

	In/in American/jj romance/nn ,/, almost/rb nothing/pn rates/vbz higher/rbr than/cs what/wdt the/at movie/nn men/nns have/hv called/vbn ``/`` meeting/vbg cute/jj ''/'' --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, boy-meets-girl/nn seems/vbz more/ql adorable/jj if/cs it/pps doesn't/doz* take/vb place/nn in/in an/at atmosphere/nn of/in correct/jj and/cc acute/jj boredom/nn ./.
Just/ql about/rb the/at most/ql enthralling/jj real-life/nn example/nn of/in meeting/vbg cute/jj is/bez the/at Charles/np MacArthur-Helen/np Hayes/np saga/nn :/: reputedly/rb all/abn he/pps did/dod was/bedz give/vb her/ppo a/at handful/nn of/in peanuts/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps said/vbd simultaneously/rb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss wish/vb they/ppss were/bed emeralds/nns ''/'' ./.
Aside/rb from/in the/at comico-romantico/jj content/nn here/rb ,/, a/at good/jj linguist-anthropologist/nn could/md readily/rb pick/vb up/rp a/at few/ap other/ap facts/nns ,/, especially/rb if/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at little/ql more/ap of/in the/at conversation/nn to/to go/vb on/rp ./.


	The/at way/nn MacArthur/np said/vbd his/pp$ line/nn --/-- if/cs you/ppss had/hvd the/at recorded/vbn transcript/nn of/in a/at professional/jj linguist/nn --/-- would/md probably/rb have/hv gone/vbn like/cs this/dt :/: Af/nn Primary/jj stresses/nns on/in emeralds/nns-nc and/cc wish/nn ;/. ;/.
note/vb pitch/nn 3/cd (/( pretty/ql high/jj )/) on/in emeralds/nns but/cc with/in a/at slight/jj degree/nn of/in drawl/nn ,/, one/cd degree/nn of/in oversoftness/nn ./.
Conclusions/nns :/: The/at people/nns involved/vbn (/( and/cc subsequent/jj facts/nns bear/vb me/ppo out/rp here/rb )/) knew/vbd clearly/rb the/at relative/jj values/nns of/in peanuts/nns and/cc emeralds/nns ,/, both/abx monetary/jj and/cc sentimental/jj ./.
And/cc the/at drawling/vbg ,/, oversoft/jj voice/nn of/in flirtation/nn ,/, though/cs fairly/ql overt/jj ,/, was/bedz still/rb well/ql within/in the/at prescribed/vbn gambit/nn of/in their/pp$ culture/nn ./.


	In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, like/cs automation/nn machines/nns designed/vbn to/to work/vb in/in tandem/nn ,/, they/ppss shared/vbd the/at same/ap programming/nn ,/, a/at mutual/jj understanding/nn not/* only/rb of/in English/jj words/nns ,/, but/cc of/in the/at four/cd stresses/nns ,/, pitches/nns ,/, and/cc junctures/nns that/wps can/md change/vb their/pp$ meaning/nn from/in black/nn to/in white/nn ./.
At/in this/dt point/nn ,/, unfortunately/rb ,/, romance/nn becomes/vbz a/at regrettably/ql small/jj part/nn of/in the/at picture/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc consider/vb ,/, if/cs you/ppss can/md bear/vb it/ppo ,/, what/wdt might/md have/hv happened/vbn if/cs MacArthur/np ,/, for/in some/dti perverse/jj ,/, undaunted/jj reason/nn ,/, had/hvd made/vbn the/at same/ap remark/nn to/in an/at Eskimo/np girl/nn in/in Eskimo/np ./.
To/in her/ppo peanuts/nns and/cc emeralds/nns-nc would/md have/hv been/ben just/rb so/ql much/ap blubber/nn ./.
The/at point/nn --/-- quite/ql simply/rb --/-- is/bez this/dt :/: words/nns they/ppss might/md have/hv had/hvn ;/. ;/.
but/cc communication/nn ,/, no/rb ./.


	This/dt basic/jj principle/nn ,/, the/at first/od in/in a/at richly/ql knotted/vbn bundle/nn ,/, was/bedz conveyed/vbn to/in me/ppo by/in Dr./nn-tl Henry/np Lee/np Smith/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Buffalo/np-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps heads/vbz the/at world's/nn$ first/od department/nn of/in anthropology/nn and/cc linguistics/nn ./.
A/at brisk/jj ,/, amusing/jj man/nn ,/, apparently/rb constructed/vbn on/in an/at ingenious/jj system/nn of/in spring-joints/nns attuned/vbn to/in the/at same/ap peppery/jj rhythm/nn as/cs his/pp$ mind/nn ,/, Smith/np began/vbd his/pp$ academic/jj career/nn teaching/vbg speech/nn to/in Barnard/np girls/nns --/-- a/at project/nn considerably/rb enlivened/vbn by/in his/pp$ devotion/nn to/in a/at recording/nn about/in ``/`` a/at young/jj rat/nn named/vbn Arthur/np ,/, who/wps never/rb could/md make/vb up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn ''/'' ./.
Later/rbr ,/, he/pps became/vbd one/cd of/in the/at central/jj spirits/nns of/in the/at Army/nn-tl Language/nn-tl Program/nn-tl and/cc the/at language/nn school/nn of/in Washington's/np$ Foreign/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Institute/nn-tl ./.
It/pps was/bedz there/rb ,/, in/in the/at course/nn of/in trying/vbg to/to prepare/vb new/jj men/nns for/in the/at ``/`` culture/nn shock/nn ''/'' they/ppss might/md encounter/vb in/in remote/jj overseas/jj posts/nns ,/, that/cs he/pps first/rb began/vbd to/to develop/vb a/at system/nn of/in charting/vbg the/at ``/`` norms/nns of/in human/jj communication/nn ''/'' ./.


	To/in the/at trained/vbn ear/nn of/in the/at linguist/nn ,/, talk/nn has/hvz always/rb revealed/vbn a/at staggering/jj quantity/nn of/in information/nn about/in the/at talker/nn --/-- such/jj things/nns as/cs geographical/jj origin/nn and/or/cc history/nn ,/, socio-economic/jj identity/nn ,/, education/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez only/rb fairly/ql recently/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs linguists/nns have/hv developed/vbn a/at systematic/jj way/nn of/in charting/vbg voices/nns on/in paper/nn in/in a/at way/nn that/wps tells/vbz even/ql more/ap about/in the/at speakers/nns and/cc about/in the/at success/nn or/cc failure/nn of/in human/jj communication/nn between/in two/cd people/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, for/in obvious/jj reasons/nns ,/, makes/vbz their/pp$ techniques/nns superbly/ql useful/jj in/in studying/vbg the/at psychiatric/jj interview/nn ,/, so/ql useful/jj ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss have/hv been/ben successfully/rb used/vbn to/to suggest/vb ways/nns to/to speed/vb diagnosis/nn and/cc to/to evaluate/vb the/at progress/nn of/in therapy/nn ./.


	In/in the/at early/jj 1950's/nns ,/, Smith/np ,/, together/rb with/in his/pp$ distinguished/vbn colleague/nn ,/, George/np Trager/np (/( so/ql austerely/rb academic/jj he/pps sometimes/rb fights/vbz his/pp$ own/jj evident/jj charm/nn )/) ,/, and/cc a/at third/od man/nn with/in the/at engaging/jj name/nn of/in Birdwhistell/np (/( Ray/np )/) ,/, agreed/vbd on/in some/dti basic/jj premises/nns about/in the/at three-part/jj process/nn that/wps makes/vbz communication/nn :/: (/( 1/cd )/) words/nns or/cc language/nn (/( 2/cd )/) paralanguage/nn ,/, a/at set/nn of/in phenomena/nns including/in laughing/vbg ,/, weeping/vbg ,/, voice/nn breaks/nns ,/, and/cc ``/`` tone/nn ''/'' of/in voice/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) kinesics/nn ,/, the/at technical/jj name/nn for/in gestures/nns ,/, facial/jj expressions/nns ,/, and/cc body/nn shifts/nns --/-- nodding/vbg or/cc shaking/vbg the/at head/nn ,/, ``/`` talking/vbg ''/'' with/in one's/pn$ hands/nns ,/, et/fw-cc cetera/fw-nns ./.


	Smith's/np$ first/od workout/nn with/in stresses/nns ,/, pitches/nns ,/, and/cc junctures/nns was/bedz based/vbn on/in mother/nn ,/, which/wdt spells/vbz ,/, in/in our/pp$ culture/nn ,/, a/at good/jj deal/nn more/ap than/cs bread/nn alone/rb ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at reasonably/ql well-adjusted/jj person/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber certain/jj ways/nns that/wps are/ber reasonable/jj and/cc appropriate/jj for/in addressing/vbg your/pp$ mother/nn ./.
The/at usual/jj U.S./np norm/nn would/md be/be :/: Af/nn Middle/jj pitches/nns ,/, slight/jj pause/nn (/( juncture/nn )/) before/in mother/nn ,/, slight/jj rise/nn at/in the/at end/nn ./.
The/at symbols/nns of/in mother's/nn$ status/nn ,/, here/rb ,/, are/ber all/abn usual/jj for/in culture/nn U.S.A./np ./.
Quite/ql other/ap feelings/nns are/ber evidenced/vbn by/in this/dt style/nn :/: Af/nn Note/vb the/at drop/nn to/in pitch/nn 1/cd (/( the/at lowest/jjt )/) on/in mother/nn with/in no/at rise/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at sentence/nn ;/. ;/.
this/dt is/bez a/at ``/`` fade/nn ''/'' ending/nn ,/, and/cc what/wdt you/ppss have/hv here/rb is/bez a/at downtalking/jj style/nn of/in speech/nn ,/, expressing/vbg something/pn less/ap than/cs conventional/jj respect/nn for/in mother/nn ./.
Even/rb less/ap regard/nn for/in mom/nn and/cc mom's/nn$ apple/nn pie/nn goes/vbz with/in :/: Af/nn In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at way/nn the/at speaker/nn relates/vbz to/in mother/nn is/bez clearly/rb indicated/vbn ./.
And/cc while/cs the/at meaning/nn of/in the/at words/nns is/bez not/* in/in this/dt instance/nn altered/vbn ,/, the/at quality/nn of/in communication/nn in/in both/abx the/at second/od and/cc third/od examples/nns is/bez definitely/rb impaired/vbn ./.
An/at accompanying/vbg record/nn of/in paralanguage/nn factors/nns for/in the/at second/od example/nn might/md also/rb note/vb a/at throaty/jj rasp/nn ./.
With/in this/dt seven-word/jj sentence/nn --/-- though/cs the/at speaker/nn undoubtedly/rb thought/vbd he/pps was/bedz dealing/vbg only/rb with/in the/at subject/nn of/in food/nn --/-- he/pps was/bedz telling/vbg things/nns about/in himself/ppl and/cc ,/, in/in the/at last/ap two/cd examples/nns ,/, revealing/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd departed/vbn from/in the/at customs/nns of/in his/pp$ culture/nn ./.


	The/at joint/nn investigations/nns of/in linguistics/nn and/cc psychiatry/nn have/hv established/vbn ,/, in/in point/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs no/at matter/nn what/wdt the/at subject/nn of/in conversation/nn is/bez or/cc what/wdt words/nns are/ber involved/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez impossible/jj for/cs people/nns to/to talk/vb at/in all/abn without/in telling/vbg over/rp and/cc over/rp again/rb what/wdt sort/nn of/in people/nns they/ppss are/ber and/cc how/wrb they/ppss relate/vb to/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./.
Since/cs interviewing/vbg is/bez the/at basic/jj therapeutic/jj and/cc diagnostic/jj instrument/nn of/in modern/jj psychiatry/nn ,/, the/at recording/nn of/in interviews/nns for/in playbacks/nns and/cc study/nn has/hvz been/ben a/at boost/nn of/in Redstone/np proportions/nns in/in new/jj research/nn and/cc training/nn ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at earliest/jjt recordings/nns ,/, made/vbn in/in the/at 1940's/nns demonstrated/vbd that/cs psychiatrists/nns reacted/vbd immediately/rb to/in anger/nn and/cc anxiety/nn in/in the/at sound/nn track/nn ,/, whereas/cs written/vbn records/nns of/in the/at same/ap interview/nn offered/vbd far/ql fewer/ap cues/nns to/in therapy/nn which/wdt --/-- if/cs they/ppss were/bed at/in all/abn discernible/jj in/in print/nn --/-- were/bed picked/vbn up/rp only/rb by/in the/at most/ql skilled/jj and/cc sensitive/jj experts/nns ./.
In/in a/at general/jj way/nn ,/, psychiatrists/nns were/bed able/jj to/to establish/vb on/in a/at wide/jj basis/nn what/wdt many/ap of/in them/ppo had/hvd always/rb felt/vbn --/-- that/cs the/at most/ql telling/jj cues/nns in/in psychotherapy/nn are/ber acoustic/jj ,/, that/cs such/jj things/nns as/cs stress/nn and/cc nagging/nn are/ber transmitted/vbn by/in sound/nn alone/rb and/cc not/* necessarily/rb by/in words/nns ./.


	At/in a/at minimum/nn ,/, recording/vbg --/-- usually/rb on/in tape/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez now/rb in/in wide/jj professional/jj use/nn --/-- brings/vbz the/at psychiatric/jj interview/nn alive/jj so/cs that/cs the/at full/jj range/nn of/in emotion/nn and/cc meaning/nn can/md be/be explored/vbn repeatedly/rb by/in the/at therapist/nn or/cc by/in a/at battery/nn of/in therapists/nns ./.
Newest/jjt to/in this/dt high-powered/jj battery/nn are/ber the/at experts/nns in/in linguistics/nn who/wps have/hv carried/vbn that/dt minimum/nn to/in a/at new/jj level/nn ./.
By/in adding/vbg a/at systematic/jj analysis/nn with/in symbols/nns to/in the/at typed/vbn transcripts/nns of/in interviews/nns ,/, they/ppss have/hv supplied/vbn a/at new/jj set/nn of/in techniques/nns for/in the/at therapist/nn ./.
Linguistic/jj charting/nn of/in the/at transcribed/vbn interview/nn flags/vbz points/nns where/wrb the/at patient's/nn$ voice/nn departs/vbz from/in expected/vbn norms/nns ./.
It/pps flags/vbz such/jj possible/jj breakdowns/nns of/in communication/nn as/cs rehearsed/vbn dialogue/nn ,/, the/at note/nn of/in disapproval/nn ,/, ambivalence/nn or/cc ambiguity/nn ,/, annoyance/nn ,/, resentment/nn ,/, and/cc the/at disinclination/nn to/to speak/vb at/in all/abn --/-- this/dt last/ap often/rb marked/vbn by/in a/at fade-in/jj beginning/nn of/in sentences/nns ./.


	Interpretation/nn ,/, naturally/rb ,/, remains/vbz the/at role/nn of/in the/at therapist/nn ,/, but/cc orientation/nn --/-- not/* only/rb the/at patient's/nn$ vocal/jj giveaways/nns of/in geographical/jj and/cc socio-economic/jj background/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb vocal/jj but/cc non-verbal/jj giveaways/nns of/in danger/nn spots/nns in/in his/pp$ relationship/nn to/in people/nns --/-- can/md be/be considerably/rb beefed/vbn up/rp by/in the/at linguist/nn ./.
His/pp$ esoteric/jj chartings/nns of/in the/at voice/nn alert/vb the/at therapist/nn to/in areas/nns where/wrb deeper/jjr probing/vbg may/md bring/vb to/in light/nn underlying/vbg psychological/jj difficulties/nns ,/, making/vbg them/ppo apparent/jj first/rb to/in the/at therapist/nn and/cc eventually/rb to/in the/at patient/nn ./.
In/in one/cd now-historic/jj first/od interview/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, the/at transcript/nn (/( reproduced/vbn from/in the/at book/nn ,/, The/at First/od-tl Five/cd-tl Minutes/nns-tl )/) goes/vbz like/cs this/dt :/: The/at therapist's/nn$ level/jj tone/nn is/bez bland/jj and/cc neutral/jj --/-- he/pps has/hvz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, avoided/vbn stressing/vbg ``/`` you/ppss-nc ''/'' ,/, which/wdt would/md imply/vb disapproval/nn ;/. ;/.
or/cc surprise/nn ,/, which/wdt would/md set/vb the/at patient/nn apart/rb from/in other/ap people/nns ./.
The/at patient/nn ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, is/bez far/rb from/in neutral/jj ;/. ;/.
aside/rb from/in her/pp$ specifically/rb regional/jj accent/nn ,/, she/pps reveals/vbz by/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at triad/nn ,/, ``/`` irritable/jj ,/, tense/jj ,/, depressed/vbn ''/'' ,/, a/at certain/jj pedantic/jj itemization/nn that/wps indicates/vbz she/pps has/hvz some/dti familiarity/nn with/in literary/jj or/cc scientific/jj language/nn (/( i.e./rb ,/, she/pps must/md have/hv had/hvn at/in least/ap a/at high-school/nn education/nn )/) ,/, and/cc she/pps is/bez telling/vbg a/at story/nn she/pps has/hvz mentally/rb rehearsed/vbn some/dti time/nn before/rb ./.
Then/rb she/pps catapults/vbz into/in ``/`` everything/pn and/cc everybody/pn ''/'' ,/, putting/vbg particular/jj violence/nn on/in ``/`` everybody/pn ''/'' ,/, indicating/vbg to/in the/at linguist/nn that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at spot/nn to/to flag/vb --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* congruent/jj to/in the/at patient's/nn$ general/jj style/nn of/in speech/nn up/in to/in this/dt point/nn ./.
Consequently/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez referred/vbn to/in the/at therapist/nn for/in attention/nn ./.
He/pps may/md then/rb very/ql well/rb conclude/vb that/cs ``/`` everybody/pn ''/'' is/bez probably/rb not/* the/at true/jj target/nn of/in her/pp$ resentment/nn ./.
Immediately/rb thereafter/rb ,/, the/at patient/nn fractures/vbz her/pp$ rehearsed/vbn story/nn ,/, veering/vbg into/in an/at oversoft/jj ,/, breathy/jj ,/, sloppily/rb articulated/vbn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* feel/vb like/cs talking/vbg right/ql now/rb ''/'' ./.


	Within/in the/at first/od five/cd minutes/nns of/in this/dt interview/nn it/pps is/bez apparent/jj to/in the/at therapist/nn that/cs ``/`` everybody/pn ''/'' truthfully/rb refers/vbz to/in the/at woman's/nn$ husband/nn ./.
She/pps says/vbz later/rbr ,/, but/cc still/rb within/in the/at opening/vbg five/cd minutes/nns ,/, ``/`` I/ppss keep/vb thinking/vbg of/in a/at divorce/nn but/cc that's/dt+bez another/dt emotional/jj death/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at linguistic/jj and/cc paralinguistic/jj signals/nns of/in misery/nn are/ber all/abn present/rb in/in the/at voice/nn chart/nn for/in this/dt sentence/nn ;/. ;/.
so/rb are/ber certain/jj signals/nns that/cs she/pps does/doz not/* accept/vb divorce/nn ./.
By/in saying/vbg ``/`` another/dt emotional/jj death/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps reveals/vbz that/cs there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at previous/jj one/cd ,/, although/cs she/pps has/hvz not/* described/vbn it/ppo in/in words/nns ./.
This/dt the/at therapist/nn may/md pursue/vb in/in later/jjr questioning/nn ./.
The/at phrase/nn ,/, ``/`` emotional/jj death/nn ''/'' ,/, interesting/jj and/cc ,/, to/in a/at non-scientific/jj mind/nn ,/, rather/ql touching/jj ,/, suggests/vbz that/cs this/dt woman/nn may/md have/hv some/dti flair/nn for/in words/nns ,/, perhaps/rb even/rb something/pn of/in the/at temperament/nn regrettably/rb called/vbn ``/`` creative/jj ''/'' ./.


	Since/cs the/at psychiatric/jj interview/nn ,/, like/cs any/dti other/ap interview/nn ,/, depends/vbz on/in communication/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez significant/jj to/to note/vb that/cs the/at therapist/nn in/in this/dt interview/nn was/bedz a/at man/nn of/in marked/vbn skill/nn and/cc long/jj experience/nn ./.
His/pp$ own/jj communication/nn apparatus/nn operated/vbd superbly/rb ,/, and/cc Lillian/np Ross/np readers/nns will/md note/vb instantly/rb its/pp$ total/nn lack/nn of/in resemblance/nn to/in the/at blunted/vbn ,/, monumentally/rb unmeshed/jj mechanism/nn of/in Dr./nn-tl Blauberman/np ./.
Interestingly/rb enough/qlp --/-- although/cs none/pn of/in the/at real-life/nn therapists/nns involved/vbn could/md conceivably/rb compare/vb with/in Blauberman/np --/-- when/wrb groups/nns of/in them/ppo began/vbd playing/vbg back/rb interviews/nns ,/, they/ppss discovered/vbd any/dti number/nn of/in ways/nns in/in which/wdt they/ppss wanted/vbd to/to polish/vb their/pp$ own/jj interview/nn techniques/nns ;/. ;/.
almost/rb everyone/pn ,/, on/in first/rb hearing/vbg one/cd of/in his/pp$ own/jj sessions/nns on/in tape/nn ,/, expressed/vbd some/dti desire/nn to/to take/vb the/at whole/jj thing/nn over/rp again/rb ./.


	Yet/rb ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in this/dt ,/, intensive/jj study/nn of/in the/at taped/vbn interviews/nns by/in teams/nns of/in psychotherapists/nns and/cc linguists/nns laid/vbd bare/jj the/at surprising/vbg fact/nn that/cs ,/, in/in the/at first/od five/cd minutes/nns of/in an/at initial/jj interview/nn ,/, the/at patient/nn often/rb reveals/vbz as/ql many/ap as/cs a/at dozen/nn times/nns just/rb what's/wdt+bez wrong/jj with/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
to/to spot/vb these/dts giveaways/nns the/at therapist/nn must/md know/vb either/cc intuitively/rb or/cc scientifically/rb how/wrb to/to listen/vb ./.
Naturally/rb ,/, the/at patient/nn does/doz not/* say/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss hate/vb my/pp$ father/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` Sibling/np rivalry/nn is/bez what/wdt bugs/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./.
What/wdt he/pps does/doz do/do is/bez give/vb himself/ppl away/rb by/in communicating/vbg information/nn over/in and/cc above/in the/at words/nns involved/vbn ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at classic/jj indicators/nns ,/, as/cs described/vbn by/in Drs./nns-tl Pittenger/np ,/, Hockett/np ,/, and/cc Danehy/np in/in The/at First/od-tl Five/cd-tl Minutes/nns-tl ,/, are/ber these/dts :/: ambiguity/nn-hl of/in-hl pronouns/nns-hl :/:-hl 
Stammering/vbg or/cc repetition/nn of/in I/ppss-nc ,/, you/ppss-nc ,/, he/pps-nc ,/, she/pps-nc ,/, et/fw-cc cetera/fw-nns may/md signal/vb ambiguity/nn or/cc uncertainty/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn significant/jj facts/nns may/md be/be concealed/vbn --/-- she/pps may/md mean/vb I/ppss-nc or/cc everybody/pn-nc ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod with/in the/at tense/jj and/cc irritable/jj woman/nn mentioned/vbn before/rb ,/, may/md refer/vb to/in a/at specific/jj person/nn ./.
The/at word/nn that/wps is/bez not/* used/vbn can/md be/be as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at word/nn that/wps is/bez used/vbn ;/. ;/.
therapist/nn and/or/cc linguist/nn must/md always/rb consider/vb the/at alternatives/nns ./.
When/wrb someone/pn says/vbz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, ``/`` They/ppss took/vbd x-rays/nns to/to see/vb that/cs there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn wrong/jj with/in me/ppo ''/'' ,/, it/pps pays/vbz to/to consider/vb how/wrb this/dt statement/nn would/md normally/rb be/be made/vbn ./.
(/( This/dt patient/nn ,/, in/in actuality/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at neurasthenic/nn who/wps had/hvd almost/rb come/vbn to/in the/at point/nn of/in accepting/vbg the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* her/pp$ soma/nn but/cc her/pp$ psyche/nn that/wps was/bedz the/at cause/nn of/in her/pp$ difficulty/nn ./.
)/) Amateur/jj linguists/nns note/vb here/rb that/cs Pursewarden/np ,/, in/in Durrell's/np$ Alexandria/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl ,/, stammered/vbd when/wrb he/pps spoke/vbd of/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez hardly/rb surprising/jj in/in view/nn of/in their/pp$ disastrous/jj relationship/nn ./.



	She/pps was/bedz just/rb another/dt freighter/nn from/in the/at States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc she/pps seemed/vbd as/ql commonplace/jj as/cs her/pp$ name/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ,/, one/cd of/in those/dts Atlantic/jj sea-horses/nns that/wps had/hvd sailed/vbn to/in Bari/np to/to bring/vb beans/nns ,/, bombs/nns ,/, and/cc bullets/nns to/in the/at U.S./np-tl Fifteenth/od-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ,/, to/in Field/nn-tl Marshal/nn-tl Montgomery's/np$ Eighth/od-tl Army/nn-tl then/rb racing/vbg up/in the/at calf/nn of/in the/at boot/nn of/in Italy/np in/in that/dt early/jj December/np of/in 1943/cd ./.


	The/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl arrived/vbd in/in Bari/np ,/, a/at port/nn on/in the/at Adriatic/np ,/, on/in November/np 28th/od ,/, making/vbg for/in Porto/fw-nn-tl Nuovo/fw-jj-tl ,/, which/wdt ,/, as/cs the/at name/nn indicates/vbz ,/, was/bedz the/at ancient/jj city's/nn$ new/jj and/cc modern/jj harbor/nn ./.
Hardly/rb anyone/pn ashore/rb marked/vbd her/ppo as/cs she/pps anchored/vbd stern-to/rb off/in Berth/nn-tl 29/cd-tl on/in the/at mole/nn ./.
If/cs anyone/pn thought/vbd of/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to observe/vb that/cs she/pps was/bedz straddled/vbn by/in a/at pair/nn of/in ships/nns heavily/ql laden/jj with/in high/jj explosive/nn and/cc if/cs they/ppss were/bed hit/vbn the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl would/md likely/rb be/be blown/vbn up/rp with/in her/pp$ own/jj ammo/nn and/cc whatever/wdt else/rb it/pps was/bedz that/wpo she/pps carried/vbd ./.


	Which/wdt was/bedz poison/nn gas/nn ./.




It/pps had/hvd required/vbn the/at approval/nn of/in President/nn-tl Franklin/np Delano/np Roosevelt/np before/cs the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl could/md be/be loaded/vbn with/in 100/cd tons/nns of/in mustard/nn gas/nn and/cc despatched/vbn to/in the/at Italian/jj warfront/nn ./.
For/cs in/in a/at world/nn as/ql yet/rb unacquainted/jj with/in the/at horrors/nns of/in the/at mushroom/nn cloud/nn ,/, poison/nn gas/nn was/bedz still/rb regarded/vbn as/cs the/at ultimate/jj in/in hideous/jj weapons/nns ./.


	Throughout/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, reports/nns persisted/vbd that/cs the/at Axis/nn-tl powers/nns had/hvd used/vbn gas/nn --/-- Germany/np in/in Russia/np ,/, Japan/np in/in China/np again/rb ./.
They/ppss were/bed always/rb denied/vbn ./.
Influential/jj people/nns in/in America/np were/bed warning/vbg the/at Pentagon/nn-tl to/to be/be prepared/vbn against/in desperation/nn gas/nn attacks/nns by/in the/at Germans/nps in/in future/jj campaigns/nns ./.
Some/dti extremists/nns went/vbd so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to urge/vb our/pp$ using/vbg it/ppo first/rb ./.
To/to silence/vb extremists/nns ,/, to/to warn/vb the/at Axis/nn-tl ,/, President/nn-tl Roosevelt/np issued/vbd this/dt statement/nn for/in the/at Allies/nns-tl in/in August/np :/: 

	``/`` From/in time/nn to/in time/nn since/cs the/at present/jj war/nn began/vbd there/ex have/hv been/ben reports/nns that/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at Axis/nn-tl powers/nns were/bed seriously/rb contemplating/vbg use/nn of/in poisonous/jj gas/nn or/cc noxious/jj gases/nns or/cc other/ap inhumane/jj devices/nns of/in warfare/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv been/ben loath/jj to/to believe/vb that/cs any/dti nation/nn ,/, even/rb our/pp$ present/jj enemies/nns ,/, could/md or/cc would/md be/be willing/jj to/to loose/vb upon/in mankind/nn such/ql terrible/jj and/cc inhumane/jj weapons/nns ./.


	``/`` However/rb ,/, evidence/nn that/cs the/at Axis/nn-tl powers/nns are/ber making/vbg significant/jj preparations/nns indicative/jj of/in such/abl an/at intention/nn is/bez being/beg reported/vbn with/in increasing/vbg frequency/nn from/in a/at variety/nn of/in sources/nns ./.


	``/`` Use/nn of/in such/jj weapons/nns has/hvz been/ben outlawed/vbn by/in the/at general/jj opinion/nn of/in civilized/vbn mankind/nn ./.
This/dt country/nn has/hvz not/* used/vbn them/ppo ,/, and/cc I/ppss hope/vb that/cs we/ppss never/rb will/md be/be compelled/vbn to/to use/vb them/ppo ./.
I/ppss state/vb categorically/rb that/cs we/ppss shall/md under/in no/at circumstances/nns resort/vb to/in the/at use/nn of/in such/jj weapons/nns unless/cs they/ppss are/ber first/rb used/vbn by/in our/pp$ enemies/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at following/vbg month/nn the/at invasion/nn of/in Italy/np was/bedz begun/vbn ,/, and/cc Roosevelt/np gave/vbd effect/nn to/in his/pp$ warning/nn by/in consenting/vbg to/in the/at stockpiling/nn of/in poison/nn gas/nn in/in southern/jj Italy/np ./.
Bari/np was/bedz chosen/vbn as/cs a/at depot/nn ,/, not/* only/rb for/in its/pp$ seeming/jj safety/nn ,/, but/cc because/rb of/in its/pp$ proximity/nn to/in airfields/nns ./.
Any/dti retaliatory/jj gas/nn attack/nn would/md be/be airborne/jj ./.
It/pps would/md be/be made/vbn in/in three/cd waves/nns --/-- the/at first/od to/to lay/vb down/rp a/at smokescreen/nn ,/, the/at second/od to/to drop/vb the/at gas/nn bombs/nns ,/, the/at third/od to/to shower/vb incendiaries/nns which/wdt would/md burn/vb everything/pn below/rb ./.


	So/rb the/at vile/jj cargo/nn went/vbd into/in the/at hole/nn of/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ./.
A/at detachment/nn of/in six/cd men/nns from/in the/at 701st/od-tl Chemical/jj-tl Maintenance/nn-tl Company/nn-tl under/in First/od-tl Lt./nn-tl Howard/np D./np Beckstrom/np went/vbd aboard/rb ,/, followed/vbn by/in Lt./nn-tl Thomas/np H./np Richardson/np ,/, the/at Cargo/nn-tl Security/nn-tl Officer/nn-tl ./.
Secrecy/nn was/bedz paramount/jjs ./.
Only/rb a/at few/ap other/ap people/nns --/-- very/ql important/jj people/nns --/-- knew/vbd of/in the/at nitrogen-mustard/nn eggs/nns nestled/vbn below/in decks/nns ./.
No/at one/pn else/rb must/md know/vb ./.
Thus/rb ,/, in/in the/at immemorial/jj way/nn --/-- in/in the/at way/nn of/in the/at right/jj hand/nn that/wps knows/vbz and/cc the/at left/jj that/wps does/doz not/* --/-- was/bedz the/at stage/nn set/vbn for/in tragedy/nn at/in Bari/np ./.


	It/pps was/bedz the/at night/nn of/in December/np 2/cd ,/, 1943/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz growing/vbg dark/jj in/in Bari/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz getting/vbg on/rp toward/in 7/cd o'clock/rb and/cc the/at German/jj Me-210/nn plane/nn had/hvd been/ben and/cc gone/vbn on/in its/pp$ eighth/od straight/jj visit/nn ./.
Capt./nn-tl A./np B./np Jenks/np of/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Harbor/nn-tl Defense/nn-tl was/bedz very/ql worried/vbn ./.
He/pps knew/vbd that/cs German/jj long-range/nn bombers/nns had/hvd been/ben returning/vbg to/in the/at attack/nn in/in Italy/np ./.
On/in November/np 24th/od ,/, they/ppss had/hvd made/vbn a/at raid/nn on/in La/np Maddalena/np ./.
Two/cd days/nns later/rbr ,/, some/rb 30/cd of/in them/ppo had/hvd struck/vbn at/in a/at convoy/nn off/in Bougie/np ,/, sinking/vbg a/at troopship/nn --/-- and/cc it/pps had/hvd been/ben that/dt very/ap night/nn that/cs the/at Me-210/nn had/hvd made/vbn its/pp$ first/od appearance/nn ./.
After/cs it/pps had/hvd reappeared/vbn the/at next/ap two/cd nights/nns ,/, Jenks/np went/vbd to/in higher/jjr headquarters/nn and/cc said/vbd :/: 

	``/`` For/in three/cd days/nns now/rb a/at German/jj reconnaissance/nn plane/nn has/hvz been/ben over/in the/at city/nn taking/vbg pictures/nns ./.
They're/ppss+ber just/rb waiting/vbg for/in the/at proper/jj time/nn to/to come/vb over/in here/rb and/cc dump/vb this/dt place/nn into/in the/at Adriatic/np ''/'' ./.


	But/cc the/at older/jjr and/cc wiser/jjr heads/nns had/hvd dismissed/vbn his/pp$ warning/nn as/cs alarmist/jj ./.
Even/rb though/cs it/pps was/bedz known/vbn that/cs the/at Luftwaffe/np in/in the/at north/nr was/bedz now/rb being/beg directed/vbn by/in the/at young/jj and/cc energetic/jj General/nn-tl Peltz/np ,/, the/at commander/nn who/wps would/md conduct/vb the/at ``/`` Little/jj-tl Blitz/nn-tl ''/'' on/in London/np in/in 1944/cd ,/, a/at major/jj raid/nn on/in Bari/np at/in this/dt juncture/nn of/in the/at war/nn was/bedz not/* to/to be/be considered/vbn seriously/rb ./.
True/rb ,/, there/ex had/hvd been/ben raids/nns on/in Naples/np --/-- but/cc Naples/np was/bedz pretty/ql far/ql north/nr on/in the/at opposite/jj coast/nn ./.
No/rb ,/, Bari/np was/bedz out/in of/in range/nn ./.
More/ap than/cs that/dt ,/, Allied/vbn-tl air/nn had/hvd complete/jj superiority/nn in/in the/at Eighth/od-tl Army's/nn$-tl sector/nn ./.
So/rb Captain/nn-tl Jenks/np returned/vbd to/in his/pp$ harbor/nn post/nn to/to watch/vb the/at scouting/vbg plane/nn put/vb in/rp five/cd more/ap appearances/nns ,/, and/cc to/to feel/vb the/at certainty/nn of/in this/dt dread/nn rising/vbg within/in him/ppo ./.
For/cs Jenks/np knew/vbd that/cs Bari's/np$ defenses/nns were/bed made/vbn of/in paper/nn ./.
The/at Royal/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl had/hvd but/rb a/at single/ap light/jj anti-aircraft/jj squadron/nn and/cc two/cd balloon/nn units/nns available/jj ./.
There/ex were/bed no/at R.A.F./np fighter/nn squadrons/nns on/in Bari/np airfield/nn ./.
The/at radar/nn station/nn with/in the/at best/jjt location/nn was/bedz still/rb not/* serviceable/jj ./.
Telephone/nn communication/nn was/bedz bad/jj ./.
And/cc everywhere/rb in/in evidence/nn among/in the/at few/ap remaining/vbg defensive/jj units/nns was/bedz that/dt old/jj handmaiden/nn of/in disaster/nn --/-- multiple/jj command/nn ./.


	It/pps had/hvd been/ben made/vbn shockingly/ql evident/jj that/dt very/ap morning/nn to/in Ensign/nn-tl Kay/np K./np Vesole/np ,/, in/in charge/nn of/in the/at armed/vbn guard/nn aboard/in the/at John/np Bascom/np ./.
A/at British/jj officer/nn had/hvd come/vbn aboard/rb and/cc told/vbn him/ppo that/cs in/in case/nn of/in enemy/nn air/nn attack/nn he/pps was/bedz not/* to/to open/vb fire/nn until/cs bombs/nns were/bed actually/rb dropped/vbn ./.
Then/rb he/pps was/bedz to/to co-ordinate/vb his/pp$ fire/nn with/in a/at radar-controlled/jj shore/nn gun/nn firing/vbg white/jj tracers/nns ./.


	``/`` This/dt harbor/nn is/bez a/at bomber's/nn$ paradise/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at Britisher/np had/hvd said/vbn with/in frank/jj grimness/nn ./.
``/`` It's/pps+bez up/in to/in you/ppo to/to protect/vb yourselves/ppls ./.
We/ppss can't/md* expect/vb any/dti help/nn from/in the/at fighters/nns at/in Foggia/np ,/, either/rb ./.
They're/ppss+ber all/abn being/beg used/vbn on/in offensive/jj missions/nns ''/'' ./.


	Vesole/np had/hvd been/ben stunned/vbn ./.
Not/* fire/vb until/cs the/at bombs/nns came/vbd down/rp !/. !/.
He/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at tons/nns and/cc tons/nns of/in flammable/jj fluid/nn beneath/in his/pp$ feet/nns and/cc shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./.
Like/cs hell/nn !/. !/.
Like/cs hell/nn he'd/pps+md wait/vb --/-- and/cc supposing/cs the/at radar-controlled/jj gun/nn got/vbd knocked/vbn out/rp ?/. ?/.
What/wdt would/md his/pp$ guns/nns guide/vb on/in then/rb --/-- the/at North/jj-tl Star/nn-tl ?/. ?/.
Ensign/nn-tl Vesole/np decided/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md not/* tarry/vb until/cs he/pps heard/vbd the/at whispering/nn of/in the/at bombs/nns ,/, and/cc when/wrb night/nn began/vbd to/to fall/vb ,/, he/pps put/vbd Seaman/nn-tl 2/c/np-tl Donald/np L./np Norton/np and/cc Seaman/nn-tl 1/c/np-tl William/np A./np Rochford/np on/in the/at guns/nns and/cc told/vbd them/ppo to/to start/vb shooting/vbg the/at moment/nn they/ppss saw/vbd an/at enemy/nn silhouette/nn ./.
Below/in decks/nns ,/, Seaman/nn-tl 1/c/np-tl Stanley/np Bishop/np had/hvd begun/vbn to/to write/vb a/at letter/nn home/nr ./.




Above/in decks/nns on/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ,/, Lieutenant/nn-tl Richardson/np gazed/vbd at/in the/at lights/nns still/rb burning/vbg on/in the/at port/jj wall/nn and/cc felt/vbd uneasy/jj ./.
There/ex were/bed lights/nns glinting/vbg in/in the/at city/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, even/rb though/cs it/pps was/bedz now/rb dark/jj enough/qlp for/in a/at few/ap stars/nns to/to become/vb visible/jj ./.
Bari/np was/bedz asking/vbg for/in it/ppo ,/, he/pps thought/vbd ./.


	For/in five/cd days/nns now/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd been/ben in/in port/nn and/cc that/dt filthy/jj stuff/nn was/bedz still/rb in/in the/at hold/nn ./.
Richardson/np wondered/vbd when/wrb it/pps would/md be/be unloaded/vbn ./.
He/pps hoped/vbd they/ppss would/md put/vb in/rp somewhere/rb way/ql ,/, way/ql down/rp in/in the/at earth/nn ./.
The/at burden/nn of/in his/pp$ secret/nn was/bedz pressing/vbg down/rp on/in him/ppo ,/, as/cs it/pps was/bedz on/in Lieutenant/nn-tl Beckstrom/np and/cc his/pp$ six/cd enlisted/vbn men/nns ./.
Lieutenant/nn-tl Richardson/np could/md envy/vb the/at officers/nns and/cc men/nns of/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl in/in their/pp$ innocent/jj assumption/nn that/cs the/at ship/nn contained/vbd nothing/pn more/ql dangerous/jj than/cs high/jj explosive/jj bombs/nns ./.
They/ppss seemed/vbd happy/jj at/in the/at delay/nn in/in unloading/vbg ,/, glad/jj at/in the/at chance/nn to/to go/vb ashore/rb in/in a/at lively/jj liberty/nn port/nn such/jj as/cs Bari/np ./.
Nine/cd of/in them/ppo had/hvd gone/vbn down/in the/at gangplank/nn already/rb ./.
Deck/nn-tl Cadet/nn-tl James/np L./np Cahill/np and/cc Seaman/nn-tl Walter/np Brooks/np had/hvd been/ben the/at first/od to/to leave/vb ./.
Richardson/np had/hvd returned/vbn their/pp$ departing/vbg grins/nns with/in the/at noncommittal/jj nod/nn that/wps is/bez the/at security/nn officer's/nn$ stock/nn in/in trade/nn ./.


	The/at other/ap half/abn of/in the/at crew/nn ,/, plus/cc Beckstrom/np and/cc his/pp$ men/nns ,/, had/hvd remained/vbn aboard/rb ./.
Richardson/np glanced/vbd to/in sea/nn and/cc started/vbd slightly/rb ./.
Damned/vbn if/cs that/dt wasn't/bedz* a/at sailing/vbg ship/nn standing/vbg out/in of/in the/at old/jj harbor/nn --/-- Porto/np Vecchio/np ./.
The/at night/nn was/bedz so/ql clear/jj that/cs Richardson/np had/hvd no/at difficulty/nn making/vbg out/rp the/at silhouette/nn ./.
Then/rb the/at thought/nn of/in a/at cloudless/jj sky/nn made/vbd him/ppo shiver/vb ,/, and/cc he/pps glanced/vbd upward/rb ./.
His/pp$ eyes/nns boggled/vbd ./.


	It/pps was/bedz a/at clear/jj night/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz raining/vbg !/. !/.


	Capt./nn-tl Michael/np A./np Musmanno/np ,/, Military/jj-tl governor/nn of/in the/at Sorrentine/np-tl Peninsula/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd also/rb seen/vbn and/cc felt/vbn the/at ``/`` rain/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc he/pps had/hvd mistaken/vbn it/ppo for/in bugs/nns ./.


	Captain/nn-tl Musmanno's/np$ renovated/vbn schooner/nn with/in the/at flamboyant/jj name/nn Unsinkable/jj-tl had/hvd just/rb left/vbn Porto/np Vecchio/np with/in a/at cargo/nn of/in badly-needed/jj olive/nn oil/nn for/in the/at Sorrentine's/np$ civilian/nn population/nn ./.
Musmanno/np was/bedz on/in deck/nn ./.
At/in exactly/rb 7:30/cd ,/, he/pps felt/vbd a/at fluttering/vbg object/nn brush/vb his/pp$ face/nn ./.
He/pps snatched/vbd at/in it/ppo savagely/rb ./.
He/pps turned/vbd the/at beam/nn of/in his/pp$ flashlight/nn on/in it/ppo ./.
He/pps laughed/vbd ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at silver/jj foil/nn from/in the/at chocolate/nn bar/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben eating/vbg ./.
He/pps frowned/vbd ./.
But/cc how/wrb could/md --/-- ?/. ?/.
Another/dt ,/, longer/jjr strip/nn of/in tinsel/nn whipped/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz two/cd feet/nns long/jj ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* candy/nn wrapping/nn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz ``/`` window/nn ''/'' --/-- the/at tinsel/nn paper/nn dropped/vbd by/in bombers/nns to/to jam/vb radar/nn sets/nns ,/, to/to fill/vb the/at scope/nn with/in hundreds/nns of/in blips/nns that/wps would/md seem/vb to/to be/be approaching/vbg bombers/nns ./.


	``/`` Fermate/fw-vb ''/'' !/. !/.
Musmanno/np bellowed/vbd to/in his/pp$ Italian/jj crewmen/nns ./.
``/`` Stop/vb !/. !/.
Stop/vb the/at engines/nns ''/'' !/. !/.


	Unsinkable/jj-tl slowed/vbd and/cc stopped/vbd ,/, hundreds/nns of/in brilliant/jj white/jj flares/nns swayed/vbd eerily/rb down/rp from/in the/at black/jj ,/, the/at air/nn raid/nn sirens/nns ashore/rb rose/vbd in/in a/at keening/vbg shriek/nn ,/, the/at anti-aircraft/jj guns/nns coughed/vbd and/cc chattered/vbd --/-- and/cc above/in it/ppo all/abn motors/nns roared/vbd and/cc the/at bombs/nns came/vbd whispering/vbg and/cc wailing/vbg and/cc crashing/vbg down/rp among/in the/at ships/nns at/in anchor/nn at/in Bari/np ./.


	They/ppss had/hvd come/vbn from/in airports/nns in/in the/at Balkans/nps ,/, these/dts hundred-odd/cd Junkers/np-tl 88's/nns-tl ./.
They/ppss had/hvd winged/vbn over/in the/at Adriatic/np ,/, they/ppss had/hvd taken/vbn Bari/np by/in complete/jj surprise/nn and/cc now/rb they/ppss were/bed battering/vbg her/ppo ,/, attacking/vbg with/in deadly/jj skill/nn ./.
They/ppss had/hvd ruined/vbn the/at radar/nn warning/vbg system/nn with/in their/pp$ window/nn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd made/vbn themselves/ppls invisible/jj above/in their/pp$ flares/nns ./.
And/cc they/ppss also/rb had/hvd the/at lights/nns of/in the/at city/nn ,/, the/at port/nn wall/nn lanterns/nns ,/, and/cc a/at shore/nn crane's/nn$ spotlight/nn to/to guide/vb on/in ./.
After/cs the/at first/od two/cd were/bed blacked/vbn out/rp ,/, the/at third/od light/nn was/bedz abandoned/vbn by/in a/at terrified/vbn Italian/jj crew/nn ,/, who/wps left/vbd their/pp$ light/nn to/to shine/vb for/in nine/cd minutes/nns like/cs an/at unerring/jj homing/vbg beacon/nn until/cs British/jj MP's/nn shot/vbd it/ppo out/rp ./.


	In/in that/dt interval/nn ,/, the/at German/jj bombers/nns made/vbd a/at hell/nn of/in Bari/np harbor/nn ./.


	Merchant/nn ships/nns illuminated/vbn in/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at flares/nns ,/, made/vbn to/to seem/vb like/cs stones/nns imbedded/vbn in/in a/at lake/nn of/in polished/vbn mud/nn ,/, were/bed impossible/jj to/to miss/vb ./.
The/at little/jj Unsinkable/jj-tl sank/vbd almost/ql immediately/rb ./.
Captain/nn-tl Musmanno/np roared/vbd at/in his/pp$ men/nns to/to lash/vb three/cd of/in the/at casks/nns of/in olive/nn oil/nn together/rb for/in a/at raft/nn ./.
They/ppss got/vbd it/ppo over/in the/at side/nn and/cc clambered/vbd aboard/rb only/rb a/at few/ap minutes/nns before/cs their/pp$ schooner/nn went/vbd under/rb ./.


	John/np Bascom/np went/vbd down/rp early/rb ,/, too/rb ./.
Ensign/nn-tl Vesole/np and/cc his/pp$ gunners/nns had/hvd fought/vbn valiantly/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss had/hvd no/at targets/nns ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at Junkers/nps were/bed above/in the/at blinding/vbg light/nn of/in the/at flares/nns ,/, and/cc the/at radar-controlled/jj shore/nn gun/nn had/hvd been/ben knocked/vbn out/rp by/in one/cd of/in the/at first/od sticks/nns of/in bombs/nns ./.
Vesole/np rushed/vbd from/in gun/nn to/in gun/nn ,/, attempting/vbg to/to direct/vb fire/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz wounded/vbn ,/, but/cc fought/vbd on/rp ./.
Norton/np and/cc Rochford/np fired/vbd wildly/rb at/in the/at sounds/nns of/in the/at motors/nns ./.
Bishop/np rushed/vbd on/in deck/nn to/to grab/vb a/at 20-mm/nn gun/nn ,/, pumping/vbg out/rp 400/cd rounds/nns before/cs sticks/nns of/in three/cd bombs/nns each/dt crashed/vbd into/in Holds/nns-tl One/cd-tl ,/, Three/cd-tl and/cc Five/cd-tl ./.
Now/rb the/at Bascom/np was/bedz mortally/rb wounded/vbn ./.
Luckily/rb ,/, she/pps was/bedz not/* completely/ql aflame/jj and/cc would/md go/vb down/rp before/cs the/at gasoline/nn could/md erupt/vb ./.


	The/at order/nn to/to abandon/vb ship/nn was/bedz given/vbn ,/, but/cc cries/nns of/in pain/nn could/md be/be heard/vbn from/in the/at wounded/vbn below/in decks/nns ./.



	There/ex is/bez a/at pause/nn in/in the/at merriment/nn as/cs your/pp$ friends/nns gaze/vb at/in you/ppo ,/, wondering/vbg why/wrb you/ppss are/ber staring/vbg ,/, open-mouthed/jj in/in amazement/nn ./.
You/ppss explain/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss have/hv the/at strangest/jjt feeling/nn of/in having/hvg lived/vbn through/in this/dt very/ql same/ap event/nn before/rb ./.
I/ppss can't/md* tell/vb when/wrb ,/, but/cc I'm/ppss+bem positive/jj I/ppss witnessed/vbd this/dt same/ap scene/nn of/in this/dt particular/jj gathering/nn at/in some/dti time/nn in/in the/at past/nn ''/'' !/. !/.


	This/dt experience/nn will/md have/hv happened/vbn to/in many/ap of/in you/ppo ./.


	Emerson/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ lecture/nn ,/, refers/vbz to/in the/at ``/`` startling/jj experience/nn which/wdt almost/rb every/at person/nn confesses/vbz in/in daylight/nn ,/, that/cs particular/jj passages/nns of/in conversation/nn and/cc action/nn have/hv occurred/vbn to/in him/ppo in/in the/at same/ap order/nn before/rb ,/, whether/cs dreaming/vbg or/cc waking/vbg ,/, a/at suspicion/nn that/cs they/ppss have/hv been/ben with/in precisely/rb these/dts persons/nns in/in precisely/rb this/dt room/nn ,/, and/cc heard/vbn precisely/rb this/dt dialogue/nn ,/, at/in some/dti former/ap hour/nn ,/, they/ppss know/vb not/* when/wrb ''/'' ./.


	Most/ap psychiatrists/nns dismiss/vb these/dts instances/nns of/in that/dt weird/jj feeling/nn as/cs the/at deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn (/( already/rb seen/vbn )/) illusion/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs they/ppss dismiss/vb dream/nn previsions/nns as/cs coincidences/nns ./.
In/in this/dt manner/nn they/ppss side-step/vb the/at seemingly/ql hopeless/jj investigation/nn of/in the/at greater/jjr depths/nns of/in mystery/nn in/in which/wdt all/abn of/in us/ppo grope/vb continually/rb ./.


	When/wrb a/at man/nn recognizes/vbz a/at certain/jj experience/nn as/cs the/at exact/jj pattern/nn of/in a/at previous/jj dream/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv an/at instance/nn of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ,/, except/in for/in the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps knows/vbz just/rb why/wrb the/at experience/nn seems/vbz familiar/jj ./.
Occasionally/rb there/ex are/ber examples/nns of/in pre-vision/nn which/wdt cannot/md* be/be pushed/vbn aside/rb without/in confessing/vbg an/at unscientific/jj attitude/nn ./.


	One/cd day/nn Maeterlinck/np ,/, coming/vbg with/in a/at friend/nn upon/in an/at event/nn which/wdt he/pps recognized/vbd as/cs the/at exact/jj pattern/nn of/in a/at previous/jj dream/nn ,/, detailed/vbn the/at ensuing/vbg occurrences/nns in/in advance/nn so/ql accurately/rb that/cs his/pp$ companion/nn was/bedz completely/rb mystified/vbn ./.


	Rudyard/np Kipling's/np$ scorn/nn for/in the/at ``/`` jargon/nn ''/'' of/in psychical/jj research/nn was/bedz altered/vbn somewhat/rb when/wrb he/pps wondered/vbd ``/`` how/wrb ,/, or/cc why/wrb ,/, had/hvd I/ppss been/ben shown/vbn an/at unreleased/jj roll/nn of/in my/pp$ life/nn film/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at famous/jj author/nn tells/vbz us/ppo of/in the/at strange/jj incident/nn in/in Something/pn-tl About/in-tl Myself/ppl-tl ./.


	One/cd day/nn when/wrb he/pps attended/vbd a/at war/nn memorial/jj ceremony/nn in/in Westminster/np-tl Abbey/nn-tl his/pp$ view/nn was/bedz obstructed/vbn by/in a/at stout/jj man/nn on/in his/pp$ left/nr ,/, his/pp$ attention/nn turned/vbd to/in the/at irregular/jj pattern/nn of/in the/at rough/jj slab/nn flooring/nn and/cc someone/pn ,/, clasping/vbg him/ppo by/in the/at arm/nn ,/, whispered/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss want/vb a/at word/nn with/in you/ppo ,/, please/uh ''/'' ./.
At/in that/dt moment/nn Kipling/np was/bedz overwhelmed/vbn with/in awed/vbn amazement/nn ,/, suddenly/rb recalling/vbg that/cs these/dts identical/jj details/nns of/in scene/nn ,/, action/nn and/cc word/nn had/hvd occurred/vbn to/in him/ppo in/in a/at dream/nn six/cd weeks/nns earlier/rbr ./.


	Freud/np probably/rb contributed/vbd more/rbr than/cs anyone/pn else/rb to/in the/at understanding/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, enabling/vbg us/ppo to/to recognize/vb their/pp$ equivalents/nns in/in our/pp$ wakeful/jj thoughts/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, readers/nns who/wps accept/vb Freud's/np$ findings/nns and/cc believe/vb that/cs he/pps has/hvz solved/vbn completely/rb the/at mystery/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, should/md ponder/vb over/in the/at following/vbg words/nns in/in his/pp$ Interpretation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Dreams/nns-tl ,/, Chapter/nn-tl 1/cd-tl :/. :/.
As/cs ``/`` a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn no/at such/jj complete/jj solution/nn of/in the/at dream/nn has/hvz ever/rb been/ben accomplished/vbn in/in any/dti case/nn ,/, ,/, and/cc what/wdt is/bez more/ap ,/, every/at one/cd attempting/vbg such/jj solution/nn has/hvz found/vbn that/cs in/in most/ap cases/nns there/ex have/hv remained/vbn a/at great/jj many/ap components/nns of/in the/at dream/nn the/at source/nn of/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz been/ben unable/jj to/to explain/vb nor/cc is/bez the/at discussion/nn closed/vbn on/in the/at subject/nn of/in the/at mantic/jj or/cc prophetic/jj power/nn of/in dreams/nns ''/'' ./.


	Dreams/nns present/vb many/ap mysteries/nns of/in telepathy/nn ,/, clairvoyance/nn ,/, prevision/nn and/cc retrovision/nn ./.
The/at basic/jj mystery/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, which/wdt embraces/vbz all/abn the/at others/nns and/cc challenges/vbz us/ppo from/in even/rb the/at most/ql common/jj typical/jj dream/nn ,/, is/bez in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber original/jj ,/, visual/jj continuities/nns ./.


	I/ppss recall/vb the/at startling/jj ,/, vivid/jj realism/nn of/in a/at dream/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss lived/vbd through/in the/at horror/nn of/in the/at bombing/vbg of/in a/at little/jj Korean/jj town/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs nothing/pn within/in me/ppo is/bez capable/jj of/in composing/vbg that/ql life-like/jj sequence/nn ,/, so/ql complete/jj in/in detail/nn ,/, from/in the/at hodge-podge/nn of/in news/nn pictures/nns I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ./.
And/cc when/wrb psychology/nn explains/vbz glibly/rb ,/, ``/`` but/cc the/at subconscious/jj mind/nn is/bez able/jj to/to produce/vb it/ppo ''/'' it/pps refers/vbz to/in a/at mental/jj region/nn so/ql vaguely/rb identified/vbn that/cs it/pps may/md embrace/vb the/at entire/jj universal/jj mind/nn as/ql conceivably/rb as/cs part/nn of/in the/at individual/jj mind/nn ./.


	Skeptics/nns may/md deny/vb the/at more/ql startling/jj phenomena/nns of/in dreams/nns as/cs things/nns they/ppss have/hv never/rb personally/rb observed/vbn ,/, but/cc failure/nn to/to wonder/vb at/in their/pp$ basic/jj mystery/nn is/bez outright/jj avoidance/nn of/in routine/jj evidence/nn ./.


	The/at question/nn becomes/vbz ,/, ``/`` What/wdt is/bez a/at dream/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Is/bez a/at dream/nn simply/rb a/at mental/jj or/cc cerebral/jj movie/nn ?/. ?/.


	Every/at dream/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez true/jj of/in a/at mental/jj image/nn of/in any/dti type/nn even/rb though/cs it/pps may/md be/be readily/rb interpreted/vbn into/in its/pp$ equivalent/jj of/in wakeful/jj thought/nn ,/, is/bez a/at psychic/jj phenomenon/nn for/in which/wdt no/at explanation/nn is/bez available/jj ./.
In/in most/ap cases/nns we/ppss recognize/vb certain/jj words/nns ,/, persons/nns ,/, animals/nns or/cc objects/nns ./.
But/cc these/dts are/ber dreamed/vbn in/in original/jj action/nn ,/, in/in some/dti particular/jj continuity/nn which/wdt we/ppss don't/do* remember/vb having/hvg seen/vbn in/in real/jj life/nn ./.
For/in instance/nn ,/, the/at dreamer/nn sees/vbz himself/ppl seated/vbn behind/in neighbor/nn Smith/np and/cc ,/, with/in photographic/jj realism/nn ,/, sees/vbz Smith/np driving/vbg the/at car/nn ;/. ;/.
whereas/cs ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn that/cs Smith/np cannot/md* drive/vb a/at car/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez nothing/pn to/to suggest/vb that/cs the/at brain/nn can/md alter/vb past/ap impressions/nns to/to fit/vb into/in an/at original/jj ,/, realistic/jj and/cc unbroken/jj continuity/nn like/cs we/ppss experience/vb in/in dreams/nns ./.


	The/at entire/jj concept/nn of/in cerebral/jj imagery/nn as/cs the/at physical/jj basis/nn of/in a/at mental/jj image/nn can/md find/vb no/at logical/jj support/nn ./.
A/at ``/`` mental/jj image/nn ''/'' subconsciously/rb impressing/vbg us/ppo from/in beneath/in its/pp$ language/nn symbols/nns in/in wakeful/jj thought/nn ,/, or/cc consciously/rb in/in light/jj sleep/nn ,/, is/bez actually/rb not/* an/at image/nn at/in all/abn but/cc is/bez comprised/vbn of/in realities/nns ,/, viewed/vbn not/* in/in the/at concurrent/jj sensory/jj stream/nn ,/, but/cc within/in the/at depths/nns of/in the/at fourth/od dimension/nn ./.


	Dreams/nns that/wps display/vb events/nns of/in the/at future/nn with/in photographic/jj detail/nn call/vb for/in a/at theory/nn explaining/vbg their/pp$ basic/jj mystery/nn and/cc all/abn its/pp$ components/nns ,/, including/in that/dt weird/jj feeling/nn of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ,/, inevitably/rb fantastic/jj though/cs that/dt theory/nn must/md seem/vb ./.


	As/cs in/in the/at theory/nn of/in perception/nn ,/, established/vbn in/in psycho-physiology/nn ,/, the/at eye/nn is/bez recognized/vbn as/cs an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in the/at brain/nn ./.
But/cc then/rb this/dt theory/nn confesses/vbz that/cs it/pps is/bez completely/rb at/in a/at loss/nn as/in to/in how/wrb the/at image/nn can/md possibly/rb be/be received/vbn by/in the/at brain/nn ./.
The/at opening/vbg paragraph/nn of/in the/at chapter/nn titled/vbn The/at Theory/nn-tl Of/in-tl Representative/jj-tl Perception/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at book/nn Philosophies/nns-tl Of/in-tl Science/nn-tl by/in Albert/np G./np Ramsperger/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` passed/vbn on/in to/in the/at brain/nn ,/, and/cc there/rb ,/, by/in some/dti unexplained/jj process/nn ,/, it/pps causes/vbz the/at mind/nn to/to have/hv a/at perception/nn ''/'' ./.


	But/cc why/wrb is/bez it/pps necessary/jj to/to reproduce/vb the/at retinal/jj image/nn within/in the/at brain/nn ?/. ?/.
As/cs retinal/jj images/nns are/ber conceded/vbn to/to be/be an/at integral/jj function/nn of/in the/at brain/nn it/pps seems/vbz logical/jj to/to suppose/vb that/cs the/at nerves/nns ,/, between/in the/at inner/jj brain/nn and/cc the/at eyes/nns ,/, carry/vb the/at direct/jj drive/nn for/in cooperation/nn from/in the/at various/jj brain/nn centers/nns --/-- rather/in than/in to/to theorize/vb on/in the/at transmission/nn of/in an/at image/nn which/wdt is/bez already/rb in/in required/vbn location/nn ./.
Hereby/rb ,/, the/at external/jj object/nn viewed/vbn by/in the/at eyes/nns remains/vbz the/at thing/nn that/wps is/bez seen/vbn ,/, not/* the/at retinal/jj image/nn ,/, the/at purpose/nn of/in which/wdt would/md be/be to/to achieve/vb perceptive/jj cooperation/nn by/in stirring/vbg sympathetic/jj impulses/nns in/in the/at other/ap sensory/jj centers/nns ,/, motor/nn tensions/nns ,/, associated/vbn word/nn symbols/nns ,/, and/cc consciousness/nn ./.


	Modern/jj physics/nn has/hvz developed/vbn the/at theory/nn that/cs all/abn matter/nn consists/vbz of/in minute/jj waves/nns of/in energy/nn ./.
We/ppss know/vb that/cs the/at number/nn of/in radio/nn and/cc television/nn impulses/nns ,/, sound/nn waves/nns ,/, ultra-violet/jj rays/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, that/wps may/md occupy/vb the/at very/ql same/ap space/nn ,/, each/dt solitary/nn upon/in its/pp$ own/jj frequency/nn ,/, is/bez infinite/jj ./.
So/cs we/ppss may/md conceive/vb the/at coexistence/nn of/in the/at infinite/jj number/nn of/in universal/jj ,/, apparently/rb momentary/jj states/nns of/in matter/nn ,/, successive/jj one/cd after/in another/dt in/in consciousness/nn ,/, but/cc permanent/jj each/dt on/in its/pp$ own/jj basic/jj phase/nn of/in the/at progressive/jj frequencies/nns ./.
This/dt theory/nn makes/vbz it/ppo possible/jj for/cs any/dti event/nn throughout/in eternity/nn to/to be/be continuously/rb available/jj at/in any/dti moment/nn to/in consciousness/nn ./.


	Space/nn in/in any/dti form/nn is/bez completely/rb measured/vbn by/in the/at three/cd dimensions/nns ./.
If/cs the/at fourth/od dimension/nn is/bez a/at physical/jj concept/nn and/cc not/* purely/ql metaphysical/jj ,/, through/in what/wdt medium/nn does/doz it/pps extend/vb ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez not/* through/in space/nn nor/cc time/nn that/cs the/at time/nn machine/nn most/rbt approved/vbn by/in science/nn fiction/nn must/md travel/vb for/in a/at visit/nn to/in the/at permanent/jj prehistoric/jj past/nn ,/, or/cc the/at ever-existent/jj past-fantasy/nn future/nn ./.
Three/cd seconds/nns flat/rb is/bez the/at usual/jj time/nn ,/, and/cc the/at space/nn is/bez crossed/vbn by/in moderate/jj mileage/nn ,/, while/cs the/at overwhelming/jj immensity/nn of/in such/jj journeys/nns must/md be/be conceived/vbn as/cs a/at static/jj pulsation/nn through/in an/at enormous/jj number/nn of/in coexistent/jj frequencies/nns which/wdt perpetuate/vb all/abn events/nns ./.


	The/at body/nn ,/, senses/nns and/cc brain/nn ,/, in/in common/jj with/in all/abn matter/nn ,/, have/hv their/pp$ counterpart/nn on/in each/dt of/in a/at countless/jj number/nn of/in frequencies/nns ./.
The/at senses/nns in/in each/dt counterpart/nn bear/vb the/at impression/nn only/rb of/in phenomena/nns that/wps share/vb its/pp$ own/jj frequency/nn ,/, whereas/cs those/dts upon/in all/abn other/ap frequencies/nns are/ber invisible/jj ,/, inaudible/jj and/cc intactible/jj to/in them/ppo ./.
Consciousness/nn is/bez the/at factor/nn that/wps provides/vbz the/at progressive/jj continuity/nn to/in sensory/jj impressions/nns ./.
When/wrb consciousness/nn deserts/vbz the/at sleeping/vbg body/nn and/cc the/at wakeful/jj world/nn ,/, it/pps continues/vbz in/in the/at myriad/jj progressions/nns of/in the/at ever-present/jj past/nn and/cc future/nn ,/, in/in a/at life/nn as/ql vibrant/jj and/cc real/jj as/cs the/at one/cd left/vbn when/wrb the/at body/nn tired/vbd and/cc required/vbd sleep/nn ./.


	If/cs the/at photographically/rb realistic/jj continuity/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, however/wql bizarre/jj their/pp$ combinations/nns ,/, denies/vbz that/cs it/pps is/bez purely/rb a/at composition/nn of/in the/at brain/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be compounded/vbn from/in views/nns of/in diverse/jj realities/nns ,/, although/cs some/dti of/in them/ppo may/md never/rb be/be encountered/vbn in/in what/wdt we/ppss are/ber pleased/vbn to/to call/vb the/at real/jj life/nn ./.


	Dr./nn-tl H./np V./np Hilprecht/np ,/, Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl Assyrian/np-tl at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Pennsylvania/np-tl ,/, dreamed/vbd that/cs a/at Babylonian/jj priest/nn ,/, associated/vbn with/in the/at king/nn Kurigalzu/np ,/, (/( 1300/cd B.C./np )/) escorted/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at treasure/nn chamber/nn of/in the/at temple/nn of/in Bel/np ,/, gave/vbd him/ppo six/cd novel/jj points/nns of/in information/nn about/in a/at certain/jj broken/vbn relic/nn ,/, and/cc corrected/vbd an/at error/nn in/in its/pp$ identification/nn ./.
As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, the/at incorrect/jj classification/nn ,/, the/at result/nn of/in many/ap weeks/nns of/in labor/nn by/in Dr./nn-tl Hilprecht/np ,/, was/bedz about/rb to/to be/be published/vbn by/in him/ppo the/at following/vbg day/nn ./.
Some/dti time/nn later/rbr the/at missing/vbg part/nn of/in the/at relic/nn was/bedz found/vbn and/cc the/at complete/jj inscription/nn ,/, together/rb with/in other/ap new/jj evidence/nn ,/, fully/rb corroborated/vbn the/at ancient/jj priest's/nn$ information/nn ./.
Dr./nn-tl Hilprecht/np was/bedz uncertain/jj as/in to/in the/at language/nn used/vbn by/in the/at ancient/jj priest/nn in/in his/pp$ dream/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz almost/rb positive/jj it/pps was/bedz not/* Assyrian/jj nor/cc Cassite/jj ,/, and/cc imagined/vbd it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben German/np or/cc English/np ./.


	We/ppss may/md conclude/vb that/cs all/abn six/cd points/nns of/in information/nn ,/, ostensibly/rb given/vbn by/in the/at dream/nn priest/nn ,/, could/md have/hv been/ben furnished/vbn by/in Dr./nn-tl Hilprecht's/np$ subconscious/jj reasoning/nn ./.
But/cc ,/, in/in denying/vbg any/dti physical/jj reality/nn for/in this/dt dream/nn ,/, how/wrb could/md the/at brain/nn possibly/rb compose/vb that/dt realistic/jj ,/, vividly/rb visual/jj continuity/nn uninterrupted/jj by/in misty/jj fadeout/nn ,/, violent/jj break/nn or/cc sudden/jj substitution/nn ?/. ?/.
Which/wdt theory/nn is/bez more/ql fantastic/jj :/: 1/cd ./.
That/cs the/at perfect/jj continuity/nn was/bedz composed/vbn from/in the/at joblot/nn of/in memory/nn impressions/nns in/in the/at professor's/nn$ brain/nn ,/, or/cc 2/cd ./.
That/cs the/at dream/nn was/bedz a/at reality/nn on/in the/at infinite/jj progressions/nns of/in universal/jj ,/, gradient/jj frequencies/nns ,/, across/in which/wdt the/at modern/jj professor/nn and/cc the/at priest/nn of/in ancient/jj Nippur/np met/vbd ?/. ?/.


	The/at degree/nn of/in circumstance/nn ,/, the/at ratio/nn of/in memory/nn to/in forgetfulness/nn ,/, determines/vbz whether/cs a/at dream/nn will/md be/be a/at recognized/vbn ,/, fulfilled/vbn prevision/nn ,/, or/cc the/at vaguely/ql ,/, effective/jj source/nn of/in the/at weird/jj deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn feeling/nn ./.
No/at doubt/nn some/dti experiences/nns vanish/vb so/ql completely/rb as/cs to/to leave/vb no/at trace/nn on/in the/at sleeper's/nn$ mind/nn ./.
Probably/rb less/ap than/in one/cd percent/nn of/in our/pp$ previsions/nns escape/vb final/jj obliteration/nn before/cs we/ppss wake/vb ./.
When/wrb we/ppss arrive/vb at/in the/at events/nns concerned/vbn in/in the/at vanished/vbn majority/nn ,/, they/ppss ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, cannot/md* impress/vb us/ppo as/cs anything/pn familiar/jj ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber notably/rb frequent/jj instances/nns of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ,/, in/in which/wdt our/pp$ recognition/nn of/in an/at entirely/ql novel/jj event/nn is/bez a/at feeling/nn of/in having/hvg lived/vbn through/in it/ppo before/rb ,/, a/at feeling/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs vague/jj ,/, withstands/vbz the/at verbal/jj barrage/nn from/in the/at most/ql impressive/jj corps/nn of/in psychologists/nns ./.
If/cs deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn is/bez an/at illusion/nn ,/, then/rb peculiarly/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at most/ql prevalent/jj mental/jj disturbance/nn affecting/vbg even/rb the/at most/ql level-headed/jj people/nns ./.


	Chauncey/np Depew/np ,/, one-time/jj runner-up/nn for/in the/at Republican/jj-tl Presidential/jj-tl nomination/nn ,/, was/bedz attending/vbg a/at convention/nn at/in Saratoga/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz scheduled/vbn to/to nominate/vb Colonel/nn-tl Theodore/np Roosevelt/np for/in Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl when/wrb he/pps noticed/vbd that/cs the/at temporary/jj chairman/nn was/bedz a/at man/nn he/pps had/hvd never/rb met/vbn ./.
After/cs the/at preliminary/jj business/nn affair/nn was/bedz finished/vbn Depew/np arose/vbd and/cc delivered/vbd the/at convincing/jj speech/nn that/wps clinched/vbd the/at nomination/nn for/in Roosevelt/np ./.
If/cs Depew/np had/hvd told/vbn any/dti academic/jj psychologist/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at weird/jj feeling/nn of/in having/hvg lived/vbn through/in that/dt identical/jj convention/nn session/nn at/in some/dti time/nn in/in the/at past/nn ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv been/ben informed/vbn that/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at victim/nn of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ./.
But/cc the/at famous/jj orator/nn felt/vbd more/ap than/in vague/jj recognition/nn for/in the/at scene/nn ./.
He/pps remembered/vbd exactly/rb when/wrb he/pps had/hvd lived/vbn through/in it/ppo before/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd something/pn to/to prove/vb he/pps had/hvd ./.


	One/cd week/nn before/in the/at convention/nn ,/, Depew/np was/bedz seated/vbn on/in the/at porch/nn of/in a/at country/nn home/nn on/in the/at Hudson/np ,/, gazing/vbg at/in the/at opposite/jj shore/nn ./.



	``/`` The/at food/nn is/bez wonderful/jj and/cc it/pps is/bez a/at lot/nn of/in fun/nn to/to be/be here/rb ''/'' !/. !/.


	So/rb wrote/vbd a/at ten/cd year/nn old/jj student/nn in/in a/at letter/nn to/in his/pp$ parents/nns from/in North/jj-tl Country/nn-tl School/nn-tl ,/, Lake/nn-tl Placid/jj-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
In/in this/dt one/cd sentence/nn ,/, he/pps unwittingly/rb revealed/vbd the/at basic/jj philosophy/nn of/in the/at nutrition/nn and/cc psychological/jj programs/nns in/in operation/nn at/in the/at school/nn ./.


	Because/cs the/at food/nn is/bez selected/vbn with/in thought/nn for/in its/pp$ nutritional/jj value/nn ,/, care/nn for/in its/pp$ origin/nn ,/, and/cc prepared/vbn in/in a/at manner/nn that/wps retains/vbz the/at most/ap nutrients/nns ,/, the/at food/nn does/doz taste/vb good/jj ./.
When/wrb served/vbn in/in a/at psychological/jj atmosphere/nn that/wps allows/vbz young/jj bodies/nns to/to assimilate/vb the/at greatest/jjt good/nn from/in what/wdt they/ppss eat/vb because/cs they/ppss are/ber free/jj from/in tension/nn ,/, a/at foundation/nn is/bez laid/vbn for/in a/at high/jj level/nn of/in health/nn that/wps releases/vbz the/at children/nns from/in physical/jj handicaps/nns to/to participate/vb with/in enjoyment/nn in/in the/at work/nn assignments/nns ,/, the/at athletic/jj programs/nns and/cc the/at most/ql important/jj phase/nn ,/, the/at educational/jj opportunities/nns ./.


	Situated/vbn in/in a/at region/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at loveliest/jjt mountain/nn scenery/nn in/in the/at country/nn ,/, the/at school/nn buildings/nns are/ber located/vbn amid/in open/jj fields/nns and/cc farm/nn lands/nns ./.
These/dts contemporary/jj structures/nns ,/, beautifully/rb adapted/vbn to/in a/at school/nn in/in the/at country/nn ,/, are/ber home/nn to/in 60/cd children/nns ,/, ages/nns eight/cd to/in fourteen/cd ,/, grades/nns four/cd through/in eight/cd ./.
From/in fourteen/cd states/nns and/cc three/cd foreign/jj countries/nns they/ppss come/vb to/to spend/vb the/at months/nns from/in mid-September/np to/in June/np ./.


	The/at Director/nn-tl ,/, Walter/np E./np Clark/np ,/, believes/vbz that/cs a/at school/nn with/in children/nns living/vbg full/jj time/nn in/in its/pp$ care/nn must/md take/vb full/jj responsibility/nn for/in their/pp$ welfare/nn ./.
To/in him/ppo this/dt means/vbz caring/vbg for/in the/at whole/jj child/nn ,/, providing/vbg basic/jj nutrition/nn ,/, and/cc a/at spiritual/jj attitude/nn that/wps lends/vbz freedom/nn for/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at mind/nn ./.



Improved/vbn-hl farming/vbg-hl methods/nns-hl 
The/at concept/nn of/in good/jj nutrition/nn really/rb began/vbd with/in the/at garden/nn ./.
The/at school/nn has/hvz always/rb maintained/vbn a/at farm/nn to/to supply/vb the/at needs/nns of/in the/at school/nn ./.
In/in a/at climate/nn hostile/jj to/in agriculture/nn ,/, Mr./np Clark/np has/hvz had/hvn to/to keep/vb alert/jj to/in the/at most/ql productive/jj farm/nn techniques/nns ./.


	Where/wrb a/at growing/vbg season/nn may/md ,/, with/in luck/nn ,/, allow/vb 60/cd days/nns without/in frost/nn ,/, and/cc where/wrb the/at soil/nn is/bez poor/jj ,/, sandy/jj ,/, quick-drying/jj and/cc subject/jj to/in erosion/nn ,/, many/ap farmers/nns fail/vb ./.
Throughout/in the/at Adirondack/np region/nn abandoned/vbn farm/nn homes/nns and/cc wild/jj orchards/nns bear/vb ghostly/jj testimony/nn that/cs their/pp$ owners/nns met/vbd defeat/nn ./.


	Mr./np Clark/np found/vbd that/cs orthodox/jj procedures/nns of/in deep/jj plowing/nn ,/, use/nn of/in chemical/nn fertilizers/nns and/cc insecticides/nns ,/, plus/cc the/at application/nn of/in conservation/nn principles/nns of/in rotation/nn and/cc contouring/vbg ,/, did/dod not/* prevent/vb sheet/nn erosion/nn in/in the/at potato/nn fields/nns and/cc depreciation/nn of/in the/at soil/nn ./.


	``/`` To/to give/vb up/rp these/dts notions/nns required/vbd a/at revolution/nn in/in thought/nn ''/'' ,/, Mr./np Clark/np said/vbd in/in reminiscing/vbg about/in the/at abrupt/jj changes/nns in/in ideas/nns he/pps experienced/vbd when/wrb he/pps began/vbd reading/vbg ``/`` Organic/jj-tl Gardening/nn-tl ''/'' And/cc-tl ``/`` Modern/jj-tl Nutrition/nn-tl ''/'' in/in a/at search/nn for/in help/nn with/in his/pp$ problems/nns ./.


	``/`` Louis/np Bromfield's/np$ writings/nns excited/vbd me/ppo as/cs a/at conservationist/nn ''/'' ./.
By/in 1952/cd he/pps was/bedz convinced/vbn he/pps would/md no/ql longer/rbr spray/vb ./.
He/pps locked/vbd his/pp$ equipment/nn in/in a/at cabinet/nn where/wrb it/pps still/rb remains/vbz ./.
After/cs reading/vbg ``/`` Plowman's/nn$-tl Folly/nn-tl ''/'' by/in Edward/np H./np Faulkner/np ,/, he/pps stopped/vbd plowing/vbg ./.


	The/at basis/nn for/in compost/nn materials/nns already/rb existed/vbd on/in the/at school/nn farm/nn with/in a/at stable/nn of/in animals/nns for/in the/at riding/vbg program/nn ,/, poultry/nn for/in eggs/nns ,/, pigs/nns to/to eat/vb garbage/nn ,/, a/at beef/nn herd/nn and/cc wastes/nns of/in all/abn kinds/nns ./.
Separate/jj pails/nns were/bed kept/vbn in/in the/at kitchen/nn for/in coffee/nn grounds/nns and/cc egg/nn shells/nns ./.


	All/abn these/dts materials/nns and/cc supplementary/jj manure/nn and/cc other/ap fertilizers/nns from/in neighboring/vbg dairy/nn and/cc poultry/nn farms/nns made/vbd over/rp 40/cd tons/nns of/in finished/vbn compost/nn a/at year/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz applied/vbn with/in a/at compost/nn shredder/nn made/vbn from/in a/at converted/vbn manure/nn spreader/nn ./.


	Years/nns of/in patient/jj application/nn of/in compost/nn and/cc leaf/nn mulching/vbg has/hvz changed/vbn the/at structure/nn of/in the/at soil/nn and/cc its/pp$ water-holding/jj capacity/nn ./.
Soon/rb after/cs the/at method/nn changed/vbd ,/, visitors/nns began/vbd asking/vbg how/wrb he/pps managed/vbd to/to irrigate/vb his/pp$ soil/nn to/to keep/vb it/ppo looking/vbg moist/jj ,/, when/wrb in/in reality/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at soil/nn treatment/nn alone/rb that/wps accomplished/vbd this/dt ./.


	To/to demonstrate/vb the/at soil/nn of/in his/pp$ vegetable/nn gardens/nns as/cs it/pps is/bez today/nr ,/, Mr./np Clark/np stooped/vbd to/to scoop/vb up/rp a/at handful/nn of/in rich/jj dark/jj earth/nn ./.
Sniffing/vbg its/pp$ sweet/jj smell/nn and/cc letting/vbg it/ppo fall/vb to/to show/vb its/pp$ good/jj crumbly/jj consistency/nn ,/, he/pps pointed/vbd to/in the/at nearby/jj driveway/nn and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` This/dt soil/nn used/vbd to/to be/be like/cs that/dt hard/jj packed/vbn road/nn over/in there/rb ''/'' ./.


	``/`` People/nns and/cc soils/nns respond/vb slowly/rb ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Walter/np Clark/np ,/, ``/`` but/cc the/at time/nn has/hvz now/rb come/vbn when/wrb the/at gardens/nns produce/vb delicious/jj long-keeping/jj vegetables/nns due/rb to/in this/dt enrichment/nn program/nn ./.
No/at chemical/nn fertilizers/nns and/cc poisonous/jj insecticides/nns and/cc fungicides/nns are/ber used/vbn ''/'' ./.


	The/at garden/nn supplies/vbz enough/ap carrots/nns ,/, turnips/nns ,/, rutabagas/nns ,/, potatoes/nns ,/, beets/nns ,/, cabbage/nn and/cc squash/nn to/to store/vb for/in winter/nn meals/nns in/in the/at root/nn cellar/nn ./.
The/at carrots/nns sometimes/rb don't/do* make/vb it/ppo through/in the/at winter/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at cabbage/nn and/cc squash/nn keep/vb until/in March/np or/cc April/np ./.
There/ex is/bez never/rb enough/ap corn/nn ,/, peas/nns or/cc strawberries/nns ./.


	Mr./np Clark/np still/rb has/hvz to/to use/vb rotenone/nn with/in potatoes/nns grown/vbn on/in the/at least/ql fertile/jj fields/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz watched/vbn the/at insect/nn damage/nn decrease/vb steadily/rb and/cc hopes/vbz that/cs continued/vbn use/nn of/in compost/nn and/cc leaf/nn mulch/nn will/md allow/vb him/ppo to/to do/do without/in it/ppo in/in the/at future/nn ./.
A/at new/jj project/nn planned/vbn is/bez the/at use/nn of/in Bio-Dynamic/jj-tl Starter/nn-tl ./.


	New/jj ideas/nns for/in improving/vbg nutrition/nn came/vbd with/in the/at study/nn of/in soil/nn treatment/nn ./.
``/`` After/in the/at soil/nn ,/, the/at kitchen/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Mr./np Clark/np ./.
The/at first/od major/jj change/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in providing/vbg wholewheat/nn bread/nn instead/rb of/in white/jj bread/nn ./.


	``/`` Adults/nns take/vb a/at long/jj time/nn to/to convince/vb and/cc you/ppss are/ber thwarted/vbn if/cs you/ppss try/vb to/to push/vb ''/'' ./.
At/in first/rb the/at kitchen/nn help/nn was/bedz tolerant/jj ,/, but/cc ordered/vbd their/pp$ own/jj supply/nn of/in white/jj bread/nn for/in themselves/ppls ./.
``/`` You/ppss can't/md* make/vb French/jj toast/nn with/in whole-wheat/nn bread/nn ''/'' ,/, was/bedz an/at early/jj complaint/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn they/ppss learned/vbd in/in time/nn that/cs they/ppss not/* only/rb could/md use/vb whole-wheat/nn bread/nn ,/, but/cc the/at children/nns liked/vbd it/ppo better/rbr ./.



Homemade/jj-hl bread/nn-hl 
Mrs./np Clark/np ,/, as/cs house/nn manager/nn ,/, planned/vbd the/at menus/nns and/cc cared/vbd for/in the/at ordering/nn ./.
Then/jj Miss/np Lillian/np Colman/np came/vbd from/in Vermont/np to/to be/be kitchen/nn manager/nn ./.
Today/nr whole/jj grains/nns are/ber freshly/rb ground/vbn every/at day/nn and/cc baked/vbn into/in bread/nn ./.
Mr./np Clark's/np$ studies/nns taught/vbd him/ppo that/cs the/at only/ap way/nn to/to conserve/vb the/at vitamins/nns in/in the/at whole/jj grain/nn was/bedz prompt/jj use/nn of/in the/at flour/nn ./.
Once/cs the/at grains/nns are/ber ground/vbn ,/, vitamin/nn E/nn begins/vbz to/to deteriorate/vb immediately/rb and/cc half/abn of/in it/ppo is/bez lost/vbn by/in oxidation/nn and/cc exposure/nn to/in the/at air/nn within/in one/cd week/nn ./.


