jj that/cs there/ex is/bez time/nn left/vbn after/cs cooking/vbg ,/, and/cc tent/nn keeping/nn ,/, for/in the/at women/nns to/to get/vb out/rp and/cc enjoy/vb outdoor/jj fun/nn with/in their/pp$ families/nns ./.


	Camp/nn meals/nns are/ber no/at great/jj problem/nn ./.
Neither/cc are/ber beds/nns ,/, thanks/nns to/in air/nn mattresses/nns and/cc sleeping/vbg bags/nns ./.
Neither/cc are/ber shelters/nns ,/, because/cs there/ex is/bez one/cd to/to meet/vb the/at needs/nns of/in every/at camper/nn or/cc prospective/jj camper/nn ./.


	But/cc there/ex is/bez still/rb the/at sometimes/rb complex/jj problem/nn of/in helping/vbg campers/nns choose/vb the/at best/jjt equipment/nn for/in their/pp$ individual/jj needs/nns ./.

Throughout/in history/nn ,/, the/at man/nn who/wps showed/vbd superior/jj performance/nn has/hvz become/vbn the/at commander/nn of/in others/nns --/-- for/in good/nn or/cc bad/nn ./.
Since/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb factories/nns emerged/vbd ,/, this/dt classical/jj pattern/nn has/hvz been/ben followed/vbn ./.
Until/in recently/rb ./.


	There/ex have/hv always/rb been/ben tales/nns of/in disillusionment/nn --/-- the/at competent/jj technician/nn who/wps became/vbd an/at administrator/nn ,/, willingly/rb or/cc not/* ,/, and/cc found/vbd he/pps didn't/dod* like/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/.
the/at scientist/nn who/wps rebelled/vbd against/in the/at personnel/nns and/cc paper/nn work/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc much/ql more/ql commonly/rb in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, the/at engineer/nn who/wps found/vbd that/cs other/ap duties/nns interfered/vbd with/in --/-- or/cc eliminated/vbd --/-- his/pp$ engineering/vbg contributions/nns ./.
There/ex have/hv been/ben many/ap extremely/ql competent/jj men/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben converted/vbn into/in very/ql incompetent/jj managers/nns or/cc submerged/vbn in/in paper/nn work/nn ,/, to/in their/pp$ own/jj and/cc the/at public's/nn$ dissatisfaction/nn and/cc loss/nn ./.


	This/dt has/hvz been/ben more/ql evident/jj since/cs our/pp$ products/nns have/hv incorporated/vbn astronomically/ql increased/vbn technology/nn ./.
The/at remedies/nns have/hv been/ben many/ap and/cc varied/vbn --/-- attempts/nns to/to teach/vb management/nn techniques/nns --/-- either/cc in/in plant/nn ,/, at/in special/jj schools/nns ,/, or/cc in/in university/nn ``/`` crash/jj ''/'' courses/nns --/-- provision/nn of/in management-trained/jj assistants/nns or/cc associates/nns ./.
But/cc the/at realization/nn has/hvz been/ben growing/vbg that/cs these/dts are/ber not/* the/at complete/jj answer/nn ./.
Some/dti men/nns have/hv no/at talent/nn for/in or/cc interest/nn in/in management/nn ;/. ;/.
forcing/vbg them/ppo into/in management/nn can/md only/rb create/vb trouble/nn ./.
The/at old/jj shop/nn adage/nn still/rb holds/vbz :/: ``/`` A/at good/jj mechanic/nn is/bez usually/rb a/at bad/jj boss/nn ''/'' ./.


	Yet/cc our/pp$ economy/nn clings/vbz inexorably/rb to/in recognition/nn of/in managerial/jj status/nn as/cs the/at gage/nn of/in success/nn ./.
Labor/nn fights/vbz to/to change/vb its/pp$ collar/nn from/in blue/jj to/in white/jj ./.
All/abn grades/nns of/in management/nn seek/vb more/ql resounding/jj titles/nns and/cc incomes/nns because/rb of/in social/jj pressures/nns ./.
As/cs several/ap recent/jj books/nns have/hv over-emphasized/vbn ,/, we/ppss have/hv become/vbn the/at most/ql status-conscious/jj nation/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.


	What/wdt can/md be/be done/vbn for/in the/at ``/`` individual/jj contributor/nn ''/'' who/wps is/bez extremely/ql important/jj --/-- and/cc likely/jj to/to be/be more/ql so/rb --/-- in/in the/at operation/nn of/in the/at technically/rb oriented/vbn company/nn ?/. ?/.
He/pps is/bez usually/rb conscious/jj of/in the/at social/jj pressures/nns at/in home/nn and/cc outside/rb ;/. ;/.
usually/rb concerned/vbn about/in America's/np$ belief/nn that/dt attainment/nn and/cc success/nn are/ber measured/vbn in/in dollars/nns and/cc titles/nns ./.
Yet/cc titles/nns are/ber traditionally/rb given/vbn only/rb to/in management/nn men/nns ,/, and/cc income/nn tends/vbz to/to rise/vb with/in title/nn ./.


	Even/rb the/at college/nn professor/nn in/in America/np has/hvz been/ben affected/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez ,/, as/cs one/cd engineer/nn says/vbz ,/, ``/`` indeed/rb a/at difficult/jj thing/nn for/in the/at engineer/nn to/to accept/vb that/cs he/pps can/md go/vb as/ql far/rb on/in his/pp$ technical/jj merit/nn as/cs he/pps could/md employing/vbg managerial/jj skills/nns ./.
This/dt difficulty/nn arises/vbz even/rb though/cs we/ppss can/md give/vb examples/nns of/in men/nns who/wps have/hv actually/rb followed/vbn this/dt course/nn ./.
This/dt leads/vbz one/pn to/to conclude/vb ,/, as/cs you/ppss have/hv ,/, that/cs there/ex is/bez inevitably/rb more/ap prestige/nn in/in a/at management/nn position/nn in/in the/at minds/nns of/in our/pp$ people/nns ''/'' ./.


	Nobody/pn should/md be/be more/ql able/jj to/to answer/vb the/at questions/nns on/in this/dt score/nn than/cs engineering/vbg vice-presidents/nns and/cc chief/jjs engineers/nns ./.
So/rb we/ppss asked/vbd such/jj men/nns in/in major/jj companies/nns in/in the/at design/nn field/nn to/to offer/vb their/pp$ opinions/nns on/in the/at ``/`` dual-road-up/jj ''/'' problem/nn --/-- and/cc more/ql importantly/rb --/-- their/pp$ solutions/nns ./.
In/in the/at paragraphs/nns that/wps follow/vb ,/, we/ppss quote/vb from/in 32/cd men/nns who/wps are/ber identified/vbn on/in the/at final/jj page/nn ./.



First/rb-hl :/:-hl what/wdt-hl title/nn-hl ,/,-hl what/wdt-hl setup/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Among/in the/at more/ql familiar/jj plans/nns for/in dual-channel/jj advancement/nn is/bez that/dt of/in General/nn-tl Electric/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* a/at mutually/ql exclusive/jj plan/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez no/at one/cd point/nn in/in a/at man's/nn$ career/nn at/in which/wdt he/pps must/md select/vb either/cc the/at technical/jj or/cc the/at managerial/jj path/nn upward/rb ./.
Further/rbr ,/, the/at management/nn path/nn does/doz not/* open/vb the/at door/nn to/in higher/jjr opportunities/nns than/cs are/ber offered/vbn by/in the/at more/ql technical/jj path/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez common/jj to/to shift/vb back/rb and/cc forth/rb ,/, working/vbg up/rp through/in a/at number/nn of/in supervisory/jj and/cc individual-contributor/jj positions/nns ./.


	Actually/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in individual-contributor/jj positions/nns in/in both/abx operating/vbg departments/nns and/cc in/in the/at company-wide/jj ``/`` services/nns ''/'' operation/nn that/wps are/ber filled/vbn by/in men/nns with/in successful/jj managerial/jj experience/nn who/wps are/ber currently/rb broadening/vbg their/pp$ capabilities/nns ./.


	Also/rb ,/, moving/vbg into/in a/at managerial/jj position/nn does/doz not/* necessarily/rb end/vb a/at man's/nn$ recognition/nn as/cs a/at technical/jj expert/nn ./.
As/cs examples/nns at/in GE/nn :/: Glen/np B./np Warren/np ,/, formerly/rb manager/nn of/in the/at Turbine/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, widely/rb recognized/vbn as/cs a/at turbine/nn designer/nn ./.
The/at late/jj W./np R./np G./np Baker/np ,/, a/at pioneer/nn in/in television/nn design/nn and/cc long-time/nn vp/nn &/cc gm/nn of/in the/at Electronics/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, by/in his/pp$ own/jj choice/nn ,/, an/at individual/jj consultant/nn ./.
Harold/np E./np Strang/np ,/, expert/nn in/in switchgear/nn design/nn ,/, for/in a/at long/jj period/nn vp/nn &/cc gm/nn of/in the/at Measurements/nns-tl &/cc-tl Industrial/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, and/cc who/wps currently/rb ,/, approaching/vbg retirement/nn ,/, is/bez vice-president/nn and/cc consulting/vbg engineer/nn in/in the/at Switchgear/nn-tl &/cc-tl Control/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ./.


	In/in the/at GE/nn plan/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in individual/jj contributors/nns have/hv positions/nns and/cc compensation/nn higher/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in many/ap managers/nns ./.
These/dts positions/nns carry/vb such/jj titles/nns as/cs :/: 

	Consultant/nn-tl ,/, Advanced/jj-tl Development/nn-tl 

	Consulting/vbg-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, 

	Consulting/vbg-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, Heat/nn-tl Transfer/nn-tl 

	Consulting/vbg-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, 

	Senior/jj-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, 

	Senior/jj-tl Physicist/nn-tl ./.


	Westinghouse/np has/hvz a/at similar/jj system/nn ,/, with/in two/cd classifications/nns representing/vbg various/jj levels/nns of/in competence/nn on/in the/at strictly/ql technical/jj side/nn :/: consulting/vbg engineer/nn or/cc scientist/nn ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, and/cc advisory/jj engineer/nn or/cc scientist/nn ./.
Many/ap companies/nns have/hv systems/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in R/nn &/cc D/nn ,/, which/wdt work/vb more/ql or/cc less/ql well/rb ,/, depending/in upon/in size/nn and/cc actual/jj belief/nn in/in the/at policy/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in administration/nn ,/, as/cs will/md be/be abundantly/ql apparent/jj in/in subsequent/jj quotations/nns ./.


	Another/dt factor/nn that/wps may/md hold/vb hope/nn is/bez for/in parallel/nn recognition/nn is/bez ,/, as/cs one/cd man/nn says/vbz it/ppo :/: ``/`` that/cs the/at fad/nn for/in educating/vbg top/jjs people/nns along/in managerial/jj lines/nns is/bez yielding/vbg to/in the/at technically/rb trained/vbn approach/nn ''/'' ./.
Senior/jj-hl staff/nn-hl engineer/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

One/cd company/nn instituted/vbd ,/, early/rb in/in 1959/cd ,/, a/at vertical/jj classification/nn system/nn consisting/vbg of/in four/cd levels/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at formal/jj equivalence/nn to/in the/at supervisory/jj ranks/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at top/jjs non-supervisory/jj level/nn ,/, senior/jj staff/nn engineer/nn ,/, enjoys/vbz status/nn and/cc pay/nn ranging/vbg up/rp to/in that/dt for/in the/at second/od level/nn of/in engineering/vbg supervision/nn ./.
The/at second/od level/nn ,/, senior/jj engineer/nn ,/, rates/vbz slightly/ql below/in first-level/nn supervision/nn ./.
The/at expectation/nn is/bez that/cs first-level/nn supervisors/nns will/md be/be selected/vbn in/in approximately/ql equal/jj numbers/nns from/in the/at second/od and/cc third/od engineering/vbg level/nn ,/, with/in very/ql few/ap coming/vbg from/in the/at first/od level/nn ./.


	The/at company/nn expects/vbz to/to extend/vb upward/rb both/abx compensation/nn and/cc status/nn for/in non-supervisory/jj engineers/nns ,/, but/cc probably/rb not/* into/in executive/nn levels/nns ./.
In/in this/dt organization/nn ,/, about/rb half/abn of/in the/at engineers/nns with/in 15/cd or/cc more/ap years/nns of/in employment/nn are/ber in/in supervision/nn ,/, engineering/vbg or/cc elsewhere/rb ./.
This/dt reflects/vbz the/at very/ql heavy/jj engineering/nn content/nn of/in the/at products/nns --/-- which/wdt are/ber not/* military/jj ./.
Several/ap other/ap examples/nns :/: central/jj-hl and/cc-hl satellite/nn-hl 
``/`` We/ppss have/hv over/rp 20/cd divisions/nns --/-- each/dt of/in which/wdt has/hvz an/at engineering/vbg department/nn headed/vbn by/in a/at chief/jjs engineer/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv set/vbn up/rp a/at central/jj R/nn &/cc D/nn department/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs engineering-management/nn departments/nns --/-- about/rb 80/cd people/nns working/vbg on/in problems/nns related/vbn to/in those/dts of/in our/pp$ plants/nns ./.
A/at separate/jj research/nn department/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, confined/vbn to/in new/jj or/cc future/jj designs/nns ./.
Part/nn of/in this/dt headquarters/nn staff/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, are/ber engineering/vbg managers/nns who/wps work/vb between/in divisional/jj chief/jjs engineers/nns and/cc headquarters/nn management/nn ./.
These/dts headquarters/nn engineers/nns ,/, headed/vbn by/in the/at vice-president/nn --/-- Engineering/vbg ,/, counsel/vb and/cc advise/vb divisional/jj managers/nns and/cc chief/jjs engineers/nns on/in product/nn problems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs aid/vb with/in design/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc many/ap are/ber engineers/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben advanced/vbn from/in the/at divisions/nns ./.
These/dts men/nns are/ber considered/vbn managers/nns of/in engineers/nns ./.
They/ppss must/md learn/vb to/to wear/vb several/ap hats/nns ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, working/vbg with/in management/nn ,/, sales/nns and/cc engineering/vbg problems/nns related/vbn to/in the/at product/nn ./.


	``/`` We/ppss do/do not/* have/hv people/nns in/in our/pp$ organization/nn termed/vbn '/' consultants/nns '/' or/cc '/' fellows/nns '/' ,/, who/wps are/ber specialists/nns in/in one/cd particular/jj technical/jj subject/nn ./.
I/ppss suppose/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs we/ppss are/ber just/rb not/* big/jj enough/qlp ./.
We/ppss have/hv a/at few/ap '/' consultants/nns '/' --/-- retired/vbn engineers/nns retained/vbn and/cc called/vbn in/rp on/in certain/jj problems/nns ./.
The/at only/ap '/' fellows/nns '/' in/in our/pp$ company/nn are/ber those/dts who/wps have/hv been/ben honored/vbn by/in ASME/nn ,/, AIEE/nn or/cc AIChE/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs the/at engineer/nn who/wps enters/vbz management/nn is/bez nearly/ql always/rb opening/vbg the/at door/nn to/in greater/jjr possibilities/nns than/cs he/pps would/md have/hv as/cs a/at technical/jj specialist/nn --/-- because/rb of/in his/pp$ wider/jjr accountability/nn ''/'' ./.
Another/dt-hl structure/nn-hl 
``/`` We/ppss have/hv tried/vbn to/to make/vb both/abx paths/nns attractive/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs good/jj men/nns could/md find/vb opportunity/nn and/cc satisfaction/nn in/in either/dtx ./.
One/cd way/nn to/to formalize/vb this/dt is/bez in/in the/at job/nn structure/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv these/dts positions/nns ,/, which/wdt compare/vb directly/rb :/: Af/nn 

	``/`` Above/in these/dts jobs/nns we/ppss have/hv chief/jjs engineer/nn for/in the/at company/nn and/cc vice-president/nn of/in Engrg/nn ,/, R/nn &/cc Aj/nn ./.
The/at latter/ap jobs/nns include/vb major/jj management/nn responsibilities/nns and/cc have/hv been/ben filled/vbn by/in those/dts who/wps have/hv come/vbn up/rp primarily/rb through/in the/at engineering-management/nn side/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv not/* yet/rb succeeded/vbn in/in establishing/vbg recognition/nn of/in technical/jj specialization/nn comparable/jj to/in our/pp$ higher/jjr levels/nns of/in management/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss believe/vb we/ppss will/md trend/nn in/in this/dt direction/nn but/cc not/* to/to exceed/vb vice-president/nn ''/'' ./.
Top/jjs-hl job/nn-hl :/:-hl research/nn-hl scientist/nn-hl 
``/`` ./.-hl
Approximately/rb four/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, we/ppss initiated/vbd a/at dual/jj ladder/nn of/in advancement/nn for/in technical/jj persons/nns ./.
The/at highest/jjt position/nn is/bez known/vbn as/cs a/at '/' research/nn scientist/nn ./.
This/dt approach/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben entirely/ql satisfactory/jj ./.
The/at primary/jj deterrent/nn appears/vbz to/to lie/vb with/in the/at technical/jj people/nns themselves/ppls ,/, and/cc their/pp$ concept/nn of/in what/wdt constitutes/vbz status/nn in/in present-day/jj society/nn ./.
Scientists/nns who/wps agitate/vb hardest/rbt for/in technical/jj recognition/nn are/ber often/rb the/at most/ql reluctant/jj to/to accept/vb it/ppo ./.
We/ppss have/hv discovered/vbn that/cs the/at outward/jj trappings/nns such/jj as/cs private/jj offices/nns and/cc private/jj secretaries/nns are/ber extremely/ql important/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc although/cs we/ppss have/hv attempted/vbn to/to provide/vb these/dts status/nn symbols/nns ,/, support/nn of/in the/at '/' dual-ladder/jj '/' plan/nn has/hvz been/ben half-hearted/jj despite/in the/at creation/nn of/in a/at salary/nn potential/nn for/in a/at research/nn scientist/nn commensurate/jj with/in that/dt of/in men/nns in/in top/jjs managerial/jj positions/nns ./.


	``/`` A/at serious/jj problem/nn accompanying/vbg the/at technical-ladder/nn approach/nn is/bez the/at difficulty/nn of/in clearly/rb defining/vbg responsibilities/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in performance/nn for/in each/dt level/nn ./.
With/in no/at set/vbn standards/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at tendency/nn to/to promote/vb to/in the/at next/ap highest/jjt level/nn when/wrb the/at top/nn of/in a/at salary/nn band/nn is/bez reached/vbn regardless/rb of/in performance/nn ./.
Promotion/nn is/bez too/ql often/rb based/vbn on/in longevity/nn and/cc time/nn in/in salary/nn grade/nn instead/rb of/in merit/nn ./.
If/cs no/at specific/jj organization/nn plan/nn exists/vbz limiting/vbg the/at number/nn of/in scientists/nns at/in each/dt salary/nn level/nn ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez a/at department/nn top-heavy/jj with/in high-level/nn ,/, high-salaried/jj personnel/nns ''/'' ./.
Staff/nn-hl engineer/nn-hl dept./nn-hl manager/nn-hl 
``/`` We/ppss have/hv two/cd approaches/nns for/in the/at technical/jj man/nn :/: the/at position/nn of/in staff/nn engineer/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez rated/vbn as/ql high/jj in/in salary/nn as/cs department/nn manager/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc an/at administrative/jj organization/nn to/to take/vb the/at routine/jj load/nn away/rb from/in department/nn managers/nns and/cc project/nn engineers/nns as/ql much/ap as/cs possible/jj ,/, thus/rb allowing/vbg them/ppo more/ap time/nn for/in strictly/ql technical/jj work/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber only/rb halfway/jj measures/nns ,/, and/cc the/at answer/nn will/md come/vb when/wrb some/dti way/nn is/bez found/vbn to/to allow/vb the/at technical/jj man/nn in/in industry/nn to/to progress/vb without/in limit/nn in/in salary/nn and/cc prestige/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at-hl complete/jj-hl plan/nn-hl 
``/`` We/ppss have/hv made/vbn limited/vbn application/nn of/in the/at '/' parallel/jj ladder/nn '/' plan/nn ./.
The/at highest/rbt rated/vbn non-supervisory/jj engineering/vbg title/nn is/bez '/' research/nn engineer/nn ./.
The/at salary/nn schedule/nn permits/vbz remuneration/nn greater/jjr than/in the/at average/nn paid/vbn to/in the/at first/od level/nn of/in engineering/vbg supervision/nn (/( engineering/vbg section/nn head/nn )/) ./.
We/ppss also/rb have/hv an/at '/' engineering/vbg section/nn head/nn --/-- research/nn engineer/nn '/' classification/nn which/wdt has/hvz salary/nn possibilities/nns equivalent/jj to/in that/dt of/in a/at research/nn engineer/nn ./.
Above/in this/dt point/nn there/ex is/bez no/at generally/rb used/vbn parallel/jj ladder/nn ./.


	``/`` We/ppss also/rb do/do a/at number/nn of/in things/nns to/to build/vb up/rp the/at prestige/nn of/in the/at engineer/nn as/cs a/at '/' professional/nn '/' and/cc also/rb to/to give/nn public/jj recognition/nn to/in individual/jj technical/jj competence/nn ./.
These/dts include/vb encouragement/nn of/in ,/, and/cc assistance/nn to/in ,/, the/at engineer/nn in/in preparation/nn and/cc publication/nn of/in technical/jj papers/nns ./.
We/ppss have/hv two/cd media/nns for/in publicizing/vbg individual/jj technical/jj activity/nn ,/, a/at magazine/nn widely/rb distributed/vbn both/abx within/in and/cc without/in the/at company/nn ,/, and/cc an/at information/nn bulletin/nn for/in engineering/vbg personnel/nns distributed/vbn to/in the/at homes/nns of/in all/abn engineers/nns ./.
Publicity/nn is/bez given/vbn to/in the/at award/nn of/in patents/nns to/in our/pp$ engineers/nns and/cc financial/jj support/nn is/bez provided/vbn for/in individual/jj membership/nn in/in technical/jj societies/nns ./.


	``/`` A/at recent/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql pertinent/jj action/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at technical/jj staff/nn reporting/vbg to/in the/at vice-president/nn for/in Engineering/nn-tl ./.
This/dt function/nn is/bez staffed/vbn by/in engineers/nns chosen/vbn for/in their/pp$ technical/jj competence/nn and/cc who/wps have/hv the/at title/nn ,/, member/nn of/in the/at technical/jj staff/nn ./.
Salaries/nns compare/vb favorably/rb with/in those/dts paid/vbn to/in the/at first/od two/cd or/cc three/cd levels/nns of/in management/nn ./.
Additional/jj symbols/nns of/in status/nn are/ber granted/vbn ,/, such/jj as/cs reserved/vbn parking/nn ,/, distinctive/jj badge/nn passes/nns authorizing/vbg special/jj privileges/nns ,/, and/cc a/at difference/nn in/in the/at treatment/nn of/in financial/jj progress/nn through/in merit/nn ./.


	``/`` We/ppss presently/rb are/ber involved/vbn in/in inaugurating/vbg a/at new/jj development/nn center/nn ./.
Operations/nns of/in this/dt nature/nn offer/vb the/at best/jjt opportunity/nn to/to recognize/vb scientific/jj status/nn ./.
All/abn scientific/jj staff/nn members/nns will/md have/hv the/at title/nn ,/, '/' research-staff/nn member/nn ./.
The/at salary/nn level/nn of/in an/at individual/nn within/in the/at group/nn will/md reflect/vb the/at scientific/jj community's/nn$ acceptance/nn of/in him/ppo as/cs an/at authority/nn in/in his/pp$ scientific/jj field/nn ./.
Contrary/jj to/in usual/jj organization-position/nn evaluations/nns ,/, the/at position/nn to/in which/wdt research-staff/nn members/nns report/vb administratively/rb will/md not/* necessarily/rb encompass/vb the/at duties/nns of/in the/at research-staff/nn member/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, are/ber not/* necessarily/rb evaluated/vbn as/ql highly/rb ./.


	``/`` These/dts recent/jj steps/nns do/do not/* offer/vb the/at possibility/nn of/in extension/nn to/in the/at great/jj number/nn of/in senior/jj engineers/nns who/wps have/hv displayed/vbn technical/jj competence/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez doubtful/jj that/cs the/at complete/jj solution/nn to/in the/at over-all/jj problem/nn can/md result/vb entirely/rb from/in company/nn efforts/nns ./.
Fundamental/jj to/in the/at difficulty/nn of/in creating/vbg the/at desired/vbn prestige/nn is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs ,/, in/in the/at business/nn community/nn ,/, prestige/nn and/cc status/nn are/ber conferred/vbn in/in proportion/nn to/in the/at authority/nn that/wpo one/cd man/nn has/hvz over/in others/nns and/cc the/at extent/nn of/in which/wdt he/pps participates/vbz in/in the/at management/nn functions/nns ''/'' ./.



	Sixty/cd miles/nns north/nr of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl where/wrb the/at wooded/jj hills/nns of/in Dutchess/np-tl County/nn-tl meet/vb the/at broad/jj sweep/nn of/in the/at Hudson/np-tl River/nn-tl there/ex is/bez a/at new/jj home/nn development/nn called/vbn ``/`` Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn you/ppss could/md probably/rb find/vb a/at new/jj home/nn development/nn in/in every/at populated/vbn county/nn in/in the/at country/nn with/in three-bedroom/jj ranch/nn style/nn cottages/nns in/in the/at $14,000/nns range/nn ./.
But/cc Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl is/bez unique/jj in/in one/cd particular/nn ./.
Its/pp$ oil/nn for/in heating/vbg is/bez metered/vbn monthly/rb to/in each/dt home/nn from/in a/at line/nn that/wps starts/vbz at/in a/at central/jj storage/nn point/nn ./.


	This/dt is/bez a/at pilot/nn operation/nn sponsored/vbn by/in a/at new/jj entity/nn chartered/vbn in/in Delaware/np as/cs the/at Tri-State/jj-tl Pipeline/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, with/in principal/jjs offices/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl State/nn-tl ./.
Its/pp$ president/nn is/bez Otis/np M./np Waters/np ,/, partner/nn in/in the/at law/nn firm/nn of/in Timen/np-tl &/cc-tl Waters/np-tl ,/, 540-K/cd Chrysler/np-tl Bldg./nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.
Vice-president/nn is/bez Louis/np Berkman/np and/cc the/at secretary-treasurer/nn is/bez Mark/np Ritter/np ./.
Ritter/np is/bez the/at builder/nn of/in Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl and/cc president/nn of/in Kahler-Craft/np-tl Distributors/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Newburgh/np ,/, N.Y./np ./.


	The/at idea/nn of/in a/at central/jj tank/nn with/in lines/nns to/in each/dt house/nn is/bez not/* in/in itself/ppl a/at novelty/nn ./.
Not/* a/at year/nn goes/vbz by/rb but/cc what/wdt several/ap local/jj companies/nns in/in the/at U.S./np and/cc Canada/np ,/, even/rb overseas/rb ,/, write/vb to/in Fueloil/nn-tl &/cc-tl Oil/nn-tl Heat/nn-tl to/to inquire/vb if/cs it's/pps+bez feasible/jj and/cc where/wrb it/pps is/bez being/beg done/vbn ./.
Its/pp$ editors/nns only/rb knew/vbd of/in one/cd example/nn to/to point/vb to/in ,/, a/at public/jj housing/nn development/nn of/in 278/cd homes/nns in/in New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl described/vbn by/in John/np Schulz/np in/in the/at March/np ,/, 1950/cd issue/nn ./.
This/dt has/hvz survived/vbn the/at years/nns but/cc there/ex has/hvz been/ben considerable/jj concern/nn among/in the/at tenants/nns over/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at oil/nn was/bedz not/* metered/vbn ./.
Rather/rb the/at monthly/jj total/nn consumption/nn was/bedz divided/vbn and/cc charged/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in number/nn of/in rooms/nns and/cc persons/nns in/in the/at family/nn ./.


	Common/jj complaints/nns included/vbd ``/`` Mrs./np Murphy/np ''/'' leaving/vbg her/pp$ windows/nns open/jj all/abn the/at time/nn ,/, a/at fresh/jj air/nn fan/nn ,/, or/cc the/at family/nn was/bedz visiting/vbg ``/`` Aunt/nn-tl Minnie/np ''/'' with/in the/at house/nn shut/vbn up/rp but/cc they/ppss still/rb paid/vbd the/at same/ap rate/nn for/in oil/nn ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn of/in that/dt attitude/nn ,/, others/nns have/hv been/ben discouraged/vbn from/in trying/vbg central/jj distribution/nn ./.


	A/at new/jj low/jj capacity/nn meter/nn is/bez the/at key/nn that/wps unlocks/vbz the/at situation/nn at/in Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ./.
Called/vbn a/at ``/`` Slo-Flo/np-tl ''/'' meter/nn it/pps was/bedz designed/vbn for/in this/dt job/nn by/in Power/nn-tl Plus/rb-tl Industries/nns-tl of/in Los/np Angeles/np ,/, a/at key/jjs individual/nn being/beg Don/np Nelson/np ./.
Tri-State/jj-tl has/hvz acquired/vbn its/pp$ exclusive/jj distribution/nn for/in the/at northern/jj ,/, principal/jjs heating/vbg states/nns ./.


	There's/ex+bez an/at advantage/nn in/in having/hvg a/at firm/nn like/cs Tri-State/jj-tl headed/vbn by/in a/at lawyer/nn ./.
The/at earlier/jjr New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl development/nn was/bedz public/jj housing/nn ,/, so/rb it/pps easily/rb leaped/vbd over/in the/at problems/nns met/vbn in/in a/at private/jj venture/nn ./.
These/dts have/hv to/to do/do with/in property/nn rights/nns ,/, municipal/jj official/nn attitudes/nns and/cc a/at host/nn of/in others/nns ./.
In/in working/vbg out/rp the/at practical/jj legal/jj conclusions/nns President/nn-tl Waters/np was/bedz not/* thinking/vbg only/rb of/in this/dt pilot/nn project/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez planned/vbn to/to duplicate/vb this/dt program/nn or/cc system/nn in/in other/ap builder/nn developments/nns nationally/rb ./.