	A/at mill/nn stands/vbz in/in a/at room/nn off/in the/at kitchen/nn ./.
Surrounding/vbg it/ppo are/ber metal/nn cans/nns of/in grains/nns ordered/vbn from/in organic/jj farms/nns in/in the/at state/nn ./.
Miss/np Colman/np pours/vbz measures/nns of/in whole/jj wheat/nn ,/, oats/nn ,/, and/cc soy/nn beans/nns and/cc turns/vbz on/rp the/at motor/nn ./.
She/pps goes/vbz on/rp about/in her/pp$ work/nn and/cc listens/vbz for/in the/at completion/nn of/in the/at grinding/nn ./.
The/at bread/nn baked/vbn from/in this/dt mixture/nn is/bez light/jj in/in color/nn and/cc fragrant/jj in/in aroma/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez well/ql liked/vbn by/in the/at children/nns and/cc faculty/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez one/cd problem/nn with/in the/at bread/nn ./.
``/`` Lillian's/np$ bread/nn is/bez so/ql good/jj and/cc everything/pn tastes/vbz so/ql much/ql better/jjr here/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez hard/jj not/* to/to eat/vb too/ql much/ap ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at secretary/nn ruefully/rb eyeing/vbg her/pp$ extra/jj pounds/nns ./.



Hot/jj-hl ,/,-hl freshly-ground/jj-hl cereal/nn-hl 
The/at school/nn has/hvz not/* used/vbn cold/jj prepared/vbn cereals/nns for/in years/nns ,/, though/cs at/in one/cd time/nn that/dt was/bedz all/abn they/ppss ever/rb served/vbd ./.
When/wrb the/at chance/nn came/vbd ,/, they/ppss first/rb eliminated/vbd cold/jj cereal/nn once/rb a/at week/nn ,/, then/rb gradually/rb converted/vbd to/in hot/jj fresh-ground/jj cereal/nn every/at day/nn ./.


	They/ppss serve/vb cracked/vbn wheat/nn ,/, oats/nn or/cc cornmeal/nn ./.
Occasionally/rb ,/, the/at children/nns find/vb steamed/vbn ,/, whole-wheat/nn grains/nns for/in cereal/nn which/wdt they/ppss call/vb ``/`` buckshot/nn ''/'' ./.
At/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at school/nn year/nn ,/, the/at new/jj students/nns don't/do* eat/vb the/at cereal/nn right/ql away/rb ,/, but/cc within/in a/at short/jj time/nn they/ppss are/ber eating/vbg it/ppo voraciously/rb ./.


	When/wrb they/ppss leave/vb for/in vacations/nns they/ppss miss/vb the/at hot/jj cereal/nn ./.
The/at school/nn has/hvz received/vbn letters/nns from/in parents/nns asking/vbg ,/, ``/`` What/wdt happened/vbd to/in Johnny/np ?/. ?/.
He/pps never/rb used/vbd to/to like/vb any/dti hot/jj cereal/nn ,/, now/rb that's/dt+bez the/at only/ap kind/nn he/pps wants/vbz ./.
Where/wrb can/md we/ppss get/vb this/dt cereal/nn he/pps likes/vbz so/ql much/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.



Body-building/jj-hl foods/nns-hl 
Salads/nns are/ber served/vbn at/in least/ap once/rb a/at day/nn ./.
Vegetables/nns are/ber served/vbn liberally/rb ./.
Most/ap come/vb from/in the/at root/nn cellar/nn or/cc from/in the/at freezer/nn ./.
Home-made/jj sauerkraut/nn is/bez served/vbn once/rb a/at week/nn ./.
Sprouted/vbn grains/nns and/cc seeds/nns are/ber used/vbn in/in salads/nns and/cc dishes/nns such/jj as/cs chop/nn suey/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb sprouted/vbn wheat/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in bread/nn and/cc causes/vbz the/at children/nns to/to remark/vb ,/, ``/`` Lillian/np ,/, did/dod you/ppss put/vb nuts/nns in/in the/at bread/nn today/nr ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Milk/nn appears/vbz twice/rb a/at day/nn ./.
The/at school/nn raises/vbz enough/ap poultry/nn ,/, pigs/nns ,/, and/cc beef/nn cattle/nns for/in most/ap of/in their/pp$ needs/nns ./.
Lots/nns of/in cheese/nn made/vbn from/in June/np grass/nn milk/nn is/bez served/vbn ./.
Hens/nns are/ber kept/vbn on/in the/at range/nn and/cc roosters/nns are/ber kept/vbn with/in them/ppo for/in their/pp$ fertility/nn ./.


	Organ/nn meats/nns such/jj as/cs beef/nn and/cc chicken/nn liver/nn ,/, tongue/nn and/cc heart/nn are/ber planned/vbn once/rb a/at week/nn ./.
Also/rb ,/, salt/nn water/nn fish/nn is/bez on/in the/at table/nn once/rb a/at week/nn ./.


	For/in deserts/nns ,/, puddings/nns and/cc pies/nns are/ber each/dt served/vbn once/rb a/at week/nn ./.
Most/ap other/ap desserts/nns are/ber fruit/nn in/in some/dti form/nn ,/, fresh/jj fruits/nns once/rb daily/rb at/in least/ap ,/, sometimes/rb at/in snack/nn time/nn ./.
Dried/vbn fruits/nns are/ber purchased/vbn from/in sources/nns where/wrb they/ppss are/ber neither/cc sulphured/vbn nor/cc sprayed/vbn ./.
Apples/nns come/vb from/in a/at farm/nn in/in Vermont/np where/wrb they/ppss are/ber not/* sprayed/vbn ./.
Oranges/nns and/cc grapefruit/nns are/ber shipped/vbn from/in Florida/np weekly/rb from/in an/at organic/jj farm/nn ./.


	Finding/vbg sources/nns for/in these/dts high/jj quality/nn foods/nns is/bez a/at problem/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb the/at solution/nn comes/vbz in/in unexpected/jj ways/nns ./.
Following/vbg a/at talk/nn by/in Mr./np Clark/np at/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl State/nn-tl Natural/jj-tl Food/nn-tl Associates/nns-tl Convention/nn-tl ,/, a/at man/nn from/in the/at audience/nn offered/vbd to/to ship/vb his/pp$ unsprayed/jj apples/nns to/in the/at school/nn from/in Vermont/np ./.


	Wheat-germ/nn ,/, brewer's/nn$ yeast/nn and/cc ground/vbn kelp/nn are/ber used/vbn in/in bread/nn and/cc in/in dishes/nns such/jj as/cs spaghetti/nn sauce/nn ,/, meat/nn loaves/nns ./.
Miss/np Colman/np hopes/vbz to/to find/vb suitable/jj shakers/nns so/cs that/cs kelp/nn can/md be/be available/jj at/in the/at tables/nns ./.
Raw/jj wheat-germ/nn is/bez available/jj on/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn for/in the/at children/nns to/to help/vb themselves/ppls ./.


	Very/ql few/ap fried/vbn foods/nns are/ber used/vbn and/cc the/at use/nn of/in salt/nn and/cc pepper/nn is/bez discouraged/vbn ./.
Drinking/vbg with/in meals/nns is/bez also/rb discouraged/vbn ;/. ;/.
pitchers/nns of/in water/nn merely/rb appear/vb on/in the/at tables/nns ./.


	Nothing/pn is/bez peeled/vbn ./.
The/at source/nn is/bez known/vbn so/cs there/ex is/bez no/at necessity/nn to/to remove/vb insecticide/nn residues/nns ./.
The/at cooking/vbg conserves/vbz a/at maximum/jj of/in the/at vitamin/nn C/nn content/nn of/in vegetables/nns by/in methods/nns which/wdt use/vb very/ql little/ap water/nn and/cc cook/vb in/in the/at shortest/jjt time/nn possible/jj ./.



Wholesome/jj-hl snacks/nns-hl ,/,-hl no/at-hl candy/nn-hl 
Since/cs Mr./np Clark/np believes/vbz firmly/rb that/cs the/at chewing/nn of/in hard/jj foods/nns helps/vbz develop/vb healthy/jj gums/nns and/cc teeth/nns ,/, raw/jj vegetables/nns and/cc raw/jj whole-wheat/nn grains/nns are/ber handed/vbn out/rp with/in fresh/jj fruit/nn and/cc whole-wheat/nn cookies/nns at/in snack/nn time/nn in/in the/at afternoons/nns ./.
To/to solve/vb the/at problem/nn of/in the/at wheat/nn grains/nns spilling/vbg on/in the/at floor/nn and/cc getting/vbg underfoot/rb ,/, a/at ball/nn of/in maple/nn syrup/nn boiled/vbn to/in candy/nn consistency/nn was/bedz invented/vbn to/to hold/vb the/at grains/nns ./.


	On/in their/pp$ frequent/jj hikes/nns into/in the/at nearby/jj mountains/nns ,/, the/at children/nns carry/vb whole/jj grains/nns to/to munch/vb along/in the/at trail/nn ./.
They/ppss learn/vb to/to like/vb these/dts so/ql well/rb that/cs it/pps isn't/bez* surprising/jj to/to hear/vb that/cs one/cd boy/nn tried/vbd the/at oats/nn he/pps was/bedz feeding/vbg his/pp$ horse/nn at/in chore/nn time/nn ./.
They/ppss tasted/vbd good/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, so/rb he/pps brought/vbd some/dti to/in breakfast/nn to/to eat/vb in/in his/pp$ cereal/nn bowl/nn with/in milk/nn and/cc honey/nn ./.


	Maple/nn syrup/nn is/bez made/vbn by/in the/at children/nns in/in the/at woods/nns on/in the/at school/nn grounds/nns ./.
This/dt and/cc raw/jj sugar/nn replace/vb ordinary/jj refined/vbn sugar/nn on/in the/at tables/nns and/cc very/ql little/ap sugar/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in cooking/vbg ./.
Candy/nn is/bez not/* allowed/vbn ./.
Parents/nns are/ber asked/vbn in/in the/at bulletin/nn to/to send/vb packages/nns of/in treats/nns consisting/vbg of/in fruit/nn and/cc nuts/nns ,/, but/cc no/at candy/nn ./.



Nourishing/vbg meals/nns 
Mr./np Clark/np believes/vbz in/in a/at good/jj full/jj breakfast/nn of/in fruit/nn ,/, hot/jj cereal/nn ,/, milk/nn ,/, honey/nn ,/, whole-wheat/nn toast/nn with/in real/jj butter/nn and/cc eggs/nns ./.
The/at heavy/jj meal/nn comes/vbz in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at day/nn ./.
Soup/nn is/bez often/rb the/at important/jj dish/nn at/in supper/nn ./.
Homemade/jj of/in meat/nn ,/, bones/nns and/cc vegetables/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez rich/jj in/in dissolved/vbn minerals/nns and/cc vitamins/nns ./.


	The/at school/nn finds/vbz that/cs the/at children/nns are/ber satisfied/vbn with/in smaller/jjr amounts/nns of/in food/nn since/cs all/abn of/in it/ppo is/bez high/jj in/in quality/nn ./.
The/at cost/nn to/to feed/vb one/cd person/nn is/bez just/ql under/in one/cd dollar/nn a/at day/nn ./.



Outdoor/jj-hl exercises/nns-hl 
Even/rb before/cs he/pps saw/vbd the/at necessity/nn of/in growing/vbg better/jjr food/nn and/cc planning/vbg good/jj nutrition/nn ,/, Mr./np Clark/np felt/vbd the/at school/nn had/hvd a/at good/jj health/nn program/nn ./.
Rugged/jj outdoor/jj exercise/nn for/in an/at hour/nn and/cc a/at half/abn every/at day/nn in/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in weather/nn was/bedz the/at rule/nn ./.
A/at vigorous/jj program/nn existed/vbd in/in skiing/vbg ,/, skating/vbg sports/nns and/cc overnight/jj hiking/nn ./.



Healthier/jjr-hl children/nns-hl 
Since/in the/at change/nn to/in better/jjr nutrition/nn ,/, he/pps feels/vbz he/pps can/md report/vb on/in improvements/nns in/in health/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps considers/vbz the/at following/vbg statements/nns observations/nns and/cc not/* scientific/jj proof/nn ./.


	Visitors/nns to/in the/at school/nn ask/vb what/wdt shampoo/nn they/ppss use/vb on/in the/at children's/nns$ hair/nn to/to bring/vb out/rp the/at sheen/nn ./.
The/at ruddy/jj complexion/nn of/in the/at faces/nns also/rb brings/vbz comment/nn ./.



	Buffeted/vbn by/in swirling/vbg winds/nns ,/, the/at little/jj green/jj biplane/nn struggled/vbd northward/rb between/in the/at mountains/nns beyond/in Northfield/np-tl Gulf/nn-tl ./.
Wires/nns whined/vbd as/cs a/at cold/jj November/np blast/nn rocked/vbd the/at silver/jj wings/nns ,/, but/cc the/at engine/nn roar/nn was/bedz reassuring/vbg to/in the/at pilot/nn bundled/vbn in/in the/at open/jj cockpit/nn ./.
He/pps peered/vbd ahead/rb and/cc grinned/vbd as/cs the/at railroad/nn tracks/nns came/vbd into/in view/nn again/rb below/rb ./.


	``/`` Good/jj old/jj iron/nn compass/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
He/pps thought/vbd ./.


	A/at plume/nn of/in smoke/nn rose/vbd from/in a/at Central/jj-tl Vermont/np-tl locomotive/nn which/wdt idled/vbd behind/in a/at string/nn of/in gravel/nn cars/nns ,/, and/cc little/jj figures/nns that/wps were/bed workmen/nns labored/vbd to/to set/vb the/at ruptured/vbn roadbed/nn to/in rights/nns ./.
The/at girders/nns of/in a/at shattered/vbn Dog/nn-tl River/nn-tl bridge/nn lay/vbd strewn/vbn for/in half/abn a/at mile/nn downstream/rb ./.
Vermont's/np$ main/jjs railroad/nn line/nn was/bedz prostrate/jj ./.
And/cc in/in the/at dark/jj days/nns after/in the/at Great/jj-tl Flood/nn-tl of/in 1927/cd --/-- the/at worst/jjt natural/jj disaster/nn in/in the/at state's/nn$ history/nn --/-- the/at little/jj plane/nn was/bedz its/pp$ sole/jj replacement/nn in/in carrying/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl mails/nns ./.


	Rain/nn of/in near/jj cloudburst/nn proportions/nns had/hvd fallen/vbn for/in three/cd full/jj days/nns and/cc it/pps was/bedz still/rb raining/vbg on/in the/at morning/nn of/in Friday/nr ,/, November/np 4/cd ,/, 1927/cd ,/, when/wrb officials/nns of/in the/at Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl Railway/nn-tl Mail/nn-tl Service/nn-tl realized/vbd that/cs their/pp$ distribution/nn system/nn for/in Vermont/np had/hvd been/ben almost/ql totally/rb destroyed/vbn overnight/rb ./.
Clerks/nns and/cc postmasters/nns shoveled/vbd muck/nn out/in of/in their/pp$ offices/nns --/-- those/dts who/wps still/rb had/hvd offices/nns --/-- and/cc wondered/vbd how/wrb to/to move/vb the/at mail/nn ./.
The/at state's/nn$ railroad/nn system/nn counted/vbd miles/nns of/in broken/vbn bridges/nns and/cc missing/vbg rights-of-way/nns :/: it/pps would/md obviously/rb remain/vb out/in of/in commission/nn for/in weeks/nns ./.
And/cc once/rb medicine/nn ,/, food/nn ,/, clothing/nn and/cc shelter/nn had/hvd been/ben provided/vbn for/in the/at flood's/nn$ victims/nns ,/, communications/nns and/cc the/at mail/nn were/bed the/at next/ap top/jjs problems/nns ./.


	From/in Burlington/np ,/, outgoing/jj mail/nn could/md be/be ferried/vbn across/in Lake/nn-tl Champlain/np-tl to/in the/at railroad/nn at/in Port/nn-tl Kent/np-tl ,/, N./np Y./np ./.
But/cc what/wdt came/vbd in/rp was/bedz piling/vbg up/rp ./.
The/at nearest/jjt undisrupted/jj end/nn of/in track/nn from/in Boston/np was/bedz at/in Concord/np ,/, N./np H./np ./.
When/wrb Governor/nn-tl Al/np Smith/np offered/vbd New/jj-tl York/np-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl planes/nns to/to fly/vb the/at mail/nn in/rp and/cc out/in of/in the/at state/nn ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd a/at likely/jj temporary/jj solution/nn ,/, easing/vbg Burlington's/np$ bottleneck/nn and/cc that/dt at/in Montpelier/np too/rb ./.


	The/at question/nn was/bedz ``/`` Where/wrb to/to land/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
There/ex was/bedz no/rb such/jj thing/nn as/cs an/at airport/nn in/in Vermont/np ./.
Burlington/np aviator/nn John/np J./np Burns/np suggested/vbd the/at parade/nn ground/nn southwest/nr of/in Fort/nn-tl Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl ,/, and/cc soon/rb a/at dozen/nn hastily-summoned/jj National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl pilots/nns were/bed bringing/vbg their/pp$ wide-winged/jj ``/`` Jenny/np ''/'' and/cc DeHaviland/np two-seaters/nns to/in rest/nn on/in the/at frozen/vbn sod/nn of/in the/at military/jj base/nn ./.


	The/at only/ap available/jj field/nn that/wps could/md be/be used/vbn near/in flood-ravaged/jj Montpelier/np was/bedz on/in the/at Towne/np farm/nn off/in upper/jj Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, a/at narrow/jj hillside/nn where/wrb takeoffs/nns and/cc landings/nns could/md be/be safely/rb made/vbn only/rb under/in light/jj wind/nn conditions/nns ./.
Over/rp in/in Barre/np the/at streets/nns had/hvd been/ben deep/jj in/in swirling/vbg water/nn ,/, and/cc bridges/nns were/bed crumpled/vbn and/cc gone/vbn ./.
Anticipating/vbg delivery/nn of/in medicines/nns and/cc yeast/nn by/in plane/nn ,/, Granite/nn-tl City/nn-tl citizens/nns formed/vbd an/at airfield/nn committee/nn and/cc with/in the/at aid/nn of/in quarrymen/nns and/cc the/at 172nd/od-tl Infantry/nn-tl ,/, Vermont/np-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl ,/, laid/vbd out/rp runways/nns on/in Wilson/np flat/nn ,/, high/rb on/in Millstone/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ./.
The/at ``/`` Barre/np-tl Aviation/nn-tl Field/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz set/vbn to/to receive/vb its/pp$ first/od aircraft/nn the/at Sunday/nr following/vbg the/at flood/nn ./.


	Though/cs the/at makeshift/jj airports/nns were/bed ready/jj ,/, the/at York/np-tl State/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl flyers/nns proved/vbd unable/jj to/to keep/vb any/dti kind/nn of/in mail/nn schedule/nn ./.
They/ppss had/hvd courage/nn but/cc their/pp$ meager/jj training/nn consisted/vbd of/in weekend/nn hops/nns in/in good/jj weather/nn ,/, in/rp and/cc out/in of/in established/vbn airports/nns ,/, And/cc the/at increasingly/rb cold/jj weather/nn soon/rb raised/vbd hob/nn with/in the/at water/nn cooled/vbn engines/nns of/in their/pp$ World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, planes/nns ./.
It/pps seemed/vbd like/cs a/at good/jj time/nn for/in officials/nns to/to use/vb a/at recently-passed/jj law/nn empowering/vbg the/at post/nn office/nn department/nn to/to contract/vb for/in the/at transport/nn of/in first/od class/nn mail/nn by/in air/nn ./.
They/ppss had/hvd to/to act/vb fast/rb ,/, for/cs letters/nns were/bed clogging/vbg the/at terminals/nns ./.


	Down/rp in/in Concord/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, was/bedz a/at flier/nn in/in the/at right/jj place/nn at/in the/at right/jj time/nn :/: Robert/np S./np Fogg/np ,/, a/at native/jj New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl ,/, had/hvd been/ben a/at World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, flying/vbg instructor/nn ,/, barnstormer/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd of/in the/at original/jj planners/nns of/in the/at Concord/np-tl Airport/nn-tl ./.
Tall/jj ,/, wiry/jj ,/, dark-haired/jj Bob/np Fogg/np had/hvd already/rb racked/vbn up/rp one/cd historical/jj first/od in/in air/nn mail/nn history/nn ./.
Piloting/vbg a/at Curtiss/np-tl Navy/nn-tl MF/nn flying/vbg boat/nn off/in Lake/nn-tl Winnipesaukee/np-tl in/in 1925/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd inaugurated/vbn the/at original/jj Rural/jj-tl Delivery/nn-tl air/nn service/nn in/in America/np ./.


	During/in the/at excitement/nn following/vbg Lindbergh's/np$ flight/nn to/in Paris/np earlier/rbr in/in 1927/cd ,/, dare/vb devil/nn aviators/nns overnight/rb became/vbd legendary/jj heroes/nns ./.
In/in Concord/np ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np was/bedz the/at most/ql prominent/jj New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl boy/nn with/in wings/nns ./.
Public-spirited/jj backers/nns staked/vbd him/ppo to/in a/at brand-new/jj airplane/nn ,/, aimed/vbd at/in putting/vbg their/pp$ city/nn and/cc state/nn on/in the/at flying/vbg map/nn ./.
The/at ship/nn was/bedz a/at Waco/np biplane/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at first/od two/cd of/in its/pp$ type/nn to/to be/be fitted/vbn with/in the/at air/nn cooled/vbn ,/, 225/hp/jj Wright/np radial/jj engine/nn known/vbn as/cs the/at Whirlwind/nn-tl ./.
A/at trim/jj green/jj and/cc silver-painted/jj craft/nn only/rb 22-1/2/cd feet/nns long/jj ,/, the/at Waco/np was/bedz entered/vbn to/to compete/vb in/in the/at ``/`` On-to-Spokane/jj-tl ''/'' Air/nn-tl Derby/nn-tl of/in 1927/cd ./.
As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, Fogg/np and/cc his/pp$ plane/nn didn't/dod* get/vb beyond/in Pennsylvania/np in/in the/at race/nn --/-- an/at engine/nn oil/nn leak/nn forced/vbd him/ppo down/rp --/-- but/cc the/at flying/vbg service/nn and/cc school/nn he/pps started/vbd subsequently/rb were/bed first/od steps/nns in/in paying/vbg off/rp his/pp$ wry-faced/jj backers/nns ./.
So/rb with/in all/abn this/dt experience/nn ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np was/bedz a/at natural/jj choice/nn to/to receive/vb the/at first/od Emergency/nn-tl Air/nn-tl Mail/nn-tl Star/nn-tl Route/nn-tl contract/nn ./.
His/pp$ work/nn began/vbd just/rb six/cd days/nns after/in the/at flood/nn ./.


	By/in airline/nn from/in Concord/np to/in Burlington/np is/bez a/at distance/nn of/in about/rb 150/cd miles/nns ,/, counting/vbg a/at slight/jj deviation/nn for/in the/at stop/nn at/in either/cc Barre/np or/cc Montpelier/np ./.
The/at first/od few/ap days/nns Bob/np Fogg/np set/vbd his/pp$ plane/nn down/rp on/in Towne/np field/nn back/rb of/in the/at State/nn-tl House/nn-tl when/wrb the/at wind/nn was/bedz right/jj ,/, and/cc used/vbd Wilson/np flat/nn above/in Barre/np when/wrb it/pps wasn't/bedz* ./.
Between/in the/at unsafe/jj Towne/np field/nn and/cc the/at long/jj roundabout/jj back/jj road/nn haul/nn that/wps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to gain/vb access/nn to/in Wilson/np flat/nn ,/, arrangements/nns at/in the/at state/nn capital/nn were/bed far/ql from/in satisfactory/jj ./.
Each/dt time/nn in/rp ,/, the/at unhappy/jj pilot/nn ,/, pushing/vbg his/pp$ luck/nn ,/, begged/vbd the/at postal/jj officials/nns that/wps met/vbd him/ppo to/to find/vb a/at safer/jjr landing/vbg place/nn ,/, preferably/rb on/in the/at flat-topped/jj hills/nns across/in the/at Winooski/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.


	``/`` But/cc Fogg/np ''/'' ,/, they/ppss countered/vbd ,/, ``/`` we/ppss can't/md* get/vb over/in there/rb ./.
And/cc besides/rb you/ppss seem/vb to/to make/vb it/ppo all/ql right/rb here/rb ''/'' ./.
It/pps took/vbd a/at tragedy/nn to/to bring/vb things/nns to/in a/at head/nn ./.
After/cs a/at week/nn of/in precarious/jj uphill/jj landings/nns and/cc downwind/jj takeoffs/nns ,/, Fogg/np one/cd day/nn looked/vbd down/rp at/in the/at shattered/vbn yellow/jj wreckage/nn of/in an/at Army/nn-tl plane/nn strewn/vbn across/in snow-covered/jj Towne/np field/nn ./.
Sent/vbn to/in Montpelier/np by/in Secretary/nn-tl Herbert/np Hoover/np ,/, Red/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl Aide/nn-tl Reuben/np Sleight/np had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ pilot/nn ,/, Lt./nn-tl Franklin/np Wolfe/np ,/, badly/rb injured/vbn ./.
With/in the/at field/nn a/at blur/nn of/in white/jj the/at unfortunate/jj pilot/nn had/hvd simply/rb flown/vbn into/in the/at hillside/nn ./.


	Faced/vbn with/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, Postmaster/nn-tl Charles/np F./np McKenna/np of/in Montpelier/np went/vbd with/in Fogg/np on/in a/at Burlington/np trip/nn ,/, and/cc together/rb they/ppss scouted/vbd the/at terrain/nn on/in the/at heights/nns of/in Berlin/np ./.
A/at long/jj flat/jj known/vbn as/cs the/at St./np John/np field/nn seemed/vbd to/to answer/vb their/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, and/cc since/cs the/at Winooski/np bridges/nns were/bed at/in last/rb passable/jj ,/, they/ppss decided/vbd to/to use/vb it/ppo ./.


	With/in a/at wary/jj eye/nn on/in the/at farmer's/nn$ bull/nn ,/, Fred/np Somers/np of/in Montpelier/np and/cc Mr./np St./np John/np marked/vbd the/at field/nn with/in a/at red/jj table/nn cloth/nn ./.
As/cs a/at wind/nn direction/nn indicator/nn ,/, they/ppss tied/vbd a/at cotton/nn rag/nn to/in a/at sapling/nn ./.
With/in these/dts aids/nns ,/, and/cc a/at pair/nn of/in skiis/nns substituting/vbg for/in wheels/nns on/in the/at Waco/np ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np made/vbd the/at first/od landing/nn on/in what/wdt is/bez now/rb part/nn of/in the/at Barre-Montpelier/jj-tl Airport/nn-tl on/in November/np 21/cd ,/, 1927/cd ./.


	Each/dt trip/nn saw/vbd the/at front/jj cockpit/nn filled/vbd higher/rbr with/in mail/nn pouches/nns ./.
During/in the/at second/od week/nn of/in operations/nns ,/, Fogg/np received/vbd a/at telegram/nn from/in the/at Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo to/to ``/`` put/vb on/rp two/cd airplanes/nns and/cc make/vb two/cd flights/nns daily/rb ,/, plus/cc one/cd Sunday/nr trip/nn ''/'' ./.
Since/cs Fogg's/np$ was/bedz a/at one-man/jj ,/, one-plane/nn flying/vbg service/nn ,/, this/dt meant/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md have/hv to/to do/do both/abx trips/nns ,/, flying/vbg alone/rb 600/cd miles/nns a/at day/nn ,/, under/in sub-freezing/jj temperature/nn conditions/nns ./.


	Over/in the/at weeks/nns ,/, America's/np$ first/od Star/nn-tl Route/nn-tl Air/nn-tl Mail/nn-tl settled/vbd into/in a/at routine/jj pattern/nn despite/in the/at vagaries/nns of/in weather/nn and/cc the/at lack/nn of/in ground/nn facilities/nns and/cc aids/nns to/in navigation/nn ./.
Each/dt morning/nn at/in five/cd Fogg/np crawled/vbd out/in of/in bed/nn to/to bundle/vb into/in flying/vbg togs/nns over/in the/at furnace/nn register/nn of/in his/pp$ home/nn ./.
Always/rb troubled/vbn by/in poor/jj circulation/nn in/in his/pp$ feet/nns ,/, he/pps experimented/vbd with/in various/jj combinations/nns of/in socks/nns and/cc shoes/nns before/cs finally/rb adopting/vbg old-style/nn felt/nn farmer's/nn$ boots/nns with/in his/pp$ sheepskin/nn flying/vbg boots/nns pulled/vbn over/in them/ppo ./.
A/at sheep-lined/jj leather/nn flying/vbg suit/nn ,/, plus/cc helmet/nn ,/, goggles/nns and/cc mittens/nns completed/vbd his/pp$ attire/nn for/in the/at rigors/nns of/in the/at open/jj cockpit/nn ./.
The/at airman's/nn$ stock/nn answer/nn to/in ``/`` Weren't/bed* you/ppss cold/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Became/vbd ``/`` Yes/rb ,/, the/at first/od half/abn hour/nn is/bez tough/jj ,/, but/cc by/in then/rb I'm/ppss+bem so/ql numb/jj I/ppss don't/do* notice/vb it/ppo ''/'' !/. !/.


	As/cs daylight/nn began/vbd to/to show/vb through/in the/at frosty/jj windows/nns ,/, Fogg/np would/md place/vb a/at call/nn to/in William/np A./np Shaw/np at/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Weather/nn-tl Station/nn-tl at/in Northfield/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, for/in temperature/nn and/cc wind-velocity/nn readings/nns ./.
Shaw/np could/md also/rb give/vb the/at flyer/nn a/at pretty/ql good/jj idea/nn of/in area/nn visibility/nn by/in a/at visual/jj check/nn of/in the/at mountains/nns to/to be/be seen/vbn from/in his/pp$ station/nn ./.
``/`` Ceilings/nns ''/'' were/bed judged/vbn by/in comparison/nn with/in known/vbn mountain/nn heights/nns and/cc cloud/nn positions/nns ./.
Later/rbr on/rp in/in the/at day/nn Fogg/np could/md get/vb a/at better/jjr weather/nn picture/nn from/in the/at Burlington/np-tl Weather/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl supervised/vbn by/in Frank/np E./np Hartwell/np ./.


	Out/rp at/in the/at airport/nn each/dt morning/nn ,/, Fogg's/np$ skilled/jj mechanic/nn Caleb/np Marston/np would/md have/hv the/at Waco/np warmed/vbn up/rp and/cc running/vbg in/in the/at drafty/jj hangar/nn ./.
(/( He'd/pps+md get/vb the/at engine/nn oil/nn flowing/vbg with/in an/at electric/jj heater/nn under/in a/at big/jj canvas/nn cover/nn ./.
)/) Wishing/vbg to/to show/vb that/cs aviation/nn was/bedz dependable/jj and/cc here/rb to/to stay/vb ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np always/rb made/vbd a/at point/nn of/in taking/vbg off/rp each/dt morning/nn on/in the/at dot/nn of/in seven/cd ,/, disregarding/vbg rain/nn ,/, snow/nn and/cc sleet/nn in/in true/jj postal/jj tradition/nn ./.
Concord/np learned/vbd to/to set/vb its/pp$ clocks/nns by/in the/at rackety/jj bark/nn of/in the/at Whirlwind's/nn$-tl exhaust/nn overhead/rb ./.
Sometimes/rb the/at pilot/nn had/hvd to/to turn/vb back/rb if/cs fully/rb blocked/vbn by/in fog/nn ,/, but/cc 85%/nn of/in his/pp$ trips/nns were/bed completed/vbn ./.


	Plane/nn radios/nns were/bed not/* yet/rb available/jj ,/, and/cc once/rb in/in the/at air/nn ,/, Fogg/np flew/vbd his/pp$ ship/nn by/in compass/nn ,/, a/at good/jj memory/nn for/in landmarks/nns as/ql seen/vbn from/in above/rb ,/, and/cc a/at capacity/nn for/in dead/jj reckoning/nn and/cc quick/jj computation/nn ./.
Often/rb ,/, threading/vbg through/in the/at overcast/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz forced/vbn to/to fly/vb close/rb to/in the/at ground/nn by/in a/at low/jj ceiling/nn ,/, skimming/vbg above/in the/at Winooski/np or/cc the/at White/jj-tl River/nn-tl along/in the/at line/nn of/in the/at broken/vbn railroad/nn ./.
When/wrb driving/vbg rain/nn or/cc mist/nn socked/vbd in/in one/cd valley/nn ,/, Fogg/np would/md chandelle/vb up/rp and/cc over/rp to/to reverse/vb course/nn and/cc try/vb another/dt one/cd ,/, ranging/vbg from/in the/at Ottauquechee/np up/in to/in Danville/np in/in search/nn of/in safe/jj passage/nn through/in the/at mountain/nn passes/nns ./.


	The/at dependable/jj Wright/np engine/nn was/bedz never/rb stopped/vbn on/in these/dts trips/nns ./.
It/pps ticked/vbd over/rp smoothly/rb ,/, idling/vbg while/cs Fogg/np exchanged/vbd mails/nns with/in the/at armed/vbn messenger/nn from/in Burlington/np at/in Fort/nn-tl Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl ,/, and/cc one/cd from/in Montpelier/np and/cc Barre/np at/in the/at St./np John/np field/nn ./.


	Sometimes/rb ,/, on/in a/at return/jj trip/nn ,/, the/at aviator/nn would/md ``/`` go/vb upstairs/rb ''/'' high/rb over/in the/at clouds/nns ./.
There/rb he'd/pps+md take/vb a/at compass/nn reading/nn ,/, figure/vb his/pp$ air/nn speed/nn ,/, and/cc deduce/vb that/cs in/in a/at certain/jj number/nn of/in minutes/nns he'd/pps+md be/be over/in the/at broad/jj meadows/nns of/in the/at Merrimack/np-tl Valley/nn-tl where/wrb it/pps would/md be/be safe/jj to/to let/vb down/rp through/in the/at overcast/nn and/cc see/vb the/at ground/nn before/cs it/pps hit/vbd him/ppo ./.
Bob/np Fogg/np didn't/dod* have/hv today's/nr$ advantages/nns of/in Instrument/nn-tl Flight/nn-tl and/cc Ground/nn-tl Control/nn-tl Approach/nn-tl systems/nns ./.
At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at calculated/vbn time/nn he'd/pps+md nose/vb the/at Waco/np down/rp through/in the/at cloud/nn bank/nn and/cc hope/vb to/to break/vb through/rp where/wrb some/dti feature/nn of/in the/at winter/nn landscape/nn would/md be/be recognizable/jj ./.


	Usually/rb back/rb in/in Concord/np by/in noon/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz just/rb time/nn to/to get/vb partially/rb thawed/vbn out/rp ,/, refuel/vb ,/, and/cc grab/vb a/at bit/nn of/in Mrs./np Fogg's/np$ hot/jj broth/nn before/cs starting/vbg the/at second/od trip/nn ./.
Day/nn after/in day/nn Fogg/np shuttled/vbd back/rb and/cc forth/rb on/in his/pp$ one-man/jj air/nn mail/nn route/nn ,/, until/cs the/at farmers/nns in/in their/pp$ snowy/jj barnyards/nns and/cc the/at road/nn repairmen/nns came/vbd to/to recognize/vb the/at stubby/jj plane/nn as/cs their/pp$ link/nn with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at country/nn ./.


	The/at flyer/nn had/hvd his/pp$ share/nn of/in near-misses/nns ./.
At/in Fort/nn-tl Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl the/at ever-present/jj wind/nn off/in Lake/nn-tl Champlain/np-tl could/md readily/rb flip/vb a/at puny/jj man-made/jj thing/nn like/cs an/at airplane/nn if/cs the/at pilot/nn miscalculated/vbd ./.
Once/cs the/at soldiers/nns from/in the/at barracks/nns had/hvd to/to hold/vb the/at ship/nn from/in blowing/vbg away/rb while/cs Fogg/np revved/vbd the/at engine/nn and/cc got/vbd the/at tail/nn up/rp ./.
At/in a/at nod/nn of/in his/pp$ head/nn they/ppss let/vb go/vb ,/, turning/vbg to/to cup/vb their/pp$ ears/nns against/in the/at icy/jj slipstream/nn ./.
Tracks/nns in/in the/at snow/nn showed/vbd the/at plane/nn was/bedz airborne/jj in/in less/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd feet/nns ./.


	One/cd afternoon/nn during/in a/at cold/jj ,/, powdery/jj snowstorm/nn ,/, Fogg/np took/vbd off/rp for/in Concord/np from/in the/at St./np John/np field/nn ./.

Are/ber you/ppss retiring/vbg now/rb ?/. ?/.
If/cs so/rb ,/, are/ber you/ppss saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Where/wrb did/dod the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns go/vb ?/. ?/.
How/wrb did/dod I/ppss get/vb to/to be/be sixty-five/cd so/ql fast/rb ?/. ?/.
What/wdt do/do I/ppss do/do now/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Yes/rb ,/, retirement/nn seems/vbz to/to creep/vb upon/in you/ppo suddenly/rb ./.
Somehow/rb we/ppss old-timers/nns never/rb figured/vbd we/ppss would/md ever/rb retire/vb ./.
We/ppss always/rb thought/vbd we/ppss would/md die/vb with/in our/pp$ boots/nns on/rp ./.
Out/in of/in the/at blue/nn comes/vbz talk/nn of/in pension/nn plans/nns ./.
Compulsory/jj retirement/nn at/in sixty-five/cd looms/vbz on/in our/pp$ horizon/nn ./.
Still/rb ,/, it/pps seems/vbz in/in the/at far/jj future/nn ./.
Suddenly/rb ,/, one/cd day/nn ,/, up/rp it/pps pops/vbz !/. !/.
Sixty-five/cd years/nns and/cc you've/ppss+hv had/hvn it/ppo !/. !/.


	So/rb ,/, now/rb what/wdt ?/. ?/.
Oh/uh sure/rb !/. !/.
You've/ppss+hv thought/vbn about/in it/ppo before/rb in/in a/at hazy/jj sort/nn of/in way/nn ./.
But/cc !/. !/.
It/pps never/rb seemed/vbd real/jj ;/. ;/.
never/rb seemed/vbd as/cs if/cs it/pps could/md happen/vb to/in you/ppo ;/. ;/.
only/rb to/in the/at other/ap fellow/nn ./.


	Now/rb !/. !/.
Here/rb it/pps is/bez !/. !/.
How/wrb am/bem I/ppss going/vbg to/to live/vb ?/. ?/.
What/wdt am/bem I/ppss going/vbg to/to do/do ?/. ?/.
Where/wrb do/do I/ppss go/vb from/in here/rb ?/. ?/.


	A/at great/ql many/ap retired/vbn people/nns are/ber the/at so-called/jj white/jj collar/jj workers/nns ./.
Are/ber you/ppss one/cd of/in these/dts ?/. ?/.


	If/cs so/rb ,/, you/ppss are/ber of/in the/at old/jj school/nn ./.
You/ppss are/ber conscientious/jj ,/, hard/rb working/vbg ,/, honest/jj ,/, accurate/jj ,/, a/at good/jj penman/nn ,/, and/cc a/at stickler/nn for/in a/at job/nn well/rb done/vbn ,/, with/in no/at loose/jj ends/nns ./.
Everything/pn must/md balance/vb to/in the/at last/ap penny/nn ./.
Also/rb you/ppss can/md spell/vb ,/, without/in consulting/vbg a/at dictionary/nn for/in every/at other/ap word/nn ./.
You/ppss never/rb are/ber late/jj for/in work/nn and/cc seldom/rb absent/jj ./.




Actually/rb ,/, you/ppss can/md take/vb no/at special/jj credit/nn for/in this/dt ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at way/nn you/ppss were/bed taught/vbn and/cc your/pp$ way/nn of/in life/nn ./.
All/ql this/dt is/bez standard/jj equipment/nn for/in a/at man/nn of/in your/pp$ day/nn ;/. ;/.
your/pp$ stock/nn in/in trade/nn ;/. ;/.
your/pp$ livelihood/nn ./.


	However/rb ,/, the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns of/in your/pp$ life/nn ,/, things/nns seem/vb to/to be/be changing/vbg ./.
Your/pp$ way/nn doesn't/doz* seem/vb to/to be/be so/ql darned/vbn important/jj any/dti more/rbr ./.
You/ppss realize/vb you/ppss are/ber getting/vbg in/in the/at old/jj fogy/nn class/nn ./.
To/to put/vb it/ppo bluntly/rb ,/, you/ppss are/ber getting/vbg out-moded/jj ./.


	What's/wdt+hvz happened/vbn ?/. ?/.
The/at answer/nn is/bez a/at new/jj era/nn ./.


	Now/rb ,/, looming/vbg on/in the/at horizon/nn are/ber such/jj things/nns as/cs estimated/vbn totals/nns ,/, calculated/vbn risks/nns and/cc I.B.M./np machines/nns ./.
The/at Planning/vbg-tl Dept./nn-tl comes/vbz into/in existence/nn ./.
All/abn sorts/nns of/in plans/nns come/vb to/in life/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez followed/vbn by/in a/at boom/nn in/in conferences/nns ./.
Yes/rb sir/nn !/. !/.
Conferences/nns become/vb very/ql popular/jj ./.
When/wrb a/at plan/nn burst/vbd its/pp$ seams/nns ,/, hasty/jj conferences/nns supply/vb the/at necessary/jj patch/nn ,/, and/cc life/nn goes/vbz merrily/rb on/rp ./.
That's/dt+bez called/vbn progress/nn !/. !/.
The/at new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn !/. !/.
Let's/vb+ppo face/vb it/ppo !/. !/.
You/ppss had/hvd your/pp$ day/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj day/nn ./.
Let/vb this/dt generation/nn have/hv theirs/pp$$ ./.
Time/nn marches/vbz on/rp !/. !/.


	Well/uh ,/, to/to get/vb back/rb to/in the/at problem/nn of/in retirement/nn ./.
Every/at retiring/vbg person/nn has/hvz a/at different/jj situation/nn facing/vbg him/ppo ./.
Some/dti have/hv plenty/nn of/in money/nn --/-- some/dti have/hv very/ql little/ap money/nn ./.
Some/dti are/ber blest/vbn with/in an/at abundance/nn of/in good/jj health/nn --/-- some/dti are/ber in/in poor/jj health/nn and/cc many/ap are/ber invalids/nns ./.
Some/dti have/hv lovely/jj homes/nns --/-- some/dti live/vb in/in small/jj apartments/nns ./.
Some/dti have/hv beautiful/jj gardens/nns --/-- some/dti not/* even/rb a/at blade/nn of/in grass/nn ./.
Some/dti have/hv serenity/nn of/in mind/nn ,/, the/at ability/nn to/to accept/vb what/wdt they/ppss have/hv ,/, and/cc make/vb the/at most/ap of/in it/ppo (/( a/at wonderful/jj gift/nn to/to have/hv ,/, believe/vb me/ppo )/) --/-- some/dti see/vb only/ap darkness/nn ,/, the/at bitter/jj side/nn of/in everything/pn ./.
Well/uh ,/, whatever/wdt you/ppss have/hv ,/, that's/dt+bez it/pps !/. !/.
You've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to learn/vb to/to live/vb with/in it/ppo ./.


	Now/rb !/. !/.
The/at question/nn is/bez ``/`` How/wrb are/ber you/ppss going/vbg to/to live/vb with/in it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.




You/ppss can/md sit/vb back/rb and/cc moan/vb and/cc bewail/vb your/pp$ lot/nn ./.
Yes/rb !/. !/.
You/ppss can/md do/do this/dt ./.
But/cc ,/, if/cs you/ppss do/do ,/, your/pp$ life/nn will/md be/be just/rb one/cd thing/nn --/-- unhappiness/nn --/-- complete/jj and/cc unabridged/jj ./.


	It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn you've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to do/do ,/, to/to be/be happy/jj ,/, is/bez to/to face/vb up/rp to/in your/pp$ problems/nns ,/, no/at matter/nn what/wdt they/ppss may/md be/be ./.
Make/vb up/rp your/pp$ mind/nn to/to pool/vb your/pp$ resources/nns and/cc get/vb the/at most/ap out/in of/in your/pp$ remaining/vbg years/nns of/in life/nn ./.
One/cd thing/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem sure/jj of/in ,/, you/ppss must/md get/vb an/at interest/nn in/in life/nn ./.
You've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to do/do something/pn ./.


	Many/ap of/in you/ppo will/md say/vb ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, what/wdt can/md I/ppss do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Believe/vb me/ppo !/. !/.
There/ex are/ber many/ap ,/, many/ap things/nns to/to do/do ./.
Find/vb out/rp what/wdt you/ppss like/vb to/to do/do most/rbt and/cc really/rb give/vb it/ppo a/at whirl/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss can't/md* think/vb of/in a/at thing/nn to/to do/do ,/, try/vb something/pn --/-- anything/pn ./.
Maybe/rb you/ppss will/md surprise/vb yourself/ppl ./.


	True/rb !/. !/.
We/ppss are/ber not/* all/abn great/jj artists/nns ./.
I/ppss ,/, frankly/rb ,/, can't/md* draw/vb a/at straight/jj line/nn ./.
Maybe/rb you/ppss are/ber not/* that/ql gifted/jj either/rb ,/, but/cc how/wrb about/in puttering/vbg around/rb with/in the/at old/jj paints/nns ?/. ?/.
You/ppss may/md amaze/vb yourself/ppl and/cc acquire/vb a/at real/jj knack/nn for/in it/ppo ./.
Anyway/rb ,/, I'll/ppss+md bet/vb you/ppss have/hv a/at lot/nn of/in fun/nn ./.


	Do/do you/ppss like/vb to/to sew/vb ?/. ?/.
Does/doz making/vbg your/pp$ own/jj clothes/nns or/cc even/rb doll/nn clothes/nns ,/, interest/vb you/ppo ?/. ?/.
Do/do you/ppss love/vb to/to run/vb up/rp a/at hem/nn ,/, sew/vb on/in buttons/nns ,/, make/vb neat/jj buttonholes/nns ?/. ?/.
If/cs you/ppss do/do ,/, go/vb to/in it/ppo ./.
There/ex is/bez always/rb a/at market/nn for/in this/dt line/nn of/in work/nn ./.
Some/dti women/nns can/md sit/vb and/cc sew/vb ,/, crochet/vb ,/, tat/vb or/cc knit/vb by/in the/at hour/nn ,/, and/cc look/vb calm/jj and/cc relaxed/vbn and/cc turn/vb out/rp beautiful/jj work/nn ./.
Where/wrb sewing/vbg is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem a/at total/nn loss/nn ./.
When/wrb you/ppss see/vb a/at needle/nn in/in my/pp$ hands/nns you/ppss will/md know/vb the/at family/nn buttons/nns have/hv fallen/vbn off/rp and/cc I/ppss have/hv to/to sew/vb them/ppo back/rb on/rp ,/, or/cc get/vb out/rp the/at safety/nn pins/nns ./.


	Then/rb again/rb ,/, there's/ex+bez always/rb that/dt lovely/jj old/jj pastime/nn of/in hooking/vbg or/cc braiding/vbg rugs/nns ./.
Not/* for/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc perhaps/rb just/rb the/at thing/nn for/in you/ppo ./.


	Well/uh !/. !/.
How's/wrb+bez about/rb mosaic/jj tile/nn ,/, ceramics/nn or/cc similar/jj arts/nns and/cc crafts/nns ?/. ?/.
Some/dti people/nns love/vb to/to crack/vb tile/nn and/cc it's/pps+bez amazing/jj what/wdt beautiful/jj designs/nns they/ppss come/vb up/rp with/in as/cs a/at result/nn of/in their/pp$ cracking/ql good/jj time/nn ./.


	How/wrb about/rb the/at art/nn of/in cooking/vbg ?/. ?/.
Do/do you/ppss yearn/vb to/to make/vb cakes/nns and/cc pies/nns ,/, or/cc special/jj cookies/nns and/cc candies/nns ?/. ?/.
There/ex is/bez always/rb an/at open/jj market/nn for/in this/dt sort/nn of/in delicacy/nn ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in low/jj calorie/nn diets/nns ,/, cottage/nn cheese/nn and/cc hands-off-all-sweets/nn to/in the/at contrary/nn ./.


	Some/dti people/nns can/md carve/vb most/rb anything/pn out/in of/in a/at piece/nn of/in wood/nn ./.
Some/dti make/vb beautiful/jj chairs/nns ,/, cabinets/nns ,/, chests/nns ,/, doll/nn houses/nns ,/, etc./rb ./.
Perhaps/rb you/ppss couldn't/md* do/do that/dt but/cc have/hv you/ppss ever/rb tried/vbn to/to see/vb what/wdt you/ppss could/md do/do with/in a/at hunk/nn of/in wood/nn ?/. ?/.
Outside/rb of/in cutting/vbg your/pp$ fingers/nns ,/, maybe/rb you/ppss would/md come/vb up/rp with/in nothing/pn at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc then/rb again/rb ,/, you/ppss might/md turn/vb out/rp some/dti dandy/jj little/jj gadgets/nns ./.


	Some/dti women/nns get/vb a/at real/jj thrill/nn out/in of/in housework/nn ./.
They/ppss love/vb to/to dust/vb ,/, scrub/vb ,/, polish/vb ,/, wax/vb floors/nns ,/, move/vb the/at furniture/nn around/rb from/in place/nn to/in place/nn ,/, take/vb down/rp the/at curtains/nns ,/, put/vb up/rp new/jj ones/nns and/cc have/hv themselves/ppls a/at real/jj ball/nn ./.
Maybe/rb that's/dt+bez your/pp$ forte/nn ./.
It/pps certainly/rb isn't/bez* mine/pp$$ ./.
I/ppss can/md look/vb at/in furniture/nn in/in one/cd spot/nn year/nn in/rp and/cc year/nn out/rp and/cc really/rb feel/vb for/in sure/jj that's/dt+bez where/wrb it/pps belongs/vbz ./.




Perhaps/rb you/ppss would/md like/vb to/to become/vb a/at writer/nn ./.
This/dt gives/vbz you/ppo a/at wide/jj and/cc varied/vbn choice/nn ./.
Will/md it/pps be/be short/jj stories/nns ,/, fiction/nn ,/, nonfiction/nn ,/, biography/nn ,/, poetry/nn ,/, children's/nns$ stories/nns ,/, or/cc even/rb a/at book/nn if/cs you/ppss are/ber really/ql ambitious/jj ?/. ?/.


	Ever/rb since/cs I/ppss was/bedz a/at child/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv always/rb had/hvn a/at yen/nn to/to try/vb my/pp$ hand/nn at/in writing/vbg ./.
If/cs you/ppss do/do decide/vb to/to write/vb ,/, you/ppss will/md soon/rb become/vb acquainted/vbn with/in rejection/nn slips/nns and/cc dejection/nn ./.
Don't/do* be/be discouraged/vbn !/. !/.
This/dt is/bez just/rb being/beg a/at normal/jj writer/nn ./.
Just/rb let/vb the/at rejection/nn slips/nns fall/vb where/wrb they/ppss may/md ,/, and/cc keep/vb on/rp plugging/vbg ,/, and/cc finally/rb you/ppss will/md make/vb the/at grade/nn ./.
Few/ap new/jj writers/nns have/hv their/pp$ first/od story/nn accepted/vbn ,/, so/rb they/ppss tell/vb me/ppo ./.
But/cc ,/, it/pps could/md happen/vb ,/, and/cc it/pps may/md happen/vb to/in you/ppo ./.


	Then/rb there's/ex+bez always/rb hobbies/nns ,/, collecting/vbg stamps/nns ,/, coins/nns ,/, timetables/nns ,/, salt/nn and/cc pepper/nn shakers/nns ,/, elephants/nns ,/, dogs/nns ,/, dolls/nns ,/, shells/nns ,/, or/cc shall/md we/ppss just/rb say/vb collecting/vbg anything/pn your/pp$ heart/nn desires/vbz ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss can/md hear/vb some/dti of/in you/ppo folks/nns protesting/vbg ./.
You/ppss say/vb ,/, ``/`` But/cc it/pps costs/vbz a/at lot/nn of/in money/nn to/to have/hv a/at hobby/nn ./.
I/ppss haven't/hv* got/vbn that/dt kind/nn of/in money/nn ''/'' ./.


	True/jj !/. !/.
It/pps does/doz cost/vb a/at lot/nn of/in money/nn for/in most/ap hobbies/nns but/cc there/ex are/ber hobbies/nns that/wps are/ber for/in free/jj ./.
How/wrb about/rb a/at rock/nn collection/nn ,/, or/cc a/at collection/nn of/in leaves/nns from/in different/jj trees/nns or/cc shrubs/nns and/cc in/in different/jj colors/nns ?/. ?/.
Then/rb ,/, take/vb flowers/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber many/ap and/cc varied/vbn ./.
Also/rb ,/, there's/ex+bez scrap/nn books/nns ,/, collecting/vbg newspaper/nn pictures/nns and/cc clippings/nns ,/, or/cc any/dti items/nns of/in interest/nn to/in you/ppo ./.
It's/pps+bez getting/vbg interested/vbn in/in something/pn that/wps counts/vbz ./.




As/cs for/in me/ppo ,/, I/ppss am/bem holding/vbg in/in reserve/nn two/cd huge/jj puzzles/nns (/( I/ppss love/vb puzzles/nns )/) to/to put/vb together/rb when/wrb time/nn hangs/vbz heavy/jj on/in my/pp$ hands/nns ./.
So/ql far/rb ,/, the/at covers/nns have/hv never/rb been/ben off/in the/at boxes/nns ./.
I/ppss just/rb don't/do* have/hv time/nn to/to do/do half/abn the/at things/nns I/ppss want/vb to/to do/do now/rb ./.


	So/rb in/in closing/vbg ,/, fellow/nn retired/vbn members/nns ,/, I/ppss advise/vb you/ppo to/to make/vb the/at most/ap of/in each/dt day/nn ,/, enjoy/vb each/dt one/cd to/in the/at n'th/nn degree/nn ./.
Travel/vb ,/, if/cs you/ppss can/md ./.
Keep/vb occupied/vbn to/in the/at point/nn you/ppss are/ber not/* bored/vbn with/in life/nn and/cc you/ppss will/md truly/rb find/vb these/dts final/jj days/nns and/cc years/nns of/in your/pp$ lives/nns to/to be/be sunshine/nn sweet/jj ./.


	Good/jj Luck/nn !/. !/.
To/in one/cd and/cc all/abn --/-- Good/jj Days/nns ahead/rb !/. !/.
An/at important/jj criterion/nn of/in maturity/nn is/bez creativity/nn ./.
The/at mature/jj person/nn is/bez creative/jj ./.
What/wdt does/doz it/pps mean/vb to/to be/be creative/jj ,/, a/at term/nn we/ppss hear/vb with/in increasing/vbg frequency/nn these/dts days/nns ?/. ?/.
When/wrb we/ppss turn/vb to/in Noah/np Webster/np we/ppss find/vb him/ppo helpful/jj as/cs usual/jj ./.
``/`` To/to be/be creative/jj is/bez to/to have/hv the/at ability/nn to/to cause/vb to/to exist/vb --/-- to/to produce/vb where/wrb nothing/pn was/bedz before/rb --/-- to/to bring/vb forth/rb an/at original/jj production/nn of/in human/jj intelligence/nn or/cc power/nn ''/'' ./.
We/ppss are/ber creative/jj ,/, it/pps seems/vbz ,/, when/wrb we/ppss produce/vb something/pn which/wdt has/hvz not/* previously/rb existed/vbn ./.
Thus/rb creativity/nn may/md run/vb all/abn the/at way/nn from/in making/vbg a/at cake/nn ,/, building/vbg a/at chicken/nn coop/nn ,/, or/cc producing/vbg a/at book/nn ,/, to/in founding/vbg a/at business/nn ,/, creating/vbg a/at League/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc ,/, developing/vbg a/at mature/jj character/nn ./.


	All/abn living/vbg creatures/nns from/in the/at lowest/jjt form/nn of/in insect/nn or/cc animal/nn life/nn evidence/vb the/at power/nn of/in creativity/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez only/rb to/to reproduce/vb a/at form/nn like/cs their/pp$ own/jj ./.
While/cs man/nn shares/vbz this/dt procreative/jj function/nn with/in all/abn his/pp$ predecessors/nns in/in the/at evolutionary/jj process/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez the/at only/ap animal/nn with/in a/at true/jj non-instinctive/jj and/cc conscious/jj creative/jj ability/nn ./.
An/at animal/nn ,/, bird/nn or/cc insect/nn creates/vbz either/cc a/at burrow/nn ,/, or/cc nest/nn or/cc hive/nn in/in unending/jj sameness/nn according/in to/in specie/fw-nn ./.
Man's/nn$ great/jj superiority/nn over/in these/dts evolutionary/jj forbears/nns is/bez in/in the/at development/nn of/in his/pp$ imagination/nn ./.
This/dt gives/vbz him/ppo the/at power/nn to/to form/vb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn new/jj image/nn combinations/nns of/in old/jj memories/nns ,/, ideas/nns and/cc experiences/nns and/cc to/to project/vb them/ppo outside/rb of/in himself/ppl into/in his/pp$ environment/nn in/in new/jj and/cc ever-changing/jj forms/nns ./.




It/pps has/hvz been/ben truly/rb said/vbn that/cs anything/pn man/nn can/md imagine/vb he/pps can/md produce/vb or/cc create/vb by/in projecting/vbg this/dt inner/jj image/nn into/in its/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in the/at objective/jj world/nn ./.
In/in our/pp$ own/jj time/nn we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at most/ql fantastic/jj imagery/nn of/in a/at Jules/np Verne/np come/vb into/in actuality/nn ./.
The/at vision/nn of/in a/at Lord/nn-tl Tennyson/np expressed/vbn in/in a/at poem/nn 100/cd years/nns ago/rb took/vbd visible/jj form/nn over/in London/np in/in the/at air/nn blitzes/nns of/in 1941/cd ./.
In/in fact/nn all/abn of/in our/pp$ civilized/vbn world/nn is/bez the/at resultant/nn of/in man's/nn$ projection/nn of/in his/pp$ imagination/nn over/in the/at past/ap 60/cd centuries/nns or/cc more/ap ./.
It/pps is/bez in/in this/dt one/cd aspect/nn ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, that/cs man/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be made/vbn in/in the/at image/nn of/in his/pp$ Creator/nn-tl ./.


	Not/* only/rb can/md man/nn project/vb his/pp$ imagination/nn out/rp into/in his/pp$ environment/nn in/in concrete/jj forms/nns ,/, but/cc even/rb more/ql importantly/rb ,/, he/pps can/md turn/vb it/ppo inward/rb to/to help/vb create/vb new/jj and/cc better/jjr forms/nns of/in himself/ppl ./.
We/ppss recognize/vb that/cs young/jj people/nns through/in imaginative/jj mind/nn and/cc body/nn training/nn can/md become/vb athletes/nns ,/, acrobats/nns ,/, dancers/nns ,/, musicians/nns and/cc artists/nns ,/, developing/vbg many/ap potentialities/nns ./.
We/ppss know/vb that/cs actors/nns can/md learn/vb to/to portray/vb a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in character/nn roles/nns ./.
By/in this/dt same/ap combination/nn of/in the/at will/nn and/cc the/at imagination/nn ,/, each/dt one/cd of/in us/ppo can/md learn/vb to/to portray/vb permanently/rb the/at kind/nn of/in character/nn we/ppss would/md like/vb to/to be/be ./.
We/ppss must/md realize/vb with/in Prof./nn-tl Charles/np Morris/np in/in his/pp$ The/at-tl Open/nn-tl Self/nn-tl that/cs ``/`` Man/nn is/bez the/at being/nn that/wps can/md continually/rb remake/vb himself/ppl ,/, the/at artisan/nn that/wps is/bez himself/ppl the/at material/nn for/in his/pp$ own/jj creation/nn ''/'' ./.




So/ql far/rb in/in history/nn man/nn has/hvz been/ben too/ql greatly/rb over-occupied/jj with/in projecting/vbg things/nns into/in his/pp$ environment/nn rather/in than/in first/rb creating/vbg the/at sort/nn of/in person/nn who/wps can/md make/vb the/at highest/jjt use/nn of/in the/at things/nns he/pps has/hvz created/vbn ./.
Is/bez not/* the/at present/jj world/nn crisis/nn a/at race/nn between/in things/nns we/ppss have/hv created/vbn which/wdt can/md now/rb destroy/vb us/ppo and/cc between/in populations/nns of/in sufficient/jj wisdom/nn and/cc character/nn to/to forestall/vb the/at tragedy/nn ./.
Is/bez it/pps not/* the/at obligation/nn of/in us/ppo older/jjr citizens/nns to/to lend/vb our/pp$ weight/nn to/in being/beg creative/jj on/in the/at character/nn side/nn and/cc to/to hasten/vb our/pp$ own/jj maturing/vbg process/nn ?/. ?/.


	Sir/np Julian/np Huxley/np in/in his/pp$ book/nn Uniqueness/nn-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl makes/vbz the/at novel/jj point/nn that/cs just/rb as/cs man/nn is/bez unique/jj in/in being/beg the/at only/ap animal/nn which/wdt requires/vbz a/at long/jj period/nn of/in infancy/nn and/cc childhood/nn under/in family/nn protection/nn ,/, so/rb is/bez he/pps the/at only/ap animal/nn who/wps has/hvz a/at long/jj period/nn after/in the/at decline/nn of/in his/pp$ procreativity/nn ./.



	Some/dti recent/jj writings/nns assume/vb that/cs the/at ignorant/jj young/jj couples/nns are/ber a/at thing/nn of/in the/at remote/jj ,/, Victorian/jj past/nn ;/. ;/.
that/cs nowadays/rb all/abn honeymooners/nns are/ber thoroughly/ql familiar/jj with/in the/at best/jjt sex-manuals/nns and/cc know/vb enough/ap from/in talk/nn with/in friends/nns and/cc personal/jj experimentation/nn to/to take/vb all/abn the/at anxiety/nn and/cc hazards/nns out/in of/in the/at situation/nn ./.


	Perhaps/rb --/-- but/cc extensive/jj discussions/nns with/in contemporary/jj practitioners/nns ,/, family/nn doctors/nns and/cc gynecologists/nns indicate/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez still/rb an/at area/nn of/in enormous/jj ignorance/nn ./.
Joking/vbg and/cc talking/vbg may/md be/be freer/jjr and/cc easier/jjr ,/, but/cc the/at important/jj factual/jj information/nn is/bez still/rb lacking/vbg for/in far/ql too/ql many/ap newly-married/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns ./.


	Various/jj factors/nns in/in the/at setting/nn can/md still/rb be/be of/in great/jj advantage/nn in/in making/vbg the/at first/od intercourse/nn a/at good/jj rather/in than/in a/at bad/jj memory/nn for/in one/cd or/cc both/abx ./.
Privacy/nn must/md be/be highly/rb assured/vbn both/abx in/in time/nn and/cc place/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, locking/vbg the/at room/nn or/cc stateroom/nn door/nn gives/vbz privacy/nn of/in location/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez equally/ql important/jj to/to be/be sure/jj there/ex is/bez time/nn enough/ap for/in an/at utterly/ql unhurried/jj fulfillment/nn ./.


	If/cs the/at wedding/nn party/nn lasted/vbd late/rb ,/, and/cc the/at travel/nn schedule/nn means/vbz there/ex are/ber only/rb a/at few/ap hours/nns before/cs resuming/vbg the/at trip/nn or/cc making/vbg an/at early/jj start/nn ,/, the/at husband/nn may/md forestall/vb tensions/nns and/cc uncertainties/nns by/in confiding/vbg to/in his/pp$ bride/nn that/cs lying/vbg in/in each/dt other's/ap$ arms/nns will/md be/be bliss/nn enough/ap for/in these/dts few/ap hours/nns ./.
The/at consummation/nn should/md come/vb at/in the/at next/ap stopping/vbg place/nn when/wrb they/ppss have/hv a/at long/jj private/jj time/nn (/( day/nn or/cc night/nn )/) for/in that/dt purpose/nn ./.




First/od intercourse/nn for/in the/at bride/nn brings/vbz with/in it/ppo the/at various/jj problems/nns connected/vbn with/in virginity/nn and/cc the/at hymen/nn ./.


	One/cd thing/nn should/md be/be clear/jj to/in both/abx husband/nn and/cc wife/nn --/-- neither/cc pain/nn nor/cc profuse/jj bleeding/nn has/hvz to/to occur/vb when/wrb the/at hymen/nn is/bez ruptured/vbn during/in the/at first/od sex/nn act/nn ./.
Ignorance/nn on/in this/dt point/nn has/hvz caused/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in needless/jj anxiety/nn ,/, misunderstanding/vbg and/cc suspicion/nn ./.


	The/at hymen/nn is/bez ,/, in/in essence/nn ,/, a/at fragile/jj membrane/nn that/wps more/ql or/cc less/ql completely/rb covers/vbz the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at vagina/nn in/in most/ap female/jj human/jj beings/nns who/wps have/hv not/* had/hvn sex/nn relations/nns ./.
(/( Hymen/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, is/bez the/at Greek/jj word/nn for/in membrane/nn ./.
)/) 

	Often/rb it/pps is/bez thin/jj and/cc fragile/jj and/cc gives/vbz way/nn readily/rb to/in the/at male/jj organ/nn at/in the/at first/od attempt/nn at/in intercourse/nn ./.
As/cs might/md be/be expected/vbn ,/, girls/nns in/in this/dt situation/nn bleed/vb very/ql little/rb and/cc perhaps/rb not/* at/in all/abn in/in the/at process/nn of/in losing/vbg their/pp$ virginity/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez also/rb important/jj to/to realize/vb that/cs many/ap girls/nns are/ber born/vbn without/in a/at hymen/nn or/cc at/in most/ap only/rb a/at tiny/jj trace/nn of/in one/cd ;/. ;/.
so/cs that/cs the/at absence/nn of/in the/at hymen/nn is/bez by/in no/at means/nns positive/jj proof/nn that/cs a/at girl/nn has/hvz had/hvn sex/nn relations/nns ./.


	But/cc there/ex is/bez a/at basis/nn in/in fact/nn for/in the/at exaggerations/nns of/in the/at folk-lore/nn beliefs/nns ./.
Some/dti hymens/nns are/ber so/ql strongly/rb developed/vbn that/cs they/ppss cannot/md* be/be torn/vbn without/in considerable/jj pain/nn to/in the/at girl/nn and/cc marked/vbn loss/nn of/in blood/nn ./.
More/ql rarely/rb ,/, the/at hymen/nn is/bez so/ql sturdy/jj that/cs it/pps does/doz not/* yield/vb to/in penetration/nn ./.


	Extreme/jj cases/nns are/ber on/in record/nn in/in which/wdt the/at doctor/nn has/hvz had/hvn to/to use/vb instruments/nns to/to cut/vb through/in the/at hymen/nn to/to permit/vb marital/jj relations/nns to/to be/be consummated/vbn ./.
These/dts cases/nns ,/, for/in all/abn their/pp$ rarity/nn ,/, are/ber so/ql dramatic/jj that/cs friends/nns and/cc relations/nns repeat/vb the/at story/nn until/cs the/at general/jj population/nn may/md get/vb an/at entirely/ql false/jj notion/nn of/in how/wql often/rb the/at hymen/nn is/bez a/at serious/jj problem/nn to/in newly-weds/nns ./.




In/in recent/jj times/nns ,/, when/wrb sexual/jj matters/nns began/vbd to/to be/be discussed/vbn more/ql scientifically/rb and/cc more/ql openly/rb ,/, the/at emotional/jj aspects/nns of/in virginity/nn received/vbd considerable/jj attention/nn ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, the/at bridal/jj pair/nn has/hvz many/ap adjustments/nns to/to make/vb to/in their/pp$ new/jj situation/nn ./.
Is/bez it/pps necessary/jj to/to add/vb to/in the/at other/ap tensions/nns the/at hazard/nn of/in making/vbg the/at loving/vbg husband/nn the/at one/cd who/wps brought/vbd pain/nn to/in his/pp$ bride/nn ?/. ?/.


	Gynecologists/nns and/cc marriage/nn manuals/nns began/vbd to/to advise/vb that/cs the/at bride/nn should/md consult/vb a/at physician/nn before/in marriage/nn ./.
If/cs he/pps foresaw/vbd any/dti problem/nn because/rb of/in the/at quality/nn of/in the/at hymen/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz recommended/vbn that/cs simple/jj procedures/nns be/be undertaken/vbn at/in once/rb to/to incise/vb the/at hymen/nn or/cc ,/, preferably/rb ,/, to/to dilate/vb it/ppo ./.


	As/cs a/at natural/jj outgrowth/nn of/in this/dt approach/nn it/pps was/bedz often/rb suggested/vbn that/cs the/at doctor/nn should/md complete/vb the/at preparation/nn for/in painless/jj intercourse/nn by/in dilating/vbg the/at vagina/nn ./.


	This/dt recommendation/nn was/bedz based/vbn on/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at hymen/nn was/bedz not/* the/at only/ap barrier/nn to/in smooth/jj consummation/nn of/in the/at sex/nn act/nn ./.
The/at vagina/nn is/bez an/at organ/nn capable/jj of/in remarkable/jj contraction/nn and/cc dilation/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez obvious/jj when/wrb it/pps is/bez remembered/vbn that/cs ,/, during/in childbirth/nn ,/, the/at vagina/nn must/md dilate/vb enough/rb to/to permit/vb the/at passage/nn of/in the/at baby/nn ./.


	The/at intricate/jj system/nn of/in muscles/nns that/wps manage/vb the/at contraction/nn and/cc dilatation/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn are/ber partly/rb under/in voluntary/jj control/nn ./.
But/cc an/at instinctive/jj reflex/nn may/md work/vb against/in the/at conscious/jj intention/nn of/in the/at woman/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, when/wrb first/od penetration/nn takes/vbz place/nn ,/, the/at pressure/nn and/cc pain/nn signals/nns may/md involuntarily/rb cause/vb all/abn the/at vaginal/jj muscles/nns to/to contract/vb in/in an/at effort/nn to/to bar/vb the/at intrusion/nn and/cc prevent/vb further/ap pain/nn ./.




The/at advantages/nns of/in dilatation/nn by/in the/at physician/nn are/ber both/abx physical/jj and/cc psychological/jj ./.
Since/cs it/pps is/bez a/at purely/ql professional/jj situation/nn ,/, none/pn of/in the/at pain/nn is/bez associated/vbn with/in love-making/nn or/cc the/at beloved/jj ./.
By/in using/vbg instruments/nns of/in gradually/rb increasing/vbg size/nn ,/, the/at vagina/nn is/bez gently/rb ,/, and/cc with/in minimum/jj pain/nn at/in each/dt stage/nn ,/, taught/vbn to/to yield/vb to/in an/at object/nn of/in the/at appropriate/jj shape/nn ./.


	In/in this/dt process/nn the/at vaginal/jj muscles/nns come/vb under/in better/jjr conscious/jj control/nn by/in the/at girl/nn ./.
She/pps learns/vbz how/wrb to/to relax/vb them/ppo to/to accept/vb --/-- instead/rb of/in contracting/vbg them/ppo to/to repel/vb --/-- the/at entering/vbg object/nn ./.


	Apart/rb from/in the/at standard/jj problem/nn of/in controlling/vbg the/at vaginal/jj muscles/nns ,/, other/ap serious/jj barriers/nns may/md exist/vb that/wps need/vb special/jj gynecological/jj treatment/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez far/ql better/jjr to/to have/hv such/jj conditions/nns treated/vbn in/in advance/nn than/cs to/to have/hv them/ppo show/vb up/rp on/in the/at honeymoon/nn where/wrb they/ppss can/md create/vb a/at really/ql serious/jj situation/nn ./.


	When/wrb no/at medical/jj problems/nns exist/vb ,/, the/at newly/rb married/vbn couple/nn generally/rb prefer/vb to/to cope/vb with/in the/at adjustments/nns of/in their/pp$ new/jj relationship/nn by/in themselves/ppls ./.
Special/jj information/nn and/cc guidance/nn about/in the/at possible/jj difficulties/nns are/ber still/rb of/in great/jj value/nn ./.
Folk-lore/nn ,/, superstition/nn and/cc remembered/vbn passages/nns from/in erotic/jj literature/nn can/md create/vb physical/jj and/cc emotional/jj problems/nns if/cs blindly/rb taken/vbn as/cs scientific/jj facts/nns and/cc useful/jj hints/nns ./.




The/at importance/nn of/in loving/vbg tenderness/nn is/bez obvious/jj ./.
The/at long/jj ,/, unhurried/jj approach/nn and/cc the/at deliberate/jj prolongation/nn of/in fore-play/nn work/vb on/in several/ap levels/nns ./.
Under/in the/at excitement/nn of/in caresses/nns and/cc sexual/jj stimulation/nn the/at vagina/nn relaxes/vbz and/cc dilates/vbz and/cc the/at local/jj moisture/nn greatly/rb increases/vbz ,/, providing/vbg an/at excellent/jj lubricant/nn to/to help/vb achieve/vb an/at easier/jjr penetration/nn ./.


	Extensive/jj observations/nns by/in physicians/nns during/in vaginal/jj examinations/nns have/hv established/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at single/ap finger/nn inserted/vbn along/in the/at anterior/jj wall/nn (/( the/at top/jjs line/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn as/cs the/at woman/nn lies/vbz on/in her/pp$ back/nn )/) may/md cause/vb a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in distress/nn in/in a/at virgin/nn ./.
But/cc during/in the/at same/ap examination/nn ,/, two/cd fingers/nns may/md be/be inserted/vbn along/in the/at posterior/jj wall/nn (/( the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn in/in the/at same/ap position/nn )/) without/in any/dti pain/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in fact/nn without/in any/dti difficulty/nn if/cs the/at pressure/nn is/bez kept/vbn downward/rb at/in all/abn times/nns ./.


	These/dts regional/jj differences/nns of/in sensitivity/nn to/in pain/nn may/md be/be of/in crucial/jj significance/nn during/in the/at earliest/jjt intercourse/nn ./.
The/at husband/nn and/cc wife/nn should/md start/vb with/in this/dt anatomical/jj information/nn clearly/rb in/in mind/nn ./.
They/ppss may/md then/rb adjust/vb their/pp$ positions/nns and/cc movements/nns to/to avoid/vb too/ql much/ap pressure/nn on/in the/at urethra/nn and/cc the/at anterior/jj wall/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn ;/. ;/.
at/in least/ap until/cs repeated/vbn intercourse/nn has/hvz dilated/vbn it/ppo and/cc pain/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at possible/jj threat/nn against/in the/at full/jj pleasure/nn of/in love-making/nn ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at technical/jj procedure/nn in/in medical/jj examinations/nns may/md be/be wisely/rb adapted/vbn to/in his/pp$ romantic/jj purposes/nns by/in the/at husband/nn during/in the/at honeymoon/nn ./.


	Locker-room/nn talk/nn often/rb stresses/vbz the/at idea/nn that/cs a/at man/nn is/bez doing/vbg the/at girl/nn a/at favor/nn if/cs he/pps is/bez forceful/jj and/cc ruthless/jj during/in the/at first/od penetration/nn ./.
The/at false/jj reasoning/nn is/bez that/cs a/at gradual/jj advance/nn prolongs/vbz the/at pain/nn while/cs a/at swift/jj powerful/jj act/nn gets/vbz it/ppo over/rp with/rb and/cc leaves/vbz the/at girl/nn pleased/vbn with/in his/pp$ virility/nn and/cc grateful/jj for/in his/pp$ decisiveness/nn in/in settling/vbg the/at problem/nn once/rb and/cc for/in all/abn ./.


	Such/jj talk/nn is/bez seriously/rb in/in error/nn ./.
Ruthlessness/nn at/in this/dt time/nn can/md be/be a/at very/ql severe/jj shock/nn to/in the/at bride/nn ,/, both/abx physically/rb and/cc psychologically/rb ./.
The/at insistent/jj ,/, forceful/jj penetration/nn may/md tear/vb and/cc inflame/vb the/at vaginal/jj walls/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs do/do excessive/jj damage/nn to/in the/at hymen/nn ./.


	The/at pain/nn and/cc distress/nn associated/vbn with/in the/at performance/nn may/md easily/rb give/vb the/at wife/nn a/at deep-seated/jj dread/nn of/in marital/jj relations/nns and/cc cause/vb her/ppo ,/, unconsciously/rb ,/, to/to make/vb the/at sex/nn act/nn unpleasant/jj and/cc difficult/jj for/in both/abx by/in exercising/vbg her/pp$ vaginal/jj muscles/nns to/to complicate/vb his/pp$ penetration/nn instead/rb of/in relaxing/vbg them/ppo to/to facilitate/vb it/ppo ./.




Serious/jj attention/nn must/md also/rb be/be given/vbn to/in the/at husband's/nn$ problems/nns in/in the/at honeymoon/nn situation/nn ./.
The/at necessity/nn for/in keeping/vbg alert/jj to/in his/pp$ bride's/nn$ hazards/nns can/md act/vb as/cs an/at interference/nn with/in the/at man's/nn$ spontaneous/jj desire/nn ./.
The/at emotional/jj stimulation/nn may/md be/be so/ql great/jj that/cs he/pps may/md experience/vb a/at premature/jj climax/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at very/ql common/jj experience/nn and/cc should/md in/in no/at way/nn discourage/vb or/cc dishearten/vb either/cc husband/nn or/cc wife/nn ./.


	Or/cc the/at frequent/jj need/nn to/to check/vb and/cc discipline/vb himself/ppl to/in the/at wisest/jjt pace/nn of/in the/at consummation/nn can/md put/vb him/ppo off/in stride/nn and/cc make/vb it/ppo impossible/jj for/in him/ppo to/to be/be continuously/rb ready/jj for/in penetration/nn over/in a/at long/jj period/nn ./.
The/at signals/nns to/to proceed/vb may/md therefore/rb come/vb when/wrb he/pps is/bez momentarily/rb not/* able/jj to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in them/ppo ./.


	The/at best/jjt course/nn is/bez to/to recover/vb his/pp$ physical/jj excitement/nn by/in a/at change/nn of/in pace/nn that/wps makes/vbz him/ppo ardent/jj again/rb ./.
This/dt may/md require/vb imagination/nn and/cc reminding/vbg himself/ppl that/cs now/rb he/pps can/md be/be demanding/vbg and/cc self-centered/jj ./.
He/pps can/md take/vb security/nn from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at progress/nn he/pps has/hvz made/vbn by/in his/pp$ gentle/jj approach/nn will/md not/* be/be lost/vbn ./.


	Now/rb while/cs he/pps uses/vbz talk/nn ,/, caresses/nns or/cc requires/vbz caresses/nns from/in her/ppo ,/, his/pp$ bride/nn will/md sympathetically/rb understand/vb the/at situation/nn and/cc eagerly/rb help/vb him/ppo restore/vb his/pp$ physical/jj situation/nn so/cs they/ppss can/md have/hv the/at consummation/nn they/ppss both/abx so/ql eagerly/rb desire/vb ./.


	A/at final/jj word/nn ./.
The/at accumulated/vbn information/nn on/in this/dt point/nn shows/vbz that/cs first/od intercourse/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb it/pps is/bez achieved/vbn with/in minimum/jj pain/nn or/cc difficulty/nn ,/, is/bez seldom/rb an/at overwhelming/jj sexual/jj experience/nn to/in a/at woman/nn ./.
Too/ql many/ap new/jj things/nns are/ber happening/vbg for/cs it/ppo to/to be/be a/at complete/jj erotic/jj fulfillment/nn ./.


	Only/rb under/in rare/jj circumstances/nns would/md a/at bride/nn experience/nn an/at orgasm/nn during/in her/pp$ first/od intercourse/nn ./.
Both/abx man/nn and/cc wife/nn should/md be/be aware/jj of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at lack/nn of/in climax/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at absence/nn of/in the/at anticipated/vbn keen/jj pleasure/nn are/ber not/* a/at sign/nn that/cs the/at wife/nn may/md be/be cold/jj or/cc frigid/jj ./.


	If/cs the/at early/jj approaches/nns are/ber wise/jj ,/, understanding/vbg and/cc patient/jj ,/, the/at satisfactions/nns of/in marital/jj fulfillment/nn will/md probably/rb be/be discovered/vbn before/cs the/at marriage/nn is/bez much/ql older/jjr ./.


	Writing/vbg in/in a/at large/jj volume/nn on/in the/at nude/jj in/in painting/vbg and/cc sculptures/nns ,/, titled/vbn The/at-tl Nude/jj-tl :/: A/at-tl Study/nn-tl In/in-tl Ideal/jj-tl Form/nn-tl ,/, Kenneth/np Clark/np declares/vbz :/: ``/`` The/at human/jj body/nn ,/, as/cs a/at nucleus/nn ,/, is/bez rich/jj in/in associations/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez ourselves/ppls and/cc arouses/vbz memories/nns of/in all/abn the/at things/nns we/ppss wish/vb to/to do/do with/in ourselves/ppls ''/'' ./.


	Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez a/at clue/nn to/in the/at amazing/jj variety/nn and/cc power/nn of/in reactions/nns ,/, attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc emotions/nns precipitated/vbn by/in the/at nude/jj form/nn ./.


	The/at wide/jj divergence/nn of/in reactions/nns is/bez clearly/rb illustrated/vbn in/in the/at Kinsey/np studies/nns in/in human/jj sexuality/nn ./.
Differences/nns were/bed related/vbn to/in social/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, and/cc educational/jj backgrounds/nns ./.
Whereas/cs persons/nns of/in eighth/od grade/nn education/nn or/cc less/ap were/bed more/ql apt/jj to/to avoid/vb or/cc be/be shocked/vbn by/in nudity/nn ,/, those/dts educated/vbn beyond/in the/at eighth/od grade/nn increasingly/rb welcomed/vbd and/cc approved/vbd nudity/nn in/in sexual/jj relations/nns ./.


	Such/jj understanding/nn helps/vbz to/to explain/vb why/wrb one/cd matron/nn celebrating/vbg thirty-five/cd years/nns of/in married/vbn life/nn could/md declare/vb with/in some/dti pride/nn that/cs her/pp$ husband/nn had/hvd ``/`` never/rb seen/vbn her/ppo entirely/ql naked/jj ''/'' ,/, while/cs another/dt woman/nn ,/, boasting/vbg an/at equal/jj number/nn of/in years/nns of/in married/vbn life/nn ,/, is/bez proud/jj of/in having/hvg ``/`` shared/vbn the/at nudist/nn way/nn of/in life/nn --/-- the/at really/ql free/jj ,/, natural/jj nude/jj life/nn --/-- for/in most/ap of/in that/dt period/nn ''/'' ./.


	Attempts/nns at/in censorship/nn always/rb involve/vb and/cc reveal/vb such/jj complex/jj and/cc multiple/jj individual/jj reactions/nns ./.
The/at indignant/jj crusader/nn sees/vbz the/at nude/jj or/cc semi-nude/jj human/jj form/nn as/cs ``/`` lewd/jj and/cc pornographic/jj ,/, a/at threat/nn and/cc danger/nn ''/'' to/in all/abn the/at young/jj ,/, or/cc good/jj ,/, or/cc religious/jj ,/, or/cc moral/jj persons/nns ./.


	The/at equally/ql ardent/jj proponent/nn of/in freedom/nn from/in any/dti kind/nn of/in censorship/nn may/md find/vb the/at nude/jj human/jj form/nn the/at ``/`` natural/jj ,/, honest/jj ,/, free/jj expression/nn of/in man's/nn$ spirit/nn and/cc the/at epitome/nn of/in beauty/nn and/cc inspiration/nn ''/'' ./.