	It/pps is/bez always/rb difficult/jj ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap time-consuming/jj ,/, to/to get/vb approval/nn of/in any/dti kind/nn of/in line/nn under/in a/at public/jj street/nn ,/, as/cs one/cd example/nn ./.
To/to overcome/vb this/dt ,/, the/at builder/nn lays/vbz and/cc completes/vbz the/at street/nn himself/ppl ,/, then/rb deeds/vbz it/ppo to/in the/at community/nn while/cs retaining/vbg a/at perpetual/jj easement/nn for/in the/at oil/nn lines/nns ./.
When/wrb a/at family/nn buys/vbz a/at home/nn the/at title/nn is/bez subject/jj to/in a/at perpetual/jj easement/nn to/in Tri-State/jj-tl ./.
For/in the/at central/jj storage/nn ,/, Tri-State/jj-tl buys/vbz one/cd acre/nn ,/, Buries/vbz its/pp$ tanks/nns and/cc simply/rb holds/vbz permanent/jj title/nn to/in that/dt piece/nn ./.
In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at whole/jj storage/nn and/cc pipeline/nn system/nn does/doz not/* belong/vb to/in the/at homeowners/nns nor/cc to/in the/at town/nn but/cc rather/rb to/in Tri-State/jj-tl ./.


	How/wrb does/doz Tri-State/jj-tl get/vb its/pp$ revenue/nn from/in this/dt plan/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps leases/vbz the/at whole/jj facility/nn to/in a/at large/jj oil/nn company/nn ,/, at/in least/ap large/jj enough/qlp to/to have/hv a/at strong/jj credit/nn position/nn ./.
This/dt first/od test/nn is/bez being/beg leased/vbn for/in ten/cd years/nns but/cc future/jj projects/nns will/md require/vb at/in least/ap 15/cd years/nns ./.
The/at amount/vb paid/vbn by/in the/at oil/nn company/nn to/in Tri-State/jj-tl for/in the/at use/nn of/in its/pp$ oil/nn distribution/nn system/nn and/cc the/at privilege/nn of/in supplying/vbg all/abn the/at homes/nns ,/, is/bez subject/jj to/in negotiation/nn but/cc naturally/rb must/md be/be profitable/jj to/in both/abx parties/nns ./.


	On/in this/dt first/od venture/nn the/at central/jj storage/nn is/bez 20,000/cd gallons/nns ,/, in/in two/cd tanks/nns ,/, or/cc an/at average/nn of/in 400/cd gallons/nns for/in each/dt of/in the/at 50/cd homes/nns ./.
The/at supplier/nn delivers/vbz at/in his/pp$ convenience/nn in/in transport/nn loads/nns ,/, so/cs as/cs to/to maintain/vb two-to-three/cd weeks/nns reserve/nn supply/nn against/in weather/nn contingencies/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, that/dt is/bez not/* all/abn he/pps has/hvz to/to do/do ./.
He/pps must/md undertake/vb complete/jj servicing/nn of/in the/at oilheating/nn equipment/nn to/to assure/vb fine/jj heating/nn ./.
In/in the/at present/jj project/nn the/at heating/nn is/bez by/in circulating/vbg hot/jj water/nn from/in Paragon/nn-tl boiler-burner/nn units/nns with/in summer-winter/jj domestic/jj hot/jj water/nn hookups/nns ./.
Again/rb ,/, the/at oil/nn man/nn must/md read/vb the/at meters/nns at/in such/jj intervals/nns as/cs he/pps finds/vbz best/jjt ./.


	For/in this/dt first/od development/nn the/at supplier/nn signing/vbg the/at lease/nn is/bez a/at major/jj oil/nn company/nn but/cc in/in turn/nn the/at deal/nn is/bez being/beg transferred/vbn for/in operation/nn to/in its/pp$ local/jj fueloil/nn distributor/nn ./.
The/at major/jj gets/vbz the/at assured/vbn gallonage/nn for/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at lease/nn and/cc the/at distributor/nn apparently/rb can/md do/do well/rb because/cs delivery/nn cost/nn is/bez low/jj ./.



Initial/jj-hl considerations/nns-hl 
The/at officers/nns of/in the/at new/jj corporation/nn have/hv naturally/rb explored/vbn many/ap angles/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs personalities/nns that/wps might/md be/be affected/vbn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at officials/nns of/in Poughkeepsie/np town/nn (/( township/nn )/) where/wrb the/at project/nn is/bez located/vbn think/vb highly/rb of/in it/ppo because/cs it/pps simplifies/vbz their/pp$ snow/nn clearing/nn problem/nn ./.
The/at central/jj storage/nn is/bez near/in a/at main/jjs artery/nn quite/ql easy/jj to/to reach/vb with/in large/jj transports/nns on/in a/at short/jj crescent/nn swing/nn ,/, with/in fewer/ap trucks/nns in/in the/at residential/jj streets/nns ./.


	The/at Public/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl has/hvz ruled/vbn that/cs this/dt is/bez not/* a/at public/jj utility/nn ,/, subject/jj to/in their/pp$ many/ap regulations/nns ./.


	Several/ap financial/jj institutions/nns ,/, both/abx banks/nns and/cc insurance/nn companies/nns ,/, have/hv been/ben sounded/vbn out/rp ./.
They/ppss like/vb it/ppo and/cc would/md supply/vb most/ap of/in the/at capital/nn because/rb of/in the/at long/jj term/nn leases/nns by/in strong/jj oil/nn companies/nns ./.


	The/at Government/nn-tl housing/nn agencies/nns consider/vb it/ppo feasible/jj with/in one/cd special/jj stipulation/nn ./.
There/ex must/md be/be a/at restriction/nn in/in the/at deed/nn to/to provide/vb that/cs the/at customer/nn may/md not/* be/be charged/vbn more/ap than/in the/at current/jj market/nn price/nn for/in the/at oil/nn ,/, an/at obvious/jj precaution/nn ,/, since/cs the/at account/nn is/bez permanently/rb wedded/vbn ,/, just/rb like/cs with/in gas/nn or/cc electricity/nn ./.


	For/in a/at few/ap details/nns of/in the/at system/nn the/at lines/nns are/ber 1-1/4''/nn ''/'' X-Tru-Coat/np ,/, a/at product/nn of/in Republic/nn-tl Steel/nn-tl Corp./nn-tl ,/, and/cc all/abn lines/nns are/ber welded/vbn ./.
They/ppss are/ber laid/vbn a/at minimum/nn of/in 24''/nns ''/'' deep/rb and/cc in/in some/dti areas/nns four/cd feet/nns down/rp ,/, particularly/rb under/in roads/nns ,/, to/to stay/vb clear/rb of/in all/abn other/ap piping/nn such/jj as/cs water/nn and/cc sewers/nns and/cc to/to minimize/vb shocks/nns from/in heavy/jj trucking/nn ./.
The/at meter/nn is/bez mounted/vbn high/rb on/in the/at basement/nn wall/nn ./.
Its/pp$ figures/nns are/ber a/at half/abn inch/nn high/jj and/cc very/ql easy/jj to/to read/vb ,/, even/rb into/in tenth/od gallons/nns ./.
It/pps will/md accommodate/vb firing/vbg rates/nns as/ql low/jj as/cs a/at half/abn gallon/nn an/at hour/nn ./.


	Ritter/np ,/, the/at builder/nn ,/, is/bez convinced/vbn that/cs the/at total/nn cost/nn of/in all/abn the/at heating/vbg systems/nns plus/cc the/at oil/nn distribution/nn system/nn is/bez no/ql greater/jjr than/cs would/md be/be gas/nn heating/vbg systems/nns in/in the/at houses/nns plus/cc their/pp$ lines/nns and/cc meters/nns ./.
He/pps believes/vbz that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at sound/jj approach/nn to/in gas/nn competition/nn in/in builder/nn developments/nns where/wrb gas/nn is/bez available/jj ./.


	It/pps would/md be/be pretty/ql difficult/jj to/to install/vb a/at Tri-State/jj-tl system/nn in/in old/jj neighborhoods/nns ,/, and/cc that's/dt+bez an/at understatement/nn ./.
The/at job/nn of/in getting/vbg property/nn easements/nns and/cc street/nn easements/nns and/cc the/at acre/nn for/in the/at tanks/nns would/md become/vb pretty/ql discouraging/jj ./.
But/cc in/in a/at new/jj development/nn where/wrb everything/pn starts/vbz from/in scratch/nn the/at solutions/nns are/ber simple/jj ./.



Future/jj-hl plans/nns-hl 
What/wdt does/doz Tri-State/jj-tl actually/rb want/vb to/to do/do ,/, now/rb that/cs it/pps has/hvz the/at meters/nns under/in franchise/nn and/cc certain/jj phases/nns of/in its/pp$ piping/vbg system/nn in/in the/at ``/`` patent/nn applied/vbn for/in ''/'' stage/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps wants/vbz to/to interest/vb builders/nns and/cc oil/nn companies/nns in/in the/at idea/nn of/in including/vbg its/pp$ facility/nn in/in their/pp$ new/jj home/nn projects/nns ,/, by/in financing/vbg and/cc installing/vbg the/at storage/nn ,/, piping/nn and/cc meters/nns ,/, and/cc leasing/vbg these/dts for/in 15/cd years/nns ,/, with/in renewal/nn options/nns ,/, to/in a/at strong/jj oil/nn company/nn ./.
It/pps may/md also/rb work/vb in/in one/cd other/ap way/nn --/-- by/in licensing/vbg its/pp$ system/nn patents/nns and/cc supplying/vbg the/at meters/nns ,/, letting/vbg the/at oil/nn company/nn or/cc even/rb the/at builder/nn install/vb the/at facilities/nns ./.


	This/dt whole/jj development/nn is/bez certain/jj to/to be/be of/in interest/nn to/in the/at readers/nns ,/, for/cs the/at idea/nn has/hvz so/ql often/rb been/ben mentioned/vbn ,/, somewhat/ql wistfully/rb ./.
But/cc it's/pps+bez too/ql early/jj yet/rb to/to go/vb visit/vb Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ./.
Only/rb eight/cd of/in the/at 50/cd houses/nns were/bed completed/vbn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at editor's/nn$ visit/nn on/in June/np 8th/od ;/. ;/.
others/nns were/bed building/vbg ./.
The/at big/jj tanks/nns were/bed at/in the/at site/nn but/cc still/rb sunning/vbg themselves/ppls ./.
A/at big/jj mechanical/jj ditcher/nn was/bedz running/vbg the/at trenches/nns ,/, and/cc the/at town/nn building/vbg inspector/nn was/bedz paying/vbg a/at friendly/jj ,/, if/cs curious/jj ,/, visit/nn ./.


	The/at oilheating/nn industry/nn is/bez looking/vbg up/rp ,/, led/vbn by/in a/at revival/nn of/in research/nn and/cc development/nn ./.
A/at primary/jj ingredient/nn in/in these/dts fields/nns is/bez imagination/nn ,/, and/cc Tri-State/jj-tl Pipeline/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl deserves/vbz a/at very/ql good/jj mark/nn ./.


	Every/at year/nn about/rb this/dt time/nn National/jj-tl Gargle/nn-tl Your/pp$-tl Cooling/nn-tl System/nn-tl week/nn rolls/vbz around/rb ./.
It/pps pays/vbz in/in the/at long/jj (/( hot/jj )/) run/nn to/to take/vb good/jj care/nn of/in the/at water/nn works/nns ./.
Do/do it/ppo this/dt way/nn for/in the/at summer/nn gargle/nn :/: 

	First/rb ,/, drain/vb that/dt old/jj coolant/nn down/in the/at storm/nn sewer/nn ./.
Don't/do* save/vb the/at anti-freeze/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps the/at expensive/jj ``/`` permanent/jj ''/'' type/nn ./.
The/at word/nn means/vbz it/pps won't/md* boil/vb away/rb easily/rb ,/, nothing/pn else/rb ./.
The/at rust/nn inhibitors/nns in/in the/at fluid/nn are/ber used/vbn up/rp after/in one/cd year/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss don't/do* want/vb to/to risk/vb the/at rust/nn that/cs two/cd years'/nns$ use/nn could/md mean/vb ./.
Pitch/vb it/ppo out/rp ./.


	If/cs a/at lot/nn of/in rust/nn shows/vbz in/in the/at drain/nn ,/, use/vb a/at good/jj flushing/vbg cleaner/nn ./.


	Then/rb fill/vb the/at system/nn and/cc add/vb a/at rust/nn inhibitor/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, you'll/ppss+md want/vb to/to use/vb the/at softest/jjt water/nn you/ppss can/md in/in your/pp$ radiators/nns ./.


	Now/rb ,/, check/vb for/in leaks/nns in/in your/pp$ hoses/nns and/cc hose/nn connections/nns ,/, around/in the/at freeze-out/nn plugs/nns ,/, gaskets/nns ,/, water/nn pump/nn seals/nns and/cc heater/nn fittings/nns ./.


	Next/rb ,/, run/vb the/at engine/nn and/cc let/vb it/ppo heat/vb up/rp so/cs the/at thermostat/nn opens/vbz ,/, and/cc then/rb look/vb for/in leaks/nns again/rb ./.
Be/be sure/jj the/at bugs/nns and/cc dirt/nn are/ber blown/vbn out/in of/in the/at radiator/nn fins/nns ./.
Use/vb the/at air/nn hose/nn for/in this/dt job/nn ./.
Check/vb the/at temperature/nn gage/nn and/cc be/be sure/jj it/pps is/bez working/vbg ./.


	If/cs you/ppss use/vb one/cd of/in the/at new/jj year-round/jj cooling/vbg system/nn fluids/nns such/jj as/cs ``/`` Dowguard/np ''/'' be/be sure/jj to/to check/vb it/ppo ./.
Dow/np says/vbz that/cs the/at fluid/nn can/md be/be used/vbn now/rb for/in two/cd years/nns ./.
Check/vb its/pp$ inhibitor/nn effectiveness/nn before/cs leaving/vbg it/ppo in/rp during/in the/at summer/nn ./.


	Take/vb precautions/nns now/rb ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj you/ppss avoid/vb those/dts unpleasant/jj and/cc costly/jj heat/nn breakdowns/nns when/wrb the/at temperature/nn zooms/vbz this/dt summer/nn ./.


	Don't/do* let/vb your/pp$ mechanics/nns pull/vb the/at thermostats/nns out/in of/in those/dts fueloil/nn delivery/nn trucks/nns or/cc installation/nn rigs/nns of/in yours/pp$$ ./.
Spring/nn and/cc summer/nn may/md be/be here/rb officially/rb ,/, but/cc those/dts thermos/nn stay/vb in/rp ./.


	The/at fact/nn is/bez that/cs removing/vbg and/cc leaving/vbg out/rp a/at thermostat/nn from/in any/dti water/nn cooled/vbn vehicle/nn ,/, will/md greatly/rb increase/vb the/at fuel/nn consumption/nn ,/, reduce/vb power/nn and/cc contribute/vb to/in spark/nn plug/nn fouling/nn due/jj to/in an/at accumulation/nn of/in excessive/jj carbon/nn deposits/nns on/in the/at insulators/nns ./.


	If/cs you/ppss run/vb into/in excess/jj plug/nn fouling/nn on/in one/cd truck/nn ,/, check/vb to/to be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at rig/nn has/hvz a/at thermostat/nn ./.
The/at thermostat/nn is/bez important/jj to/to get/vb your/pp$ engine/nn up/in to/in operating/vbg temperature/nn quickly/rb ,/, and/cc to/to keep/vb it/ppo running/vbg at/in its/pp$ most/ql efficient/jj temperature/nn through/in the/at proper/jj circulation/nn of/in the/at coolant/nn ./.


	Are/ber you/ppss paying/vbg too/ql much/ap for/in your/pp$ truck/nn insurance/nn ?/. ?/.
There's/ex+bez a/at good/jj chance/nn you/ppss are/ber doubling/vbg on/in some/dti coverage/nn ,/, not/* taking/vbg discounts/nns coming/vbg to/in you/ppo and/cc not/* cutting/vbg some/dti corners/nns that/wps can/md be/be cut/vbn ./.


	Have/hv a/at talk/nn with/in your/pp$ insurance/nn agent/nn ./.
Be/be careful/jj that/cs you/ppss keep/vb adequate/jj coverage/nn ,/, but/cc look/vb for/in places/nns to/to save/vb money/nn ./.
First/rb go/vb over/rp the/at type/nn of/in coverage/nn you/ppss now/rb have/hv ./.
Look/vb for/in these/dts features/nns which/wdt may/md mean/vb you/ppss can/md save/vb :/: 

	Duplicate/jj coverage/nn ./.
Avoid/vb doubling/vbg up/rp on/in the/at same/ap item/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, don't/do* pay/vb in/in a/at truck/nn policy/nn for/in medical/jj coverage/nn that/wpo you/ppss may/md be/be paying/vbg for/in in/in a/at health/nn and/cc accident/nn policy/nn ./.


	Does/doz your/pp$ policy/nn have/hv a/at lay-up/jj clause/nn ?/. ?/.
This/dt means/vbz that/cs if/cs your/pp$ insured/vbn vehicle/nn is/bez laid/vbn up/rp for/in more/ap than/in 30/cd days/nns ,/, insurance/nn can/md be/be suspended/vbn and/cc a/at proportionate/jj return/nn of/in your/pp$ premium/nn made/vbn to/in you/ppo ./.
This/dt applies/vbz to/in repair/nn work/nn of/in winter/nn storage/nn ./.


	The/at figure/nn five/cd is/bez important/jj in/in insurance/nn ./.
With/in many/ap company/nn policies/nns you/ppss get/vb a/at fleet/nn discount/nn if/cs you/ppss insure/vb five/cd or/cc more/ap rigs/nns ./.
This/dt means/vbz either/cc cars/nns or/cc trucks/nns ./.
Discounts/nns run/vb up/rp to/in 2%/nn of/in cost/nn ./.


	Usually/rb premium/nn reductions/nns can/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in applying/vbg deductibles/nns to/in your/pp$ liability/nn plan/nn ./.
For/in example/nn :/: If/cs your/pp$ bodily/jj injury/nn claims/nns start/vb payment/nn after/in the/at first/od $250/nns ,/, a/at 25%/nn premium/nn saving/nn is/bez often/rb made/vbn ./.

In/in the/at period/nn since/in the/at end/nn of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, --/-- a/at period/nn coinciding/vbg with/in merchandising/vbg demands/nns for/in the/at colorful/jj ,/, the/at unusual/jj ,/, and/cc the/at original/jj in/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns --/-- plastics/nns have/hv come/vbn on/rp so/ql strong/rb that/cs today/nr they/ppss are/ber the/at acknowledged/vbn leaders/nns in/in the/at field/nn ./.
The/at importance/nn of/in the/at sign/nn industry/nn to/in the/at plastics/nns industry/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez not/* in/in terms/nns of/in volume/nn alone/rb ./.
Designers/nns of/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns have/hv shown/vbn a/at refreshing/jj approach/nn to/in the/at adaptation/nn of/in plastics/nns that/wps has/hvz influenced/vbn the/at workings/nns of/in other/ap industries/nns ./.
Many/ap of/in today's/nr$ developments/nns in/in thermoforming/vbg stem/vb from/in original/jj work/nn done/vbn with/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at art/nn of/in preprinting/vbg in/in distortion/nn was/bedz similarly/rb perfected/vbn by/in the/at sign/nn makers/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at reverse-surface/nn decorating/vbg techniques/nns now/rb used/vbd for/in escutcheons/nns ,/, medallions/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, owes/vbz much/ap to/in the/at field/nn ,/, as/cs does/doz the/at technology/nn of/in designing/vbg with/in the/at light-transmitting/jj properties/nns of/in the/at transparent/jj plastics/nns ./.


	There/ex is/bez much/ap that/wpo many/ap industries/nns can/md continue/vb to/to learn/vb from/in some/dti of/in the/at more/ql recent/jj developments/nns described/vbn below/rb ./.
The/at concept/nn of/in trans-illumination/nn (/( as/cs shown/vbn by/in the/at photo/nn on/in p./nn 92/cd )/) ,/, as/cs just/rb one/cd example/nn ,/, offers/vbz an/at entirely/rb new/jj approach/nn to/in lighting/vbg problems/nns --/-- no/at matter/nn what/wdt industry/nn is/bez involved/vbn ./.



A/at-hl volume/nn-hl market/nn-hl 
According/in to/in a/at recent/jj Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl Journal/nn-tl survey/nn ,/, plastics/nns units/nns now/rb account/vb for/in more/ap than/in 50%/nn of/in all/abn sign/nn sales/nns ./.
Five/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd only/rb 10%/nn of/in the/at market/nn ,/, with/in the/at remainder/nn firmly/rb entrenched/vbn in/in the/at stronghold/nn of/in neon/nn tubing/nn ./.
And/cc it's/pps+bez far/ql from/in the/at end/nn for/in plastics/nns ./.
Industry/nn sources/nns are/ber now/rb estimating/vbg that/cs 75%/nn of/in the/at signs/nns made/vbn during/in the/at 1960's/nns will/md be/be of/in plastic/nn construction/nn ./.
Evidence/nn of/in this/dt trend/nn can/md best/rbt be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at recent/jj activities/nns of/in such/jj leading/vbg companies/nns in/in the/at field/nn as/cs Advance/nn-tl Neon/nn-tl Sign/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ./.
Four/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, the/at company's/nn$ entire/jj line/nn was/bedz devoted/vbn to/in neon/nn signs/nns ;/. ;/.
today/nr ,/, 85%/nn is/bez in/in plastics/nns ./.


	From/in the/at volume/nn standpoint/nn ,/, the/at total/nn market/nn represented/vbn by/in the/at sign/nn industry/nn is/bez impressive/jj ./.
Aggregate/jj sales/nns during/in 1960/cd reached/vbd approximately/rb $500/nns million/cd ./.
Currently/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber some/rb 6000/cd companies/nns in/in the/at field/nn ,/, ranging/vbg from/in small/jj firms/nns with/in a/at handful/nn of/in employees/nns to/in major/jj concerns/nns having/hvg complete/jj facilities/nns for/in production/nn of/in metal/nn ,/, electrical/jj ,/, and/cc plastic/nn components/nns ./.



Why/wrb-hl the/at-hl trend/nn-hl to/in-hl plastics/nns-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

What/wdt accounts/vbz for/in the/at rapid/jj growth/nn of/in plastics/nns in/in the/at sign/nn and/cc display/nn field/nn ?/. ?/.
Out/in of/in many/ap factors/nns which/wdt might/md be/be cited/vbn ,/, five/cd are/ber most/ql important/jj :/: 1/cd ./.

Plastics/nns combine/vb such/jj properties/nns as/cs built-in/jj color/nn ,/, light/jj weight/nn ,/, optional/jj transparency/nn or/cc translucency/nn ,/, resistance/nn to/in corrosion/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at ease/nn of/in fabrication/nn ./.
2/cd ./.

Plastic/nn signs/nns are/ber economical/jj ./.
According/in to/in one/cd major/jj producer/nn ,/, materials/nns for/in a/at typical/jj plastic/nn sign/nn are/ber approximately/rb 25%/nn less/ql costly/jj than/cs for/in a/at comparable/jj neon/nn unit/nn ./.
Shipping/vbg cost/nn is/bez also/rb reduced/vbn ;/. ;/.
a/at 3-by-6-ft./nn plastic/nn sign/nn weighs/vbz about/rb 120/cd lb./nns ,/, compared/vbn to/in 275-300/cd lb./nns for/in neon/nn ./.
The/at weight/nn advantage/nn ,/, plus/cc greater/jjr durability/nn of/in the/at plastic/nn unit/nn ,/, yields/vbz a/at saving/nn of/in about/rb one-fifth/nn in/in shipping/vbg ./.
The/at lighter/jjr weight/nn also/rb means/vbz less/ql costly/jj supports/nns and/cc mountings/nns are/ber needed/vbn ./.
Finally/rb ,/, maintenance/nn costs/nns on/in plastic/nn signs/nns are/ber much/ql lower/jjr than/cs on/in fragile/jj neon/nn signs/nns ./.
3/cd ./.

They/ppss offer/vb exceptional/jj design/nn freedom/nn ,/, making/vbg it/ppo possible/jj to/to incorporate/vb contours/nns and/cc details/nns which/wdt give/vb free/jj range/nn to/in the/at talents/nns of/in the/at designer/nn ./.
Vacuum-/nn and/cc pressure-formed/jj sheet/nn plastics/nns fill/vb the/at gap/nn between/in cardboard/nn and/cc molded/vbn plastics/nns ./.
Pre-decoration/nn ,/, low-cost/nn molds/nns ,/, and/cc the/at freedom/nn to/to form/vb large/jj and/cc small/jj ,/, thick/jj and/cc thin/jj materials/nns make/vb plastics/nns tailor-made/vbn for/in the/at industry/nn ./.
4/cd ./.

Plastic/nn signs/nns work/vb around/in the/at clock/nn ./.
Internal/jj illumination/nn ,/, protected/vbn from/in the/at elements/nns ,/, gives/vbz them/ppo powerful/jj visual/jj appeal/nn at/in night/nn ;/. ;/.
during/in daylight/nn hours/nns their/pp$ brilliant/jj colors/nns command/vb attention/nn and/cc interest/nn ./.
5/cd ./.

Advances/nns in/in equipment/nn and/cc fabrication/nn techniques/nns give/vb the/at sign/nn or/cc display/nn manufacturer/nn an/at extremely/ql wide/jj choice/nn of/in production/nn techniques/nns ,/, ranging/vbg from/in injection/nn molding/nn for/in intricate/jj ,/, smaller-size/nn ,/, mass-production/nn signs/nns (/( generally/rb 5000/cd units/nns is/bez the/at minimum/nn )/) to/in vacuum/nn and/cc pressure/nn forming/vbg for/in larger/jjr signs/nns of/in limited/vbn runs/nns ./.
Among/in the/at newest/jjt fabrication/nn methods/nns to/to enter/vb the/at display/nn field/nn are/ber expandable/jj styrene/nn molding/nn and/cc blow/nn molding/nn ./.
What/wdt-hl plastics/nns-hl to/to-hl use/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

For/in outdoor/jj signs/nns and/cc displays/nns ,/, acrylic/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ outstanding/jj optical/jj characteristics/nns ,/, weather/nn resistance/nn and/cc formability/nn ,/, strongly/rb dominates/vbz the/at picture/nn ./.
At/in present/jj ,/, both/abx the/at familiar/jj cast/vbn acrylic/nn and/cc the/at newer/jjr extruded/vbn sheets/nns are/ber being/beg used/vbn by/in sign/nn manufacturers/nns ,/, with/in extruded/vbn now/rb representing/vbg an/at estimated/vbn 10%/nn of/in the/at total/nn ./.
(/( See/vb panel/nn ,/, p./nn 166/cd ,/, for/in a/at comparison/nn ./.
)/) 

	Of/in interest/nn is/bez a/at recent/jj announcement/nn by/in Du/np Pont's/np$ Polychemicals/nns-tl Dept./nn-tl of/in a/at new/jj methyl/nn methacrylate/nn monomer/nn designated/vbn as/cs Monocite/np H/np-tl 100/cd-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz developed/vbn specifically/rb for/in production/nn of/in cast/vbn acrylic/nn sheets/nns for/in the/at sign/nn and/cc lighting/vbg industry/nn ./.
Sheeting/nn cast/vbn from/in this/dt material/nn reportedly/rb weighs/vbz only/rb one-third/nn as/ql much/rb as/cs glass/nn ,/, is/bez impervious/jj to/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in weather/nn ,/, and/cc will/md not/* yellow/vb ./.
Its/pp$ high/jj impact/nn strength/nn ,/, even/rb at/in low/jj temperatures/nns ,/, resists/vbz chipping/vbg ,/, cracking/vbg ,/, and/cc crazing/vbg ,/, according/in to/in Du/np Pont/np ./.


	Cellulose/nn acetate/nn butyrate/nn is/bez used/vbn extensively/rb for/in vacuum-formed/jj signs/nns ,/, background/nn panels/nns ,/, and/cc molded/vbn or/cc formed/vbn letters/nns because/rb of/in its/pp$ exceptional/jj toughness/nn ,/, ease/nn of/in forming/vbg ,/, and/cc excellent/jj weathering/vbg properties/nns ./.
Its/pp$ clarity/nn and/cc good/jj optical/jj properties/nns are/ber other/ap important/jj factors/nns ./.
New/jj to/in the/at field/nn is/bez a/at duplex/jj type/nn butyrate/nn laminate/nn in/in which/wdt the/at two/cd sheets/nns of/in the/at laminate/nn are/ber of/in different/jj color/nn ./.
Thermoforming/vbg the/at laminate/nn and/cc then/rb sanding/vbg away/rb the/at top/jjs layer/nn is/bez a/at quick/jj and/cc economical/jj way/nn to/to produce/vb a/at two-color/jj sign/nn ./.
(/( see/vb MPl/nn ,/, Mar./np 1961/cd ,/, p./nn 98/cd )/) ./.


	For/in specialized/vbn types/nns of/in displays/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs large/jj three-dimensional/jj units/nns reproducing/vbg a/at product/nn ,/, package/nn ,/, human/nn or/cc animal/nn figures/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, reinforced/vbn plastics/nns and/cc rotationally/rb molded/vbn vinyl/nn plastisols/nns are/ber other/ap materials/nns frequently/rb used/vbn ./.


	A/at relative/jj newcomer/nn in/in outdoor/jj signs/nns is/bez Mylar/np polyester/nn film/nn ,/, now/rb used/vbn as/cs a/at printed/vbn overlay/nn for/in trans-illuminated/jj signs/nns (/( see/vb below/rb )/) ./.