	One/pn is/bez always/rb a/at little/jj surprised/vbn to/to bump/vb into/in such/jj individual/jj distinctions/nns when/wrb it/pps is/bez unexpected/jj ./.
I/ppss still/rb recall/vb the/at mild/jj shock/nn I/ppss experienced/vbd in/in reading/vbg material/nn of/in an/at enthusiastic/jj advocate/nn of/in the/at ``/`` clean/jj ,/, healthful/jj ,/, free/jj way/nn of/in natural/jj life/nn in/in nudism/nn ''/'' ,/, who/wps seemed/vbd to/to brave/vb much/ap misunderstanding/nn and/cc persecution/nn in/in fine/jj spirit/nn ./.



	In/in tradition/nn and/cc in/in poetry/nn ,/, the/at marriage/nn bed/nn is/bez a/at place/nn of/in unity/nn and/cc harmony/nn ./.
The/at partners/nns each/dt bring/vb to/in it/ppo unselfish/jj love/nn ,/, and/cc each/dt takes/vbz away/rb an/at equal/jj share/nn of/in pleasure/nn and/cc joy/nn ./.


	At/in its/pp$ most/ql ecstatic/jj moments/nns ,/, husband/nn and/cc wife/nn are/ber elevated/vbn far/ql above/in worldly/jj cares/nns ./.
Everything/pn else/rb is/bez closed/vbn away/rb ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at ideal/jj ./.
But/cc marriage/nn experts/nns say/vb that/cs such/jj mutual/jj contribution/nn and/cc mutual/jj joy/nn are/ber seldom/rb achieved/vbn ./.
Instead/rb one/cd partner/nn or/cc the/at other/ap dominates/vbz the/at sexual/jj relationship/nn ./.
In/in the/at past/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben the/at husband/nn who/wps has/hvz been/ben dominant/jj and/cc the/at wife/nn passive/jj ./.
But/cc today/nr there/ex are/ber signs/nns that/cs these/dts roles/nns are/ber being/beg reversed/vbn ./.


	In/in a/at growing/vbg number/nn of/in American/jj homes/nns ,/, marriage/nn counselors/nns report/vb ,/, the/at wife/nn is/bez taking/vbg a/at commanding/vbg role/nn in/in sexual/jj relationships/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez she/pps who/wps decides/vbz the/at time/nn ,/, the/at place/nn ,/, the/at surroundings/nns ,/, and/cc the/at frequency/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj act/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez she/pps who/wps says/vbz aye/rb or/cc nay/rb to/in the/at intimate/jj questions/nns of/in sexual/jj technique/nn and/cc mechanics/nns --/-- not/* the/at husband/nn ./.
The/at whole/jj act/nn is/bez tailored/vbn to/in her/pp$ pleasure/nn ,/, and/cc not/* to/in theirs/pp$$ ./.


	Beyond/in a/at certain/jj point/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/at woman/nn can/md be/be dominant/jj --/-- nature/nn has/hvz seen/vbn to/in that/dt ./.
But/cc there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs in/in many/ap marriages/nns the/at wife/nn is/bez boss/nn of/in the/at marital/jj bed/nn ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex remain/vb many/ap ``/`` old-fashioned/jj ''/'' marriages/nns in/in which/wdt the/at husband/nn maintains/vbz his/pp$ supremacy/nn ./.
Yet/cc even/rb in/in these/dts marriages/nns ,/, psychologists/nns say/vb ,/, wives/nns are/ber asserting/vbg themselves/ppls more/ql strongly/rb ./.
The/at meekest/jjt ,/, most/ql submissive/jj wife/nn of/in today/nr is/bez a/at tiger/nn by/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ or/cc grandmother's/nn$ standards/nns ./.


	To/in many/ap experts/nns ,/, this/dt trend/nn was/bedz inevitable/jj ./.
They/ppss consider/vb it/ppo simply/rb a/at sign/nn of/in our/pp$ times/nns ./.
Our/pp$ society/nn has/hvz ``/`` emancipated/vbn ''/'' the/at woman/nn ,/, giving/vbg her/ppo new/jj independence/nn and/cc new/jj authority/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez only/rb natural/jj that/cs she/pps assert/vb herself/ppl in/in the/at sexual/jj role/nn ./.


	``/`` The/at sexual/jj relationship/nn does/doz not/* exist/vb in/in a/at vacuum/nn ''/'' ,/, declares/vbz Dr./nn-tl Mary/np Steichen/np Calderone/np ,/, medical/jj director/nn of/in the/at Planned/vbn-tl Parenthood/nn-tl Federation/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np and/cc author/nn of/in the/at recent/jj book/nn ,/, Release/nn-tl From/in-tl Sexual/jj-tl Tensions/nns-tl ./.
``/`` It/pps reflects/vbz what/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp in/in other/ap areas/nns of/in the/at marriage/nn and/cc in/in society/nn itself/ppl ./.
A/at world/nn in/in which/wdt wives/nns have/hv taken/vbn a/at more/ql active/jj role/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to produce/vb sexual/jj relationships/nns in/in which/wdt wives/nns are/ber more/ql self-assertive/jj ,/, too/rb ''/'' ./.


	Yet/cc many/ap psychologists/nns and/cc marriage/nn counselors/nns agree/vb that/cs domination/nn of/in the/at sex/nn relationship/nn by/in one/cd partner/nn or/cc the/at other/ap can/md be/be unhealthy/jj and/cc even/rb dangerous/jj ./.
It/pps can/md ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, wreck/vb a/at marriage/nn ./.


	When/wrb a/at husband/nn is/bez sexually/rb selfish/jj and/cc heedless/jj of/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ desires/nns ,/, she/pps is/bez cheated/vbn of/in the/at fulfillment/nn and/cc pleasure/nn nature/nn intended/vbd for/in her/ppo ./.
And/cc she/pps begins/vbz to/to regard/vb him/ppo as/cs savage/jj ,/, bestial/jj and/cc unworthy/jj ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, wifely/jj supremacy/nn demeans/vbz the/at husband/nn ,/, saps/vbz his/pp$ self-respect/nn ,/, and/cc robs/vbz him/ppo of/in his/pp$ masculinity/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at target/nn of/in ridicule/nn to/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, and/cc often/rb --/-- since/cs private/jj affairs/nns rarely/rb remain/vb private/jj --/-- to/in the/at outside/jj world/nn as/ql well/rb ./.


	``/`` A/at marriage/nn can/md survive/vb almost/rb any/dti kind/nn of/in stress/nn except/in an/at open/jj and/cc direct/jj challenge/nn to/in the/at husband's/nn$ maleness/nn ''/'' ,/, declares/vbz Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np ./.
This/dt opinion/nn is/bez supported/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at nation's/nn$ leading/vbg psychiatrists/nns ,/, Dr./nn-tl Maurice/np E./np Linden/np ,/, director/nn of/in the/at Mental/jj-tl Health/nn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in the/at Philadelphia/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Health/nn-tl ./.


	``/`` When/wrb the/at roles/nns of/in husband/nn and/cc wife/nn are/ber reversed/vbn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at wife/nn becomes/vbz leader/nn and/cc the/at husband/nn follower/nn ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Linden/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` the/at effects/nns on/in their/pp$ whole/jj relationship/nn ,/, sexual/jj and/cc otherwise/rb ,/, can/md be/be disastrous/jj ''/'' ./.




In/in one/cd extreme/jj case/nn ,/, cited/vbn by/in a/at Pittsburgh/np psychologist/nn ,/, an/at office/nn worker's/nn$ wife/nn refused/vbd to/to have/hv sexual/jj relations/nns with/in her/pp$ husband/nn unless/cs he/pps bought/vbd her/ppo the/at luxuries/nns she/pps demanded/vbd ./.
To/to win/vb her/pp$ favors/nns ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn first/rb took/vbd an/at additional/jj job/nn ,/, then/rb desperately/rb began/vbd to/to embezzle/vb from/in his/pp$ employer/nn ./.
Caught/vbn at/in last/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz sentenced/vbn to/in prison/nn ./.
While/cs he/pps was/bedz in/in custody/nn his/pp$ wife/nn divorced/vbd him/ppo ./.


	More/ql typical/jj is/bez the/at case/nn of/in a/at suburban/jj Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl housewife/nn described/vbn by/in a/at marriage/nn counselor/nn ./.
This/dt woman/nn repeatedly/rb complained/vbd she/pps was/bedz ``/`` too/ql tired/jj ''/'' for/in marital/jj relations/nns ./.
To/to please/vb her/ppo ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn assumed/vbd some/dti of/in the/at domestic/jj chores/nns ./.
Finally/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz cooking/vbg ,/, washing/vbg dishes/nns ,/, bathing/vbg the/at children/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb ironing/vbg --/-- and/cc still/rb his/pp$ wife/nn refused/vbd to/to have/hv relations/nns as/ql often/rb as/cs he/pps desired/vbd them/ppo ./.


	One/cd wife/nn ,/, described/vbn by/in a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl psychologist/nn ,/, so/ql dominated/vbd her/pp$ husband/nn that/cs she/pps actually/rb placed/vbd their/pp$ sexual/jj relationship/nn on/in a/at schedule/nn ,/, writing/vbg it/ppo down/rp right/ql between/in the/at weekly/jj PTA/nn meetings/nns and/cc the/at Thursday-night/jj neighborhood/nn card/nn parties/nns ./.
Another/dt put/vbd sex/nn on/in a/at dollars-and-cents/nns basis/nn ./.
After/in every/at money/nn argument/nn ,/, she/pps rebuffed/vbd her/pp$ husband's/nn$ overtures/nns until/cs the/at matter/nn was/bedz settled/vbn in/in her/pp$ favor/nn ./.


	Experts/nns say/vb the/at partners/nns in/in marriages/nns like/cs these/dts can/md almost/rb be/be typed/vbn ./.


	The/at wife/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be young/jj ,/, sophisticated/jj ,/, smart/jj as/cs a/at whip/nn --/-- often/rb a/at girl/nn who/wps has/hvz sacrificed/vbn a/at promising/jj career/nn for/in marriage/nn ./.
She/pps knows/vbz the/at power/nn of/in the/at sex/nn urge/nn and/cc how/wrb to/to use/vb it/ppo to/to manipulate/vb her/pp$ husband/nn ./.


	The/at husband/nn is/bez usually/rb a/at well-educated/jj professional/nn ,/, preoccupied/vbn with/in his/pp$ job/nn --/-- often/rb an/at organization/nn man/nn whose/wp$ motto/nn for/in getting/vbg ahead/rb is/bez :/: ``/`` Don't/do* rock/vb the/at boat/nn ''/'' ./.


	Sometimes/rb this/dt leads/vbz to/in his/pp$ becoming/nn demandingly/rb dominant/jj in/in marriage/nn ./.
Hemmed/vbn in/rp on/in the/at job/nn and/cc unable/jj to/to assert/vb himself/ppl ,/, he/pps uses/vbz the/at sex/nn act/nn so/cs he/pps can/md be/be supreme/jj in/in at/in least/ap one/cd area/nn ./.


	More/ql often/rb ,/, though/rb ,/, he/pps is/bez so/ql accustomed/vbn to/in submitting/vbg to/in authority/nn on/in the/at job/nn without/in argument/nn that/cs he/pps lives/vbz by/in the/at same/ap rule/nn at/in home/nn ./.


	Some/dti psychologists/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, suggest/vb that/cs career-bound/jj husbands/nns often/rb are/ber more/rbr to/to blame/vb for/in topsy-turvy/jj marriages/nns than/cs their/pp$ wives/nns ./.
The/at wife's/nn$ attempt/nn at/in control/nn ,/, these/dts psychologists/nns contend/vb ,/, is/bez sometimes/rb merely/rb a/at pathetic/jj effort/nn to/to compel/vb her/pp$ husband/nn to/to pay/vb as/ql much/ap attention/nn to/in her/ppo as/cs he/pps does/doz to/in his/pp$ job/nn ./.


	Naturally/rb no/at woman/nn can/md ever/rb completely/rb monopolize/vb the/at sexual/jj initiative/nn ./.
Unless/cs her/pp$ husband/nn also/rb desires/vbz sex/nn ,/, the/at act/nn cannot/md* be/be consummated/vbn ./.
Generally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in such/jj marriages/nns as/cs those/dts cited/vbn ,/, the/at husband/nn is/bez at/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ mercy/nn ./.


	``/`` The/at pattern/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Morton/np Schillinger/np ,/, psychologist/nn at/in New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl Lincoln/np-tl Institute/nn-tl for/in-tl Psychotherapy/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` is/bez for/in the/at husband/nn to/to hover/vb about/rb anxiously/rb and/cc eagerly/rb ,/, virtually/rb trembling/vbg in/in his/pp$ hope/nn that/cs she/pps will/md flash/vb him/ppo the/at signal/nn that/cs tonight/nr is/bez the/at night/nn ''/'' ./.


	No/at one/pn seriously/rb contends/vbz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs the/at domineering/vbg wife/nn is/bez ,/, sexually/rb speaking/vbg ,/, a/at new/jj character/nn in/in our/pp$ world/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, the/at henpecked/vbn husband/nn with/in his/pp$ shrewish/jj wife/nn is/bez a/at comic/jj figure/nn of/in long/jj standing/nn ,/, in/in literature/nn and/cc on/in the/at stage/nn ,/, as/cs Dr./nn-tl Schillinger/np points/vbz out/rp ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at evidence/nn that/cs these/dts Milquetoasts/nns-tl became/vbd suddenly/rb emboldened/vbn when/wrb they/ppss crossed/vbd the/at threshhold/nn of/in the/at master/jjs bedroom/nn ./.




Furthermore/rb ,/, Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np says/vbz ,/, a/at certain/jj number/nn of/in docile/jj ,/, retiring/vbg men/nns always/rb have/hv been/ben around/rb ./.
They/ppss aren't/ber* ``/`` frigid/jj ''/'' and/cc they/ppss aren't/ber* homosexual/jj ;/. ;/.
they're/ppss+ber just/rb restrained/vbn in/in all/abn of/in life/nn ./.
They/ppss like/vb to/to be/be dominated/vbn ./.
One/cd such/jj man/nn once/rb confided/vbd to/in Dr./nn-tl Theodor/np Reik/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl psychiatrist/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps preferred/vbd to/to have/hv his/pp$ wife/nn the/at sexual/jj aggressor/nn ./.
Asked/vbn why/wrb ,/, he/pps replied/vbd primly/rb :/: ``/`` Because/cs that's/dt+bez no/at activity/nn for/in a/at gentleman/nn ''/'' ./.


	But/cc such/jj cases/nns were/bed ,/, in/in the/at past/nn ,/, unusual/jj ./.
Society/nn here/rb and/cc abroad/rb has/hvz been/ben built/vbn around/in the/at dominating/vbg male/nn --/-- even/rb the/at Bible/np appears/vbz to/to endorse/vb the/at concept/nn ./.


	Family/nn survival/nn on/in our/pp$ own/jj Western/jj-tl frontier/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, could/md quite/ql literally/rb depend/vb on/in a/at man's/nn$ strength/nn and/cc ability/nn to/to bring/vb home/nr the/at bacon/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at dependent/jj wife/nn seldom/rb questioned/vbd his/pp$ judgment/nn about/in anything/pn ,/, including/in the/at marriage/nn bed/nn ./.


	This/dt carried/vbd over/rp into/in the/at more/ql urbanized/vbn late/jj 19th/od and/cc early/jj 20th/od centuries/nns ,/, when/wrb the/at man/nn ruled/vbd the/at roost/nn in/in the/at best/jjt bull-roaring/jj Life/nn-tl With/in-tl Father/nn-tl manner/nn ./.


	In/in those/dts days/nns ,/, a/at wife/nn had/hvd mighty/ql few/ap rights/nns in/in the/at domestic/jj sphere/nn and/cc even/ql fewer/ap in/in the/at sexual/jj sphere/nn ./.
``/`` Grandma/nn wasn't/bedz* expected/vbn to/to like/vb it/ppo ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Marion/np Hilliard/np ,/, the/at late/jj Toronto/np gynecologist/nn ,/, once/rb summed/vbd up/rp the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at '90s/nns ./.
Wives/nns of/in the/at period/nn shamefacedly/rb thought/vbd of/in themselves/ppls as/cs ``/`` used/vbn ''/'' by/in their/pp$ husbands/nns --/-- and/cc ,/, history/nn indicates/vbz ,/, they/ppss often/rb quite/ql literally/rb were/bed ./.


	When/wrb was/bedz the/at turning/vbg point/nn ?/. ?/.
When/wrb did/dod women/nns begin/vb to/to assert/vb themselves/ppls sexually/rb ?/. ?/.




Some/dti date/vb it/ppo from/in woman/nn suffrage/nn ,/, others/nns from/in when/wrb women/nns first/rb began/vbd to/to challenge/vb men/nns in/in the/at marketplace/nn ,/, still/rb others/nns from/in the/at era/nn of/in the/at emancipated/vbn flapper/nn and/cc bathtub/nn gin/nn ./.
Virtually/rb everyone/pn agrees/vbz ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at trend/nn toward/in female/jj sexual/jj aggressiveness/nn was/bedz tremendously/rb accelerated/vbn with/in the/at postwar/jj rush/nn to/in the/at suburbs/nns ./.


	Left/vbn alone/rb while/cs her/pp$ husband/nn was/bedz miles/nns away/rb in/in the/at city/nn ,/, the/at modern/jj wife/nn assumed/vbd more/ap and/cc more/ap duties/nns normally/rb reserved/vbn for/in the/at male/nn ./.
Circumstances/nns gave/vbd her/ppo almost/rb undisputed/jj sway/nn over/in child-rearing/nn ,/, money-handling/nn and/cc home/nn maintenance/nn ./.
She/pps found/vbd she/pps could/md cope/vb with/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in problems/nns for/in which/wdt she/pps was/bedz once/rb considered/vbn too/ql helpless/jj ./.
She/pps liked/vbd this/dt taste/nn of/in authority/nn and/cc independence/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, with/in darkness/nn ,/, was/bedz not/* likely/jj to/to give/vb it/ppo up/rp ./.


	``/`` Very/ql few/ap wives/nns ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np ,/, ``/`` who/wps balance/vb the/at checkbook/nn ,/, fix/vb the/at car/nn ,/, choose/vb where/wrb the/at family/nn will/md live/vb and/cc deal/vb with/in the/at tradesmen/nns ,/, are/ber suddenly/rb going/vbg to/to become/vb submissive/jj where/wrb sex/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ./.
A/at woman/nn who/wps dominates/vbz other/ap family/nn affairs/nns will/md dominate/vb the/at sexual/jj relationship/nn as/ql well/rb ''/'' ./.


	And/cc an/at additional/jj factor/nn was/bedz helping/vbg to/to make/vb women/nns more/ap sexually/rb self-assertive/jj --/-- the/at comparatively/ql recent/jj discovery/nn of/in the/at true/jj depths/nns of/in female/jj desire/nn and/cc response/nn ./.
Marriage/nn manuals/nns and/cc women's/nns$ magazine/nn articles/nns began/vbd to/to stress/vb the/at importance/nn of/in the/at female/jj climax/nn ./.
They/ppss began/vbd to/to describe/vb in/in detail/nn the/at woman's/nn$ capacity/nn for/in response/nn ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at noted/vbn psychologist/nn and/cc sex/nn researcher/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Albert/np Ellis/np ,/, has/hvz declared/vbn flatly/rb that/cs women/nns are/ber ``/`` sexually/rb superior/jj ''/'' to/in men/nns ./.
According/in to/in Dr./nn-tl Ellis/np ,/, the/at average/jj 20-year-old/jj American/jj woman/nn is/bez capable/jj of/in far/ql greater/jjr sexual/jj arousal/nn than/cs her/pp$ partner/nn ./.
Not/* surprisingly/rb ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ellis/np says/vbz ,/, some/dti recently/rb enlightened/vbn wives/nns are/ber out/rp to/to claim/vb these/dts capabilities/nns ./.


	Yet/rb ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, according/in to/in Dr./nn-tl Maurice/np Linden/np ,/, many/ap wives/nns despise/vb their/pp$ husbands/nns for/in not/* standing/vbg up/rp to/in them/ppo ./.
An/at aggressive/jj woman/nn wants/vbz a/at man/nn to/to demand/vb ,/, not/* knuckle/vb under/rb ./.
``/`` When/wrb the/at husband/nn becomes/vbz passive/jj in/in the/at face/nn of/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ aggressiveness/nn ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Linden/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` the/at wife/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, finds/vbz him/ppo inadequate/jj ./.
Often/rb she/pps fails/vbz to/to gain/vb sexual/jj satisfaction/nn ''/'' ./.


	One/cd such/jj wife/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Linden/np says/vbz ,/, became/vbd disgusted/vbn with/in her/pp$ weak/jj husband/nn and/cc flurried/vbd through/in a/at series/nn of/in extramarital/jj affairs/nns in/in the/at hope/nn of/in finding/vbg a/at stronger/jjr man/nn ./.
But/cc her/pp$ personality/nn was/bedz such/jj that/cs each/dt affair/nn lasted/vbd only/rb until/cs that/dt lover/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd been/ben conquered/vbn and/cc reduced/vbn to/in passivity/nn ./.
Then/rb the/at wife/nn bed-hopped/vbd to/in the/at next/ap on/in the/at list/nn ./.


	In/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, domination/nn of/in the/at sex/nn act/nn by/in one/cd partner/nn can/md be/be temporary/jj ,/, triggered/vbn by/in a/at passing/vbg but/cc urgent/jj emotional/jj need/nn ./.
Thus/rb a/at man/nn who/wps is/bez butting/vbg a/at stone/nn wall/nn at/in the/at office/nn may/md become/vb unusually/ql aggressive/jj in/in bed/nn --/-- the/at one/cd place/nn he/pps can/md still/rb be/be champion/nn ./.
If/cs his/pp$ on-the-job/jj problems/nns work/vb out/rp ,/, he/pps may/md return/vb to/in his/pp$ old/jj pattern/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb a/at burst/nn of/in aggressiveness/nn will/md sweep/vb over/in a/at man/nn --/-- or/cc his/pp$ wife/nn --/-- because/cs he/pps or/cc she/pps feels/vbz age/nn creeping/vbg up/rp ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, a/at husband/nn who/wps always/rb has/hvz been/ben vigorous/jj and/cc assertive/jj may/md suddenly/rb become/vb passive/jj --/-- asking/vbg ,/, psychologists/nns say/vb ,/, for/in reassurance/nn that/cs his/pp$ wife/nn still/rb finds/vbz him/ppo desirable/jj ./.
Or/cc a/at wife/nn may/md make/vb sudden/jj demands/nns that/cs she/pps be/be courted/vbn ,/, flattered/vbn or/cc coaxed/vbn ,/, simply/rb because/cs she/pps needs/vbz her/pp$ ego/nn lifted/vbn ./.


	In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np remarks/vbz ,/, such/jj problems/nns are/ber a/at couple's/nn$ own/jj affair/nn ,/, and/cc can't/md* always/rb be/be measured/vbn by/in a/at general/jj yardstick/nn ./.
``/`` As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at couple/nn is/bez in/in agreement/nn in/in their/pp$ approach/nn to/in sex/nn ,/, it/pps makes/vbz little/ap difference/nn if/cs one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap dominates/vbz ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np declares/vbz ./.
``/`` The/at important/jj point/nn is/bez that/cs both/abx be/be satisfied/vbn with/in the/at adjustment/nn ''/'' ./.


	Other/ap experts/nns say/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs if/cs sexual/jj domination/nn by/in one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap partner/nn exists/vbz for/in longer/rbr than/in a/at brief/jj period/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez likely/jj to/to shake/vb the/at marriage/nn ./.
And/cc just/rb as/cs domination/nn today/nr often/rb begins/vbz with/in the/at wife/nn ,/, so/rb the/at cure/nn generally/rb must/md lie/vb with/in the/at husband/nn ./.


	``/`` To/to get/vb a/at marriage/nn back/rb where/wrb it/pps belongs/vbz ''/'' ,/, comments/vbz Dr./nn-tl Schillinger/np of/in the/at Lincoln/np-tl Institute/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` the/at husband/nn must/md take/vb some/dti very/ql basic/jj steps/nns ./.
He/pps must/md begin/vb ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, by/in becoming/vbg more/ql selfish/jj ./.
He/pps must/md become/vb more/ql expressive/jj of/in his/pp$ own/jj desires/nns ,/, more/ql demanding/jj and/cc less/ql '/' understanding/jj '/' ''/'' ./.


	Too/ql many/ap husbands/nns ,/, Dr./nn-tl Schillinger/np continues/vbz ,/, worry/vb about/in ``/`` how/wql well/rb they're/ppss+ber doing/vbg ''/'' ,/, and/cc fear/vb that/cs their/pp$ success/nn depends/vbz on/in some/dti trick/nn or/cc technique/nn of/in sexual/jj play/nn ./.





She/pps gave/vbd herself/ppl a/at title/nn ,/, Lady/nn-tl Diana/np Harrington/np ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl D.A./np-tl gave/vbd her/ppo another/dt ,/, The/at-tl Golden/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl of/in cafe/nn society/nn ./.


	Houston/np police/nn gave/vbd her/ppo a/at third/od ,/, less/ql flamboyant/jj ,/, title/nn ,/, prostitute/nn ./.


	And/cc Houston/np police/nn have/hv the/at final/jj say/nn in/in the/at matter/nn since/cs she/pps died/vbd there/rb on/in September/np 20/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, ``/`` Diane/np Harris/np Graham/np ,/, 30/cd ,/, D.O.A./jj ,/, circumstances/nns --/-- unusual/jj ''/'' ./.


	Early/rb in/in her/pp$ life/nn she/pps had/hvd discovered/vbn that/cs where/wrb there/ex were/bed men/nns ,/, there/ex was/bedz money/nn ,/, and/cc with/in the/at two/cd came/vbd luxury/nn and/cc liquor/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz still/rb in/in the/at play/nn for/in pay/nn business/nn when/wrb she/pps died/vbd ,/, a/at top/jjs trollop/nn who/wps had/hvd given/vbn the/at world's/nn$ oldest/jjt profession/nn one/cd of/in its/pp$ rare/jj flashes/nns of/in glamour/nn ./.


	She/pps never/rb hid/vbd the/at fact/nn that/cs she/pps liked/vbd to/to play/vb ./.
Her/pp$ neighbors/nns in/in the/at expensive/jj Houston/np apartment/nn building/nn told/vbd reporters/nns that/cs the/at ash-blonde/jj beauty/nn had/hvd talked/vbn at/in times/nns about/in her/pp$ past/nn as/cs ``/`` the/at Golden/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl of/in the/at Mickey/np Jelke/np trial/nn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps was/bedz the/at trial/nn of/in oleomargarine/nn heir/nn Minot/np (/( Mickey/np )/) Jelke/np for/in compulsory/jj prostitution/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl that/wps put/vbd the/at spotlight/nn on/in the/at international/jj play-girl/nn ./.
(/( Jelke/np later/rbr served/vbd 21/cd months/nns when/wrb he/pps was/bedz found/vbn guilty/jj of/in masterminding/vbg a/at ring/nn of/in high-priced/jj call/nn girls/nns ./.
)/) 

	Diane/np was/bedz needed/vbn as/cs a/at material/nn witness/nn in/in the/at case/nn and/cc New/jj-tl York/np-tl police/nn searched/vbd three/cd continents/nns before/cs they/ppss found/vbd her/ppo in/in their/pp$ own/jj back/jj yard/nn --/-- in/in a/at swank/jj hotel/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ./.
She/pps had/hvd been/ben moving/vbg in/in cafe/nn society/nn as/cs Lady/nn-tl Diana/np Harrington/np ,/, a/at name/nn that/wps made/vbd some/dti of/in the/at gossip/nn columns/nns ./.


	It/pps was/bedz when/wrb she/pps was/bedz seized/vbn as/cs a/at material/nn witness/nn that/cs she/pps got/vbd the/at designation/nn she/pps liked/vbd best/rbt ./.


	Clad/vbn in/in mink/nn and/cc diamonds/nns ,/, she/pps listened/vbd to/in Assistant/jj-tl District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl Anthony/np Liebler/np describe/vb her/ppo to/in the/at arraigning/vbg judge/nn :/: 

	``/`` This/dt girl/nn is/bez the/at Golden/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl of/in cafe/nn society/nn ./.


	``/`` In/in 1951/cd she/pps was/bedz a/at prostitute/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl County/nn-tl ./.
In/in the/at spring/nn and/cc early/jj summer/nn of/in that/dt year/nn she/pps met/vbd a/at wealthy/jj foreign/jj tycoon/nn who/wps took/vbd her/ppo to/in France/np ,/, where/wrb she/pps later/rbr met/vbd a/at very/ql wealthy/jj man/nn and/cc toured/vbd all/abn Europe/np with/in him/ppo ./.


	``/`` At/in Deauville/np she/pps met/vbd an/at Egyptian/jj by/in the/at name/nn of/in Pulley/np Bey/np ./.
He/pps was/bedz the/at official/jj procurer/nn for/in King/nn-tl Farouk/np ,/, now/rb in/in exile/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz in/in Egypt/np during/in the/at revolution/nn and/cc had/hvd passport/nn difficulty/nn ./.
She/pps lied/vbd in/in order/nn to/to get/vb it/ppo ./.


	``/`` We/ppss have/hv checked/vbn her/ppo in/in different/jj parts/nns of/in Europe/np and/cc Egypt/np and/cc finally/rb back/rb into/in this/dt country/nn ./.
She/pps has/hvz been/ben acting/vbg as/cs a/at prostitute/nn ./.


	``/`` Our/pp$ information/nn is/bez that/cs she/pps gave/vbd the/at proceeds/nns of/in her/pp$ acts/nns to/in Jelke/np ''/'' ./.


	Diane/np sobbingly/rb denied/vbd this/dt to/in the/at court/nn ./.


	``/`` That's/dt+bez a/at lie/nn ./.
I/ppss never/rb gave/vbd that/dt boy/nn a/at cent/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem not/* a/at prostitute/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss had/hvd only/rb one/cd very/ql wealthy/jj boy/nn friend/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./.


	During/in the/at course/nn of/in the/at trial/nn ,/, Jelke/np backed/vbd up/rp part/nn of/in that/dt statement/nn ./.


	``/`` Diane/np is/bez the/at type/nn of/in girl/nn ''/'' ,/, Jelke/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` who/wps wouldn't/md* get/vb loving/vbg --/-- even/rb on/in her/pp$ wedding/nn night/nn --/-- unless/cs you/ppss piled/vbd up/rp all/abn your/pp$ money/nn in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at floor/nn ''/'' ./.


	But/cc she/pps seemed/vbd to/to have/hv underestimated/vbn the/at number/nn of/in her/pp$ ``/`` boy/nn friends/nns ''/'' ./.


	She/pps came/vbd to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl from/in Detroit/np as/cs a/at teenager/nn ,/, but/cc with/in a/at ``/`` sponsor/nn ''/'' instead/rb of/in a/at chaperone/nn ./.
As/cs she/pps told/vbd it/ppo ,/, ``/`` He's/pps+bez a/at rich/jj boy/nn friend/nn ,/, an/at old/jj guy/nn about/rb 60/cd ''/'' ./.
She/pps was/bedz Mary/np Lou/np Brew/np then/rb ,/, wide-eyed/jj ,/, but/cc not/* naive/jj ./.
She/pps had/hvd talked/vbn her/pp$ ``/`` boy/nn friend/nn ''/'' into/in sending/vbg her/ppo to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to take/vb a/at screen/nn test/nn ./.


	The/at screen/nn test/nn was/bedz never/rb made/vbn --/-- but/cc Diane/np was/bedz ./.
She/pps quickly/rb moved/vbd into/in cafe/nn society/nn ,/, possibly/rb easing/vbg her/pp$ conscience/nn by/in talking/vbg constantly/rb of/in her/pp$ desire/nn to/to be/be in/in show/nn business/nn ./.


	She/pps seemed/vbd so/ql anxious/jj to/to go/vb on/in the/at stage/nn that/cs some/dti of/in her/pp$ friends/nns in/in the/at cocktail/nn circuit/nn set/vbd up/rp a/at practical/jj joke/nn ./.


	An/at ex-fighter/nn was/bedz introduced/vbn to/in her/ppo in/in a/at bar/nn as/cs ``/`` Mr./np Warfield/np ,/, the/at famous/jj producer/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at phony/jj producer/nn asked/vbd her/ppo if/cs she/pps would/md like/vb to/to be/be in/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ shows/nns ./.


	``/`` I'd/ppss+md love/vb to/to audition/vb for/in you/ppo ''/'' ,/, she/pps gushed/vbd ./.


	The/at audition/nn was/bedz held/vbn a/at few/ap minutes/nns later/rbr in/in somebody's/pn$ apartment/nn ./.
She/pps thought/vbd she/pps had/hvd great/jj possibilities/nns in/in the/at ballet/nn and/cc wanted/vbd to/to show/vb the/at eminent/jj producer/nn how/wql well/rb she/pps could/md dance/vb ./.


	After/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss can't/md* use/vb you/ppo if/cs you/ppss dance/vb like/cs that/dt ./.
I'd/ppss+md like/vb to/to see/vb you/ppo dance/vb nude/jj ''/'' ./.


	She/pps hastily/rb complied/vbd ./.
Diane/np loved/vbd to/to dance/vb in/in the/at nude/jj ,/, something/pn she/pps was/bedz to/to demonstrate/vb time/nn and/cc again/rb ./.


	She/pps developed/vbd another/dt quaint/jj habit/nn ./.
Even/rb among/in the/at fast/jj set/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps was/bedz moving/vbg ,/, her/pp$ method/nn for/in keeping/vbg an/at escort/nn from/in departing/vbg too/ql early/rb was/bedz unique/jj ./.


	When/wrb the/at date/nn would/md try/vb to/to bid/vb her/ppo good-night/uh at/in the/at door/nn ,/, she/pps would/md tell/vb him/ppo ,/, ``/`` If/cs you/ppss go/vb home/nr now/rb ,/, I'll/ppss+md scream/vb ''/'' ./.
More/ql often/rb than/cs not/* he/pps would/md bow/vb to/in the/at inevitable/jj ./.


	One/cd who/wps needed/vbd no/rb such/jj threats/nns was/bedz a/at French/jj financier/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at blonde's/nn$ yearnings/nns that/wpo he/pps satisfied/vbd was/bedz for/in travel/nn ./.
She/pps wanted/vbd to/to go/vb around/in the/at world/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps settled/vbd for/in a/at French/jj holiday/nn ./.


	In/in an/at anonymous/jj interview/nn with/in a/at French/jj newspaper/nn the/at financier/nn told/vbd of/in spending/vbg several/ap months/nns with/in her/ppo ./.
``/`` Then/rb she/pps went/vbd to/in Deauville/np where/wrb she/pps met/vbd a/at member/nn of/in a/at powerful/jj Greek/jj syndicate/nn of/in gamblers/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at Greek/np evidently/rb fell/vbd for/in her/ppo ,/, ``/`` Monsieur/np X/np-tl ''/'' recounted/vbd ,/, and/cc to/to clinch/vb what/wdt he/pps thought/vbd was/bedz an/at affair/nn in/in the/at making/nn he/pps gave/vbd her/ppo 100,000/cd francs/nns (/( about/rb $300/nns )/) and/cc led/vbd her/ppo to/in the/at roulette/nn tables/nns ./.


	She/pps could/md do/do no/at wrong/nn at/in the/at tables/nns that/dt time/nn ./.
And/cc in/in short/jj order/nn the/at croupier/nn had/hvd pushed/vbn several/ap million/cd francs/nns her/pp$ way/nn ./.
Smarter/jjr than/cs most/ap gamblers/nns ,/, she/pps slipped/vbd away/rb from/in the/at casino/nn ,/, packed/vbd her/pp$ bag/nn and/cc took/vbd the/at night/nn train/nn to/in Paris/np ./.
No/at one/pn ever/rb learned/vbd what/wdt happened/vbd to/in the/at Greek/np ./.


	The/at luxury/nn of/in Paris'/np$ most/ql fashionable/jj hotel/nn ,/, the/at George/np 5/cd-tl ,/, ,/, bored/vbd the/at beautifully-built/jj blonde/jj ,/, so/rb she/pps high-tailed/vbd it/ppo to/in Rome/np ./.


	She/pps teamed/vbd up/rp with/in another/dt beauty/nn ,/, whose/wp$ name/nn has/hvz been/ben lost/vbn to/in history/nn ,/, and/cc commenced/vbd with/in some/dti fiddling/nn that/wps would/md have/hv made/vbn Nero/np envious/jj ./.


	To/to climax/vb her/pp$ Roman/jj revels/nns ,/, she/pps was/bedz thrown/vbn out/in of/in the/at swanky/jj Hotel/nn-tl Excelsior/nn-tl after/cs she/pps had/hvd run/vbn naked/jj through/in its/pp$ marble/nn halls/nns screaming/vbg for/in help/nn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz a/at rugged/jj finish/nn for/in what/wdt must/md have/hv been/ben a/at very/ql interesting/jj night/nn ./.


	Discreet/jj Italian/jj police/nn described/vbd it/ppo in/in a/at manner/nn typically/rb continental/jj ./.


	``/`` There/ex had/hvd been/ben a/at threesome/nn at/in the/at party/nn in/in the/at suite's/nn$ bedroom/nn :/: Miss/np Harrington/np (/( this/dt was/bedz Diane's/np$ choice/nn for/in a/at Roman/jj name/nn )/) ,/, another/dt woman/nn who/wps has/hvz figured/vbn in/in other/ap very/ql interesting/jj events/nns and/cc one/cd of/in your/pp$ well-known/jj American/jj actors/nns ./.


	``/`` The/at actor/nn had/hvd had/hvn much/ap to/to drink/vb and/cc apparently/rb became/vbd very/ql violent/jj ./.
The/at hotel/nn staff/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs residents/nns of/in the/at Excelsior/nn-tl ,/, told/vbd us/ppo they/ppss saw/vbd that/cs both/abx ladies/nns were/bed bleeding/vbg from/in scratches/nns as/cs they/ppss were/bed seen/vbn fleeing/vbg down/in the/at hall/nn ./.


	``/`` They/ppss were/bed wearing/vbg nothing/pn but/in their/pp$ scratches/nns ./.
They/ppss were/bed asked/vbn to/to leave/vb the/at hotel/nn ./.
No/at charges/nns were/bed filed/vbn ''/'' ./.


	The/at girls/nns ,/, after/cs dressing/vbg ,/, were/bed indignant/jj ./.


	``/`` You/ppss can't/md* do/do this/dt to/in us/ppo ''/'' ,/, Diane/np screamed/vbd ./.
``/`` We/ppss are/ber Americans/nps ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at morning/nn she/pps found/vbd rooms/nns directly/rb across/in from/in the/at Excelsior/nn-tl at/in the/at equally/ql luxurious/jj Hotel/nn-tl Ambassador/nn-tl ./.


	With/in the/at Ambassador/nn-tl as/cs headquarters/nn ,/, she/pps continued/vbd to/to promote/vb good/jj will/nn abroad/rb ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, her/pp$ benevolence/nn was/bedz limited/vbn to/in those/dts who/wps could/md afford/vb it/ppo ,/, but/cc then/rb there/ex is/bez a/at limit/nn to/in what/wdt one/cd person/nn can/md do/do ./.


	By/in this/dt time/nn Diane/np was/bedz a/at beguiling/jj lass/nn of/in 19/cd and/cc still/rb seeking/vbg her/pp$ place/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.
She/pps thought/vbd royal/jj status/nn might/md come/vb her/pp$ way/nn when/wrb ,/, while/cs she/pps was/bedz still/rb in/in Rome/np ,/, she/pps met/vbd Pulley/np Bey/np ,/, a/at personal/jj procurer/nn to/in King/nn-tl Farouk/np of/in Egypt/np ./.


	A/at close/jj friend/nn of/in hers/pp$$ in/in the/at Roman/jj days/nns described/vbd it/ppo this/dt way/nn :/: 

	``/`` It/pps was/bedz a/at strange/jj relationship/nn ./.
Pulley/np Bey/np spoke/vbd no/at English/np ./.
Diane/np spoke/vbd no/at Italian/np or/cc French/np ./.
She/pps had/hvd a/at hard/jj time/nn making/vbg him/ppo understand/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz Farouk/np she/pps wished/vbd to/to meet/vb ./.


	``/`` Pulley/np Bey/np insisted/vbd that/cs she/pps bestow/vb her/pp$ favors/nns on/in him/ppo ''/'' ,/, the/at friend/nn continued/vbd ./.
It/pps seemed/vbd as/cs though/cs she/pps were/bed always/rb auditioning/vbg ./.


	No/at believer/nn in/in the/at traditional/jj devotion/nn of/in royal/jj servitors/nns ,/, the/at plump/jj Pulley/np broke/vbd the/at language/nn barrier/nn and/cc lured/vbd her/ppo to/in Cairo/np where/wrb she/pps waited/vbd for/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, vainly/rb hoping/vbg to/to see/vb Farouk/np ./.


	Pulley/np had/hvd set/vbn her/ppo up/rp at/in the/at Semiramis/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl ,/, but/cc she/pps grew/vbd impatient/jj waiting/vbg for/in a/at royal/jj reception/nn and/cc moved/vbd to/in a/at luxurious/jj apartment/nn to/in which/wdt the/at royal/jj pimp/nn had/hvd no/at key/nn ./.


	She/pps picked/vbd her/pp$ own/jj Middle-Eastern/jj friends/nns from/in the/at flock/nn of/in ardent/jj Egyptians/nps that/wps buzzed/vbd around/in her/ppo ./.
Tewfik/np Badrawi/np ,/, Mohammed/np Gaafer/np and/cc numerous/jj other/ap wealthy/jj members/nns of/in Cairo/np society/nn enjoyed/vbd her/pp$ company/nn ./.


	``/`` So/ql extensive/jj became/vbd her/pp$ circle/nn of/in admirers/nns ''/'' ,/, Egyptian/jj police/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs her/pp$ escapades/nns caused/vbd distrust/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at roof/nn was/bedz about/rp ready/jj to/to fall/vb in/rp on/in Diane's/np$ little/jj world/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps took/vbd nothing/pn less/ap than/cs the/at Egyptian/jj revolution/nn to/to bring/vb it/ppo down/rp ./.
When/wrb Farouk/np was/bedz overthrown/vbn ,/, police/nn picked/vbd up/rp his/pp$ personal/jj pimp/nn ,/, Pulley/np Bey/np ./.
They/ppss also/rb called/vbd upon/rb Diane/np with/in a/at request/nn for/in a/at look/nn at/in her/pp$ passport/nn ./.


	The/at cagey/jj Pulley/np Bey/np ,/, who/wps spoke/vbd no/at English/np ,/, had/hvd taken/vbn the/at passport/nn so/cs that/cs Diane/np couldn't/md* leave/vb the/at country/nn without/in his/pp$ approval/nn ./.
Officials/nns provided/vbd a/at temporary/jj passport/nn ,/, good/jj only/rb for/in return/nn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	And/cc return/vb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl she/pps did/dod ,/, into/in waiting/vbg arms/nns --/-- the/at unromantic/jj ones/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl District/nn-tl Attorney's/nn$-tl office/nn ./.


	Held/vbn as/cs a/at material/nn witness/nn in/in the/at compulsory/jj prostitution/nn trial/nn of/in Mickey/np Jelke/np ,/, the/at comely/jj courtesan/nn was/bedz unable/jj to/to raise/vb bail/nn and/cc was/bedz committed/vbn to/in the/at Women's/nns$-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Detention/nn-tl ,/, a/at terribly/ql overcrowded/vbn prison/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez a/at tribute/nn to/in her/pp$ talents/nns that/cs she/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to talk/vb the/at District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl into/in having/hvg her/ppo removed/vbn from/in the/at prison/nn to/in a/at hotel/nn room/nn ,/, with/in her/pp$ meals/nns taken/vbn at/in Vesuvio's/np$ ,/, an/at excellent/jj Italian/jj restaurant/nn ./.


	Newspapers/nns at/in the/at time/nn noted/vbd that/cs the/at move/nn indicated/vbd that/cs she/pps was/bedz co-operating/vbg with/in the/at District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl ./.


	With/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at trial/nn Diane/np disappeared/vbd from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
It/pps was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr fashionable/jj to/to be/be seen/vbn with/in fabulous/jj ``/`` Lady/nn-tl Harrington/np ''/'' ./.


	Several/ap years/nns ago/rb she/pps married/vbd a/at Houston/np business/nn man/nn ,/, Robert/np Graham/np ./.
She/pps later/rbr divorced/vbd Graham/np ,/, who/wps is/bez believed/vbn to/to have/hv moved/vbn to/in Bolivia/np ./.


	Houston/np police/nn got/vbd to/to know/vb Diane/np two/cd years/nns ago/rb when/wrb the/at vice/nn squad/nn picked/vbd her/ppo up/rp for/in questioning/vbg about/in a/at call/nn girl/nn ring/nn ./.
Last/ap May/np ,/, they/ppss said/vbd ,/, she/pps admitted/vbd being/beg a/at prostitute/nn ./.


	The/at next/ap time/nn the/at police/nn saw/vbd her/ppo she/pps was/bedz dead/jj ./.


	It/pps was/bedz September/np 20/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, in/in a/at lavishly/ql decorated/vbn apartment/nn littered/vbn with/in liquor/nn bottles/nns ./.
She/pps had/hvd had/hvn a/at party/nn with/in a/at regular/jj visitor/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl William/np W./np McClellan/np ./.


	McClellan/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb lost/vbn his/pp$ medical/jj license/nn temporarily/rb on/in a/at charge/nn of/in drug/nn addiction/nn ,/, was/bedz with/in her/ppo when/wrb she/pps died/vbd ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at apartment/nn two/cd days/nns and/cc was/bedz hazy/jj about/in what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn during/in that/dt time/nn ./.
When/wrb he/pps realized/vbd she/pps was/bedz dead/jj ,/, he/pps called/vbd two/cd lawyers/nns and/cc then/rb the/at police/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at police/nn arrived/vbd ,/, they/ppss found/vbd McClellan/np and/cc the/at two/cd lawyers/nns sitting/vbg and/cc staring/vbg silently/rb ./.


	The/at blonde's/nn$ nude/jj body/nn was/bedz in/in bed/nn ,/, a/at green/jj sheet/nn and/cc a/at pink/jj blanket/nn covered/vbd her/ppo ./.
Pictures/nns of/in her/ppo in/in more/ql glamorous/jj days/nns were/bed on/in the/at walls/nns ./.


	An/at autopsy/nn disclosed/vbd a/at large/jj amount/nn of/in morphine/nn in/in Diane's/np$ body/nn ./.
Police/nns theorize/vb that/cs a/at combination/nn of/in dope/nn ,/, drink/nn and/cc drugs/nns killed/vbd her/ppo ./.


	``/`` I/ppss think/vb that/cs maybe/rb she/pps wanted/vbd it/ppo this/dt way/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at vice/nn squad/nn cop/nn said/vbd ./.
``/`` A/at maid/nn told/vbd us/ppo that/cs she/pps still/rb bragged/vbd about/in getting/vbg $50/nns a/at date/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz on/in the/at junk/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss slide/vb fast/rb when/wrb that/dt happens/vbz ./.
At/in least/ap she/pps never/rb knew/vbd what/wdt the/at bottom/nn was/bedz like/jj ''/'' ./.
I/ppss am/bem a/at carpet/nn salesman/nn ./.


	I/ppss work/vb for/in one/cd of/in the/at biggest/jjt chains/nns of/in retail/jj carpet/nn houses/nns in/in the/at East/nr-tl ./.
We/ppss cater/vb mostly/rb to/in nice/jj people/nns in/in the/at $5-8,000/nns annual/jj income/nn bracket/nn and/cc we/ppss run/vb a/at string/nn of/in snazzy/jj ,/, neon-lit/jj ,/, chromium-plated/jj suburban/jj stores/nns ./.


	I/ppss am/bem selling/vbg the/at stuff/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez made/vbn one/cd of/in the/at Great/jj-tl American/jj-tl Dreams/nns-tl --/-- wall-to-wall/jj carpeting/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd trouble/nn with/in this/dt big/jj ,/, beautiful/jj dream/nn ./.
From/in where/wrb I/ppss sit/vb it/pps looks/vbz more/rbr like/cs a/at nightmare/nn ./.


	People/nns come/vb to/in me/ppo with/in confidence/nn ./.
They/ppss depend/vb on/in my/pp$ supposedly/rb expert/jj knowledge/nn of/in a/at trade/nn of/in which/wdt they/ppss themselves/ppls know/vb little/ap ./.


	But/cc I/ppss knowingly/rb abuse/vb their/pp$ confidence/nn ./.

Franklin/np D./np Lee/np proved/vbd a/at man/nn of/in prompt/jj action/nn when/wrb Mrs./np Claire/np Shaefer/np ,/, accompanied/vbn by/in a/at friend/nn ,/, visited/vbd him/ppo in/in Bakersfield/np ,/, California/np ,/, several/ap months/nns ago/rb as/cs a/at prospective/jj patient/nn ./.
``/`` Doctor/nn-tl ''/'' Lee/np asked/vbd her/ppo to/to lie/vb down/rp on/in a/at bed/nn and/cc remove/vb her/pp$ shoes/nns ./.
Then/rb ,/, by/in squeezing/vbg her/pp$ foot/nn three/cd times/nns ,/, he/pps came/vbd up/rp --/-- presto/uh --/-- with/in a/at different/jj diagnosis/nn with/in each/dt squeeze/nn ./.
She/pps had/hvd --/-- he/pps informed/vbd her/ppo --/-- kidney/nn trouble/nn ,/, liver/nn trouble/nn ,/, and/cc a/at severe/jj female/jj disorder/nn ./.
(/( He/pps explained/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md diagnose/vb these/dts ailments/nns from/in squeezing/vbg her/pp$ foot/nn because/cs all/abn of/in the/at nervous/jj system/nn was/bedz connected/vbn to/in it/ppo ./.
)/) He/pps knew/vbd just/rb the/at thing/nn for/in her/ppo --/-- a/at treatment/nn from/in his/pp$ ``/`` cosmic/jj light/nn ozone/nn generator/nn ''/'' machine/nn ./.


	As/cs he/pps applied/vbd the/at applicator/nn extending/vbg from/in the/at machine/nn --/-- which/wdt consisted/vbd of/in seven/cd differently/rb colored/vbn neon/nn tubes/nns superimposed/vbn on/in a/at rectangular/jj base/nn --/-- to/in the/at supposedly/rb diseased/jj portions/nns of/in Mrs./np Shaefer's/np$ body/nn ,/, Lee/np kept/vbd up/rp a/at steady/jj stream/nn of/in pseudo-scientific/jj mumbo-jumbo/nn ./.
Yes/rb ,/, the/at ozone/nn from/in his/pp$ machine/nn would/md cure/vb practically/rb everything/pn ,/, he/pps assured/vbd her/ppo ./.
Did/dod she/pps know/vb ,/, he/pps asked/vbd ,/, why/wrb the/at colors/nns of/in the/at tubes/nns were/bed important/jj to/in people's/nns$ health/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at human/jj body/nn --/-- he/pps pointed/vbd out/rp ,/, for/in example/nn --/-- required/vbd 33/cd units/nns of/in blue/jj light/nn ./.
For/in that/dt reason/nn ,/, he/pps informed/vbd her/ppo ,/, the/at Lord/nn-tl made/vbd the/at sky/nn blue/jj ./.
Continuing/vbg glibly/rb in/in this/dt vein/nn ,/, he/pps paused/vbd to/to comfort/vb her/ppo :/: 

	``/`` Don't/do* you/ppss worry/vb ./.
This/dt machine/nn will/md cure/vb your/pp$ cancer-ridden/jj body/nn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Cancer/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
Mrs./np Shaefer/np practically/rb shrieked/vbd ./.
``/`` You/ppss didn't/dod* tell/vb me/ppo I/ppss had/hvd cancer/nn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` You/ppss have/hv it/ppo ,/, all/ql right/rb ./.
But/cc as/ql long/rb as/cs you/ppss can/md have/hv treatment/nn from/in my/pp$ machine/nn you/ppss have/hv nothing/pn to/to worry/vb about/in ./.
Why/wrb ,/, I/ppss once/rb used/vbd this/dt machine/nn to/to cure/vb a/at woman/nn with/in 97/cd pounds/nns of/in cancer/nn in/in her/pp$ body/nn ''/'' ./.


	He/pps urged/vbd her/ppo to/to buy/vb one/cd of/in his/pp$ machines/nns --/-- for/in $300/nns ./.
When/wrb she/pps said/vbd that/cs she/pps didn't/dod* have/hv the/at money/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd that/cs she/pps could/md come/vb in/rp for/in treatment/nn with/in his/pp$ office/nn model/nn until/cs she/pps was/bedz ready/jj to/to buy/vb one/cd ./.
He/pps then/rb sold/vbd her/ppo minerals/nns to/to cure/vb her/pp$ kidney/nn ailment/nn ,/, a/at can/nn of/in sage/nn ``/`` to/to make/vb her/ppo look/vb like/cs a/at girl/nn again/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc an/at application/nn of/in plain/jj mud/nn to/to take/vb her/pp$ wrinkles/nns away/rb ./.


	Lee/np renewed/vbd his/pp$ pressure/nn on/in Mrs./np Shaefer/np to/to buy/vb his/pp$ machine/nn when/wrb she/pps visited/vbd him/ppo the/at next/ap day/nn ./.
After/in another/dt treatment/nn with/in the/at machine/nn ,/, he/pps told/vbd her/ppo that/cs ``/`` her/pp$ entire/jj body/nn was/bedz shot/vbn through/rp with/in tumors/nns and/cc cysts/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps then/rb sold/vbd her/ppo some/dti capsules/nns that/wps he/pps asserted/vbd would/md take/vb care/nn of/in the/at tumors/nns and/cc cysts/nns until/cs she/pps could/md collect/vb the/at money/nn for/in buying/vbg his/pp$ machine/nn ./.


	When/wrb she/pps submitted/vbd to/in his/pp$ treatment/nn with/in the/at capsules/nns ,/, Mrs./np Shaefer/np felt/vbd intense/jj pain/nn ./.
Leaving/vbg Lee's/np$ office/nn ,/, Mrs./np Shaefer/np hurried/vbd over/rp to/in her/pp$ family/nn physician/nn ,/, who/wps treated/vbd her/ppo for/in burned/vbn tissue/nn ./.
For/in several/ap days/nns ,/, she/pps was/bedz ill/jj as/cs a/at result/nn of/in Lee's/np$ treatment/nn ./.


	Mrs./np Shaefer/np never/rb got/vbd around/rb to/in joining/vbg the/at thousand/cd or/cc so/rb people/nns who/wps paid/vbd Lee/np some/dti $30,000/nns for/in his/pp$ ozone/nn machines/nns ./.
For/cs Mrs./np Shaefer/np --/-- who/wps had/hvd been/ben given/vbn a/at clean/jj bill/nn of/in health/nn by/in her/pp$ own/jj physician/nn at/in the/at time/nn she/pps visited/vbd Lee/np --/-- and/cc her/pp$ friend/nn were/bed agents/nns for/in the/at California/np-tl Pure/jj-tl Food/nn-tl and/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Inspection/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ./.
And/cc she/pps felt/vbd amply/ql rewarded/vbn for/in her/pp$ suffering/nn when/wrb the/at evidence/nn of/in Lee's/np$ quack/nn shenanigans/nns ,/, gathered/vbn by/in the/at tape/nn recorder/nn under/in her/pp$ friend's/nn$ clothing/nn ,/, proved/vbd adequate/jj in/in court/nn for/in convicting/vbg Franklin/np D./np Lee/np ./.
The/at charge/nn :/: violation/nn of/in the/at California/np-tl Medical/jj-tl Practices/nns-tl Act/nn-tl by/in practicing/vbg medicine/nn without/in a/at license/nn and/cc selling/vbg misbranded/vbn drugs/nns ./.
The/at sentence/nn :/: 360/cd days'/nns$ confinement/nn in/in the/at county/nn jail/nn ./.


	An/at isolated/vbn case/nn of/in quackery/nn ?/. ?/.
By/in no/at means/nns ./.
Rather/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez typical/jj of/in the/at thousands/nns of/in quacks/nns who/wps use/vb phony/jj therapeutic/jj devices/nns to/to fatten/vb themselves/ppls on/in the/at miseries/nns of/in hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in Americans/nps by/in robbing/vbg them/ppo of/in millions/nns of/in dollars/nns and/cc luring/vbg them/ppo away/rb from/in legitimate/jj ,/, ethical/jj medical/jj treatment/nn of/in serious/jj diseases/nns ./.
The/at machine/nn quack/nn makes/vbz his/pp$ Rube/np Goldberg/np devices/nns out/in of/in odds/nns and/cc ends/nns of/in metals/nns ,/, wires/nns ,/, and/cc radio/nn parts/nns ./.


	With/in these/dts gadgets/nns --/-- impressive/jj to/in the/at gullible/jj because/rb of/in their/pp$ flashing/vbg light/nn bulbs/nns ,/, ticks/nns ,/, and/cc buzzes/nns --/-- he/pps then/rb carries/vbz out/rp a/at vicious/jj medical/jj con/nn game/nn ,/, capitalizing/vbg on/in people's/nns$ respect/nn for/in the/at electrical/jj and/cc atomic/jj wonders/nns of/in our/pp$ scientific/jj age/nn ./.
He/pps milks/vbz the/at latest/jjt scientific/jj advances/nns ,/, translating/vbg them/ppo into/in his/pp$ own/jj special/jj Buck/np Rogers/np vocabulary/nn to/to huckster/vb his/pp$ fake/jj machines/nns as/cs a/at cure-all/nn for/in everything/pn from/in hay/nn fever/nn to/in sexual/jj impotence/nn and/cc cancer/nn ./.


	The/at gadget/nn faker/nn operates/vbz or/cc sells/vbz his/pp$ phony/jj machines/nns for/in $5/nns to/in $10,000/nns --/-- anything/pn the/at traffic/nn will/md bear/vb ./.
He/pps may/md call/vb himself/ppl a/at anaprapath/nn ,/, a/at physiotherapist/nn ,/, an/at electrotherapist/nn ,/, a/at naturopath/nn ,/, a/at sanipractor/nn ,/, a/at medical/jj cultist/nn ,/, a/at masseur/nn ,/, a/at ``/`` doctor/nn ''/'' --/-- or/cc what/wdt have/hv you/ppss ./.
Not/* only/rb do/do these/dts quacks/nns assume/vb impressive/jj titles/nns ,/, but/cc represent/vb themselves/ppls as/cs being/beg associated/vbn with/in various/jj scientific/jj or/cc impressive/jj foundations/nns --/-- foundations/nns which/wdt often/rb have/hv little/ql more/ap than/cs a/at letterhead/nn existence/nn ./.


	The/at medical/jj device/nn pirate/nn of/in today/nr ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez a/at far/ql more/ql sophisticated/jj operator/nn than/cs his/pp$ predecessor/nn of/in yesteryear/nn --/-- the/at gallus-snapping/jj hawker/nn of/in snake/nn oil/nn and/cc other/ap patent/nn medicines/nns ./.
His/pp$ plunder/nn is/bez therefore/rb far/ql higher/jjr --/-- running/vbg into/in hundreds/nns of/in millions/nns ./.


	According/in to/in the/at Food/nn-tl And/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl (/( FDA/np )/) ,/, ``/`` Doctor/nn-tl ''/'' Ghadiali/np ,/, Dr./nn-tl Albert/np Abrams/np and/cc his/pp$ clique/nn ,/, and/cc Dr./nn-tl Wilhelm/np Reich/np --/-- to/to name/vb three/cd notorious/jj device/nn quacks/nns --/-- succeeded/vbd ,/, respectively/rb ,/, in/in distributing/vbg 10,000/cd ,/, 5000/cd ,/, and/cc 2000/cd fake/jj health/nn machines/nns ./.


	Authorities/nns believe/vb that/cs many/ap of/in the/at Doctor/nn-tl Frauds/nns-tl using/vbg these/dts false/jj health/nn gadgets/nns are/ber still/rb in/in business/nn ./.
Look/vb at/in the/at sums/nns paid/vbn by/in two/cd device/nn quack/nn victims/nns in/in Cleveland/np ./.
Sarah/np Gross/np ,/, a/at dress/nn shop/nn proprietor/nn ,/, paid/vbd $1020/nns to/in a/at masseur/nn ,/, and/cc Mr./np A./np ,/, a/at laborer/nn ,/, paid/vbd $4200/nns to/in a/at chiropractor/nn for/in treatment/nn with/in two/cd fake/jj health/nn machines/nns --/-- the/at ``/`` radioclast/nn ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` diagnometer/nn ''/'' ./.
Multiply/vb these/dts figures/nns by/in the/at millions/nns of/in people/nns known/vbn to/to be/be conned/vbn by/in medical/jj pirates/nns annually/rb ./.
You/ppss will/md come/vb up/rp with/in a/at frightening/vbg total/nn ./.


	That's/dt+bez why/wrb the/at FDA/nn ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl (/( AMA/np )/) ,/, and/cc the/at National/jj-tl Better/jjr-tl Business/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl (/( BBB/np )/) have/hv estimated/vbn the/at toll/nn of/in mechanical/jj quackery/nn to/to be/be a/at substantial/jj portion/nn of/in the/at $610/nns million/cd or/cc so/rb paid/vbn to/in medical/jj charlatans/nns annually/rb ./.


	The/at Postmaster/nn-tl General/jj-tl recently/rb reported/vbd that/cs mail/nn order/nn frauds/nns --/-- among/in which/wdt fake/jj therapeutic/jj devices/nns figure/vb prominently/rb --/-- are/ber at/in the/at highest/jjt level/nn in/in history/nn ./.
Similarly/rb ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Cancer/nn-tl Society/nn-tl (/( ACS/np )/) ,/, the/at Arthritis/nn-tl and/cc-tl Rheumatism/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at BBB/nn have/hv each/dt stated/vbn lately/rb that/cs medical/jj quackery/nn is/bez at/in a/at new/jj high/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at BBB/nn has/hvz reported/vbn it/pps was/bedz receiving/vbg four/cd times/nns as/ql many/ap inquiries/nns about/in quack/nn devices/nns and/cc 10/cd times/nns as/ql many/ap complaints/nns compared/vbn with/in two/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.


	Authorities/nns hesitate/vb to/to quote/vb exact/jj figures/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, believing/vbg that/cs any/dti sum/nn they/ppss come/vb up/rp with/in is/bez only/rb a/at surface/nn manifestation/nn --/-- turned/vbn up/rp by/in their/pp$ inevitably/rb limited/vbn policing/nn --/-- of/in the/at real/jj loot/nn of/in the/at medical/jj racketeer/nn ./.
In/in this/dt sense/nn ,/, authorities/nns believe/vb that/cs all/abn estimates/nns of/in phony/jj device/nn quackery/nn are/ber conservative/jj ./.


	The/at economic/jj toll/nn that/wpo the/at device/nn quack/nn extracts/vbz is/bez important/jj ,/, of/in course/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez our/pp$ health/nn --/-- more/ql precious/jj than/cs all/abn the/at money/nn in/in the/at world/nn --/-- that/wpo these/dts modern/jj witch/nn doctors/nns with/in their/pp$ fake/jj therapeutic/jj gadgets/nns are/ber gambling/vbg away/rb ./.
By/in preying/vbg on/in the/at sick/jj ,/, by/in playing/vbg callously/rb on/in the/at hopes/nns of/in the/at desperate/jj ,/, by/in causing/vbg the/at sufferer/nn to/to delay/vb proper/jj medical/jj care/nn ,/, these/dts medical/jj ghouls/nns create/vb pain/nn and/cc misery/nn by/in their/pp$ very/ap activity/nn ./.


	Typically/rb ,/, Sarah/np Gross/np and/cc Mr./np A/np-tl both/abx lost/vbd more/ap than/cs their/pp$ money/nn as/cs the/at result/nn of/in their/pp$ experiences/nns with/in their/pp$ Cleveland/np quacks/nns ./.
Sarah/np Gross/np found/vbd that/cs the/at treatments/nns given/vbn her/ppo for/in a/at nervous/jj ailment/nn by/in the/at masseur/nn were/bed not/* helping/vbg her/ppo ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, she/pps consulted/vbd medical/jj authorities/nns and/cc learned/vbd that/cs the/at devices/nns her/pp$ quack/nn ``/`` doctor/nn ''/'' was/bedz using/vbg were/bed phony/jj ./.
She/pps suffered/vbd a/at nervous/jj breakdown/nn and/cc had/hvd to/to be/be institutionalized/vbn ./.


	Mr./np A./np ,/, her/pp$ fellow/nn townsman/nn ,/, also/rb experienced/vbd a/at nervous/jj breakdown/nn just/ql as/ql soon/rb as/cs he/pps discovered/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben bilked/vbn of/in his/pp$ life/nn savings/nns by/in the/at limited/vbn practitioner/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben treating/vbg his/pp$ wife/nn --/-- a/at woman/nn suffering/vbg from/in an/at incurable/jj disease/nn ,/, multiple/jj sclerosis/nn --/-- and/cc himself/ppl ./.
Mr./np A/np-tl has/hvz recovered/vbn ,/, but/cc he/pps is/bez ,/, justifiably/rb ,/, a/at bitter/jj man/nn ./.
``/`` That's/dt+bez a/at lot/nn of/in hard-earned/jj money/nn to/to lose/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz today/nr ./.
``/`` Neither/cc me/ppo nor/cc my/pp$ wife/nn were/bed helped/vbn by/in that/dt chiropractor's/nn$ treatments/nns ''/'' ./.


	And/cc there/ex was/bedz the/at case/nn of/in Tom/np Hepker/np ,/, a/at machinist/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz referred/vbn by/in a/at friend/nn to/in a/at health/nn machine/nn quack/nn who/wps treated/vbd him/ppo with/in a/at so-called/jj diagnostic/jj machine/nn for/in what/wdt Doctor/nn-tl Fraud/nn-tl said/vbd was/bedz a/at system/nn full/jj of/in arsenic/nn and/cc strychnine/nn ./.
After/cs his/pp$ pains/nns got/vbd worse/jjr ,/, Tom/np decided/vbd to/to see/vb a/at real/jj doctor/nn ,/, from/in whom/wpo he/pps learned/vbd he/pps was/bedz suffering/vbg from/in cancer/nn of/in the/at lung/nn ./.
Yes/rb ,/, Tom/np caught/vbd it/ppo in/in time/nn to/to stay/vb alive/jj ./.
But/cc he's/pps+bez a/at welfare/nn case/nn now/rb --/-- a/at human/jj wreck/nn --/-- thanks/nns to/in this/dt modern/jj witch/nn doctor/nn ./.


	But/cc the/at machine/nn quack/nn can/md cause/vb far/ql more/ap than/cs just/rb suffering/vbg ./.
In/in such/jj diseases/nns as/cs cancer/nn ,/, tuberculosis/nn ,/, and/cc heart/nn disease/nn ,/, early/jj diagnosis/nn and/cc treatment/nn are/ber so/ql vital/jj that/cs the/at waste/nn of/in time/nn by/in the/at patient/nn with/in Doctor/nn-tl Fraud's/np$ cure-all/nn gadget/nn can/md prove/vb fatal/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, the/at diabetic/jj patient/nn who/wps relies/vbz on/in cure/nn by/in the/at quack/nn device/nn and/cc therefore/rb cuts/vbz off/rp his/pp$ insulin/nn intake/nn can/md be/be committing/vbg suicide/nn ./.
For/in instance/nn :/: 

	In/in Chicago/np ,/, some/dti time/nn ago/rb ,/, Mr./np H./np ,/, age/nn 27/cd ,/, a/at diabetic/jj since/cs he/pps was/bedz six/cd ,/, stopped/vbd using/vbg insulin/nn because/cs he/pps had/hvd bought/vbn a/at ``/`` magic/jj spike/nn ''/'' --/-- a/at glass/nn tube/nn about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at pencil/nn filled/vbn with/in barium/nn chloride/nn worth/jj a/at small/jj fraction/nn of/in a/at cent/nn --/-- sold/vbn by/in the/at Vrilium/np-tl Company/nn-tl of/in Chicago/np for/in $306/nns as/cs a/at cure-all/nn ./.
``/`` Hang/vb this/dt around/in your/pp$ neck/nn or/cc attach/vb it/ppo to/in other/ap parts/nns of/in your/pp$ anatomy/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ rays/nns will/md cure/vb any/dti disease/nn you/ppss have/hv ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at company/nn ./.
Mr./np H./np is/bez dead/jj today/nr because/cs he/pps followed/vbd this/dt advice/nn ./.


	Doris/np Hull/np ,/, suffering/vbg from/in tuberculosis/nn ,/, was/bedz taken/vbn by/in her/pp$ husband/nn to/to see/vb Otis/np G./np Carroll/np ,/, a/at sanipractor/nn --/-- a/at licensed/vbn drugless/jj healer/nn --/-- in/in Spokane/np ./.
Carroll/np diagnosed/vbd Mrs./np Hull/np by/in taking/vbg a/at drop/nn of/in blood/nn from/in her/pp$ ear/nn and/cc putting/vbg it/ppo on/in his/pp$ ``/`` radionic/jj ''/'' machine/nn and/cc twirling/vbg some/dti knobs/nns (/( fee/nn $50/cd )/) ./.


	His/pp$ prescription/nn :/: hot/jj and/cc cold/jj compresses/nns to/to increase/vb her/pp$ absorption/nn of/in water/nn ./.
Although/cs she/pps weighed/vbd only/rb 108/cd pounds/nns when/wrb she/pps visited/vbd him/ppo ,/, Carroll/np permitted/vbd her/ppo to/to go/vb on/in a/at 10-day/jj fast/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps took/vbd nothing/pn but/in water/nn ./.
Inevitably/rb ,/, Mrs./np Hull/np died/vbd of/in starvation/nn and/cc tuberculosis/nn ,/, weighing/vbg 60/cd pounds/nns ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn and/cc child/nn contracted/vbd T.B./np from/in her/ppo ./.
(/( Small/jj wonder/nn a/at Spokane/np jury/nn awarded/vbd the/at husband/nn $35,823/nns for/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ death/nn ./.
)/) 

	In/in California/np ,/, a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, a/at ghoul/nn by/in the/at name/nn of/in H./np F./np Bell/np sold/vbd electric/jj blankets/nns as/cs a/at cure/nn for/in cancer/nn ./.
He/pps did/dod this/dt by/in the/at charming/jj practice/nn of/in buying/vbg up/rp used/vbn electric/jj blankets/nns for/in $5/nns to/in $10/nns from/in survivors/nns of/in patients/nns who/wps had/hvd died/vbn ,/, reconditioning/vbg them/ppo ,/, and/cc selling/vbg them/ppo at/in $185/nns each/dt ./.
When/wrb authorities/nns convicted/vbd him/ppo of/in practicing/vbg medicine/nn without/in a/at license/nn (/( he/pps got/vbd off/rp with/in a/at suspended/vbn sentence/nn of/in three/cd years/nns because/rb of/in his/pp$ advanced/vbn age/nn of/in 77/cd )/) ,/, one/cd of/in his/pp$ victims/nns was/bedz not/* around/rb to/to testify/vb :/: He/pps was/bedz dead/jj of/in cancer/nn ./.


	By/in no/at means/nns are/ber these/dts isolated/vbn cases/nns ./.
``/`` Unfortunately/rb ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Chief/jjs-tl Postal/jj-tl Inspector/nn-tl David/np H./np Stephens/np ,/, who/wps has/hvz prosecuted/vbn many/ap device/nn quacks/nns ,/, ``/`` the/at ghouls/nns who/wps trade/vb on/in the/at hopes/nns of/in the/at desperately/ql ill/jj often/rb cannot/md* be/be successfully/rb prosecuted/vbn because/cs the/at patients/nns who/wps are/ber the/at chief/jjs witnesses/nns die/vb before/cs the/at case/nn is/bez called/vbn up/rp in/in court/nn ''/'' ./.




Death/nn !/. !/.
Have/hv no/at doubt/nn about/in it/ppo ./.
That's/dt+bez where/wrb device/nn quackery/nn can/md lead/vb ./.
The/at evidence/nn shows/vbz that/cs fake/jj therapeutic/jj machines/nns ,/, substituted/vbn for/in valid/jj medical/jj cures/nns ,/, have/hv hastened/vbn the/at deaths/nns of/in thousands/nns ./.


	Who/wps are/ber the/at victims/nns of/in the/at device/nn quacks/nns ?/. ?/.
Authorities/nns say/vb that/cs oldsters/nns are/ber a/at prime/jj target/nn ./.
Says/vbz Wallace/np F./np Jannsen/np ,/, director/nn of/in the/at FDA's/nn Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Information/nn-tl :/: ``/`` Quacks/nns are/ber apt/jj to/to direct/vb their/pp$ appeal/nn directly/rb to/in older/jjr people/nns ,/, or/cc to/in sufferers/nns from/in chronic/jj ailments/nns such/jj as/cs arthritis/nn ,/, rheumatism/nn ,/, diabetes/nn ,/, and/cc cancer/nn ./.
People/nns who/wps have/hv not/* been/ben able/jj to/to get/vb relief/nn from/in regular/jj medical/jj doctors/nns are/ber especially/rb apt/jj to/to be/be taken/vbn in/rp by/in quacks/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at victims/nns of/in the/at quacks/nns are/ber frequently/rb poor/jj people/nns ,/, like/cs Mr./np A./np ,/, who/wps scrape/vb up/rp their/pp$ life/nn savings/nns to/to offer/vb as/cs a/at sacrifice/nn to/in Doctor/nn-tl Fraud's/np$ avarice/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber often/rb ignorant/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs underprivileged/jj ./.



	Ten-year-old/jj Richard/np Stewart/np had/hvd been/ben irritable/jj and/cc quarrelsome/jj for/in almost/rb a/at year/nn ./.
His/pp$ grades/nns had/hvd gone/vbn steadily/rb downhill/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd stopped/vbn bringing/vbg friends/nns and/cc classmates/nns home/nr from/in school/nn ./.


	Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np Stewart/np were/bed puzzled/vbn and/cc concerned/vbn ./.
Then/rb one/cd day/nn Dick's/np$ classmate/nn Jimmy/np ,/, from/in next/ap door/nn ,/, let/vb the/at cat/nn out/in of/in the/at bag/nn ./.
The/at youngsters/nns in/in the/at boys'/nns$ class/nn had/hvd nicknamed/vbn Dick/np ``/`` Bugs/np Bunny/np ''/'' because/cs his/pp$ teeth/nns protruded/vbd ./.


	When/wrb Richard's/np$ parents/nns told/vbd him/ppo they/ppss wanted/vbd to/to take/vb him/ppo to/in an/at orthodontist/nn --/-- a/at dentist/nn who/wps specializes/vbz in/in realigning/vbg teeth/nns and/cc jaws/nns --/-- their/pp$ young/jj son/nn was/bedz interested/vbn ./.
During/in the/at year/nn that/wps followed/vbd ,/, Dick/np co-operated/vbd whole-heartedly/rb with/in the/at dentist/nn and/cc was/bedz delighted/vbn with/in the/at final/jj result/nn achieved/vbn --/-- an/at upper/jj row/nn of/in strong/jj straight/jj teeth/nns that/wps completely/rb changed/vbd his/pp$ facial/jj appearance/nn ./.


	Richard/np Stewart/np is/bez no/at special/jj case/nn ./.
``/`` The/at majority/nn of/in children/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl could/md benefit/vb by/in some/dti form/nn of/in orthodontic/jj treatment/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Allan/np G./np Brodie/np ,/, professor/nn and/cc head/nn of/in the/at department/nn of/in orthodontics/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Illinois/np-tl and/cc a/at nationally/rb recognized/vbn authority/nn in/in his/pp$ field/nn ./.


	What/wdt do/do parents/nns need/vb to/to know/vb about/in those/dts ``/`` years/nns of/in the/at braces/nns ''/'' in/in order/nn not/* to/to waste/vb a/at child's/nn$ time/nn and/cc their/pp$ money/nn ?/. ?/.
How/wrb can/md they/ppss tell/vb whether/cs a/at child/nn needs/vbz orthodontic/jj treatment/nn ?/. ?/.
Why/wrb and/cc when/wrb should/md tooth-straightening/nn be/be undertaken/vbn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez it/pps likely/jj to/to cost/vb ?/. ?/.



Tooth/nn-hl fit/nn-hl explained/vbn-hl 
occlusion/nn is/bez the/at dentist's/nn$ expression/nn for/in the/at way/nn teeth/nns fit/vb together/rb when/wrb the/at jaws/nns are/ber closed/vbn ./.
Malocclusion/nn ,/, or/cc a/at bad/jj fit/nn ,/, is/bez what/wdt parents/nns need/vb to/to look/vb out/rp for/in ./.
One/cd main/jjs type/nn of/in malocclusion/nn is/bez characterized/vbn by/in a/at receding/vbg chin/nn and/cc protruding/vbg upper/jj front/jj teeth/nns ./.
A/at chin/nn too/ql prominent/jj in/in relation/nn to/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at face/nn ,/, a/at thrusting/nn forward/rb of/in the/at lower/jjr front/jj teeth/nns ,/, an/at overdeveloped/vbn lower/jjr jawbone/nn ,/, and/cc an/at underdeveloped/jj upper/jj jaw/nn indicate/vb the/at opposite/jj type/nn of/in malocclusion/nn ./.


	These/dts two/cd basic/jj malformations/nns have/hv ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, many/ap variations/nns ./.
A/at child/nn probably/rb requires/vbz some/dti form/nn of/in treatment/nn if/cs he/pps has/hvz any/dti of/in the/at following/vbg conditions/nns :/: 
A/at noticeable/jj protrusion/nn of/in the/at upper/jj or/cc lower/jjr jaw/nn ./.

Crooked/jj ,/, overlapping/vbg ,/, twisted/vbn ,/, or/cc widely/rb spaced/vbn teeth/nns ./.

Front/jj teeth/nns not/* meeting/vbg when/wrb the/at back/jj teeth/nns close/vb ./.

Upper/jj teeth/nns completely/rb covering/vbg the/at lowers/nns when/wrb the/at back/jj teeth/nns close/vb ./.

The/at eyeteeth/nns (/( third/od from/in the/at middle/nn on/in top/nn ,/, counting/vbg each/dt front/jj tooth/nn as/cs the/at first/od )/) beginning/vbg to/to protrude/vb like/cs fangs/nns ./.

Second/od teeth/nns that/wps have/hv come/vbn in/rp before/cs the/at first/od ones/nns have/hv fallen/vbn out/rp ,/, making/vbg a/at double/jj row/nn ./.


	Contrary/jj to/in the/at thinking/nn of/in 30/cd to/in 40/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, when/wrb all/abn malocclusion/nn was/bedz blamed/vbn on/in some/dti unfortunate/jj habit/nn ,/, recent/jj studies/nns show/vb that/cs most/ap tooth/nn irregularity/nn has/hvz at/in least/ap its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in hereditary/jj predisposition/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, this/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs a/at child's/nn$ teeth/nns or/cc jaws/nns must/md necessarily/rb resemble/vb those/dts of/in someone/pn in/in his/pp$ family/nn ./.


	Tooth/nn deformity/nn may/md be/be the/at result/nn of/in excessive/jj thumb-/nn or/cc finger-sucking/nn ,/, tongue-thrusting/nn ,/, or/cc lip-sucking/nn --/-- but/cc it's/pps+bez important/jj to/to remember/vb that/cs there's/ex+bez a/at difference/nn between/in normal/jj and/cc excessive/jj sucking/vbg habits/nns ./.
It's/pps+bez perfectly/ql normal/jj for/in babies/nns to/to suck/vb their/pp$ thumbs/nns ,/, and/cc no/at mother/nn need/md worry/vb if/cs a/at child/nn continues/vbz this/dt habit/nn until/cs he/pps is/bez two/cd or/cc three/cd years/nns old/jj ./.
Occasional/jj sucking/vbg up/in to/in the/at fifth/od year/nn may/md not/* affect/vb a/at youngster's/nn$ teeth/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc after/in that/dt ,/, if/cs thumb-sucking/nn pressure/nn is/bez frequent/jj ,/, it/pps will/md have/hv an/at effect/nn ./.


	Malocclusion/nn can/md also/rb result/vb if/cs baby/nn teeth/nns are/ber lost/vbn too/ql soon/rb or/cc retained/vbn too/ql long/rb ./.
If/cs a/at child/nn loses/vbz a/at molar/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in two/cd ,/, the/at adjoining/vbg teeth/nns may/md shift/vb toward/in the/at empty/jj space/nn ,/, thus/rb narrowing/vbg the/at place/nn intended/vbn for/in the/at permanent/jj ones/nns and/cc producing/vbg a/at jumble/nn ./.
If/cs baby/nn teeth/nns are/ber retained/vbn too/ql long/rb ,/, the/at incoming/jj second/od teeth/nns may/md be/be prevented/vbn from/in emerging/vbg at/in the/at normal/jj time/nn or/cc may/md have/hv to/to erupt/vb in/in the/at wrong/jj place/nn ./.



Correction/nn-hl can/md-hl save/vb-hl teeth/nns-hl 
every/at orthodontist/nn sees/vbz children/nns who/wps are/ber embarrassed/vbn by/in their/pp$ malformed/jj teeth/nns ./.
Some/dti such/jj youngsters/nns rarely/rb smile/vb ,/, or/cc they/ppss try/vb to/to speak/vb with/in the/at mouth/nn closed/vbn ./.
In/in certain/jj cases/nns ,/, as/cs in/in Dick/np Stewart's/np$ ,/, a/at child's/nn$ personality/nn is/bez affected/vbn ./.
Yet/cc from/in the/at dentist's/nn$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, bad-fitting/jj teeth/nns should/md be/be corrected/vbn for/in physical/jj reasons/nns ./.


	Bad/jj alignment/nn may/md result/vb in/in early/jj loss/nn of/in teeth/nns through/in a/at breakdown/nn of/in the/at bony/jj structure/nn that/wps supports/vbz their/pp$ roots/nns ./.
This/dt serious/jj condition/nn ,/, popularly/rb known/vbn as/cs pyorrhea/nn ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at chief/jjs causes/nns of/in tooth/nn loss/nn in/in adults/nns ./.


	Then/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, misplaced/vbn or/cc jammed-together/jj teeth/nns are/ber prone/jj to/in trapping/vbg food/nn particles/nns ,/, increasing/vbg the/at likelihood/nn of/in rapid/jj decay/nn ./.
``/`` For/in these/dts and/cc other/ap reasons/nns ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ,/, ``/`` orthodontics/nn can/md prolong/vb the/at life/nn of/in teeth/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at failure/nn of/in teeth/nns to/to fit/vb together/rb when/wrb closed/vbn interferes/vbz with/in normal/jj chewing/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs a/at child/nn may/md swallow/vb food/nn whole/jj and/cc put/vb a/at burden/nn on/in his/pp$ digestive/jj system/nn ./.
Because/rb of/in these/dts chewing/vbg troubles/nns ,/, a/at child/nn may/md avoid/vb certain/jj foods/nns he/pps needs/vbz for/in adequate/jj nutrition/nn ./.
Badly/rb placed/vbn teeth/nns can/md also/rb cause/vb such/abl a/at speech/nn handicap/nn as/cs lisping/vbg ./.



The/at-hl when/wrb-hl and/cc-hl how/wrb-hl of/in-hl straightening/vbg-hl 
``/`` most/ap orthodontic/jj work/nn is/bez done/vbn on/in children/nns between/in the/at ages/nns of/in 10/cd and/cc 14/cd ,/, though/cs there/ex have/hv been/ben patients/nns as/ql young/jj as/cs two/cd and/cc as/ql old/jj as/cs 55/cd ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./.