	For/in outdoor/jj signs/nns and/cc displays/nns ,/, where/wrb the/at problem/nn of/in weathering/vbg resistance/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at factor/nn ,/, the/at choice/nn of/in plastics/nns is/bez almost/ql unlimited/jj ./.
Here/rb may/md be/be found/vbn regular/jj and/cc impact/nn styrene/nn ,/, cellulose/nn acetate/nn ,/, cellulose/nn butyrate/nn and/cc cellulose/nn propionate/nn ,/, acrylic/nn ,/, vinyl/nn ,/, expandable/jj styrene/nn foam/nn ,/, and/cc polyethylene/nn ./.
The/at final/jj choice/nn of/in material/nn depends/vbz upon/in such/jj factors/nns as/cs costs/nns ,/, method/nn of/in fabrication/nn ,/, degree/nn of/in complexity/nn ,/, number/nn of/in units/nns required/vbn ,/, time/nn available/jj for/in tooling/vbg ,/, and/cc projected/vbn life/nn expectancy/nn of/in the/at unit/nn ./.
Often/rb ,/, the/at finished/vbn sign/nn or/cc display/nn incorporates/vbz several/ap types/nns of/in plastics/nns and/cc two/cd or/cc more/ap fabricating/vbg techniques/nns ./.



Trans-illuminated/jj-hl billboards/nns-hl 
One/cd of/in the/at most/ql significant/jj advancements/nns in/in design/nn of/in plastics/nns signs/nns is/bez the/at so-called/jj trans-illuminated/jj billboard/nn ,/, now/rb being/beg produced/vbn by/in several/ap large/jj sign/nn manufacturers/nns such/jj as/cs Advance/nn-tl Neon/nn-tl Sign/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Los/np Angeles/np ,/, and/cc Industrial/jj-tl Electric/jj-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, La./np ./.


	The/at essential/jj difference/nn between/in the/at new/jj trans-illuminated/jj boards/nns and/cc existing/vbg billboards/nns is/bez that/cs the/at former/ap ,/, constructed/vbn of/in translucent/jj plastic/nn panels/nns ,/, are/ber lighted/vbn from/in within/rb ./.
With/in the/at source/nn of/in light/nn behind/in the/at copy/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at loss/nn of/in lumen/nn output/nn ,/, as/cs with/in conventional/jj boards/nns illuminated/vbn by/in means/nn of/in reflected/vbn light/nn ./.
Also/rb ,/, the/at light/nn sources/nns are/ber shielded/vbn from/in dirt/nn and/cc weather/nn exposure/nn and/cc cannot/md* obstruct/vb the/at view/nn of/in the/at sign/nn ./.


	The/at copy/nn itself/ppl ,/, including/in any/dti text/nn or/cc illustrations/nns ,/, is/bez reproduced/vbn in/in full/jj color/nn directly/rb on/in a/at thin/jj Mylar/np polyester/nn film/nn by/in a/at photo/nn screen/nn process/nn ./.
The/at film/nn has/hvz an/at adhesive/nn on/in the/at back/nn which/wdt permits/vbz it/ppo to/to be/be stripped/vbn onto/in the/at acrylic/nn panels/nns forming/vbg the/at sign/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb to/to be/be stripped/vbn off/rp for/in replacement/nn by/in new/jj copy/nn as/cs required/vbn ./.
Spare/jj sets/nns of/in face/nn panels/nns simplify/vb the/at change/nn from/in one/cd copy/nn or/cc message/nn to/in another/dt ;/. ;/.
new/jj panels/nns are/ber exchanged/vbn for/in the/at old/jj right/rb in/in the/at field/nn on/in a/at single/ap trip/nn ./.
Panels/nns with/in outdated/vbn copy/nn are/ber returned/vbn to/in the/at sign/nn shop/nn so/cs a/at new/jj message/nn can/md be/be applied/vbn ./.


	Signs/nns of/in this/dt type/nn have/hv already/rb made/vbn their/pp$ appearance/nn in/in several/ap larger/jjr cities/nns ,/, and/cc others/nns are/ber on/in the/at way/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez believed/vbn that/cs these/dts boards/nns will/md ,/, within/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns ,/, replace/vb many/ap of/in the/at conventional/jj flood-lighted/jj boards/nns now/rb in/in use/nn ./.


	Trans-illuminated/jj signs/nns also/rb show/vb versatility/nn in/in other/ap directions/nns ./.
As/cs used/vbn by/in Industrial/jj-tl Electric/jj-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, the/at film/nn panels/nns are/ber printed/vbn one/cd at/in a/at time/nn ,/, as/cs are/ber 24-sheet/jj posters/nns ./.
Thus/rb the/at film/nn can/md be/be applied/vbn to/in back-lighted/jj translucent/jj plastics/nns faces/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss can/md also/rb be/be applied/vbn to/in opaque/jj panels/nns for/in use/nn on/in cutouts/nns ,/, or/cc they/ppss can/md be/be applied/vbn directly/rb to/in painted/vbn bulletin/nn faces/nns ./.
In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, the/at sign/nn maker/nn has/hvz an/at economical/jj means/nn for/in displaying/vbg uniform/jj copy/nn on/in different/jj sign/nn media/nns ./.


	Recently/rb Industrial/jj-tl Electric/nn-tl unveiled/vbd another/dt new/jj development/nn made/vbn possible/jj by/in modern/jj plastic/nn materials/nns --/-- a/at revolving/vbg spectacular/jj sign/nn ./.
Comprised/vbn of/in 16/cd triangular/jj trans-illuminated/jj plastic/nn sections/nns ,/, it/pps makes/vbz it/ppo possible/jj to/to combine/vb three/cd different/jj signs/nns in/in a/at single/ap unit/nn ./.
The/at triangles/nns automatically/rb revolve/vb in/in a/at cycle/nn which/wdt permits/vbz 9/cd sec./nns of/in viewing/vbg time/nn for/in each/dt poster/nn subject/nn ./.
Sixteen/cd panels/nns ,/, each/dt slightly/ql more/ap than/in 1-1/2/cd ft./nns wide/jj ,/, make/vb up/rp the/at 25-ft./jj length/nn of/in the/at sign/nn ./.



Changeable/jj-hl letters/nns-hl fill/vb-hl many/ap-hl needs/nns-hl 
Perhaps/rb the/at best/jjt way/nn to/to indicate/vb the/at versatility/nn of/in design/nn that/wps characterizes/vbz the/at use/nn of/in plastics/nns in/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns would/md be/be to/to look/vb at/in what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg in/in only/rb one/cd of/in the/at areas/nns in/in this/dt complex/jj field/nn --/-- changeable/jj signs/nns ./.


	Signs/nns are/ber meant/vbn to/to convey/vb a/at message/nn ,/, and/cc in/in most/ap cases/nns ,/, this/dt requires/vbz words/nns and/cc letters/nns ./.
Frequently/rb ,/, the/at message/nn must/md be/be changed/vbn at/in intervals/nns to/to feature/vb new/jj products/nns ,/, price/nn changes/nns ,/, etc./rb ./.
The/at huge/jj market/nn for/in changeable/jj signs/nns has/hvz spurred/vbn a/at universal/jj demand/nn for/in individual/jj plastic/nn letters/nns ,/, in/in all/abn shapes/nns and/cc sizes/nns --/-- and/cc a/at number/nn of/in companies/nns are/ber set/vbn up/rp to/to supply/vb them/ppo ./.
Here/rb are/ber some/dti of/in the/at newer/jjr items/nns currently/rb available/jj :/: 

	Poster/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np :/: a/at changeable/jj copy/nn and/cc display/nn sign/nn which/wdt consists/vbz of/in an/at extruded/vbn impact/nn styrene/nn background/nn in/in choice/nn of/in colors/nns ,/, onto/in which/wdt are/ber mounted/vbn snap-in/jj letters/nns ,/, figures/nns ,/, or/cc words/nns screened/vbn on/in acetate/nn or/cc other/ap types/nns of/in sheet/nn stock/nn ./.
The/at background/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez available/jj in/in various/jj widths/nns and/cc continuous/jj lengths/nns ,/, is/bez extruded/vbn with/in parallel/jj undercut/jj grooves/nns which/wdt grip/vb the/at flexible/jj letters/nns securely/rb ./.


	The/at Adaptaplex/np-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Beaverton/np ,/, Ore./np :/: letters/nns molded/vbn of/in butyrate/nn ,/, available/jj in/in several/ap sizes/nns in/in either/cc red/jj or/cc black/jj ./.
Ideal/jj for/in merchandising/vbg use/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber weather-resistant/jj ,/, and/cc have/hv mounting/vbg pegs/nns on/in the/at back/nn which/wdt fit/vb into/in openings/nns in/in a/at vacuum-formed/jj waffle-pattern/jj background/nn panel/nn ./.


	For/in large/jj letters/nns ,/, e.g./rb thermoformed/vbn of/in acrylic/nn or/cc butyrate/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber other/ap techniques/nns ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, in/in a/at typical/jj store/nn installation/nn ,/, fifty/cd 24-in./jj and/cc six/cd 36-in./nn red/jj acrylic/nn letters/nns were/bed mounted/vbn against/in a/at white/jj painted/vbn wood/nn background/nn ./.
The/at fact/nn that/cs even/rb the/at larger/jjr letters/nns weighed/vbd only/rb 5/cd lb./nns each/dt made/vbd it/ppo possible/jj to/to secure/vb the/at letters/nns to/in the/at building/nn through/in clear/jj acrylic/nn angle/nn brackets/nns cemented/vbn to/in the/at letters/nns ./.
Stainless/jj steel/nn screws/nns were/bed used/vbn to/to minimize/vb corrosion/nn stains/nns ./.
For/in mounting/vbg to/in corrugated/vbn plastic/nn backgrounds/nns ,/, very/ql small/jj holes/nns may/md be/be drilled/vbn in/in the/at sides/nns of/in the/at letters/nns and/cc stainless/jj steel/nn wire/nn threaded/vbn through/in the/at openings/nns ,/, its/pp$ ends/nns twisted/vbn behind/in the/at panels/nns ./.


	Large/jj injection-molded/jj letters/nns are/ber also/rb available/jj for/in sign/nn installations/nns ./.
Wagner/np-tl Sign/nn-tl Service/nn-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, supplies/vbz them/ppo in/in several/ap colors/nns ,/, in/in heights/nns of/in 4/cd ,/, 6/cd ,/, 8/cd ,/, 10/cd ,/, and/cc 17/cd inches/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber molded/vbn of/in a/at special/jj weather-resistant/jj formulation/nn of/in Tenite/np butyrate/nn ./.
Also/rb available/jj from/in this/dt company/nn are/ber Snug-Grip/np Plasti-Bars/nps ,/, extruded/vbn of/in transparent/jj acrylic/nn material/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be cemented/vbn to/in any/dti corrugated/vbn acrylic/nn background/nn material/nn ./.
Made/vbn in/in lengths/nns from/in 3/cd to/in 10/cd ft./nns ,/, the/at bars/nns are/ber shaped/vbn in/in cross/nn section/nn to/to provide/vb a/at secure/jj fit/nn for/in the/at tapered/vbn slots/nns molded/vbn in/in back/nn of/in the/at letters/nns ./.


	Still/rb another/dt approach/nn to/in the/at changeable/jj letter/nn type/nn of/in sign/nn is/bez a/at modular/jj unit/nn introduced/vbn by/in Merritt/np-tl Products/nns-tl ,/, Azusa/np ,/, Calif./np ./.
This/dt vacuum/nn formed/vbn sign/nn is/bez comprised/vbn of/in 27-in./nn (/( or/cc smaller/jjr )/) panels/nns formed/vbn of/in 0.080-in./nn clear/jj butyrate/nn sheet/nn stock/nn ,/, masked/vbn and/cc sprayed/vbn on/in the/at rear/jj side/nn ./.
Finished/vbn signs/nns are/ber produced/vbn by/in sliding/vbg the/at separate/jj letter/nn panels/nns into/in channels/nns of/in 0.025-in./nn aluminum/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be mounted/vbn to/in various/jj surfaces/nns ./.
The/at sheets/nns are/ber extruded/vbn of/in Tenite/np butyrate/nn by/in Jet/nn-tl Specialties/nns-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ./.


	On/in large-area/nn units/nns ,/, where/wrb additional/jj structural/jj requirements/nns are/ber imposed/vbn ,/, one/cd recent/jj approach/nn utilizes/vbz modular/jj extruded/vbn or/cc formed/vbn channels/nns (/( e.g./rb right-angled/jj corrugations/nns )/) of/in the/at acrylic/nn or/cc butyrate/nn ./.
Joined/vbn side/nn by/in side/nn ,/, such/jj channels/nns make/vb possible/jj construction/nn of/in continuous/jj two-dimensional/jj luminous/jj areas/nns up/in to/in 50/cd ft./nns high/jj and/cc of/in unlimited/jj width/nn ./.
Letters/nns may/md be/be wired/vbn to/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at combined/vbn channels/nns ,/, painted/vbn on/in the/at first/od surface/nn ,/, or/cc handled/vbn in/in other/ap ways/nns ./.




New/jj-hl rule/nn-hl no./nn-hl 2/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl
Don't/do*-hl build/vb-hl from/in-hl the/at-hl outside/nn-hl in/rp-hl --/---hl try/vb-hl to/to-hl build/vb-hl from/in-hl the/at-hl inside/nn-hl out/rp-hl 
./.
Don't/do* insert/vb your/pp$ components/nns into/in fixed/vbn openings/nns ,/, they/ppss may/md or/cc may/md not/* fit/vb ;/. ;/.
position/vb your/pp$ components/nns before/cs you/ppss close/vb them/ppo in/rp ./.
For/in example/nn :/: 

	Don't/do* wall/vb in/rp your/pp$ kitchen/nn before/cs you/ppss hang/vb the/at wall/nn cabinets/nns and/cc set/vb the/at appliances/nns ./.
It's/pps+bez a/at lot/nn quicker/jjr and/cc easier/jjr to/to dimension/vb the/at kitchen/nn to/to fit/vb the/at cabinets/nns and/cc erect/vb the/at end/nn wall/nn after/cs they/ppss are/ber all/abn in/in place/nn ./.


	Set/vb your/pp$ bathtub/nn before/cs you/ppss close/vb in/rp the/at end/nn of/in the/at bathroom/nn ./.
Don't/do* try/vb to/to wrestle/vb a/at 400-lb./nn tub/nn Af/nn through/in a/at narrow/jj doorway/nn ./.


	Finish/vb your/pp$ plumbing/nn before/cs you/ppss frame/vb it/ppo in/rp (/( most/ql economical/jj framing/nn is/bez a/at thin/jj non-bearing/jj partition/nn on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at pipes/nns )/) ./.


	Finish/vb installing/vbg and/cc connecting/vbg up/rp your/pp$ furnace/nn and/cc your/pp$ water/nn heater/nn before/cs you/ppss wall/vb them/ppo in/rp ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at better/jjr way/nn to/to waste/vb time/nn than/cs trying/vbg to/to install/vb a/at furnace/nn in/in a/at finished/vbn Af/nn closet/nn ./.


	Don't/do* position/vb your/pp$ studs/nns before/cs you/ppss insert/vb your/pp$ windows/nns in/in conventional/jj construction/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt way/nn you/ppss may/md pay/vb more/ap to/to shim/vb the/at window/nn into/in place/nn than/cs you/ppss paid/vbd for/in the/at window/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md save/vb all/abn that/dt shimming/vbg time/nn if/cs you/ppss set/vb your/pp$ windows/nns in/in one/cd ,/, two/cd ,/, three/cd order/nn --/-- first/rb the/at stud/nn on/in one/cd side/nn ,/, then/rb the/at window/nn ,/, then/rb the/at stud/nn on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./.


	Install/vb your/pp$ disappearing/vbg stair/nn (/( or/cc stairs/nns )/) to/in the/at attic/nn and/cc finish/vb your/pp$ overhead/jj ducts/nns before/cs you/ppss drywall/vb the/at ceiling/nn ./.


	Don't/do* close/vb in/rp your/pp$ house/nn until/cs everything/pn has/hvz been/ben carried/vbn in/rp ./.
Last/ap wall/nn Bob/np Schmitt/np erects/vbz is/bez the/at wall/nn between/in the/at house/nn and/cc garage/nn ./.
That/dt way/nn he/pps can/md truck/vb his/pp$ parts/nns right/ql indoors/rb and/cc unload/vb them/ppo under/in the/at roof/nn ./.


	No/at auto/nn maker/nn would/md dream/vb of/in putting/vbg the/at head/nn on/in the/at engine/nn before/cs he/pps fitted/vbd the/at pistons/nns in/in the/at block/nn ./.
And/cc trailer/nn makers/nns ,/, those/dts most/ql industrialized/vbn and/cc therefore/rb most/ql efficient/jj of/in homebuilders/nns ,/, say/vb they/ppss save/vb hundreds/nns of/in dollars/nns by/in always/rb building/vbg from/in the/at inside/nn out/rp ./.



New/jj rule/nn no./nn 3/cd :/: rethink/vb everything/pn to/to get/vb all/abn the/at big/jj savings/nns the/at revolution/nn in/in materials/nns handling/nn offers/vbz you/ppo 
./.
This/dt revolution/nn is/bez the/at biggest/jjt build-better-for-less/jj news/nn of/in all/abn ,/, because/cs :/: 1/cd ./.

It/pps makes/vbz it/ppo easy/jj to/to handle/vb much/ql heavier/jjr units/nns ,/, so/rb you/ppss can/md plan/vb to/to build/vb with/in much/ql bigger/jjr and/cc heavier/jjr prefabricated/vbn components/nns like/cs those/dts shown/vbn in/in the/at pictures/nns alongside/rb ./.
2/cd ./.

It/pps makes/vbz materials/nns handling/nn the/at only/ap construction/nn cost/nn that/wps (/( like/cs earthmoving/nn and/cc roadbuilding/nn )/) should/md be/be lower/jjr today/nr than/cs in/in 1929/cd ./.
3/cd ./.

It/pps changes/vbz the/at answers/nns to/in ``/`` Who/wps should/md do/do what/wdt ,/, and/cc where/wrb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
It/pps lessens/vbz the/at need/nn for/in costly/jj on-site/jj fabrication/nn and/cc increases/vbz the/at chance/nn for/in shop/nn fabrication/nn ,/, where/wrb almost/rb everything/pn can/md be/be made/vbn better/jjr and/cc cheaper/jjr ./.
4/cd ./.

It/pps changes/vbz the/at answers/nns on/in when/wrb to/to do/do what/wdt at/in the/at site/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in putting/vbg in/rp your/pp$ driveways/nns last/rb (/( as/cs many/ap builders/nns do/do )/) you/ppss can/md now/rb save/vb money/nn by/in putting/vbg them/ppo in/rp first/rb ./.
Instead/rb of/in closing/vbg the/at house/nn in/rp first/rb (/( as/cs most/ap builders/nns do/do )/) you/ppss can/md now/rb cut/vb your/pp$ costs/nns by/in not/* closing/vbg it/ppo in/rp until/cs you/ppss have/hv to/to (/( see/vb p/nn 121/cd )/) ./.
5/cd ./.

It/pps changes/vbz the/at answers/nns on/in builder-dealer/jj relations/nns ./.
Not/* so/ql long/rb ago/rb many/ap builders/nns were/bed finding/vbg they/ppss could/md cut/vb their/pp$ costs/nns by/in ``/`` buying/vbg direct/rb ''/'' and/cc short-cutting/vbg the/at dealer/nn ./.
But/cc now/rb many/ap of/in these/dts same/ap builders/nns are/ber finding/vbg they/ppss can/md cut/vb their/pp$ costs/nns more/rbr by/in teaming/vbg up/rp with/in a/at dealer/nn who/wps has/hvz volume/nn enough/ap to/to afford/vb the/at most/ql efficient/jj specialized/vbn equipment/nn to/to deliver/vb everything/pn just/rb where/wrb it/pps is/bez needed/vbn --/-- drywall/nn inside/in the/at house/nn ,/, siding/nn along/in the/at sides/nns ,/, trusses/nns on/in the/at walls/nns ,/, roofing/nn on/in the/at roof/nn ,/, etc./rb ./.


	Says/nns Clarence/np Thompson/np :/: ``/`` We/ppss dealers/nns must/md earn/vb our/pp$ mark-up/nn by/in performing/vbg a/at service/nn for/in the/at builder/nn cheaper/rbr than/cs he/pps could/md do/do it/ppo himself/ppl ''/'' ./.
The/at revolution/nn now/rb under/in way/nn in/in materials/nns handling/nn makes/vbz this/dt much/ql easier/jjr ./.
The/at-hl revolution/nn-hl is/bez-hl well/ql-hl under/in-hl way/nn-hl ,/,-hl but/cc-hl much/ql-hl more/ap-hl remains/vbz-hl to/to-hl be/be-hl done/vbn-hl 
./.-hl
Five/cd years/nns ago/rb a/at House/nn-tl &/cc-tl Home/nn-tl Round/jj-tl Table/nn-tl cosponsored/vbn by/in the/at Lumber/nn-tl Dealers'/nns$-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl reported/vbd unhappily/rb :/: 

	``/`` Only/rb one/cd lumber/nn dealer/nn in/in ten/cd is/bez equipped/vbn to/to handle/vb unit/nn loads/nns ;/. ;/.
only/rb one/cd box/nn car/nn in/in eight/cd has/hvz the/at wide/jj doors/nns needed/vbn for/in unit/nn loads/nns ;/. ;/.
only/rb one/cd producer/nn in/in a/at hundred/cd is/bez equipped/vbn to/to package/vb and/cc ship/vb unit/nn loads/nns ;/. ;/.
only/rb one/cd builder/nn in/in a/at thousand/cd is/bez equipped/vbn to/to receive/vb unit/nn loads/nns ./.


	``/`` So/rb from/in raw/jj materials/nns to/in finished/vbn erection/nn the/at costs/nns of/in materials/nns handling/nn (/( most/ap of/in it/ppo inefficient/jj )/) add/vb up/rp to/in one-fourth/nn of/in the/at total/nn construction/nn cost/nn of/in housing/vbg ''/'' ./.


	``/`` That/dt House/nn-tl &/cc-tl Home/nn-tl Round/jj-tl Table/nn-tl was/bedz the/at real/jj starting/vbg point/nn for/in today's/nr$ revolution/nn in/in materials/nns handling/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Clarence/np Thompson/np ,/, long/rb chairman/nn of/in the/at Lumber/nn-tl Dealers'/nns$-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ./.
``/`` It/pps made/vbd our/pp$ whole/jj industry/nn recognize/vb the/at need/nn for/in a/at new/jj kind/nn of/in teamwork/nn between/in manufacturer/nn ,/, carrier/nn ,/, equipment/nn maker/nn ,/, dealer/nn ,/, and/cc builder/nn ,/, all/abn working/vbg together/rb to/to cut/vb the/at cost/nn of/in materials/nns handling/nn ./.
Before/in that/dt we/ppss lumber/nn dealers/nns were/bed working/vbg almost/ql single-handed/jj on/in the/at problem/nn ''/'' ./.
Here/rb-hl is/bez-hl where/wrb-hl things/nns-hl stand/vb-hl today/nr-hl :/:-hl 
1/cd ./.

Almost/rb all/abn of/in the/at 3,000/cd lumber/nn dealers/nns who/wps cater/vb primarily/rb to/in the/at new-house/nn market/nn and/cc supply/vb 90%/nn of/in this/dt year's/nn$ new/jj houses/nns are/ber mechanized/vbn ./.
There/ex are/ber few/ap areas/nns left/vbn where/wrb a/at builder/nn cannot/md* find/vb a/at dealer/nn equipped/vbn to/to save/vb him/ppo money/nn by/in delivering/vbg everything/pn at/in lower/jjr cost/nn just/rb where/wrb his/pp$ workmen/nns will/md need/vb it/ppo ./.
2/cd ./.

Practically/rb all/abn bulky/jj housing/vbg products/nns can/md now/rb be/be ordered/vbn in/in standard/jj units/nns palletized/vbn or/cc unitized/vbn for/in mechanical/jj handling/nn --/-- including/in lumber/nn ,/, asphalt/nn shingles/nns ,/, glass/nn block/nn ,/, face/nn brick/nn ,/, plaster/nn ,/, lime/nn ,/, hardboard/nn ,/, gypsum/nn wallboard/nn and/cc sheathing/nn ,/, cement/nn ,/, insulation/nn sheathing/nn ,/, floor/nn tile/nn ,/, acoustical/jj tile/nn ,/, plaster/nn base/nn ,/, and/cc asbestos/nn shingles/nns ./.
3/cd ./.

Truck/nn and/cc materials-handling/jj equipment/nn makers/nns now/rb offer/vb specialized/vbn units/nns to/to meet/vb almost/rb every/at homebuilding/jj need/nn ./.
For/in some/dti significant/jj new/jj items/nns see/vb the/at pictures/nns ./.
4/cd ./.

More/ap than/in 50%/nn of/in all/abn lumber/nn is/bez unitized/vbn ;/. ;/.
an/at NLRDA/nn survey/nn found/vbd that/cs at/in least/ap 492/cd lumber/nn mills/nns will/md strap/vb their/pp$ shipments/nns for/in mechanized/vbn handling/nn ./.
Of/in these/dts ,/, 376/cd said/vbd they/ppss make/vb no/at extra/jj charge/nn for/in strapping/vbg in/in standard/jj units/nns ,/, because/cs they/ppss save/vb enough/ap on/in mechanized/vbn carloading/nn to/to offset/vb their/pp$ strapping/vbg cost/nn ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at others/nns will/md swallow/vb their/pp$ $.50/nn to/in $3/nn charge/vb rather/in than/in lose/vb a/at good/jj customer/nn ./.
``/`` With/in a/at 15,500-lb./nn fork-lift/nn ,/, dealers/nns can/md unload/vb unitized/vbn lumber/nn from/in wide-door/nn box/nn cars/nns for/in $.30/mbf/nns compared/vbn with/in $1.65/nns or/cc more/ap to/to unload/vb loose/jj lumber/nn one/cd piece/nn at/in a/at time/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz James/np Wright/np of/in Aj/nn ./.
5/cd ./.

Lumber/nn dealers/nns and/cc lumber/nn manufacturers/nns have/hv agreed/vbn on/in a/at standard/jj unit/nn for/in unitized/vbn shipments/nns --/-- 48''/nns ''/'' wide/jj by/in a/at nominal/jj 30''/nns ''/'' high/jj (/( or/cc six/cd McCracken/np packets/nns 24''/nns ''/'' wide/jj by/in nominal/jj 7''/nns ''/'' high/jj )/) ./.
These/dts units/nns make/vb it/ppo easy/jj to/to load/vb as/ql much/rb as/cs 48,000/cd bd/ft/nn (/( say/vb 120,000/cd lb/nn in/in a/at 50'/nn box/nn car/nn )/) much/ql more/ap than/in the/at average/nn for/in loose-loaded/jj cars/nns ./.
6/cd ./.

The/at railroads/nns have/hv responded/vbn by/in adding/vbg 20,000/cd more/ap box/nn cars/nns with/in doors/nns 12'/nns or/cc wider/jjr for/in forklift/nn unloading/vbg (/( a/at 21%/nn increase/nn while/cs the/at total/nn number/nn of/in box/nn cars/nns was/bedz falling/vbg 6%/nn )/) and/cc by/in cutting/vbg their/pp$ freight/nn rates/nns twice/rb on/in lumber/nn shipped/vbn in/in heavily/rb loaded/vbn cars/nns ./.
First/rb was/bedz a/at 1958/cd cut/nn of/in more/ap than/in 50%/nn on/in that/dt portion/nn of/in the/at load/nn in/in excess/nn of/in 40,000/cd lb/nn ;/. ;/.
later/rbr came/vbd a/at 1961/cd cut/nn on/in the/at West/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl (/( still/rb pending/in elsewhere/rb )/) of/in $.07/cwt/nns on/in 70,000/cd lb-plus/nn carloads/nns (/( which/wdt works/vbz out/rp to/in more/ap than/in $4/mbf/nns on/in that/dt portion/nn of/in the/at load/nn in/in excess/nn of/in 70,000/cd lb/nn ./.
7/cd ./.

More/ap unitized/vbn lumber/nn is/bez being/beg shipped/vbn on/in flat/jj cars/nns ,/, and/cc NLRDA/nn studies/nns show/vb that/cs flat/jj cars/nns loaded/vbn with/in the/at new/jj Type/nn-tl 6-B/np floating-load/nn method/nn can/md be/be unloaded/vbn for/in as/ql little/ap as/cs $.054/mbf/nns ./.
For/in long/jj hauls/nns these/dts shipments/nns should/md be/be protected/vbn with/in water-proof/jj paper/nn ./.
This/dt costs/vbz from/in $.75/nns to/in $2.30/mbf/nns ,/, but/cc the/at cover/nn can/md pay/vb off/rp if/cs the/at lumber/nn is/bez to/to be/be stored/vbn in/in the/at open/nn ./.
These/dts-hl carriers/nns-hl cut/vb-hl handling/vbg-hl costs/nns-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl dealer/nn-hl --/---hl and/cc-hl the/at-hl builder/nn-hl 
./.-hl
Says/vbz NRLDA's/nn James/np Wright/np :/: ``/`` Since/in 1958/cd carriers/nns that/wps move/vb material/nn from/in the/at yard/nn to/in the/at job/nn site/nn have/hv undergone/vbn more/ql radical/jj changes/nns than/cs any/dti of/in the/at dealer's/nn$ other/ap equipment/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at reason/nn :/: today's/nr$ components/nns and/cc lumber/nn packages/nns are/ber far/ql too/ql bulky/jj to/to be/be handled/vbn by/in a/at truckdriver/nn and/cc a/at helper/nn ./.
So/rb manufacturers/nns have/hv pioneered/vbn a/at new/jj type/nn of/in vehicle/nn --/-- the/at self-unloading/jj carrier/nn ./.
It/pps cuts/vbz the/at lumber/nn dealer's/nn$ cost/nn because/cs it/pps takes/vbz only/rb one/cd man/nn --/-- the/at driver/nn --/-- to/to unload/vb it/ppo ,/, and/cc because/cs it/pps unloads/vbz in/in a/at fraction/nn of/in the/at time/nn and/cc at/in a/at fraction/nn of/in the/at cost/nn of/in hand/nn unloading/vbg ./.
And/cc it/pps helps/vbz the/at builder/nn because/cs it/pps can/md handle/vb a/at more/ql efficiently/rb packaged/vbn load/nn ,/, can/md deliver/vb it/ppo to/in the/at best/jjt spot/nn (/( in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, right/ql on/in the/at roof/nn or/cc inside/in the/at house/nn )/) ,/, and/cc never/rb takes/vbz any/dti of/in the/at builder's/nn$ high-priced/jj labor/nn to/to help/vb unload/vb it/ppo ./.