	In/in the/at period/nn from/in 10/cd to/in 14/cd the/at permanent/jj set/nn of/in teeth/nns is/bez usually/rb completed/vbn ,/, yet/cc the/at continuing/vbg growth/nn of/in bony/jj tissue/nn makes/vbz moving/vbg badly/rb placed/vbn teeth/nns comparatively/ql easy/rb ./.
Orthodontic/jj work/nn is/bez possible/jj because/cs teeth/nns are/ber held/vbn firmly/rb but/cc not/* rigidly/rb ,/, by/in a/at system/nn of/in peridontal/jj membrane/nn with/in an/at involved/vbn nerve/nn network/nn ,/, to/in the/at bone/nn in/in the/at jaw/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber not/* anchored/vbn directly/rb to/in the/at bone/nn ./.
Abnormal/jj pressure/nn ,/, applied/vbn over/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, produces/vbz a/at change/nn in/in the/at bony/jj deposit/nn ,/, so/rb a/at tooth/nn functions/vbz normally/rb in/in the/at new/jj position/nn into/in which/wdt it/pps has/hvz been/ben guided/vbn ./.


	What/wdt can/md 10-year-old/jj Susan/np expect/vb when/wrb she/pps enters/vbz the/at orthodontist's/nn$ office/nn ?/. ?/.
On/in her/pp$ first/od visit/nn the/at orthodontist/nn will/md take/vb x-rays/nns ,/, photographs/nns ,/, tooth/nn measurements/nns ,/, and/cc ``/`` tooth/nn prints/nns ''/'' --/-- an/at impression/nn of/in the/at mouth/nn that/wps permits/vbz him/ppo to/to study/vb her/pp$ teeth/nns and/cc jaws/nns ./.


	If/cs he/pps decides/vbz to/to proceed/vb ,/, he/pps will/md custom-make/vb for/in Susie/np an/at appliance/nn consisting/in of/in bands/nns ,/, plastic/nn plates/nns ,/, fine/jj wires/nns ,/, and/cc tiny/jj springs/nns ./.
This/dt appliance/nn will/md exert/vb a/at gentle/jj and/cc continuous/jj or/cc intermittent/jj pressure/nn on/in the/at bone/nn ./.
As/cs the/at tooth/nn moves/vbz ,/, bone/nn cells/nns on/in the/at pressure/nn side/nn of/in it/ppo will/md dissolve/vb ,/, and/cc new/jj ones/nns will/md form/vb on/in the/at side/nn from/in which/wdt the/at tooth/nn has/hvz moved/vbn ./.
This/dt must/md be/be done/vbn at/in the/at rate/nn at/in which/wdt new/jj bony/jj tissue/nn grows/vbz ,/, and/cc no/ql faster/rbr ./.


	``/`` If/cs teeth/nns are/ber moved/vbn too/ql rapidly/rb ,/, serious/jj injury/nn can/md be/be done/vbn to/in their/pp$ roots/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in the/at surrounding/vbg bone/nn holding/vbg them/ppo in/in place/nn ''/'' ,/, explains/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./.
``/`` Moving/vbg one/cd or/cc two/cd teeth/nns can/md affect/vb the/at whole/jj system/nn ,/, and/cc an/at ill-conceived/jj plan/nn of/in treatment/nn can/md disrupt/vb the/at growth/nn pattern/nn of/in a/at child's/nn$ face/nn ''/'' ./.


	During/in the/at first/od few/ap days/nns of/in wearing/vbg the/at appliance/nn and/cc immediately/rb following/vbg each/dt adjustment/nn ,/, Susan/np may/md have/hv a/at slight/jj discomfort/nn or/cc soreness/nn ,/, but/cc after/in a/at short/jj time/nn this/dt will/md disappear/vb ./.
Parents/nns are/ber often/rb concerned/vbn that/cs orthodontic/jj appliances/nns may/md cause/vb teeth/nns to/to decay/vb ./.
When/wrb in/in place/nn ,/, a/at well-cemented/jj band/nn actually/rb protects/vbz the/at part/nn of/in the/at tooth/nn that/wps is/bez covered/vbn ./.


	Next/rb Susie/np will/md enter/vb the/at treatment/nn stage/nn and/cc visit/vb the/at orthodontist/nn once/rb or/cc twice/rb a/at month/nn ,/, depending/in on/in the/at severity/nn of/in her/pp$ condition/nn ./.
During/in these/dts visits/nns the/at dentist/nn will/md adjust/vb the/at braces/nns to/to increase/vb the/at pressure/nn on/in her/pp$ teeth/nns ./.


	Last/rb comes/vbz the/at retention/nn stage/nn ./.
Susie's/np$ teeth/nns have/hv now/rb been/ben guided/vbn into/in a/at desirable/jj new/jj position/nn ./.
But/cc because/cs teeth/nns sometimes/rb may/md drift/vb back/rb to/in their/pp$ original/jj position/nn ,/, a/at retaining/vbg appliance/nn is/bez used/vbn to/in lock/nn them/ppo in/in place/nn ./.
Usually/rb this/dt is/bez a/at thin/jj band/nn of/in wire/nn attached/vbn to/in the/at molars/nns and/cc stretching/vbg across/in the/at teeth/nns ./.
Susie/np may/md wear/vb this/dt only/rb at/in night/nn or/cc for/in a/at few/ap hours/nns during/in the/at day/nn ./.


	Then/rb comes/vbz the/at time/nn when/wrb the/at last/ap wire/nn is/bez removed/vbn and/cc Susie/np walks/vbz out/rp a/at healthier/jjr and/cc more/ql attractive/jj girl/nn than/cs when/wrb she/pps first/rb went/vbd to/in the/at orthodontist/nn ./.


	How/wql long/rb will/md this/dt take/nn ?/. ?/.
Straightening/vbg one/cd tooth/nn that/wps has/hvz come/vbn in/rp wrong/rb may/md take/vb only/rb a/at few/ap months/nns ./.
Aligning/vbg all/abn the/at teeth/nns may/md take/vb a/at year/nn or/cc more/ap ./.
An/at added/vbn complication/nn such/jj as/cs a/at malformed/jj jaw/nn may/md take/vb two/cd or/cc three/cd years/nns to/to correct/vb ./.



What/wdt-hl is/bez-hl the/at-hl cost/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

The/at charge/nn for/in a/at complete/jj full-banded/jj job/nn differs/vbz in/in various/jj parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ./.
Work/nn that/wps might/md cost/vb $500/nns to/in $750/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl could/md cost/vb $750/nns to/in $1,200/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl or/cc Chicago/np ./.
An/at average/jj national/jj figure/nn for/in two/cd to/in three/cd years/nns of/in treatment/nn would/md be/be $650/nns to/in $1,000/nns ./.


	``/`` Factors/nns in/in the/at cost/nn of/in treatment/nn are/ber the/at length/nn of/in time/nn involved/vbn and/cc the/at skill/nn and/cc education/nn of/in the/at practitioner/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./.


	To/to become/vb an/at orthodontist/nn ,/, a/at man/nn must/md first/rb be/be licensed/vbn by/in his/pp$ state/nn as/cs a/at dentist/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps must/md spend/vb at/in least/ap two/cd years/nns in/in additional/jj training/nn to/to acquire/vb a/at license/nn as/cs a/at specialist/nn ./.


	``/`` Costs/nns may/md seem/vb high/jj ,/, but/cc they/ppss used/vbd to/to be/be even/ql higher/jjr ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./.
``/`` Fees/nns are/ber about/rb half/abn to/in a/at third/od of/in what/wdt they/ppss were/bed 25/cd years/nns ago/rb ''/'' ./.


	The/at reason/nn ?/. ?/.
People/nns today/nr are/ber aware/jj of/in the/at value/nn of/in orthodontics/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at result/nn there/ex are/ber more/ap practitioners/nns in/in the/at field/nn ./.


	Most/ap orthodontists/nns require/vb an/at initial/jj payment/nn to/to cover/vb the/at cost/nn of/in diagnostic/jj materials/nns and/cc construction/nn of/in the/at appliances/nns ,/, but/cc usually/rb the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at cost/nn may/md be/be spread/vbn over/in a/at period/nn of/in months/nns or/cc years/nns ./.
In/in many/ap cities/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl clinics/nns associated/vbn with/in dental/jj schools/nns will/md take/vb patients/nns at/in a/at nominal/jj fee/nn ./.
Some/dti municipal/jj agencies/nns will/md pay/vb for/in orthodontic/jj treatment/nn for/in children/nns of/in needy/jj parents/nns ./.



Research/nn-hl helps/vbz-hl families/nns-hl 
growth/nn studies/nns have/hv been/ben carried/vbn on/rp consistently/rb by/in orthodontists/nns ./.
Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np has/hvz 30-year/jj records/nns of/in head/nn growth/nn ,/, started/vbn 20/cd minutes/nns after/in children's/nns$ births/nns ./.


	``/`` In/in the/at past/nn anyone/pn who/wps said/vbd that/cs 90%/nn of/in all/abn malocclusion/nn is/bez hereditary/jj was/bedz scoffed/vbn at/in ;/. ;/.
now/rb we/ppss know/vb that/cs family/nn characteristics/nns do/do affect/vb tooth/nn formation/nn to/in a/at large/jj extent/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ./.
``/`` Fortunately/rb through/in our/pp$ growth/nn studies/nns we/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to see/vb what/wdt nature/nn does/doz ,/, and/cc that/dt helps/vbz us/ppo know/vb what/wdt we/ppss can/md do/do ''/'' ./.


	This/dt knowledge/nn both/abx modifies/vbz and/cc dictates/vbz diagnosis/nn and/cc treatment/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, a/at boy/nn may/md inherit/vb a/at small/jj jaw/nn from/in one/cd ancestor/nn and/cc large/jj teeth/nns from/in another/dt ./.
In/in the/at past/nn an/at orthodontist/nn might/md have/hv tried/vbn ,/, over/in four/cd or/cc five/cd years/nns ,/, to/to straighten/vb and/cc fit/vb the/at boy's/nn$ large/jj teeth/nns into/in a/at jaw/nn that/wps ,/, despite/in some/dti growth/nn ,/, would/md never/rb accommodate/vb them/ppo ./.
Now/rb a/at dentist/nn can/md recommend/vb extraction/nn immediately/rb ./.


	In/in other/ap cases/nns ,/, in/in view/nn of/in present-day/jj knowledge/nn of/in head/nn growth/nn ,/, orthodontists/nns will/md recommend/vb waiting/vbg four/cd or/cc five/cd years/nns before/in treatment/nn ./.
The/at child/nn is/bez kept/vbn on/in call/nn ,/, and/cc the/at orthodontist/nn watches/vbz the/at growth/nn ./.
``/`` Nature/nn often/rb takes/vbz care/nn of/in the/at problem/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./.
``/`` A/at child/nn with/in a/at certain/jj type/nn of/in head/nn and/cc teeth/nns will/md outgrow/vb tooth/nn deformity/nn ''/'' ./.


	That/dt is/bez why/wrb Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np asks/vbz parents/nns not/* to/to insist/vb ,/, against/in their/pp$ dentist's/nn$ advice/nn ,/, that/cs their/pp$ child/nn have/hv orthodontic/jj work/nn done/vbn too/ql early/rb ./.
``/`` Both/abx because/rb of/in our/pp$ culture's/nn$ stress/nn on/in beauty/nn and/cc our/pp$ improved/vbn economic/jj conditions/nns ,/, some/dti parents/nns demand/vb that/cs the/at dentist/nn try/nn to/to correct/vb a/at problem/nn before/cs it/pps is/bez wise/jj to/to do/do so/rb ./.
Let/vb the/at orthodontist/nn decide/vb the/at proper/jj time/nn to/to start/vb treatment/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps urges/vbz ./.


	Superior/jj new/jj material/nn for/in orthodontic/jj work/nn is/bez another/dt result/nn of/in research/nn ./.
Plastics/nns are/ber easier/jjr to/to handle/vb than/cs the/at vulcanized/vbn rubber/nn formerly/rb used/vbn ,/, and/cc they/ppss save/vb time/nn and/cc money/nn ./.
Plaster/nn of/in Paris/np ,/, once/rb utilized/vbn in/in making/vbg impressions/nns of/in teeth/nns ,/, has/hvz been/ben replaced/vbn by/in alginates/nns (/( gelatin-like/jj material/nn )/) that/wps work/vb quickly/rb and/cc accurately/rb and/cc with/in least/ap discomfort/nn to/in a/at child/nn ./.



Prevention/nn-hl is/bez-hl best/jjt-hl 
as/cs a/at rule/nn ,/, the/at earlier/jjr general/jj dental/jj treatment/nn is/bez started/vbn ,/, the/at less/ql expensive/jj and/cc more/ql satisfactory/jj it/pps is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be ./.


	``/`` After/cs your/pp$ child's/nn$ baby/nn teeth/nns are/ber all/abn in/rp --/-- usually/rb at/in the/at age/nn of/in two/cd and/cc one/cd half/abn to/in three/cd --/-- it's/pps+bez time/nn for/in that/dt first/od dental/jj appointment/nn ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np advises/vbz ./.
``/`` Then/rb see/vb that/cs your/pp$ youngster/nn has/hvz a/at routine/jj checkup/nn once/rb a/at year/nn ''/'' ./.


	To/to help/vb prevent/vb orthodontic/jj problems/nns from/in arising/vbg ,/, your/pp$ dentist/nn can/md do/do these/dts things/nns :/: 
He/pps can/md correct/vb decay/nn ,/, thus/rb preventing/vbg early/jj loss/nn of/in teeth/nns ./.
If/cs a/at child/nn does/doz lose/vb his/pp$ first/od teeth/nns prematurely/rb because/rb of/in decay/nn --/-- and/cc if/cs no/at preventive/jj steps/nns are/ber taken/vbn --/-- the/at other/ap teeth/nns may/md shift/vb out/in of/in position/nn ,/, become/vb overcrowded/vbn and/cc malformed/jj ./.
In/in turn/nn the/at other/ap teeth/nns are/ber likely/jj to/to decay/vb because/cs food/nn particles/nns may/md become/vb impacted/vbn in/in them/ppo ./.

From/in time/nn to/in time/nn the/at medium/nn mentions/vbz other/ap people/nns ``/`` around/in him/ppo ''/'' ,/, who/wps were/bed ``/`` on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc reports/vbz what/wdt they/ppss are/ber saying/vbg ./.
After/in a/at while/nn there/ex come/vb initials/nns and/cc names/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez interested/vbn to/to hear/vb some/dti rather/ql unusual/jj family/nn nicknames/nns ./.
As/cs the/at hour/nn progresses/vbz ,/, the/at sensitive/jj seems/vbz to/to probe/vb more/ql deeply/rb and/cc to/to make/vb more/ql personal/jj and/cc specific/jj statements/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber a/at few/ap prognoses/nns of/in coming/vbg events/nns ./.




Another/dt medium/nn ,/, another/dt sitter/nn ,/, would/md produce/vb a/at somewhat/ql different/jj content/nn ,/, but/cc in/in general/jj it/pps would/md probably/rb sound/vb much/rb like/cs the/at foregoing/vbg reading/nn ./.
Some/dti mediums/nns speak/vb in/in practical/jj ,/, down-to-earth/jj terms/nns ,/, while/cs others/nns may/md stress/vb the/at spiritual/jj ./.
Not/* all/abn ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, consider/vb themselves/ppls ``/`` mediums/nns ''/'' in/in the/at sense/nn of/in receiving/vbg messages/nns from/in the/at deceased/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, some/dti sensitives/nns rule/vb this/dt out/rp ,/, preferring/vbg to/to consider/vb their/pp$ expression/nn as/cs strictly/rb extra-sensory/jj perception/nn (/( ESP/np )/) ,/, on/in this/dt side/nn of/in the/at ``/`` veil/nn ''/'' ./.
However/wrb that/dt may/md be/be ,/, people/nns are/ber known/vbn to/to go/vb to/in mediums/nns for/in diverse/jj reasons/nns ./.
Perhaps/rb they/ppss are/ber mourning/vbg a/at recent/jj death/nn and/cc want/vb comfort/nn ,/, to/to feel/vb in/in touch/nn with/in the/at deceased/nn ,/, or/cc seek/vb indications/nns for/in future/jj plans/nns ./.
They/ppss may/md ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, be/be curiosity/nn seekers/nns --/-- or/cc they/ppss may/md just/rb be/be interested/vbn in/in the/at phenomenon/nn of/in mediumship/nn ./.


	The/at mediums/nns with/in whom/wpo the/at Parapsychology/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl is/bez working/vbg in/in this/dt experiment/nn are/ber in/in a/at waking/vbg or/cc only/rb slightly/ql dissociated/vbn state/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at sitter/nn can/md make/vb comments/nns ,/, ask/vb and/cc answer/vb questions/nns ,/, instead/rb of/in talking/vbg with/in a/at ``/`` control/nn ''/'' who/wps speaks/vbz through/in an/at entranced/vbn sensitive/jj ./.
What/wdt we/ppss have/hv here/rb is/bez in/in some/dti ways/nns more/rbr like/cs an/at ordinary/jj conversation/nn ./.


	But/cc it/pps is/bez not/* really/rb only/rb a/at conversation/nn ./.
Many/abn a/at sitter/nn (/( in/in a/at personal/jj sitting/nn )/) has/hvz been/ben amazed/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at medium/nn was/bedz describing/vbg very/ql vividly/rb his/pp$ state/nn of/in mind/nn ./.
He/pps himself/ppl might/md not/* have/hv been/ben really/ql aware/jj of/in his/pp$ own/jj mood/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps had/hvd been/ben latent/jj ,/, unspecified/jj ,/, semi-conscious/jj and/cc only/ql partly/ql realized/vbn --/-- until/cs she/pps described/vbd it/ppo to/in him/ppo !/. !/.
Most/ql striking/jj indeed/rb is/bez this/dt beyond-normal/jj ability/nn to/to put/vb a/at finger/nn on/in ``/`` pre-conscious/jj ''/'' moods/nns and/cc to/to clarify/vb them/ppo ./.


	However/rb ,/, in/in the/at next/ap visit/nn that/wpo the/at researcher/nn made/vbd to/in the/at medium/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* receive/vb a/at personal/jj reading/nn ./.
Instead/rb he/pps brought/vbd with/in him/ppo the/at names/nns of/in some/dti people/nns he/pps had/hvd never/rb met/vbn and/cc of/in whom/wpo the/at medium/nn knew/vbd nothing/pn ./.
For/cs this/dt was/bedz to/to be/be a/at ``/`` proxy/nn sitting/nn ''/'' ./.




As/cs was/bedz noted/vbn earlier/rbr ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj that/cs in/in valid/jj ,/, objective/jj study/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn of/in communication/nn ,/, the/at interested/vbn sitter/nn should/md be/be separated/vbn from/in the/at sensitive/jj ./.
Dr./nn-tl Karlis/np Osis/np ,/, Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Research/nn-tl at/in the/at Parapsychology/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl ,/, described/vbd the/at basis/nn for/in the/at experiment/nn in/in a/at tomorrow/nr article/nn ,/, (/( ``/`` New/jj-tl Research/nn-tl On/in-tl Survival/nn-tl After/in-tl Death/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Spring/nn-tl 1958/cd )/) ./.
He/pps remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` It/pps has/hvz been/ben clearly/rb established/vbn that/cs in/in a/at number/nn of/in instances/nns the/at message/nn did/dod not/* come/vb from/in a/at spirit/nn but/cc was/bedz received/vbn telepathically/rb by/in the/at medium/nn from/in the/at sitter/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at possibility/nn has/hvz to/to be/be ruled/vbn out/rp that/cs the/at medium's/nn$ ESP/nn may/md tap/vb the/at memory/nn of/in the/at sitter/nn ,/, and/cc to/to do/do this/dt ,/, the/at two/cd central/jj characters/nns in/in this/dt drama/nn must/md be/be separated/vbn ./.


	One/cd way/nn to/to do/do this/dt is/bez by/in ``/`` proxy/nn sittings/nns ''/'' ,/, wherein/wrb the/at person/nn seeking/vbg a/at message/nn does/doz not/* himself/ppl meet/vb with/in the/at medium/nn but/cc is/bez represented/vbn by/in a/at substitute/nn ,/, the/at proxy/nn sitter/nn ./.
If/cs the/at latter/ap knows/vbz nothing/pn about/in the/at absent/jj sitter/nn except/in his/pp$ name/nn (/( given/vbn by/in the/at experimenter/nn )/) ,/, he/pps cannot/md* possibly/rb give/vb any/dti clues/nns ,/, conscious/jj or/cc unconscious/jj ,/, far/ql less/rbr ask/vb leading/vbg questions/nns ./.
All/abn he/pps can/md do/do is/bez to/to be/be an/at objective/jj and/cc careful/jj questioner/nn ,/, seeking/vbg to/to help/vb the/at sensitive/jj in/in clarifying/vbg and/cc making/vbg more/ql specific/jj her/pp$ paranormal/jj impressions/nns ./.


	Sometimes/rb in/in these/dts experiments/nns ``/`` appointment/nn sittings/nns ''/'' are/ber used/vbn ./.
Here/rb the/at absent/jj sitter/nn makes/vbz a/at ``/`` date/nn ''/'' with/in a/at communicator/nn (/( someone/pn close/jj to/in him/ppo who/wps is/bez deceased/jj )/) ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo to/to ``/`` come/vb in/rp ''/'' at/in a/at certain/jj hour/nn ,/, when/wrb a/at channel/nn will/md be/be open/jj for/in him/ppo ./.
In/in this/dt case/nn the/at proxy/nn sitter/nn will/md know/vb only/rb the/at name/nn of/in the/at communicator/nn ,/, nothing/pn else/rb ./.
He/pps gives/vbz this/dt to/in the/at medium/nn at/in the/at appointed/vbn time/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reading/nn then/rb will/md be/be concerned/vbn with/in material/nn about/in or/cc messages/nns from/in the/at communicator/nn ./.
As/cs always/rb ,/, a/at tape/nn recording/nn or/cc detailed/vbn notes/nns are/ber made/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at typescript/nn of/in this/dt is/bez sent/vbn to/in the/at absent/jj sitter/nn ./.


	So/rb this/dt proxy/nn situation/nn has/hvz set/vbn up/rp at/in least/ap a/at partial/jj barrier/nn between/in the/at medium's/nn$ ESP/nn and/cc the/at absent/jj sitter's/nn$ mind/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez now/rb harder/jjr to/to assume/vb telepathy/nn as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in the/at statements/nns --/-- though/cs research/nn still/rb does/doz not/* know/vb how/wrb far/ql afield/rb ESP/nn can/md range/nn ./.




Now/rb the/at original/jj absent/jj sitter/nn must/md decide/vb whether/cs the/at statements/nns are/ber meaningful/jj to/in him/ppo ./.
Here/rb again/rb laboratory/nn approaches/nns are/ber being/beg evolved/vbn ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez recognized/vbn how/wql ``/`` elastic/jj ''/'' these/dts readings/nns can/md be/be ,/, how/wrb they/ppss can/md apply/vb to/in many/ap people/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber often/rb stated/vbn in/in general/jj terms/nns all/ql too/ql easily/rb applied/vbn to/in any/dti individual's/nn$ own/jj case/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss look/vb at/in a/at reading/nn meant/vbn for/in someone/pn else/rb ,/, you/ppss will/md probably/rb see/vb that/cs many/ap of/in the/at items/nns could/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs applicable/jj to/in you/ppo ,/, even/rb when/wrb you/ppss were/bed not/* in/in the/at picture/nn at/in all/abn !/. !/.
An/at interested/vbn sitter/nn may/md think/vb the/at sensitive/jj has/hvz made/vbn a/at ``/`` hit/nn ''/'' ,/, describing/vbg something/pn accurately/rb for/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc can/md he/pps really/rb be/be sure/jj that/cs another/dt sitter/nn ,/, hearing/vbg the/at same/ap statement/nn ,/, would/md not/* apply/vb it/ppo subjectively/rb to/in his/pp$ own/jj circumstances/nns ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, easy/jj to/to see/vb how/wrb ``/`` J/nn ''/'' will/md mean/vb Uncle/np Jack/np to/in one/cd person/nn and/cc little/jj Jane/np to/in another/dt ./.
``/`` A/at journey/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at little/jj white/jj house/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at change/nn of/in outlook/nn ''/'' ,/, can/md apply/vb to/in many/ap people/nns ./.
And/cc even/ql more/ql complex/jj items/nns can/md be/be interpreted/vbn to/to conform/vb to/in one's/pn$ own/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez by/in nature/nn so/ql personal/jj ./.
One/cd sitter/nn may/md think/vb ``/`` a/at leather/nn couch/nn ''/'' identifies/vbz a/at reading/nn as/cs surely/rb directed/vbn to/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
to/in another/dt ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs nobody/pn but/in his/pp$ father/nn ever/rb used/vbd the/at phrase/nn ,/, ``/`` Atta/uh boy/nn ''/'' !/. !/.


	To/to get/vb around/in this/dt quite/ql difficult/jj corner/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez one/cd first/od aid/nn to/in objectiveness/nn :/: prevent/vb the/at distant/jj sitter/nn from/in knowing/vbg which/wdt reading/nn was/bedz for/in him/ppo ./.
If/cs he/pps is/bez not/* told/vbn which/wdt of/in four/cd or/cc five/cd readings/nns was/bedz meant/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps can/md more/ql readily/rb assess/vb each/dt item/nn in/in a/at larger/jjr frame/nn :/: ``/`` Does/doz that/dt statement/nn really/rb sound/vb as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed for/in me/ppo ,/, significant/jj in/in my/pp$ particular/jj life/nn ?/. ?/.
Or/cc am/bem I/ppss taking/vbg something/pn that/wps could/md really/rb apply/vb to/in almost/rb anybody/pn ,/, and/cc forgetting/vbg that/cs many/ap other/ap people/nns probably/rb have/hv had/hvn a/at similar/jj experience/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Conversely/rb ,/, experimenters/nns would/md consider/vb as/cs impressive/jj such/jj statements/nns as/cs the/at following/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, if/cs they/ppss turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be hits/nns ,/, are/ber so/ql unusual/jj as/cs to/to be/be really/ql significant/jj :/: 

	``/`` He/pps had/hvd four/cd children/nns ,/, two/cd sets/nns of/in twins/nns ./.
After/cs being/beg a/at lawyer/nn for/in twenty-five/cd years/nns he/pps started/vbd studying/vbg for/in the/at ministry/nn ./.
Part/nn of/in his/pp$ house/nn had/hvd been/ben moved/vbn to/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at road/nn ./.
He/pps died/vbd of/in typhoid/nn in/in 1921/cd ''/'' ./.


	Methods/nns have/hv been/ben developed/vbn of/in assigning/vbg ``/`` weights/nns ''/'' to/in statements/nns ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, it/pps is/bez known/vbn empirically/rb that/cs names/nns beginning/vbg with/in R/nn are/ber more/ql common/jj than/cs those/dts beginning/vbg with/in Z/nn ;/. ;/.
that/ql fewer/ap women/nns are/ber named/vbn Miranda/np than/cs Elizabeth/np ;/. ;/.
that/cs in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl more/ap people/nns die/vb of/in heart/nn disease/nn than/cs of/in smallpox/nn ./.
So/rb each/dt reading/nn can/md be/be given/vbn a/at weight/nn and/cc each/dt reading/nn a/at score/nn by/in adding/vbg up/rp these/dts weights/nns ./.
Specific/jj dates/nns would/md be/be important/jj ,/, as/cs would/md double/jj names/nns ./.
Various/jj categories/nns have/hv been/ben explored/vbn to/to find/vb out/rp about/in these/dts ``/`` empirical/jj probabilities/nns ''/'' against/in which/wdt to/to measure/vb the/at readings/nns ./.




In/in the/at parapsychology/nn foundation's/nn$ long-range/nn experiment/nn ,/, readings/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in a/at variety/nn of/in sensitives/nns for/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in cooperating/vbg sitters/nns ,/, trying/vbg to/to throw/vb light/nn on/in this/dt question/nn of/in the/at significance/nn of/in mediumistic/jj statements/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez very/ql important/jj indeed/rb ,/, in/in the/at field/nn of/in extra-sensory/jj perception/nn and/cc its/pp$ relation/nn to/in the/at survival/nn hypothesis/nn ,/, to/to know/vb whether/cs the/at statements/nns are/ber actually/rb only/rb those/dts which/wdt any/dti intuitive/jj person/nn might/md venture/vb and/cc an/at eager/jj sitter/nn attach/vb to/in himself/ppl ./.
Or/cc ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, are/ber unlikely/jj facts/nns being/beg stated/vbn ,/, facts/nns which/wdt are/ber in/in themselves/ppls significant/jj and/cc not/* easily/rb applicable/jj to/in everybody/pn ?/. ?/.
That/dt is/bez one/cd thing/nn the/at experiments/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to find/vb out/rp ./.


	So/rb ,/, after/cs the/at sitting/nn has/hvz been/ben held/vbn ,/, several/ap readings/nns at/in one/cd time/nn are/ber mailed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at distant/jj sitter/nn (/( whose/wp$ name/nn or/cc whose/wp$ communicator's/nn$ name/nn was/bedz given/vbn to/in the/at medium/nn )/) must/md mark/vb each/dt little/jj item/nn as/cs Correct/jj-tl (/( Hit/nn-tl )/) ,/, Incorrect/jj-tl (/( Miss/nn-tl )/) ,/, Doubtful/jj-tl ,/, or/cc Especially/ql-tl Significant/jj-tl (/( applying/vbg to/in him/ppo and/cc ,/, he/pps feels/vbz ,/, not/* to/in anyone/pn else/rb )/) ./.
He/pps is/bez required/vbn to/to mark/vb every/at item/nn and/cc to/to indicate/vb which/wdt reading/vbg he/pps feels/vbz is/bez actually/rb his/pp$$ ./.
All/ql these/dts evaluations/nns are/ber then/rb totted/vbn up/rp and/cc tabulated/vbn ,/, by/in adding/vbg up/rp the/at Hits/nns-tl and/cc Significants/nns-tl ,/, with/in the/at weight/nn placed/vbn on/in those/dts in/in the/at sitter's/nn$ own/jj reading/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, if/cs he/pps marks/vbz as/cs most/ql correct/jj a/at reading/nn not/* meant/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, the/at total/nn experimental/jj score/nn falls/vbz ./.


	Conversely/rb ,/, if/cs he/pps gives/vbz a/at heavy/jj rating/nn to/in his/pp$ own/jj reading/nn ,/, and/cc finds/vbz more/ql accurate/jj facts/nns in/in it/ppo than/cs in/in the/at others/nns ,/, a/at point/nn is/bez chalked/vbn up/rp for/in the/at intrinsic/jj ,/, objective/jj meaningfulness/nn of/in this/dt type/nn of/in mediumistic/jj material/nn ./.
And/cc there/ex are/ber some/dti positive/jj results/nns ,/, though/cs the/at final/jj findings/nns will/md not/* be/be known/vbn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn --/-- and/cc then/rb further/jjr research/nn can/md be/be formulated/vbn ./.


	In/in another/dt approach/nn to/in the/at same/ap procedure/nn ,/, the/at content/nn of/in the/at readings/nns is/bez analyzed/vbn so/rb as/cs to/to see/vb how/wrb the/at particular/jj medium/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to slant/vb her/pp$ statements/nns ./.
Does/doz she/pps often/rb speak/vb of/in locations/nns ,/, of/in cause/nn of/in death/nn ?/. ?/.
Does/doz she/pps accurately/rb give/vb dates/nns ,/, ages/nns ,/, kind/nn of/in occupation/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to find/vb out/rp in/in which/wdt categories/nns most/ap of/in her/pp$ correct/jj statements/nns fall/vb ,/, and/cc where/wrb she/pps makes/vbz most/ap of/in her/pp$ ``/`` hits/nns ''/'' ./.
Now/rb when/wrb ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, the/at cream/nn has/hvz been/ben skimmed/vbn off/rp ,/, and/cc the/at items/nns in/in the/at successful/jj categories/nns separated/vbn out/rp ,/, the/at sitter/nn can/md be/be asked/vbn to/to consider/vb and/cc rate/vb only/rb this/dt concentrated/vbn ``/`` cream/nn ''/'' ,/, where/wrb the/at sensitive/jj is/bez at/in her/pp$ best/jjt ./.




Mediumistic/jj impressions/nns are/ber evidently/rb of/in all/abn sorts/nns and/cc seem/vb to/to involve/vb all/abn the/at senses/nns ./.
``/`` I/ppss feel/vb cold/jj ''/'' ,/, the/at medium/nn says/vbz ,/, or/cc ``/`` My/pp$ leg/nn aches/vbz ''/'' ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ head/nn is/bez heavy/jj ''/'' ./.
Or/cc perhaps/rb she/pps hears/vbz words/nns or/cc sounds/nns :/: ``/`` There's/ex+bez such/abl a/at noise/nn of/in loud/jj machinery/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` I/ppss hear/vb a/at child/nn crying/vbg ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` He/pps says/vbz we're/ppss+ber all/abn here/rb and/cc glad/jj to/to see/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./.
Maybe/rb an/at entire/jj scene/nn comes/vbz into/in consciousness/nn ,/, with/in action/nn and/cc motion/nn ,/, or/cc a/at static/jj view/nn :/: ``/`` a/at house/nn under/in a/at pine/nn tree/nn ,/, with/in a/at little/jj stone/nn path/nn going/vbg up/in to/in the/at door/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at sensitive/jj often/rb seems/vbz to/to smell/vb definite/jj odors/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, or/cc subjectively/rb feels/vbz emotions/nns ./.
Sometimes/rb she/pps displays/vbz amazing/jj eidetic/jj imagery/nn and/cc seems/vbz to/to see/vb all/abn details/nns in/in perspective/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs the/at scene/nn were/bed actually/rb there/rb ./.
If/cs pressed/vbn by/in the/at sitter/nn for/in more/ap detail/nn ,/, she/pps may/md be/be able/jj to/to bring/vb the/at picture/nn more/rbr into/in focus/nn and/cc see/vb more/ql sharply/rb ,/, almost/rb as/cs if/cs she/pps were/bed physically/rb going/vbg closer/rbr ./.


	If/cs asked/vbn how/wrb she/pps gets/vbz her/pp$ impressions/nns ,/, she/pps probably/rb can/md only/rb say/vb that/cs she/pps ``/`` just/rb gets/vbz them/ppo ''/'' --/-- some/dti more/ql vividly/rb than/cs others/nns ./.
Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez not/* so/ql extraordinary/jj after/in all/abn ./.
Even/rb in/in normal/jj experience/nn one/pn gets/vbz impressions/nns without/in knowing/vbg exactly/rb how/wrb --/-- of/in atmosphere/nn ,/, of/in one/cd another's/dt$ personalities/nns ,/, moods/nns ,/, intentions/nns ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at element/nn of/in training/vbg here/rb :/: these/dts gifted/jj people/nns ,/, by/in concentration/nn ,/, study/nn ,/, guidance/nn ,/, have/hv learned/vbn to/to develop/vb their/pp$ power/nn ./.
Simply/rb using/vbg it/pps increases/vbz its/pp$ intensity/nn ,/, I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn by/in one/cd sensitive/jj ./.


	Nor/cc does/doz a/at medium/nn automatically/rb know/vb how/wrb to/to interpret/vb her/pp$ imagery/nn ./.
Impressions/nns often/rb appear/vb in/in a/at symbolic/jj form/nn and/cc cannot/md* be/be taken/vbn at/in face/nn value/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez apparently/rb by/in symbols/nns that/cs the/at unconscious/jj speaks/vbz to/in the/at conscious/jj ,/, and/cc the/at medium/nn has/hvz to/to translate/vb these/dts into/in meaning/nn ./.
If/cs communication/nn with/in an/at entity/nn on/in the/at ``/`` other/ap side/nn ''/'' is/bez taking/vbg place/nn ,/, this/dt too/rb may/md assume/vb the/at form/nn of/in clairvoyant/jj symbolism/nn ./.


	During/in one/cd reading/vbg an/at image/nn appeared/vbd of/in a/at prisoner/nn in/in irons/nns ./.
But/cc this/dt did/dod not/* necessarily/rb refer/vb to/in an/at actual/jj jail/nn ;/. ;/.
taken/vbn with/in other/ap details/nns it/pps could/md have/hv referred/vbn to/in a/at state/nn of/in mental/jj or/cc spiritual/jj confinement/nn ./.
In/in this/dt connection/nn it/pps is/bez worth/jj noting/vbg how/wrb names/nns are/ber sometimes/rb obtained/vbn ./.
Though/cs they/ppss are/ber often/rb heard/vbn clairaudiently/rb ,/, as/cs if/cs a/at voice/nn were/bed speaking/vbg them/ppo ,/, in/in other/ap cases/nns they/ppss are/ber apprehended/vbn visually/rb as/cs symbols/nns :/: a/at slope/nn to/to signify/vb the/at name/nn ``/`` Hill/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in instance/nn ./.
One/cd medium/nn saw/vbd two/cd sheets/nns flapping/vbg on/in a/at line/nn and/cc found/vbd that/cs the/at name/nn Shietz/np was/bedz significant/jj to/in the/at sitter/nn ./.



	Farming/vbg is/bez confining/vbg ./.
The/at farmer's/nn$ life/nn must/md be/be arranged/vbn to/to meet/vb the/at demands/nns of/in crops/nns and/cc livestock/nn ./.


	Livestock/nn must/md be/be tended/vbn every/at day/nn ,/, routinely/rb ./.
A/at slight/jj change/nn in/in the/at work/nn schedule/nn may/md cut/vb the/at production/nn of/in cows/nns or/cc chickens/nns ./.


	Even/rb if/cs there/ex are/ber no/at livestock/nn ,/, the/at farmer/nn cannot/md* leave/vb the/at farm/nn for/in long/jj periods/nns ,/, particularly/rb during/in the/at growing/vbg season/nn ./.


	The/at worker/nn who/wps lives/vbz on/in a/at farm/nn cannot/md* change/vb jobs/nns readily/rb ./.
He/pps cannot/md* leave/vb the/at farm/nn to/to take/vb work/nn in/in another/dt locality/nn on/in short/jj notice/nn ;/. ;/.
such/abl a/at move/nn may/md mean/vb a/at loss/nn of/in capital/nn ./.

Hard/jj physical/jj labor/nn and/cc undesirable/jj hours/nns are/ber a/at part/nn of/in life/nn ./.
The/at farmer/nn must/md get/vb up/rp early/rb ,/, and/cc ,/, at/in times/nns ,/, work/vb late/rb at/in night/nn ./.
Frequently/rb he/pps must/md work/vb long/jj hours/nns in/in the/at hot/jj sun/nn or/cc cold/jj rain/nn ./.
No/at matter/nn how/wql well/rb work/nn is/bez planned/vbn ,/, bad/jj weather/nn or/cc unexpected/jj setbacks/nns can/md cause/vb extra/jj work/nn that/wps must/md be/be caught/vbn up/rp ./.


	It/pps may/md not/* be/be profitable/jj for/in a/at part-time/jj farmer/nn to/to own/vb the/at labor-saving/jj machinery/nn that/cs a/at full-time/jj farmer/nn can/md invest/vb in/in profitably/rb ./.

Production/nn may/md fall/vb far/ql below/in expectations/nns ./.
Drought/nn ,/, hail/nn ,/, disease/nn ,/, and/cc insects/nns take/vb their/pp$ toll/nn of/in crops/nns ./.
Sickness/nn or/cc loss/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at livestock/nn may/md cut/vb into/in the/at owner's/nn$ earnings/nns ,/, even/rb into/in his/pp$ capital/nn ./.

Returns/nns for/in money/nn and/cc labor/nn invested/vbn may/md be/be small/jj even/rb in/in a/at good/jj year/nn ./.


	The/at high/jj cost/nn of/in land/nn ,/, supplies/nns ,/, and/cc labor/nn make/vb it/ppo difficult/jj to/to farm/vb profitably/rb on/in a/at part-time/jj basis/nn ./.
Land/nn within/in commuting/vbg distance/nn of/in a/at growing/vbg city/nn is/bez usually/rb high/jj in/in price/nn ,/, higher/jjr if/cs it/pps has/hvz subdivision/nn possibilities/nns ./.
Part-time/jj farmers/nns generally/rb must/md pay/vb higher/jjr prices/nns for/in supplies/nns than/cs full-time/jj farmers/nns because/cs they/ppss buy/vb in/in smaller/jjr quantities/nns ./.
If/cs the/at farm/nn is/bez in/in an/at industrial/jj area/nn where/wrb wages/nns are/ber high/jj ,/, farm/nn labor/nn costs/nns will/md also/rb be/be high/jj ./.


	A/at part-time/jj farmer/nn needs/vbz unusual/jj skill/nn to/to get/vb as/ql high/jj production/nn per/in hen/nn ,/, per/in cow/nn ,/, or/cc per/in acre/nn as/cs can/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in a/at competent/jj full-time/jj farmer/nn ./.
It/pps will/md frequently/rb be/be uneconomical/jj for/in him/ppo to/to own/vb the/at most/ql up-to-date/jj equipment/nn ./.
He/pps may/md have/hv to/to depend/vb upon/in custom/nn service/nn for/in specialized/vbn operations/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs spraying/vbg or/cc threshing/vbg ,/, and/cc for/in these/dts ,/, he/pps may/md have/hv to/to wait/vb his/pp$ turn/nn ./.
There/ex will/md be/be losses/nns caused/vbn by/in emergencies/nns that/wps arise/vb while/cs he/pps is/bez away/rb at/in his/pp$ off-farm/jj job/nn ./.

The/at farm/nn may/md be/be an/at additional/jj burden/nn if/cs the/at main/jjs job/nn is/bez lost/vbn ./.
This/dt may/md be/be true/jj whether/cs the/at farm/nn is/bez owned/vbn or/cc rented/vbn ./.


	If/cs the/at farm/nn is/bez rented/vbn ,/, the/at rent/nn must/md be/be paid/vbn ./.
If/cs it/pps is/bez owned/vbn ,/, taxes/nns must/md be/be paid/vbn ,/, and/cc if/cs the/at place/nn is/bez not/* free/jj of/in mortgage/nn ,/, there/ex will/md be/be interest/nn and/cc payments/nns on/in the/at principal/jjs to/to take/vb care/nn of/in ./.
Advantages/nns-hl 

A/at farm/nn provides/vbz a/at wholesome/jj and/cc healthful/jj environment/nn for/in children/nns ./.
It/pps gives/vbz them/ppo room/nn to/to play/vb and/cc plenty/nn of/in fresh/jj air/nn ./.
The/at children/nns can/md do/do chores/nns adapted/vbn to/in their/pp$ age/nn and/cc ability/nn ./.
Caring/vbg for/in a/at calf/nn ,/, a/at pig/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti chickens/nns develops/vbz in/in children/nns a/at sense/nn of/in responsibility/nn for/in work/nn ./.

Part-time/jj farming/nn gives/vbz a/at measure/nn of/in security/nn if/cs the/at regular/jj job/nn is/bez lost/vbn ,/, provided/vbn the/at farm/nn is/bez owned/vbn free/jj of/in debt/nn and/cc furnishes/vbz enough/ap income/nn to/to meet/vb fixed/vbn expenses/nns and/cc minimum/jj living/vbg costs/nns ./.

For/in some/dti retired/vbn persons/nns ,/, part-time/jj farming/nn is/bez a/at good/jj way/nn to/to supplement/vb retirement/nn income/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez particularly/ql suitable/jj for/in those/dts who/wps need/vb to/to work/vb or/cc exercise/vb out/in of/in doors/nns for/in their/pp$ health/nn ./.

Generally/rb ,/, the/at same/ap level/nn of/in living/vbg costs/vbz less/ap in/in the/at country/nn than/cs in/in the/at city/nn ./.
The/at savings/nns are/ber not/* as/ql great/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, as/cs is/bez sometime/rb supposed/vbn ./.
Usually/rb ,/, the/at cost/nn of/in food/nn and/cc shelter/nn will/md be/be somewhat/ql less/ap on/in the/at farm/nn and/cc the/at cost/nn of/in transportation/nn and/cc utilities/nns somewhat/ql more/ap ./.
Where/wrb schools/nns ,/, fire/nn and/cc police/nn protection/nn ,/, and/cc similar/jj municipal/jj services/nns are/ber of/in equal/jj quality/nn in/in city/nn and/cc country/nn ,/, real/jj estate/nn taxes/nns are/ber usually/rb about/rb the/at same/ap ./.

A/at part-time/jj farmer/nn and/cc his/pp$ family/nn can/md use/vb their/pp$ spare/jj time/nn profitably/rb ./.

Some/dti persons/nns consider/vb the/at work/nn on/in a/at farm/nn recreational/jj ./.
For/in some/dti white-collar/nn workers/nns it/pps is/bez a/at welcome/jj change/nn from/in the/at regular/jj job/nn ,/, and/cc a/at physical/jj conditioner/nn ./.



Land/nn-hl ,/,-hl labor/nn-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl equipment/nn-hl needed/vbn-hl 
Part-time/jj farming/nn can/md take/vb comparatively/ql little/ap land/nn ,/, labor/nn ,/, and/cc equipment/nn --/-- or/cc a/at great/jj deal/nn ./.
It/pps depends/vbz on/in the/at kind/nn and/cc the/at scale/nn of/in the/at farming/vbg operation/nn ./.


	General/jj requirements/nns for/in land/nn ,/, labor/nn ,/, and/cc equipment/nn are/ber discussed/vbn below/rb ./.
Specific/jj requirements/nns for/in each/dt of/in various/jj types/nns of/in enterprises/nns are/ber discussed/vbn on/in pages/nns 8/cd to/in 14/cd ./.
Land/nn-hl 
Three/cd quarters/nns to/in 1/cd acre/nn of/in good/jj land/nn is/bez enough/ap for/in raising/vbg fruits/nns and/cc vegetables/nns for/in home/nn use/nn ,/, and/cc for/in a/at small/jj flock/nn of/in chickens/nns ,/, a/at cow/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd pigs/nns ./.
You/ppss could/md not/* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, raise/vb feed/nn for/in the/at livestock/nn on/in a/at plot/nn this/dt small/jj ./.


	If/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to raise/vb feed/nn or/cc carry/vb out/rp some/dti enterprise/nn on/in a/at larger/jjr scale/nn ,/, you'll/ppss+md need/vb more/ap land/nn ./.


	In/in deciding/vbg how/wql much/ap land/nn you/ppss want/vb ,/, take/vb into/in account/nn the/at amount/nn you'll/ppss+md need/vb to/to bring/vb in/in the/at income/nn you/ppss expect/vb ./.
But/cc consider/vb also/rb how/wql much/ap you/ppss and/cc your/pp$ family/nn can/md keep/vb up/rp along/rb with/in your/pp$ other/ap work/nn ./.
The/at cost/nn of/in land/nn and/cc the/at prospects/nns for/in appreciation/nn in/in value/nn may/md influence/vb your/pp$ decision/nn ./.
Some/dti part-time/jj farmers/nns buy/vb more/ap land/nn than/cs they/ppss need/vb in/in anticipation/nn of/in suburban/jj development/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at highly/ql speculative/jj venture/nn ./.


	Sometimes/rb a/at desired/vbn acreage/nn is/bez offered/vbn only/rb as/cs part/nn of/in a/at larger/jjr tract/nn ./.
When/wrb surplus/nn land/nn is/bez not/* expensive/jj to/to buy/vb or/cc to/to keep/vb up/rp ,/, it/pps is/bez usually/rb better/jjr to/to buy/vb it/ppo than/cs to/to buy/vb so/ql small/jj an/at acreage/nn that/cs the/at development/nn of/in adjoining/vbg properties/nns might/md impair/vb the/at residential/jj value/nn of/in the/at farm/nn ./.
Labor/nn-hl 
If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at year-round/jj ,/, full-time/jj job/nn you/ppss can't/md* expect/vb to/to grow/vb much/ql more/ap than/cs your/pp$ family/nn uses/vbz --/-- unless/cs other/ap members/nns of/in the/at family/nn do/do a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in the/at work/nn or/cc you/ppss hire/vb help/nn ./.
As/cs a/at rule/nn ,/, part-time/jj farmers/nns hire/vb little/ap help/nn ./.


	In/in deciding/vbg on/in the/at enterprises/nns to/to be/be managed/vbn by/in family/nn labor/nn ,/, compare/vb the/at amount/nn of/in labor/nn that/wps can/md be/be supplied/vbn by/in the/at family/nn with/in the/at labor/nn needs/nns of/in various/jj enterprises/nns listed/vbn in/in table/nn 1/cd ./.


	List/vb the/at number/nn of/in hours/nns the/at family/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to work/vb each/dt month/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md want/vb to/to include/vb your/pp$ own/jj regular/jj vacation/nn period/nn if/cs you/ppss have/hv one/cd ./.
Do/do not/* include/vb all/abn your/pp$ spare/jj time/nn or/cc all/abn your/pp$ family's/nn$ spare/jj time/nn --/-- only/rb what/wdt you/ppss are/ber willing/jj to/to use/vb for/in farm/nn work/nn ./.
Equipment/nn-hl 
If/cs you/ppss are/ber going/vbg to/to produce/vb for/in home/nn use/nn only/rb ,/, you/ppss will/md need/vb only/rb hand/nn tools/nns ./.
You/ppss will/md probably/rb want/vb to/to hire/vb someone/pn to/to do/do the/at plowing/nn ,/, however/rb ./.


	For/in larger/jjr plantings/nns ,/, you'll/ppss+md need/vb some/dti kind/nn of/in power/nn for/in plowing/vbg ,/, harrowing/vbg ,/, disking/vbg ,/, and/cc cultivating/vbg ./.
If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at planting/nn of/in half/abn an/at acre/nn or/cc more/ap you/ppss may/md want/vb to/to buy/vb a/at small/jj garden/nn tractor/nn (/( available/jj for/in $300/nns to/in $500/nns with/in attachments/nns ,/, 1960/cd prices/nns )/) ./.
These/dts tractors/nns are/ber not/* entirely/ql satisfactory/jj for/in plowing/vbg ,/, particularly/rb on/in heavier/jjr soils/nns ,/, so/rb you/ppss may/md still/rb want/vb to/to hire/vb someone/pn to/to do/do the/at plowing/nn ./.


	Cost/nn of/in power/nn and/cc machinery/nn is/bez often/rb a/at serious/jj problem/nn to/in the/at small-scale/nn farmer/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss are/ber going/vbg to/to farm/vb for/in extra/jj cash/nn income/nn on/in a/at part-time/jj basis/nn you/ppss must/md keep/vb in/in mind/nn the/at needed/vbn machinery/nn investments/nns when/wrb you/ppss choose/vb among/in farm/nn enterprises/nns ./.


	You/ppss can/md keep/vb your/pp$ machinery/nn investment/nn down/rp by/in buying/vbg good/jj secondhand/nn machinery/nn ,/, by/in sharing/vbg the/at cost/nn and/cc upkeep/nn of/in machinery/nn with/in a/at neighbor/nn ,/, and/cc by/in hiring/vbg someone/pn with/in machinery/nn to/to do/do certain/jj jobs/nns ./.
If/cs an/at expensive/jj and/cc specialized/vbn piece/nn of/in machinery/nn is/bez needed/vbn --/-- such/jj as/cs a/at spray/nn rig/nn ,/, a/at combine/nn ,/, or/cc a/at binder/nn --/-- it/pps is/bez better/jjr to/to pay/vb someone/pn with/in a/at machine/nn to/to do/do the/at work/nn ./.



Selecting/vbg-hl a/at-hl farm/nn-hl 
Before/cs you/ppss look/vb for/in a/at farm/nn you'll/ppss+md need/vb to/to know/vb (/( 1/cd )/) the/at kind/nn and/cc scale/nn of/in farming/vbg you/ppss want/vb to/to undertake/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) whether/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to buy/vb or/cc rent/vb ./.


	Information/nn on/in pages/nns 8/cd to/in 14/cd may/md help/vb you/ppo in/in deciding/vbg on/in the/at kind/nn and/cc scale/nn of/in your/pp$ farming/vbg venture/nn ./.


	If/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* well/ql acquainted/vbn with/in the/at area/nn in/in which/wdt you/ppss wish/vb to/to locate/vb ,/, or/cc if/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* sure/jj that/cs you/ppss and/cc your/pp$ family/nn will/md like/vb and/cc make/vb a/at success/nn of/in farming/vbg ,/, usually/rb you/ppss would/md do/do better/jjr to/to rent/vb a/at place/nn for/in a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd before/cs you/ppss buy/vb ./.


	Discussed/vbn below/rb are/ber some/dti of/in the/at main/jjs things/nns to/to look/vb for/in when/wrb you/ppss select/vb a/at part-time/jj farm/nn ./.
Location/nn-hl 
nearness/nn-hl to/in-hl work/nn-hl ./.-hl
--/---hl 
Choose/vb a/at location/nn within/in easy/jj commuting/vbg distance/nn of/in both/abx the/at regular/jj job/nn and/cc other/ap employment/nn opportunities/nns ./.
Then/rb if/cs you/ppss change/vb jobs/nns you/ppss won't/md* necessarily/rb have/hv to/to sell/vb the/at farm/nn ./.
The/at presence/nn of/in alternative/jj job/nn opportunities/nns also/rb will/md make/vb the/at place/nn easier/rbr to/to sell/vb if/cs that/dt should/md become/vb desirable/jj ./.


	Obviously/rb the/at farm/nn should/md be/be on/in an/at all-weather/jj road/nn ./.
Nearness/nn-hl to/in-hl markets/nns-hl ./.-hl
--/---hl 
If/cs you/ppss grow/vb anything/pn to/to sell/vb you/ppss will/md need/vb markets/nns nearby/rb ./.
If/cs you/ppss plan/vb to/to sell/vb fresh/jj vegetables/nns or/cc whole/jj milk/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md be/be close/jj to/in a/at town/nn or/cc city/nn ./.
Kind/nn-hl of/in-hl neighborhood/nn-hl ./.-hl
--/---hl 
Look/vb for/in a/at farm/nn in/in a/at neighborhood/nn of/in well-kept/jj homes/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber slums/nns in/in the/at country/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in the/at city/nn ./.
Few/ap rural/jj areas/nns are/ber protected/vbn by/in zoning/vbg ./.
A/at tavern/nn ,/, filling/vbg station/nn ,/, junk/nn yard/nn ,/, rendering/vbg plant/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti other/ap business/nn may/md go/vb up/rp near/in enough/qlp to/to hurt/vb your/pp$ home/nn or/cc to/to hurt/vb its/pp$ value/nn ./.
Facilities/nns-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl area/nn-hl ./.-hl
--/---hl 
Check/vb on/in the/at schools/nns in/in the/at area/nn ,/, the/at quality/nn of/in teaching/vbg ,/, and/cc the/at provision/nn for/in transportation/nn to/in and/cc from/in them/ppo ./.


	Find/vb out/rp whether/cs fire/nn protection/nn ,/, sewage/nn system/nn ,/, gas/nn ,/, water/nn mains/nns ,/, and/cc electrical/jj lines/nns are/ber available/jj in/in the/at locality/nn ./.
If/cs these/dts facilities/nns are/ber not/* at/in the/at door/nn ,/, getting/vbg them/ppo may/md cost/vb more/ap than/cs you/ppss expect/vb ./.
You/ppss may/md have/hv to/to provide/vb them/ppo yourself/ppl or/cc get/vb along/rb without/in them/ppo ./.


	You/ppss cannot/md* get/vb along/rb without/in an/at adequate/jj supply/nn of/in pure/jj water/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss are/ber considering/vbg a/at part-time/jj farm/nn where/wrb the/at water/nn must/md be/be provided/vbn by/in a/at well/nn ,/, find/vb out/rp if/cs there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj well/nn on/in the/at farm/nn or/cc the/at probable/jj cost/nn of/in having/hvg one/cd drilled/vbn ./.
A/at pond/nn may/md provide/vb adequate/jj water/nn for/in livestock/nn and/cc garden/nn ./.
Pond/nn water/nn can/md be/be filtered/vbn for/in human/jj use/nn ,/, but/cc most/ap part-time/jj farmers/nns would/md not/* want/vb to/to go/vb to/in so/ql much/ap trouble/nn ./.
The/at following/vbg amounts/nns of/in water/nn are/ber needed/vbn per/in day/nn for/in livestock/nn and/cc domestic/jj uses/nns ./.
Topography/nn-hl and/cc-hl soil/nn-hl 
Is/bez the/at land/nn suited/vbn to/in the/at crops/nns you/ppss intend/vb to/to raise/vb ?/. ?/.
If/cs you/ppss can't/md* tell/vb ,/, get/vb help/nn from/in your/pp$ county/nn agricultural/jj agent/nn or/cc other/ap local/jj specialist/nn ./.
Soil/nn type/nn ,/, drainage/nn ,/, or/cc degree/nn of/in slope/nn can/md make/vb the/at difference/nn between/in good/jj crops/nns and/cc poor/jj ones/nns ./.
Small/jj areas/nns that/wps aren't/ber* right/jj for/in a/at certain/jj crop/nn may/md lie/vb next/rb to/in areas/nns that/wps are/ber well/ql suited/vbn to/in that/dt crop/nn ./.
The/at-hl house/nn-hl 
Will/md the/at house/nn on/in any/dti part-time/jj farm/nn you/ppss are/ber considering/vbg make/nn a/at satisfactory/jj full-time/jj residence/nn ?/. ?/.
How/wql much/ap will/md it/pps cost/vb to/to do/do any/dti necessary/jj modernizing/nn and/cc redecorating/vbg ?/. ?/.
If/cs the/at house/nn is/bez not/* wired/vbn adequately/rb for/in electricity/nn or/cc if/cs plumbing/nn or/cc a/at central/jj heating/vbg system/nn must/md be/be installed/vbn ,/, check/vb into/in the/at cost/nn of/in making/vbg these/dts improvements/nns ./.



Buying/vbg-hl a/at-hl farm/nn-hl 
The/at value/nn of/in the/at farm/nn to/in you/ppo will/md depend/vb on/in --/-- 
Its/pp$ worth/nn as/cs a/at place/nn to/to live/vb ./.

The/at value/nn of/in the/at products/nns you/ppss can/md raise/vb on/in it/ppo ./.

The/at possibilities/nns of/in selling/vbg the/at property/nn later/rbr on/rp for/in suburban/jj subdivision/nn ./.


	Decide/vb first/rb what/wdt the/at place/nn is/bez worth/jj to/in you/ppo and/cc your/pp$ family/nn as/cs a/at home/nn in/in comparison/nn with/in what/wdt it/pps would/md cost/vb to/to live/vb in/in town/nn ./.
Take/vb into/in account/nn the/at difference/nn in/in city/nn and/cc county/nn taxes/nns ,/, insurance/nn rates/nns ,/, utility/nn rates/nns ,/, and/cc the/at cost/nn of/in travel/nn to/in work/nn ./.


	Next/rb ,/, estimate/vb the/at value/nn of/in possible/jj earnings/nns of/in the/at farm/nn ./.
To/to do/do this/dt ,/, set/vb up/rp a/at plan/nn on/in paper/nn for/in operating/vbg the/at farm/nn ./.
List/vb the/at kind/nn and/cc quantity/nn of/in things/nns the/at farm/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to produce/vb in/in an/at average/jj year/nn ./.
Estimate/vb the/at value/nn of/in the/at produce/nn at/in normal/jj prices/nns ./.
The/at total/nn is/bez the/at probably/rb gross/nn income/nn from/in farming/vbg ./.


	To/to find/vb estimated/vbn net/nn farm/nn income/nn ,/, subtract/vb estimated/vbn annual/jj farming/vbg expenditures/nns from/in probable/jj gross/nn income/nn from/in farming/vbg ./.
Include/vb as/cs expenditures/nns an/at allowance/nn for/in depreciation/nn of/in farm/nn buildings/nns and/cc equipment/nn ./.
Also/rb count/vb as/cs an/at expense/nn a/at charge/nn for/in the/at labor/nn to/to be/be contributed/vbn by/in the/at family/nn ./.
It/pps may/md be/be hard/jj to/to decide/vb what/wdt this/dt labor/nn is/bez worth/jj ,/, but/cc charge/vb something/pn for/in it/ppo ./.
Otherwise/rb ,/, you/ppss may/md pay/vb too/ql much/rb for/in the/at farm/nn and/cc get/vb nothing/pn for/in your/pp$ labor/nn ./.


	To/to figure/vb the/at value/nn of/in the/at farm/nn in/in terms/nns of/in investment/nn income/nn ,/, divide/vb the/at estimated/vbn annual/jj net/nn farm/nn income/nn by/in the/at percentage/nn that/wps you/ppss could/md expect/vb to/to get/vb in/in interest/nn if/cs the/at money/nn were/bed invested/vbn in/in some/dti other/ap way/nn ./.

Everyone/pn with/in a/at personal/jj or/cc group/nn tragedy/nn to/to relate/vb had/hvd to/to be/be given/vbn his/pp$ day/nn in/in court/nn as/cs in/in some/dti vast/jj collective/jj dirge/nn ./.
For/in almost/rb two/cd months/nns ,/, the/at defendant/nn and/cc the/at world/nn heard/vbd from/in individuals/nns escaped/vbn from/in the/at grave/nn about/in fathers/nns and/cc mothers/nns ,/, graybeards/nns ,/, adolescents/nns ,/, babies/nns ,/, starved/vbn ,/, beaten/vbn to/in death/nn ,/, strangled/vbn ,/, machine-gunned/vbn ,/, gassed/vbn ,/, burned/vbn ./.
One/cd who/wps had/hvd been/ben a/at boy/nn in/in Auschwitz/np had/hvd to/to tell/vb how/wrb children/nns had/hvd been/ben selected/vbn by/in height/nn for/in the/at gas/nn chambers/nns ./.
The/at gruesome/jj humor/nn of/in the/at Nazis/nps was/bedz not/* forgotten/vbn --/-- the/at gas/nn chamber/nn with/in a/at sign/nn on/in it/ppo with/in the/at name/nn of/in a/at Jewish/jj foundation/nn and/cc bearing/vbg a/at copper/nn Star/nn-tl of/in-tl David/np-tl --/-- nor/cc the/at gratuitous/jj sadism/nn of/in SS/nn officers/nns ./.
Public/jj relations/nns strategists/nns everywhere/rb ,/, watching/vbg the/at reaction/nn of/in the/at German/jj press/nn ,/, the/at liberal/jj press/nn ,/, the/at lunatic-fringe/nn press/nn ,/, listening/vbg to/in their/pp$ neighbors/nns ,/, studying/vbg interviews/nns with/in men/nns and/cc women/nns on/in the/at street/nn ,/, cried/vbd out/rp :/: Too/ql much/rb ,/, too/ql much/rb --/-- the/at mind/nn of/in the/at audience/nn is/bez becoming/vbg dulled/vbn ,/, the/at horrors/nns are/ber losing/vbg their/pp$ effect/nn ./.
And/cc still/rb another/dt witness/nn ,/, one/cd who/wps had/hvd crawled/vbn out/rp from/in under/in a/at heap/nn of/in corpses/nns ,/, had/hvd to/to tell/vb how/wrb the/at victims/nns had/hvd been/ben forced/vbn to/to lay/vb themselves/ppls head/nn to/in foot/nn one/cd on/in top/nn of/in the/at other/ap before/cs being/beg shot/vbn ./.


	Most/ap of/in this/dt testimony/nn may/md have/hv been/ben legally/rb admissible/jj as/cs bearing/vbg on/in the/at corpus/fw-nn delicti/fw-nn of/in the/at total/nn Nazi/np crime/nn but/cc seemed/vbd subject/jj to/to question/vb when/wrb not/* tied/vbn to/in the/at part/nn in/in it/ppo of/in the/at defendant's/nn$ Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Jewish/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./.
Counsel/nn for/in the/at defense/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, shrewdly/rb allowing/vbg himself/ppl to/to be/be swept/vbn by/in the/at current/nn of/in dreadful/jj recollections/nns ,/, rarely/rb raised/vbd an/at objection/nn ./.
Would/md not/* the/at emotional/jj catharsis/nn eventually/rb brought/vbn on/rp by/in this/dt awfulness/nn have/hv a/at calming/vbg ,/, if/cs not/* exhausting/vbg ,/, effect/nn likely/jj to/to improve/vb his/pp$ client's/nn$ chances/nns ?/. ?/.
Those/dts who/wps feared/vbd ``/`` emotionalism/nn ''/'' at/in the/at Trial/nn-tl showed/vbd less/ap understanding/nn than/cs Dr./nn-tl Servatius/np of/in the/at route/nn by/in which/wdt man/nn achieves/vbz the/at distance/nn necessary/jj for/in fairness/nn toward/in enemies/nns ./.
Interruptions/nns came/vbd largely/rb from/in the/at bench/nn ,/, which/wdt numerous/jj times/nns rebuked/vbd the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl for/in letting/vbg his/pp$ witnesses/nns run/vb on/rp ,/, though/cs it/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, made/vbd no/rb serious/jj effort/nn to/to choke/vb off/rp the/at flow/nn ./.


	But/cc there/ex was/bedz a/at contrast/nn even/ql more/ql decisive/jj than/cs a/at hunger/nn for/in fact/nn between/in the/at Trial/nn-tl in/in Jerusalem/np and/cc those/dts in/in Moscow/np and/cc New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
In/in each/dt of/in the/at last/ap ,/, the/at trial/nn marked/vbd the/at beginning/nn of/in a/at new/jj course/nn :/: in/in Moscow/np the/at liquidation/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Bolsheviks/nps-tl and/cc the/at tightening/nn of/in Stalin's/np$ dictatorship/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at initiation/nn of/in militant/jj anti-Communism/nn ,/, with/in the/at repentant/jj ex-Communist/nn-tl in/in the/at vanguard/nn ./.
These/dts trials/nns were/bed properly/rb termed/vbn ``/`` political/jj cases/nns ''/'' in/in that/dt the/at trial/nn itself/ppl was/bedz a/at political/jj act/nn producing/vbg political/jj consequences/nns ./.
But/cc what/wdt could/md the/at Eichmann/np-tl Trial/nn-tl initiate/vb ?/. ?/.
Of/in what/wdt new/jj course/nn could/md it/pps mark/vb the/at beginning/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at Eichmann/np case/nn looked/vbd to/in the/at past/nn ,/, not/* to/in the/at future/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at first/od phase/nn of/in a/at process/nn of/in tragic/jj recollection/nn ,/, and/cc of/in refining/vbg the/at recollection/nn ,/, that/wps will/md last/vb as/ql long/rb as/cs there/ex are/ber Jews/nps ./.
As/cs such/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz beyond/in politics/nn and/cc had/hvd no/at need/nn of/in justification/nn by/in a/at ``/`` message/nn ''/'' ./.




``/`` It/pps is/bez not/* an/at individual/nn that/wps is/bez in/in the/at dock/nn at/in this/dt historical/jj trial/nn ''/'' --/-- said/vbd Ben/np Gurion/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc not/* the/at Nazi/np regime/nn alone/rb --/-- but/cc anti-Semitism/nn throughout/in history/nn ''/'' ./.
How/wrb could/md supplying/vbg Eichmann/np with/in a/at platform/nn on/in which/wdt to/to maintain/vb that/cs one/pn could/md collaborate/vb in/in the/at murder/nn of/in millions/nns of/in Jews/nps without/in being/beg an/at anti-semite/nn contribute/vb to/in a/at verdict/nn against/in anti-Semitism/nn ?/. ?/.
And/cc if/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* an/at individual/nn who/wps was/bedz in/in the/at dock/nn ,/, why/wrb was/bedz the/at Trial/nn-tl ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md observe/vb later/rbr ,/, all/abn but/in scuttled/vbn in/in the/at attempt/nn to/to prove/vb Eichmann/np a/at ``/`` fiend/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
These/dts questions/nns touch/vb the/at root/nn of/in confusion/nn in/in the/at prosecution's/nn$ case/nn ./.


	It/pps might/md be/be contended/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs Eichmann/np in/in stubbornly/rb denying/vbg anti-Semitic/jj feelings/nns was/bedz lying/vbg or/cc insisting/vbg on/in a/at private/jj definition/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn ./.
But/cc in/in either/dtx event/nn he/pps was/bedz the/at wrong/jj man/nn for/in the/at kind/nn of/in case/nn outlined/vbn by/in Ben/np Gurion/np and/cc set/vbd forth/rb in/in the/at indictment/nn ./.
In/in such/abl a/at case/nn the/at defendant/nn should/md serve/vb as/cs a/at clear/jj example/nn and/cc not/* have/hv to/to be/be tied/vbn to/in the/at issue/nn by/in argument/nn ./.
One/cd who/wps could/md be/be linked/vbn to/in anti-Semitism/nn only/rb by/in overcoming/vbg his/pp$ objections/nns is/bez scarcely/rb a/at good/jj specimen/nn of/in the/at Jew-baiter/nn throughout/in the/at ages/nns ./.
Shout/vb at/in Eichmann/np though/cs he/pps might/md ,/, the/at Prosecutor/nn-tl could/md not/* establish/vb that/cs the/at defendant/nn was/bedz falsifying/vbg the/at way/nn he/pps felt/vbd about/in Jews/nps or/cc that/cs what/wdt he/pps did/dod feel/vb fell/vbd into/in the/at generally/rb recognized/vbn category/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn ./.
Yes/rb ,/, he/pps believed/vbd that/cs the/at Jews/nps were/bed ``/`` enemies/nns of/in the/at Reich/np ''/'' ,/, and/cc such/abl a/at belief/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, typical/jj of/in ``/`` patriotic/jj ''/'' anti-Semites/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc he/pps believed/vbd in/in the/at Jew-as-enemy/nn in/in a/at kind/nn of/in abstract/jj ,/, theological/jj way/nn ,/, like/cs a/at member/nn of/in a/at cult/nn speculating/vbg on/in the/at nature/nn of/in things/nns ./.
The/at real/jj question/nn was/bedz how/wrb one/pn passed/vbd from/in anti-Semitism/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn to/in murder/nn ,/, and/cc the/at answer/nn to/in this/dt question/nn is/bez not/* to/to be/be found/vbn in/in anti-Semitism/nn itself/ppl ./.
In/in regard/nn to/in Eichmann/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at Nazi/np outlook/nn ,/, which/wdt contained/vbd a/at principle/nn separate/jj from/in and/cc far/ql worse/jjr than/cs anti-Semitism/nn ,/, a/at principle/nn by/in which/wdt the/at poison/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn itself/ppl was/bedz made/vbn more/ql virulent/jj ./.
Perhaps/rb under/in the/at guidance/nn of/in this/dt Nazi/np principle/nn one/pn could/md ,/, as/cs Eichmann/np declared/vbd ,/, feel/vb personally/rb friendly/jj toward/in the/at Jews/nps and/cc still/rb be/be their/pp$ murderer/nn ./.
Not/* through/in fear/nn of/in disobeying/vbg orders/nns ,/, as/cs Eichmann/np kept/vbd trying/vbg to/to explain/vb ,/, but/cc through/in a/at peculiar/jj giddiness/nn that/wps began/vbd in/in a/at half-acceptance/nn of/in the/at vicious/jj absurdities/nns contained/vbn in/in the/at Nazi/np interpretation/nn of/in history/nn and/cc grew/vbd with/in each/dt of/in Hitler's/np$ victories/nns into/in a/at permanent/jj light-mindedness/nn and/cc sense/nn of/in magical/jj rightness/nn that/wps was/bedz able/jj to/to respond/vb to/in any/dti proposal/nn ,/, and/cc the/at more/ql outrageous/jj the/at better/jjr ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, let's/vb+ppo try/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.
At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, the/at substance/nn of/in Eichmann's/np$ testimony/nn was/bedz that/cs all/abn his/pp$ actions/nns flowed/vbd from/in his/pp$ membership/nn in/in the/at party/nn and/cc the/at SS/nn ,/, and/cc though/cs the/at Prosecutor/nn-tl did/dod his/pp$ utmost/nn to/to prove/vb actual/jj personal/jj hatred/nn of/in Jews/nps ,/, his/pp$ success/nn on/in this/dt score/nn was/bedz doubtful/jj and/cc the/at anti-Semitic/jj lesson/nn weakened/vbn to/in that/dt extent/nn ./.




But/cc if/cs the/at Trial/nn-tl did/dod not/* expose/vb the/at special/jj Nazi/np mania/nn so/ql deadly/jj to/in Jews/nps as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in anyone/pn upon/in whom/wpo it/pps happened/vbd to/to light/vb ,/, neither/cc did/dod it/pps warn/vb very/ql effectively/rb against/in the/at ordinary/jj anti-Semitism/nn of/in which/wdt the/at Nazis/nps made/vbd such/jj effective/jj use/nn in/in Germany/np and/cc wherever/wrb else/rb they/ppss could/md find/vb it/ppo ./.
If/cs anti-Semitism/nn was/bedz on/in trial/nn in/in Jerusalem/np ,/, why/wrb was/bedz it/pps not/* identified/vbn ,/, and/cc with/in enough/ap emphasis/nn to/to capture/vb the/at notice/nn of/in the/at world/nn press/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ connection/nn with/in the/at activities/nns of/in Eichmann's/np$ Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Jewish/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ,/, as/cs exemplified/vbn by/in the/at betrayal/nn and/cc murder/nn of/in Jews/nps by/in non-police/nn and/cc non-party/nn anti-Semites/nns in/in Germany/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in Poland/np ,/, Czechoslovakia/np ,/, Hungary/np ?/. ?/.
The/at infamous/jj Wansee/np-tl Conference/nn-tl called/vbn by/in Heydrich/np in/in January/np 1942/cd ,/, to/to organize/vb the/at material/nn and/cc technical/jj means/nns to/to put/vb to/in death/nn the/at eleven/cd million/cd Jews/nps spread/vbn throughout/in the/at nations/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, was/bedz attended/vbn by/in representatives/nns of/in major/jj organs/nns of/in the/at German/jj state/nn ,/, including/in the/at Reich/np Minister/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ,/, the/at State/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl in/in charge/nn of/in the/at Four/cd-tl Year/nn-tl Plan/nn-tl ,/, the/at Reich/np Minister/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, the/at Under/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./.
The/at measures/nns for/in annihilation/nn proposed/vbn and/cc accepted/vbn at/in the/at Conference/nn-tl affected/vbd industry/nn ,/, transportation/nn ,/, civilian/jj agencies/nns of/in government/nn ./.
Heydrich/np ,/, in/in opening/vbg the/at Conference/nn-tl ,/, followed/vbd the/at reasoning/nn and/cc even/rb the/at phraseology/nn of/in the/at order/nn issued/vbn earlier/rbr by/in Goering/np which/wdt authorized/vbd the/at Final/jj-tl Solution/nn-tl as/cs ``/`` a/at complement/nn to/in ''/'' previous/jj ``/`` solutions/nns ''/'' for/in eliminating/vbg the/at Jews/nps from/in German/jj living/vbg space/nn through/in violence/nn ,/, economic/jj strangulation/nn ,/, forced/vbn emigration/nn ,/, and/cc evacuation/nn ./.
In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at promulgators/nns of/in the/at murder/nn plan/nn made/vbd clear/jj that/cs physically/rb exterminating/vbg the/at Jews/nps was/bedz but/cc an/at extension/nn of/in the/at anti-Semitic/jj measures/nns already/rb operating/vbg in/in every/at phase/nn of/in German/jj life/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at new/jj conspiracy/nn counted/vbd on/in the/at general/jj anti-Semitism/nn that/wps had/hvd made/vbn those/dts measures/nns effective/jj ,/, as/cs a/at readiness/nn for/in murder/nn ./.
This/dt ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, it/pps turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be ./.
Since/cs the/at magnitude/nn of/in the/at plan/nn made/vbd secrecy/nn impossible/jj ,/, once/cs the/at wheels/nns had/hvd began/vbd to/to turn/vb ,/, persons/nns controlling/vbg German/jj industries/nns ,/, social/jj institutions/nns ,/, and/cc armed/vbn forces/nns became/vbd ,/, through/in their/pp$ anti-Semitism/nn or/cc their/pp$ tolerance/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, conscious/jj accomplices/nns of/in Hitler's/np$ crimes/nns ;/. ;/.
whether/cs in/in the/at last/ap degree/nn or/cc a/at lesser/jjr one/cd was/bedz a/at matter/nn to/to be/be determined/vbn individually/rb ./.


	What/wdt more/ap could/md be/be asked/vbn for/in a/at Trial/nn-tl intended/vbn to/to warn/vb the/at world/nn against/in anti-Semitism/nn than/cs this/dt opportunity/nn to/to expose/vb the/at exact/jj link/nn between/in the/at respectable/jj Anti-Semite/nn and/cc the/at concentration-camp/nn brute/nn ?/. ?/.
Not/* in/in Eichmann's/np$ anti-Semitism/nn but/cc in/in the/at anti-Semitism/nn of/in the/at sober/jj German/jj man/nn of/in affairs/nns lay/vb the/at potential/jj warning/nn of/in the/at Trial/nn-tl ./.
No/at doubt/nn many/ap of/in the/at citizens/nns of/in the/at Third/od-tl Reich/np-tl had/hvd conceived/vbn their/pp$ anti-Semitism/nn as/cs an/at ``/`` innocent/jj ''/'' dislike/nn of/in Jews/nps ,/, as/cs do/do others/nns like/cs them/ppo today/nr ./.
The/at Final/jj-tl Solution/nn-tl proved/vbd that/cs the/at Jew-baiter/nn of/in any/dti variety/nn exposes/vbz himself/ppl as/cs being/beg implicated/vbn in/in the/at criminality/nn and/cc madness/nn of/in others/nns ./.
Ought/md not/* an/at edifying/vbg Trial/nn-tl have/hv made/vbn every/at effort/nn to/to demonstrate/vb this/dt once/rb and/cc for/in all/abn by/in showing/vbg how/wrb representative/jj types/nns of/in ``/`` mere/jj ''/'' anti-Semites/nns were/bed drawn/vbn step/nn by/in step/nn into/in the/at program/nn of/in skull-bashings/nns and/cc gassings/nns ?/. ?/.
The/at Prosecutor/nn-tl in/in his/pp$ opening/vbg remarks/nns did/dod refer/vb to/in ``/`` the/at germ/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn ''/'' among/in the/at Germans/nps which/wdt Hitler/np ``/`` stimulated/vbd and/cc transformed/vbd ''/'' ./.
But/cc if/cs there/ex was/bedz evidence/nn at/in the/at Trial/nn-tl that/wps aimed/vbd over/in Eichmann's/np$ head/nn at/in his/pp$ collaborators/nns in/in the/at societies/nns where/wrb he/pps functioned/vbd ,/, the/at press/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv missed/vbn it/ppo ./.




Nor/cc did/dod the/at Trial/nn-tl devote/vb much/ap attention/nn to/in exposing/vbg the/at usefulness/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn to/in the/at Nazis/nps ,/, both/abx in/in building/vbg their/pp$ own/jj power/nn and/cc in/in destroying/vbg that/dt of/in rival/jj organizations/nns and/cc states/nns ./.
Certainly/rb ,/, one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt ways/nns of/in warning/vbg the/at world/nn against/in anti-Semitism/nn is/bez to/to demonstrate/vb its/pp$ workings/nns as/cs a/at dangerous/jj weapon/nn ./.
Eichmann/np himself/ppl is/bez a/at model/nn of/in how/wrb the/at myth/nn of/in the/at enemy-Jew/nn can/md be/be used/vbn to/to transform/vb the/at ordinary/jj man/nn of/in present-day/jj society/nn into/in a/at menace/nn to/in all/abn his/pp$ neighbors/nns ./.
Do/do patriots/nns everywhere/rb know/vb enough/ap about/in how/wrb the/at persecution/nn of/in the/at Jews/nps in/in Germany/np and/cc later/rbr in/in the/at occupied/vbn countries/nns contributed/vbd to/in terrorizing/vbg the/at populations/nns ,/, splitting/vbg apart/rb individuals/nns and/cc groups/nns ,/, arousing/vbg the/at meanest/jjt and/cc most/ql dishonest/jj impulses/nns ,/, pulverizing/vbg trust/nn and/cc personal/jj dignity/nn ,/, and/cc finally/rb forcing/vbg people/nns to/to follow/vb their/pp$ masters/nns into/in the/at abyss/nn by/in making/vbg them/ppo partners/nns in/in unspeakable/jj crimes/nns ?/. ?/.
The/at career/nn of/in Eichmann/np made/vbd the/at Trial/nn-tl a/at potential/jj showcase/nn for/in anti-Semitic/jj demoralization/nn :/: fearful/jj of/in being/beg mistaken/vbn for/in a/at Jew/np ,/, he/pps seeks/vbz protection/nn in/in his/pp$ Nazi/np uniform/nn ;/. ;/.
clinging/vbg to/in the/at enemy-Jew/nn idea/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez forced/vbn to/to overcome/vb habits/nns of/in politeness/nn and/cc neighborliness/nn ;/. ;/.
once/rb in/in power/nn he/pps begins/vbz to/to give/vb vent/nn to/in a/at criminal/jj opportunism/nn that/wps causes/vbz him/ppo to/to alternate/vb between/in megalomania/nn and/cc envy/nn of/in those/dts above/in him/ppo ./.
``/`` Is/bez this/dt the/at type/nn of/in citizen/nn you/ppss desire/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at Trial/nn-tl should/md have/hv asked/vbn the/at nations/nns ./.
But/cc though/cs this/dt characterization/nn in/in no/at way/nn diminished/vbd Eichmann's/np$ guilt/nn ,/, the/at Prosecutor/nn-tl ,/, more/ql deeply/rb involved/vbn in/in the/at tactics/nns of/in a/at criminal/jj case/nn than/cs a/at political/jj one/cd ,/, would/md have/hv none/pn of/in it/ppo ./.


	Finally/rb ,/, if/cs the/at mission/nn of/in the/at Trial/nn-tl was/bedz to/to convict/vb anti-Semitism/nn ,/, how/wrb could/md it/ppo have/hv failed/vbn to/to post/vb before/in the/at world/nn the/at contrasting/vbg fates/nns of/in the/at countries/nns in/in which/wdt the/at Final/jj-tl Solution/nn-tl was/bedz aided/vbn by/in native/jj Jew-haters/nns --/-- i.e./rb ,/, Germany/np ,/, Poland/np ,/, Hungary/np ,/, Czechoslovakia/np --/-- and/cc those/dts in/in which/wdt it/pps met/vbd the/at obstacle/nn of/in human/jj solidarity/nn --/-- Denmark/np ,/, Holland/np ,/, Italy/np ,/, Bulgaria/np ,/, France/np ?/. ?/.
Should/md not/* everyone/pn have/hv been/ben awakened/vbn to/in it/ppo as/cs an/at outstanding/jj fact/nn of/in our/pp$ time/nn that/cs the/at nations/nns poisoned/vbn by/in anti-Semitism/nn proved/vbn less/ql fortunate/jj in/in regard/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj freedom/nn than/cs those/dts whose/wp$ citizens/nns saved/vbd their/pp$ Jewish/jj compatriots/nns from/in the/at transports/nns ?/. ?/.
Wasn't/bedz* this/dt meaning/nn of/in Eichmann's/np$ experience/nn in/in various/jj countries/nns worth/jj highlighting/vbg ?/. ?/.




As/cs the/at first/od collective/jj confrontation/nn of/in the/at Nazi/np outrage/nn ,/, the/at Trial/nn-tl of/in Eichmann/np represents/vbz a/at recovery/nn of/in the/at Jews/nps from/in the/at shock/nn of/in the/at death/nn camps/nns ,/, a/at recovery/jj that/wps took/vbd fifteen/cd years/nns and/cc which/wdt is/bez still/rb by/in no/at means/nns complete/jj (/( though/cs let/vb no/at one/pn believe/vb that/cs it/pps could/md be/be hastened/vbn by/in silence/nn )/) ./.
Only/rb across/in a/at distance/nn of/in time/nn could/md the/at epic/jj accounting/nn begin/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez already/rb difficult/jj to/to recall/vb how/wql little/ap we/ppss knew/vbd before/in the/at Trial/nn-tl of/in what/wdt had/hvd been/ben done/vbn to/in the/at Jews/nps of/in Europe/np ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* that/cs the/at facts/nns of/in the/at persecution/nn were/bed unavailable/jj ;/. ;/.
most/ap of/in the/at information/nn elicited/vbn in/in Jerusalem/np had/hvd been/ben brought/vbn to/in the/at surface/nn by/in the/at numerous/jj War/nn-tl Crimes/nns-tl tribunals/nns and/cc investigating/vbg commissions/nns ,/, and/cc by/in reports/nns ,/, memoirs/nns ,/, and/cc survivors'/nns$ accounts/nns ./.