	Says/vbz Wright/np :/: ``/`` Our/pp$ survey/nn shows/vbz that/cs one/cd third/nn of/in the/at retail/jj dealers/nns plan/vb to/to increase/vb the/at mechanization/nn of/in their/pp$ materials/nns handling/nn in/in the/at coming/vbg two/cd years/nns ./.
And/cc most/ap of/in the/at gain/nn will/md be/be in/in self-unloading/jj vehicles/nns ''/'' ./.



New/jj-hl rule/nn-hl no./nn-hl 4/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl
Restudy/vb-hl what/wdt-hl your/pp$-hl men/nns-hl do/do-hl ,/,-hl to/to-hl help/vb-hl them/ppo-hl waste/vb-hl less/ap-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl time/nn-hl you/ppss-hl pay/vb-hl for/in-hl 
./.-hl
Half/abn the/at manhours/nns you/ppss pay/vb for/in on/in most/ap jobs/nns are/ber wasted/vbn because/cs the/at job/nn was/bedz not/* planned/vbn right/rb ,/, so/rb the/at right/jj tools/nns were/bed not/* handy/jj at/in the/at right/jj place/nn at/in the/at right/jj time/nn ,/, or/cc the/at right/jj materials/nns were/bed not/* delivered/vbn to/in the/at handiest/jjt spots/nns or/cc materials/nns were/bed not/* stacked/vbn in/in the/at right/jj order/nn for/in erection/nn ,/, or/cc you/ppss bought/vbd cheap/jj materials/nns that/wps took/vbd too/ql long/rb to/to fit/vb ,/, or/cc your/pp$ workmen/nns had/hvd to/to come/vb back/rb twice/rb to/to finish/vb a/at job/nn they/ppss could/md have/hv done/vbn on/in one/cd trip/nn ./.


	Even/rb ``/`` America's/np$ most/ql efficient/jj builder/nn ''/'' ,/, Bob/np Schmitt/np of/in Berea/np ,/, hopes/vbz to/to cut/vb his/pp$ labor/nn costs/nns another/dt $2,000/nns per/in house/nn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at time-&-motion/nn studies/nns now/rb being/beg completed/vbn on/in his/pp$ operation/nn by/in industrial/jj efficiency/nn engineers/nns from/in the/at Stanley/np-tl Works/nns-tl ./.
Already/rb this/dt study/nn has/hvz suggested/vbn ways/nns to/to cut/vb his/pp$ foundation/nn manhours/nns from/in 170/cd to/in 105/cd by/in eliminating/vbg idle/jj time/nn and/cc wasted/vbn motion/nn ./.


	Builder/nn Eddie/np Carr/np of/in Washington/np ,/, past/ap president/nn of/in NAHB/nn ,/, cut/vbd his/pp$ bricklaying/nn costs/nns $150/nns a/at house/nn by/in adopting/vbg the/at ``/`` SCR/nn masonry/nn process/nn ''/'' worked/vbn out/rp after/rb careful/jj time-&-motion/nn studies/nns by/in the/at Structural/jj-tl Clay/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Research/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl to/to help/vb bricklayers/nns do/do better/jjr work/nn for/in less/ap ./.
A/at midwestern/jj builder/nn cut/vbd his/pp$ labor/nn costs/nns per/in thousand/cd bricks/nns from/in $81/nns to/in $43.50/nns by/in adopting/vbg this/dt same/ap process/nn ,/, cut/vbd them/ppo another/dt $7.50/nns to/in $36/nns by/in buying/vbg his/pp$ bricks/nns in/in convenient/jj ,/, easy-to-spot/jj 100-brick/jj packages/nns ./.
The/at SCR/nn process/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ precision/nn corner-posts/nns ,/, its/pp$ precision/nn guide/nn lines/nns ,/, its/pp$ working/vbg level/nn scaffold/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ hand-level/nn brick/nn supply/nn takes/vbz eight/cd manhours/nns to/to get/vb set/vbn ,/, but/cc once/cs ready/jj it/pps makes/vbz it/ppo easy/jj for/cs bricklayers/nns to/to lay/vb a/at thousand/cd bricks/nns a/at day/nn ./.
See/vb page/nn 156/cd ./.


	One/cd good/jj way/nn to/to cut/vb your/pp$ labor/nn waste/nn is/bez to/to make/vb sure/jj you/ppss are/ber using/vbg just/rb the/at right/jj number/nn of/in men/nns in/in each/dt crew/nn ./.
Reports/nns Jim/np Lendrum/np :/: ``/`` By/in studying/vbg men/nns on/in the/at job/nn ,/, we/ppss found/vbd that/cs two/cd men/nns --/-- a/at carpenter/nn and/cc a/at helper/nn --/-- can/md lay/vb a/at floor/nn faster/rbr than/cs three/cd ./.
We/ppss found/vbd that/cs three/cd men/nns --/-- two/cd carpenters/nns and/cc a/at helper/nn --/-- can/md put/vb up/rp wall/nn panels/nns or/cc trusses/nns more/ql economically/rb than/cs four/cd men/nns --/-- because/cs four/cd men/nns don't/do* make/vb two/cd teams/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss make/vb one/cd inefficient/jj three-men-and-a-helper/jj team/nn ./.
We/ppss found/vbd that/cs wherever/wrb you/ppss can/md use/vb two/cd teams/nns on/in a/at job/nn ,/, five/cd men/nns ,/, not/* four/cd ,/, is/bez the/at magic/jj number/nn ''/'' ./.


	No/at house/nn was/bedz ever/rb built/vbn that/wps could/md not/* have/hv been/ben built/vbn better/rbr for/in less/ap if/cs the/at work/nn had/hvd been/ben better/rbr planned/vbn and/cc the/at work/nn better/rbr scheduled/vbn ./.



New/jj-hl rule/nn-hl no./nn-hl 5/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl
Don't/do*-hl waste/vb-hl any/dti-hl $.10-a-minute/nn-hl time/nn-hl on/in-hl green/jj-hl lumber/nn-hl to/to-hl save/vb-hl $.03/nns-hl a/at-hl stud/nn-hl 
./.
This/dt is/bez the/at most/ql penny-wise/jj ,/, pound-foolish/jj chisel/nn a/at builder/nn can/md commit/vb ./.


	Green/jj lumber/nn was/bedz all/abn very/ql well/jj back/rb in/in the/at days/nns of/in wet/jj plaster/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at framing/vbg lumber/nn was/bedz bound/vbn to/to swell/vb and/cc then/rb shrink/vb as/cs tons/nns of/in water/nn dried/vbd out/rp the/at gypsum/nn ./.
But/cc now/rb that/cs all/abn production/nn builders/nns build/vb with/in drywall/nn and/cc all/abn smart/jj builders/nns build/vb with/in panels/nns ,/, green/jj lumber/nn is/bez an/at anachronism/nn you/ppss cannot/md* afford/vb ./.


	Green/jj studs/nns cost/vb about/rb $.65/nns ;/. ;/.
dry/jj studs/nns cost/vb less/ap than/in $.03/nns more/ap ./.
So/rb if/cs a/at green/jj stud/nn makes/vbz a/at carpenter/nn or/cc a/at drywall/nn finisher/nn or/cc anybody/pn else/rb waste/vb even/rb 20/cd seconds/nns ,/, the/at green/jj stud/nn becomes/vbz more/ql expensive/jj than/cs a/at dry/jj stud/nn ./.



	There/ex comes/vbz a/at time/nn in/in the/at lives/nns of/in most/ap of/in us/ppo when/wrb we/ppss want/vb to/to be/be alone/rb ./.
Not/* necessarily/rb to/to be/be off/rp all/abn by/in ourselves/ppls ,/, but/cc away/rb from/in the/at crowds/nns and/cc common/jj happenstance/nn ./.
If/cs you've/ppss+hv travelled/vbn in/in Europe/np a/at time/nn or/cc two/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez quite/ql certain/jj that/cs you've/ppss+hv had/hvn that/dt wanting-to-be-alone/jj feeling/nn or/cc that/cs you/ppss will/md get/vb it/ppo on/in your/pp$ next/ap visit/nn across/in the/at Atlantic/np ./.
Following/vbg a/at guide/nn ,/, and/cc gratefully/rb so/rb ,/, is/bez an/at excellent/jj way/nn to/to see/vb all/abn the/at important/jj places/nns when/wrb everything/pn is/bez strange/jj and/cc new/jj ./.
However/rb ,/, after/cs you've/ppss+hv seen/vbn all/abn the/at historical/jj piazzas/nns and/cc plazas/nns ,/, the/at places/nns and/cc forums/nns ,/, the/at churches/nns and/cc museums/nns ,/, the/at palaces/nns and/cc castles/nns ,/, and/cc begin/vb to/to feel/vb at/in home/nn in/in the/at capitals/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, you'll/ppss+md want/vb to/to change/vb your/pp$ course/nn and/cc follow/vb the/at by-roads/nns at/in will/nn ,/, far/ql from/in the/at market/nn places/nns ./.


	The/at champagne/nn at/in Troyes/np ,/, the/at traditional/jj capital/nn of/in the/at champagne/nn country/nn ,/, has/hvz more/ap ambrosial/jj taste/nn somehow/rb than/cs it/pps has/hvz at/in a/at sidewalk/nn cafe/nn on/in the/at Rue/fw-nn-tl de/fw-in-tl la/fw-at-tl Paix/fw-nn-tl or/cc at/in Tour/fw-nn-tl D'Argent/fw-in+nn-tl ./.
You/ppss can/md relive/vb history/nn and/cc follow/vb ,/, in/in fancy/nn ,/, the/at Crusaders/nns-tl in/in their/pp$ quest/nn for/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Grail/nn-tl as/cs they/ppss sail/vb out/rp from/in Brindisi/np ,/, an/at ancient/jj town/nn in/in the/at heel/nn of/in Italy's/np$ boot/nn ./.
And/cc you/ppss don't/do* meet/vb the/at folks/nns from/in home/nn in/in Northwest/jj-tl Spain/np-tl which/wdt has/hvz remained/vbn almost/rb untouched/jj by/in time/nn and/cc tourists/nns since/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./.
Time/nn stands/vbz still/rb as/cs you/ppss climb/vb the/at narrow/jj ,/, stone/nn stairways/nns in/in tiny/jj villages/nns clinging/vbg to/in steep/jj mountain/nn slopes/nns or/cc wander/vb through/in story-book/nn towns/nns ,/, perched/vbn atop/rb lofty/jj crags/nns ,/, their/pp$ faces/nns turned/vbn to/in the/at sea/nn ./.
They've/ppss+hv been/ben there/rb since/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Moors/nps and/cc the/at Saracens/nps ./.
And/cc what/wdt better/jjr way/nn to/to end/vb a/at day/nn than/cs by/in dining/vbg with/in artists/nns and/cc gourmets/nns in/in a/at squat/jj but/cc charming/jj fisherman's/nn$ village/nn on/in the/at Mediterranean/np ?/. ?/.


	An/at almost/rb too-simple-to-be-true/jj way/nn to/to set/vb forth/rb on/in such/jj adventures/nns is/bez just/rb to/to put/vb yourself/ppl behind/in the/at wheel/nn of/in a/at car/nn and/cc head/vb for/in the/at open/jj road/nn ./.


	For/in those/dts who/wps need/vb or/cc want/vb and/cc can/md afford/vb another/dt car/nn ,/, buying/vbg one/cd and/cc driving/vbg it/ppo on/in the/at grand/jj tour/nn ,/, then/rb shipping/vbg it/ppo home/nr ,/, is/bez one/cd popular/jj plan/nn for/in a/at do-it-yourself/jj pilgrimage/nn ./.
Then/rb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps either/cc do/do not/* want/vb or/cc need/vb or/cc cannot/md* afford/vb another/dt car/nn ./.
The/at answer/nn to/in this/dt diathesis/nn is/bez to/to pick/vb up/rp a/at telephone/nn and/cc arrange/vb to/to rent/vb one/cd ./.
It/pps is/bez that/dt elemental/jj ./.


	Almost/rb any/dti travel/nn agent/nn will/md reserve/vb a/at car/nn for/in you/ppo ./.
You/ppss can/md call/vb one/cd of/in the/at car/nn rental/nn services/nns directly/rb (/( Hertz/np ,/, Avis/np ,/, Auto-Europe/np-tl Nationalcar/np-tl Rental/nn-tl ,/, and/cc others/nns )/) and/cc ask/vb them/ppo to/to reserve/vb a/at car/nn of/in your/pp$ choice/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti transportation/nn lines/nns offer/vb this/dt service/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
With/in few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, your/pp$ car/nn will/md be/be waiting/vbg for/in you/ppo at/in dockside/nn ,/, airport/nn ,/, railroad/nn station/nn or/cc hotel/nn when/wrb you/ppss arrive/vb ,/, oftentimes/rb at/in no/rb additional/jj cost/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md wait/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, until/cs you/ppss arrive/vb in/in Europe/np before/cs renting/vbg your/pp$ car/nn ./.
The/at disadvantages/nns to/in this/dt method/nn are/ber that/cs you/ppss may/md not/* have/hv as/ql great/jj a/at choice/nn of/in models/nns readily/ql available/jj or/cc you/ppss may/md have/hv to/to wait/vb a/at few/ap days/nns or/cc ,/, during/in the/at busy/jj tourist/nn season/nn ,/, when/wrb cars/nns are/ber in/in great/jj demand/nn ,/, you/ppss might/md find/vb it/ppo fairly/ql difficult/jj to/to get/vb a/at car/nn at/in all/abn ./.
Since/cs charges/nns are/ber relatively/rb the/at same/ap ,/, reserving/vbg a/at car/nn before/cs you/ppss leave/vb for/in Europe/np will/md assure/vb you/ppo of/in having/hvg one/cd on/in tap/nn when/wrb you/ppss want/vb it/ppo ./.


	For/in those/dts who/wps plan/vb to/to travel/vb to/in Europe/np by/in one/cd route/nn and/cc return/vb by/in another/dt some/dti agencies/nns offer/vb a/at service/nn whereby/wrb you/ppss can/md pick/vb up/in a/at car/nn in/in one/cd city/nn on/in arrival/nn and/cc leave/vb it/ppo in/in another/dt city/nn ,/, or/cc even/rb another/dt country/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss are/ber ready/jj to/to return/vb home/nr ./.
At/in some/dti cities/nns ,/, this/dt pick-up/nn and/cc delivery/nn service/nn is/bez without/in additional/jj charge/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, if/cs you/ppss are/ber budget-wise/jj ,/, when/wrb you/ppss are/ber planning/vbg your/pp$ itinerary/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md take/vb advantage/nn of/in these/dts free/jj delivery/nn and/cc collection/nn stations/nns in/in major/jj cities/nns within/in the/at larger/jjr European/jj countries/nns ./.


	International/jj Touring/vbg-tl Documents/nns-tl are/ber usually/rb provided/vbn with/in the/at car/nn as/cs are/ber road/nn maps/nns and/cc touring/vbg data/nns ./.
A/at valid/jj American/jj driving/vbg license/nn is/bez accepted/vbn in/in all/abn countries/nns except/in Portugal/np ,/, Spain/np ,/, Yugoslavia/np and/cc Eastern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./.
If/cs you/ppss plan/vb to/to visit/vb any/dti of/in these/dts countries/nns ,/, you/ppss can/md obtain/vb your/pp$ International/jj-tl Driving/nn-tl Permit/nn-tl before/cs you/ppss leave/vb at/in a/at nominal/jj fee/nn --/-- around/rb $3.00/nns ./.
Your/pp$ insurance/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, with/in most/ap agencies/nns ,/, is/bez provided/vbn with/in the/at car/nn ,/, covering/vbg comprehensive/jj fire/nn ,/, theft/nn ,/, liability/nn and/cc collision/nn with/in a/at deductible/jj clause/nn which/wdt varies/vbz in/in different/jj countries/nns ./.
If/cs you/ppss would/md feel/vb happier/jjr with/in full/jj collision/nn insurance/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at small/jj additional/jj charge/nn ,/, again/rb varying/vbg from/in country/nn to/in country/nn and/cc depending/in on/in the/at term/nn of/in such/jj insurance/nn ./.
The/at average/jj charge/nn for/in this/dt additional/jj insurance/nn coverage/nn is/bez roughly/rb $1.00/nn a/at day/nn ./.
The/at charge/nn is/bez variable/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc goes/vbz as/ql low/jj as/cs $.50/nns a/at day/nn in/in Ireland/np and/cc as/ql high/jj as/cs $2.00/nns a/at day/nn in/in Greece/np ./.


	Rental/jj fees/nns are/ber variable/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, throughout/in the/at countries/nns of/in Europe/np ./.
There/ex are/ber as/ql many/ap rates/nns as/cs there/ex are/ber countries/nns and/cc models/nns of/in cars/nns available/jj ./.
As/cs in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at flat/jj fee-per-day/jj rental/jj charge/nn plus/cc a/at few/ap cents/nns per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at per-day/jj rate/nn drops/vbz if/cs the/at car/nn is/bez retained/vbn for/in a/at week/nn ./.
It/pps drops/vbz again/rb after/in fifteen/cd and/or/cc twenty-one/cd days/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez well/jj to/to bear/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs gasoline/nn will/md cost/vb from/in $.80/nns to/in $.90/nns for/in the/at equivalent/jj of/in a/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl gallon/nn and/cc while/cs you/ppss might/md prefer/vb a/at familiar/jj Ford/np ,/, Chevrolet/np or/cc even/rb a/at Cadillac/np ,/, which/wdt are/ber available/jj in/in some/dti countries/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez probably/rb wiser/jjr to/to choose/vb the/at smaller/jjr European/jj makes/nns which/wdt average/vb thirty/cd ,/, thirty-five/cd and/cc even/rb forty/cd miles/nns to/in the/at gallon/nn ./.


	Your/pp$ choice/nn of/in model/nn will/md undoubtedly/rb be/be governed/vbn by/in the/at number/nn of/in people/nns travelling/vbg in/in your/pp$ group/nn ./.
With/in the/at exception/nn of/in the/at sports/nns cars/nns ,/, even/rb the/at quite/ql tiny/jj sedans/nns will/md seat/vb four/cd passengers/nns if/cs you/ppss are/ber willing/jj to/to sacrifice/vb comfort/nn and/cc luggage/nn space/nn for/in really/ql economical/jj transportation/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at large/jj variety/nn of/in models/nns to/to choose/vb from/in in/in most/ap countries/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, including/in 6-passenger/jj sedans/nns and/cc station/nn wagons/nns and/cc the/at rental/jj fee/nn isn't/bez* all/ql that/ql much/ql greater/jjr than/cs for/in the/at wee/jj sedans/nns ./.


	The/at basic/jj costs/nns are/ber generally/rb pretty/ql much/rb the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in the/at agency/nn through/in which/wdt you/ppss reserve/vb your/pp$ car/nn ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo offer/vb supplementary/jj advantages/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez the/at free/jj intra-city/jj ``/`` rent/vb it/ppo here/rb ,/, leave/vb it/ppo there/rb ''/'' service/nn ,/, as/cs an/at example/nn ,/, the/at free/jj delivery/nn and/cc collection/nn at/in the/at airport/nn ,/, dockside/nn or/cc your/pp$ hotel/nn ,/, luggage/nn racks/nns ,/, touring/vbg documents/nns and/cc information/nn and/cc other/ap similar/jj services/nns ./.
A/at little/ap investigation/nn by/in telephone/nn or/cc reading/vbg the/at travel/nn ads/nns in/in the/at newspapers/nns and/cc magazines/nns will/md give/vb you/ppo these/dts pertinent/jj details/nns on/in the/at additional/jj money-saving/jj benefits/nns ./.
The/at investigation/nn will/md be/be well/ql worth/jj your/pp$ time/nn ./.


	All/abn model/nn cars/nns are/ber not/* available/jj in/in all/abn countries/nns ./.
Quite/ql naturally/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at greater/jjr availability/nn of/in those/dts models/nns which/wdt are/ber manufactured/vbn within/in a/at specific/jj country/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss would/md like/vb to/to start/vb your/pp$ tour/nn in/in Italy/np ,/, where/wrb the/at rental/jj fees/nns are/ber actually/rb the/at lowest/jjt in/in Europe/np ,/, Fiats/nps in/in all/abn sizes/nns are/ber available/jj ,/, as/cs are/ber Alfa/np Romeo/np Giulietta/np models/nns ./.
If/cs you/ppss wish/vb to/to budget/vb closely/rb on/in transportation/nn ,/, saving/vbg your/pp$ extra/jj dollars/nns to/to indulge/vb in/in luxuries/nns ,/, one/cd agency/nn lists/vbz the/at small/jj Fiat/np-tl 500/cd-tl at/in only/rb $1.26/nns a/at day/nn plus/cc $.03/nns a/at kilometer/nn and/cc the/at Fiat/np-tl 2100/cd-tl Station/nn-tl Wagon/nn-tl ,/, seating/vbg six/cd ,/, at/in just/rb $1.10/nns a/at day/nn and/cc $.105/nns a/at kilometer/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss will/md be/be using/vbg your/pp$ car/nn more/ap than/in fifteen/cd days/nns ,/, which/wdt isn't/bez* all/ql unlikely/jj ,/, the/at daily/jj rates/nns drop/vb quite/ql sharply/rb to/in $.86/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at Fiat/np-tl 500/cd-tl and/cc to/in an/at infinitesimal/jj $.30/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at Fiat/np-tl 2100/cd-tl Station/nn-tl Wagon/nn-tl ./.
With/in six/cd in/in the/at group/nn ,/, the/at cost/nn comes/vbz to/in just/rb a/at nickel/nn a/at day/nn per/in person/nn on/in the/at daily/jj fee/nn ./.


	In/in the/at majority/nn of/in countries/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at rates/nns range/vb from/in $3.00/nns to/in $3.50/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at smaller/jjr sedans/nns and/cc graduate/vb up/rp to/in $7.00/nns and/cc $8.00/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at larger/jjr ,/, luxury/nn European/jj models/nns ,/, with/in the/at rate/nn per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn starting/vbg at/in $.03/nns and/cc going/vbg up/rp as/ql high/jj as/cs $.12/nns ./.
The/at same/ap model/nn car/nn might/md be/be available/jj in/in six/cd or/cc eight/cd countries/nns ,/, yet/cc not/* two/cd countries/nns will/md have/hv the/at same/ap rate/nn either/cc for/in the/at daily/jj rate/nn or/cc rate/nn per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn ./.
The/at variations/nns are/ber not/* too/ql great/jj ./.
Rates/nns for/in American/jj cars/nns are/ber somewhat/ql higher/jjr ,/, ranging/vbg from/in about/rb $8.00/nns a/at day/nn up/rp to/in $14.00/nns a/at day/nn for/in a/at Chevrolet/np-tl Convertible/nn-tl ,/, but/cc the/at rate/nn per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn is/bez roughly/rb the/at same/ap as/cs for/in the/at larger/jjr European/jj models/nns ./.
Rates/nns in/in Greece/np and/cc Finland/np are/ber fairly/ql high/jj ,/, actually/rb the/at highest/jjt in/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc ,/, surprisingly/rb enough/qlp ,/, they/ppss are/ber also/rb quite/ql high/jj in/in Ireland/np ./.


	If/cs you/ppss are/ber planning/vbg to/to tour/nn Europe/np for/in longer/rbr than/in a/at month/nn ,/, it/pps might/md be/be wise/jj for/cs you/ppo to/to lease/vb a/at car/nn ./.
The/at actual/jj over-all/jj cost/nn ,/, for/in the/at first/od month/nn ,/, will/md perhaps/rb not/* be/be too/ql much/ql lower/jjr than/cs the/at rental/jj charges/nns for/in the/at same/ap period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, but/cc you/ppss will/md receive/vb a/at new/jj car/nn ./.
You/ppss will/md be/be entitled/vbn to/in all/abn the/at advantages/nns of/in a/at new/jj car/nn owner/nn ,/, which/wdt includes/vbz the/at factory/nn guarantee/nn and/cc the/at services/nns valid/jj at/in authorized/vbn dealers/nns throughout/in Europe/np ./.
Further/rbr ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at mileage/nn charge/nn or/cc mileage/nn limitations/nns when/wrb you/ppss lease/vb a/at car/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss pay/vb only/rb the/at flat/jj monthly/jj rate/nn plus/cc a/at nominal/jj charge/nn for/in documents/nns and/cc insurance/nn since/cs the/at car/nn is/bez registered/vbn and/cc insured/vbn individually/rb for/in your/pp$ trip/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at fairly/ql wide/jj selection/nn of/in models/nns of/in English/jj ,/, German/jj and/cc French/jj manufacture/nn from/in which/wdt you/ppss can/md choose/vb from/in the/at very/ql small/jj Austin/np-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, Citroen/np-tl 2/cd-tl CV/nn ,/, Volkswagens/nps ,/, Renaults/nps to/in the/at 6-passenger/jj Simca/np Beaulieu/np ./.
Leasing/vbg a/at car/nn is/bez not/* as/ql common/jj or/cc as/ql popular/jj as/cs renting/vbg a/at car/nn in/in Europe/np ,/, but/cc for/in long/jj periods/nns it/pps will/md be/be unquestionably/rb more/ql economical/jj and/cc satisfactory/jj ./.
After/in the/at first/od month/nn ,/, rates/nns are/ber considerably/ql less/ap ,/, averaging/vbg only/rb about/rb $60/nns a/at month/nn for/in most/ap 4-/nn and/cc 5-passenger/jj models/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber reasons/nns for/in some/dti people/nns not/* wanting/vbg to/to rent/vb cars/nns and/cc going/vbg on/in the/at do-it-yourself/jj plan/nn ./.
For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, the/at driver/nn usually/rb sees/vbz less/ap and/cc has/hvz less/ap fun/nn than/cs his/pp$ passengers/nns since/cs it/pps becomes/vbz pretty/ql necessary/jj for/in him/ppo to/to keep/vb at/in least/ap one/cd eye/nn on/in the/at road/nn ./.
Then/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, European/jj drivers/nns have/hv reputations/nns for/in being/beg somewhat/ql crazy/jj on/in the/at road/nn and/cc some/dti Americans/nps are/ber not/* particularly/ql keen/jj on/in getting/vbg mixed/vbn up/rp with/in them/ppo ./.
Still/rb there/ex is/bez a/at way/nn for/in those/dts who/wps want/vb to/to see/vb some/dti of/in the/at back/jj country/nn of/in Europe/np by/in car/nn ./.
The/at way/nn is/bez to/to rent/vb a/at chauffeur-driven/jj car/nn ./.
It/pps isn't/bez* as/ql expensive/jj as/cs most/ap people/nns believe/vb it/ppo to/to be/be ./.


	Your/pp$ chauffeur's/nn$ expenses/nns will/md average/vb between/in $7.00/nns to/in $12.00/nns a/at day/nn ,/, but/cc this/dt charge/nn is/bez the/at same/ap whether/cs you/ppss rent/vb a/at 7-passenger/jj Cadillac/np limousine/nn or/cc a/at 4-passenger/jj Peugeot/np or/cc Fiat/np-tl 1800/cd-tl ./.
The/at big/jj spread/nn is/bez in/in the/at charge/nn for/in each/dt kilometer/nn driven/vbn ,/, being/beg governed/vbn by/in the/at rate/nn at/in which/wdt gasoline/nn is/bez consumed/vbn ./.
Since/cs most/ap European/jj cars/nns average/vb more/ap miles/nns per/in gallon/nn of/in gasoline/nn than/cs American/jj cars/nns ,/, it/pps naturally/rb follows/vbz that/cs the/at cost/nn per/in kilometer/nn for/in these/dts models/nns will/md be/be less/ap ,/, but/cc the/at greater/jjr seating/vbg capacity/nn of/in the/at large/jj American/jj cars/nns will/md equalize/vb this/dt ,/, provided/vbn your/pp$ group/nn is/bez sufficiently/ql large/jj to/to fill/vb a/at 7-passenger/jj limousine/nn ./.


	The/at fees/nns for/in the/at rental/nn of/in chauffeur-driven/jj cars/nns vary/vb in/in the/at different/jj countries/nns in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs they/ppss do/do for/in the/at drive-yourself/jj cars/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, whether/cs you/ppss arrange/vb to/to have/hv a/at European/jj or/cc American/jj model/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss rent/vb a/at car/nn with/in the/at proper/jj seating/vbg capacity/nn in/in relation/nn to/in the/at number/nn of/in people/nns in/in your/pp$ party/nn ,/, your/pp$ transportation/nn expense/nn will/md average/vb very/ql close/rb to/in $10.00/nns per/in day/nn per/in passenger/nn ./.
This/dt will/nn include/vb your/pp$ helpful/jj ,/, English-speaking/jj chauffeur/nn and/cc a/at drive/nn of/in an/at average/nn of/in 150/cd kilometers/nns in/in any/dti one/cd day/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss drive/vb greater/jjr distances/nns than/cs that/dt ,/, you'll/ppss+md just/rb be/be skimming/vbg the/at surface/nn and/cc will/md never/rb discover/vb the/at enchantment/nn ,/, fascination/nn and/cc beauty/nn which/wdt lured/vbd you/ppo in/in the/at first/od place/nn to/to explore/vb the/at hinterlands/nns ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to throw/vb all/abn caution/nn to/in the/at winds/nns and/cc rent/vb an/at Imperial/jj-tl or/cc Cadillac/np limousine/nn just/rb for/in you/ppo and/cc your/pp$ bride/nn ,/, you'll/ppss+md have/hv a/at memorable/jj tour/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps won't/md* be/be cheap/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez not/* recommended/vbn unless/cs you/ppss own/vb a/at producing/vbg oil/nn well/nn or/cc you've/ppss+hv had/hvn a/at winner/nn in/in the/at Irish/jj-tl Sweepstakes/nns-tl ./.