In/in Poughkeepsie/np ,/, N.Y./np ,/, ,/, in/in 1952/cd ,/, a/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj hospital/nn presented/vbd seven/cd Protestant/jj physicians/nns with/in an/at ultimatum/nn to/to quit/vb the/at Planned/vbn-tl Parenthood/nn-tl Federation/nn-tl or/cc to/to resign/vb from/in the/at hospital/nn staff/nn ./.
Three/cd agreed/vbd ,/, but/cc four/cd declined/vbd and/cc were/bed suspended/vbn ./.
After/in a/at flood/nn of/in protests/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed reinstated/vbn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in 1953/cd ./.
The/at peace/nn of/in the/at community/nn was/bedz badly/ql disturbed/vbn ,/, and/cc people/nns across/in the/at nation/nn ,/, reading/vbg of/in the/at incident/nn ,/, felt/vbd uneasy/jj ./.


	In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl in/in 1958/cd ,/, the/at city's/nn$ Commissioner/nn-tl of/in-tl Hospitals/nns-tl refused/vbd to/to permit/vb a/at physician/nn to/to provide/vb a/at Protestant/jj mother/nn with/in a/at contraceptive/jj device/nn ./.
He/pps thereby/rb precipitated/vbd a/at bitter/jj controversy/nn involving/vbg Protestants/nps ,/, Jews/nps and/cc Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps that/wps continued/vbd for/in two/cd months/nns ,/, until/cs the/at city's/nn$ Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Hospitals/nns-tl lifted/vbd the/at ban/nn on/in birth-control/nn therapy/nn ./.


	A/at year/nn later/rbr in/in Albany/np ,/, N.Y./np ,/, a/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj hospital/nn barred/vbd an/at orthopedic/jj surgeon/nn because/cs of/in his/pp$ connection/nn with/in the/at Planned/vbn-tl Parenthood/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ./.
Immediately/rb ,/, the/at religious/jj groups/nns of/in the/at city/nn were/bed embroiled/vbn in/in an/at angry/jj dispute/nn over/in the/at alleged/vbn invasion/nn of/in a/at man's/nn$ right/nn to/in freedom/nn of/in religious/jj belief/nn and/cc conscience/nn ./.


	These/dts incidents/nns ,/, typical/jj of/in many/ap others/nns ,/, dramatize/vb the/at distressing/jj fact/nn that/wps no/at controversy/nn during/in the/at last/ap several/ap decades/nns has/hvz caused/vbn more/ap tension/nn ,/, rancor/nn and/cc strife/nn among/in religious/jj groups/nns in/in this/dt country/nn than/cs the/at birth-control/nn issue/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz flared/vbn up/rp periodically/rb on/in the/at front/jj pages/nns of/in newspapers/nns in/in communities/nns divided/vbn over/in birth-prevention/nn regulations/nns in/in municipal/jj hospitals/nns and/cc health/nn and/cc family-welfare/nn agencies/nns ./.
It/pps has/hvz erupted/vbn on/in the/at national/jj level/nn in/in the/at matter/nn of/in including/vbg birth-control/nn information/nn and/cc material/nn in/in foreign/jj aid/nn to/in underdeveloped/jj countries/nns ./.
Where/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* actually/rb erupting/vbg ,/, it/pps rumbles/vbz and/cc smolders/vbz in/in sullen/jj resentment/nn like/cs a/at volcano/nn ,/, ready/jj to/to explode/vb at/in any/dti moment/nn ./.


	The/at time/nn has/hvz come/vbn for/in citizens/nns of/in all/abn faiths/nns to/to unite/vb in/in an/at effort/nn to/to remove/vb this/dt divisive/jj and/cc nettlesome/jj issue/nn from/in the/at political/jj and/cc social/jj life/nn of/in our/pp$ nation/nn ./.


	The/at first/od step/nn toward/in the/at goal/nn is/bez the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at new/jj atmosphere/nn of/in mutual/jj good/jj will/nn and/cc friendly/jj communication/nn on/in other/ap than/cs the/at polemical/jj level/nn ./.
Instead/rb of/in emotional/jj recrimination/nn ,/, loaded/vbn phrases/nns and/cc sloganeering/vbg ,/, we/ppss need/md a/at dispassionate/jj study/nn of/in the/at facts/nns ,/, a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at opposite/jj viewpoint/nn and/cc a/at more/ql serious/jj effort/nn to/to extend/vb the/at areas/nns of/in agreement/nn until/cs a/at solution/nn is/bez reached/vbn ./.


	``/`` All/ql too/ql frequently/rb ''/'' ,/, points/vbz out/rp James/np O'Gara/np ,/, managing/vbg editor/nn of/in Commonweal/np ,/, ``/`` Catholics/nps run/vb roughshod/jj over/in Protestant/jj sensibilities/nns in/in this/dt matter/nn ,/, by/in failure/nn to/to consider/vb the/at reasoning/nn behind/in the/at Protestant/jj position/nn and/cc ,/, particularly/rb ,/, by/in their/pp$ jibes/nns at/in the/at fact/nn that/cs Protestant/jj opinion/nn on/in birth/nn control/nn has/hvz changed/vbn in/in recent/jj decades/nns ''/'' ./.
All/ql too/ql often/rb our/pp$ language/nn is/bez unduly/ql harsh/jj ./.


	The/at second/od step/nn is/bez to/to recognize/vb the/at substantial/jj agreement/nn --/-- frequently/rb blurred/vbn by/in emotionalism/nn and/cc inaccurate/jj newspaper/nn reporting/nn --/-- already/rb existing/vbg between/in Catholics/nps and/cc Non-Catholics/nps concerning/in the/at over-all/jj objectives/nns of/in family/nn planning/nn ./.
Instead/rb of/in Catholics'/nps$ being/beg obliged/vbn or/cc even/rb encouraged/vbn to/to beget/vb the/at greatest/jjt possible/jj number/nn of/in offspring/nn ,/, as/cs many/ap Non-Catholics/nps imagine/vb ,/, the/at ideal/nn of/in responsible/jj parenthood/nn is/bez stressed/vbn ./.
Family/nn planning/nn is/bez encouraged/vbn ,/, so/cs that/cs parents/nns will/md be/be able/jj to/to provide/vb properly/rb for/in their/pp$ offspring/nn ./.


	Pope/nn-tl Pius/np 12/cd-tl ,/, declared/vbd in/in 1951/cd that/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to be/be exempt/jj from/in the/at normal/jj obligation/nn of/in parenthood/nn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn and/cc even/rb for/in the/at whole/jj duration/nn of/in married/vbn life/nn ,/, if/cs there/ex are/ber serious/jj reasons/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs those/dts often/rb mentioned/vbn in/in the/at so-called/jj medical/jj ,/, eugenic/jj ,/, economic/jj and/cc social/jj ``/`` indications/nns ''/'' ./.
This/dt means/vbz that/cs such/jj factors/nns as/cs the/at health/nn of/in the/at parents/nns ,/, particularly/rb the/at mother/nn ,/, their/pp$ ability/nn to/to provide/vb their/pp$ children/nns with/in the/at necessities/nns of/in life/nn ,/, the/at degree/nn of/in population/nn density/nn of/in a/at country/nn and/cc the/at shortage/nn of/in housing/vbg facilities/nns may/md legitimately/rb be/be taken/vbn into/in consideration/nn in/in determining/vbg the/at number/nn of/in offspring/nn ./.


	These/dts are/ber substantially/rb the/at same/ap factors/nns considered/vbn by/in Non-Catholics/nps in/in family/nn planning/nn ./.
The/at laws/nns of/in many/ap states/nns permit/vb birth/nn control/nn only/rb for/in medical/jj reasons/nns ./.
The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ,/, however/rb ,/, sanctions/vbz a/at much/ql more/ql liberal/jj policy/nn on/in family/nn planning/nn ./.


	Catholics/nps ,/, Protestants/nps and/cc Jews/nps are/ber in/in agreement/nn over/in the/at objectives/nns of/in family/nn planning/nn ,/, but/cc disagree/vb over/in the/at methods/nns to/to be/be used/vbn ./.
The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl sanctions/vbz only/rb abstention/nn or/cc the/at rhythm/nn method/nn ,/, also/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at use/nn of/in the/at infertile/jj or/cc safe/jj period/nn ./.
The/at Church/nn-tl considers/vbz this/dt to/to be/be the/at method/nn provided/vbn by/in nature/nn and/cc its/pp$ divine/jj Author/nn-tl :/: It/pps involves/vbz no/at frustration/nn of/in nature's/nn$ laws/nns ,/, but/cc simply/rb an/at intelligent/jj and/cc disciplined/vbn use/nn of/in them/ppo ./.
With/in the/at exception/nn of/in the/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj and/cc the/at Orthodox/jj-tl Catholic/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl ,/, most/ap churches/nns make/vb no/at moral/jj distinction/nn between/in rhythm/nn and/cc mechanical/jj or/cc chemical/nn contraceptives/nns ,/, allowing/vbg the/at couple/nn free/jj choice/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez a/at difference/nn in/in theological/jj belief/nn where/wrb there/ex seems/vbz little/ap chance/nn of/in agreement/nn ./.
The/at grounds/nns for/in the/at Church's/nn$-tl position/nn are/ber Scriptural/jj-tl (/( Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl )/) ,/, the/at teachings/nns of/in the/at fathers/nns and/cc doctors/nns of/in the/at early/jj Church/nn-tl ,/, the/at unbroken/jj tradition/nn of/in nineteen/cd centuries/nns ,/, the/at decisions/nns of/in the/at highest/jjt ecclesiastical/jj authority/nn and/cc the/at natural/jj law/nn ./.
The/at latter/ap plays/vbz a/at prominent/jj role/nn in/in Roman/jj Catholic/jj theology/nn and/cc is/bez considered/vbn decisive/jj ,/, entirely/ql apart/rb from/in Scripture/nn-tl ,/, in/in determining/vbg the/at ethical/jj character/nn of/in birth-prevention/nn methods/nns ./.


	The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj natural-law/nn tradition/nn regards/vbz as/cs self-evident/jj that/cs the/at primary/jj objective/jj purpose/nn of/in the/at conjugal/jj act/nn is/bez procreation/nn and/cc that/cs the/at fostering/nn of/in the/at mutual/jj love/nn of/in the/at spouses/nns is/bez the/at secondary/jj and/cc subjective/jj end/nn ./.
This/dt conclusion/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in two/cd propositions/nns :/: that/cs man/nn by/in the/at use/nn of/in his/pp$ reason/nn can/md ascertain/vb God's/np$ purpose/nn in/in the/at universe/nn and/cc that/cs God/np makes/vbz known/vbn His/pp$ purpose/nn by/in certain/jj ``/`` given/vbn ''/'' physical/jj arrangements/nns ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, man/nn can/md readily/rb deduce/vb that/cs the/at primary/jj objective/jj end/nn of/in the/at conjugal/jj act/nn is/bez procreation/nn ,/, the/at propagation/nn of/in the/at race/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, man/nn may/md not/* supplant/vb or/cc frustrate/vb the/at physical/jj arrangements/nns established/vbn by/in God/np ,/, who/wps through/in the/at law/nn of/in rhythm/nn has/hvz provided/vbn a/at natural/jj method/nn for/in the/at control/nn of/in conception/nn ./.
Believing/vbg that/cs God/np is/bez the/at Author/nn-tl of/in this/dt law/nn and/cc of/in all/abn laws/nns of/in nature/nn ,/, Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps believe/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber obliged/vbn to/to obey/vb those/dts laws/nns ,/, not/* frustrate/vb or/cc mock/vb them/ppo ./.


	Let/vb it/pps be/be granted/vbn then/rb that/cs the/at theological/jj differences/nns in/in this/dt area/nn between/in Protestants/nps and/cc Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps appear/vb to/to be/be irreconcilable/jj ./.
But/cc people/nns differ/vb in/in their/pp$ religious/jj beliefs/nns on/in scores/nns of/in doctrines/nns ,/, without/in taking/vbg up/rp arms/nns against/in those/dts who/wps disagree/vb with/in them/ppo ./.
Why/wrb is/bez it/pps so/ql different/jj in/in regard/nn to/in birth/nn control/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez because/cs each/dt side/nn has/hvz sought/vbn to/in implement/vb its/pp$ distinctive/jj theological/jj belief/nn through/in legislation/nn and/cc thus/rb indirectly/rb force/vb its/pp$ belief/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap the/at practical/jj consequences/nns thereof/rb ,/, upon/in others/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez always/rb a/at temptation/nn for/in a/at religious/jj organization/nn ,/, especially/rb a/at powerful/jj or/cc dominant/jj one/cd ,/, to/to impose/vb through/in the/at clenched/vbn fist/nn of/in the/at law/nn its/pp$ creedal/jj viewpoint/nn upon/in others/nns ./.
Both/abx Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps and/cc Protestants/nps have/hv succumbed/vbn to/in this/dt temptation/nn in/in the/at past/nn ./.


	Consider/vb what/wdt happened/vbd during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, when/wrb the/at Protestant/jj churches/nns united/vbd to/to push/vb the/at Prohibition/nn-tl law/nn through/in Congress/np ./.
Many/ap of/in them/ppo sincerely/rb believe/vb that/cs the/at use/nn of/in liquor/nn in/in any/dti form/nn or/cc in/in any/dti degree/nn is/bez intrinsically/rb evil/jj and/cc sinful/jj ./.
With/in over/rp four/cd million/cd American/jj men/nns away/rb at/in war/nn ,/, Protestants/nps forced/vbd their/pp$ distinctive/jj theological/jj belief/nn upon/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./.
With/in the/at return/nn of/in our/pp$ soldiers/nns ,/, it/pps soon/rb became/vbd apparent/jj that/cs the/at belief/nn was/bedz not/* shared/vbn by/in the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in citizens/nns ./.
The/at attempt/nn to/to enforce/vb that/dt belief/nn ushered/vbd in/rp a/at reign/nn of/in bootleggers/nns ,/, racketeers/nns ,/, hijackers/nns and/cc gangsters/nns that/wps led/vbd to/in a/at breakdown/nn of/in law/nn unparalleled/jj in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./.
The/at so-called/jj ``/`` noble/jj experiment/nn ''/'' came/vbd to/in an/at inglorious/jj end/nn ./.


	That/dt tumultuous/jj ,/, painful/jj and/cc costly/jj experience/nn shows/vbz clearly/rb that/cs a/at law/nn expressing/vbg a/at moral/jj judgment/nn cannot/md* be/be enforced/vbn when/wrb it/pps has/hvz little/ap correspondence/nn with/in the/at general/jj view/nn of/in society/nn ./.
That/dt experience/nn holds/vbz a/at lesson/nn for/in us/ppo all/abn in/in regard/nn to/in birth/nn control/nn today/nr ./.


	Up/in to/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, contraception/nn was/bedz condemned/vbn by/in all/abn Christian/jj churches/nns as/cs immoral/jj ,/, unnatural/jj and/cc contrary/jj to/in divine/jj law/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz generally/rb reflected/vbn in/in the/at civil/jj laws/nns of/in Christian/jj countries/nns ./.
Today/nr ,/, the/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj and/cc Orthodox/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl stand/vb virtually/ql alone/rb in/in holding/vbg that/dt conviction/nn ./.
The/at various/jj Lambeth/np-tl Conferences/nns-tl ,/, expressing/vbg the/at Anglican/jj viewpoint/nn ,/, mirror/vb the/at gradual/jj change/nn that/wps has/hvz taken/vbn place/nn among/in Protestants/nps generally/rb ./.


	In/in 1920/cd ,/, the/at Lambeth/np-tl Conference/nn-tl repeated/vbd its/pp$ 1908/cd condemnation/nn of/in contraception/nn and/cc issued/vbd ``/`` an/at emphatic/jj warning/nn against/in the/at use/nn of/in unnatural/jj means/nns for/in the/at avoidance/nn of/in conception/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at grave/jj dangers/nns --/-- physical/jj ,/, moral/jj ,/, and/cc religious/jj --/-- thereby/rb incurred/vbn ,/, and/cc against/in the/at evils/nns which/wdt the/at extension/nn of/in such/jj use/nn threaten/vb the/at race/nn ''/'' ./.
Denouncing/vbg the/at view/nn that/cs the/at sexual/jj union/nn is/bez an/at end/nn in/in itself/ppl ,/, the/at Conference/nn-tl declared/vbd :/: ``/`` We/ppss steadfastly/rb uphold/vb what/wdt must/md always/rb be/be regarded/vbn as/cs the/at governing/vbg considerations/nns of/in Christian/jj marriage/nn ./.
One/cd is/bez the/at primary/jj purpose/nn for/in which/wdt marriage/nn exists/vbz ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at continuance/nn of/in the/at race/nn through/in the/at gift/nn and/cc heritage/nn of/in children/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap is/bez the/at paramount/jjs importance/nn in/in married/vbn life/nn of/in deliberate/jj and/cc thoughtful/jj self-control/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at Conference/nn-tl called/vbd for/in a/at vigorous/jj campaign/nn against/in the/at open/jj or/cc secret/jj sale/nn of/in contraceptives/nns ./.


	In/in 1930/cd ,/, the/at Lambeth/np-tl Conference/nn-tl again/rb affirmed/vbd the/at primary/jj purpose/nn of/in marriage/nn to/to be/be the/at procreation/nn of/in children/nns ,/, but/cc conceded/vbd that/cs ,/, in/in certain/jj limited/vbn circumstances/nns ,/, contraception/nn might/md be/be morally/rb legitimate/jj ./.


	In/in 1958/cd ,/, the/at Conference/nn-tl endorsed/vbd birth/nn control/nn as/cs the/at responsibility/nn laid/vbn by/in God/np on/in parents/nns everywhere/rb ./.


	Many/ap other/ap Protestant/jj denominations/nns preceded/vbd the/at Anglicans/nps in/in such/jj action/nn ./.
In/in March/np ,/, 1931/cd ,/, 22/cd out/in of/in 28/cd members/nns of/in a/at committee/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl ratified/vbd artificial/jj methods/nns of/in birth/nn control/nn ./.
``/`` As/in to/in the/at necessity/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at committee/nn declared/vbd ,/, ``/`` for/in some/dti form/nn of/in effective/jj control/nn of/in the/at size/nn of/in the/at family/nn and/cc the/at spacing/nn of/in children/nns ,/, and/cc consequently/rb of/in control/nn of/in conception/nn ,/, there/ex can/md be/be no/at question/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez general/jj agreement/nn also/rb that/cs sex/nn union/nn between/in husbands/nns and/cc wives/nns as/cs an/at expression/nn of/in mutual/jj affection/nn without/in relation/nn to/in procreation/nn is/bez right/jj ''/'' ./.


	Since/in then/rb ,/, many/ap Protestant/jj denominations/nns have/hv made/vbn separate/jj pronouncements/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt they/ppss not/* only/rb approved/vbd birth/nn control/nn ,/, but/cc declared/vbd it/ppo at/in times/nns to/to be/be a/at religious/jj duty/nn ./.
What/wdt determines/vbz the/at morality/nn ,/, they/ppss state/vb ,/, is/bez not/* the/at means/nns used/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at motive/nn In/in general/jj ,/, the/at means/nns (/( excluding/vbg abortion/nn )/) that/wps prove/vb most/ql effective/jj are/ber considered/vbn the/at most/ql ethical/jj ./.


	This/dt development/nn is/bez reflected/vbn in/in the/at action/nn taken/vbn in/in February/np ,/, 1961/cd ,/, by/in the/at general/jj board/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl ,/, the/at largest/jjt Protestant/jj organization/nn in/in the/at Aj/nn ./.
The/at board/nn approved/vbd and/cc commended/vbd the/at use/nn of/in birth-control/nn devices/nns as/cs a/at part/nn of/in Christian/jj responsibility/nn in/in family/nn planning/nn ./.
It/pps called/vbd for/in opposition/nn to/in laws/nns and/cc institutional/jj practices/nns restricting/vbg the/at information/nn or/cc availability/nn of/in contraceptives/nns ./.


	The/at general/jj board/nn declared/vbd :/: ``/`` Most/ap of/in the/at Protestant/jj churches/nns hold/vb contraception/nn and/cc periodic/jj continence/nn to/to be/be morally/rb right/jj when/wrb the/at motives/nns are/ber right/jj ./.
The/at general/jj Protestant/jj conviction/nn is/bez that/cs motives/nns ,/, rather/in than/in methods/nns ,/, form/vb the/at primary/jj moral/jj issue/nn ,/, provided/vbn the/at methods/nns are/ber limited/vbn to/in the/at prevention/nn of/in conception/nn ''/'' ./.


	An/at action/nn once/rb universally/rb condemned/vbn by/in all/abn Christian/jj churches/nns and/cc forbidden/vbn by/in the/at civil/jj law/nn is/bez now/rb not/* only/rb approved/vbn by/in the/at overwhelming/jj majority/nn of/in Protestant/jj denominations/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb deemed/vbn ,/, at/in certain/jj times/nns ,/, to/to be/be a/at positive/jj religious/jj duty/nn ./.
This/dt viewpoint/nn has/hvz now/rb been/ben translated/vbn into/in action/nn by/in the/at majority/nn of/in people/nns in/in this/dt country/nn ./.
Repeated/vbn polls/nns have/hv disclosed/vbn that/cs most/ap married/vbn couples/nns are/ber now/rb using/vbg contraceptives/nns in/in the/at practice/nn of/in birth/nn control/nn ./.


	For/in all/abn concerned/vbn with/in social-welfare/nn legislation/nn ,/, the/at significance/nn of/in this/dt radical/nn and/cc revolutionary/jj change/nn in/in the/at thought/nn and/cc habits/nns of/in the/at vast/jj majority/nn of/in the/at American/jj people/nns is/bez clear/jj ,/, profound/jj and/cc far-reaching/jj ./.
To/to try/vb to/to oppose/vb the/at general/jj religious/jj and/cc moral/jj conviction/nn of/in such/abl a/at majority/nn by/in a/at legislative/jj fiat/nn would/md be/be to/to invite/vb the/at same/ap breakdown/nn of/in law/nn and/cc order/nn that/wps was/bedz occasioned/vbn by/in the/at ill-starred/jj Prohibition/nn-tl experiment/nn ./.


	This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at realities/nns we/ppss are/ber dealing/vbg with/in lie/vb not/* in/in the/at field/nn of/in civil/jj legislation/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at realm/nn of/in conscience/nn and/cc religion/nn :/: They/ppss are/ber moral/jj judgments/nns and/cc matters/nns of/in theological/jj belief/nn ./.
Conscience/nn and/cc religion/nn are/ber concerned/vbn with/in private/jj sin/nn :/: The/at civil/jj law/nn is/bez concerned/vbn with/in public/jj crimes/nns ./.
Only/rb confusion/nn ,/, failure/nn and/cc anarchy/nn result/vb when/wrb the/at effort/nn is/bez made/vbn to/to impose/vb upon/in the/at civil/jj authority/nn the/at impossible/jj task/nn of/in policing/vbg private/jj homes/nns to/to preclude/vb the/at possibility/nn of/in sin/nn ./.
Among/in the/at chief/jjs victims/nns of/in such/abl an/at ill-conceived/jj imposition/nn would/md be/be religion/nn itself/ppl ./.





On/in April/np 17/cd ,/, 1610/cd ,/, the/at sturdy/jj little/jj three-masted/jj bark/nn ,/, Discovery/nn-tl ,/, weighed/vbd anchor/nn in/in St./np Katherine's/np$ Pool/nn-tl ,/, London/np ,/, and/cc floated/vbd down/in the/at Thames/np toward/in the/at sea/nn ./.
She/pps carried/vbd ,/, besides/in her/pp$ captain/nn ,/, a/at crew/nn of/in twenty-one/cd and/cc provisions/nns for/in a/at voyage/nn of/in exploration/nn of/in the/at Arctic/np waters/nns of/in North/jj-tl America/np-tl ./.


	Seventeen/cd months/nns later/rbr ,/, on/in September/np 6/cd ,/, 1611/cd ,/, an/at Irish/jj fishing/vbg boat/nn sighted/vbd the/at Discovery/nn-tl limping/vbg eastward/rb outside/in Galway/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ./.
When/wrb she/pps reached/vbd port/nn ,/, she/pps was/bedz found/vbn to/to have/hv on/in board/nn only/rb eight/cd men/nns ,/, all/abn near/in starvation/nn ./.
The/at captain/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at mate/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ./.
The/at man/nn who/wps now/rb commanded/vbd her/ppo had/hvd started/vbn the/at voyage/nn as/cs an/at ordinary/jj seaman/nn ./.


	What/wdt disaster/nn struck/vbd the/at Discovery/nn-tl during/in those/dts seventeen/cd months/nns ?/. ?/.
What/wdt happened/vbd to/in the/at fourteen/cd missing/vbg men/nns ?/. ?/.
These/dts questions/nns have/hv remained/vbn one/cd of/in the/at great/jj sea/nn mysteries/nns of/in all/abn time/nn ./.
For/in hundreds/nns of/in years/nns ,/, the/at evidence/nn available/jj consisted/vbn of/in (/( 1/cd )/) the/at captain's/nn$ fragmentary/jj journal/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) a/at highly/ql prejudiced/vbn account/nn by/in one/cd of/in the/at survivors/nns ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) a/at note/nn found/vbn in/in a/at dead/jj man's/nn$ desk/nn on/in board/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 4/cd )/) several/ap second-hand/nn reports/nns ./.
All/abn told/vbn ,/, they/ppss offered/vbd a/at highly/ql confused/vbn picture/nn ./.


	But/cc since/in 1927/cd ,/, researchers/nns digging/vbg into/in ancient/jj court/nn records/nns and/cc legal/jj files/nns have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to find/vb illuminating/jj pieces/nns of/in information/nn ./.
Not/* enough/ap to/to do/do away/rb with/in all/abn doubts/nns ,/, but/cc sufficient/jj to/to give/vb a/at fairly/ql accurate/jj picture/nn of/in the/at events/nns of/in the/at voyage/nn ./.


	Historians/nns have/hv had/hvn two/cd reasons/nns for/in persisting/vbg so/ql long/rb in/in their/pp$ investigations/nns ./.
First/od ,/, they/ppss wanted/vbd to/to clarify/vb a/at tantalizing/vbg ,/, bizarre/jj enigma/nn ./.
Second/od ,/, they/ppss believed/vbd it/ppo important/jj to/to determine/vb the/at fate/nn of/in the/at captain/nn --/-- a/at man/nn whose/wp$ name/nn is/bez permanently/rb stamped/vbn on/in our/pp$ maps/nns ,/, on/in American/jj towns/nns and/cc counties/nns ,/, on/in a/at great/jj American/jj river/nn ,/, and/cc on/in half/abn a/at million/cd square/jj miles/nns of/in Arctic/np seas/nns ./.


	The/at name/nn :/: Henry/np Hudson/np ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at story/nn of/in his/pp$ last/ap tragic/jj voyage/nn ,/, as/ql nearly/rb as/cs we/ppss are/ber able/jj --/-- or/cc ever/rb ,/, probably/rb ,/, will/md be/be able/jj --/-- to/to determine/vb :/: 

	The/at sailing/nn in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1610/cd was/bedz Hudson's/np$ fourth/od in/in four/cd years/nns ./.
Each/dt time/nn his/pp$ objective/nn had/hvd been/ben the/at same/ap --/-- a/at direct/jj water/nn passage/nn from/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl to/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl ./.
In/in 1607/cd and/cc 1608/cd ,/, the/at English/jj-tl Muscovy/np-tl Company/nn-tl had/hvd sent/vbn him/ppo northward/rb to/to look/vb for/in a/at route/nn over/in the/at North/jj-tl Pole/nn-tl or/cc across/in the/at top/nn of/in Russia/np ./.
Twice/rb he/pps had/hvd failed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at Muscovy/np-tl Company/nn-tl indicated/vbd it/pps would/md not/* back/vb him/ppo again/rb ./.


	In/in 1609/cd ,/, the/at Dutch/jj-tl East/jj-tl India/np-tl Company/nn-tl hired/vbd Hudson/np ,/, gave/vbd him/ppo two/cd learned/vbn geographers/nns ,/, fitted/vbn him/ppo out/rp with/in a/at ship/nn called/vbn the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl ,/, and/cc supplied/vbd him/ppo with/in Dutch/jj sailors/nns ./.
This/dt time/nn he/pps turned/vbd westward/rb ,/, to/in the/at middle/jj Atlantic/jj coast/nn of/in North/jj-tl America/np-tl ./.
His/pp$ chief/jjs discovery/nn was/bedz important/jj --/-- the/at Great/jj-tl North/jj-tl (/( later/rbr ,/, the/at Hudson/np )/) River/nn-tl --/-- but/cc it/pps produced/vbd no/at northwest/jj passage/nn ./.




When/wrb the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl put/vbd in/rp at/in Dartmouth/np ,/, England/np ,/, in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1609/cd ,/, word/nn of/in Hudson's/np$ findings/nns leaked/vbd out/rp ,/, and/cc English/jj interest/nn in/in him/ppo revived/vbn ./.
The/at government/nn forbade/vbd Hudson/np to/to return/vb to/in Amsterdam/np with/in his/pp$ ship/nn ./.
He/pps thereupon/rb went/vbd to/in London/np and/cc spent/vbd the/at winter/nn talking/vbg to/in men/nns of/in wealth/nn ./.
By/in springtime/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz supported/vbn by/in a/at rich/jj merchant/nn syndicate/nn under/in the/at patronage/nn of/in Henry/np ,/, Prince/nn-tl of/in-tl Wales/np-tl ./.
He/pps had/hvd obtained/vbn and/cc provisioned/vbn a/at veteran/jj ship/nn called/vbn the/at Discovery/nn-tl and/cc had/hvd recruited/vbn a/at crew/nn of/in twenty-one/cd ,/, the/at largest/jjt he/pps had/hvd ever/rb commanded/vbn ./.


	The/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt fourth/od voyage/nn was/bedz clear/jj ./.
A/at century/nn of/in exploration/nn had/hvd established/vbn that/cs a/at great/jj land/nn mass/nn ,/, North/jj-tl and/cc South/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, lay/vbd between/in Europe/np and/cc the/at Indies/nps ./.
One/cd by/in one/cd ,/, the/at openings/nns in/in the/at coast/nn that/wps promised/vbd a/at passage/nn through/rp had/hvd been/ben explored/vbn and/cc discarded/vbn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, Hudson's/np$ sail/nn up/in the/at Great/jj-tl North/jj-tl River/nn-tl had/hvd disposed/vbn of/in one/cd of/in the/at last/ap hopes/nns ./.


	But/cc there/ex remained/vbd one/cd mysterious/jj ,/, unexplored/jj gap/nn ,/, far/ql to/in the/at north/nr ./.
Nearly/rb twenty-five/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, Captain/nn-tl John/np Davis/np had/hvd noted/vbn ,/, as/cs he/pps sailed/vbd near/in the/at Arctic/jj-tl Circle/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` a/at very/ql great/jj gulf/nn ,/, the/at water/nn whirling/vbg and/cc roaring/vbg ,/, as/cs it/pps were/bed the/at meeting/nn of/in tides/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps named/vbd this/dt opening/vbg ,/, between/in Baffin/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc Labrador/np ,/, the/at ``/`` Furious/jj-tl Overfall/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
(/( Later/rbr ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be called/vbn Hudson/np-tl Strait/nn-tl ./.
)/) 

	In/in 1602/cd ,/, George/np Waymouth/np ,/, in/in the/at same/ap little/ap Discovery/nn-tl that/wps Hudson/np now/rb commanded/vbd ,/, had/hvd sailed/vbn 300/cd miles/nns up/in the/at strait/nn before/cs his/pp$ frightened/vbn men/nns turned/vbd the/at ship/nn back/rb ./.
Hudson/np now/rb proposed/vbd to/to sail/vb all/abn the/at way/nn through/rp and/cc test/vb the/at seas/nns beyond/rb for/in the/at long-sought/jj waterway/nn ./.


	Even/rb Hudson/np ,/, experienced/vbn in/in Arctic/jj sailing/nn and/cc determined/vbn as/cs he/pps was/bedz ,/, must/md have/hv had/hvn qualms/nns as/cs he/pps slid/vbd down/in the/at Thames/np ./.
Ahead/rb were/bed perilous/jj ,/, ice-filled/jj waters/nns ./.
On/in previous/jj voyages/nns ,/, it/pps had/hvd been/ben in/in precisely/ql such/jj dangerous/jj situations/nns that/cs he/pps had/hvd failed/vbn as/cs a/at leader/nn and/cc captain/nn ./.
On/in the/at second/od voyage/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd turned/vbn back/rb at/in the/at frozen/vbn island/nn of/in Novaya/np Zemlya/np and/cc meekly/rb given/vbn the/at crew/nn a/at certificate/nn stating/vbg that/cs he/pps did/dod so/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj free/jj will/nn --/-- which/wdt was/bedz obviously/rb not/* the/at case/nn ./.
On/in the/at third/od voyage/nn ,/, a/at near-mutiny/nn rising/vbg from/in a/at quarrel/nn between/in Dutch/jj and/cc English/jj crew/nn members/nns on/in the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl had/hvd almost/rb forced/vbn him/ppo to/to head/vb the/at ship/nn back/rb to/in Amsterdam/np in/in Mid-Atlantic/np ./.


	Worse/jjr ,/, his/pp$ present/jj crew/nn included/vbn five/cd men/nns who/wps had/hvd sailed/vbn with/in him/ppo before/rb ./.
Of/in only/rb one/cd could/md he/pps be/be sure/jj --/-- young/jj John/np Hudson/np ,/, his/pp$ second/od son/nn ./.
The/at mate/nn ,/, Robert/np Juet/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd kept/vbn the/at journal/nn on/in the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz experienced/vbn --/-- but/in he/pps was/bedz a/at bitter/jj old/jj man/nn ,/, ready/jj to/to complain/vb or/cc desert/vb at/in any/dti opportunity/nn ./.
Philip/np Staffe/np ,/, the/at ship's/nn$ carpenter/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at good/jj worker/nn ,/, but/cc perversely/ql independent/jj ./.
Arnold/np Lodley/np and/cc Michael/np Perse/np were/bed like/cs the/at rest/nn --/-- lukewarm/jj ,/, ready/jj to/to swing/vb against/in Hudson/np in/in a/at crisis/nn ./.


	But/cc men/nns willing/jj to/to sail/vb at/in all/abn into/in waters/nns where/wrb wooden/jj ships/nns could/md be/be crushed/vbn like/cs eggs/nns were/bed hard/jj to/to find/vb ./.
Hudson/np knew/vbd he/pps had/hvd to/to use/vb these/dts men/nns as/ql long/rb as/cs he/pps remained/vbd an/at explorer/nn ./.
And/cc he/pps refused/vbd to/to be/be anything/pn else/rb ./.


	It/pps is/bez believed/vbn that/cs Hudson/np was/bedz related/vbn to/in other/ap seafaring/jj men/nns of/in the/at Muscovy/np-tl Company/nn-tl and/cc was/bedz trained/vbn on/in company/nn ships/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at Londoner/np ,/, married/vbn ,/, with/in three/cd sons/nns ./.
(/( The/at common/jj misconception/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz Dutch/jj and/cc that/cs his/pp$ first/od name/nn was/bedz Hendrik/np stem/vb from/in Dutch/jj documents/nns of/in his/pp$ third/od voyage/nn ./.
)/) In/in 1610/cd ,/, Hudson/np was/bedz probably/rb in/in his/pp$ early/jj forties/nns ,/, a/at good/jj navigator/nn ,/, a/at stubborn/jj voyager/nn ,/, but/cc otherwise/rb fatally/ql unsuited/jj to/in his/pp$ chosen/vbn profession/nn ./.




Hudson's/np$ first/od error/nn of/in the/at fourth/od voyage/nn occurred/vbd only/rb a/at few/ap miles/nns down/in the/at Thames/np ./.
There/rb at/in the/at river's/nn$ edge/nn waited/vbd one/cd Henry/np Greene/np ,/, whom/wpo Hudson/np listed/vbd as/cs a/at ``/`` clerk/nn ''/'' ./.
Greene/np was/bedz in/in actuality/nn a/at young/jj ruffian/nn from/in Kent/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd broken/vbn with/in his/pp$ parents/nns in/in order/nn to/to keep/vb the/at company/nn he/pps preferred/vbd --/-- pimps/nns ,/, panders/nns and/cc whores/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz not/* the/at sort/nn of/in sailor/nn Hudson/np wanted/vbd his/pp$ backers/nns to/to see/vb on/in board/nn and/cc he/pps had/hvd Greene/np wait/vb at/in Gravesend/np ,/, where/wrb the/at Discovery/nn-tl picked/vbd him/ppo up/rp ./.


	For/in the/at first/od three/cd weeks/nns ,/, the/at ship/nn skirted/vbd up/in the/at east/nr coast/nn of/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ,/, then/rb turned/vbd westward/rb ./.
On/in May/np 11/cd ,/, she/pps reached/vbd Iceland/np ./.
Poor/jj winds/nns and/cc fog/nn locked/vbd her/ppo up/rp in/in a/at harbor/nn the/at crew/nn called/vbn ``/`` Lousie/jj-tl Bay/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at subsequent/jj two-weeks/nns wait/nn made/vbd the/at crew/nn quarrelsome/jj ./.
With/in Hudson/np looking/vbg on/rp ,/, his/pp$ protege/nn Greene/np picked/vbd a/at fight/nn with/in the/at ship's/nn$ surgeon/nn ,/, Edward/np Wilson/np ./.
The/at issue/nn was/bedz settled/vbn on/in shore/nn ,/, Greene/np winning/vbg and/cc Wilson/np remaining/vbg ashore/rb ,/, determined/vbn to/to catch/vb the/at next/ap fishing/vbg boat/nn back/rb to/in England/np ./.
With/in difficulty/nn ,/, Hudson/np persuaded/vbd him/ppo to/to rejoin/vb the/at ship/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss sailed/vbd from/in Iceland/np ./.




Early/rb in/in June/np ,/, the/at Discovery/nn-tl passed/vbd ``/`` Desolation/nn-tl ''/'' (/( southern/jj Greenland/np )/) and/cc in/in mid-June/np entered/vbd the/at ``/`` Furious/jj-tl Overfall/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Floating/vbg ice/nn bore/vbd down/rp from/in the/at north/nr and/cc west/nr ./.
Fog/nn hung/vbd over/in the/at route/nn constantly/rb ./.
Turbulent/jj tides/nns rose/vbd as/ql much/ap as/cs fifty/cd feet/nns ./.
The/at ship's/nn$ compass/nn was/bedz useless/jj because/rb of/in the/at nearness/nn of/in the/at magnetic/jj North/jj-tl Pole/nn-tl ./.


	As/cs the/at bergs/nns grew/vbd larger/jjr ,/, Hudson/np was/bedz forced/vbn to/to turn/vb south/nr into/in what/wdt is/bez now/rb Ungava/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ,/, an/at inlet/nn of/in the/at Great/jj-tl Strait/nn-tl ./.
After/in finding/vbg that/cs its/pp$ coasts/nns led/vbd nowhere/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, he/pps turned/vbd north/nr again/rb ,/, toward/in the/at main/jjs ,/, ice-filled/jj passageway/nn --/-- and/cc the/at crew/nn ,/, at/in first/rb uneasy/jj ,/, then/rb frightened/vbn ,/, rebelled/vbn ./.


	The/at trouble/nn was/bedz at/in least/ap partly/rb Juet's/np$ doing/nn ./.
For/in weeks/nns he/pps had/hvd been/ben saying/vbg that/cs Hudson's/np$ idea/nn of/in sailing/vbg through/in to/in Java/np was/bedz absurd/jj ./.
The/at great/jj ,/, crushing/vbg ice/nn masses/nns coming/vbg into/in view/nn made/vbd him/ppo sound/vb like/cs the/at voice/nn of/in pure/jj reason/nn ./.
A/at group/nn of/in sailors/nns announced/vbd to/in Hudson/np that/cs they/ppss would/md sail/vb no/ql farther/rbr ./.


	Instead/rb of/in quelling/vbg the/at dissension/nn ,/, as/cs many/ap captains/nns of/in the/at era/nn would/md have/hv done/vbn (/( Sir/np Francis/np Drake/np lopped/vbd a/at man's/nn$ head/nn off/rp under/in similar/jj circumstances/nns )/) ,/, Hudson/np decided/vbd to/to be/be reasonable/jj ./.
He/pps went/vbd to/in his/pp$ cabin/nn and/cc emerged/vbd carrying/vbg a/at large/jj chart/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps set/vbd up/rp in/in view/nn of/in the/at crew/nn ./.
Patiently/rb ,/, he/pps explained/vbd what/wdt he/pps knew/vbd about/in their/pp$ course/nn and/cc their/pp$ objectives/nns ./.


	When/wrb Hudson/np had/hvd finished/vbn ,/, the/at ``/`` town/nn meeting/nn ''/'' broke/vbd down/rp into/in a/at general/jj ,/, wordy/jj argument/nn ./.
One/cd man/nn remarked/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at hundred/cd pounds/nns ,/, he/pps would/md give/vb ninety/cd of/in them/ppo to/to be/be back/rb in/in England/np ./.
Up/rp spoke/vbd carpenter/nn Staffe/np ,/, who/wps said/vbd he/pps wouldn't/md* give/vb ten/cd pounds/nns to/to be/be home/nr ./.
The/at statement/nn was/bedz effective/jj ./.
The/at meeting/nn broke/vbd up/rp ./.
Hudson/np was/bedz free/jj to/to sail/vb on/rp ./.




All/ql through/in July/np the/at Discovery/nn-tl picked/vbd her/pp$ way/nn along/in the/at 450-mile-long/jj strait/nn ,/, avoiding/vbg ice/nn and/cc rocky/jj islands/nns ./.
On/in August/np 3/cd ,/, two/cd massive/jj headlands/nns reared/vbd out/in of/in the/at mists/nns --/-- great/jj gateways/nns never/rb before/rb ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs Hudson/np knew/vbd ,/, seen/vbn by/in Europeans/nps ./.
To/in starboard/jj was/bedz a/at cape/nn a/at thousand/cd feet/nns high/jj ,/, patched/vbn with/in ice/nn and/cc snow/nn ,/, populated/vbn by/in thousands/nns of/in screaming/vbg sea/nn birds/nns ./.
To/in port/jj was/bedz a/at point/nn 200/cd feet/nns high/jj rising/vbg behind/rb to/in a/at precipice/nn of/in 2,000/cd feet/nns ./.
Hudson/np named/vbd the/at capes/nns Digges/np and/cc Wolstenholme/np ,/, for/in two/cd of/in his/pp$ backers/nns ./.


	Hudson/np pointed/vbd the/at Discovery/nn-tl down/in the/at east/nr coast/nn of/in the/at newly/rb discovered/vbn sea/nn (/( now/rb called/vbn Hudson/np-tl Bay/nn-tl )/) ,/, confident/jj he/pps was/bedz on/in his/pp$ way/nn to/in the/at warm/jj waters/nns of/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./.
After/in three/cd weeks'/nns$ swift/jj sailing/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at ship/nn entered/vbd an/at area/nn of/in shallow/jj marshes/nns and/cc river/nn deltas/nns ./.
The/at ship/nn halted/vbd ./.
The/at great/jj ``/`` sea/nn to/in the/at westwards/rb ''/'' was/bedz a/at dead/jj end/nn ./.


	This/dt must/md have/hv been/ben Hudson's/np$ blackest/jjt discovery/nn ./.
For/cs he/pps seemed/vbd to/to sense/vb at/in once/rb that/cs before/in him/ppo was/bedz no/at South/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ,/, but/cc the/at solid/jj bulk/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl American/jj-tl continent/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz the/at bitter/jj end/nn ,/, and/cc Hudson/np seemed/vbd to/to know/vb he/pps was/bedz destined/vbn to/in failure/nn ./.


	Feverishly/rb ,/, he/pps tried/vbd to/to brush/vb away/rb this/dt intuition/nn ./.
North/nr and/cc south/nr ,/, east/nr and/cc west/nr ,/, back/rb and/cc forth/rb he/pps sailed/vbd in/in the/at land-locked/jj bay/nn ,/, plowing/vbg furiously/rb forward/rb until/cs land/nn appeared/vbd ,/, then/rb turning/vbg to/to repeat/vb the/at process/nn ,/, day/nn after/in day/nn ,/, week/nn after/in week/nn ./.
Hundreds/nns of/in miles/nns to/in the/at north/nr ,/, the/at route/nn back/rb to/in England/np through/in the/at ``/`` Furious/jj-tl Overfall/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz again/rb filling/vbg with/in ice/nn ./.


	The/at men/nns were/bed at/in first/rb puzzled/vbn ,/, then/rb angered/vbn by/in the/at aimless/jj tacking/vbg ./.
Once/rb more/rbr ,/, Juet's/np$ complaints/nns were/bed the/at loudest/jjt ./.
Hudson's/np$ reply/nn was/bedz to/to accuse/vb the/at mate/nn of/in disloyalty/nn ./.
Juet/np demanded/vbd that/cs Hudson/np prove/vb his/pp$ charges/nns in/in an/at open/jj trial/nn ./.


	The/at trial/nn was/bedz held/vbn September/np 10/cd ./.
Hudson/np ,/, presiding/vbg ,/, heard/vbd Juet's/np$ defense/nn ,/, then/rb called/vbd for/in testimony/nn from/in crew/nn members/nns ./.
Juet/np had/hvd made/vbn plentiful/jj enemies/nns ,/, several/ap men/nns stepped/vbd forward/rb ./.
Hands/nns on/in Bible/np ,/, seaman/nn Lodley/np and/cc carpenter/nn Staffe/np swore/vbd that/cs Juet/np had/hvd tried/vbn to/to persuade/vb them/ppo to/to keep/vb muskets/nns and/cc swords/nns in/in their/pp$ cabins/nns ./.
Cook/nn Bennett/np Mathues/np said/vbd Juet/np had/hvd predicted/vbn bloodshed/nn on/in the/at ship/nn ./.
Others/nns added/vbd that/cs Juet/np had/hvd wanted/vbn to/to turn/vb the/at ship/nn homeward/rb ./.


	Hudson/np deposed/vbd Juet/np and/cc cut/vbd his/pp$ pay/nn ./.
The/at new/jj mate/nn was/bedz Robert/np Bylot/np ,/, talented/jj but/in inexperienced/jj ./.
There/ex were/bed other/ap shifts/nns and/cc pay/nn cuts/nns according/in to/in the/at way/nn individuals/nns had/hvd conducted/vbn themselves/ppls ./.
The/at important/jj result/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz that/cs Juet/np and/cc Francis/np Clemens/np ,/, the/at deposed/vbn boatswain/nn ,/, became/vbd Hudson's/np$ sworn/vbn enemies/nns ./.


	As/cs Hudson/np resumed/vbd his/pp$ desperate/jj criss-crossing/nn of/in the/at little/jj bay/nn ,/, every/at incident/nn lessened/vbd the/at crew's/nn$ respect/nn for/in him/ppo ./.
Once/rb ,/, after/cs the/at Discovery/nn-tl lay/vbd for/in a/at week/nn in/in rough/jj weather/nn ,/, Hudson/np ordered/vbd the/at anchor/nn raised/vbn before/cs the/at sea/nn had/hvd calmed/vbn ./.
Just/rb as/cs it/pps was/bedz being/beg hauled/vbn inboard/rb ,/, a/at sea/nn hit/vbd the/at ship/nn ./.
Michael/np Butt/np and/cc Adame/np Moore/np were/bed thrown/vbn off/in the/at capstan/nn and/cc badly/rb injured/vbn ./.
The/at anchor/nn cable/nn would/md have/hv been/ben lost/vbn overboard/rb ,/, but/cc Philip/np Staffe/np was/bedz on/in hand/nn to/to sever/vb it/ppo with/in his/pp$ axe/nn ./.



	Thomas/np Douglas/np ,/, fifth/od Earl/nn-tl of/in-tl Selkirk/np-tl ,/, a/at noble/jj humanitarian/nn Scot/np concerned/vbn with/in the/at plight/nn of/in the/at crofters/nns of/in his/pp$ native/jj Highlands/nns-tl ,/, conceived/vbd a/at plan/nn to/to settle/vb them/ppo in/in the/at valley/nn of/in the/at Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl North/nr-tl ./.
Since/cs the/at land/nn he/pps desired/vbd lay/vbd within/in the/at great/jj northern/jj empire/nn of/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, he/pps purchased/vbd great/jj blocks/nns of/in the/at Comany's/nn$-tl stock/nn with/in the/at view/nn to/in controlling/vbg its/pp$ policies/nns ./.
Having/hvg achieved/vbn this/dt end/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to buy/vb 116,000/cd square/jj miles/nns in/in the/at valleys/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl and/cc Assiniboine/np rivers/nns ./.
The/at grant/nn ,/, which/wdt stretched/vbd southward/rb to/in Lake/nn-tl Traverse/vb-tl --/-- the/at headwaters/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl --/-- was/bedz made/vbn in/in May/np ,/, 1811/cd ,/, and/cc by/in October/np of/in that/dt year/nn a/at small/jj group/nn of/in Scots/nps was/bedz settling/vbg for/in the/at winter/nn at/in York/np-tl Factory/nn-tl on/in Hudson/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ./.
Thus/rb at/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs William/np Henry/np Harrison/np was/bedz preparing/vbg to/to pacify/vb the/at aborigines/nns of/in Indiana/np-tl Territory/nn-tl and/cc winning/vbg fame/nn at/in the/at battle/nn of/in Tippecanoe/np ,/, Anglo-Saxon/jj settlement/nn made/vbd a/at great/jj leap/nn into/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl American/jj continent/nn to/in the/at west/nr of/in the/at American/jj agricultural/jj frontier/nn ./.


	Seven/cd hundred/cd miles/nns south/nr of/in York/np-tl Factory/nn-tl ,/, at/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' of/in the/at Red/np and/cc the/at Assiniboine/np ,/, twenty-three/cd men/nns located/vbd a/at settlement/nn in/in August/np 1812/cd ./.
By/in October/np the/at little/jj colony/nn about/in Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl (/( present-day/jj Winnipeg/np )/) numbered/vbd 100/cd ./.
Within/in a/at few/ap years/nns the/at Scots/nps ,/, engaged/vbn in/in breaking/vbg the/at thick/jj sod/nn and/cc stirring/vbg the/at rich/jj soil/nn of/in the/at valley/nn ,/, were/bed joined/vbn by/in a/at group/nn called/vbn Meurons/nps ./.
The/at latter/ap ,/, members/nns of/in two/cd regiments/nns of/in Swiss/jj mercenaries/nns transported/vbn by/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl to/in Canada/np to/to fight/vb the/at Americans/nps in/in the/at War/nn-tl of/in-tl 1812/cd-tl ,/, had/hvd settled/vbn in/in Montreal/np and/cc Kingston/np at/in the/at close/nn of/in the/at war/nn in/in 1815/cd ./.
Selkirk/np persuaded/vbd eighty/cd men/nns and/cc four/cd officers/nns to/to go/vb to/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl where/wrb they/ppss were/bed to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at military/jj force/nn to/to protect/vb his/pp$ settlers/nns from/in the/at hostile/jj Northwest/nn-tl Company/nn-tl which/wdt resented/vbd the/at intrusion/nn of/in farmers/nns into/in the/at fur/nn traders'/nns$ empire/nn ./.
The/at mercenaries/nns were/bed little/ql interested/vbn in/in farming/vbg and/cc added/vbd nothing/pn to/in the/at output/nn of/in the/at farm/nn plots/nns on/in which/wdt all/abn work/nn was/bedz still/rb done/vbn with/in hoes/nns as/ql late/rb as/cs 1818/cd ./.


	It/pps was/bedz the/at low/jj yield/nn of/in the/at Selkirk/np plots/nns and/cc the/at ravages/nns of/in grasshoppers/nns in/in 1818/cd that/wps led/vbd to/in the/at dispersal/nn of/in the/at settlement/nn southward/rb ./.
When/wrb late/rb in/in the/at summer/nn the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in the/at damage/nn was/bedz assessed/vbn ,/, all/abn but/in fifty/cd of/in the/at Scots/nps ,/, Swiss/nps and/cc metis/fw-nns moved/vbd up/in the/at Red/np to/in the/at mouth/nn of/in the/at Pembina/np-tl river/nn ./.
Here/rb they/ppss built/vbd huts/nns and/cc a/at stockade/nn named/vbn Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl after/in Selkirk's/np$ barony/nn in/in Scotland/np ./.
The/at new/jj site/nn was/bedz somewhat/ql warmer/jjr than/cs Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl and/cc much/ql closer/rbr to/in the/at great/jj herds/nns of/in buffalo/nns on/in which/wdt the/at settlement/nn must/md depend/vb for/in food/nn ./.


	The/at Selkirk/np settlers/nns had/hvd been/ben anticipated/vbn in/in their/pp$ move/nn southward/rb by/in British/jj fur/nn traders/nns ./.
For/in many/ap years/nns the/at Northwest/nn-tl Company/nn-tl had/hvd its/pp$ southern/jj headquarters/nns at/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np on/in the/at Mississippi/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, some/dti 300/cd miles/nns southeast/nr of/in present-day/jj St./np Paul/np ,/, Minnesota/np ./.
When/wrb in/in 1816/cd an/at act/nn of/in Congress/np forced/vbd the/at foreign/jj firm/nn out/in of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, its/pp$ British-born/jj employees/nns ,/, now/rb become/vbn American/jj citizens/nns --/-- Joseph/np Rolette/np ,/, Joseph/np Renville/np and/cc Alexis/np Bailly/np --/-- continued/vbd in/in the/at fur/nn business/nn ./.
On/in Big/jj-tl Stone/nn-tl Lake/nn-tl near/in the/at headwaters/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ,/, Robert/np Dickson/np ,/, Superintendent/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Western/jj-tl Indian/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Canada/np ,/, had/hvd a/at trading/vbg post/nn and/cc planned/vbd in/in 1818/cd to/to build/vb a/at fort/nn to/to be/be defended/vbn by/in twenty/cd men/nns and/cc two/cd small/jj artillery/nn pieces/nns ./.
His/pp$ trading/vbg goods/nns came/vbd from/in Canada/np to/in the/at Forks/nns-tl of/in-tl Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl and/cc from/in Selkirk's/np$ settlement/nn he/pps brought/vbd them/ppo south/nr in/in carts/nns ./.
These/dts carts/nns were/bed of/in a/at type/nn devised/vbn in/in Pembina/np in/in the/at days/nns of/in Alexander/np Henry/np the/at-tl Younger/jjr-tl about/rb a/at decade/nn before/cs the/at Selkirk/np colony/nn was/bedz begun/vbn ./.
In/in 1802/cd Henry/np referred/vbd to/in ``/`` our/pp$ new/jj carts/nns ''/'' as/cs being/beg about/rb four/cd feet/nns off/in the/at ground/nn and/cc carrying/vbg five/cd times/nns as/ql much/ap as/cs a/at horse/nn could/md pack/vb ./.
They/ppss were/bed held/vbn together/rb by/in pegs/nns and/cc withes/nns and/cc in/in later/jjr times/nns drawn/vbn by/in a/at single/ap ox/nn in/in thills/nns ./.


	It/pps was/bedz Dickson/np who/wps suggested/vbd to/in Lord/nn-tl Selkirk/np that/cs he/pps return/vb to/in the/at Atlantic/jj coast/nn by/in way/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
In/in September/np 1817/cd at/in Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl (/( Pembina/np )/) Dickson/np met/vbd the/at noble/jj lord/nn whom/wpo ,/, with/in the/at help/nn of/in a/at band/nn of/in Sioux/nps ,/, he/pps escorted/vbd to/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ./.
During/in the/at trip/nn Selkirk/np decided/vbd that/cs the/at route/nn through/in Illinois/np territory/nn to/in Indiana/np and/cc the/at eastern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz the/at best/jjt route/nn for/in goods/nns from/in England/np to/to reach/vb Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl and/cc that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz a/at better/jjr source/nn of/in supply/nn for/in many/ap goods/nns than/cs either/cc Canada/np or/cc England/np ./.
Upon/in arriving/vbg at/in Baltimore/np ,/, Selkirk/np on/in December/np 22/cd wrote/vbd to/in John/np Quincy/np Adams/np ,/, Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl at/in Washington/np ,/, inquiring/vbg about/in laws/nns covering/vbg trade/nn with/in ``/`` Missouri/np and/cc Illinois/np-tl Territories/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
This/dt traffic/nn ,/, he/pps declared/vbd prophetically/rb ,/, ``/`` tho'/cs it/pps might/md be/be of/in small/jj account/nn at/in first/rb ,/, would/md increase/vb with/in the/at progress/nn of/in our/pp$ Settlements/nns-tl ./.
''/'' 

	The/at route/nn which/wdt he/pps had/hvd traveled/vbn and/cc which/wdt he/pps believed/vbd might/md develop/vb into/in a/at trade/nn route/nn was/bedz followed/vbn by/in his/pp$ settlers/nns earlier/rbr than/cs he/pps might/md have/hv expected/vbn ./.
In/in 1819/cd grasshoppers/nns again/rb destroyed/vbd the/at crop/nn at/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' (/( Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl )/) and/cc in/in December/np 1819/cd ,/, twenty/cd men/nns left/vbd Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl for/in the/at most/ql northerly/jj American/jj outpost/nn at/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at three-month/jj journey/nn in/in the/at dead/jj of/in winter/nn followed/vbn by/in three/cd months/nns of/in labor/nn on/in Mackinac/np boats/nns ./.
With/in these/dts completed/vbn and/cc ice/nn gone/vbn from/in the/at St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl River/nn-tl (/( present-day/jj Minnesota/np-tl river/nn )/) their/pp$ 250/cd bushels/nns of/in wheat/nn ,/, 100/cd bushels/nns of/in oats/nn and/cc barley/nn and/cc 30/cd bushels/nns of/in peas/nns and/cc some/dti chickens/nns were/bed loaded/vbn onto/in the/at flat-bottomed/jj boats/nns and/cc rowed/vbn up/in the/at river/nn to/in Big/jj-tl Stone/nn-tl Lake/nn-tl ,/, across/rp into/in Lake/nn-tl Traverse/vb-tl ,/, and/cc down/in the/at Red/np ./.
They/ppss reached/vbd Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl in/in June/np 1820/cd ./.
This/dt epic/jj effort/nn to/to secure/vb seed/nn for/in the/at colony/nn cost/vbd Selkirk/np Ab1,040/cd ./.
Nevertheless/rb so/ql short/jj was/bedz the/at supply/nn of/in seed/nn that/cs the/at settlers/nns were/bed forced/vbn to/to retreat/vb to/in Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl for/in food/nn ./.
Thereafter/rb seed/nn and/cc food/nn became/vbd more/ql plentiful/jj and/cc the/at colony/nn remained/vbd in/in the/at north/nr the/at year/nn round/rb ./.


	Activity/nn by/in British/jj traders/nns and/cc the/at presence/nn of/in a/at colony/nn on/in the/at Red/np prompted/vbd the/at United/vbn-tl State/nn-tl War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl in/in 1819/cd to/to send/vb Lieutenant-Colonel/nn-tl Henry/np Leavenworth/np from/in Detroit/np to/to put/vb a/at post/nn 300/cd miles/nns northwest/nr of/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ,/, until/in then/rb the/at most/ql advanced/vbn United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl post/nn ./.
In/in September/np 1822/cd two/cd companies/nns of/in infantry/nn arrived/vbd at/in the/at mouth/nn of/in the/at St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl River/nn-tl ,/, the/at head/nn of/in navigation/nn on/in the/at Mississippi/np ,/, and/cc began/vbd construction/nn of/in Fort/nn-tl St./nn-tl Anthony/np-tl which/wdt ,/, upon/in completion/nn ,/, was/bedz renamed/vbn in/in honor/nn of/in its/pp$ commander/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Josiah/np Snelling/np ./.


	It/pps was/bedz from/in the/at American/jj outposts/nns that/cs Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl shortages/nns of/in livestock/nn were/bed to/to be/be made/vbn good/jj ./.
Hercules/np L./np Dousman/np ,/, fur/nn trader/nn and/cc merchant/nn at/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ,/, contracted/vbd to/to supply/vb Selkirk's/np$ people/nns with/in some/dti 300/cd head/nns of/in cattle/nns ,/, and/cc Alexis/np Bailly/np and/cc Francois/np Labothe/np were/bed hired/vbn as/cs drovers/nns ./.
Bailly/np ,/, after/in leaving/vbg Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np in/in August/np 1821/cd ,/, was/bedz forced/vbn to/to leave/vb some/dti of/in the/at cattle/nns at/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company's/nn$-tl post/nn on/in Lake/nn-tl Traverse/vb-tl ``/`` in/in the/at Sieux/nps-tl Country/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc reached/vbd Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl ,/, as/cs the/at Selkirk/np Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl center/nn was/bedz now/rb called/vbn ,/, late/rb in/in the/at fall/nn ./.
He/pps set/vbd out/rp on/in his/pp$ 700-mile/jj return/jj journey/nn with/in five/cd families/nns of/in discontented/jj and/cc disappointed/vbn Swiss/nps who/wps turned/vbd their/pp$ eyes/nns toward/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Observing/vbg their/pp$ distressing/jj condition/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Snelling/np allowed/vbd these/dts half-starved/jj immigrants/nns to/to settle/vb on/in the/at military/jj reservation/nn ./.


	As/cs these/dts Swiss/nps were/bed moving/vbg from/in the/at Selkirk/np settlement/nn to/to become/vb the/at first/od civilian/jj residents/nns of/in Minnesota/np ,/, Dousman/np of/in Michilimackinac/np ,/, Michigan/np ,/, and/cc Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np was/bedz traveling/vbg to/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl to/to open/vb a/at trade/nn in/in merchandise/nn ./.
Early/rb in/in 1822/cd he/pps was/bedz at/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl offering/vbg to/to bring/vb in/rp pork/nn ,/, flour/nn ,/, liquor/nn and/cc tobacco/nn ./.
Alexander/np McDonnell/np ,/, governor/nn of/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ,/, and/cc James/np Bird/np ,/, a/at chief/jjs factor/nn of/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, ordered/vbd such/jj ``/`` sundry/jj articles/nns ''/'' to/in a/at value/nn of/in Ab4,500/cd ./.


	For/in its/pp$ part/nn the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl was/bedz troubled/vbn by/in the/at approach/nn of/in American/jj settlement/nn ./.
As/cs the/at time/nn drew/vbd near/rb for/in the/at drawing/nn of/in the/at British-American/jj frontier/nn by/in terms/nns of/in the/at agreement/nn of/in 1818/cd ,/, the/at company/nn suspected/vbd that/cs the/at Pembina/np colony/nn --/-- its/pp$ own/jj post/nn and/cc Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl --/-- was/bedz on/in American/jj territory/nn ./.
Accordingly/rb Selkirk's/np$ agents/nns ordered/vbd the/at settlers/nns to/to move/vb north/nr ,/, and/cc by/in October/np ,/, John/np Halkett/np had/hvd torn/vbn down/rp both/abx posts/nns ,/, floating/vbg the/at timber/nn to/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' in/in rafts/nns ./.
``/`` I/ppss have/hv done/vbn everything/pn ''/'' ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to break/vb up/rp the/at whole/nn of/in that/dt unfortunate/jj establishment/nn ./.
''/'' Despite/in Company/nn-tl threats/nns ,/, duly/rb carried/vbn through/rp ,/, to/to cut/vb off/rp supplies/nns of/in powder/nn ,/, ball/nn ,/, and/cc thread/nn for/in fishing/vbg nets/nns ,/, about/rb 350/cd persons/nns stayed/vbd in/in the/at village/nn ./.
They/ppss would/md attempt/vb to/to bring/vb supplies/nns from/in St./np Louis/np or/cc Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np at/in ``/`` great/jj expense/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs danger/nn ''/'' ./.


	At/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl some/dti of/in the/at Swiss/jj also/rb decided/vbd to/to cast/vb their/pp$ lot/nn with/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc in/in 1823/cd several/ap families/nns paid/vbd guides/nns to/to take/vb them/ppo to/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl ./.
The/at disasters/nns of/in 1825-1826/cd caused/vbd more/ap to/to leave/vb ./.
After/in heavy/jj rains/nns and/cc an/at onslaught/nn of/in mice/nns ,/, snow/nn fell/vbd on/in October/np 15/cd ,/, 1825/cd ,/, and/cc remained/vbd on/in the/at ground/nn through/in a/at winter/nn so/ql cold/jj that/cs the/at ice/nn on/in the/at Red/np was/bedz five/cd feet/nns thick/jj ./.
In/in April/np came/vbd a/at rapid/jj thaw/nn that/wps produced/vbd high/jj waters/nns which/wdt did/dod not/* recede/vb until/in mid-June/np ./.
On/in June/np 24/cd more/ap than/in 400/cd families/nns started/vbd the/at three-month/jj trip/nn across/in the/at plains/nns to/in the/at Mississippi/np ./.
By/in fall/nn ,/, 443/cd survivors/nns of/in this/dt arduous/jj journey/nn were/bed clustered/vbn about/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl ,/, but/cc most/ap of/in them/ppo were/bed sent/vbn on/rp to/in Galena/np and/cc St./np Louis/np ,/, with/in a/at few/ap going/vbg as/ql far/rb as/cs Vevay/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, a/at notable/jj Swiss/jj center/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
In/in 1837/cd ,/, 157/cd Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl people/nns with/in more/ap than/in 200/cd cattle/nns were/bed living/vbg on/in the/at reservation/nn at/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl ./.


	Below/in the/at fort/nn ,/, high/jj bluffs/nns extended/vbd uninterruptedly/rb for/in six/cd miles/nns along/in the/at Mississippi/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.
At/in the/at point/nn where/wrb they/ppss ended/vbd ,/, another/dt settlement/nn grew/vbd up/rp around/in a/at chapel/nn built/vbn at/in the/at boat/nn landing/nn by/in Father/nn-tl Lucian/np Galtier/np in/in 1840/cd ./.
Its/pp$ people/nns ,/, including/in Pierre/np Bottineau/np and/cc other/ap American/jj-tl Fur/nn-tl Company/nn-tl employees/nns and/cc the/at refugees/nns from/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl ,/, were/bed joined/vbn by/in the/at remaining/vbg Scots/nps and/cc Swiss/nps from/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl when/wrb Major/nn-tl Joseph/np Plympton/np expelled/vbd them/ppo from/in the/at reservation/nn in/in May/np 1840/cd ./.
The/at resultant/jj town/nn ,/, platted/vbn in/in 1847/cd and/cc named/vbn for/in the/at patron/nn of/in Father/nn-tl Galtier's/np$ mission/nn ,/, St./np Paul/np ,/, was/bedz to/to become/vb an/at important/jj center/nn of/in the/at fur/nn trade/nn and/cc was/bedz to/to take/vb on/rp a/at new/jj interest/nn for/in those/dts Selkirkers/nps who/wps remained/vbd at/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ./.


	While/cs population/nn at/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl increased/vbd rapidly/rb ,/, from/in 2,417/cd in/in 1831/cd to/in 4,369/cd in/in 1840/cd ,/, economic/jj opportunities/nns did/dod not/* increase/vb at/in a/at similar/jj rate/nn ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, though/cs the/at practice/nn violated/vbd the/at no-trading/jj provision/nn of/in the/at Selkirk/np charter/nn which/wdt reserved/vbd all/abn such/jj activity/nn in/in merchandise/nn and/cc furs/nns to/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, some/dti settlers/nns went/vbd into/in trade/nn ./.
The/at Company/nn-tl maintained/vbd a/at store/nn at/in which/wdt products/nns of/in England/np could/md be/be purchased/vbn and/cc brought/vbn in/in goods/nns for/in the/at new/jj merchants/nns on/in the/at understanding/nn that/cs they/ppss refrain/vb from/in trading/vbg in/in furs/nns ./.
Despite/in this/dt prohibiton/nn ,/, by/in 1844/cd some/dti of/in the/at Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl merchants/nns were/bed trading/vbg with/in the/at Indians/nps for/in furs/nns ./.
In/in June/np 1845/cd ,/, the/at Governor/nn-tl and/cc-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Assiniboia/np imposed/vbd a/at 20/cd per/in cent/nn duty/nn on/in imports/nns via/in Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl which/wdt were/bed viewed/vbn as/cs aimed/vbn at/in the/at ``/`` very/ap vitals/nns of/in the/at Company's/nn$-tl trade/nn and/cc power/nn ''/'' ./.
To/to reduce/vb further/rbr the/at flow/nn of/in goods/nns from/in England/np ,/, the/at Company's/nn$-tl local/jj officials/nns asked/vbd that/cs its/pp$ London/np authorities/nns refrain/vb from/in forwarding/vbg any/dti more/ap trade/nn goods/nns to/in these/dts men/nns ./.


	With/in their/pp$ customary/jj source/nn of/in supply/nn cut/vbn off/rp ,/, the/at Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl free/jj traders/nns engaged/vbd three/cd men/nns to/to cart/vb goods/nns to/in them/ppo from/in the/at Mississippi/np country/nn ./.
Others/nns carried/vbd pemmican/nn from/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' to/in St./np Paul/np and/cc goods/nns from/in St./np Paul/np to/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ,/, as/cs in/in the/at summer/nn of/in 1847/cd when/wrb one/cd trader/nn ,/, Wells/np ,/, transported/vbd twenty/cd barrels/nns of/in whisky/nn to/in the/at British/jj settlement/nn ./.
This/dt trade/nn was/bedz subject/jj to/in a/at tariff/nn of/in 7.5/cd per/in cent/nn after/in February/np 1835/cd ,/, but/cc much/ap was/bedz smuggled/vbn into/in Assiniboia/np with/in the/at result/nn that/cs the/at duty/nn was/bedz reduced/vbn by/in 1841/cd to/in 4/cd per/in cent/nn on/in the/at initiative/nn of/in the/at London/np committee/nn ./.


	The/at trade/nn in/in a/at few/ap commodities/nns noted/vbn above/rb was/bedz to/to grow/vb in/in volume/nn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in changes/nns both/abx north/nr and/cc south/nr of/in the/at 49th/od parallel/nn ./.

The/at letters/nns of/in the/at common/jj soldiers/nns are/ber rich/jj in/in humor/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, no/at richer/jjr humor/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at whole/nn of/in American/jj literature/nn than/cs in/in the/at letters/nns of/in the/at semi-literate/jj men/nns who/wps wore/vbd the/at blue/jj and/cc the/at gray/jj ./.
Some/dti of/in their/pp$ figures/nns of/in speech/nn were/bed colorful/jj and/cc expressive/jj ./.
A/at Confederate/nn-tl observed/vbd that/cs the/at Yankees/nps were/bed :/: ``/`` thicker/jjr than/cs lise/nns on/in a/at hen/nn and/cc a/at dam/jj site/nn ornraier/jjr ''/'' ./.
Another/dt reported/vbd that/cs his/pp$ comrades/nns were/bed ``/`` in/in fine/jj spirits/nns pitching/vbg around/rb like/cs a/at blind/jj dog/nn in/in a/at meat/nn house/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at third/od wrote/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz ``/`` raining/vbg like/cs poring/vbg peas/nns on/in a/at rawhide/nn ''/'' ./.
Yanks/nps were/bed equally/ql adept/jj at/in figurative/jj expression/nn ./.
One/cd wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` (/( I/ppss am/bem so/ql hungry/jj )/) I/ppss could/md eat/vb a/at rider/nn off/in his/pp$ horse/nn &/cc snap/vb at/in the/at stirups/nns ''/'' ./.
A/at second/od reported/vbd that/cs the/at dilapidated/vbn houses/nns in/in Virginia/np ``/`` look/vb like/cs the/at latter/ap end/nn of/in original/jj sin/nn and/cc hard/jj times/nns ''/'' ./.
A/at third/od remarked/vbd of/in slowness/nn of/in Southerners/nns-tl :/: ``/`` they/ppss moved/vbd about/rb from/in corner/nn to/in corner/nn ,/, as/ql uneasy/jj as/cs a/at litter/nn of/in hungry/jj leaches/nns on/in the/at neck/nn of/in a/at wooden/jj god/nn ''/'' ./.
Still/rb another/dt ,/, annoyed/vbn by/in the/at brevity/nn of/in a/at recently/rb received/vbn missive/nn ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` yore/pp$ letter/nn was/bedz short/jj and/cc sweet/jj ,/, jist/rb like/cs a/at roasted/vbn maget/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at Yankee/jj sergeant/nn gave/vbd the/at following/vbg description/nn of/in his/pp$ sweetheart/nn :/: ``/`` my/pp$ girl/nn is/bez none/pn of/in your/pp$ one-horse/nn girls/nns ./.
She/pps is/bez a/at regular/jj stub/nn and/cc twister/nn ,/, double/rb geered/vbn ./.
She/pps is/bez well-educated/jj and/cc refined/vbn ,/, all/abn wildcat/nn and/cc fur/nn ,/, and/cc Union/nn-tl from/in the/at muzzle/nn to/in the/at crupper/nn ''/'' ./.
Humor/nn found/vbd many/ap modes/nns of/in expression/nn ./.
A/at Texan/np wrote/vbd to/in a/at male/jj companion/nn at/in home/nn :/: ``/`` what/wdt has/hvz become/vbn of/in Halda/np and/cc Laura/np ?/. ?/.
When/wrb you/ppss see/vb them/ppo again/rb give/vb them/ppo my/pp$ love/nn --/-- not/* best/jjt respects/nns now/rb ,/, but/cc love/nn by/in God/np ''/'' ./.
William/np R./np Stillwell/np ,/, an/at admirable/jj Georgian/np whose/wp$ delightful/jj correspondence/nn is/bez preserved/vbn in/in the/at Georgia/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Archives/nns-tl and/cc-tl History/nn-tl ,/, liked/vbd to/to tease/vb his/pp$ wife/nn in/in his/pp$ letters/nns ./.
After/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben away/rb from/in home/nn about/rb a/at year/nn he/pps wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` (/( dear/jj Wife/nn-tl )/) if/cs I/ppss did/dod not/* write/vb and/cc receive/vb letters/nns from/in you/ppo I/ppss believe/vb that/cs I/ppss would/md forgit/vb that/cs I/ppss was/bedz married/vbn ./.
I/ppss don't/do* feel/vb much/rb like/cs a/at maryed/vbn man/nn but/cc I/ppss never/rb forgit/vb it/ppo sofar/rb as/cs to/to court/vb enny/dti other/ap lady/nn but/cc if/cs I/ppss should/md you/ppss must/md forgive/vb me/ppo as/cs I/ppss am/bem so/ql forgitful/jj ''/'' ./.
A/at Yank/np ,/, disturbed/vbn by/in his/pp$ increasing/vbg corpulence/nn ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem growing/vbg so/ql fat/jj I/ppss am/bem a/at burden/nn 2/in myself/ppl ''/'' ./.
Another/dt Yank/np parodied/vbd the/at familiar/jj bedtime/nn prayer/nn :/: ``/`` now/rb I/ppss lay/vb me/ppo down/rp to/to sleep/vb ,/, the/at gray-backs/nns o'er/in my/pp$ body/nn creep/vb ;/. ;/.
if/cs they/ppss should/md bite/vb before/cs I/ppss wake/vb ,/, I/ppss pray/vb the/at Lord/nn-tl their/pp$ jaws/nns to/to break/vb ''/'' ./.
Charles/np Thiot/np ,/, a/at splendid/jj Georgia/np soldier/nn ,/, differed/vbd from/in most/ap of/in his/pp$ comrades/nns in/in the/at ranks/nns in/in that/cs he/pps was/bedz the/at owner/nn of/in a/at large/jj plantation/nn ,/, well-educated/jj ,/, and/cc nearly/rb fifty/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ./.
But/cc he/pps was/bedz very/ql much/rb like/cs his/pp$ associates/nns in/in his/pp$ hatred/nn of/in camp/nn routine/nn ./.
Near/in the/at end/nn of/in his/pp$ service/nn he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs when/wrb the/at war/nn was/bedz over/rp he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to buy/vb two/cd pups/nns ,/, name/vb one/cd of/in them/ppo ``/`` Fall-in/np ''/'' and/cc the/at other/ap ``/`` Close-up/np ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb shoot/vb them/ppo both/abx ,/, ``/`` and/cc that/dt will/md be/be the/at end/nn of/in Fall-in/np and/cc Close-up/np ''/'' ./.
The/at soldiers/nns who/wps comprised/vbd the/at rank/nn and/cc file/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl armies/nns were/bed an/at earthy/jj people/nns ./.
They/ppss talked/vbd and/cc wrote/vbd much/rb about/in the/at elemental/jj functions/nns of/in the/at body/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at most/ql common/jj of/in camp/nn maladies/nns was/bedz diarrhoea/nn ./.
Men/nns of/in more/ql delicate/jj sensibilities/nns referred/vbd to/in this/dt condition/nn as/cs ``/`` looseness/nn of/in the/at bowels/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/.
but/cc a/at much/ql more/ql common/jj designation/nn was/bedz ``/`` the/at sh-ts/nns ''/'' ./.
A/at Michigan/np soldier/nn stationed/vbn in/in Georgia/np wrote/vbd in/in 1864/cd :/. :/.
``/`` I/ppss expect/vb to/to be/be tough/jj as/cs a/at knott/nn as/ql soon/rb as/cs I/ppss get/vb over/rp the/at Georgia/np-tl Shitts/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
Johnny/np Rebs/nps from/in the/at deep/jj South/nr-tl who/wps were/bed plagued/vbn with/in diarrhoea/nn after/in transfer/nn to/in the/at Virginia/np front/nn often/rb informed/vbd their/pp$ families/nns that/cs they/ppss were/bed suffering/vbg from/in the/at ``/`` the/at Virginia/np quickstep/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at Georgia/np soldier/nn gave/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn the/at following/vbg description/nn of/in the/at cause/nn and/cc consequence/nn of/in diarrhoea/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv bin/nn a/at little/ql sick/jj with/in diorah/nn two/cd or/cc three/cd days/nns ./.
I/ppss eat/vb too/ql much/ap eggs/nns and/cc poark/nn ./.
It/pps sowered/vbd (/( on/in )/) my/pp$ stomack/nn and/cc turn/vb loose/rb on/in me/ppo ''/'' ./.
A/at Michigan/np soldier/nn wrote/vbd his/pp$ brother/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem well/jj at/in present/nn with/in the/at exception/nn I/ppss have/hv got/vbn the/at Dyerear/nn and/cc I/ppss hope/vb thease/dts few/ap lines/nns find/vb you/ppo the/at same/ap ''/'' ./.
The/at letters/nns which/wdt poured/vbd forth/rb from/in camps/nns were/bed usually/rb written/vbn under/in adverse/jj circumstances/nns ./.
Save/in for/in brief/jj periods/nns in/in garrison/nn or/cc winter/nn quarters/nns ,/, soldiers/nns rarely/rb enjoyed/vbd the/at luxury/nn of/in a/at writing/vbg desk/nn or/cc table/nn ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at letters/nns were/bed written/vbn in/in the/at hubbub/nn of/in camp/nn ,/, on/in stumps/nns ,/, pieces/nns of/in bark/nn ,/, drum/nn heads/nns ,/, or/cc the/at knee/nn ./.
In/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, after/in the/at first/od year/nn of/in the/at war/nn ,/, paper/nn and/cc ink/nn were/bed very/ql poor/jj ./.
Scarcity/nn of/in paper/nn caused/vbd many/ap Southerners/nns-tl to/to adopt/vb the/at practice/nn of/in cross-writing/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, after/cs writing/vbg from/in left/nr to/in right/nr of/in the/at page/nn in/in the/at usual/jj manner/nn ,/, they/ppss gave/vbd the/at sheet/nn a/at half/abn turn/nn and/cc wrote/vbd from/in end/nn to/in end/nn across/in the/at lines/nns previously/rb written/vbn ./.
Sometimes/rb soldiers/nns wrote/vbd letters/nns while/cs bullets/nns were/bed whizzing/vbg about/in their/pp$ heads/nns ./.
A/at Yank/np writing/vbg from/in Vicksburg/np ,/, May/np 28/cd ,/, 1863/cd ,/, stated/vbd :/: ``/`` not/* less/ap than/in 50/cd balls/nns have/hv passed/vbn over/in me/ppo since/cs I/ppss commenced/vbd writing/vbg ./.
I/ppss could/md tell/vb you/ppo of/in plenty/nn narrow/jj escapes/nns ,/, but/cc we/ppss take/vb no/at notice/nn of/in them/ppo now/rb ''/'' ./.
A/at Reb/np stationed/vbn near/in Petersburg/np informed/vbd his/pp$ mother/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss need/vb not/* tell/vb you/ppo that/cs I/ppss dodge/vb pretty/ql often/rb for/cs you/ppss can/md see/vb that/dt very/ql plainly/rb by/in the/at blots/nns in/in this/dt letter/nn ./.
Just/rb count/vb each/dt blot/nn a/at dodge/nn and/cc add/vb in/rp a/at few/ap for/cs I/ppss don't/do* dodge/vb every/at time/nn ''/'' ./.
Another/dt Reb/np writing/vbg under/in similar/jj circumstances/nns before/in Atlanta/np reported/vbd :/: ``/`` the/at Yankees/nps keep/vb shooting/vbg so/rb I/ppss am/bem afraid/jj they/ppss will/md knock/vb over/rp my/pp$ ink/nn ,/, so/rb I/ppss will/md close/vb ''/'' ./.



3/cd-hl ,/, 
the/at most/ql common/jj type/nn of/in letter/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in soldier/nn husbands/nns to/in their/pp$ wives/nns ./.
But/cc fathers/nns often/rb addressed/vbd communications/nns to/in their/pp$ small/jj children/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc these/dts ,/, full/jj of/in homely/jj advice/nn ,/, are/ber among/in the/at most/ql human/jj and/cc revealing/jj of/in Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl letters/nns ./.
Rebs/nps who/wps owned/vbd slaves/nns occasionally/rb would/md include/vb in/in their/pp$ letters/nns admonitions/nns or/cc greetings/nns to/in members/nns of/in the/at Negro/np community/nn ./.
Occasionally/rb they/ppss would/md write/vb to/in the/at slaves/nns ./.
Early/rb in/in the/at war/nn it/pps was/bedz not/* uncommon/jj for/cs planters'/nns$ sons/nns to/to retain/vb in/in camp/nn Negro/np ``/`` body/nn servants/nns ''/'' to/to perform/vb the/at menial/jj chores/nns such/jj as/cs cooking/vbg ,/, foraging/vbg ,/, cleaning/vbg the/at quarters/nns ,/, shining/vbg shoes/nns ,/, and/cc laundering/vbg clothes/nns ./.
Sometimes/rb these/dts servants/nns wrote/vbd or/cc dictated/vbd for/in enclosure/nn with/in the/at letters/nns of/in their/pp$ soldier-masters/nns messages/nns to/in their/pp$ relatives/nns and/cc to/in members/nns of/in their/pp$ owners'/nns$ families/nns ./.
Unmarried/jj soldiers/nns carried/vbd on/rp correspondence/nn with/in sweethearts/nns at/in home/nn ./.
Owing/vbg to/in the/at restrained/vbn usages/nns characteristic/jj of/in 19th-century/nn America/np ,/, these/dts letters/nns usually/rb were/bed stereotyped/vbn and/cc revealed/vbd little/ap depth/nn of/in feeling/vbg ./.
Occasionally/rb gay/jj young/jj blades/nns would/md write/vb vividly/rb to/in boon/jj companions/nns at/in home/nn about/in their/pp$ amorous/jj exploits/nns in/in Richmond/np ,/, Petersburg/np ,/, Washington/np ,/, or/cc Nashville/np ./.
But/cc these/dts comments/nns are/ber hardly/rb printable/jj ./.
An/at Alabama/np soldier/nn whose/wp$ feminine/jj associations/nns were/bed of/in the/at more/ql admirable/jj type/nn wrote/vbd boastfully/rb of/in his/pp$ achievements/nns among/in the/at Virginia/np belles/nns :/: ``/`` they/ppss thout/vbd I/ppss was/bedz a/at saint/nn ./.
I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo some/dti sweet/jj lies/nns and/cc they/ppss believed/vbd it/ppo all/abn ./.
I/ppss would/md tell/vb them/ppo I/ppss got/vbd a/at letter/nn from/in home/nn stating/vbg that/cs five/cd of/in my/pp$ Negroes/nps had/hvd runaway/vbn and/cc ten/cd of/in Pappy's/np$ ./.
But/cc I/ppss wold/md say/vb I/ppss recond/vbd he/pps did/dod not/* mind/vb it/ppo for/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at plenty/nn more/ap left/vbn and/cc then/rb they/ppss would/md lean/vb to/in me/ppo like/cs a/at sore/jj eyd/jj kitten/nn to/in a/at basin/nn of/in milk/nn ''/'' ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at letters/nns were/bed pungently/ql expressive/jj ./.
An/at Ohio/np soldier/nn who/wps ,/, from/in a/at comrade/nn just/rb returned/vbn from/in leave/nn ,/, received/vbd an/at unfavorable/jj comment/nn on/in the/at conduct/nn of/in his/pp$ sister/nn ,/, took/vbd pen/nn in/in hand/nn and/cc delivered/vbd himself/ppl thus/rb :/: ``/`` dear/jj Sis/np ./.
Alf/np sed/vbd he/pps heard/vbd that/cs you/ppss and/cc Hardy/np was/bedz a/at runing/vbg together/rb all/abn the/at time/nn and/cc he/pps though/vbd he/pps wod/md gust/rb quit/vb having/hvg any/dti thing/nn mor/ap to/to doo/do with/in you/ppo for/cs he/pps thought/vbd it/pps was/bedz no/at more/ap yuse/nn ./.
I/ppss think/vb you/ppss made/vbd a/at dam/vbn good/jj chouise/nn to/to turn/vb off/rp as/ql nise/jj a/at feler/nn as/cs Alf/np Dyer/np and/cc let/vb that/dt orney/jj thefin/vbg ,/, drunkard/nn ,/, damed/vbn card/nn playing/vbg sun/nn of/in a/at bich/nn com/vb to/to sea/vb you/ppo ,/, the/at god/nn damed/vbn theaf/nn and/cc lop/jj yeard/vbn pigen/nn tode/jj helion/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez too/ql orney/jj for/in hel/nn ./.
I/ppss will/md shute/vb him/ppo as/ql shore/rb as/cs I/ppss sea/vb him/ppo ''/'' ./.

Initiation/nn into/in combat/nn sometimes/rb elicited/vbd from/in soldier/nn correspondents/nns choice/jj comments/nns about/in their/pp$ experiences/nns and/cc reactions/nns ./.
A/at Federal/jj-tl infantryman/nn wrote/vbd to/in his/pp$ father/nn shortly/rb after/in his/pp$ first/od skirmish/nn in/in Virginia/np :/: ``/`` dear/jj Pa/nn-tl ./.
Went/vbd out/rp a/at skouting/vbg yesterday/nr ./.
We/ppss got/vbd to/in one/cd house/nn where/wrb there/ex were/bed five/cd secessionists/nns ./.
They/ppss brok/vbd &/cc run/vbd and/cc Arch/np holored/vbd out/rp to/to shoot/vb the/at ornery/jj suns/nns of/in biches/nns and/cc we/ppss all/abn let/vb go/vb at/in them/ppo ./.
Thay/ppss may/md say/vb what/wdt they/ppss please/vb but/cc godamit/uh Pa/nn-tl it/pps is/bez fun/nn ''/'' ./.

Some/dti of/in the/at choicest/jjt remarks/nns made/vbn by/in soldiers/nns in/in their/pp$ letters/nns were/bed in/in disparagement/nn of/in unpopular/jj officers/nns ./.
A/at Mississippi/np soldier/nn wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` our/pp$ General/nn-tl Reub/np Davis/np is/bez a/at vain/jj ,/, stuck-up/jj ,/, illiterate/jj ass/nn ''/'' ./.
An/at Alabamian/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` Col./nn-tl Henry/np is/bez (/( an/at ignoramus/nn )/) fit/jj for/in nothing/pn higher/rbr than/cs the/at cultivation/nn of/in corn/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at Floridian/np stated/vbd that/cs his/pp$ officers/nns were/bed ``/`` not/* fit/jj to/to tote/vb guts/nns to/in a/at bear/nn ''/'' ./.
On/in December/np 9/cd ,/, 1862/cd ,/, Sergeant/nn-tl Edwin/np H./np Fay/np ,/, an/at unusual/jj Louisianan/np who/wps held/vbd A.B./np and/cc M.A./np degrees/nns from/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl and/cc who/wps before/in the/at war/nn was/bedz headmaster/nn of/in a/at private/jj school/nn for/in boys/nns in/in Louisiana/np ,/, wrote/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss saw/vbd Pemberton/np and/cc he/pps is/bez the/at most/ql insignificant/jj puke/nn I/ppss ever/rb saw/vbd ./.
His/pp$ head/nn cannot/md* contain/vb enough/ap sense/nn to/to command/vb a/at regiment/nn ,/, much/ql less/ap a/at corps/nn ./.
Jackson/np runs/vbz first/rb and/cc his/pp$ Cavalry/nn-tl are/ber well/ql drilled/vbn to/to follow/vb their/pp$ leader/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez not/* worth/jj shucks/nns ./.
But/cc he/pps is/bez a/at West/jj-tl Point/nn-tl graduate/nn and/cc therefore/rb must/md be/be born/vbn to/to command/vb ''/'' ./.

Similar/jj comments/nns about/in officers/nns are/ber to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at letters/nns of/in Northern/jj-tl soldiers/nns ./.
A/at Massachusetts/np soldier/nn ,/, who/wps seems/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben a/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl version/nn of/in Bill/np Mauldin/np ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` the/at officers/nns consider/vb themselves/ppls as/cs made/vbn of/in a/at different/jj material/nn from/in the/at low/jj fellows/nns in/in the/at ranks/nns ./.
They/ppss get/vb all/abn the/at glory/nn and/cc most/ap of/in the/at pay/nn and/cc don't/do* earn/vb ten/cd cents/nns apiece/rb on/in the/at average/nn ,/, the/at drunken/jj rascals/nns ''/'' ./.
Private/nn-tl George/np Gray/np Hunter/np of/in Pennsylvania/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem well/ql convinced/vbn in/in my/pp$ own/jj mind/nn that/cs had/hvd it/pps not/* been/ben for/in officers/nns this/dt war/nn would/md have/hv ended/vbn long/ql ago/rb ''/'' ./.
Another/dt Yankee/np became/vbd so/ql disgusted/vbn as/cs to/to state/vb :/: ``/`` I/ppss wish/vb to/in God/np one/cd half/abn of/in our/pp$ officers/nns were/bed knocked/vbn in/in the/at head/nn by/in slinging/vbg them/ppo against/in (/( the/at other/ap half/abn )/) ''/'' ./.

No/at group/nn of/in officers/nns came/vbd in/rp for/in more/ql spirited/vbn denunciation/nn than/cs the/at doctors/nns ./.
One/cd Federal/jj-tl soldier/nn wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` the/at docters/nns is/bez no/at aconte/nn --/-- hell/nn will/md be/be filde/vbn with/in do(c)ters/nns and/cc offersey/nns when/wrb this/dt war/nn is/bez over/rp ''/'' ./.
Shortly/rb after/in the/at beginning/nn of/in Sherman's/np$ Georgia/np campaign/nn ,/, an/at ailing/vbg Yank/np wrote/vbd his/pp$ homefolk/nns :/: ``/`` the/at surgeon/nn insisted/vbd on/in sending/vbg me/ppo to/in the/at hospital/nn for/in treatment/nn ./.
I/ppss insisted/vbd on/in takeing/nn the/at field/nn and/cc prevailed/vbd --/-- thinking/vbg that/cs I/ppss had/hvd better/rbr die/vb by/in rebel/nn bullets/nns than/cs (/( by/in )/) Union/nn-tl quackery/nn ''/'' ./.

The/at attitudes/nns which/wdt the/at Rebs/nps and/cc Yanks/nps took/vbd toward/in each/dt other/ap were/bed very/ql much/ap the/at same/ap and/cc ranged/vbd over/in the/at same/ap gamut/nn of/in feeling/vbg ,/, from/in friendliness/nn to/in extreme/jj hatred/nn ./.
The/at Rebs/nps were/bed ,/, to/in a/at Massachusetts/np corporal/nn ,/, ``/`` fighting/vbg madmen/nns or/cc not/* men/nns at/in all/abn but/cc whiskey/nn &/cc gunpowder/nn put/vbn into/in a/at human/jj frame/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at Pennsylvania/np soldier/nn wrote/vbd that/cs ``/`` they/ppss were/bed the/at hardest/jjt looking/jj set/nn of/in men/nns that/cs ever/rb I/ppss saw/vb ./.
They/ppss looked/vbd as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben fed/vbn on/in vinegar/nn and/cc shavings/nns ./.
''/'' Private/nn-tl Jenkins/np Lloyd/np Jones/np of/in the/at Wisconsin/np-tl Light/jj-tl Artillery/nn-tl wrote/vbd in/in his/pp$ diary/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss strolled/vbd among/in the/at Alabamans/nps on/in the/at right/nr ,/, found/vbd some/dti of/in the/at greenest/jjt specimens/nns of/in humanity/nn I/ppss think/vb in/in the/at universe/nn ,/, their/pp$ ignorance/nn being/beg little/ql less/ap than/in the/at slave/nn they/ppss despise/vb with/in as/cs imperfect/jj a/at dialect/nn ./.
They/ppss recooned/vbd as/cs how/wrb you'uns/ppss all/abn would/md be/be a/at heap/nn wus/jjr to/in we'uns/ppo all/abn '/' ''/'' ./.
In/in a/at similar/jj vein/nn ,/, but/cc writing/vbg from/in the/at opposite/jj side/nn ,/, Thomas/np Taylor/np ,/, a/at private/nn in/in the/at 6th/od-tl Alabama/np-tl Volunteers/nns-tl ,/, in/in a/at letter/nn to/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, stated/vbd :/: ``/`` you/ppss know/vb that/cs my/pp$ heart/nn is/bez with/in you/ppo but/cc I/ppss never/rb could/md have/hv been/ben satisfied/vbn to/to have/hv staid/vbn at/in home/nn when/wrb my/pp$ country/nn is/bez invaded/vbn by/in a/at thievin/vbg foe/nn ,/, by/in a/at set/nn of/in cowardly/jj skunks/nns whose/wp$ motto/nn is/bez Booty/nn ./.

The/at popularity/nn of/in folklore/nn in/in America/np stands/vbz in/in direct/jj proportion/nn to/in the/at popularity/nn of/in nationalism/nn in/in America/np ./.
And/cc the/at emphasis/nn on/in nationalism/nn in/in America/np is/bez in/in proportion/nn to/in the/at growth/nn of/in American/jj influence/nn across/in the/at world/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to observe/vb American/jj folklore/nn in/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md do/do well/rb to/to establish/vb the/at relationships/nns between/in folklore/nn ,/, nationalism/nn and/cc imperialism/nn at/in the/at outset/nn ./.


	Historians/nns have/hv come/vbn to/to recognize/vb two/cd cardinal/jj facts/nns concerning/in nationalism/nn and/cc international/jj influence/nn ./.
1/cd )/) Every/at age/nn rewrites/vbz the/at events/nns of/in its/pp$ history/nn in/in terms/nns of/in what/wdt should/md have/hv been/ben ,/, creating/vbg legends/nns about/in itself/ppl that/wps rationalize/vb contemporary/jj beliefs/nns and/cc excuse/vb contemporary/jj actions/nns ./.
What/wdt actually/rb occurred/vbd in/in the/at past/nn is/bez seldom/rb as/ql important/jj as/cs what/wdt a/at given/vbn generation/nn feels/vbz must/md have/hv occurred/vbn ./.
2/cd )/) As/cs a/at country/nn superimposes/vbz its/pp$ cultural/jj and/cc political/jj attitudes/nns on/in others/nns ,/, it/pps searches/vbz its/pp$ heritage/nn in/in hopes/nns of/in justifying/vbg its/pp$ aggressiveness/nn ./.
Its/pp$ folklore/nn and/cc legend/nn ,/, usually/rb disguised/vbn as/cs history/nn ,/, are/ber allowed/vbn to/to account/vb for/in group/nn actions/nns ,/, to/to provide/vb a/at focal/jj point/nn for/in group/nn loyalty/nn ,/, and/cc to/to become/vb a/at cohesive/jj force/nn for/in national/jj identification/nn ./.


	One/pn can/md apply/vb these/dts facts/nns to/in Britain/np in/in the/at late/jj eighteenth/od and/cc nineteenth/od centuries/nns as/cs she/pps spread/vbd her/pp$ dominion/nn over/in palm/nn and/cc pine/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss can/md be/be applied/vbn again/rb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in more/ql recent/jj years/nns ./.
The/at popularity/nn of/in local/jj color/nn literature/nn before/in the/at Spanish-American/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at steady/jj currency/nn of/in the/at Lincoln/np myth/nn ,/, the/at increased/vbn emphasis/nn on/in the/at frontier/nn West/nr-tl in/in our/pp$ mass/nn media/nns are/ber cases/nns in/in point/nn ./.
Nor/cc is/bez it/pps an/at accident/nn that/dt baseball/nn ,/, growing/vbg into/in the/at national/jj game/nn in/in the/at last/ap 75/cd years/nns ,/, has/hvz become/vbn a/at microcosm/nn of/in American/jj life/nn ,/, that/cs learned/vbn societies/nns such/jj as/cs the/at American/jj-tl Folklore/nn-tl Society/nn-tl and/cc the/at American/jj-tl Historical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl were/bed founded/vbn in/in the/at 1880s/nns ,/, or/cc that/cs courses/nns in/in American/jj literature/nn ,/, American/jj civilization/nn ,/, American/jj anything/pn have/hv swept/vbn our/pp$ school/nn and/cc college/nn curricula/nns ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, nationalism/nn has/hvz really/rb outlived/vbn its/pp$ usefulness/nn in/in a/at country/nn as/ql world-oriented/jj as/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, and/cc its/pp$ continued/vbn existence/nn reflects/vbz one/cd of/in the/at major/jj culture/nn lags/nns of/in the/at twentieth-century/nn United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Yet/cc nationalism/nn has/hvz lost/vbn few/ap of/in its/pp$ charms/nns for/in the/at historian/nn ,/, writer/nn or/cc man/nn in/in the/at street/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez an/at understandable/jj paradox/nn that/cs most/ap American/jj history/nn and/cc most/ap American/jj literature/nn is/bez today/nr written/vbn from/in an/at essentially/rb egocentric/jj and/cc isolationistic/jj point/nn of/in view/nn at/in the/at very/ap time/nn America/np is/bez spreading/vbg her/pp$ dominion/nn over/in palm/nn and/cc pine/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, the/at average/jj American/np as/cs he/pps lies/vbz and/cc waits/vbz for/in the/at enemy/nn in/in Korea/np or/cc as/cs she/pps scans/vbz the/at newspaper/nn in/in some/dti vain/jj hope/nn of/in personal/jj contact/nn with/in the/at front/nn is/bez unconcerned/jj that/cs his/pp$ or/cc her/pp$ plight/nn is/bez the/at result/nn of/in a/at complex/nn of/in personal/jj ,/, economic/jj and/cc governmental/jj actions/nns far/ql beyond/in the/at normal/jj citizen's/nn$ comprehension/nn and/cc control/nn ./.
Anyone's/pn$ identification/nn with/in an/at international/jj struggle/nn ,/, whether/cs warlike/jj or/cc peaceful/jj ,/, requires/vbz absurd/jj oversimplification/nn and/cc intense/jj emotional/jj involvement/nn ./.
Such/jj identification/nn comes/vbz for/in each/dt group/nn in/in each/dt crisis/nn by/in rewriting/vbg history/nn into/in legend/nn and/cc developing/vbg appropriate/jj national/jj heroes/nns ./.


	In/in America/np ,/, such/jj self-deception/nn has/hvz served/vbn a/at particularly/ql useful/jj purpose/nn ./.
A/at heterogeneous/jj people/nns have/hv needed/vbn it/ppo to/to attain/vb an/at element/nn of/in cultural/jj and/cc political/jj cohesion/nn in/in a/at new/jj and/cc ever-changing/jj land/nn ./.
But/cc we/ppss must/md never/rb forget/vb ,/, most/ap of/in the/at appropriate/jj heroes/nns and/cc their/pp$ legends/nns were/bed created/vbn overnight/rb ,/, to/to answer/vb immediate/jj needs/nns ,/, almost/rb always/rb with/in conscious/jj aims/nns and/cc ends/nns ./.
Parson/nn-tl Weems's/np$ George/np Washington/np became/vbd the/at symbol/nn of/in honesty/nn and/cc the/at father/nn image/nn of/in the/at uniting/vbg States/nns-tl ./.
Abraham/np Lincoln/np emerged/vbd as/cs an/at incarnation/nn of/in the/at national/jj Constitution/nn-tl ./.
Robert/np E./np Lee/np represented/vbd the/at dignity/nn needed/vbn by/in a/at rebelling/vbg confederacy/nn ./.
And/cc their/pp$ roles/nns are/ber paralleled/vbn by/in those/dts of/in Patrick/np Henry/np ,/, Nathan/np Hale/np ,/, Andrew/np Jackson/np ,/, Davy/np Crockett/np ,/, Theodore/np Roosevelt/np and/cc many/ap ,/, many/ap more/ap ./.


	Therefore/rb ,/, the/at scholar/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps looks/vbz at/in our/pp$ national/jj folklore/nn of/in the/at last/ap 60/cd years/nns ,/, will/md be/be mindful/jj of/in two/cd facts/nns ./.
1/cd )/) Most/ap of/in the/at legends/nns that/wps are/ber created/vbn to/to fan/vb the/at fires/nns of/in patriotism/nn are/ber essentially/ql propagandistic/jj and/cc are/ber not/* folk/nn legends/nns at/in all/abn ./.
2/cd )/) The/at concept/nn that/cs an/at ``/`` American/jj national/jj folklore/nn ''/'' exists/vbz is/bez itself/ppl probably/rb another/dt propagandistic/jj legend/nn ./.


	Folklore/nn is/bez individually/rb created/vbn art/nn that/wpo a/at homogeneous/jj group/nn of/in people/nns preserve/vb ,/, vary/vb and/cc recreate/vb through/in oral/jj transmission/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz come/vbn to/to mean/vb myths/nns ,/, legends/nns ,/, tales/nns ,/, songs/nns ,/, proverbs/nns ,/, riddles/nns ,/, superstitions/nns ,/, rhymes/nns and/cc such/jj literary/jj forms/nns of/in expression/nn ./.
Related/vbn to/in written/vbn literature/nn ,/, and/cc often/rb remaining/vbg temporarily/rb frozen/vbn in/in written/vbn form/nn ,/, it/pps loses/vbz its/pp$ vitality/nn when/wrb transcribed/vbn or/cc removed/vbn from/in its/pp$ oral/jj existence/nn ./.
Though/cs it/pps may/md exist/vb in/in either/cc literate/jj or/cc illiterate/jj societies/nns ,/, it/pps assumes/vbz a/at role/nn of/in true/jj cultural/jj importance/nn only/rb in/in the/at latter/ap ./.


	In/in its/pp$ propagandistic/jj and/cc commercial/jj haste/nn to/to discover/vb our/pp$ folk/nn heritage/nn ,/, the/at public/nn has/hvz remained/vbn ignorant/jj of/in definitions/nns such/jj as/cs this/dt ./.
Enthusiastically/rb ,/, Americans/nps have/hv swept/vbn subliterary/jj and/cc bogus/jj materials/nns like/cs Paul/np Bunyan/np tales/nns ,/, Abe/np Lincoln/np anecdotes/nns and/cc labor/nn union/nn songs/nns up/rp as/cs true/jj products/nns of/in our/pp$ American/jj oral/jj tradition/nn ./.
Nor/cc have/hv we/ppss remembered/vbn that/cs in/in the/at melting/vbg pot/nn of/in America/np the/at hundreds/nns of/in isolated/vbn and/cc semi-isolated/jj ethnic/jj ,/, regional/jj and/cc occupational/jj groups/nns did/dod not/* fuse/vb into/in a/at homogeneous/jj national/jj unit/nn until/cs long/rb after/cs education/nn and/cc industrialization/nn had/hvd caused/vbn them/ppo to/to cast/vb oral/jj tradition/nn aside/rb as/cs a/at means/nn of/in carrying/vbg culturally/rb significant/jj material/nn ./.


	Naturally/rb ,/, such/jj scholarly/jj facts/nns are/ber of/in little/ap concern/nn to/in the/at man/nn trying/vbg to/to make/vb money/nn or/cc fan/vb patriotism/nn by/in means/nn of/in folklore/nn ./.
That/dt much/ap of/in what/wdt he/pps calls/vbz folklore/nn is/bez the/at result/nn of/in beliefs/nns carefully/rb sown/vbn among/in the/at people/nns with/in the/at conscious/jj aim/nn of/in producing/vbg a/at desired/vbn mass/jj emotional/jj reaction/nn to/in a/at particular/jj situation/nn or/cc set/nn of/in situations/nns is/bez irrelevant/jj ./.
As/ql long/rb as/cs his/pp$ material/nn is/bez Americana/np ,/, can/md in/in some/dti way/nn be/be ascribed/vbn to/in the/at masses/nns and/cc appears/vbz ``/`` democratic/jj ''/'' to/in his/pp$ audience/nn ,/, he/pps remains/vbz satisfied/vbn ./.


	From/in all/abn this/dt we/ppss can/md now/rb see/vb that/cs two/cd streams/nns of/in development/nn run/vb through/in the/at history/nn of/in twentieth-century/nn American/jj folklore/nn ./.
On/in the/at one/cd side/nn we/ppss have/hv the/at university/nn professors/nns and/cc their/pp$ students/nns ,/, trained/vbn in/in Teutonic/jj methods/nns of/in research/nn ,/, who/wps have/hv sought/vbn out/rp ,/, collected/vbn and/cc studied/vbn the/at true/jj products/nns of/in the/at oral/jj traditions/nns of/in the/at ethnic/jj ,/, regional/jj and/cc occupational/jj groups/nns that/wps make/vb up/rp this/dt nation/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap we/ppss have/hv the/at flag-wavers/nns and/cc the/at national/jj sentimentalists/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben willing/jj to/to use/vb any/dti patriotic/jj ,/, ``/`` frontier/nn western/jj ''/'' or/cc colonial/jj material/nn willy-nilly/rb ./.
Unfortunately/rb ,/, few/ap of/in the/at artists/nns (/( writers/nns ,/, movie/nn producers/nns ,/, dramatists/nns and/cc musicians/nns )/) who/wps have/hv used/vbn American/jj folklore/nn since/in 1900/cd have/hv known/vbn enough/ap to/to distinguish/vb between/in the/at two/cd streams/nns even/rb in/in the/at most/ql general/jj of/in ways/nns ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, the/at field/nn is/bez large/jj ,/, difficult/jj to/to define/vb and/cc seldom/rb taught/vbn properly/rb to/in American/jj undergraduates/nns ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, this/dt country/nn has/hvz been/ben settled/vbn by/in many/ap peoples/nns of/in many/ap heritages/nns and/cc their/pp$ lore/nn has/hvz become/vbn acculturated/vbn slowly/rb ,/, in/in an/at age/nn of/in print/nn and/cc easy/jj communication/nn ,/, within/in an/at ever-expanding/jj and/cc changing/vbg society/nn ./.
The/at problems/nns confuse/vb even/rb the/at experts/nns ./.


	For/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, the/at experts/nns themselves/ppls are/ber a/at mixed/vbn breed/nn ./.
Anthropologists/nns ,/, housewives/nns ,/, historians/nns and/cc such/jj by/in profession/nn ,/, they/ppss approach/vb their/pp$ discipline/nn as/cs amateurs/nns ,/, collectors/nns ,/, commercial/jj propagandists/nns ,/, analysts/nns or/cc some/dti combination/nn of/in the/at four/cd ./.
They/ppss have/hv widely/ql varying/jj backgrounds/nns and/cc aims/nns ./.
They/ppss have/hv little/ap ``/`` esprit/fw-nn de/fw-in corps/fw-nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at outlook/nn for/in the/at amateur/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, is/bez usually/rb dependent/jj on/in his/pp$ fondness/nn for/in local/jj history/nn or/cc for/in the/at picturesque/jj ./.
His/pp$ love/nn of/in folklore/nn has/hvz romanticism/nn in/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps doesn't/doz* care/vb much/rb about/in the/at dollar-sign/nn or/cc the/at footnote/nn ./.
Folklore/nn is/bez his/pp$ hobby/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps ,/, all/ql too/ql rightly/rb ,/, wishes/vbz it/ppo to/to remain/vb as/cs such/jj ./.
The/at amateur/nn is/bez closely/rb related/vbn to/in the/at collector/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez actually/rb no/at more/ap than/cs the/at amateur/nn who/wps has/hvz taken/vbn to/in the/at field/nn ./.
The/at collector/nn enjoys/vbz the/at contact/nn with/in rural/jj life/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps hunts/vbz folklore/nn for/in the/at very/ap ``/`` field/nn and/cc stream/nn ''/'' reasons/nns that/cs many/ap persons/nns hunt/vb game/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc only/rb rarely/rb is/bez he/pps acutely/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at meaning/nn of/in what/wdt he/pps has/hvz located/vbn ./.
Fundamentally/rb ,/, both/abx these/dts types/nns ,/, the/at amateur/nn and/cc the/at collector/nn ,/, are/ber uncritical/jj and/cc many/ap of/in them/ppo don't/do* distinguish/vb well/rb between/in real/jj folklore/nn and/cc bogus/jj material/nn ./.


	But/cc there/ex are/ber also/rb the/at commercial/jj propagandists/nns and/cc the/at analysts/nns --/-- one/cd dominated/vbn by/in money/nn ,/, the/at other/ap by/in nineteenth-century/nn German/jj scholarship/nn ./.
Both/abx are/ber primarily/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at uses/nns that/wps can/md be/be made/vbn of/in the/at material/nn that/wpo the/at collector/nn has/hvz found/vbn ./.
Both/abx shudder/vb at/in the/at thought/nn of/in proceeding/vbg too/ql far/rb beyond/in the/at sewage/nn system/nn and/cc the/at electric/jj light/nn lines/nns ./.
The/at commercial/jj propagandist/nn ,/, who/wps can't/md* afford/vb to/to be/be critical/jj ,/, gets/vbz along/rb well/rb with/in the/at amateur/nn ,/, from/in whom/wpo he/pps feeds/vbz ,/, but/cc he/pps frequently/rb steps/vbz on/in the/at analyst's/nn$ toes/nns by/in refusing/vbg to/to keep/vb his/pp$ material/nn genuine/jj ./.
His/pp$ standards/nns are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, completely/ql foreign/jj to/in those/dts of/in the/at analyst/nn ./.
To/in both/abx the/at amateur/nn and/cc the/at commercial/jj progandist/nn the/at analyst/nn lacks/vbz a/at soul/nn ,/, lacks/vbz appreciation/nn with/in his/pp$ endless/jj probings/nns and/cc classifications/nns ./.
Dominated/vbn by/in the/at vicious/jj circle/nn of/in the/at university/nn promotion/nn system/nn ,/, the/at analyst/nn looks/vbz down/rp on/in and/cc gets/vbz along/rb poorly/rb with/in the/at other/ap three/cd groups/nns ,/, although/cs he/pps cannot/md* deny/vb his/pp$ debt/nn to/in the/at collector/nn ./.


	The/at knowledge/nn that/cs most/ap Americans/nps have/hv of/in folklore/nn comes/vbz through/in contact/nn with/in commercial/jj propagandists/nns and/cc a/at few/ap energetic/jj amateurs/nns and/cc collectors/nns ./.
The/at work/nn done/vbn by/in the/at analysts/nns ,/, the/at men/nns who/wps really/rb know/vb what/wdt folklore/nn is/bez all/abn about/in ,/, has/hvz no/at more/ap appeal/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap work/nn of/in a/at truly/ql scientific/jj sort/nn and/cc reaches/vbz a/at limited/vbn ,/, learned/vbn audience/nn ./.
Publishers/nns want/vb books/nns that/wps will/md sell/vb ,/, recording/vbg studios/nns want/vb discs/nns that/wps will/md not/* seem/vb strange/jj to/in ears/nns used/vbn to/in hillbilly/nn and/cc jazz/nn music/nn ,/, grade/nn and/cc high/jj schools/nns want/vb quaint/jj ,/, but/cc moral/jj ,/, material/nn ./.
The/at analyst/nn is/bez apt/jj to/to be/be too/ql honest/jj to/to fit/vb in/rp ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, most/ap people/nns don't/do* have/hv more/ap than/in a/at vague/jj idea/nn what/wdt folklore/nn actually/rb is/bez ;/. ;/.
they/ppss see/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at potpourri/nn of/in charming/jj ,/, moral/jj legends/nns and/cc patriotic/jj anecdotes/nns ,/, with/in a/at superstition/nn or/cc remedy/nn thrown/vbn in/rp here/rb and/cc there/rb ./.
And/cc so/ql well/rb is/bez such/jj ignorance/nn preserved/vbn by/in the/at amateur/nn and/cc the/at money-maker/nn that/cs even/rb at/in the/at college/nn level/nn most/ap of/in the/at hundred-odd/cd folklore/nn courses/nns given/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl survive/vb on/in sentiment/nn and/cc nationalism/nn alone/rb ./.


	If/cs one/pn wishes/vbz to/to discuss/vb a/at literary/jj figure/nn who/wps uses/vbz folklore/nn in/in his/pp$ work/nn ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn he/pps must/md realize/vb is/bez that/cs the/at literary/jj figure/nn is/bez probably/rb part/nn of/in this/dt ignorant/jj American/jj public/nn ./.
And/cc while/cs every/at writer/nn must/md be/be dealt/vbn with/in as/cs a/at special/jj case/nn ,/, the/at interested/vbn student/nn will/md want/vb to/to ask/vb himself/ppl a/at number/nn of/in questions/nns about/in each/dt ./.
Does/doz the/at writer/nn know/nn the/at difference/nn between/in an/at ``/`` ersatz/fw-nn ''/'' ballad/nn or/cc tall/jj tale/nn and/cc a/at true/jj product/nn of/in the/at folk/nn ?/. ?/.
When/wrb the/at writer/nn uses/vbz material/nn does/doz he/pps tamper/vb with/in it/ppo to/to improve/vb its/pp$ commercial/jj effect/nn or/cc does/doz he/pps leave/vb it/ppo pure/jj ?/. ?/.
Is/bez the/at writer/nn propagandistic/jj ?/. ?/.
Is/bez he/pps swept/vbd away/rb by/in sentiment/nn and/cc nostalgia/nn for/in an/at America/np that/wps was/bedz ?/. ?/.
Or/cc does/doz he/pps sincerely/rb want/vb to/to tap/vb the/at real/jj springs/nns of/in American/jj attitude/nn and/cc culture/nn regardless/rb of/in how/wql unpopular/jj and/cc embarrassing/vbg they/ppss may/md be/be ?/. ?/.


	When/wrb he/pps gets/vbz the/at answers/nns to/in his/pp$ questions/nns he/pps will/md be/be discouraged/vbn ./.
In/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, a/at good/jj many/ap writers/nns who/wps are/ber said/vbn to/to use/vb folklore/nn ,/, do/do not/* ,/, unless/cs one/pn counts/vbz an/at occasional/jj superstition/nn or/cc tale/nn ./.
Robert/np Frost/np ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, writes/vbz about/in rural/jj life/nn in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps does/doz not/* include/vb any/dti significant/jj amount/vb of/in folklore/nn in/in his/pp$ poems/nns ./.
This/dt has/hvz not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, prevented/vbn publishers/nns from/in labeling/vbg him/ppo a/at ``/`` folk/nn poet/nn ''/'' ,/, simply/rb because/cs he/pps is/bez a/at rural/jj one/cd ./.
In/in the/at second/od place/nn ,/, a/at large/jj number/nn of/in writers/nns ,/, making/vbg a/at more/ql direct/jj claim/nn than/cs Frost/np to/in being/beg ``/`` folk/nn writers/nns ''/'' of/in one/cd sort/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, clearly/rb make/vb no/at distinctions/nns between/in genuine/jj and/cc bogus/jj material/nn ./.
Stephen/np Vincent/np Benet's/np$ John/np-tl Brown's/np$-tl Body/nn-tl comes/vbz immediately/rb to/in mind/nn in/in this/dt connection/nn ,/, as/cs does/doz John/np Steinbeck's/np$ The/at-tl Grapes/nns-tl Of/in-tl Wrath/nn-tl and/cc Carl/np Sandburg's/np$ The/at-tl People/nns-tl ,/, Yes/rb-tl ./.
The/at last/ap two/cd writers/nns introduce/vb strong/jj political/jj bias/nn into/in their/pp$ works/nns ,/, and/cc not/* unlike/in the/at union/nn leaders/nns that/wpo we/ppss will/md discuss/vb soon/rb ,/, see/vb folklore/nn as/cs a/at reservoir/nn of/in protest/nn by/in a/at downtrodden/jj and/cc publically/rb silenced/vbn mass/nn ./.
Folklore/nn ,/, as/cs used/vbn by/in such/jj writers/nns ,/, really/rb reflects/vbz images/nns engraved/vbn into/in it/ppo by/in the/at very/ap person/nn using/vbg it/ppo ./.
The/at folk/nn are/ber simply/rb not/* homogeneous/jj with/in respect/nn to/in nation/nn or/cc political/jj attitude/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez much/ap evidence/nn to/to indicate/vb they/ppss don't/do* care/vb a/at bit/nn about/in anything/pn beyond/in their/pp$ particular/jj regional/jj ,/, ethnic/jj and/cc occupational/jj limits/nns ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, with/in a/at reading/vbg public/nn that/wps longs/vbz for/in the/at ``/`` good/jj old/jj days/nns ''/'' and/cc with/in an/at awareness/nn of/in our/pp$ expanding/vbg international/jj interests/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs the/at Benets/nps to/to obtain/vb a/at magnified/vbn position/nn in/in literature/nn by/in use/nn of/in all/abn sorts/nns of/in Americana/np ,/, real/jj or/cc fake/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs the/at Steinbecks/nps and/cc Sandburgs/nps to/to support/vb their/pp$ messages/nns of/in reform/nn by/in reading/vbg messages/nns of/in reform/nn into/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at folk/nn ./.

As/cs part/nn of/in the/at same/ap arrangement/nn ,/, Torrio/np had/hvd ,/, in/in the/at spirit/nn of/in peace/nn and/cc good/jj will/nn ,/, and/cc in/in exchange/nn for/in armed/vbn support/nn in/in the/at April/np election/nn campaign/nn ,/, bestowed/vbn upon/in O'Banion/np a/at third/od share/nn in/in the/at Hawthorne/np-tl Smoke/nn-tl Shop/nn-tl proceeds/nns and/cc a/at cut/nn in/in the/at Cicero/np beer/nn trade/nn ./.
The/at coalition/nn was/bedz to/to prove/vb inadvisable/jj ./.


	O'Banion/np was/bedz a/at complex/jj and/cc frightening/vbg man/nn ,/, whose/wp$ bright/jj blue/jj eyes/nns stared/vbd with/in a/at kind/nn of/in frozen/vbn candour/nn into/in others'/nns$ ./.
He/pps had/hvd a/at round/jj ,/, frank/jj Irish/jj face/nn ,/, creased/vbn in/in a/at jovial/jj grin/nn that/wps stayed/vbd bleakly/rb in/in place/nn even/rb when/wrb he/pps was/bedz pumping/vbg bullets/nns into/in someone's/pn$ body/nn ./.
He/pps carried/vbd three/cd guns/nns --/-- one/cd in/in the/at right/jj trouser/nn pocket/nn ,/, one/cd under/in his/pp$ left/jj armpit/nn ,/, one/cd in/in the/at left/nr outside/jj coat/nn pocket/nn --/-- and/cc was/bedz equally/ql lethal/jj with/in both/abx hands/nns ./.
He/pps killed/vbd accurately/rb ,/, freely/rb ,/, and/cc dispassionately/rb ./.
The/at police/nn credited/vbd him/ppo with/in twenty-five/cd murders/nns but/cc he/pps was/bedz never/rb brought/vbn to/in trial/nn for/in one/cd of/in them/ppo ./.
Like/cs a/at fair/jj number/nn of/in bootleggers/nns he/pps disliked/vbd alcohol/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz an/at expert/jj florist/nn ,/, tenderly/ql dextrous/jj in/in the/at arrangement/nn of/in bouquets/nns and/cc wreaths/nns ./.
He/pps had/hvd no/rb apparent/jj comprehension/nn of/in morality/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps divided/vbd humanity/nn into/in ``/`` right/jj guys/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` wrong/jj guys/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at wrong/jj ones/nns he/pps was/bedz always/rb willing/jj to/to kill/vb and/cc trample/vb under/rb ./.
He/pps had/hvd what/wdt was/bedz described/vbn by/in a/at psychologist/nn as/cs a/at ``/`` sunny/jj brutality/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps walked/vbd with/in a/at heavy/jj list/nn to/in the/at right/nr ,/, as/cs that/dt leg/nn was/bedz four/cd inches/nns shorter/jjr than/cs the/at other/ap ,/, but/cc the/at lurch/nn did/dod not/* reduce/vb his/pp$ feline/jj quickness/nn with/in his/pp$ guns/nns ./.
Landesco/np thought/vbd him/ppo ``/`` just/rb a/at superior/jj sort/nn of/in plugugly/nn ''/'' but/cc he/pps was/bedz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ aggression/nn and/cc hostility/nn ,/, and/cc nerveless/jj indifference/nn to/in risking/vbg or/cc administering/vbg pain/nn ,/, a/at casebook/nn psychopath/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz also/rb at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, although/cs not/* so/ql interwoven/vbn in/in high/jj politics/nn and/cc the/at rackets/nns as/cs Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np ,/, the/at most/ql powerful/jj and/cc most/ql dangerous/jj mob/nn leader/nn in/in the/at Chicago/np underworld/nn ,/, the/at roughneck/nn king/nn ./.


	O'Banion/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in poverty/nn ,/, the/at son/nn of/in an/at immigrant/nn Irish/jj plasterer/nn ,/, in/in the/at North/jj-tl Side's/nn$-tl Little/jj-tl Hell/nn-tl ,/, close/rb by/in the/at Sicilian/jj quarter/nn and/cc Death/nn-tl Corner/nn-tl ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at choir/nn boy/nn at/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Name/nn-tl Cathedral/nn-tl and/cc also/rb served/vbd as/cs an/at acolyte/nn to/in Father/nn-tl O'Brien/np ./.
The/at influence/nn of/in Mass/nn-tl was/bedz less/ql pervasive/jj than/cs that/dt of/in the/at congested/vbn ,/, slum/nn tenements/nns among/in the/at bawdy/jj houses/nns ,/, honkytonks/nns ,/, and/cc sawdust/nn saloons/nns of/in his/pp$ birthplace/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps ran/vbd wild/rb with/in the/at child/nn gangs/nns of/in the/at neighbourhood/nn ,/, and/cc went/vbd through/in the/at normal/jj pressure-cooker/nn course/nn of/in thieving/vbg ,/, police-dodging/nn ,/, and/cc housebreaking/nn ./.
At/in the/at age/nn of/in ten/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz working/vbg as/cs a/at newsboy/nn in/in the/at Loop/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz knocked/vbn down/rp by/in a/at streetcar/nn which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in his/pp$ permanently/rb shortened/vbn leg/nn ./.
Because/rb of/in this/dt he/pps was/bedz known/vbn as/cs Gimpy/np (/( but/cc ,/, as/cs with/in Capone/np and/cc his/pp$ nickname/nn of/in Scarface/np ,/, never/rb in/in his/pp$ presence/nn )/) ./.
In/in his/pp$ teens/nns O'Banion/np was/bedz enrolled/vbn in/in the/at vicious/jj Market/nn-tl Street/nn-tl gang/nn and/cc he/pps became/vbd a/at singing/vbg waiter/nn in/in McGovern's/np$-tl Cafe/nn-tl ,/, a/at notoriously/ql low/jj and/cc rowdy/jj dive/nn in/in North/jj-tl Clark/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb befuddled/vbn customers/nns were/bed methodically/rb looted/vbn of/in their/pp$ money/nn by/in the/at singing/vbg waiters/nns before/cs being/beg thrown/vbn out/rp ./.
He/pps then/rb got/vbd a/at job/nn with/in the/at Chicago/np Herald-Examiner/np as/cs a/at circulation/nn slugger/nn ,/, a/at rough/jj fighter/nn employed/vbn to/to see/vb that/cs his/pp$ paper's/nn$ news/nn pitches/nns were/bed not/* trespassed/vbn upon/rb by/in rival/jj vendors/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz also/rb at/in the/at same/ap time/nn gaining/vbg practical/jj experience/nn as/cs a/at safe/nn breaker/nn and/cc highwayman/nn ,/, and/cc learning/vbg how/wrb to/to shoot/vb to/to kill/vb from/in a/at Neanderthal/np convicted/vbn murderer/nn named/vbn Gene/np Geary/np ,/, later/rbr committed/vbn to/in Chester/np-tl Asylum/nn-tl as/cs a/at homicidal/jj maniac/nn ,/, but/cc whose/wp$ eyes/nns misted/vbd with/in tears/nns when/wrb the/at young/jj Dion/np sang/vbd a/at ballad/nn about/in an/at Irish/jj mother/nn in/in his/pp$ clear/jj and/cc syrupy/jj tenor/nn ./.


	O'Banion's/np$ first/od conflict/nn with/in the/at police/nn came/vbd in/in 1909/cd ,/, at/in seventeen/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz committed/vbn to/in Bridewell/np-tl Prison/nn-tl for/in three/cd months/nns for/in burglary/nn ;/. ;/.
two/cd years/nns later/rbr he/pps served/vbd another/dt three/cd months/nns for/in assault/nn ./.
Those/dts were/bed his/pp$ only/ap interludes/nns behind/in bars/nns ,/, although/cs he/pps collected/vbd four/cd more/ap charges/nns on/in his/pp$ police/nn record/nn in/in 1921/cd and/cc 1922/cd ,/, three/cd for/in burglary/nn and/cc one/cd for/in robbery/nn ./.
But/cc by/in now/rb O'Banion's/np$ political/jj pull/nn was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to be/be effective/jj ./.
On/in the/at occasion/nn of/in his/pp$ 1922/cd indictment/nn the/at $10,000/nns bond/nn was/bedz furnished/vbn by/in an/at alderman/nn ,/, and/cc the/at charge/nn was/bedz nolle/vb prossed/vbn ./.
On/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ 1921/cd ventures/nns he/pps was/bedz actually/rb come/vbn upon/rb by/in a/at Detective/nn-tl Sergeant/nn-tl John/np J./np Ryan/np down/rp on/in his/pp$ knees/nns with/in a/at tool/nn embedded/vbn in/in a/at labour/nn office/nn safe/nn in/in the/at Postal/jj-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Building/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at jury/nn wanted/vbd better/jjr evidence/nn than/cs that/dt and/cc he/pps was/bedz acquitted/vbn ,/, at/in a/at cost/nn of/in $30,000/nns in/in bribes/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz estimated/vbn ./.
As/ql promptly/rb as/cs Torrio/np ,/, O'Banion/np jumped/vbd into/in bootlegging/vbg ./.
He/pps conducted/vbd it/ppo with/in less/ap diplomacy/nn and/cc more/ap spontaneous/jj violence/nn than/cs the/at Sicilians/nps ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd his/pp$ huge/jj North/jj-tl Side/nn-tl portion/nn to/to exploit/vb and/cc he/pps made/vbd a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in money/nn ./.
Unlike/in the/at Sicilians/nps ,/, he/pps additionally/rb conducted/vbd holdups/nns ,/, robberies/nns ,/, and/cc safe-cracking/jj expeditions/nns ,/, and/cc refused/vbd to/to touch/vb prostitution/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz also/rb personally/rb active/jj in/in ward/nn politics/nn ,/, and/cc by/in 1924/cd O'Banion/np had/hvd acquired/vbn sufficient/jj political/jj might/nn to/to be/be able/jj to/to state/vb :/: ``/`` I/ppss always/rb deliver/vb my/pp$ borough/nn as/cs per/in requirements/nns ''/'' ./.


	But/cc whose/wp$ requirements/nns ?/. ?/.
Until/in 1924/cd O'Banion/np pistoleers/nns and/cc knuckle-duster/nn bullyboys/nns had/hvd kept/vbn his/pp$ North/jj-tl Side/nn-tl domain/nn solidly/rb Democratic/jj-tl ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at question-and-answer/nn gag/nn that/wps went/vbd around/rb at/in that/dt time/nn :/: Q./np ``/`` Who'll/wps+md carry/vb the/at Forty-second/od-tl and/cc Forty-third/od-tl wards/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.
A./np O'Banion/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ pistol/nn pocket/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc as/cs November/np 1924/cd drew/vbd close/rb the/at Democratic/jj-tl hierarchy/nn was/bedz sorely/rb troubled/vbn by/in grapevine/nn reports/nns that/cs O'Banion/np was/bedz being/beg wooed/vbn by/in the/at opposition/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz meeting/vbg and/cc conferring/vbg with/in important/jj Republicans/nps ./.
To/to forestall/vb any/dti change/nn of/in allegiance/nn ,/, the/at Democrats/nps hastily/rb organised/vbd a/at testimonial/jj banquet/nn for/in O'Banion/np ,/, as/cs public/jj reward/nn for/in his/pp$ past/ap services/nns and/cc as/cs a/at reminder/nn of/in where/wrb his/pp$ loyalties/nns lay/vbd ./.


	The/at reception/nn was/bedz held/vbn in/in a/at private/jj dining/vbg room/nn of/in the/at Webster/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl on/in Lincoln/np-tl Park/nn-tl West/jj-tl ./.
It/pps was/bedz an/at interesting/jj fraternisation/nn of/in ex-convicts/nns ,/, union/nn racketeers/nns ,/, ward/nn heelers/nns ,/, sold-out/jj officials/nns ,/, and/cc gunmen/nns ./.
The/at guest/nn list/nn is/bez in/in itself/ppl a/at little/jj parable/nn of/in the/at state/nn of/in American/jj civic/jj life/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ./.
It/pps included/vbd the/at top/jjs O'Banion/np men/nns and/cc Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Detectives/nns-tl Michael/np Hughes/np ./.


	When/wrb Mayor/nn-tl Dever/np heard/vbd of/in the/at banquet/nn he/pps summoned/vbd Hughes/np for/in an/at explanation/nn of/in why/wrb he/pps had/hvd been/ben dishonouring/vbg the/at police/nn department/nn by/in consorting/vbg with/in these/dts felons/nns and/cc fixers/nns ./.
Hughes/np said/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd understood/vbn the/at party/nn was/bedz to/to be/be in/in honour/nn of/in Jerry/np O'Connor/np ,/, the/at proprieter/nn of/in a/at Loop/nn-tl gambling/vbg house/nn ./.
``/`` But/cc when/wrb I/ppss arrived/vbd and/cc recognised/vbd a/at number/nn of/in notorious/jj characters/nns I/ppss had/hvd thrown/vbn into/in the/at detective/nn bureau/nn basement/nn half/abn a/at dozen/nn times/nns ,/, I/ppss knew/vbd I/ppss had/hvd been/ben framed/vbn ,/, and/cc withdrew/vbd almost/rb at/in once/rb ''/'' ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, O'Connor/np was/bedz honoured/vbn during/in the/at ceremony/nn with/in the/at presentation/nn of/in a/at $2500/nns diamond/nn stickpin/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at brief/jj interruption/nn while/cs one/cd of/in O'Banion's/np$ men/nns jerked/vbd out/rp both/abx his/pp$ guns/nns and/cc threatened/vbd to/to shoot/vb a/at waiter/nn who/wps was/bedz pestering/vbg him/ppo for/in a/at tip/nn ./.
Then/rb O'Banion/np was/bedz presented/vbn with/in a/at platinum/nn watch/nn set/vbn with/in rubies/nns and/cc diamonds/nns ./.


	This/dt dinner/nn was/bedz the/at start/nn of/in a/at new/jj blatancy/nn in/in the/at relationship/nn between/in the/at gangs/nns and/cc the/at politicians/nns ,/, which/wdt ,/, prior/rb to/in 1924/cd ,/, says/vbz Pasley/np ,/, ``/`` had/hvd been/ben maintained/vbn with/in more/ap or/cc less/ap stealth/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc which/wdt henceforth/rb was/bedz marked/vbn by/in these/dts ostentatious/jj gatherings/nns ,/, denounced/vbn by/in a/at clergyman/nn as/cs ``/`` Belshazzar/np feasts/nns ''/'' ,/, at/in which/wdt ``/`` politicians/nns fraternized/vbd cheek/nn by/in jowl/nn with/in gangsters/nns ,/, openly/rb ,/, in/in the/at big/jj downtown/nr hotels/nns ''/'' ./.
Pasley/np continued/vbd :/: ``/`` They/ppss became/vbd an/at institution/nn of/in the/at Chicago/np scene/nn and/cc marked/vbd the/at way/nn to/in the/at moral/jj and/cc financial/jj collapse/nn of/in the/at municipal/jj and/cc county/nn governments/nns in/in 1928-29/cd ''/'' ./.


	However/rb ,/, this/dt inaugural/nn feast/nn did/dod its/pp$ sponsors/nns no/at good/nn whatever/wdt ./.
O'Banion/np accepted/vbd his/pp$ platinum/nn watch/nn and/cc the/at tributes/nns to/in his/pp$ loyalty/nn ,/, and/cc proceeded/vbd with/in the/at bigger/jjr and/cc better/jjr Republican/np deal/nn ./.
On/in Election/nn-tl Day/nn-tl --/-- November/np 4/cd --/-- he/pps energetically/rb marshalled/vbd his/pp$ force/nn of/in bludgeon/nn men/nns ,/, bribers/nns ,/, and/cc experts/nns in/in forging/vbg repeat/nn votes/nns ./.
The/at result/nn was/bedz a/at landslide/nn for/in the/at Republican/np candidates/nns ./.


	This/dt further/jjr demonstration/nn of/in O'Banion's/np$ ballooning/vbg power/nn did/dod not/* please/vb Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np ./.
In/in the/at past/ap year/nn there/ex had/hvd been/ben too/ql many/ap examples/nns of/in his/pp$ euphoric/jj self-confidence/nn and/cc self-aggrandisement/nn for/in their/pp$ liking/nn ./.
He/pps behaved/vbd publicly/rb with/in a/at cocky/jj ,/, swaggering/vbg truculence/nn that/wps offended/vbd their/pp$ vulpine/jj Latin/jj minds/nns ,/, and/cc behaved/vbd towards/in them/ppo personally/rb with/in an/at unimpressed/jj insolence/nn that/wps enraged/vbd them/ppo beneath/in their/pp$ blandness/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed disturbed/vbn by/in his/pp$ idiotic/jj bravado/nn --/-- as/cs ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ bodyguard/nn ,/, Yankee/np Schwartz/np ,/, complained/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben snubbed/vbn by/in Dave/np Miller/np ,/, a/at prize-fight/nn referee/nn ,/, chieftain/nn of/in a/at Jewish/jj gang/nn and/cc one/cd of/in four/cd brothers/nns of/in tough/jj reputation/nn ,/, who/wps were/bed Hirschey/np ,/, a/at gambler-politician/nn in/in loose/jj beer-running/nn league/nn with/in Torrio/np and/cc O'Banion/np ,/, Frank/np ,/, a/at policeman/nn ,/, and/cc Max/np ,/, the/at youngest/jjt ./.
To/to settle/vb this/dt slight/nn ,/, O'Banion/np went/vbd down/rp to/in the/at La/np-tl Salle/np-tl Theatre/nn-tl in/in the/at Loop/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb ,/, he/pps had/hvd learned/vbn ,/, Dave/np Miller/np was/bedz attending/vbg the/at opening/nn of/in a/at musical/jj comedy/nn ./.
At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at performance/nn ,/, Dave/np and/cc Max/np came/vbd out/rp into/in the/at brilliantly/ql lit/vbn foyer/nn among/in a/at surge/nn of/in gowned/jj and/cc tuxedoed/jj first/od nighters/nns ./.
O'Banion/np drew/vbd his/pp$ guns/nns and/cc fired/vbd at/in Dave/np ,/, severely/rb wounding/vbg him/ppo in/in the/at stomach/nn ./.
A/at second/od bullet/nn ricocheted/vbd off/in Max's/np$ belt/nn buckle/nn ,/, leaving/vbg him/ppo unhurt/jj but/cc in/in some/dti distress/nn ./.
O'Banion/np tucked/vbd away/rb his/pp$ gun/nn and/cc walked/vbd out/in of/in the/at theatre/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps was/bedz neither/cc prosecuted/vbn nor/cc even/rb arrested/vbn ./.
That/dt sort/nn of/in braggadocio/nn ,/, for/in that/dt sort/nn of/in reason/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np ,/, was/bedz a/at nonsense/nn ./.


	A/at further/jjr example/nn of/in the/at incompatible/jj difference/nn in/in personalities/nns was/bedz when/wrb two/cd policemen/nns held/vbd up/rp a/at Torrio/np beer/nn convoy/nn on/in a/at West/jj-tl Side/nn-tl street/nn and/cc demanded/vbd $300/nns to/to let/vb it/ppo through/rp ./.
One/cd of/in the/at beer-runners/nns telephoned/vbd O'Banion/np --/-- on/in a/at line/nn tapped/vbn by/in the/at detective/nn bureau/nn --/-- and/cc reported/vbd the/at situation/nn ./.
O'Banion's/np$ reaction/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` Three/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns !/. !/.
To/in them/ppo bums/nns ?/. ?/.
Why/wrb ,/, I/ppss can/md get/vb them/ppo knocked/vbn off/rp for/in half/abn that/dt much/ap ''/'' ./.
Upon/in which/wdt the/at detective/nn bureau/nn despatched/vbd rifle/nn squads/nns to/to prevent/vb trouble/nn if/cs O'Banion/np should/md send/vb his/pp$ gunmen/nns out/rp to/to deal/vb with/in the/at hijacking/vbg policemen/nns ./.
But/cc in/in the/at meantime/nn the/at beer-runner/nn ,/, unhappy/jj with/in this/dt solution/nn ,/, telephoned/vbd Torrio/np and/cc returned/vbd to/in O'Banion/np with/in the/at message/nn :/: ``/`` Say/uh ,/, Dionie/np ,/, I/ppss just/rb been/ben talking/vbg to/in Johnny/np ,/, and/cc he/pps said/vbd to/to let/vb them/ppo cops/nns have/hv the/at three/cd hundred/cd ./.
He/pps says/vbz he/pps don't/do* want/vb no/at trouble/nn ''/'' ./.


	But/cc Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np had/hvd graver/jjr cause/nn to/to hate/vb and/cc distrust/vb the/at Irishman/np ./.
For/in three/cd years/nns ,/, since/in the/at liquor/nn territorial/jj conference/nn ,/, Torrio/np had/hvd ,/, with/in his/pp$ elastic/jj patience/nn ,/, and/cc because/cs he/pps knew/vbd that/cs retaliation/nn could/md cause/vb only/rb violent/jj warfare/nn and/cc disaster/nn to/in business/nn ,/, tolerated/vbn O'Banion's/np$ impudent/jj double-crossing/nn ./.
They/ppss had/hvd suffered/vbn ,/, in/in sulky/jj silence/nn ,/, the/at sight/nn of/in his/pp$ sharp/jj practice/nn in/in Cicero/np ./.


	When/wrb ,/, as/cs a/at diplomatic/jj gesture/nn of/in amity/nn and/cc in/in payment/nn for/in the/at loan/nn of/in gunmen/nns in/in the/at April/np election/nn ,/, Torrio/np had/hvd given/vbn O'Banion/np a/at slice/nn of/in Cicero/np ,/, the/at profits/nns from/in that/dt district/nn had/hvd been/ben $20,000/nns a/at month/nn ./.
In/in six/cd months/nns O'Banion/np had/hvd boosted/vbn the/at profits/nns to/in $100,000/nns a/at month/nn --/-- mainly/rb by/in bringing/vbg pressure/nn to/to bear/vb on/in fifty/cd Chicago/np speak-easy/nn proprietors/nns to/to shift/vb out/rp to/in the/at suburb/nn ./.
These/dts booze/nn customers/nns had/hvd until/in then/rb been/ben buying/vbg their/pp$ supplies/nns from/in the/at Sheldon/np ,/, Saltis-McErlane/np ,/, and/cc Druggan-Lake/np gangs/nns ,/, and/cc now/rb they/ppss were/bed competing/vbg for/in trade/nn with/in the/at Torrio-Capone/np saloons/nns ;/. ;/.
once/rb again/rb O'Banion's/np$ brash/jj recklessness/nn had/hvd caused/vbn a/at proliferation/nn of/in ill/jj will/nn ./.
The/at revenue/nn from/in O'Banion's/np$ Cicero/np territory/nn went/vbd up/rp still/ql higher/rbr ,/, until/cs the/at yield/nn was/bedz more/ap than/in the/at Torrio-Capone/np takings/nns from/in the/at far/ql bigger/jjr trade/nn area/nn of/in Chicago's/np$ South/jj-tl and/cc West/jj-tl Sides/nns-tl ./.
But/cc he/pps still/rb showed/vbd no/at intention/nn of/in sharing/vbg with/in the/at syndicate/nn ./.
At/in last/ap ,/, even/rb the/at controlled/vbn Torrio/np was/bedz unable/jj to/to hold/vb still/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps tentatively/rb suggested/vbd that/cs O'Banion/np should/md take/vb a/at percentage/nn in/in the/at Stickney/np brothels/nns in/in return/nn for/in one/cd from/in his/pp$ Cicero/np beer/nn concession/nn ./.
O'Banion's/np$ reply/nn was/bedz a/at raucous/jj laugh/nn and/cc a/at flat/jj refusal/nn ./.


	Still/ql more/ap jealous/jj bitterness/nn was/bedz engendered/vbn by/in the/at O'Banion/np gang's/nn$ seizure/nn from/in a/at West/jj-tl Side/nn-tl marshalling/vbg yard/nn of/in a/at freight-car/nn load/nn of/in Canadian/jj whisky/nn worth/jj $100,000/nns and/cc by/in one/cd of/in the/at biggest/jjt coups/nns of/in the/at Prohibition/nn-tl era/nn --/-- the/at Sibley/np warehouse/nn robbery/nn ,/, which/wdt became/vbd famous/jj for/in the/at cool/jj brazenness/nn of/in the/at operation/nn ./.
Here/rb was/bedz stored/vbn $1,000,000/nns worth/jj of/in bonded/vbn whisky/nn ./.
These/dts 1750/cd cases/nns were/bed carted/vbn off/rp in/in a/at one-night/nn operation/nn by/in the/at O'Banion/np men/nns ,/, who/wps left/vbd in/in their/pp$ stead/nn the/at same/ap number/nn of/in barrels/nns filled/vbn with/in water/nn ./.



	A/at tsunami/nn may/md be/be started/vbn by/in a/at sea/nn bottom/nn slide/nn ,/, an/at earthquake/nn or/cc a/at volcanic/jj eruption/nn ./.
The/at most/ql infamous/jj of/in all/abn was/bedz launched/vbn by/in the/at explosion/nn of/in the/at island/nn of/in Krakatoa/np in/in 1883/cd ;/. ;/.
it/pps raced/vbd across/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl at/in 300/cd miles/nns an/at hour/nn ,/, devastated/vbd the/at coasts/nns of/in Java/np and/cc Sumatra/np with/in waves/nns 100/cd to/in 130/cd feet/nns high/jj ,/, and/cc pounded/vbd the/at shore/nn as/ql far/ql away/rb as/cs San/np Francisco/np ./.


	The/at ancient/jj Greeks/nps recorded/vbd several/ap catastrophic/jj inundations/nns by/in huge/jj waves/nns ./.
Whether/cs or/cc not/* Plato's/np$ tale/nn of/in the/at lost/vbn continent/nn of/in Atlantis/np is/bez true/jj ,/, skeptics/nns concede/vb that/cs the/at myth/nn may/md have/hv some/dti foundation/nn in/in a/at great/jj tsunami/nn of/in ancient/jj times/nns ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, a/at tremendously/ql destructive/jj tsunami/nn that/wps arose/vbd in/in the/at Arabian/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl in/in 1945/cd has/hvz even/rb revived/vbn the/at interest/nn of/in geologists/nns and/cc archaeologists/nns in/in the/at Biblical/jj story/nn of/in the/at Flood/nn-tl ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql damaging/vbg tsunami/nn on/in record/nn followed/vbd the/at famous/jj Lisbon/np earthquake/nn of/in November/np 1/cd ,/, 1755/cd ;/. ;/.
its/pp$ waves/nns persisted/vbd for/in a/at week/nn and/cc were/bed felt/vbn as/ql far/ql away/rb as/cs the/at English/jj coast/nn ./.
Tsunami/nns are/ber rare/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in the/at Atlantic/jj-tl Ocean/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber far/ql more/ql common/jj in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./.
Japan/np has/hvz had/hvn 15/cd destructive/jj ones/nns (/( eight/cd of/in them/ppo disastrous/jj )/) since/in 1596/cd ./.
The/at Hawaiian/jj-tl Islands/nns-tl are/ber struck/vbn severely/rb an/at average/nn of/in once/rb every/at 25/cd years/nns ./.


	In/in 1707/cd an/at earthquake/nn in/in Japan/np generated/vbd waves/nns so/ql huge/jj that/cs they/ppss piled/vbd into/in the/at Inland/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
one/cd wave/nn swamped/vbd more/ap than/in 1,000/cd ships/nns and/cc boats/nns in/in Osaka/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ./.
A/at tsunami/nn in/in the/at Hawaiian/jj-tl Islands/nns-tl in/in 1869/cd washed/vbd away/rb an/at entire/jj town/nn (/( Ponoluu/np )/) ,/, leaving/vbg only/rb two/cd forlorn/jj trees/nns standing/vbg where/wrb the/at community/nn had/hvd been/ben ./.
In/in 1896/cd a/at Japanese/jj tsunami/nn killed/vbd 27,000/cd people/nns and/cc swept/vbd away/rb 10,000/cd homes/nns ./.


	The/at dimensions/nns of/in these/dts waves/nns dwarf/vb all/abn our/pp$ usual/jj standards/nns of/in measurement/nn ./.
An/at ordinary/jj sea/nn wave/nn is/bez rarely/rb more/ap than/in a/at few/ap hundred/cd feet/nns long/jj from/in crest/nn to/in crest/nn --/-- no/ql longer/jjr than/cs 320/cd feet/nns in/in the/at Atlantic/np or/cc 1,000/cd feet/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./.
But/cc a/at tsunami/nns often/rb extends/vbz more/ap than/in 100/cd miles/nns and/cc sometimes/rb as/ql much/ap as/cs 600/cd miles/nns from/in crest/nn to/in crest/nn ./.
While/cs a/at wind/nn wave/nn never/rb travels/vbz at/in more/ap than/in 60/cd miles/nns per/in hour/nn ,/, the/at velocity/nn of/in a/at tsunami/nn in/in the/at open/jj sea/nn must/md be/be reckoned/vbn in/in hundreds/nns of/in miles/nns per/in hour/nn ./.
The/at greater/jjr the/at depth/nn of/in the/at water/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr is/bez the/at speed/nn of/in the/at wave/nn ;/. ;/.
Lagrange's/np$ law/nn says/vbz that/cs its/pp$ velocity/nn is/bez equal/jj to/in the/at square/jj root/nn of/in the/at product/nn of/in the/at depth/nn times/vbz the/at acceleration/nn due/jj to/in gravity/nn ./.
In/in the/at deep/jj waters/nns of/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl these/dts waves/nns reach/vb a/at speed/nn of/in 500/cd miles/nns per/in hour/nn ./.


	Tsunami/nns are/ber so/ql shallow/jj in/in comparison/nn with/in their/pp$ length/nn that/cs in/in the/at open/jj ocean/nn they/ppss are/ber hardly/ql detectable/jj ./.
Their/pp$ amplitude/nn sometimes/rb is/bez as/ql little/jj as/cs two/cd feet/nns from/in trough/nn to/in crest/nn ./.
Usually/rb it/pps is/bez only/rb when/wrb they/ppss approach/vb shallow/jj water/nn on/in the/at shore/nn that/cs they/ppss build/vb up/rp to/in their/pp$ terrifying/vbg heights/nns ./.
On/in the/at fateful/jj day/nn in/in 1896/cd when/wrb the/at great/jj waves/nns approached/vbd Japan/np ,/, fishermen/nns at/in sea/nn noticed/vbd no/at unusual/jj swells/nns ./.
Not/* until/cs they/ppss sailed/vbd home/nr at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at day/nn ,/, through/in a/at sea/nn strewn/vbn with/in bodies/nns and/cc the/at wreckage/nn of/in houses/nns ,/, were/bed they/ppss aware/jj of/in what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn ./.
The/at seemingly/rb quiet/jj ocean/nn had/hvd crashed/vbn a/at wall/nn of/in water/nn from/in 10/cd to/in 100/cd feet/nns high/jj upon/in beaches/nns crowded/vbn with/in bathers/nns ,/, drowning/vbg thousands/nns of/in them/ppo and/cc flattening/vbg villages/nns along/in the/at shore/nn ./.


	The/at giant/jj waves/nns are/ber more/ql dangerous/jj on/in flat/jj shores/nns than/cs on/in steep/nn ones/nns ./.
They/ppss usually/rb range/vb from/in 20/cd to/in 60/cd feet/nns in/in height/nn ,/, but/cc when/wrb they/ppss pour/vb into/in a/at V-shaped/nn inlet/nn or/cc harbor/nn they/ppss may/md rise/vb to/in mountainous/jj proportions/nns ./.


	Generally/rb the/at first/od salvo/nn of/in a/at tsunami/nn is/bez a/at rather/ql sharp/jj swell/nn ,/, not/* different/jj enough/qlp from/in an/at ordinary/jj wave/nn to/to alarm/vb casual/jj observers/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez followed/vbn by/in a/at tremendous/jj suck/nn of/in water/nn away/rb from/in the/at shore/nn as/cs the/at first/od great/jj trough/nn arrives/vbz ./.
Reefs/nns are/ber left/vbn high/jj and/cc dry/jj ,/, and/cc the/at beaches/nns are/ber covered/vbn with/in stranded/vbn fish/nn ./.
At/in Hilo/np large/jj numbers/nns of/in people/nns ran/vbd out/rp to/to inspect/vb the/at amazing/jj spectacle/nn of/in the/at denuded/vbn beach/nn ./.
Many/ap of/in them/ppo paid/vbd for/in their/pp$ curiosity/nn with/in their/pp$ lives/nns ,/, for/cs some/dti minutes/nns later/rbr the/at first/od giant/jj wave/nn roared/vbd over/in the/at shore/nn ./.
After/in an/at earthquake/nn in/in Japan/np in/in 1793/cd people/nns on/in the/at coast/nn at/in Tugaru/np were/bed so/ql terrified/vbn by/in the/at extraordinary/jj ebbing/vbg of/in the/at sea/nn that/cs they/ppss scurried/vbd to/in higher/jjr ground/nn ./.
When/wrb a/at second/od quake/nn came/vbd ,/, they/ppss dashed/vbd back/rb to/in the/at beach/nn ,/, fearing/vbg that/cs they/ppss might/md be/be buried/vbn under/in landslides/nns ./.
Just/rb as/cs they/ppss reached/vbd the/at shore/nn ,/, the/at first/od huge/jj wave/nn crashed/vbd upon/in them/ppo ./.


	A/at tsunami/nn is/bez not/* a/at single/ap wave/nn but/cc a/at series/nn ./.
The/at waves/nns are/ber separated/vbn by/in intervals/nns of/in 15/cd minutes/nns to/in an/at hour/nn or/cc more/ap (/( because/rb of/in their/pp$ great/jj length/nn )/) ,/, and/cc this/dt has/hvz often/rb lulled/vbn people/nns into/in thinking/vbg after/cs the/at first/od great/jj wave/nn has/hvz crashed/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez all/abn over/rp ./.
The/at waves/nns may/md keep/vb coming/vbg for/in many/ap hours/nns ./.
Usually/rb the/at third/od to/in the/at eighth/od waves/nns in/in the/at series/nns are/ber the/at biggest/jjt ./.


	Among/in the/at observers/nns of/in the/at 1946/cd tsunami/nns at/in Hilo/np was/bedz Francis/np P./np Shepard/np of/in the/at Scripps/np-tl Institution/nn-tl of/in-tl Oceanography/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ foremost/jjs marine/jj geologists/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to make/vb a/at detailed/vbn inspection/nn of/in the/at waves/nns ./.
Their/pp$ onrush/nn and/cc retreat/nn ,/, he/pps reported/vbd ,/, was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in a/at great/jj hissing/nn ,/, roaring/nn and/cc rattling/vbg ./.
The/at third/od and/cc fourth/od waves/nns seemed/vbd to/to be/be the/at highest/jjt ./.
On/in some/dti of/in the/at islands'/nns$ beaches/nns the/at waves/nns came/vbd in/rp gently/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed steepest/jjt on/in the/at shores/nns facing/vbg the/at direction/nn of/in the/at seaquake/nn from/in which/wdt the/at waves/nns had/hvd come/vbn ./.
In/in Hilo/np-tl Bay/nn-tl they/ppss were/bed from/in 21/cd to/in 26/cd feet/nns high/jj ./.
The/at highest/jjt waves/nns ,/, 55/cd feet/nns ,/, occurred/vbd at/in Pololu/np-tl Valley/nn-tl ./.


	Scientists/nns and/cc fishermen/nns have/hv occasionally/rb seen/vbn strange/jj by-products/nns of/in the/at phenomenon/nn ./.
During/in a/at 1933/cd tsunami/nn in/in Japan/np the/at sea/nn glowed/vbd brilliantly/rb at/in night/nn ./.
The/at luminosity/nn of/in the/at water/nn is/bez now/rb believed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben caused/vbn by/in the/at stimulation/nn of/in vast/jj numbers/nns of/in the/at luminescent/jj organism/nn Noctiluca/np-tl miliaris/nn-tl by/in the/at turbulence/nn of/in the/at sea/nn ./.
Japanese/jj fishermen/nns have/hv sometimes/rb observed/vbn that/cs sardines/nns hauled/vbn up/rp in/in their/pp$ nets/nns during/in a/at tsunami/nn have/hv enormously/ql swollen/jj stomachs/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at fish/nns have/hv swallowed/vbn vast/jj numbers/nns of/in bottom-living/jj diatoms/nns ,/, raised/vbn to/in the/at surface/nn by/in the/at disturbance/nn ./.
The/at waves/nns of/in a/at 1923/cd tsunami/nn in/in Sagami/np-tl Bay/nn-tl brought/vbd to/in the/at surface/nn and/cc battered/vbd to/in death/nn huge/jj numbers/nns of/in fishes/nns that/wps normally/rb live/vb at/in a/at depth/nn of/in 3,000/cd feet/nns ./.
Gratified/vbn fishermen/nns hauled/vbd them/ppo in/rp by/in the/at thousands/nns ./.


	The/at tsunami-warning/jj system/nn developed/vbn since/in the/at 1946/cd disaster/nn in/in Hawaii/np relies/vbz mainly/rb on/in a/at simple/jj and/cc ingenious/jj instrument/nn devised/vbn by/in Commander/nn-tl C./np K./np Green/np of/in the/at Coast/nn-tl and/cc-tl Geodetic/jj-tl Survey/nn-tl staff/nn ./.
It/pps consists/vbz of/in a/at series/nn of/in pipes/nns and/cc a/at pressure-measuring/jj chamber/nn which/wdt record/vb the/at rise/nn and/cc fall/nn of/in the/at water/nn surface/nn ./.
Ordinary/jj water/nn tides/nns are/ber disregarded/vbn ./.
But/cc when/wrb waves/nns with/in a/at period/nn of/in between/in 10/cd and/cc 40/cd minutes/nns begin/vb to/to roll/vb over/in the/at ocean/nn ,/, they/ppss set/vb in/in motion/nn a/at corresponding/jj oscillation/nn in/in a/at column/nn of/in mercury/nn which/wdt closes/vbz an/at electric/jj circuit/nn ./.
This/dt in/in turn/nn sets/vbz off/rp an/at alarm/nn ,/, notifying/vbg the/at observers/nns at/in the/at station/nn that/cs a/at tsunami/nn is/bez in/in progress/nn ./.
Such/jj equipment/nn has/hvz been/ben installed/vbn at/in Hilo/np ,/, Midway/np ,/, Attu/np and/cc Dutch/jj-tl Harbor/nn-tl ./.
The/at moment/nn the/at alarm/nn goes/vbz off/rp ,/, information/nn is/bez immediately/rb forwarded/vbn to/in Honolulu/np ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at center/nn of/in the/at warning/vbg system/nn ./.


	This/dt center/nn also/rb receives/vbz prompt/jj reports/nns on/in earthquakes/nns from/in four/cd Coast/nn-tl Survey/nn-tl stations/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl which/wdt are/ber equipped/vbn with/in seismographs/nns ./.
Its/pp$ staff/nn makes/vbz a/at preliminary/jj determination/nn of/in the/at epicenter/nn of/in the/at quake/nn and/cc alerts/vbz tide/nn stations/nns near/in the/at epicenter/nn for/in a/at tsunami/nn ./.
By/in means/nn of/in charts/nns showing/vbg wave-travel/nn times/nns and/cc depths/nns in/in the/at ocean/nn at/in various/jj locations/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to estimate/vb the/at rate/nn of/in approach/nn and/cc probable/jj time/nn of/in arrival/nn at/in Hawaii/np of/in a/at tsunami/nn getting/vbg under/in way/nn at/in any/dti spot/nn in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./.
The/at civil/jj and/cc military/jj authorities/nns are/ber then/rb advised/vbn of/in the/at danger/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss issue/vb warnings/nns and/cc take/vb all/abn necessary/jj protective/jj steps/nns ./.
All/abn of/in these/dts activities/nns are/ber geared/vbn to/in a/at top-priority/nn communication/nn system/nn ,/, and/cc practice/nn tests/nns have/hv been/ben held/vbn to/to assure/vb that/cs everything/pn will/md work/vb smoothly/rb ./.


	Since/in the/at 1946/cd disaster/nn there/ex have/hv been/ben 15/cd tsunami/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ,/, but/cc only/rb one/cd was/bedz of/in any/dti consequence/nn ./.
On/in November/np 4/cd ,/, 1952/cd ,/, an/at earthquake/nn occurred/vbd under/in the/at sea/nn off/in the/at Kamchatka/np-tl Peninsula/nn-tl ./.
At/in 17:07/cd that/dt afternoon/nn (/( Greenwich/np time/nn )/) the/at shock/nn was/bedz recorded/vbn by/in the/at seismograph/nn alarm/nn in/in Honolulu/np ./.
The/at warning/vbg system/nn immediately/rb went/vbd into/in action/nn ./.
Within/in about/rb an/at hour/nn with/in the/at help/nn of/in reports/nns from/in seismic/jj stations/nns in/in Alaska/np ,/, Arizona/np and/cc California/np ,/, the/at quake's/nn$ epicenter/nn was/bedz placed/vbn at/in 51/cd degrees/nns North/jj-tl latitude/nn and/cc 158/cd degrees/nns East/jj-tl longitude/nn ./.
While/cs accounts/nns of/in the/at progress/nn of/in the/at tsunami/nn came/vbd in/rp from/in various/jj points/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl (/( Midway/np reported/vbd it/pps was/bedz covered/vbn with/in nine/cd feet/nns of/in water/nn )/) ,/, the/at Hawaiian/jj station/nn made/vbd its/pp$ calculations/nns and/cc notified/vbd the/at military/jj services/nns and/cc the/at police/nn that/cs the/at first/rb big/jj wave/nn would/md arrive/vb at/in Honolulu/np at/in 23:30/cd Greenwich/np time/nn ./.


	It/pps turned/vbd out/rp that/cs the/at waves/nns were/bed not/* so/ql high/jj as/cs in/in 1946/cd ./.
They/ppss hurled/vbd a/at cement/nn barge/nn against/in a/at freighter/nn in/in Honolulu/np-tl Harbor/nn-tl ,/, knocked/vbd down/rp telephone/nn lines/nns ,/, marooned/vbd automobiles/nns ,/, flooded/vbd lawns/nns ,/, killed/vbd six/cd cows/nns ./.
But/cc not/* a/at single/ap human/jj life/nn was/bedz lost/vbn ,/, and/cc property/nn damage/nn in/in the/at Hawaiian/jj-tl Islands/nns-tl did/dod not/* exceed/vb $800,000/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs the/at warning/vbg system/nn saved/vbd lives/nns and/cc reduced/vbd the/at damage/nn ./.


	But/cc it/pps is/bez plain/jj that/cs a/at warning/vbg system/nn ,/, however/wql efficient/jj ,/, is/bez not/* enough/ap ./.
In/in the/at vulnerable/jj areas/nns of/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl there/ex should/md be/be restrictions/nns against/in building/vbg homes/nns on/in exposed/vbn coasts/nns ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap a/at requirement/nn that/cs they/ppss be/be either/cc raised/vbn off/in the/at ground/nn or/cc anchored/vbn strongly/rb against/in waves/nns ./.




The/at key/nn to/in the/at world/nn of/in geology/nn is/bez change/nn ;/. ;/.
nothing/pn remains/vbz the/at same/ap ./.
Life/nn has/hvz evolved/vbn from/in simple/jj combinations/nns of/in molecules/nns in/in the/at sea/nn to/in complex/jj combinations/nns in/in man/nn ./.
The/at land/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez changing/vbg ,/, and/cc earthquakes/nns are/ber daily/jj reminders/nns of/in this/dt ./.
Earthquakes/nns result/vb when/wrb movements/nns in/in the/at earth/nn twist/vb rocks/nns until/cs they/ppss break/vb ./.
Sometimes/rb this/dt is/bez accompanied/vbn by/in visible/jj shifts/nns of/in the/at ground/nn surface/nn ;/. ;/.
often/rb the/at shifts/nns cannot/md* be/be seen/vbn ,/, but/cc they/ppss are/ber there/rb ;/. ;/.
and/cc everywhere/rb can/md be/be found/vbn scars/nns of/in earlier/jjr breaks/nns once/rb deeply/rb buried/vbn ./.
Today's/nr$ earthquakes/nns are/ber most/ql numerous/jj in/in belts/nns where/wrb the/at earth's/nn$ restlessness/nn is/bez presently/rb concentrated/vbn ,/, but/cc scars/nns of/in the/at past/nn show/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at part/nn of/in the/at earth/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* had/hvn them/ppo ./.


	The/at effects/nns of/in earthquakes/nns on/in civilization/nn have/hv been/ben widely/rb publicized/vbn ,/, even/rb overemphasized/vbn ./.
The/at role/nn of/in an/at earthquake/nn in/in starting/vbg the/at destruction/nn of/in whole/jj cities/nns is/bez tremendously/ql frightening/vbg ,/, but/cc fire/nn may/md actually/rb be/be the/at principal/jjs agent/nn in/in a/at particular/jj disaster/nn ./.
Superstition/nn has/hvz often/rb blended/vbn with/in fact/nn to/to color/vb reports/nns ./.


	We/ppss have/hv learned/vbn from/in earthquakes/nns much/ap of/in what/wdt we/ppss now/rb know/vb about/in the/at earth's/nn$ interior/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss send/vb waves/nns through/in the/at earth/nn which/wdt emerge/vb with/in information/nn about/in the/at materials/nns through/in which/wdt they/ppss have/hv traveled/vbn ./.
These/dts waves/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs 1,800/cd miles/nns below/in the/at surface/nn a/at liquid/nn core/nn begins/vbz ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, has/hvz a/at solid/jj inner/jj core/nn ./.


	Earthquakes/nns originate/vb as/ql far/rb as/cs 400/cd miles/nns below/in the/at surface/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss do/do not/* occur/vb at/in greater/jjr depths/nns ./.
Two/cd unsolved/jj mysteries/nns are/ber based/vbn on/in these/dts facts/nns ./.
(/( 1/cd )/) As/ql far/ql down/rp as/cs 400/cd miles/nns below/in the/at surface/nn the/at material/nn should/md be/be hot/jj enough/qlp to/to be/be plastic/jj and/cc adjust/vb itself/ppl to/in twisting/vbg forces/nns by/in sluggish/jj flow/nn rather/in than/in by/in breaking/vbg ,/, as/cs rigid/jj surface/nn rocks/nns do/do ./.
(/( 2/cd )/) If/cs earthquakes/nns do/do occur/vb at/in such/jj depths/nns ,/, why/wrb not/* deeper/rbr ?/. ?/.


	Knowledge/nn gained/vbn from/in studying/vbg earthquake/nn waves/nns has/hvz been/ben applied/vbn in/in various/jj fields/nns ./.
In/in the/at search/nn for/in oil/nn and/cc gas/nn ,/, we/ppss make/vb similar/jj waves/nns under/in controlled/vbn conditions/nns with/in dynamite/nn and/cc learn/vb from/in them/ppo where/wrb there/ex are/ber buried/vbn rock/nn structures/nns favorable/jj to/in the/at accumulation/nn of/in these/dts resources/nns ./.
We/ppss have/hv also/rb developed/vbn techniques/nns for/in recognizing/vbg and/cc locating/vbg underground/rb nuclear/jj tests/nns through/in the/at waves/nns in/in the/at ground/nn which/wdt they/ppss generate/vb ./.


	The/at following/vbg discussion/nn of/in this/dt subject/nn has/hvz been/ben adapted/vbn from/in the/at book/nn Causes/nns-tl Of/in-tl Catastrophe/nn-tl by/in L./np Don/np Leet/np ./.



The/at-hl restless/jj-hl earth/nn-hl and/cc-hl its/pp$-hl interior/nn-hl 
At/in twelve/cd minutes/nns after/in five/cd on/in the/at morning/nn of/in Wednesday/nr ,/, April/np 18/cd ,/, 1906/cd ,/, San/np Francisco/np was/bedz shaken/vbn by/in a/at severe/jj earthquake/nn ./.
A/at sharp/jj tremor/nn was/bedz followed/vbn by/in a/at jerky/jj roll/nn ./.



	In/in Ireland's/np$ County/nn-tl Limerick/np-tl ,/, near/in the/at River/nn-tl Shannon/np-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at quiet/jj little/jj suburb/nn by/in the/at name/nn of/in Garryowen/np ,/, which/wdt means/vbz ``/`` Garden/nn-tl of/in-tl Owen/np-tl ''/'' ./.
Undoubtedly/rb none/pn of/in the/at residents/nns realize/vb the/at influence/nn their/pp$ town/nn has/hvz had/hvn on/in American/jj military/jj history/nn ,/, or/cc the/at deeds/nns of/in valor/nn that/wps have/hv been/ben done/vbn in/in its/pp$ name/nn ./.
The/at cry/nn ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/.
Bursting/vbg from/in the/at lips/nns of/in a/at charging/vbg cavalry/nn trooper/nn was/bedz the/at last/ap sound/nn heard/vbn on/in this/dt earth/nn by/in untold/jj numbers/nns of/in Cheyennes/nps ,/, Sioux/nps and/cc Apaches/nps ,/, Mexican/jj banditos/fw-nns under/in Pancho/np Villa/np ,/, Japanese/nps in/in the/at South/jj-tl Pacific/jj-tl ,/, and/cc Chinese/jj and/cc North/jj-tl Korean/jj-tl Communists/nns-tl in/in Korea/np ./.
Garryowen/np is/bez the/at battle/nn cry/nn of/in the/at 7th/od-tl U.S./np-tl Cavalry/nn-tl Regiment/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ''/'' ./.


	Today/nr a/at battle/nn cry/nn may/md seem/vb an/at anachronism/nn ,/, for/cs in/in the/at modern/jj Army/nn-tl ,/, esprit/fw-nn de/fw-in corps/fw-nn has/hvz been/ben sacrificed/vbn to/in organizational/jj charts/nns and/cc tables/nns ./.
But/cc don't/do* tell/vb that/dt to/in a/at veteran/nn of/in the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ,/, especially/rb in/in a/at saloon/nn on/in Saturday/nr night/nn ./.


	Of/in all/abn the/at thousands/nns of/in men/nns who/wps have/hv served/vbn in/in the/at 7th/od-tl Cav/np-tl ,/, perhaps/rb no/at one/pn knows/vbz its/pp$ spirit/nn better/rbr than/cs Lieutenant/nn-tl Colonel/nn-tl Melbourne/np C./np Chandler/np ./.
Wiry/jj and/cc burr-headed/jj ,/, with/in steel/nn blue/jj eyes/nns and/cc a/at chest/nn splattered/vbn with/in medals/nns ,/, Chandler/np is/bez the/at epitome/nn of/in the/at old-time/jj trooper/nn ./.
The/at truth/nn is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs when/wrb Mel/np Chandler/np first/rb reported/vbd to/in the/at regiment/nn the/at only/ap steed/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb ridden/vbn was/bedz a/at swivel/jj chair/nn and/cc the/at only/ap weapon/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb wielded/vbn was/bedz a/at pencil/nn ./.


	Chandler/np had/hvd been/ben commissioned/vbn in/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl and/cc was/bedz serving/vbg as/cs a/at personnel/nns officer/nn for/in the/at Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Depot/nn-tl when/wrb he/pps decided/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to make/vb the/at Army/nn-tl his/pp$ career/nn ,/, he/pps wanted/vbd to/to be/be in/in the/at fighting/vbg part/nn of/in it/ppo ./.
Though/cs he/pps knew/vbd no/at more/ap about/in military/jj science/nn and/cc tactics/nns than/cs any/dti other/ap desk/nn officer/nn ,/, he/pps managed/vbd to/to get/vb transferred/vbn to/in the/at combat/nn forces/nns ./.
The/at next/ap thing/nn he/pps knew/vbd he/pps was/bedz reporting/vbg for/in duty/nn as/cs commanding/vbg officer/nn of/in Troop/nn-tl H/np-tl ,/, 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at middle/nn of/in corps/nn maneuvers/nns in/in Japan/np ./.


	Outside/rb of/in combat/nn ,/, he/pps couldn't/md* have/hv landed/vbn in/in a/at tougher/jjr spot/nn ./.
First/od of/in all/abn ,/, no/at unit/nn likes/vbz to/to have/hv a/at new/jj CO/nn brought/vbn in/rp from/in the/at outside/nn ,/, especially/rb when/wrb he's/pps+bez an/at armchair/nn trooper/nn ./.
Second/rb ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez ever/rb a/at perfect/jj time/nn to/to pull/vb the/at rug/nn out/rp from/in under/in him/ppo ,/, it's/pps+bez on/in maneuvers/nns ./.
In/in combat/nn ,/, helping/vbg your/pp$ CO/nn make/vb a/at fool/nn of/in himself/ppl might/md mean/vb getting/vbg yourself/ppl killed/vbn ./.
But/cc in/in maneuvers/nns ,/, with/in the/at top/jjs brass/nn watching/vbg him/ppo all/abn the/at time/nn ,/, it's/pps+bez easy/jj ./.


	Chandler/np understood/vbd this/dt and/cc expected/vbd the/at worst/jjt ./.
But/cc his/pp$ first/od few/ap days/nns with/in Troop/nn-tl H/np-tl were/bed full/jj of/in surprises/nns ,/, beginning/vbg with/in First/od-tl Sergeant/nn-tl Robert/np Early/np ./.
Chandler/np had/hvd expected/vbn a/at tough/jj old/jj trooper/nn with/in a/at gravel/nn voice/nn ./.
Instead/rb Sergeant/nn-tl Early/np was/bedz quiet/jj ,/, sharp/jj and/cc confident/jj ./.
He/pps had/hvd enlisted/vbn in/in the/at Army/nn-tl straight/rb out/in of/in high/jj school/nn and/cc had/hvd immediately/rb set/vbn about/in learning/vbg his/pp$ new/jj trade/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at weapon/nn Early/np could/md not/* take/vb apart/rb and/cc reassemble/vb blind-folded/vbn ./.
He/pps could/md lead/vb a/at patrol/nn and/cc he/pps knew/vbd his/pp$ paper/nn work/nn ./.
Further/rbr ,/, he/pps had/hvd taken/vbn full/jj advantage/nn of/in the/at Army's/nn$-tl correspondence/nn courses/nns ./.
He/pps not/* only/rb knew/vbd soldiering/vbg ,/, but/cc mathematics/nn ,/, history/nn and/cc literature/nn as/ql well/rb ./.


	But/cc for/in all/abn his/pp$ erudite/jj confidence/nn ,/, Sergeant/nn-tl Early/np was/bedz right/ql out/in of/in the/at Garryowen/np mold/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz filled/vbn with/in the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ./.
That/dt saved/vbd Mel/np Chandler/np ./.
Sergeant/nn-tl Early/np let/vbd the/at new/jj CO/nn know/vb just/ql how/wql lucky/jj he/pps was/bedz to/to be/be in/in the/at best/jjt troop/nn in/in the/at best/jjt regiment/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Army/nn-tl ./.
He/pps fed/vbd the/at captain/nn bits/nns of/in history/nn about/in the/at troops/nns and/cc the/at regiment/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at battalion/nn of/in the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl under/in Colonel/nn-tl George/np Armstrong/np Custer/np that/wps had/hvd been/ben wiped/vbn out/rp at/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Big/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ./.


	It/pps didn't/dod* take/vb Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np long/rb to/to realize/vb that/cs he/pps had/hvd to/to carry/vb a/at heavy/jj load/nn of/in tradition/nn on/in his/pp$ shoulders/nns as/cs commander/nn of/in Troop/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./.
But/cc what/wdt made/vbd the/at load/nn lighter/jjr was/bedz the/at realization/nn that/cs every/at officer/nn ,/, non-com/nn and/cc trooper/nn was/bedz ready/jj and/cc willing/jj to/to help/vb him/ppo carry/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in the/at good/nn of/in the/at troop/nn and/cc the/at regiment/nn ./.


	Maneuvers/nns over/rp ,/, the/at 7th/od returned/vbd to/in garrison/nn duty/nn in/in Tokyo/np ,/, Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np still/rb with/in them/ppo ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl whose/wp$ troopers/nns were/bed charged/vbn with/in guarding/vbg the/at Imperial/jj-tl Palace/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Emperor/nn-tl ./.
But/cc still/rb Mel/np Chandler/np was/bedz not/* completely/ql convinced/vbn that/cs men/nns would/md really/rb die/vb for/in a/at four-syllable/jj word/nn ,/, ``/`` Garryowen/np-nc ''/'' ./.
The/at final/jj proof/nn was/bedz a/at small/jj incident/nn ./.


	It/pps happened/vbd at/in the/at St./nn-tl Patrick's/np$-tl Day/nn-tl party/nn ,/, a/at big/jj affair/nn for/in a/at regiment/nn which/wdt had/hvd gone/vbn into/in battle/nn for/in over/rp three-quarters/nns of/in a/at century/nn to/in the/at strains/nns of/in an/at Irish/jj march/nn ./.
In/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at party/nn Chandler/np looked/vbd up/rp to/to see/vb four/cd smiling/vbg faces/nns bearing/vbg down/rp upon/in him/ppo ,/, each/dt beaming/vbg above/in the/at biggest/jjt ,/, greenest/jjt shamrock/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./.
The/at faces/nns belonged/vbd to/in Lieutenant/nn-tl Marvin/np Goulding/np ,/, his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc their/pp$ two/cd children/nns ./.
And/cc when/wrb the/at singing/nn began/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at Gouldings/nps who/wps sang/vbd the/at old/jj Irish/jj songs/nns the/at best/rbt ./.


	Though/cs there/ex was/bedz an/at occasional/jj good-natured/jj chuckle/nn about/in Marvin/np Goulding/np ,/, the/at Jewish/jj officer/nn from/in Chicago/np ,/, singing/vbg tearfully/rb about/in the/at ould/jj sod/nn ,/, no/at one/pn really/rb thought/vbd it/pps was/bedz strange/jj ./.
For/cs Marvin/np Goulding/np ,/, like/cs Giovanni/np Martini/np ,/, the/at bugler/nn boy/nn who/wps carried/vbd Custer's/np$ last/ap message/nn ,/, or/cc Margarito/np Lopez/np ,/, the/at one-man/jj Army/nn-tl on/in Leyte/np ,/, was/bedz a/at Garryowen/np ,/, through/rp and/cc through/rp ./.
It/pps was/bedz no/at coincidence/nn that/cs Goulding/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at most/ql beloved/jj platoon/nn leaders/nns in/in the/at regiment/nn ./.


	And/cc so/rb Mel/np Chandler/np got/vbd the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np ./.
He/pps set/vbd out/rp to/to keep/vb Troop/nn-tl H/np-tl the/at best/jjt troop/nn in/in the/at best/jjt regiment/nn ./.
One/cd of/in his/pp$ innovations/nns was/bedz to/to see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs every/at man/nn --/-- cook/nn and/cc clerk/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs rifleman/nn --/-- qualified/vbd with/in every/at weapon/nn in/in the/at troop/nn ./.
Even/rb the/at mess/nn sergeant/nn ,/, Bill/np Brown/np ,/, a/at dapper/jj ,/, cocky/jj transfer/nn from/in an/at airborne/jj division/nn ,/, went/vbd out/rp on/in the/at range/nn ./.


	The/at troop/nn received/vbd a/at new/jj leader/nn ,/, Lieutenant/nn-tl Robert/np M./np Carroll/np ,/, fresh/jj out/in of/in ROTC/nn and/cc bucking/vbg for/in Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl status/nn ./.
Carroll/np was/bedz sharp/jj and/cc military/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz up/rp against/in tough/jj competition/nn for/in that/dt RA/nn berth/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps wanted/vbd to/to play/vb it/ppo cool/rb ./.
So/rb Mel/np Chandler/np set/vbd out/rp to/to sell/vb him/ppo on/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np ,/, just/rb as/cs he/pps himself/ppl had/hvd been/ben sold/vbn a/at short/jj time/nn before/rb ./.


	When/wrb the/at Korean/jj war/nn began/vbd ,/, on/in June/np 25/cd ,/, 1950/cd ,/, the/at anniversary/nn of/in the/at day/nn Custer/np had/hvd gone/vbn down/rp fighting/vbg at/in the/at Little/jj-tl Big/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl and/cc the/at day/nn the/at regiment/nn had/hvd assaulted/vbn the/at beachhead/nn of/in Leyte/np during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl was/bedz not/* in/in the/at best/jjt fighting/vbg condition/nn ./.
Its/pp$ entire/jj complement/nn of/in non-commissioned/jj officers/nns on/in the/at platoon/nn level/nn had/hvd departed/vbn as/cs cadre/nn for/in another/dt unit/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ vehicles/nns were/bed still/rb those/dts used/vbn in/in the/at drive/nn across/in Luzon/np in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./.


	Just/rb a/at month/nn after/cs the/at Korean/jj-tl War/nn-tl broke/vbd out/rp ,/, the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl was/bedz moving/vbg into/in the/at lines/nns ,/, ready/jj for/in combat/nn ./.
From/in then/rb on/rp the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl was/bedz in/in the/at thick/jj of/in the/at bitterest/jjt fighting/nn in/in Korea/np ./.


	One/cd night/nn on/in the/at Naktong/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, Mel/np Chandler/np called/vbd on/in that/dt fabled/jj esprit/fw-nn de/fw-in corps/fw-nn ./.
The/at regiment/nn was/bedz dug/vbn in/rp on/in the/at east/nr side/nn of/in the/at river/nn and/cc the/at North/jj-tl Koreans/nps were/bed steadily/rb building/vbg up/rp a/at concentration/nn of/in crack/nn troops/nns on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./.
The/at troopers/nns knew/vbd an/at attack/nn was/bedz coming/vbg ,/, but/cc they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb when/wrb ,/, and/cc they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb where/wrb ./.
At/in 6/cd o'clock/rb on/in the/at morning/nn of/in August/np 12/cd ,/, they/ppss were/bed in/in doubt/nn no/ql longer/rbr ./.
Then/rb it/pps came/vbd ,/, against/in Troop/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./.


	The/at enemy/nn had/hvd filtered/vbn across/in the/at river/nn during/in the/at night/nn and/cc a/at full/jj force/nn of/in 1000/cd men/nns ,/, armed/vbn with/in Russian/jj machine/nn guns/nns ,/, attacked/vbd the/at position/nn held/vbn by/in Chandler's/np$ men/nns ./.
They/ppss came/vbd in/in waves/nns ./.
First/rb came/vbd the/at cannon/nn fodder/nn ,/, white-clad/jj civilians/nns being/beg driven/vbn into/in death/nn as/cs a/at massive/jj human/jj battering/vbg ram/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed followed/vbn by/in crack/nn North/jj-tl Korean/jj-tl troops/nns ,/, who/wps mounted/vbd one/cd charge/nn after/in another/dt ./.
They/ppss overran/vbd the/at 7th/od-tl Cav's/np$-tl forward/jj machine-gun/nn positions/nns through/in sheer/jj weight/nn of/in numbers/nns ,/, over/in piles/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj dead/jj ./.


	Another/dt force/nn flanked/vbd the/at company/nn and/cc took/vbd up/rp a/at position/nn on/in a/at hill/nn to/in the/at rear/nn ./.
Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np saw/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz building/vbg up/rp strength/nn ./.
He/pps assembled/vbd a/at group/nn of/in 25/cd men/nns ,/, composed/vbn of/in wounded/vbn troopers/nns awaiting/vbg evacuation/nn ,/, the/at company/nn clerk/nn ,/, supply/nn men/nns ,/, cooks/nns and/cc drivers/nns ,/, and/cc led/vbd them/ppo to/in the/at hill/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at more/ql seriously/rb wounded/vbn was/bedz Lieutenant/nn-tl Carroll/np ,/, the/at young/jj officer/nn bucking/vbg for/in the/at Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl ./.
Chandler/np left/vbd Carroll/np at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at hill/nn to/to direct/vb any/dti reinforcements/nns he/pps could/md find/vb to/in the/at fight/nn ./.


	Then/rb Mel/np Chandler/np started/vbd up/in the/at hill/nn ./.
He/pps took/vbd one/cd step/nn ,/, two/cd ,/, broke/vbd into/in a/at trot/nn and/cc then/rb into/in a/at run/nn ./.
The/at first/od thing/nn he/pps knew/vbd the/at words/nns ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/.
Burst/vbd from/in his/pp$ throat/nn ./.
His/pp$ followers/nns shouted/vbd the/at old/jj battle/nn cry/nn after/in him/ppo and/cc charged/vbd the/at hill/nn ,/, firing/vbg as/cs they/ppss ran/vbd ./.


	The/at Koreans/nps fell/vbd back/rb ,/, but/cc regrouped/vbd at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at hill/nn and/cc pinned/vbd down/rp the/at cavalrymen/nns with/in a/at screen/nn of/in fire/nn ./.
Chandler/np ,/, looking/vbg to/in right/nr and/cc left/nr to/to see/vb how/wrb his/pp$ men/nns were/bed faring/vbg ,/, suddenly/rb saw/vbd another/dt figure/nn bounding/vbg up/in the/at hill/nn ,/, hurling/vbg grenades/nns and/cc hollering/vbg the/at battle/nn cry/nn as/cs he/pps ran/vbd ./.
It/pps was/bedz Bob/np Carroll/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd suddenly/rb found/vbn himself/ppl imbued/vbn with/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd formed/vbn his/pp$ own/jj task/nn force/nn of/in three/cd stragglers/nns and/cc led/vbd them/ppo up/in the/at hill/nn in/in a/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl charge/nn ./.
Because/rb of/in this/dt diversionary/jj attack/nn the/at main/jjs group/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben pinned/vbn down/rp on/in the/at hill/nn was/bedz able/jj to/to surge/vb forward/rb again/rb ./.
But/cc an/at enemy/nn grenade/nn hit/vbd Carroll/np in/in the/at head/nn and/cc detonated/vbd simultaneously/rb ./.
He/pps went/vbd down/rp like/cs a/at wet/jj rag/nn and/cc the/at attackers/nns hit/vb the/at dirt/nn in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at withering/vbg enemy/nn fire/nn ./.


	Enemy/nn reinforcements/nns came/vbd pouring/vbg down/rp ,/, seeking/vbg a/at soft/jj spot/nn ./.
They/ppss found/vbd it/ppo at/in the/at junction/nn between/in Troops/nns-tl H/np-tl and/cc G/np-tl ,/, and/cc prepared/vbd to/to counterattack/vb ./.
Marvin/np Goulding/np saw/vbd what/wdt was/bedz happening/vbg ./.
He/pps turned/vbd to/in his/pp$ platoon/nn ./.
``/`` Okay/uh ,/, men/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` Follow/vb me/ppo ''/'' ./.
Goulding/np leaped/vbd to/in his/pp$ feet/nns and/cc started/vbd forward/rb ,/, ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/.
On/in his/pp$ lips/nns ,/, his/pp$ men/nns following/vbg ./.
But/cc the/at bullets/nns whacked/vbd home/nr before/cs he/pps finished/vbd his/pp$ battle/nn cry/nn and/cc Marvin/np Goulding/np fell/vbd dead/jj ./.
For/in an/at instant/nn his/pp$ men/nns hesitated/vbd ,/, unable/jj to/to believe/vb that/cs their/pp$ lieutenant/nn ,/, the/at most/ql popular/jj officer/nn in/in the/at regiment/nn ,/, was/bedz dead/jj ./.
Then/rb they/ppss let/vb out/rp a/at bellow/nn of/in anguish/nn and/cc rage/nn and/cc ,/, cursing/vbg ,/, screaming/vbg and/cc hollering/vbg ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/.
They/ppss charged/vbd into/in the/at enemy/nn like/cs wild/jj men/nns ./.


	That/wps finished/vbd the/at job/nn that/wps Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np and/cc Lieutenant/nn-tl Carroll/np had/hvd begun/vbn ./.
Goulding's/np$ platoon/nn pushed/vbd back/rb the/at enemy/nn soldiers/nns and/cc broke/vbd up/rp the/at timing/nn of/in the/at entire/jj enemy/nn attack/nn ./.
Reinforcements/nns came/vbd up/rp quickly/rb to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in the/at opening/nn made/vbn by/in Goulding's/np$ platoon/nn ./.
The/at North/jj-tl Koreans/nps threw/vbd away/rb their/pp$ guns/nns and/cc fled/vbd across/in the/at rice/nn paddies/nns ./.
Artillery/nn and/cc air/nn strikes/nns were/bed called/vbn in/rp to/to kill/vb them/ppo by/in the/at hundreds/nns ./.


	Though/cs Bob/np Carroll/np seemed/vbd to/to have/hv had/hvn his/pp$ head/nn practically/rb blown/vbn off/rp by/in the/at exploding/vbg grenade/nn ,/, he/pps lived/vbd ./.
Today/nr he/pps is/bez a/at major/nn --/-- in/in the/at Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl ./.


	So/ql filled/vbn was/bedz Mel/np Chandler/np with/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np that/cs after/in Korea/np was/bedz over/rp ,/, he/pps took/vbd on/rp the/at job/nn of/in writing/vbg the/at complete/jj history/nn of/in the/at regiment/nn ./.
After/in years/nns of/in digging/vbg ,/, nights/nns and/cc weekends/nns ,/, he/pps put/vbd together/rb the/at big/jj ,/, profusely/rb illustrated/vbn book/nn ,/, Of/in-tl Garryowen/np-tl And/cc-tl Glory/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt is/bez probably/rb the/at most/ql complete/jj history/nn of/in any/dti military/jj unit/nn ./.




The/at battle/nn of/in the/at Naktong/np-tl River/nn-tl is/bez just/rb one/cd example/nn of/in how/wrb the/at battle/nn cry/nn and/cc the/at spirit/nn of/in The/at-tl Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl have/hv paid/vbn off/rp ./.
For/in nearly/rb a/at century/nn the/at cry/nn has/hvz never/rb failed/vbn to/to rally/vb the/at fighting/vbg men/nns of/in the/at regiment/nn ./.


	Take/vb the/at case/nn of/in Major/nn-tl Marcus/np A./np Reno/np ,/, who/wps survived/vbd the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Big/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl in/in 1876/cd ./.
From/in the/at enlisted/vbn men/nns he/pps pistol-whipped/vbd to/in the/at subordinate/jj officer/nn whose/wp$ wife/nn he/pps tried/vbd to/to rape/vb ,/, a/at lot/nn of/in men/nns had/hvd plenty/nn of/in reason/nn heartily/rb to/to dislike/vb Marcus/np Reno/np ./.
Many/ap of/in his/pp$ fellow/nn officers/nns refused/vbd to/to speak/vb to/in him/ppo ./.
But/cc when/wrb a/at board/nn of/in inquiry/nn was/bedz called/vbn to/to look/vb into/in the/at charges/nns of/in cowardice/nn made/vbn against/in him/ppo ,/, the/at men/nns who/wps had/hvd seen/vbn Reno/np leave/vb the/at battlefield/nn and/cc the/at officer/nn who/wps had/hvd heard/vbn Reno/np suggest/vb that/cs the/at wounded/vbn be/be left/vbn to/to be/be tortured/vbn by/in the/at Sioux/nps ,/, refused/vbd to/to say/vb a/at harsh/jj word/nn against/in him/ppo ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at member/nn of/in The/at-tl Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ./.


	Although/cs it/pps was/bedz at/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ,/, about/in which/wdt more/ap words/nns have/hv been/ben written/vbn than/cs any/dti other/ap battle/nn in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, that/cs the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl first/rb made/vbd its/pp$ mark/nn in/in history/nn ,/, the/at regiment/nn was/bedz ten/cd years/nns old/jj by/in then/rb ./.
Brevet/jj-tl Major/nn-tl General/nn-tl George/np Armstrong/np Custer/np was/bedz the/at regiment's/nn$ first/od permanent/jj commander/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs such/jj generals/nns as/cs George/np S./np Patton/np and/cc Terry/np De/np La/np Mesa/np Allen/np in/in their/pp$ rise/nn to/in military/jj prominence/nn ,/, Custer/np was/bedz a/at believer/nn in/in blood/nn and/cc guts/nns warfare/nn ./.


	During/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, Custer/np ,/, who/wps achieved/vbd a/at brilliant/jj record/nn ,/, was/bedz made/vbn brigadier/nn general/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in 23/cd ./.


	He/pps finished/vbd the/at war/nn as/cs a/at major/nn general/nn ,/, commanding/vbg a/at full/jj division/nn ,/, and/cc at/in 25/cd was/bedz the/at youngest/jjt major/nn general/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at U.S./np-tl Army/nn-tl ./.

I/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb to/to suggest/vb that/cs these/dts assumptions/nns are/ber self-evident/jj ,/, in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs everyone/pn agrees/vbz with/in them/ppo ./.
If/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, Walter/np Lippmann/np would/md be/be writing/vbg the/at same/ap columns/nns as/cs George/np Sokolsky/np ,/, and/cc Herb/np Lock/np would/md have/hv nothing/pn to/to draw/vb cartoons/nns about/in ./.
I/ppss do/do mean/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs I/ppss take/vb them/ppo for/cs granted/vbn ,/, and/cc that/cs everything/pn I/ppss shall/md be/be saying/vbg would/md appear/vb quite/ql idiotic/jj against/in any/dti contrary/jj assumptions/nns ./.
Assumption/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at ultimate/jj objective/nn of/in American/jj policy/nn is/bez to/to help/vb establish/vb a/at world/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez the/at largest/jjt possible/jj measure/nn of/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn and/cc peace/nn and/cc material/nn prosperity/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in particular/jj --/-- since/cs this/dt is/bez our/pp$ special/jj responsibility/nn --/-- that/cs these/dts conditions/nns be/be enjoyed/vbn by/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
I/ppss speak/vb of/in ``/`` the/at largest/jjt possible/jj measure/nn ''/'' because/cs any/dti person/nn who/wps supposes/vbz that/cs these/dts conditions/nns can/md be/be universally/rb and/cc perfectly/rb achieved/vbn --/-- ever/rb --/-- reckons/vbz without/in the/at inherent/jj imperfectability/nn of/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ fellow/nn human/jj beings/nns ,/, and/cc is/bez therefore/rb a/at dangerous/jj man/nn to/to have/hv around/rb ./.
Assumption/nn-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl

These/dts conditions/nns are/ber unobtainable/jj --/-- are/ber not/* even/rb approachable/jj in/in the/at qualified/vbn sense/nn I/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn --/-- without/in the/at prior/jj defeat/nn of/in world/nn Communism/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez true/jj for/in two/cd reasons/nns :/: because/cs Communism/nn-tl is/bez both/abx doctrinally/rb ,/, and/cc in/in practice/nn ,/, antithetical/jj to/in these/dts conditions/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc because/cs Communists/nns-tl have/hv the/at will/nn and/cc ,/, as/ql long/jj as/cs Soviet/nn-tl power/nn remains/vbz intact/jj ,/, the/at capacity/nn to/to prevent/vb their/pp$ realization/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, as/cs Communist/jj-tl power/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at enjoyment/nn of/in these/dts conditions/nns throughout/in the/at world/nn diminishes/vbz pro/in rata/fw-nns and/cc the/at possibility/nn of/in their/pp$ restoration/nn becomes/vbz increasingly/ql remote/jj ./.
Assumption/nn-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps follows/vbz that/cs victory/nn over/in Communism/nn-tl is/bez the/at dominant/jj ,/, proximate/jj goal/nn of/in American/jj policy/nn ./.
Proximate/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs there/ex are/ber more/ql distant/jj ,/, more/ql ``/`` positive/jj ''/'' ends/nns we/ppss seek/vb ,/, to/in which/wdt victory/nn over/in Communism/nn-tl is/bez but/in a/at means/nn ./.
But/cc dominant/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs every/at other/ap objective/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wql worthy/jj intrinsically/rb ,/, must/md defer/vb to/in it/ppo ./.
Peace/nn is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc if/cs we/ppss must/md choose/vb between/in peace/nn and/cc keeping/vbg the/at Communists/nns-tl out/in of/in Berlin/np ,/, then/rb we/ppss must/md fight/vb ./.
Freedom/nn ,/, in/in the/at sense/nn of/in self-determination/nn ,/, is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc if/cs granting/vbg self-determination/nn to/in the/at Algerian/jj-tl rebels/nns entails/vbz sweeping/vbg that/dt area/nn into/in the/at Sino-Soviet/np orbit/nn ,/, then/rb Algerian/jj-tl freedom/nn must/md be/be postponed/vbn ./.
Justice/nn is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc if/cs justice/nn for/in Bantus/nps entails/vbz driving/vbg the/at government/nn of/in the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl away/rb from/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, then/rb the/at Bantus/nps must/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to carry/vb their/pp$ identification/nn cards/nns yet/rb a/at while/nn longer/rbr ./.
Prosperity/nn is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc if/cs providing/vbg higher/jjr standards/nns of/in living/vbg gets/vbz in/in the/at way/nn of/in producing/vbg sufficient/jj guns/nns to/to resist/vb Communist/jj aggression/nn ,/, then/rb material/nn sacrifices/nns and/cc denials/nns will/md have/hv to/to be/be made/vbn ./.
It/pps may/md be/be ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs such/jj objectives/nns can/md be/be pursued/vbn consisently/rb with/in a/at policy/nn designed/vbn to/to overthrow/vb Communism/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
my/pp$ point/nn is/bez that/cs where/wrb conflicts/nns arise/vb they/ppss must/md always/rb be/be resolved/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in achieving/vbg the/at indispensable/jj condition/nn for/in a/at tolerant/jj world/nn --/-- the/at absence/nn of/in Soviet/nn-tl Communist/nn-tl power/nn ./.



The/at-hl uses/nns-hl of/in-hl power/nn-hl 
This/dt much/ap having/hvg been/ben said/vbn ,/, the/at question/nn remains/vbz whether/cs we/ppss have/hv the/at resources/nns for/in the/at job/nn we/ppss have/hv to/to do/do --/-- defeat/vb Communism/nn-tl --/-- and/cc ,/, if/cs so/rb ,/, how/wrb those/dts resources/nns ought/md to/to be/be used/vbn ./.
This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo squarely/rb to/in the/at problem/nn of/in power/nn ,/, and/cc the/at uses/nns a/at nation/nn makes/vbz of/in power/nn ./.
I/ppss submit/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez the/at key/jjs problem/nn of/in international/jj relations/nns ,/, that/cs it/pps always/rb has/hvz been/ben ,/, that/cs it/pps always/rb will/md be/be ./.
And/cc I/ppss suggest/vb further/rbr that/cs the/at main/jjs cause/nn of/in the/at trouble/nn we/ppss are/ber in/in has/hvz been/ben the/at failure/nn of/in American/jj policy-makers/nns ,/, ever/ql since/rb we/ppss assumed/vbd free/jj world/nn leadership/nn in/in 1945/cd ,/, to/to deal/vb with/in this/dt problem/nn realistically/rb and/cc seriously/rb ./.


	In/in the/at recent/jj political/jj campaign/nn two/cd charges/nns were/bed leveled/vbn affecting/vbg the/at question/nn of/in power/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss think/vb we/ppss might/md begin/vb by/in trying/vbg to/to put/vb them/ppo into/in proper/jj focus/nn ./.
One/cd was/bedz demonstrably/rb false/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, true/jj ./.


	The/at first/od was/bedz that/cs America/np had/hvd become/vbn --/-- or/cc was/bedz in/in danger/nn of/in becoming/vbg --/-- a/at second-rate/jj military/jj power/nn ./.
I/ppss know/vb I/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to dwell/vb here/rb on/in the/at absurdity/nn of/in that/dt contention/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md have/hv misgivings/nns about/in certain/jj aspects/nns of/in our/pp$ military/jj establishment/nn --/-- I/ppss certainly/rb do/do --/-- but/cc you/ppss know/vb any/dti comparison/nn of/in over-all/jj American/jj strength/nn with/in over-all/jj Soviet/nn-tl strength/nn finds/vbz the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl not/* only/rb superior/jj ,/, but/cc so/ql superior/jj both/abx in/in present/jj weapons/nns and/cc in/in the/at development/nn of/in new/jj ones/nns that/cs our/pp$ advantage/nn promises/vbz to/to be/be a/at permanent/jj feature/nn of/in U.S.-Soviet/jj relations/nns for/in the/at foreseeable/jj future/nn ./.


	I/ppss have/hv often/rb searched/vbn for/in a/at graphic/jj way/nn of/in impressing/vbg our/pp$ superiority/nn on/in those/dts Americans/nps who/wps have/hv doubts/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss think/vb Mr./np Jameson/np Campaigne/np has/hvz done/vbn it/ppo well/rb in/in his/pp$ new/jj book/nn American/jj-tl Might/nn-tl And/cc-tl Soviet/nn-tl Myth/nn-tl ./.
Suppose/vb ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, that/cs the/at tables/nns were/bed turned/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss were/bed in/in the/at Soviets'/nps$ position/nn :/: ``/`` There/ex would/md be/be more/ap than/in 2,000/cd modern/jj Soviet/nn-tl fighters/nns ,/, all/abn better/jjr than/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, stationed/vbn at/in 250/cd bases/nns in/in Mexico/np and/cc the/at Caribbean/np ./.
Overwhelming/jj Russian/jj naval/jj power/nn would/md always/rb be/be within/in a/at few/ap hundred/cd miles/nns of/in our/pp$ coast/nn ./.
Half/abn of/in the/at population/nn of/in the/at U.S./np would/md be/be needed/vbn to/to work/vb on/in arms/nns just/rb to/to feed/vb the/at people/nns ''/'' ./.
Add/vb this/dt to/in the/at unrest/nn in/in the/at countries/nns around/in us/ppo where/wrb oppressed/vbn peoples/nns would/md be/be ready/jj to/to turn/vb on/in us/ppo at/in the/at first/od opportunity/nn ./.
Add/vb also/rb a/at comparatively/ql primitive/jj industrial/jj plant/nn which/wdt would/md severely/rb limit/vb our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to keep/vb abreast/rb of/in the/at Soviets/nps even/rb in/in the/at missile/nn field/nn which/wdt is/bez reputed/vbn to/to be/be our/pp$ main/jjs strength/nn ./.


	If/cs we/ppss look/vb at/in the/at situation/nn this/dt way/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md get/vb an/at idea/nn of/in Khrushchev's/np$ nightmarish/jj worries/nns --/-- or/cc ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, of/in the/at worries/nns he/pps might/md have/hv if/cs his/pp$ enemies/nns were/bed disposed/vbn to/to exploit/vb their/pp$ advantage/nn ./.



U.S./np-hl ``/`` prestige/nn-hl ''/'' 
The/at other/ap charge/nn was/bedz that/cs America's/np$ political/jj position/nn in/in the/at world/nn has/hvz progressively/rb deteriorated/vbn in/in recent/jj years/nns ./.
The/at contention/nn needs/vbz to/to be/be formulated/vbn with/in much/ql greater/jjr precision/nn than/cs it/pps ever/rb was/bedz during/in the/at campaign/nn ,/, but/cc once/cs that/dt has/hvz been/ben done/vbn ,/, I/ppss fail/vb to/to see/vb how/wrb any/dti serious/jj student/nn of/in world/nn affairs/nns can/md quarrel/vb with/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at argument/nn was/bedz typically/rb advanced/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in U.S./np ``/`` prestige/nn ''/'' ./.
Prestige/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez only/rb a/at minor/jj part/nn of/in the/at problem/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc even/rb then/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at concept/nn that/wps can/md be/be highly/ql misleading/jj ./.
Prestige/nn is/bez a/at measure/nn of/in how/wrb other/ap people/nns think/vb of/in you/ppo ,/, well/rb or/cc ill/rb ./.
But/cc contrary/jj to/in what/wdt was/bedz implied/vbn during/in the/at campaign/nn ,/, prestige/nn is/bez surely/rb not/* important/jj for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn ./.
Only/rb the/at vain/jj and/cc incurably/ql sentimental/jj among/in us/ppo will/md lose/vb sleep/nn simply/rb because/cs foreign/jj peoples/nns are/ber not/* as/ql impressed/vbn by/in our/pp$ strength/nn as/cs they/ppss ought/md to/to be/be ./.
The/at thing/nn to/to lose/vb sleep/nn over/rp is/bez what/wdt people/nns ,/, having/hvg concluded/vbn that/cs we/ppss are/ber weaker/jjr than/cs we/ppss are/ber ,/, are/ber likely/jj to/to do/do about/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at evidence/nn suggests/vbz that/cs foreign/jj peoples/nns believe/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez weaker/jjr than/cs the/at Soviet/nn-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, and/cc is/bez bound/vbn to/to fall/vb still/ql further/rbr behind/rb in/in the/at years/nns ahead/rb ./.
This/dt ignorant/jj estimate/nn ,/, I/ppss repeat/vb ,/, is/bez not/* of/in any/dti interest/nn in/in itself/ppl ;/. ;/.
but/cc it/pps becomes/vbz very/ql important/jj if/cs foreign/jj peoples/nns react/vb the/at way/nn human/jj beings/nns typically/rb do/do --/-- namely/rb ,/, by/in taking/vbg steps/nns to/to end/vb up/rp on/in what/wdt appears/vbz to/to be/be the/at winning/vbg side/nn ./.
To/in the/at extent/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs declining/vbg U.S./np prestige/nn means/vbz that/cs other/ap nations/nns will/md be/be tempted/vbn to/to place/vb their/pp$ bets/nns on/in an/at ultimate/jj American/jj defeat/nn ,/, and/cc will/md thus/rb be/be more/ql vulnerable/jj to/in Soviet/nn-tl intimidation/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez reason/nn for/in concern/nn ./.


	Still/rb ,/, these/dts guesses/nns about/in the/at outcome/nn of/in the/at struggle/nn cannot/md* be/be as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at actual/jj power/nn relationship/nn between/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl Union/nn-tl and/cc ourselves/ppls ./.
Here/rb I/ppss do/do not/* speak/vb of/in military/jj power/nn where/wrb our/pp$ advantage/nn is/bez obvious/jj and/cc overwhelming/jj but/cc of/in political/jj power/nn --/-- of/in influence/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss will/md --/-- about/in which/wdt the/at relevant/jj questions/nns are/ber :/: Is/bez Soviet/nn-tl influence/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn greater/jjr or/cc less/ap than/cs it/pps was/bedz ten/cd years/nns ago/rb ?/. ?/.
And/cc is/bez Western/jj-tl influence/nn greater/jjr or/cc less/ap than/cs it/pps used/vbd to/to be/be ?/. ?/.



Communist/jj-hl gains/nns-hl 
In/in answering/vbg these/dts questions/nns ,/, we/ppss need/vb to/to ask/vb not/* merely/rb whether/cs Communist/jj troops/nns have/hv crossed/vbn over/rp into/in territories/nns they/ppss did/dod not/* occupy/vb before/rb ,/, and/cc not/* merely/rb whether/cs disciplined/vbn agents/nns of/in the/at Cominform/np are/ber in/in control/nn of/in governments/nns from/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed formerly/rb excluded/vbn :/: the/at success/nn of/in Communism's/nn$-tl war/nn against/in the/at West/nr-tl does/doz not/* depend/vb on/in such/jj spectacular/jj and/cc definitive/jj conquests/nns ./.
Success/nn may/md mean/vb merely/rb the/at displacement/nn of/in Western/jj-tl influence/nn ./.


	Communist/jj political/jj warfare/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md remember/vb ,/, is/bez waged/vbn insidiously/rb and/cc in/in deliberate/jj stages/nns ./.
Fearful/jj of/in inviting/vbg a/at military/jj showdown/nn with/in the/at West/nr-tl which/wdt they/ppss could/md not/* win/vb ,/, the/at Communists/nns-tl seek/vb to/to undermine/vb Western/jj-tl power/nn where/wrb the/at nuclear/jj might/nn of/in the/at West/nr-tl is/bez irrelevant/jj --/-- in/in backwoods/jj guerrilla/nn skirmishes/nns ,/, in/in mob/nn uprisings/nns in/in the/at streets/nns ,/, in/in parliaments/nns ,/, in/in clandestine/jj meetings/nns of/in undercover/jj conspirators/nns ,/, at/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, on/in the/at propaganda/nn front/nn ,/, at/in diplomatic/jj conferences/nns --/-- preferably/rb at/in the/at highest/jjt level/nn ./.


	The/at Soviets/nps understand/vb ,/, moreover/rb ,/, that/cs the/at first/od step/nn in/in turning/vbg a/at country/nn toward/in Communism/nn-tl is/bez to/to turn/vb it/ppo against/in the/at West/nr-tl ./.
Thus/rb ,/, typically/rb ,/, the/at first/od stage/nn of/in a/at Communist/jj takeover/nn is/bez to/to ``/`` neutralize/vb ''/'' a/at country/nn ./.
The/at second/od stage/nn is/bez to/to retain/vb the/at nominal/jj classification/nn of/in ``/`` neutralist/nn ''/'' ,/, while/cs in/in fact/nn turning/vbg the/at country/nn into/in an/at active/jj advocate/nn and/cc adherent/nn of/in Soviet/nn-tl policy/nn ./.
And/cc this/dt may/md be/be as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at process/nn will/md go/vb ./.
The/at Kremlin's/np$ goal/nn is/bez the/at isolation/nn and/cc capture/nn ,/, not/* of/in Ghana/np ,/, but/cc of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl --/-- and/cc this/dt purpose/nn may/md be/be served/vbn very/ql well/rb by/in countries/nns that/wps masquerade/vb under/in a/at ``/`` neutralist/nn ''/'' mask/nn ,/, yet/cc in/in fact/nn are/ber dependable/jj auxiliaries/nns of/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl Foreign/jj-tl Office/nn-tl ./.


	To/to recite/vb the/at particulars/nns of/in recent/jj Soviet/nn-tl successes/nns is/bez hardly/rb reassuring/vbg ./.


	Six/cd years/nns ago/rb French/jj-tl Indochina/np-tl ,/, though/cs in/in troubie/nn ,/, was/bedz in/in the/at Western/jj-tl camp/nn ./.
Today/nr Northern/jj-tl Vietnam/np-tl is/bez overtly/rb Communist/jj ;/. ;/.
Laos/np is/bez teetering/vbg between/in Communism/nn-tl and/cc pro-Communist/jj neutralism/nn ;/. ;/.
Cambodia/np is/bez ,/, for/in all/abn practical/jj purposes/nns ,/, neutralist/jj ./.


	Indonesia/np ,/, in/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in the/at Republic/nn-tl ,/, leaned/vbd toward/in the/at West/nr-tl ./.
Today/nr Sukarno's/np$ government/nn is/bez heavily/ql besieged/vbn by/in avowed/vbn Communists/nns-tl ,/, and/cc for/in all/abn of/in its/pp$ ``/`` neutralist/jj ''/'' pretensions/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at firm/jj ally/nn of/in Soviet/nn-tl policy/nn ./.


	Ceylon/np has/hvz moved/vbn from/in a/at pro-Western/jj orientation/nn to/in a/at neutralism/nn openly/ql hostile/jj to/in the/at West/nr-tl ./.


	In/in the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl ,/, Iraq/np ,/, Syria/np and/cc Egypt/np were/bed ,/, a/at short/jj while/nn ago/rb ,/, in/in the/at Western/jj-tl camp/nn ./.
Today/nr the/at Nasser/np and/cc Kassem/np governments/nns are/ber adamantly/ql hostile/jj to/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, are/ber dependent/jj for/in their/pp$ military/jj power/nn on/in Soviet/nn-tl equipment/nn and/cc personnel/nns ;/. ;/.
in/in almost/rb every/at particular/jj follow/vb the/at Kremlin's/np$ foreign/jj policy/nn line/nn ./.


	A/at short/jj time/nn ago/rb all/abn Africa/np was/bedz a/at Western/jj-tl preserve/nn ./.
Never/rb mind/vb whether/cs the/at Kikiyus/nps and/cc the/at Bantus/nps enjoyed/vbd Wilsonian/jj self-determination/nn :/: the/at point/nn is/bez that/cs in/in the/at struggle/nn for/in the/at world/nn that/dt vast/jj land/nn mass/nn was/bedz under/in the/at domination/nn and/cc influence/nn of/in the/at West/nr-tl ./.
Today/nr ,/, Africa/np is/bez swerving/vbg violently/rb away/rb from/in the/at West/nr-tl and/cc plunging/vbg ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, into/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl orbit/nn ./.


	Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl was/bedz once/cs an/at area/nn as/ql ``/`` safe/jj ''/'' for/in the/at West/nr-tl as/cs Nebraska/np was/bedz for/in Nixon/np ./.
Today/nr it/pps is/bez up/rp for/in grabs/nns ./.
One/cd Latin/jj American/jj country/nn ,/, Cuba/np ,/, has/hvz become/vbn a/at Soviet/nn-tl bridgehead/nn ninety/cd miles/nns off/in our/pp$ coast/nn ./.
In/in some/dti countries/nns the/at trend/nn has/hvz gone/vbn further/rbr than/cs others/nns :/: Mexico/np ,/, Panama/np ,/, and/cc Venezuela/np are/ber displaying/vbg open/jj sympathy/nn for/in Castroism/np ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at country/nn --/-- save/vb the/at Dominican/np-tl Republic/nn-tl whose/wp$ funeral/jj services/nns we/ppss recently/rb arranged/vbd --/-- where/wrb Castroism/np and/cc Anti-Americanism/nn does/doz not/* prevent/vb the/at government/nn from/in unqualifiedly/ql espousing/vbg the/at American/jj cause/nn ./.


	Only/rb in/in Europe/np have/hv our/pp$ lines/nns remained/vbn firm/jj --/-- and/cc there/rb only/rb on/in the/at surface/nn ./.
The/at strains/nns of/in neutralism/nn are/ber running/vbg strong/rb ,/, notably/rb in/in England/np ,/, and/cc even/rb in/in Germany/np ./.



Opportunities/nns-hl missed/vbn-hl 
What/wdt have/hv we/ppss to/to show/vb by/in way/nn of/in counter-successes/nns ?/. ?/.
We/ppss have/hv had/hvn opportunities/nns --/-- clear/jj invitations/nns to/to plant/vb our/pp$ influence/nn on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at Iron/jj-tl Curtain/nn-tl ./.
There/ex was/bedz the/at Hungarian/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl which/wdt we/ppss praised/vbd and/cc mourned/vbd ,/, but/cc did/dod nothing/pn about/in ./.
There/ex was/bedz the/at Polish/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl which/wdt we/ppss misunderstood/vbd and/cc then/rb helped/vbd guide/vb along/in a/at course/nn favorable/jj to/in Soviet/nn-tl interests/nns ./.
There/ex was/bedz the/at revolution/nn in/in Tibet/np which/wdt we/ppss pretended/vbd did/dod not/* exist/vb ./.
Only/rb in/in one/cd instance/nn have/hv we/ppss moved/vbn purposively/rb and/cc effectively/rb to/to dislodge/vb existing/vbg Communist/jj power/nn :/: in/in Guatemala/np ./.
And/cc contrary/jj to/in what/wdt has/hvz been/ben said/vbn recently/rb ,/, we/ppss did/dod not/* wait/vb for/in ``/`` outside/jj pressures/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` world/nn opinion/nn ''/'' to/to bring/vb down/rp that/dt Communist/jj government/nn ;/. ;/.
we/ppss moved/vbd decisively/rb to/to effect/vb an/at Anti-Communist/jj coup/fw-nn d'etat/fw-in+nn ./.
We/ppss served/vbd our/pp$ national/jj interests/nns ,/, and/cc by/in so/rb doing/vbg we/ppss saved/vbd the/at Guatemalan/jj people/nns the/at ultimate/jj in/in human/jj misery/nn ./.



	The/at first/od rattle/nn of/in the/at machine/nn guns/nns ,/, at/in 7:10/cd in/in the/at evening/nn ,/, roused/vbd around/in me/ppo the/at varied/vbn voices/nns and/cc faces/nns of/in fear/nn ./.


	``/`` Sounds/nns exactly/rb like/cs last/ap time/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at young/jj man/nn spoke/vbd steadily/rb enough/qlp ,/, but/cc all/abn at/in once/rb he/pps looked/vbd grotesquely/rb unshaven/jj ./.
The/at middle-aged/jj man/nn said/vbd over/rp and/cc over/rp ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb did/dod I/ppss come/vb here/rb ,/, why/wrb did/dod I/ppss come/vb here/rb ''/'' ./.
Then/rb he/pps was/bedz sick/jj ./.
Amid/in the/at crackle/nn of/in small/jj arms/nns and/cc automatic/jj weapons/nns ,/, I/ppss heard/vbd the/at thumping/nn of/in mortars/nns ./.
Then/rb the/at lights/nns went/vbd out/rp ./.


	This/dt was/bedz my/pp$ second/od day/nn in/in Vientiane/np ,/, the/at administrative/jj capital/nn of/in Laos/np ,/, and/cc my/pp$ thoughts/nns were/bed none/pn too/ql brave/jj ./.
Where/wrb was/bedz my/pp$ flashlight/nn ?/. ?/.
Where/wrb should/md I/ppss go/vb ?/. ?/.
To/in my/pp$ room/nn ?/. ?/.
Better/rbr stay/vb in/in the/at hotel/nn lobby/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at walls/nns looked/vbd good/jj and/cc thick/jj ./.


	Chinese/jj and/cc Indian/jj merchants/nns across/in the/at street/nn were/bed slamming/vbg their/pp$ steel/nn shutters/nns ./.
Hotel/nn attendants/nns pulled/vbd parked/vbn bicycles/nns into/in the/at lobby/nn ./.
A/at woman/nn with/in a/at small/jj boy/nn slipped/vbd in/rp between/in them/ppo ./.
``/`` Please/vb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` please/vb ''/'' ./.
She/pps held/vbd out/rp her/pp$ hand/vb to/to show/vb that/cs she/pps had/hvd money/nn ./.


	The/at American/jj newspaperman/nn worried/vbd about/in getting/vbg to/in the/at cable/nn office/nn ./.
But/cc what/wdt was/bedz the/at story/nn ?/. ?/.
Had/hvd the/at Communist-led/jj Pathet/np Lao/np finally/rb come/vbn this/ql far/rb ?/. ?/.
Or/cc was/bedz it/pps another/dt revolt/nn inside/in Vientiane/np ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Let's/vb+ppo play/vb hero/nn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./.
``/`` Let's/vb+ppo go/vb to/in the/at roof/nn and/cc see/vb ''/'' ./.



Gunfire/nn-hl saves/vbz-hl the/at-hl moon/nn-hl 
By/in 7:50/cd the/at answer/nn was/bedz plain/jj ./.
There/ex had/hvd been/ben an/at eclipse/nn of/in the/at moon/nn ./.
A/at traditional/jj Lao/np explanation/nn is/bez that/cs the/at moon/nn was/bedz being/beg swallowed/vbn by/in a/at toad/nn ,/, and/cc the/at remedy/nn was/bedz to/to make/vb all/ql possible/jj noise/nn ,/, ideally/rb with/in firearms/nns ./.


	The/at din/nn was/bedz successful/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, for/cs just/ql before/cs the/at moon/nn disappeared/vbd ,/, the/at frightened/vbn toad/nn had/hvd begun/vbn to/to spit/vb it/ppo out/rp again/rb ,/, which/wdt meant/vbd good/jj luck/nn all/ql around/rb ./.


	How/wql quaint/jj it/pps all/abn seemed/vbd the/at next/ap day/nn ./.
A/at restaurant/nn posted/vbd a/at reminder/nn to/in patrons/nns ``/`` who/wps became/vbd excited/vbn and/cc left/vbd without/in paying/vbg their/pp$ checks/nns ''/'' ./.
But/cc everyone/pn I/ppss met/vbd had/hvn sought/vbd cover/nn first/rb and/cc asked/vbd questions/nns later/rbr ./.
And/cc no/at wonder/nn ,/, for/cs Vientiane/np ,/, the/at old/jj City/nn-tl of/in-tl Sandalwood/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd become/vbn the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Bullet/nn-tl Holes/nns-tl ./.


	I/ppss saw/vb holes/nns in/in planes/nns at/in the/at airport/nn and/cc in/in cars/nns in/in the/at streets/nns ./.
Along/in the/at main/jjs thoroughfares/nns hardly/rb a/at house/nn had/hvd not/* been/ben peppered/vbn ./.
In/in place/nn of/in the/at police/nn headquarters/nn was/bedz a/at new/jj square/nn filled/vbn with/in rubble/nn ./.
Mortars/nns had/hvd demolished/vbn the/at defense/nn ministry/nn and/cc set/vbn fire/nn to/in the/at American/jj-tl Embassy/nn-tl next/ap door/nn ./.
What/wdt had/hvd been/ben the/at ambassador's/nn$ suite/nn was/bedz now/rb jagged/jj walls/nns of/in blackened/vbn brick/nn ./.


	This/dt damage/nn had/hvd been/ben done/vbn in/in the/at battle/nn of/in Vientiane/np ,/, fought/vbn less/ap than/in three/cd months/nns earlier/rbr when/wrb four/cd successive/jj governments/nns had/hvd ruled/vbn here/rb in/in three/cd days/nns (/( December/np 9-11/cd ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./.
And/cc now/rb ,/, in/in March/np ,/, all/abn Laos/np suffered/vbd a/at state/nn of/in siege/nn ./.
The/at Pathet/np Lao/np forces/nns held/vbd two/cd northern/jj provinces/nns and/cc openly/rb took/vbd the/at offensive/jj in/in three/cd more/ap ./.
Throughout/in the/at land/nn their/pp$ hit-and-run/jj terrorists/nns spread/vbd fear/nn of/in ambush/nn and/cc death/nn ./.


	``/`` And/cc it's/pps+bez all/abn the/at more/ql tragic/jj because/cs it's/pps+bez so/ql little/ql deserved/vbn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mr./np J./np J./np A./np Frans/np ,/, a/at Belgian/jj official/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Educational/jj-tl ,/, Scientific/jj-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Cultural/jj-tl Organization/nn-tl ./.
We/ppss talked/vbd after/cs I/ppss hailed/vbd his/pp$ Jeep/nn-tl marked/vbn with/in the/at U.N./np flag/nn ./.


	Practically/ql all/abn the/at people/nns of/in Laos/np ,/, he/pps explained/vbd --/-- about/rb two/cd million/cd of/in them/ppo --/-- are/ber rice/nn farmers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at means/nns and/cc motives/nns of/in modern/jj war/nn are/ber as/ql strange/jj to/in them/ppo as/cs clocks/nns and/cc steel/nn plows/nns ./.
They/ppss look/vb after/rb their/pp$ fields/nns and/cc children/nns and/cc water/nn buffaloes/nns in/in ten/cd or/cc eleven/cd thousand/cd villages/nns ,/, with/in an/at average/nn of/in 200/cd souls/nns ./.
Nobody/pn can/md tell/vb more/ql closely/rb how/wql many/ap villages/nns there/ex are/ber ./.
They/ppss spread/vbd over/in an/at area/nn no/ql larger/jjr than/cs Oregon/np ;/. ;/.
yet/cc they/ppss include/vb peoples/nns as/ql different/jj from/in one/cd another/dt as/cs Oregonians/nps are/ber from/in Patagonians/nps ./.



Life/nn-hl must/md-hl be/be-hl kept/vbn-hl in/in-hl harmony/nn-hl 
``/`` ./.-hl
What/wdt matters/vbz here/rb is/bez family/nn loyalty/nn ;/. ;/.
faith/nn in/in the/at Buddha/np and/cc staying/vbg at/in peace/nn with/in the/at phis/fw-nns ,/, the/at spirits/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc to/to live/vb in/in harmony/nn with/in nature/nn ''/'' ./.


	Harmony/nn in/in Laos/np ?/. ?/.
``/`` Precisely/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mr./np Frans/np ./.
He/pps spoke/vbd of/in the/at season/nn of/in dryness/nn and/cc dust/nn ,/, brought/vbn by/in the/at monsoon/nn from/in the/at northeast/nr ,/, in/in harmony/nn with/in the/at season/nn of/in rain/nn and/cc mud/nn ,/, brought/vbn by/in the/at monsoon/nn from/in the/at southwest/nr ./.
The/at slim/jj pirogues/nns in/in harmony/nn with/in the/at majestically/ql meandering/vbg Mekong/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.
Shy/jj ,/, slender-waisted/jj girls/nns at/in the/at loom/nn in/in harmony/nn with/in the/at frangipani/nn by/in the/at wayside/nn ./.
Even/rb life/nn in/in harmony/nn with/in death/nn ./.
For/cs so/ql long/rb as/cs death/nn was/bedz not/* violent/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz natural/jj and/cc to/to be/be welcomed/vbn ,/, making/vbg a/at funeral/nn a/at feast/nn ./.


	To/in many/abn a/at Frenchman/np --/-- they/ppss came/vbd 95/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, colonized/vbd ,/, and/cc stayed/vbd until/cs Laos/np became/vbd independent/jj in/in 1953/cd --/-- the/at land/nn had/hvd been/ben even/ql more/ql delightfully/rb tranquil/jj than/cs Tahiti/np ./.
Yet/cc Laos/np was/bedz now/rb one/cd of/in the/at most/ql explosive/jj headaches/nns of/in statesmen/nns around/in the/at globe/nn ./.
The/at Pathet/np Lao/np ,/, stiffened/vbn by/in Communist/jj-tl Veterans/nns-tl from/in neighboring/vbg North/jj-tl Viet/np-tl Nam/np-tl ,/, were/bed supplied/vbn by/in Soviet/nn-tl aircraft/nn ./.
The/at Royal/jj-tl Lao/np-tl Army/nn-tl ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, was/bedz paid/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn with/in American/jj funds/nns ./.
In/in six/cd years/nns ,/, U.S./np aid/nn had/hvd amounted/vbn to/in more/ap than/in $1.60/nns for/in each/dt American/np --/-- a/at total/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd million/cd dollars/nns ./.


	We/ppss were/bed there/rb at/in a/at moment/nn when/wrb the/at situation/nn in/in Laos/np threatened/vbd to/to ignite/vb another/dt war/nn among/in the/at world's/nn$ giants/nns ./.
Even/rb if/cs it/pps did/dod not/* ,/, how/wrb would/md this/dt little/jj world/nn of/in gentle/jj people/nns cope/vb with/in its/pp$ new/jj reality/nn of/in grenades/nns and/cc submachine/jj guns/nns ?/. ?/.


	To/to find/vb out/rp ,/, we/ppss traveled/vbd throughout/in that/dt part/nn of/in Laos/np still/rb nominally/rb controlled/vbn ,/, in/in the/at daytime/nn at/in least/ap ,/, by/in the/at Royal/jj-tl Lao/np-tl Army/nn-tl :/: from/in Attopeu/np ,/, the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Buffalo/nn-tl Dung/nn-tl in/in the/at southeast/nr ,/, to/in Muong/np Sing/np ,/, the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Lions/nns-tl in/in the/at northwest/nr ,/, close/jj to/in Communist/nn-tl China/np (/( map/nn ,/, page/nn 250/cd )/) ./.
We/ppss rode/vbd over/in roads/nns so/ql rough/jj that/cs our/pp$ Jeep/nn-tl came/vbd to/in rest/nn atop/in the/at soil/nn between/in ruts/nns ,/, all/abn four/cd wheels/nns spinning/vbg uselessly/rb ./.
We/ppss flew/vbd in/in rickety/jj planes/nns so/ql overloaded/vbn that/cs we/ppss wondered/vbd why/wrb they/ppss didn't/dod* crash/vb ./.
In/in the/at end/nn we/ppss ran/vbd into/in Communist/jj artillery/nn fire/nn ./.


	``/`` We/ppss ''/'' were/bed Bill/np Garrett/np of/in the/at National/jj-tl Geographic/jj-tl Illustrations/nns-tl Staff/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ three/cd cameras/nns and/cc eight/cd lenses/nns made/vbd him/ppo look/vb as/ql formidable/jj as/cs any/dti fighting/vbg man/nn we/ppss met/vbd ;/. ;/.
Boun/np My/np ,/, our/pp$ interpreter/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc myself/ppl ./.


	Boun/np My/np --/-- the/at name/nn means/vbz one/cd who/wps has/hvz a/at boun/fw-nn ,/, a/at celebration/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez therefore/rb lucky/jj --/-- was/bedz born/vbn in/in Savannakhet/np ,/, the/at Border/nn-tl of/in-tl Paradise/nn-tl ./.
He/pps had/hvd attended/vbn three/cd universities/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
But/cc he/pps had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn the/at mountainous/jj half/abn of/in his/pp$ native/jj land/nn north/nr of/in Vientiane/np ,/, including/in the/at royal/jj capital/nn ,/, Luang/np Prabang/np ./.
Before/cs the/at airplanes/nns came/vbd ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, travel/nn in/in Laos/np was/bedz just/ql about/rb impossible/jj ./.



Prime/jj-hl minister/nn-hl moves/vbz-hl fast/rb-hl 
Alas/uh ,/, so/rb it/pps almost/rb proved/vbd for/in us/ppo ,/, too/rb ./.
To/to go/vb outside/rb the/at few/ap cities/nns required/vbd permits/nns ./.
And/cc getting/vbg them/ppo seemed/vbd a/at life's/nn$ work/nn ./.
Nobody/pn wanted/vbd Americans/nps to/to be/be hurt/vbn or/cc captured/vbn ,/, and/cc few/ap soldiers/nns could/md be/be spared/vbn as/cs escorts/nns ./.


	We/ppss were/bed told/vbn that/cs to/in the/at Pathet/np Lao/np ,/, a/at kidnaped/vbn American/np was/bedz worth/jj at/in least/ap $750/nns ,/, a/at fortune/nn in/in Laos/np ./.
Everyone/pn had/hvd heard/vbn of/in the/at American/jj contractor/nn who/wps had/hvd spurned/vbn an/at escort/nn ./.
Now/rb Pathet/np Lao/np propagandists/nns were/bed reported/vbn marching/vbg him/ppo barefoot/jj from/in village/nn to/in village/nn ,/, as/cs evidence/nn of/in evil/jj American/jj intervention/nn ./.


	Although/cs we/ppss enjoyed/vbd our/pp$ rounds/nns of/in the/at government/nn offices/nns in/in Vientiane/np ,/, with/in officials/nns offering/vbg tea/nn and/cc pleasing/jj conversation/nn in/in French/np ,/, we/ppss were/bed getting/vbg nowhere/rb ./.
We/ppss had/hvd nearly/rb decided/vbn that/cs all/abn the/at tales/nns of/in Lao/np lethargy/nn must/md be/be true/jj ,/, when/wrb we/ppss were/bed invited/vbn to/to take/vb a/at trip/nn with/in the/at Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl ./.
Could/md we/ppss be/be ready/jj in/in 15/cd minutes/nns ?/. ?/.
His/pp$ Highness/nn-tl had/hvd decided/vbn only/rb two/cd hours/nns ago/rb to/to go/vb out/in of/in town/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz eager/jj to/to be/be off/rp ./.



Prince/nn-tl-hl wears/vbz-hl ten-gallon/jj-hl hat/nn-hl 
And/cc so/rb ,/, after/in a/at flight/nn southeast/nr to/in Savannakhet/np ,/, we/ppss found/vbd ourselves/ppls bouncing/vbg along/rb in/in a/at Jeep/nn-tl right/ql behind/in the/at Land-Rover/np of/in Prince/nn-tl Boun/np Oum/np of/in Champassak/np ,/, a/at tall/jj man/nn of/in Churchillian/jj mien/nn in/in a/at bush/nn jacket/nn and/cc a/at ten-gallon/jj hat/nn from/in Texas/np ./.
From/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn bag/nn peeked/vbd the/at seven-inch/jj barrel/nn of/in a/at Luger/np ./.


	The/at temperature/nn rose/vbd to/in 105-degrees/nns ./.
With/in our/pp$ company/nn of/in soldiers/nns ,/, we/ppss made/vbd one/cd long/jj column/nn of/in reddish/jj dust/nn ./.


	In/in Keng/np Kok/np ,/, the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Silkworms/nns-tl ,/, the/at Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl bought/vbd fried/vbn chickens/nns and/cc fried/vbn cicadas/nns ,/, and/cc two/cd notebooks/nns for/in me/ppo ./.
Then/rb we/ppss drove/vbd on/rp ,/, until/cs there/ex was/bedz no/ql more/ap road/nn and/cc we/ppss traversed/vbd dry/jj rice/nn fields/nns ,/, bouncing/vbg across/in their/pp$ squat/nn earth/nn walls/nns ./.


	It/pps was/bedz a/at spleen-crushing/jj day/nn ./.
An/at hour/nn of/in bouncing/vbg ,/, a/at brief/jj stop/nn in/in a/at village/nn to/to inspect/vb a/at new/jj school/nn or/cc dispensary/nn ./.
More/ap bouncing/nn ,/, another/dt stop/nn ,/, a/at new/jj house/nn for/in teachers/nns ,/, a/at new/jj well/nn ./.
Then/rb off/rp again/rb ,/, rushing/vbg to/to keep/vb up/rp ./.
We/ppss were/bed miserable/jj ./.


	But/cc our/pp$ two/cd Jeep/nn-tl mates/nns --/-- Keo/np Viphakone/np from/in Luang/np Prabang/np and/cc John/np Cool/np from/in Beaver/np ,/, Pennsylvania/np --/-- were/bed beaming/vbg under/in their/pp$ coatings/nns of/in dust/nn ./.
Together/rb they/ppss had/hvd probably/rb done/vbn more/ap than/cs any/dti other/ap men/nns to/to help/vb push/vb Laos/np toward/in the/at 20th/od century/nn --/-- constructively/rb ./.
Mr./np Keo/np ,/, once/cs a/at diplomat/nn in/in Paris/np and/cc Washington/np ,/, was/bedz Commissioner/nn-tl of/in-tl Rural/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./.
John/np ,/, an/at engineer/nn and/cc anthropologist/nn with/in a/at doctorate/nn from/in the/at London/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Economics/nn-tl ,/, headed/vbd the/at rural/jj development/nn division/nn of/in USOM/nn ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Operations/nns-tl Mission/nn-tl administering/vbg U.S./np aid/nn ./.


	``/`` What/wdt you/ppss see/vb are/ber self-help/nn projects/nns ''/'' ,/, John/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` We/ppss ask/vb the/at people/nns what/wdt they/ppss want/vb ,/, and/cc they/ppss supply/vb the/at labor/nn ./.
We/ppss send/vb shovels/nns ,/, cement/nn ,/, nails/nns ,/, and/cc corrugated/vbn iron/nn for/in roofs/nns ./.
That/dt way/nn they/ppss have/hv an/at infirmary/nn for/in $400/nns ./.
We/ppss have/hv 2,500/cd such/jj projects/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss add/vb up/rp to/in a/at lot/nn more/ap than/cs just/rb roads/nns and/cc wells/nns and/cc schools/nns ./.
Ask/vb Mr./np Keo/np ''/'' ./.


	Mr./np Keo/np agreed/vbd ./.
``/`` Our/pp$ people/nns have/hv been/ben used/vbn to/in accepting/vbg things/nns as/cs they/ppss found/vbd them/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` Where/wrb there/ex was/bedz no/at road/nn ,/, they/ppss lived/vbd without/in one/cd ./.
Now/rb they/ppss learn/vb that/cs men/nns can/md change/vb their/pp$ surroundings/nns ,/, through/in their/pp$ traditional/jj village/nn elders/nns ,/, without/in violence/nn ./.
That's/dt+bez a/at big/jj step/nn toward/in a/at modern/jj state/nn ./.
You/ppss might/md say/vb we/ppss are/ber in/in the/at nation-building/jj business/nn ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at villages/nns people/vb lined/vbd up/rp to/to give/vb us/ppo flowers/nns ./.
Then/rb came/vbd coconuts/nns ,/, eggs/nns ,/, and/cc rice/nn wine/nn ./.
The/at Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl paid/vbd his/pp$ respects/nns to/in the/at Buddhist/jj-tl monks/nns ,/, strode/vbd rapidly/rb among/in the/at houses/nns ,/, joked/vbd with/in the/at local/jj soldiery/nn ,/, and/cc made/vbd a/at speech/nn ./.
The/at soldiers/nns are/ber fighting/vbg and/cc the/at Americans/nps are/ber helping/vbg ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, but/cc in/in the/at fight/nn against/in the/at Pathet/np Lao/np the/at key/jjs factor/nn is/bez the/at villager/nn himself/ppl ./.


	Then/rb we/ppss were/bed off/rp again/rb ./.
We/ppss did/dod it/ppo for/in three/cd days/nns ./.


	But/cc our/pp$ stumping/vbg tour/nn of/in the/at south/nr wasn't/bedz* all/abn misery/nn ./.
Crossing/vbg the/at 4,000-foot/jj width/nn of/in the/at Mekong/np at/in Champassak/np ,/, on/in a/at raft/nn with/in an/at outboard/jj motor/nn ,/, we/ppss took/vbd off/in our/pp$ dusty/jj shirts/nns and/cc enjoyed/vbd a/at veritable/jj ocean/nn breeze/nn ./.
Then/rb we/ppss hung/vbd overboard/rb in/in the/at water/nn ./.


	Briefly/rb we/ppss rolled/vbd over/in a/at paved/vbn road/nn up/rp to/in Pak/np Song/np ,/, on/in the/at cool/jj Bolovens/np-tl Plateau/nn-tl ./.
The/at Prince/nn-tl visited/vbd the/at hospital/nn of/in Operation/nn-tl Brotherhood/nn-tl ,/, supported/vbn by/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl of/in the/at Philippines/nps ,/, and/cc fed/vbd rice/nn to/in two/cd pet/nn elephants/nns he/pps kept/vbd at/in his/pp$ residence/nn at/in Pak/np Song/np ./.



Strings/nns-hl keep/vb-hl souls/nns-hl in/in-hl place/nn-hl 
In/in the/at village/nn of/in Soukhouma/np ,/, which/wdt means/vbz ``/`` Peaceful/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, we/ppss had/hvd a/at baci/fw-nn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at most/ql endearing/jj of/in Lao/np ceremonies/nns ./.
It/pps takes/vbz place/nn in/in the/at household/nn ,/, a/at rite/nn of/in well-wishing/nn for/in myriad/nn occasions/nns --/-- for/in the/at traveler/nn ,/, a/at wedding/nn ,/, a/at newborn/jj child/nn ,/, the/at sick/jj ,/, the/at New/jj-tl Year/nn-tl ,/, for/in any/dti good/jj purpose/nn ./.


	The/at preparations/nns were/bed elaborate/jj :/: flowers/nns ,/, candles/nns ,/, incense/nn sticks/nns ,/, rice/nn wine/nn ,/, dozens/nns of/in delicacies/nns ,/, and/cc pieces/nns of/in white/jj cotton/nn string/nn ./.
The/at strings/nns were/bed draped/vbn around/in flowers/nns in/in tall/jj silver/nn bowls/nns (/( page/nn 261/cd )/) ./.


	The/at candles/nns were/bed lighted/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss sat/vbd on/in split-bamboo/nn mats/nns among/in the/at village/nn notables/nns ./.
I/ppss was/bedz careful/jj to/to keep/vb my/pp$ feet/nns ,/, the/at seat/nn of/in the/at least/ql worthy/jj spirits/nns ,/, from/in pointing/vbg at/in anyone's/pn$ head/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at worthiest/jjt spirits/nns reside/vb ./.
Now/rb a/at distinguished/vbn old/jj man/nn called/vbd on/in nine/cd divinities/nns to/to come/vb and/cc join/vb us/ppo ./.


	Next/rb he/pps addressed/vbd himself/ppl to/in our/pp$ souls/nns ./.
A/at man/nn has/hvz 32/cd souls/nns ,/, one/cd for/in each/dt part/nn of/in the/at body/nn ./.
Those/dts souls/nns like/vb to/to wander/vb off/rp ,/, and/cc must/md be/be called/vbn back/rb ./.


	With/in the/at divinities/nns present/rb and/cc our/pp$ souls/nns in/in place/nn ,/, we/ppss were/bed wished/vbn health/nn ,/, happiness/nn ,/, and/cc power/nn ./.
Then/rb ,/, one/cd after/in another/dt ,/, the/at villagers/nns tied/vbd the/at waiting/vbg cotton/nn strings/nns around/in our/pp$ wrists/nns ./.
These/dts were/bed to/to be/be kept/vbn on/rp ,/, to/to hold/vb in/rp the/at 32/cd souls/nns ./.


	As/cs we/ppss stepped/vbd out/rp into/in the/at sunlight/nn ,/, a/at man/nn came/vbd up/rp to/in John/np Cool/np and/cc silently/rb showed/vbd him/ppo his/pp$ hand/nn ./.
It/pps had/hvd a/at festering/vbg hole/nn as/ql big/jj as/cs a/at silver/nn dollar/nn ./.
We/ppss could/md see/vb maggots/nns moving/vbg ./.


	John/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv some/dti antiseptic/jj salve/nn with/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez too/ql late/rb for/in that/dt ''/'' ./.



	My/pp$ interviews/nns with/in teen-agers/nns confirmed/vbd this/dt portrait/nn of/in the/at weakening/nn of/in religious/jj and/cc ethnic/jj bonds/nns ./.
Jewish/jj identity/nn was/bedz often/rb confused/vbn with/in social/jj and/cc economic/jj strivings/nns ./.
``/`` Being/beg Jewish/jj gives/vbz you/ppo tremendous/jj drive/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at boy/nn remarked/vbd ./.
``/`` It/pps means/vbz that/cs you/ppss have/hv to/to get/vb ahead/rb ''/'' ./.
When/wrb I/ppss pressed/vbd for/in a/at purely/ql religious/jj definition/nn ,/, I/ppss encountered/vbd the/at familiar/jj blend/nn of/in liberal/jj piety/nn ,/, interfaith/jj good/jj will/nn ,/, and/cc a/at small/jj residue/nn of/in ethnic/jj loyalty/nn ./.


	``/`` I/ppss like/vb the/at tradition/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at girl/nn said/vbd ./.
``/`` I/ppss like/vb to/to follow/vb the/at holidays/nns when/wrb they/ppss come/vb along/rb ./.
But/cc you/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to worship/vb in/in the/at traditional/jj way/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md communicate/vb in/in your/pp$ own/jj way/nn ./.
As/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, there's/ex+bez no/at real/jj difference/nn between/in being/beg Jewish/jj ,/, Catholic/jj ,/, or/cc Protestant/jj ''/'' ./.


	Another/dt teen-ager/nn remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` Most/ap Jews/nps don't/do* believe/vb in/in God/np ,/, but/cc they/ppss believe/vb in/in people/nns --/-- in/in helping/vbg people/nns ''/'' ./.
Still/rb another/dt boy/nn asserted/vbd :/: ``/`` To/to be/be a/at good/jj Jew/np is/bez to/to do/do no/at wrong/nn ;/. ;/.
it's/pps+bez to/to be/be a/at good/jj person/nn ''/'' ./.
When/wrb asked/vbn how/wrb this/dt was/bedz different/jj from/in being/beg a/at good/jj Protestant/np ,/, the/at boy/nn answered/vbd ,/, ``/`` It's/pps+bez the/at same/ap thing/nn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt accords/vbz with/in the/at study/nn by/in Maier/np and/cc Spinrad/np ./.
They/ppss discovered/vbd that/cs ,/, although/cs 42/cd per/in cent/nn of/in a/at sample/nn of/in Catholic/jj students/nns and/cc 15/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at Protestants/nps believed/vbd it/ppo important/jj to/to live/vb in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at teachings/nns of/in their/pp$ religion/nn ,/, only/rb 8/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at Jewish/jj students/nns had/hvd this/dt conviction/nn ./.
The/at most/ql important/jj aims/nns of/in the/at Jewish/jj students/nns were/bed as/cs follows/vbz :/: to/to make/vb the/at world/nn a/at better/jjr place/nn to/to live/vb in/in --/-- 30/cd per/in cent/nn ;/. ;/.
to/to get/vb happiness/nn for/in yourself/ppl --/-- 28/cd per/in cent/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc financial/jj independence/nn --/-- 21/cd per/in cent/nn ./.


	Nevertheless/rb ,/, most/ap of/in the/at teen-agers/nns I/ppss interviewed/vbd believed/vbd in/in maintaining/vbg their/pp$ Jewish/jj identity/nn and/cc even/rb envisioned/vbd joining/vbg a/at synagogue/nn or/cc temple/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, they/ppss were/bed hostile/jj to/in Jewish/jj-tl Orthodoxy/nn-tl ,/, professing/vbg to/to believe/vb in/in Judaism/np ``/`` but/cc in/in a/at moderate/jj way/nn ''/'' ./.
One/cd boy/nn said/vbd querulously/rb about/in Orthodox/jj-tl Jews/nps :/: ``/`` It's/pps+bez the/at twentieth/od century/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to wear/vb beards/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at reason/nn offered/vbn for/in clinging/vbg to/in the/at ancestral/jj faith/nn lacked/vbd force/nn and/cc authority/nn even/rb in/in the/at teen-agers'/nns$ minds/nns ./.
``/`` We/ppss were/bed brought/vbn up/rp that/dt way/nn ''/'' was/bedz one/cd statement/nn which/wdt won/vbd general/jj assent/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss want/vb to/to show/vb respect/nn for/in my/pp$ parents'/nns$ religion/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt a/at boy/nn justified/vbd his/pp$ inhabiting/vbg a/at halfway/jj house/nn of/in Judaism/np ./.
Still/rb another/dt suggested/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md join/vb a/at temple/nn ``/`` for/in social/jj reasons/nns ,/, since/cs I'll/ppss+md be/be living/vbg in/in a/at suburb/nn ''/'' ./.


	Intermarriage/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez generally/rb regarded/vbn as/cs a/at threat/nn to/in Jewish/jj survival/nn ,/, was/bedz regarded/vbn not/* with/in horror/nn or/cc apprehension/nn but/cc with/in a/at kind/nn of/in mild/jj ,/, clinical/jj disapproval/nn ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at teen-agers/nns I/ppss interviewed/vbd rejected/vbn it/ppo on/in pragmatic/jj grounds/nns ./.
``/`` When/wrb you/ppss marry/vb ,/, you/ppss want/vb to/to have/hv things/nns in/in common/jj ''/'' ,/, a/at girl/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc it's/pps+bez hard/jj when/wrb you/ppss don't/do* marry/vb someone/pn with/in your/pp$ own/jj background/nn ''/'' ./.


	A/at fourteen-year-old/jj girl/nn from/in the/at Middle/jj-tl West/nr-tl observed/vbd wryly/rb that/cs ,/, in/in her/pp$ community/nn ,/, religion/nn inconveniently/rb interfered/vbd with/in religious/jj activities/nns --/-- at/in least/ap with/in the/at peripheral/jj activities/nns that/wps many/ap middle/jj class/nn Jews/nps now/rb regard/vb as/cs religious/jj ./.
It/pps appears/vbz that/cs an/at Orthodox/jj-tl girl/nn in/in the/at community/nn disrupted/vbd plans/nns for/in an/at outing/nn sponsored/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at Jewish/jj service/nn groups/nns because/cs she/pps would/md not/* travel/vb on/in Saturday/nr and/cc ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, required/vbd kosher/jj food/nn ./.
Another/dt girl/nn from/in a/at relatively/ql large/jj midwestern/jj city/nn described/vbd herself/ppl as/cs ``/`` the/at only/ap Orthodox/jj-tl girl/nn in/in town/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt is/bez ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, inaccurate/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps does/doz convey/vb how/wql isolated/vbn she/pps feels/vbz among/in the/at vast/jj army/nn of/in the/at nonobservant/jj ./.



The/at-hl older/jjr-hl teens/nns-hl 
One/cd of/in the/at significant/jj things/nns about/in Jewish/jj culture/nn in/in the/at older/jjr teen/nn years/nns is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez largely/ql college-oriented/jj ./.
Sixty-five/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at Jewish/jj teen-agers/nns of/in college/nn age/nn attend/vb institutions/nns of/in higher/jjr learning/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez substantially/ql higher/jjr than/cs the/at figures/nns for/in the/at American/jj population/nn at/in large/jj --/-- 45.6/cd per/in cent/nn for/in males/nns and/cc 29.2/cd per/in cent/nn for/in females/nns ./.
This/dt may/md help/vb explain/vb a/at phenomenon/nn described/vbn by/in a/at small-town/nn Jewish/jj boy/nn ./.
In/in their/pp$ first/od two/cd years/nns in/in high/jj school/nn ,/, Jewish/jj boys/nns in/in this/dt town/nn make/vb strenuous/jj exertions/nns to/to win/vb positions/nns on/in the/at school/nn teams/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, in/in their/pp$ junior/jj and/cc senior/jj years/nns ,/, they/ppss generally/rb forego/vb their/pp$ athletic/jj pursuits/nns ,/, presumably/rb in/in the/at interest/nn of/in better/jjr academic/jj achievement/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez significant/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs the/at older/jjr teen-agers/nns I/ppss interviewed/vbd believed/vbd ,/, unlike/in the/at younger/jjr ones/nns ,/, that/cs Jewish/jj students/nns tend/vb to/to do/do better/rbr academically/rb than/cs their/pp$ gentile/jj counterparts/nns ./.


	The/at percentage/nn of/in Jewish/jj girls/nns who/wps attend/vb college/nn is/bez almost/ql as/ql high/jj as/cs that/dt of/in boys/nns ./.
The/at motivations/nns for/in both/abx sexes/nns ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, are/ber different/jj ./.
The/at vocational/jj motive/nn is/bez the/at dominant/jj one/cd for/in boys/nns ,/, while/cs Jewish/jj girls/nns attend/vb college/nn for/in social/jj reasons/nns and/cc to/to become/vb culturally/rb developed/vbn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at significant/jj developments/nns in/in American-Jewish/jj life/nn is/bez that/cs the/at cultural/jj consumers/nns are/ber largely/rb the/at women/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez they/ppss who/wps read/vb --/-- and/cc make/vb --/-- Jewish/jj best-sellers/nns and/cc then/rb persuade/vb their/pp$ husbands/nns to/to read/vb them/ppo ./.


	In/in upper/jj teen/nn Jewish/jj life/nn ,/, the/at non-college/nn group/nn tends/vbz to/to have/hv a/at sense/nn of/in marginality/nn ./.
``/`` People/nns automatically/rb assume/vb that/cs I'm/ppss+bem in/in college/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at nineteen-year-old/jj machinist/nn observed/vbd irritably/rb ./.
However/rb ,/, among/in the/at girls/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber some/dti morale-enhancing/jj compensations/nns for/in not/* going/vbg to/in college/nn ./.
The/at Jewish/jj working/vbg girl/nn almost/ql invariably/rb works/vbz in/in an/at office/nn --/-- in/in contradistinction/nn to/in gentile/jj factory/nn workers/nns --/-- and/cc ,/, buttressed/vbn by/in a/at respectable/jj income/nn ,/, she/pps is/bez likely/jj to/to dress/vb better/rbr and/cc live/vb more/ql expansively/rb than/cs the/at college/nn student/nn ./.
She/pps is/bez even/rb prone/jj to/to regard/vb the/at college/nn girl/nn as/cs immature/jj ./.



The/at-hl lower-middle/jj-hl class/nn-hl college/nn-hl student/nn-hl 
One/cd of/in the/at reasons/nns for/in the/at high/jj percentage/nn of/in Jewish/jj teen-agers/nns in/in college/nn is/bez that/cs a/at great/jj many/ap urban/jj Jews/nps are/ber enabled/vbn to/to attend/vb local/jj colleges/nns at/in modest/jj cost/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj in/in large/jj centers/nns of/in Jewish/jj population/nn like/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, and/cc Philadelphia/np ./.


	What/wdt is/bez noteworthy/jj about/in this/dt large/jj group/nn of/in teen-agers/nns is/bez that/cs ,/, although/cs their/pp$ attitudes/nns hardly/rb differentiate/vb them/ppo from/in their/pp$ gentile/jj counterparts/nns ,/, they/ppss actually/rb lead/vb their/pp$ lives/nns in/in a/at vast/jj self-enclosed/jj Jewish/jj cosmos/nn with/in relatively/ql little/ap contact/nn with/in the/at non-Jewish/jj world/nn ./.


	Perhaps/rb the/at Jewish/jj students/nns at/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl --/-- constituting/vbg 85/cd per/in cent/nn of/in those/dts who/wps attend/vb the/at day/nn session/nn --/-- can/md serve/vb as/cs a/at paradigm/nn of/in the/at urban/jj ,/, lower-middle/jj class/nn Jewish/jj student/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez ,/, to/to begin/vb ,/, an/at important/jj sex/nn difference/nn ./.
Typically/rb ,/, in/in a/at lower-middle/jj class/nn Jewish/jj family/nn ,/, a/at son/nn will/md be/be sent/vbn to/in an/at out-of-town/jj school/nn ,/, if/cs financial/jj resources/nns warrant/vb it/ppo ,/, while/cs the/at daughter/nn will/md attend/vb the/at local/jj college/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber two/cd reasons/nns for/in this/dt ./.
First/od ,/, the/at girl's/nn$ education/nn has/hvz a/at lower/jjr priority/nn than/cs the/at son's/nn$ ./.
Second/od ,/, the/at attitude/nn in/in Jewish/jj families/nns is/bez far/ql more/rbr protective/jj toward/in the/at daughter/nn than/cs toward/in the/at son/nn ./.
Most/ap Jewish/jj mothers/nns are/ber determined/vbn to/to exercise/vb vigilance/nn over/in the/at social/jj and/cc sexual/jj lives/nns of/in their/pp$ daughters/nns by/in keeping/vbg them/ppo home/nr ./.
The/at consequence/nn of/in this/dt is/bez that/cs the/at girls/nns at/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl outnumber/vb the/at boys/nns and/cc do/do somewhat/ql better/rbr academically/rb ./.
One/pn can/md assume/vb that/cs some/dti of/in the/at brightest/jjt boys/nns are/ber out/in of/in town/nn ./.


	Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl students/nns have/hv an/at ambivalent/jj attitude/nn toward/in their/pp$ school/nn ./.
On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at sense/nn of/in not/* having/hvg moved/vbn beyond/in the/at ambiance/nn of/in their/pp$ high/jj school/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez particularly/ql acute/jj for/in those/dts who/wps attended/vbd Midwood/np-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl directly/rb across/in the/at street/nn from/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss have/hv a/at sense/nn of/in marginality/nn at/in being/beg denied/vbn that/dt special/jj badge/nn of/in status/nn ,/, the/at out-of-town/jj school/nn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in self-congratulation/nn at/in attending/vbg a/at good/jj college/nn --/-- they/ppss are/ber even/rb inclined/vbn to/to exaggerate/vb its/pp$ not/* inconsiderable/jj virtues/nns --/-- and/cc they/ppss express/vb pleasure/nn at/in the/at cozy/jj in-group/nn feeling/nn that/cs the/at college/nn generates/vbz ./.
``/`` It's/pps+bez people/nns of/in your/pp$ own/jj kind/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at girl/nn remarked/vbd ./.
``/`` You/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to watch/vb what/wdt you/ppss say/vb ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to go/vb to/in an/at out-of-town/jj school/nn where/wrb there/ex are/ber all/abn kinds/nns of/in people/nns ,/, but/cc I/ppss would/md want/vb lots/nns of/in Jewish/jj kids/nns there/rb ''/'' ./.


	For/in most/ap Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl students/nns ,/, college/nn is/bez at/in once/cs a/at perpetuation/nn of/in their/pp$ ethnic/jj attachments/nns and/cc a/at breaking/nn away/rb from/in the/at cage/nn of/in neighborhood/nn and/cc family/nn ./.
Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl is/bez unequivocally/ql Jewish/jj in/in tone/nn ,/, and/cc efforts/nns to/to detribalize/vb the/at college/nn by/in bringing/vbg in/rp unimpeachably/ql midwestern/jj types/nns on/in the/at faculty/nn have/hv been/ben unavailing/jj ./.
However/rb ,/, a/at growing/vbg intellectual/jj sophistication/nn and/cc the/at new/jj certitudes/nns imparted/vbn by/in courses/nns in/in psychology/nn and/cc anthropology/nn make/vb the/at students/nns increasingly/ql critical/jj of/in their/pp$ somewhat/ql provincial/jj and/cc overprotective/jj parents/nns ./.
And/cc the/at rebellion/nn of/in these/dts third/od generation/nn Jews/nps is/bez not/* the/at traditional/jj conflict/nn of/in culture/nn but/cc ,/, rather/rb ,/, a/at protest/nn against/in a/at culture/nn that/cs they/ppss view/vb as/cs softly/ql and/cc insidiously/ql enveloping/vbg ./.
``/`` As/ql long/rb as/cs I'm/ppss+bem home/nr ,/, I'll/ppss+md never/rb grow/vb up/rp ''/'' ,/, a/at nineteen-year-old/jj boy/nn observed/vbd sadly/rb ./.
``/`` They/ppss don't/do* like/vb it/ppo if/cs I/ppss do/do anything/pn away/rb from/in home/nr ./.
It's/pps+bez so/ql much/ap trouble/nn ,/, I/ppss don't/do* usually/rb bother/vb ''/'' ./.


	For/in girls/nns ,/, the/at overprotection/nn is/bez far/ql more/ql pervasive/jj ./.
Parents/nns will/md drive/vb on/in Friday/nr night/nn to/to pick/vb up/rp their/pp$ daughters/nns after/in a/at sorority/nn or/cc House/nn-tl Plan/nn-tl meeting/nn ./.
A/at freshman/nn girl's/nn$ father/nn not/* too/ql long/rb ago/rb called/vbd a/at dean/nn at/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl and/cc demanded/vbd the/at ``/`` low-down/nn ''/'' on/in a/at boy/nn who/wps was/bedz going/vbg out/rp with/in his/pp$ daughter/nn ./.
The/at domestic/jj tentacles/nns even/rb extend/vb to/in the/at choice/nn of/in a/at major/jj field/nn ./.
Under/in pressure/nn from/in parents/nns ,/, the/at majority/nn of/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl girls/nns major/vb in/in education/nn since/cs that/dt co-ordinates/vbz best/rbt with/in marriage/nn plans/nns --/-- limited/vbn graduate/jj study/nn requirement/nn and/cc convenient/jj working/vbg hours/nns ./.
This/dt means/vbz that/cs a/at great/ql many/ap academically/rb talented/jj girls/nns are/ber discouraged/vbn from/in pursuing/vbg graduate/jj work/nn of/in a/at more/ql demanding/jj nature/nn ./.
A/at kind/nn of/in double/jj standard/nn exists/vbz here/rb for/in Jewish/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns as/cs it/pps does/doz in/in the/at realm/nn of/in sex/nn ./.


	The/at breaking/nn away/rb from/in the/at prison/nn house/nn of/in Brooklyn/np is/bez gradual/jj ./.
First/rb ,/, the/at student/nn trains/vbz on/in his/pp$ hapless/jj parents/nns the/at heavy/jj artillery/nn of/in his/pp$ newly/jj acquired/vbn psychological/jj and/cc sociological/jj insights/nns ./.
Then/rb ,/, with/in the/at new/jj affluence/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez actually/rb a/at sallying/nn forth/rb into/in the/at wide/jj ,/, wide/jj world/nn beyond/in the/at precincts/nns of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez significant/jj that/cs the/at Catskills/nps ,/, which/wdt used/vbd to/to be/be the/at summer/nn playground/nn for/in older/jjr teen-agers/nns ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in summer/nn suburb/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, no/ql longer/rbr attracts/vbz them/ppo in/in great/jj numbers/nns --/-- except/in for/in those/dts who/wps work/vb there/rb as/cs waiters/nns ,/, bus/nn boys/nns ,/, or/cc counselors/nns in/in the/at day/nn camps/nns ./.
The/at great/jj world/nn beyond/in beckons/vbz ./.
But/cc it/pps should/md be/be pointed/vbn out/rp that/cs some/dti of/in the/at new/jj watering/vbg places/nns --/-- Fire/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, Nantucket/np ,/, Westhampton/np ,/, Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, for/in example/nn --/-- tend/vb to/to be/be homogeneously/ql Jewish/jj ./.
Although/cs Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl does/doz not/* yet/rb have/hv a/at junior-year-abroad/jj program/nn ,/, a/at good/jj number/nn of/in students/nns spend/vb summers/nns in/in Europe/np ./.
In/in general/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at timetable/nn of/in travel/nn lags/vbz considerably/ql behind/in that/dt of/in the/at student/nn at/in Harvard/np or/cc Smith/np ./.
And/cc acculturation/nn into/in the/at world/nn at/in large/jj is/bez likely/jj to/to occur/vb for/in the/at Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl student/nn after/in college/nn rather/in than/in during/in the/at four/cd school/nn years/nns ./.


	Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl is/bez Marjorie/np Morningstar/np territory/nn ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs the/at Bronx/np or/cc Central/jj-tl Park/nn-tl West/jj-tl ./.
There/ex are/ber hordes/nns of/in nubile/jj young/jj women/nns there/rb who/wps ,/, prodded/vbn by/in their/pp$ impatient/jj mothers/nns ,/, are/ber determined/vbn to/to marry/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez interesting/jj that/cs ,/, although/cs the/at percentage/nn of/in married/vbn students/nns is/bez not/* appreciably/ql higher/jjr at/in Brooklyn/np than/cs elsewhere/rb --/-- about/rb 30/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at women/nns and/cc 25/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at graduating/vbg class/nn --/-- the/at anxiety/nn of/in the/at unmarried/jj has/hvz puffed/vbn up/rp the/at estimate/nn ./.
``/`` Almost/rb everybody/pn in/in the/at senior/jj class/nn is/bez married/vbn ''/'' ,/, students/nns say/vb dogmatically/rb ./.
And/cc the/at school/nn newspaper/nn sells/vbz space/nn to/in jubilant/jj fraternities/nns ,/, sororities/nns ,/, and/cc houses/nns (/( in/in the/at House/nn-tl Plan/nn-tl Association/nn-tl )/) that/wps have/hv good/jj news/nn to/to impart/vb ./.
These/dts announcements/nns are/ber ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, advertisements/nns for/in themselves/ppls as/cs thriving/vbg marriage/nn marts/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber boxed/vbn proclamations/nns in/in the/at newspaper/nn of/in watchings/nns ,/, pinnings/nns ,/, ringings/nns ,/, engagements/nns ,/, and/cc marriages/nns in/in a/at scrupulously/ql graded/vbn hierarchy/nn of/in felicity/nn ./.
``/`` Witt/np-tl House/nn-tl happily/rb announces/vbz the/at engagement/nn of/in Fran/np Horowitz/np to/in Erwin/np Schwartz/np of/in Fife/np-tl House/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	The/at Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl student/nn shows/vbz some/dti striking/jj departures/nns from/in prevailing/vbg collegiate/jj models/nns ./.
The/at Ivy/nn-tl League/nn-tl enjoys/vbz no/at easy/jj dominion/nn here/rb ,/, and/cc the/at boys/nns are/ber as/ql likely/jj to/to dress/vb in/in rather/ql foppish/jj Continental/jj-tl fashion/nn ,/, or/cc even/rb in/in nondescript/jj working/vbg class/nn manner/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss are/ber in/in the/at restrained/vbn ,/, button-down/jj Ivy/nn-tl way/nn ./.
The/at girls/nns are/ber prone/jj to/to dress/vb far/ql more/ql flamboyantly/rb than/cs their/pp$ counterparts/nns out/in of/in town/nn ,/, and/cc eye/nn shadow/nn ,/, mascara/nn ,/, and/cc elaborate/jj bouffant/jj hairdos/nns --/-- despite/in the/at admonitions/nns of/in cautious/jj guidance/nn personnel/nns --/-- are/ber not/* unknown/jj even/rb in/in early/jj morning/nn classes/nns ./.


	Among/in the/at boys/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez very/ql little/ap bravado/nn about/in drinking/vbg ./.
Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl is/bez distinctive/jj for/in not/* having/hvg an/at official/jj drinking/vbg place/nn ./.
The/at Fort/nn-tl Lauderdale/np-tl encampment/nn for/in drinking/vbg is/bez foreign/jj to/in most/ap Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl boys/nns ./.

This/dt should/md be/be used/vbn frequently/rb (/( but/cc shaken/vbn before/in using/vbg )/) ./.
For/in galled/vbn breasts/nns ,/, the/at mother/nn should/md shave/vb into/in half/abn a/at cup/nn of/in fresh/jj unsalted/jj lard/nn enough/ap white/jj chalk/nn to/to make/vb a/at paste/nn ./.
This/dt could/md also/rb be/be used/vbn for/in any/dti other/ap skin/nn irritation/nn ./.
Or/cc she/pps might/md place/vb cornstarch/nn in/in the/at oven/nn for/in a/at short/jj time/nn and/cc then/rb apply/vb this/dt under/in her/pp$ breasts/nns ./.


	``/`` Female/jj troubles/nns ''/'' of/in various/jj kinds/nns do/do not/* seem/vb to/to have/hv been/ben common/jj on/in the/at frontier/nn ;/. ;/.
at/in least/ap I/ppss have/hv only/rb one/cd remedy/nn for/in anything/pn of/in this/dt kind/nn in/in my/pp$ collection/nn ,/, one/cd for/in hastening/vbg delayed/vbn menstruation/nn ./.
The/at sufferer/nn drinks/vbz tansy/nn tea/nn ./.


	Bruises/nns ,/, burns/nns ,/, cuts/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, occurred/vbd frequently/rb on/in the/at frontier/nn ,/, and/cc folk/nn medicine/nn gave/vbd the/at answers/nns to/in these/dts problems/nns too/rb ./.
Bruises/nns and/cc black/jj eyes/nns were/bed relieved/vbn by/in application/nn of/in raw/jj beefsteak/nn ./.
(/( Doctors/nns now/rb say/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* the/at meat/nn but/cc the/at coolness/nn of/in the/at applications/nns which/wdt relieved/vbd the/at pain/nn ./.
)/) Salted/vbn butter/nn was/bedz another/dt cure/nn for/in bruises/nns ./.
Many/ap people/nns agreed/vbd that/cs burns/nns should/md be/be treated/vbn with/in bland/jj oily/jj salves/nns or/cc unsalted/jj butter/nn or/cc lard/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd informant/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs a/at burn/nn should/md be/be bathed/vbn in/in salt/nn water/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at burn/nn oozed/vbd watery/jj fluid/nn for/in many/ap days/nns ,/, and/cc finally/rb the/at healing/nn was/bedz completed/vbn by/in bathing/vbg it/ppo with/in epsom/nn salts/nns ./.
Another/dt swore/vbd by/in vinegar/nn baths/nns for/in burns/nns ,/, and/cc still/rb another/dt recommended/vbd salted/vbn butter/nn ./.
``/`` Butter/nn salve/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` butter/nn ointment/nn ''/'' was/bedz used/vbn for/in burns/nns ,/, and/cc for/in bruises/nns as/ql well/rb ./.
This/dt was/bedz made/vbn by/in putting/vbg butter/nn in/in a/at pan/nn of/in water/nn and/cc allowing/vbg it/ppo to/to boil/vb ;/. ;/.
when/wrb it/pps was/bedz cool/jj ,/, the/at fat/nn was/bedz skimmed/vbn off/rp and/cc bottled/vbn ./.
Cow's/nn$ milk/nn was/bedz another/dt cure/nn for/in burns/nns ,/, and/cc burns/nns covered/vbn with/in gum/nn arabic/jj or/cc plain/jj mucilage/nn healed/vbd quickly/rb ./.
One/cd man/nn ,/, badly/rb burned/vbn about/in the/at face/nn and/cc eyes/nns by/in an/at arc/nn welding/nn torch/nn ,/, was/bedz blinded/vbn and/cc could/md not/* find/vb a/at doctor/nn at/in the/at time/nn ./.
A/at sympathetic/jj friend/nn made/vbd poultices/nns of/in raw/jj potato/nn parings/nns ,/, which/wdt she/pps said/vbd was/bedz the/at best/jjt and/cc quickest/jjt way/nn to/to draw/vb out/rp the/at ``/`` heat/nn ''/'' ./.
Later/rbr the/at doctor/nn used/vbd mineral/nn oil/nn on/in the/at burns/nns ./.
The/at results/nns were/bed good/jj ,/, but/cc which/wdt treatment/nn helped/vbn is/bez still/rb not/* known/vbn ./.


	To/to stop/vb bleeding/vbg ,/, cobwebs/nns were/bed applied/vbn to/in cuts/nns and/cc wounds/nns ./.
One/cd old-timer/nn said/vbd to/to sprinkle/vb sugar/nn on/in a/at bleeding/vbg cut/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb on/in a/at knuckle/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps was/bedz made/vbn by/in a/at rusty/jj tool/nn ;/. ;/.
this/dt would/md stop/vb the/at flow/nn and/cc also/rb prevent/vb infection/nn ./.
My/pp$ lawyer/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs his/pp$ mother/nn used/vbd a/at similar/jj remedy/nn for/in cuts/nns and/cc wounds/nns ;/. ;/.
she/pps sprinkled/vbd common/jj sugar/nn directly/rb on/in the/at injury/nn and/cc then/rb bound/vbd it/ppo loosely/rb with/in cotton/nn cloth/nn ,/, over/in which/wdt she/pps poured/vbd turpentine/nn ./.
He/pps showed/vbd me/ppo one/cd of/in his/pp$ fingers/nns which/wdt had/hvd been/ben practically/ql amputated/vbn and/cc which/wdt his/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd treated/vbn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez scarcely/rb a/at scar/nn showing/vbg ./.
Tobacco/nn was/bedz common/jj first/od aid/nn ./.
A/at ``/`` chaw/nn ''/'' of/in tobacco/nn put/vbn on/in an/at open/jj wound/nn was/bedz both/abx antiseptic/jj and/cc healing/vbg ./.
Or/cc a/at thin/jj slice/nn of/in plug/nn tobacco/nn might/md be/be laid/vbn on/in the/at open/jj wound/nn without/in chewing/vbg ./.
One/cd old/jj man/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs when/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at boy/nn he/pps was/bedz kicked/vbn in/in the/at head/nn by/in a/at fractious/jj mule/nn and/cc had/hvd his/pp$ scalp/nn laid/vbn back/rb from/in the/at entire/jj front/nn of/in his/pp$ head/nn ./.
His/pp$ brother/nn ran/vbd a/at mile/nn to/to get/vb the/at father/nn ;/. ;/.
when/wrb they/ppss reached/vbd the/at boy/nn ,/, the/at father/nn sliced/vbd a/at new/jj plug/nn of/in tobacco/nn ,/, put/vbd the/at scalp/nn back/rb in/in place/nn ,/, and/cc covered/vbd the/at raw/jj edges/nns with/in the/at slices/nns ./.
Then/rb he/pps put/vbd a/at rag/nn around/in the/at dressing/nn to/to keep/vb it/ppo in/in place/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at cleaning/nn or/cc further/jjr care/nn ,/, but/cc the/at wound/nn healed/vbd in/in less/ap than/in two/cd weeks/nns and/cc showed/vbd no/at scar/nn ./.
Veronica/nn from/in the/at herb/nn garden/nn was/bedz also/rb used/vbn to/to stop/vb bleeding/vbg ,/, and/cc rue/nn was/bedz an/at antiseptic/nn ./.
Until/in quite/ql recently/rb ,/, ``/`` sterile/jj ''/'' maggots/nns could/md be/be bought/vbn to/to apply/vb to/in a/at wound/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss would/md feed/vb on/in its/pp$ surface/nn ,/, leaving/vbg it/ppo clean/jj so/cs that/cs it/pps could/md be/be medically/rb treated/vbn ./.


	Tetanus/nn could/md be/be avoided/vbn by/in pouring/vbg warm/jj turpentine/nn over/in a/at wound/nn ./.
One/cd family/nn bound/vbd wounds/nns with/in bacon/nn or/cc salt/nn pork/nn strips/nns ,/, or/cc ,/, if/cs these/dts were/bed not/* handy/jj ,/, plain/jj lard/nn ./.
Another/dt sprinkled/vbd sugar/nn on/in hot/jj coals/nns and/cc held/vbd the/at wounded/vbn foot/nn or/cc hand/nn in/in the/at smoke/nn ./.
Rabies/nn were/bed cured/vbn or/cc prevented/vbn by/in ``/`` madstones/nns ''/'' which/wdt the/at pioneer/nn wore/vbd or/cc carried/vbd ./.
In/in 1872/cd there/ex were/bed known/vbn to/to be/be twenty-two/cd in/in Norton/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, and/cc one/cd had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at family/nn for/in 200/cd years/nns ./.
Another/dt cure/nn for/in hydrophobia/nn was/bedz to/to suck/vb the/at wounds/nns ,/, then/rb cauterize/vb them/ppo with/in a/at hot/jj knife/nn or/cc poker/nn ./.


	While/cs nowadays/rb we/ppss recognize/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap causes/nns for/in bleeding/vbg at/in the/at nose/nn ,/, not/* long/rb ago/rb a/at nosebleed/nn was/bedz simply/rb that/dt ,/, and/cc treatment/nn had/hvd little/ap variation/nn ./.
Since/cs a/at fall/nn or/cc blow/nn might/md have/hv caused/vbn it/ppo ,/, a/at cold/jj pack/nn was/bedz usually/rb first/od aid/nn ./.
This/dt might/nn be/be applied/vbn to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at nose/nn or/cc the/at back/nn of/in the/at neck/nn ,/, pressed/vbd on/in the/at upper/jj lip/nn ,/, or/cc inserted/vbd into/in the/at nostril/nn (/( cotton/nn was/bedz usually/rb used/vbn in/in this/dt last/ap )/) ./.
Nosebleed/nn could/md be/be stopped/vbn by/in wrapping/vbg a/at red/jj woolen/jj string/nn about/in the/at patient's/nn$ neck/nn and/cc tying/vbg it/ppo in/in a/at knot/nn for/in each/dt year/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn ./.
Or/cc the/at victim/nn could/md chew/vb hard/rb on/in a/at piece/nn of/in paper/nn ,/, meanwhile/rb pressing/vbg his/pp$ fingers/nns tight/rb in/in his/pp$ ears/nns ./.


	Old/jj sores/nns could/md be/be healed/vbn by/in the/at constant/jj application/nn of/in a/at wash/nn made/vbn of/in equal/jj parts/nns vinegar/nn and/cc water/nn ./.
Blood/nn blisters/nns could/md be/be prevented/vbn from/in forming/vbg by/in rubbing/vbg a/at work/nn blister/nn immediately/rb with/in any/dti hard/jj nonpoisonous/jj substance/nn ./.
Felons/nns were/bed cured/vbn by/in taking/vbg common/jj salt/nn and/cc drying/vbg it/ppo in/in the/at oven/nn ,/, pounding/vbg it/ppo fine/jj ,/, and/cc mixing/vbg it/ppo with/in equal/jj parts/nns of/in spirits/nns of/in turpentine/nn ;/. ;/.
this/dt mixture/nn was/bedz then/rb spread/vbn on/in a/at cloth/nn and/cc wrapped/vbn around/in the/at affected/vbn part/nn ./.
As/cs the/at cloth/nn dried/vbd ,/, more/ap of/in the/at mixture/nn was/bedz applied/vbn ,/, and/cc after/in twenty-four/cd hours/nns the/at felon/nn was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` killed/vbn ''/'' ./.


	Insect/nn bites/nns were/bed cured/vbn in/in many/ap ways/nns ./.
Many/abn an/at old-timer/nn swore/vbd by/in the/at saliva/nn method/nn ;/. ;/.
``/`` get/vb a/at bite/nn ,/, spit/vb on/in it/ppo ''/'' was/bedz a/at proverb/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz used/vbn also/rb for/in bruises/nns ./.
Yellow/jj clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn as/cs a/at poultice/nn for/in insect/nn bites/nns and/cc also/rb for/in swellings/nns ;/. ;/.
not/* long/rb ago/rb ``/`` Denver/np-tl Mud/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz most/ql popular/jj ./.
Chiggers/nns were/bed a/at common/jj pest/nn along/in streams/nns and/cc where/wrb gardens/nns and/cc berries/nns thrived/vbd ;/. ;/.
so/ql small/jj as/cs to/to be/be scarcely/ql visible/jj to/in the/at eye/nn ,/, they/ppss buried/vbd themselves/ppls in/in the/at victim's/nn$ flesh/nn ./.
Bathing/vbg the/at itching/vbg parts/nns with/in kerosene/nn gave/vbd relief/nn and/cc also/rb killed/vbd the/at pests/nns ./.
Ant/nn bites/nns were/bed eased/vbn by/in applying/vbg liquid/jj bluing/nn ./.
For/in mosquito/nn bites/nns a/at paste/nn of/in half/abn a/at glass/nn of/in salt/nn and/cc half/abn a/at glass/nn of/in soda/nn was/bedz made/vbn ./.
For/in wasp/nn stings/nns onion/nn juice/nn ,/, obtained/vbn by/in scraping/vbg an/at onion/nn ,/, gave/vbd quick/jj relief/nn ./.
A/at handier/jjr remedy/nn was/bedz to/to bathe/vb the/at painful/jj part/nn in/in strong/jj soapy/jj water/nn ;/. ;/.
mud/nn was/bedz sometimes/rb used/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs soap/nn ./.
Just/rb plain/jj old/jj black/jj dirt/nn was/bedz also/rb used/vbn as/cs a/at pack/nn to/to relieve/vb wasp/nn or/cc bee/nn stings/nns ./.


	Bedbugs/nns were/bed a/at common/jj pest/nn in/in pioneer/nn days/nns ;/. ;/.
to/to keep/vb them/ppo out/in of/in homes/nns ,/, even/rb in/in the/at 1900's/nns ,/, was/bedz a/at chore/nn ./.
Bed/nn slats/nns were/bed washed/vbn in/in alum/nn water/nn ,/, legs/nns of/in beds/nns were/bed placed/vbn in/in cups/nns of/in kerosene/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn woodwork/nn was/bedz treated/vbn liberally/rb with/in corrosive/jj sublimate/nn ,/, applied/vbn with/in a/at feather/nn ./.
Kerosene/nn was/bedz very/ql effective/jj in/in ridding/vbg pioneer/nn homes/nns of/in the/at pests/nns ./.
At/in times/nns pioneer/nn children/nns got/vbd lice/nns in/in their/pp$ hair/nn ./.
A/at kerosene/nn shampoo/nn seems/vbz a/at heroic/jj treatment/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps did/dod the/at job/nn ./.


	To/to remove/vb an/at insect/nn from/in one's/pn$ ear/nn warm/jj water/nn should/md be/be inserted/vbn ./.
A/at cinder/nn or/cc other/ap small/jj object/nn could/md be/be removed/vbn from/in the/at eye/nn by/in placing/vbg a/at flaxseed/nn in/in the/at eye/nn ./.
As/cs the/at seed/nn swelled/vbd its/pp$ glutinous/jj covering/nn protected/vbd the/at eyeball/nn from/in irritation/nn ,/, and/cc both/abx the/at cinder/nn and/cc the/at seed/nn could/md soon/rb be/be washed/vbn out/rp ./.
Another/dt way/nn to/to remove/vb small/jj objects/nns from/in the/at eye/nn was/bedz to/to have/hv the/at person/nn look/nn cross-eyed/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at particle/nn would/md then/rb move/vb toward/in the/at nose/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps could/md be/be wiped/vbn out/rp with/in a/at wisp/nn of/in cotton/nn ./.


	Shingles/nns were/bed cured/vbn by/in gentian/nn ,/, an/at old/jj drug/nn ,/, used/vbn in/in combinations/nns ./.
For/in erysipelas/nn a/at mixture/nn of/in one/cd dram/nn borax/nn and/cc one/cd ounce/nn glycerine/nn was/bedz applied/vbn to/in the/at afflicted/vbn part/nn on/in linen/nn cloth/nn ./.
Itching/vbg skin/nn ,/, considered/vbn ``/`` just/rb nerves/nns ''/'' ,/, was/bedz eased/vbn by/in treating/vbg with/in whiskey/nn and/cc salt/nn ./.
Winter/nn itch/nn was/bedz treated/vbn by/in applying/vbg strong/jj apple/nn cider/nn in/in which/wdt pulverized/vbd bloodroot/nn had/hvd been/ben steeped/vbn ./.
To/to cure/vb fungus/nn growths/nns on/in mouth/nn or/cc hands/nns people/nns made/vbd a/at strong/jj tea/nn by/in using/vbg a/at handful/nn of/in sassafras/nn bark/nn in/in a/at quart/nn of/in water/nn ./.
They/ppss drank/vbd half/abn a/at cup/nn of/in this/dt morning/nn and/cc night/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss also/rb washed/vbd and/cc soaked/vbd their/pp$ hands/nns in/in the/at same/ap solution/nn ./.
Six/cd treatments/nns cured/vbd one/cd case/nn which/wdt lasted/vbd a/at month/nn and/cc had/hvd defied/vbn other/ap remedies/nns ./.
Frostbite/nn was/bedz treated/vbn by/in putting/vbg the/at feet/nns and/cc hands/nns in/in ice/nn water/nn or/cc by/in rubbing/vbg them/ppo with/in snow/nn ./.
Now/rb one/cd hears/vbz that/cs heat/nn and/cc hot/jj water/nn are/ber used/vbn instead/rb ./.
Another/dt remedy/nn was/bedz oil/nn of/in eucalyptus/nn ,/, used/vbn as/ql well/rb for/in chilblains/nns ./.
Chilblains/nns were/bed also/rb treated/vbn with/in tincture/nn of/in capsicum/nn or/cc cabbage/nn leaves/nns ./.


	Boils/nns have/hv always/rb been/ben a/at source/nn of/in much/ap trouble/nn ./.
A/at German/jj informant/nn gave/vbd me/ppo a/at sure/jj cure/nn made/vbn by/in combining/vbg rye/nn flour/nn and/cc molasses/nn into/in a/at poultice/nn ./.
Another/dt poultice/nn was/bedz made/vbn from/in the/at inner/jj bark/nn of/in the/at elm/nn tree/nn ,/, steeped/vbn in/in water/nn until/cs it/pps formed/vbd a/at sticky/jj ,/, gummy/jj solution/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz also/rb used/vbd for/in sores/nns ./.
Another/dt frequent/jj pioneer/nn difficulty/nn ,/, caused/vbn by/in wearing/vbg rough/jj and/cc heavy/jj shoes/nns and/cc boots/nns ,/, was/bedz corns/nns ./.
One/cd veracious/jj woman/nn tells/vbz me/ppo she/pps has/hvz used/vbn thin/jj potato/nn parings/nns for/in both/abx corns/nns and/cc calluses/nns on/in her/pp$ feet/nns and/cc they/ppss remove/vb the/at pain/nn or/cc ``/`` fire/nn ''/'' ./.
Another/dt common/jj cure/nn was/bedz to/to soak/vb the/at feet/nns five/cd or/cc ten/cd minutes/nns in/in warm/jj water/nn ,/, then/rb to/to apply/vb a/at solution/nn of/in equal/jj parts/nns of/in soda/nn and/cc common/jj brown/jj soap/nn on/in a/at kid/nn bandage/nn overnight/rb ./.
This/dt softened/vbd the/at skin/nn so/cs that/cs in/in the/at morning/nn when/wrb the/at bandage/nn was/bedz removed/vbn the/at corn/nn could/md be/be scraped/vbn off/rp and/cc a/at bit/nn of/in corn/nn plaster/nn put/vbn on/rp ./.


	There/ex were/bed many/ap cures/nns for/in warts/nns ./.
One/cd young/jj girl/nn told/vbd me/ppo how/wrb her/pp$ mother/nn removed/vbd a/at wart/nn from/in her/pp$ finger/nn by/in soaking/vbg a/at copper/nn penny/nn in/in vinegar/nn for/in three/cd days/nns and/cc then/rb painting/vbg the/at finger/nn with/in the/at liquid/nn several/ap times/nns ./.
Another/dt wart/nn removal/nn method/nn was/bedz to/to rub/vb each/dt wart/nn with/in a/at bean/nn split/vbn open/jj and/cc then/rb to/to bury/vb the/at bean/nn halves/nns under/in the/at drip/nn of/in the/at house/nn for/in seven/cd days/nns ./.
Saliva/nn gathered/vbd in/in the/at mouth/nn after/in a/at night's/nn$ sleep/nn was/bedz considered/vbn poisonous/jj ;/. ;/.
wetting/vbg a/at wart/nn with/in this/dt saliva/nn on/in wakening/vbg the/at first/od thing/nn in/in the/at morning/nn was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to cause/vb it/ppo to/to disappear/vb after/in only/ap a/at few/ap treatments/nns ,/, and/cc strangely/rb enough/qlp many/ap warts/nns did/dod just/rb that/dt ./.
One/cd wart/nn cure/nn was/bedz to/to wrap/vb it/ppo in/in a/at hair/nn from/in a/at blonde/jj gypsy/nn ./.
Another/dt was/bedz to/to soak/vb raw/jj beef/nn in/in vinegar/nn for/in twenty-four/cd hours/nns ,/, tie/vb it/ppo on/in the/at wart/nn ,/, and/cc wear/vb it/ppo for/in a/at week/nn ./.
A/at simpler/jjr method/nn was/bedz to/to tie/vb a/at thread/nn tightly/rb around/in the/at wart/nn at/in its/pp$ base/nn and/cc wear/vb it/ppo this/dt way/nn ./.
I/ppss know/vb this/dt worked/vbd ./.
One/cd person/nn recommended/vbd to/in me/ppo washing/vbg the/at wart/nn with/in sulphur/nn water/nn ;/. ;/.
another/dt said/vbd it/pps should/md be/be rubbed/vbn with/in a/at cut/vbn potato/nn three/cd times/nns daily/rb ./.
Another/dt common/nn method/nn was/bedz to/to cut/vb an/at onion/nn in/in two/cd and/cc place/vb each/dt half/abn on/in the/at wart/nn for/in a/at moment/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at onion/nn was/bedz then/rb fastened/vbn together/rb with/in string/nn and/cc placed/vbn beneath/in a/at dripping/vbg eave/nn ./.
As/cs the/at onion/nn decayed/vbd ,/, so/rb did/dod the/at wart/nn ./.


	Sore/jj muscles/nns were/bed relieved/vbn by/in an/at arnica/nn rub/nn ;/. ;/.
sore/jj feet/nns by/in calf's-foot/nn ,/, an/at herb/nn from/in the/at pioneer's/nn$ ubiquitous/jj herb/nn garden/nn ,/, or/cc by/in soaking/vbg the/at feet/nns in/in a/at pan/nn of/in hot/jj water/nn in/in which/wdt two/cd cups/nns of/in salt/nn had/hvd been/ben dissolved/vbn ./.
Leg/nn cramps/nns ,/, one/cd person/nn tells/vbz me/ppo ,/, were/bed relieved/vbn by/in standing/vbg barefoot/jj with/in the/at weight/nn of/in the/at body/nn on/in the/at heel/nn and/cc pressing/vbg down/rp hard/rb ./.
This/dt does/doz give/vb relief/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss can/md testify/vb ./.
One/cd doctor/nn prescribed/vbd a/at tablespoon/nn of/in whiskey/nn or/cc brandy/nn before/in each/dt meal/nn for/in leg/nn cramps/nns ./.
Pains/nns in/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at leg/nn and/cc in/in the/at abdomen/nn were/bed prevented/vbn from/in reaching/vbg the/at upper/jj body/nn by/in tying/vbg a/at rope/nn about/in the/at patient's/nn$ waist/nn ./.


	For/in sprains/nns and/cc swellings/nns ,/, one/cd pint/nn of/in cider/nn vinegar/nn and/cc half/abn a/at pint/nn of/in spirits/nns of/in turpentine/nn added/vbn to/in three/cd well/ql beaten/vbn eggs/nns was/bedz said/vbn to/to give/vb speedy/jj relief/nn ./.



	Except/in for/in the/at wine/nn waiter/nn in/in a/at restaurant/nn --/-- always/rb an/at inscrutable/jj plenipotentiary/nn unto/in himself/ppl ,/, the/at genii/nn with/in the/at keys/nns to/to unlock/vb the/at gates/nns of/in the/at wine/nn world/nn are/ber one's/pn$ dealer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at foreign/jj shipper/nn or/cc negociant/fw-nn who/wps in/in turn/nn supplies/vbz him/ppo ./.
In/in instances/nns where/wrb both/abx of/in these/dts are/ber persons/nns or/cc firms/nns with/in integrity/nn ,/, the/at situation/nn is/bez ideal/jj ./.
It/pps may/md ,/, on/in occasion/nn ,/, be/be anything/pn but/in that/dt ./.
However/wrb ,/, by/in cultivating/vbg a/at wine/nn dealer/nn and/cc accepting/vbg his/pp$ advice/nn ,/, one/pn will/md soon/rb enough/qlp ascertain/vb whether/cs he/pps has/hvz any/dti knowledge/nn of/in wines/nns (/( as/cs opposed/vbn to/in what/wdt he/pps may/md have/hv been/ben told/vbn by/in salesmen/nns and/cc promoters/nns )/) and/cc ,/, better/jjr yet/ql ,/, whether/cs he/pps has/hvz a/at taste/nn for/in wine/nn ./.
Again/rb ,/, by/in spreading/vbg one's/pn$ purchases/nns over/in several/ap wine/nn dealers/nns ,/, one/cd becomes/vbz familiar/jj with/in the/at names/nns and/cc specialties/nns of/in reputable/jj wine/nn dealers/nns and/cc shippers/nns abroad/rb ./.
This/dt is/bez important/jj because/cs ,/, despite/in all/abn the/at efforts/nns of/in the/at French/jj government/nn ,/, an/at appreciable/jj segment/nn of/in France's/np$ export/nn trade/nn in/in wines/nns is/bez still/rb tainted/vbn with/in a/at misrepresentation/nn approaching/vbg downright/jj dishonesty/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber many/ap too/ql many/ap negociants/fw-nns who/wps would/md rather/rb turn/vb a/at sou/fw-nn than/cs amass/vb a/at creditable/jj reputation/nn overseas/rb ./.


	A/at good/jj negociant/fw-nn or/cc shipper/nn will/md not/* only/rb be/be the/at man/nn or/cc the/at firm/nn which/wdt has/hvz cornered/vbn the/at wines/nns from/in the/at best/jjt vineyards/nns ,/, or/cc the/at best/jjt parts/nns of/in them/ppo ;/. ;/.
he/pps may/md also/rb be/be the/at one/cd who/wps makes/vbz and/cc bottles/vbz the/at best/jjt blends/nns --/-- sound/jj wines/nns from/in vineyards/nns generally/rb in/in his/pp$ own/jj district/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber the/at wines/nns the/at French/nps themselves/ppls use/vb for/in everyday/jj drinking/nn ,/, for/cs even/rb in/in France/np virtually/rb no/at one/pn drinks/vbz the/at Grands/fw-jj-tl Crus/fw-nns-tl on/in a/at meal-to-meal/jj basis/nn ./.
The/at Grands/fw-jj-tl Crus/fw-nns-tl are/ber expensive/jj ,/, and/cc even/rb doting/vbg palates/nns tire/vb of/in them/ppo ./.
And/cc certainly/rb ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at beginner/nn or/cc the/at comparatively/ql uninitiated/jj wine/nn drinker/nn ,/, the/at palate/nn and/cc the/at capacity/nn for/in appreciation/nn will/md not/* be/be ready/jj for/in the/at Grands/fw-jj-tl Crus/fw-nns-tl as/cs a/at steady/jj diet/nn without/in frequent/jj recourse/nn to/in crus/fw-nns of/in less/ap renown/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez nothing/pn infra/in dig/nn about/in a/at good/jj blend/nn from/in a/at good/jj shipper/nn ./.
Some/dti of/in them/ppo are/ber very/ql delicious/jj indeed/qlp ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber many/ap good/jj ones/nns exported/vbn --/-- unfortunately/rb ,/, along/rb with/in others/nns not/* so/ql good/jj ,/, and/cc worse/jjr ./.
Consultation/nn with/in a/at reputable/jj wine/nn dealer/nn and/cc constant/jj experimentation/nn --/-- ``/`` steering/vbg ever/rb from/in the/at known/vbn to/in the/at unknown/jj ''/'' --/-- are/ber the/at requisites/nns ./.


	Wine/nn waiters/nns are/ber something/pn else/rb again/rb ;/. ;/.
especially/rb if/cs one/cd is/bez travelling/vbg or/cc dining/vbg out/rp a/at great/jj deal/nn ,/, their/pp$ importance/nn mounts/vbz ./.
Most/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, the/at world/nn over/rp ,/, operate/vb on/in the/at same/ap principle/nn by/in which/wdt justice/nn is/bez administered/vbn in/in France/np and/cc some/dti other/ap Latin/jj countries/nns :/: the/at customer/nn is/bez to/to be/be considered/vbn guilty/jj of/in abysmal/jj ignorance/nn until/cs proven/vbn otherwise/rb ,/, with/in the/at burden/nn of/in proof/nn on/in the/at customer/nn himself/ppl ./.
Now/rb the/at drinking/nn of/in wine/nn (/( and/cc happily/rb so/rb !/. !/.
)/) is/bez for/in the/at most/ap part/nn a/at recondite/jj affair/nn ,/, for/cs manifestly/rb ,/, if/cs everyone/pn in/in the/at world/nn who/wps could/md afford/vb the/at best/jjt wines/nns also/rb liked/vbd them/ppo ,/, the/at supply/nn would/md dry/vb up/rp in/in no/at time/nn at/in all/abn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at only/ap valid/jj ,/, and/cc extenuating/vbg ,/, argument/nn that/wps may/md be/be advanced/vbn in/in defense/nn of/in the/at reprehensible/jj attitude/nn of/in the/at common/jj wine/nn waiter/nn ./.
A/at really/ql good/jj wine/nn waiter/nn is/bez ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, the/at guardian/nn (/( and/cc not/* the/at purveyor/nn )/) of/in his/pp$ cellar/nn against/in the/at Visigoths/nps ./.
Faced/vbn ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, with/in an/at always/ql exhaustible/jj supply/nn of/in his/pp$ best/jjt wines/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at other/ap by/in a/at clientele/nn usually/rb equipped/vbn with/in inexhaustible/jj pocketbooks/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at wonder/nn indeed/rb that/cs all/abn wine/nn waiters/nns are/ber not/* afflicted/vbn with/in chronic/jj ambivalence/nn ./.
The/at one/cd way/nn to/to get/vb around/in them/ppo --/-- short/jj of/in knowing/vbg exactly/rb what/wdt one/pn wants/vbz and/cc sticking/vbg to/in it/ppo --/-- is/bez to/to frequent/vb a/at single/ap establishment/nn until/cs its/pp$ wine/nn waiter/nn is/bez persuaded/vbn that/cs one/pn is/bez at/in least/ap as/ql interested/vbn in/in wine/nn as/cs in/in spending/vbg money/nn ./.
Only/ql then/rb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, will/md he/pps reveal/vb his/pp$ jewels/nns and/cc his/pp$ bargains/nns ./.


	Wine/nn bought/vbn from/in a/at dealer/nn should/md ideally/rb be/be allowed/vbn to/to rest/vb for/in several/ap weeks/nns before/cs it/pps is/bez served/vbn ./.
This/dt is/bez especially/rb true/jj of/in red/jj wines/nns ,/, and/cc a/at practice/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs not/* always/rb practicable/jj ,/, is/bez well/ql worth/jj the/at effort/nn ./.
It/pps does/doz no/at harm/nn for/in wine/nn to/to stand/vb on/in end/nn for/in a/at matter/nn of/in days/nns ,/, but/cc in/in terms/nns of/in months/nns and/cc years/nns it/pps is/bez fatal/jj ./.
Wine/nn stored/vbn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn should/md be/be on/in its/pp$ side/nn ;/. ;/.
otherwise/rb ,/, the/at cork/nn dries/vbz and/cc air/nn enters/vbz to/to spoil/vb it/ppo ./.
When/wrb stacking/vbg wine/nn on/in its/pp$ side/nn in/in a/at bin/nn ,/, care/nn should/md always/rb be/be taken/vbn to/to be/be sure/jj there/ex is/bez no/at air/nn bubble/nn left/vbn next/in to/in the/at cork/nn ./.
Fat/jj bottles/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs Burgundies/nps ,/, have/hv a/at way/nn of/in rolling/vbg around/rb in/in the/at bin/nn and/cc often/rb need/vb little/ap props/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs a/at bit/nn of/in cardboard/nn or/cc a/at chip/nn of/in wood/nn ,/, to/to hold/vb them/ppo in/in the/at proper/jj reclining/vbg posture/nn ./.
Too/ql much/ap dampness/nn in/in the/at cellar/nn rots/vbz the/at corks/nns ,/, again/rb with/in ill/jj effects/nns ./.
The/at best/jjt rule/nn of/in thumb/nn for/in detecting/vbg corked/vbn wine/nn (/( provided/vbn the/at eye/nn has/hvz not/* already/rb spotted/vbn it/ppo )/) is/bez to/to smell/vb the/at wet/jj end/nn of/in the/at cork/nn after/cs pulling/vbg it/ppo :/: if/cs it/pps smells/vbz of/in wine/nn ,/, the/at bottle/nn is/bez probably/rb all/ql right/jj ;/. ;/.
if/cs it/pps smells/vbz of/in cork/nn ,/, one/pn has/hvz grounds/nns for/in suspicion/nn ./.


	Seasonal/jj rises/nns or/cc drops/nns in/in temperature/nn are/ber bad/jj for/in wine/nn :/: they/ppss age/vb it/ppo prematurely/rb ./.
The/at ideal/jj storage/nn temperature/nn for/in long/jj periods/nns is/bez about/rb fifty-five/cd degrees/nns ,/, with/in an/at allowable/jj range/nn of/in five/cd degrees/nns above/in or/cc below/in this/dt ,/, provided/vbn there/ex are/ber no/at sudden/jj or/cc frequent/jj changes/nns ./.
Prolonged/vbn vibration/nn is/bez also/rb undesirable/jj ;/. ;/.
consequently/rb ,/, one's/pn$ wine/nn closet/nn or/cc cellar/nn should/md be/be away/rb from/in machines/nns or/cc electrically/rb driven/vbn furnaces/nns ./.
If/cs one/pn lives/vbz near/in a/at subway/nn or/cc an/at express/nn parkway/nn ,/, the/at solution/nn is/bez to/to have/hv one's/pn$ wines/nns stored/vbn with/in a/at dealer/nn and/cc brought/vbn home/nr a/at few/ap at/in a/at time/nn ./.
Light/nn ,/, especially/rb daylight/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb bad/jj for/in wine/nn ./.


	All/abn in/in all/abn ,/, though/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in nonsense/nn expended/vbn over/in the/at preparations/nns thought/vbn necessary/jj for/in ordinary/jj wine/nn drinking/nn ;/. ;/.
many/ap people/nns go/vb to/in extreme/jj lengths/nns in/in decanting/vbg ,/, chilling/vbg or/cc warming/vbg ,/, or/cc banishing/vbg without/in further/jjr investigation/nn any/dti bottle/nn with/in so/ql much/ap as/cs a/at slightly/ql suspicious/jj cork/nn ./.
No/at one/pn should/md wish/vb to/to deny/vb these/dts purists/nns the/at obvious/jj pleasure/nn they/ppss derive/vb from/in all/abn this/dt ,/, and/cc to/to give/vb fair/jj warning/nn where/wrb warning/vbg is/bez due/jj ,/, no/at one/pn who/wps becomes/vbz fond/jj of/in wines/nns ever/rb avoids/vbz acquiring/vbg some/dti degree/nn of/in purism/nn !/. !/.
But/cc the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs in/in most/ap restaurants/nns ,/, including/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt of/in Paris/np and/cc Bordeaux/np and/cc Dijon/np ,/, the/at bottle/nn is/bez frankly/rb and/cc simply/rb brought/vbn from/in the/at cellar/nn to/in the/at table/nn when/wrb ordered/vbn ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at conditioning/nn or/cc preparation/nn it/pps ever/rb receives/vbz takes/vbz place/nn while/cs the/at chef/nn is/bez preparing/vbg the/at meal/nn ./.
A/at white/jj wine/nn ,/, already/rb at/in cool/jj cellar/nn temperature/nn ,/, may/md be/be adequately/rb chilled/vbn in/in a/at bucket/nn of/in ice/nn and/cc water/nn or/cc the/at freezing/vbg compartment/nn of/in a/at refrigerator/nn (/( the/at former/ap is/bez far/ql preferable/jj )/) in/in about/rb fifteen/cd minutes/nns ;/. ;/.
for/in those/dts who/wps live/vb in/in a/at winter/nn climate/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez nothing/pn better/jjr than/cs a/at bucket/nn of/in water/nn and/cc snow/nn ./.
Though/cs by/in no/at means/nns an/at ideal/jj procedure/nn ,/, a/at red/jj wine/nn may/md similarly/rb be/be brought/vbn from/in the/at cellar/nn to/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn and/cc opened/vbn twenty/cd minutes/nns or/cc so/rb before/in serving/vbg time/nn ./.
It/pps may/md be/be a/at bit/nn cold/jj when/wrb poured/vbn ;/. ;/.
but/cc again/rb ,/, as/cs one/pn will/md have/hv observed/vbn at/in any/dti restaurant/nn worth/jj its/pp$ salt/nn ,/, wine/nn should/md be/be served/vbn in/in a/at large/jj ,/, tulip-shaped/jj glass/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez never/rb filled/vbn more/ap than/in half/abn full/jj ./.
In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, red/jj wine/nn warms/vbz of/in itself/ppl quite/ql rapidly/rb --/-- and/cc though/cs it/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs it/pps may/md not/* attain/vb its/pp$ potential/nn of/in taste/nn and/cc fragrance/nn until/in after/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at meal/nn (/( or/cc the/at course/nn )/) ,/, in/in the/at meantime/nn it/pps will/md have/hv run/vbn the/at gamut/nn of/in many/ap beguiling/jj and/cc interesting/jj stages/nns ./.
The/at only/ap cardinal/jj sin/nn which/wdt may/md be/be committed/vbn in/in warming/vbg a/at wine/nn is/bez to/to force/vb it/ppo by/in putting/vbg it/ppo next/rb to/in the/at stove/nn or/cc in/in front/nn of/in an/at open/jj fire/nn ./.
This/dt invariably/rb effaces/vbz any/dti wine's/nn$ character/nn ,/, and/cc drives/vbz its/pp$ fragrance/nn underground/rb ./.


	It/pps should/md not/* be/be forgotten/vbn that/cs wines/nns mature/vb fastest/rbt in/in half-bottles/nns ,/, less/ql fast/rb in/in full/jj bottles/nns ,/, slowly/rb in/in Magnums/nns --/-- and/cc slower/rbr yet/ql in/in Tregnums/nps ,/, double/jj Magnums/nns ,/, Jeroboams/nps ,/, Methuselahs/nps ,/, and/cc Imperiales/nps ,/, respectively/rb ./.
Very/ql old/jj red/jj wines/nns often/rb require/vb several/ap hours/nns of/in aeration/nn ,/, and/cc any/dti red/jj wine/nn ,/, brought/vbn from/in the/at cellar/nn within/in half/abn an/at hour/nn of/in mealtime/nn ,/, should/md be/be uncorked/vbn and/cc allowed/vbn some/dti air/nn ./.
But/cc white/jj wines/nns never/rb !/. !/.
White/jj wines/nns should/md be/be opened/vbn when/wrb served/vbn ,/, having/hvg been/ben previously/rb chilled/vbn in/in proportion/nn to/in their/pp$ sweetness/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, Sauternes/nps or/cc Barsacs/nps should/md be/be very/ql cold/jj ;/. ;/.
a/at Pouilly-Fuisse/np or/cc a/at Chablis/np somewhat/ql less/ql cold/jj ./.
Over-chilling/nn is/bez an/at accepted/vbn method/nn for/in covering/vbg up/rp the/at faults/nns of/in many/abn a/at cheap/jj or/cc poor/jj white/jj wine/nn ,/, especially/rb a/at dry/jj wine/nn --/-- and/cc certainly/rb less/ap of/in a/at crime/nn than/cs serving/vbg a/at wine/nn at/in a/at temperature/nn which/wdt reveals/vbz it/ppo as/cs unattractive/jj ./.


	The/at fragrance/nn and/cc taste/nn of/in any/dti white/jj wine/nn will/md die/vb a/at lingering/vbg death/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez allowed/vbn to/to warm/vb or/cc is/bez exposed/vbn for/in long/rb to/in the/at air/nn ./.
To/to quote/vb Professor/nn-tl Saintsbury/np :/: ``/`` The/at last/ap glass/nn of/in claret/nn or/cc Burgundy/np is/bez as/ql good/jj as/cs the/at first/od ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at first/od glass/nn of/in Chateau/fw-nn-tl d'Yquem/fw-in+np-tl or/cc Montrachet/np is/bez a/at great/jj deal/nn better/jjr than/cs the/at last/ap ''/'' !/. !/.
This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb ,/, though/cs ,/, that/cs a/at red/jj wine/nn improves/vbz with/in prolonged/vbn aeration/nn :/: there/ex is/bez a/at reasonable/jj limit/nn --/-- and/cc wines/nns kept/vbn over/rp to/in the/at next/ap meal/nn or/cc the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, after/cs they/ppss have/hv once/rb been/ben opened/vbn ,/, are/ber never/rb as/cs good/jj ./.
If/cs this/dt must/md be/be done/vbn ,/, they/ppss should/md always/rb be/be corked/vbn and/cc kept/vbn in/in a/at cool/jj place/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps should/md be/be remembered/vbn that/cs their/pp$ lasting/vbg qualities/nns are/ber appreciably/ql shorter/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in milk/nn ./.


	A/at few/ap red/jj wines/nns ,/, notably/rb those/dts of/in the/at Beaujolais/np ,/, are/ber better/jjr consumed/vbn at/in cellar/nn temperature/nn ./.
By/in tradition/nn ,/, a/at red/jj wine/nn should/md be/be served/vbn at/in approximately/rb room/nn temperature/nn --/-- if/cs anything/pn a/at little/ql cooler/jjr --/-- and/cc be/be aged/vbn enough/qlp for/in the/at tannin/nn and/cc acids/nns to/to have/hv worked/vbn out/rp and/cc the/at sediment/nn have/hv settled/vbn well/rb ./.
Thus/rb ,/, red/jj wine/nn must/md ,/, if/cs possible/jj ,/, never/rb be/be disturbed/vbn or/cc shaken/vbn ;/. ;/.
very/ql old/jj red/jj wine/nn is/bez often/rb decanted/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at puckering/vbg ,/, bitter/jj elements/nns which/wdt have/hv settled/vbn to/in the/at bottom/nn will/md not/* be/be mingled/vbn with/in the/at wine/nn itself/ppl ./.
A/at tug-of-war/nn between/in an/at old/jj bottle/nn and/cc an/at inefficient/jj corkscrew/nn may/md do/do as/ql much/ap harm/nn as/cs a/at week/nn at/in sea/nn ./.
The/at cork/nn should/md be/be pulled/vbn gradually/rb and/cc smoothly/rb ,/, and/cc the/at lip/nn of/in the/at bottle/nn wiped/vbn afterward/rb ./.


	Many/ap people/nns use/vb wicker/nn cradles/nns for/in old/jj red/jj wine/nn ,/, lifting/vbg the/at bottle/nn carefully/rb from/in the/at bin/nn into/in the/at cradle/nn and/cc eventually/rb to/in the/at table/nn ,/, without/in disturbing/vbg the/at sediment/nn ./.
Another/dt school/nn frowns/vbz on/in such/abl a/at shortcut/nn ,/, and/cc insists/vbz that/cs after/in leaving/vbg the/at bin/nn an/at old/jj red/jj wine/nn should/md first/rb stand/vb on/in end/nn for/in several/ap days/nns to/to allow/vb the/at sediment/nn to/to roll/vb to/in the/at very/ap bottom/nn ,/, after/in which/wdt the/at bottle/nn may/md be/be gently/rb eased/vbn to/in a/at tilted/vbn position/nn on/in its/pp$ side/nn in/in the/at cradle/nn ./.


	In/in France/np ,/, when/wrb one/pn wishes/vbz to/to entertain/vb at/in a/at restaurant/nn and/cc serve/vb truly/ql fine/jj old/jj red/jj wines/nns ,/, one/pn visits/vbz the/at restaurant/nn well/ql ahead/rb of/in time/nn ,/, chooses/vbz the/at wines/nns and/cc ,/, with/in the/at advice/nn of/in the/at manager/nn and/cc his/pp$ chef/nn ,/, builds/vbz the/at menu/nn around/in them/ppo ./.
The/at wine/nn waiter/nn will/md see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs the/at bottles/nns are/ber taken/vbn from/in the/at bin/nn and/cc opened/vbn at/in least/ap in/in time/nn to/to warm/vb and/cc aerate/vb ,/, preferably/rb allowed/vbn to/to stand/vb on/in end/nn for/in as/ql long/rb as/cs possible/jj and/cc ,/, perhaps/rb in/in the/at case/nn of/in very/ql old/jj wines/nns ,/, be/be decanted/vbn ./.
Decanting/vbg old/jj wine/nn aerates/vbz it/ppo fully/rb ;/. ;/.
it/pps may/md also/rb be/be --/-- practically/rb speaking/vbg --/-- a/at matter/nn of/in good/jj economy/nn ./.
For/cs ,/, in/in the/at process/nn of/in decanting/vbg ,/, the/at bottle/nn is/bez only/rb tilted/vbn once/rb instead/rb of/in several/ap or/cc more/ap times/nns at/in the/at table/nn :/: hence/rb ,/, a/at minimum/nn of/in the/at undesirable/jj mixture/nn of/in wine/nn and/cc dregs/nns ./.


	Though/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap exceptions/nns ,/, which/wdt we/ppss have/hv noted/vbn in/in preceding/vbg pages/nns ,/, white/jj wine/nn is/bez as/cs a/at rule/nn best/jjt consumed/vbn between/in two/cd and/cc six/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, and/cc red/jj wines/nns ,/, nowadays/rb ,/, between/in three/cd and/cc ten/cd ./.
Red/jj wines/nns of/in good/jj years/nns tend/vb to/in mature/vb later/rbr and/cc to/to keep/vb longer/jjr ;/. ;/.
the/at average/jj claret/nn is/bez notably/ql longer-lived/jjr than/cs its/pp$ opposite/jj number/nn ,/, red/jj Burgundy/np ./.
Some/dti clarets/nns do/do not/* come/vb into/in their/pp$ own/jj until/cs they/ppss are/ber ten/cd or/cc fifteen/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ,/, or/cc even/ql more/ap ./.
If/cs a/at red/jj Bordeaux/np of/in a/at good/jj name/nn and/cc year/nn is/bez bitter/jj or/cc acid/jj ,/, or/cc cloying/vbg and/cc muddy-tasting/jj ,/, leave/vb it/ppo alone/rb for/in a/at while/nn ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at wines/nns of/in Beaujolais/np ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, should/md be/be drunk/jj while/cs very/ql young/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc Alsatians/nps may/md be/be ./.

Giffen/np replied/vbd punctually/rb and/cc enthusiastically/rb :/: ``/`` Rest/vb assured/vbd that/cs your/pp$ accompanying/vbg Letter/nn of/in Instructions/nns shall/md be/be in/in the/at Letter/nn and/cc Spirit/nn strictly/rb complied/vbn with/in and/cc most/ql particularly/rb in/in regard/nn to/in that/dt part/nn of/in them/ppo relative/jj to/in the/at completion/nn of/in your/pp$ noble/jj and/cc humane/jj views/nns ''/'' ./.


	Giffen/np lost/vbd no/at time/nn in/in visiting/vbg the/at plantation/nn ./.
The/at slaves/nns appeared/vbd to/to be/be in/in good/jj health/nn and/cc at/in work/nn under/in John/np Palfrey's/np$ overseer/nn ./.
An/at excellent/jj crop/nn was/bedz expected/vbn that/dt year/nn ./.
William/np ,/, who/wps lived/vbd in/in neighboring/vbg St./nn-tl Mary's/np$-tl parish/nn ,/, had/hvd taken/vbn charge/nn and/cc decided/vbn that/cs it/pps would/md be/be best/jjt for/in all/abn if/cs the/at plantation/nn were/bed operated/vbn for/in another/dt year/nn ./.
Giffen/np advised/vbd acceptance/nn of/in this/dt plan/nn ,/, citing/vbg the/at depressed/vbn market/nn for/in land/nn then/rb prevailing/vbg and/cc the/at large/jj stock/nn of/in provisions/nns at/in the/at plantation/nn ./.
If/cs sold/vbn then/rb ,/, the/at land/nn and/cc improvements/nns might/md bring/vb only/rb $5,000/nns ./.
Early/rb in/in January/np ,/, 1844/cd he/pps had/hvd a/at conference/nn with/in Henry/np and/cc William/np in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, and/cc upon/in learning/vbg of/in Gorham's/np$ intention/nn ,/, Henry/np remonstrated/vbd calmly/rb but/cc firmly/rb with/in his/pp$ brother/nn ./.
The/at emancipation/nn plan/nn would/md not/* only/rb be/be injurious/jj to/in all/abn the/at heirs/nns ,/, he/pps contended/vbd ,/, but/cc would/md be/be a/at form/nn of/in cruelty/nn perpetrated/vbn on/in the/at hapless/jj Negroes/nps ./.
They/ppss were/bed not/* capable/jj of/in supporting/vbg themselves/ppls off/in the/at plantation/nn ,/, and/cc Louisiana/np law/nn required/vbd their/pp$ removal/nn from/in the/at state/nn ./.
Gorham/np refused/vbd to/to accept/vb money/nn for/in slave/nn property/nn ,/, but/cc did/dod he/pps realize/vb how/wql much/ap expense/nn and/cc trouble/nn the/at transportation/nn of/in his/pp$ Negroes/nps to/in the/at North/nr-tl involved/vbd ?/. ?/.
The/at suggestion/nn that/cs Giffen/np hire/vb out/rp the/at slaves/nns was/bedz not/* realistic/jj ,/, since/cs no/at planter/nn would/md take/vb the/at risk/nn of/in having/hvg Negroes/nps who/wps knew/vbd they/ppss were/bed to/to be/be free/jj living/vbg with/in his/pp$ own/jj slaves/nns ./.
Henry/np hid/vbd his/pp$ annoyance/nn ,/, although/cs both/abx he/pps and/cc William/np were/bed furious/jj with/in their/pp$ Yankee/jj brother/nn ./.
William/np ,/, who/wps did/dod not/* write/vb to/in Gorham/np ,/, told/vbd Giffen/np that/cs unless/cs he/pps could/md operate/vb the/at plantation/nn as/cs usual/jj for/in a/at year/nn ,/, he/pps would/md sue/vb ``/`` amicably/rb ''/'' to/to protect/vb his/pp$ interests/nns ./.


	Palfrey/np was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs his/pp$ portion/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns be/be converted/vbn to/in wage/nn laborers/nns during/in the/at transition/nn period/nn before/in emancipation/nn ./.
If/cs William/np wished/vbd to/to continue/vb operations/nns for/in a/at year/nn ,/, why/wrb not/* simply/rb leave/vb the/at Negroes/nps undisturbed/jj and/cc pay/vb them/ppo ``/`` as/ql high/jj wages/nns to/to remain/vb there/rb as/cs are/ber ever/rb paid/vbn the/at labor/nn of/in persons/nns of/in their/pp$ sex/nn &/cc age/nn ./.
A/at disposition/nn to/to exert/vb themselves/ppls for/in my/pp$ benefit/nn would/md perhaps/rb be/be a/at motive/nn with/in some/dti of/in them/ppo to/to come/vb into/in the/at scheme/nn ./.
Their/pp$ having/hvg family/nn ties/nns on/in our/pp$ plantation/nn &/cc the/at adjoining/vbg one/cd would/md be/be a/at stronger/jjr inducement/nn ''/'' ./.
When/wrb he/pps heard/vbd of/in his/pp$ brothers'/nns$ anger/nn ,/, Palfrey/np was/bedz still/rb hopeful/jj that/cs they/ppss could/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to accept/vb his/pp$ notion/nn of/in paying/vbg wages/nns ./.
If/cs not/* ,/, he/pps was/bedz willing/jj to/to accede/vb to/in William's/np$ wishes/nns in/in any/dti way/nn that/wps did/dod not/* block/vb his/pp$ ultimate/jj aim/nn ./.
William/np was/bedz adamant/jj on/in one/cd point/nn :/: under/in no/at circumstances/nns would/md he/pps allow/vb the/at Negroes/nps to/to remain/vb on/in the/at plantation/nn with/in his/pp$ and/cc Henry's/np$ slaves/nns if/cs they/ppss were/bed told/vbn of/in their/pp$ coming/vbg freedom/nn ./.
Knowing/vbg the/at antipathy/nn that/wps existed/vbd in/in Louisiana/np against/in increasing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in free/jj Negroes/nps ,/, Giffen/np suggested/vbd that/cs Palfrey/np bring/vb them/ppo to/in Boston/np at/in once/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb send/vb them/ppo on/rp to/in Liberia/np ./.
Lacking/vbg specific/jj instructions/nns ,/, he/pps agreed/vbd to/in William's/np$ condition/nn ./.


	In/in March/np there/ex was/bedz a/at division/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns ,/, and/cc Giffen/np carried/vbd out/rp his/pp$ instructions/nns as/ql nearly/rb as/ql possible/jj ./.
Of/in the/at fifty-two/cd slaves/nns ,/, Giffen/np succeeded/vbd in/in getting/vbg a/at lot/nn of/in twenty/cd ,/, twelve/cd of/in whom/wpo were/bed females/nns ./.
``/`` I/ppss considered/vbd that/cs your/pp$ views/nns would/md be/be best/rbt carried/vbn out/rp ''/'' ,/, he/pps explained/vbd ,/, ``/`` by/in taking/vbg women/nns whose/wp$ progeny/nn will/md of/in course/nn be/be free/jj &/cc more/ql fully/rb extend/vb the/at philantrophy/nn of/in Emancipation/nn-tl ./.
I/ppss have/hv also/rb taken/vbn the/at old/jj servants/nns of/in your/pp$ father/nn as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in Conscience/nn &/cc Justice/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at ages/nns of/in the/at slaves/nns ranged/vbd from/in sixty-five/cd ,/, for/in an/at old/jj house/nn servant/nn ,/, to/in an/at unnamed/jj newborn/jj child/nn ./.
If/cs Palfrey/np ever/rb had/hvd any/dti doubts/nns about/in the/at wickedness/nn of/in slavery/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed put/vbn aside/rb after/cs he/pps received/vbd an/at inventory/nn of/in the/at slave/nn property/nn he/pps had/hvd inherited/vbn ./.
This/dt cold/nn reckoning/nn of/in human/jj worth/nn in/in a/at legal/jj paper/nn ,/, devoid/jj of/in compassion/nn or/cc humanity/nn ,/, was/bedz all/abn he/pps needed/vbd ./.
Each/dt human/jj being/beg ,/, known/vbn only/rb by/in a/at given/vbn name/nn ,/, had/hvd a/at cash/nn value/nn ./.
Old/jj Sam's/np$ sixty-five/cd years/nns had/hvd reduced/vbn his/pp$ value/nn to/in $150/nns ;/. ;/.
;/. ;/.
Rose/np ,/, a/at twelve-year-old/jj with/in child-bearing/jj potential/nn ,/, was/bedz worth/jj $400/nns ./.
In/in rejecting/vbg any/dti claim/nn to/in the/at value/nn of/in the/at slave/nn property/nn ,/, Palfrey/np was/bedz giving/vbg up/rp close/rb to/in $7,000/nns ./.


	Palfrey's/np$ brothers/nns each/dt received/vbd lots/nns of/in sixteen/cd Negroes/nps ,/, and/cc for/in bookkeeping/nn purposes/nns it/pps was/bedz agreed/vbn that/cs all/abn lots/nns were/bed to/to be/be valued/vbn at/in $6,666.66/nns ./.
Thus/rb twenty/cd ``/`` black/jj souls/nns ''/'' were/bed to/to remain/vb ignorant/jj of/in their/pp$ imminent/jj journey/nn to/in the/at land/nn of/in free/jj men/nns ./.
Giffen/np extracted/vbd one/cd concession/nn from/in William/np :/: the/at house/nn servants/nns could/md be/be free/jj at/in any/dti time/nn Gorham/np thought/vbd expedient/jj ./.


	Despite/in Giffen's/np$ warning/nn ,/, Palfrey/np still/rb had/hvd plans/nns for/in freeing/vbg his/pp$ slaves/nns in/in Louisiana/np ./.
Yet/cc even/rb if/cs he/pps could/md get/vb the/at necessary/jj approval/nn ,/, fourteen/cd of/in his/pp$ Negroes/nps could/md not/* be/be manumitted/vbn without/in special/jj permission/nn ./.
According/in to/in state/nn law/nn a/at slave/nn had/hvd to/to be/be at/in least/ap thirty/cd years/nns old/jj before/cs he/pps could/md be/be freed/vbn ./.
Palfrey/np petitioned/vbd the/at state/nn legislature/nn to/to waive/vb the/at requirement/nn ./.
Otherwise/rb ,/, freedom/nn would/md mean/vb removal/nn from/in the/at state/nn in/in which/wdt ``/`` as/cs the/at place/nn of/in their/pp$ past/ap residence/nn from/in birth/nn ,/, or/cc for/in many/ap years/nns ,/, it/pps would/md be/be materially/rb for/in their/pp$ advantage/nn to/to be/be at/in liberty/nn to/to remain/vb ''/'' ./.
On/in March/np 11/cd the/at Louisiana/np legislature/nn voted/vbd unanimously/rb to/to table/vb the/at petition/nn ./.
News/nn of/in the/at legislative/jj veto/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl papers/nns ,/, and/cc Henry/np and/cc William/np became/vbd incensed/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd not/* been/ben told/vbn of/in the/at attempt/nn in/in advance/nn ./.
Henry/np stormed/vbd into/in Giffen's/np$ office/nn waving/vbg a/at copy/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl Courier/nn-tl ,/, shouting/vbg that/cs the/at emancipation/nn scheme/nn had/hvd become/vbn a/at public/jj affair/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps would/md reach/vb the/at ``/`` Ears/nns of/in the/at People/nns on/in the/at Plantation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc make/vb them/ppo restless/jj &/cc unhappy/jj ''/'' ./.


	His/pp$ brothers'/nns$ anger/nn caused/vbd Palfrey/np genuine/jj concern/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps had/hvd imposed/vbn a/at dual/jj mission/nn upon/in himself/ppl :/: to/to free/vb his/pp$ slaves/nns ,/, and/cc to/to keep/vb the/at family/nn from/in falling/vbg apart/rb over/in the/at issue/nn ./.
When/wrb Giffen/np decided/vbd to/to charge/vb him/ppo interest/nn on/in the/at loan/nn from/in John/np Palfrey/np ,/, Gorham/np readily/rb assented/vbd ,/, vowing/vbg that/cs in/in a/at matter/nn of/in dollars/nns and/cc cents/nns ,/, his/pp$ brothers/nns would/md never/rb have/hv any/dti cause/nn to/to complain/vb of/in him/ppo ./.


	In/in view/nn of/in these/dts difficulties/nns ,/, Palfrey/np decided/vbd to/to go/vb to/in Louisiana/np ./.
Giffen/np had/hvd already/rb urged/vbn him/ppo to/to journey/vb south/nr ,/, if/cs only/rb for/in a/at few/ap days/nns to/to clear/vb up/rp matters/nns ./.
His/pp$ duties/nns as/cs Massachusetts/np-tl Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl obliged/vbd him/ppo to/to wait/vb until/in the/at adjournment/nn of/in the/at legislature/nn in/in mid-April/np ./.
Palfrey/np told/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn of/in his/pp$ intentions/nns for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, and/cc left/vbd for/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl apprehensively/rb invoking/vbg a/at special/jj blessing/nn of/in Providence/np that/cs he/pps might/md be/be allowed/vbn to/to see/vb his/pp$ family/nn again/rb ./.


	During/in his/pp$ journey/nn Palfrey/np stopped/vbd off/rp to/to see/vb two/cd abolitionists/nns ./.
In/in both/abx cases/nns he/pps desired/vbd information/nn about/in placing/vbg the/at freedmen/nns in/in homes/nns once/cs they/ppss arrived/vbd in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Lydia/np Maria/np Child/np welcomed/vbd him/ppo enthusiastically/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv lately/rb heard/vbn of/in you/ppo from/in the/at Legislature/nn-tl of/in-tl Louisiana/np-tl ,/, and/cc felt/vbd joy/nn at/in your/pp$ public/jj recognition/nn of/in the/at brotherhood/nn of/in man/nn ''/'' ./.
Mrs./np Child/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb apologized/vbn for/cs sending/vbg editor/nn Palfrey/np a/at book/nn on/in slavery/nn ,/, now/rb confided/vbd that/cs she/pps had/hvd helped/vbn one/cd of/in Henry/np Palfrey's/np$ slaves/nns escape/vb to/in Canada/np some/dti years/nns before/rb ,/, but/cc asked/vbd him/ppo not/* to/to advertise/vb the/at fact/nn in/in Louisiana/np ./.
She/pps agreed/vbd to/to take/vb charge/nn of/in five/cd or/cc six/cd of/in the/at Negroes/nps should/md Palfrey/np decide/vb to/to send/vb them/ppo north/nr immediately/rb ./.
At/in Lexington/np ,/, Kentucky/np ,/, Palfrey/np consulted/vbd with/in Cassius/np M./np Clay/np on/in the/at same/ap subject/nn ,/, but/cc with/in no/rb apparent/jj result/nn ./.


	Despite/in his/pp$ apprehensions/nns about/in his/pp$ personal/jj safety/nn ,/, Palfrey's/np$ reception/nn in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl was/bedz more/ap than/cs cordial/jj ./.
Instead/rb of/in the/at expected/vbn ``/`` annoyances/nns ''/'' due/jj to/in the/at nature/nn of/in his/pp$ mission/nn ,/, he/pps received/vbd many/ap calling/vbg cards/nns and/cc invitations/nns from/in ``/`` gentlemen/nns of/in mark/nn ,/, on/in whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd no/at sort/nn of/in claim/nn ,/, &/cc have/hv had/hvn many/ql more/ap invitations/nns than/cs I/ppss could/md accept/vb ''/'' ./.
He/pps later/rbr told/vbd abolitionist/nn Edmund/np Quincy/np of/in the/at ``/`` marked/vbn attention/nn and/cc civility/nn ''/'' with/in which/wdt the/at New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl gentlemen/nns and/cc the/at upriver/jj planters/nns greeted/vbd him/ppo ./.
The/at memory/nn of/in this/dt southern/jj hospitality/nn did/dod not/* survive/vb the/at trials/nns of/in coming/vbg antislavery/jj years/nns and/cc Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.
Palfrey's/np$ autobiography/nn contains/vbz a/at melodramatic/jj account/nn of/in two/cd perilous/jj days/nns spent/vbn among/in the/at planters/nns of/in Attakapas/np ,/, ``/`` many/ap of/in whom/wpo were/bed coarse/jj &/cc passionate/jj people/nns ,/, much/ql excited/vbn by/in what/wdt they/ppss heard/vbd of/in my/pp$ plans/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps proceeded/vbd with/in his/pp$ task/nn bravely/rb --/-- in/in his/pp$ memoirs/nns ,/, at/in least/ap --/-- before/cs the/at ``/`` passions/nns of/in my/pp$ neighbors/nns should/md have/hv time/nn to/to boil/vb too/ql high/rb ''/'' ./.


	Palfrey/np had/hvd already/rb made/vbn up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn that/cs he/pps would/md allow/vb the/at men/nns ,/, but/cc not/* the/at women/nns ,/, to/to choose/vb freely/rb whether/cs or/cc not/* to/to go/vb North/nr-tl for/in freedom/nn ./.
The/at women/nns by/in remaining/vbg behind/rb condemned/vbd their/pp$ children/nns ,/, born/jj and/cc unborn/jj ,/, to/in bondage/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd a/at short/jj private/jj talk/nn with/in each/dt adult/nn slave/nn ./.
Only/rb one/cd objected/vbd ,/, but/cc Palfrey/np soon/rb convinced/vbd him/ppo that/cs he/pps ought/md to/to go/vb with/in the/at others/nns ./.
All/ql the/at slaves/nns joined/vbd in/in requesting/vbg that/cs they/ppss be/be allowed/vbn to/to delay/vb their/pp$ departure/nn until/cs the/at end/nn of/in the/at planting/vbg season/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs they/ppss could/md get/vb in/rp ``/`` their/pp$ own/jj little/jj produce/nn ''/'' ./.
Palfrey/np agreed/vbd ;/. ;/.
the/at slaves/nns were/bed to/to remain/vb as/cs wage/nn laborers/nns for/in his/pp$ account/nn ./.
William's/np$ threat/nn that/cs under/in no/at conditions/nns would/md he/pps allow/vb ``/`` freedom-conscious/jj ''/'' slaves/nns to/to mix/vb with/in his/pp$ own/jj was/bedz not/* carried/vbn out/rp ,/, for/cs the/at plantation/nn continued/vbd in/in operation/nn as/cs before/rb ./.
Palfrey/np returned/vbd to/in Massachusetts/np greatly/rb relieved/vbn to/to have/hv made/vbn an/at arrangement/nn ``/`` so/ql satisfactory/jj to/in my/pp$ judgment/nn &/cc my/pp$ conscience/nn ''/'' ./.


	From/in Cambridge/np ,/, Palfrey/np maintained/vbd a/at close/jj interest/nn in/in the/at welfare/nn of/in his/pp$ slaves/nns ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, as/cs the/at time/nn for/in their/pp$ departure/nn approached/vbd ,/, his/pp$ solicitousness/nn increased/vbd ./.
Should/md any/dti slave/nn change/vb his/pp$ mind/nn and/cc request/vb to/to leave/vb earlier/rbr ,/, Giffen/np was/bedz to/to provide/vb passage/nn at/in once/rb ./.
When/wrb a/at sailing/vbg date/nn of/in March/np ,/, 1845/cd was/bedz finally/rb established/vbn ,/, Palfrey/np made/vbd sure/jj that/cs the/at Negroes/nps would/md have/hv comfortable/jj quarters/nns in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl and/cc aboard/in ship/nn ./.
Giffen/np assured/vbd him/ppo that/cs the/at captain/nn and/cc his/pp$ mate/nn had/hvd personally/rb promised/vbn to/to treat/vb the/at Negroes/nps with/in consideration/nn ./.
Palfrey/np was/bedz also/rb concerned/vbn about/in the/at question/nn of/in what/wdt wage/nn to/to pay/vb for/in their/pp$ labor/nn throughout/in 1844/cd ./.
The/at plantation/nn was/bedz sold/vbn in/in January/np ,/, 1845/cd ,/, and/cc Palfrey/np thought/vbd the/at new/jj owner/nn ought/md to/to pay/vb his/pp$ people/nns two/cd months'/nns$ wages/nns ./.
Giffen/np suggested/vbd fifty/cd dollars/nns as/cs fair/jj compensation/nn for/in a/at year's/nn$ work/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at new/jj owner/nn at/in Attakapas/np declined/vbd to/to enter/vb into/in any/dti philanthropic/jj arrangement/nn ./.


	On/in March/np 21/cd ,/, 1845/cd the/at bark/nn Bashaw/np weighed/vbd anchor/nn at/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, while/cs on/in the/at levee/nn Henry/np and/cc William/np Palfrey/np waved/vbd farewell/nn to/in their/pp$ father's/nn$ former/ap chattels/nns who/wps must/md have/hv looked/vbn back/rb at/in the/at receding/vbg shore/nn with/in mingled/vbn regret/nn and/cc jubilation/nn ./.


	Not/* all/abn of/in Palfrey's/np$ slaves/nns were/bed aboard/rb the/at Bashaw/np ./.
Giffen/np had/hvd advised/vbn that/cs it/pps would/md not/* be/be too/ql difficult/jj to/to obtain/vb freedom/nn locally/rb for/in the/at old/jj house/nn servants/nns ./.
Two/cd of/in these/dts were/bed included/vbn in/in Palfrey's/np$ lot/nn ./.
Giffen/np filed/vbd a/at petition/nn for/in permission/nn to/to emancipate/vb four/cd slaves/nns (/( all/abn more/ap than/in fifty/cd years/nns old/jj )/) with/in the/at St./nn-tl Martin's/np$-tl Parish/nn-tl Police/nns-tl Jury/nn-tl ./.
After/in an/at initial/jj rejection/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps attributed/vbd to/in a/at ``/`` general/jj Excitement/nn against/in Abolition/nn and/cc Emancipation/nn ''/'' ,/, Giffen/np bribed/vbd the/at right/jj individuals/nns on/in the/at jury/nn ,/, and/cc got/vbd the/at permission/nn without/in further/jjr delay/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at Negroes/nps landed/vbd at/in Boston/np a/at month/nn later/rbr they/ppss were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/ql longer/rbr slaves/nns ./.
Slavery/nn was/bedz prohibited/vbn in/in Massachusetts/np by/in the/at terms/nns of/in the/at constitution/nn of/in 1780/cd ,/, which/wdt declared/vbd ``/`` all/abn men/nns are/ber born/vbn free/jj and/cc equal/jj ''/'' ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, Palfrey/np arranged/vbd a/at religious/jj ceremony/nn at/in King's/nn$-tl Chapel/nn-tl to/to formalize/vb the/at emancipation/nn ./.
An/at eyewitness/nn recalled/vbd how/wql awkward/jj the/at red-turbaned/jj colored/vbn women/nns appeared/vbd as/cs they/ppss curtseyed/vbd in/in the/at church/nn doorway/nn ,/, and/cc the/at diffidence/nn the/at former/ap slaves/nns displayed/vbd while/cs they/ppss listened/vbd to/in the/at few/ap words/nns that/wps declared/vbd them/ppo free/jj ./.


	Once/cs the/at question/nn of/in emancipation/nn was/bedz settled/vbn to/in Palfrey's/np$ satisfaction/nn ,/, he/pps faced/vbd a/at real/jj problem/nn in/in placing/vbg the/at freedmen/nns in/in suitable/jj homes/nns as/cs servants/nns ./.
Palfrey/np tried/vbd fruitlessly/rb to/to place/vb a/at Negro/np boy/nn in/in the/at Hopedale/np-tl Community/nn-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd better/jjr luck/nn in/in his/pp$ other/ap attempts/nns ./.
Mrs./np Child/np ,/, true/jj to/in her/pp$ word/nn ,/, helped/vbd place/vb Anna/np and/cc her/pp$ four/cd children/nns with/in a/at Quaker/np family/nn named/vbn Hathaway/np near/in Canandaigua/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
This/dt group/nn had/hvd been/ben Palfrey's/np$ greatest/jjt worry/nn since/cs Anna/np was/bedz in/in bad/jj health/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ children/nns were/bed too/ql young/jj to/to work/vb for/in their/pp$ keep/nn ./.



	But/cc certainly/rb the/at New/jj-tl Frontier/nn-tl has/hvz brought/vbn to/in Washington/np a/at group/nn more/ql varied/vbn in/in background/nn and/cc interest/nn ./.
Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl Dean/np Rusk/np ,/, a/at former/ap Rhodes/np-tl Scholar/nn-tl and/cc Mills/np-tl College/nn-tl dean/nn ,/, has/hvz headed/vbn the/at Rockefeller/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl and/cc in/in that/dt role/nn expended/vbd large/jj sums/nns for/in international/jj cultural/jj exchange/nn ./.
One/cd of/in his/pp$ initial/jj acts/nns in/in office/nn was/bedz to/to appoint/vb Philip/np Coombs/np of/in the/at Ford/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl as/cs the/at first/od Assistant/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl for/in-tl Educational/jj-tl and/cc-tl Cultural/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./.
(/( ``/`` In/in the/at late/jj forties/nns and/cc fifties/nns ''/'' ,/, Coombs/np has/hvz declared/vbn in/in defining/vbg his/pp$ role/nn ,/, ``/`` two/cd strong/jj new/jj arms/nns were/bed added/vbn to/to reinforce/vb United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl foreign/jj policy/nn economic/jj assistance/nn and/cc military/jj assistance/nn ./.
As/cs we/ppss embark/vb upon/in the/at sixties/nns we/ppss have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to build/vb a/at third/od strong/jj arm/nn ,/, aimed/vbn at/in the/at development/nn of/in people/nns ,/, at/in the/at fuller/jjr realization/nn of/in their/pp$ creative/jj human/jj potential/nn ,/, and/cc a/at better/jjr understanding/nn among/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.
)/) 

	Many/ap of/in the/at new/jj appointees/nns are/ber art/nn collectors/nns ./.
Ambassador-at-Large/nn-tl Averell/np Harriman/np has/hvz returned/vbn to/in the/at capital/nn with/in a/at collection/nn of/in paintings/nns that/wps include/vb Renoir/np ,/, Cezanne/np ,/, Gauguin/np ,/, Van/np Gogh/np ,/, Toulouse-Lautrec/np ,/, Degas/np ,/, Matisse/np ,/, Picasso/np ,/, and/cc Walt/np Kuhn/np ./.
The/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, R./np Sargent/np Shriver/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, a/at Kennedy/np brother-in-law/nn ,/, collects/vbz heavily/rb among/in the/at moderns/nns ,/, including/in Kenzo/np Okada/np and/cc Josef/np Albers/np ./.
Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl Douglas/np Dillon/np owns/vbz a/at prize/nn Monet/np ,/, Femmes/fw-nns-tl dans/fw-in-tl un/fw-at-tl Jardin/fw-nn-tl ./.


	Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl Robert/np McNamara/np ,/, former/ap President/nn-tl of/in the/at Ford/np-tl Motor/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, comes/vbz from/in a/at generation/nn different/jj from/in that/dt of/in Eisenhower's/np$ own/jj first/od Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, Charles/np Wilson/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben head/nn of/in General/jj-tl Motors/nns-tl ./.
Unlike/in Wilson/np ,/, who/wps at/in times/nns seemed/vbd almost/ql anti-intellectual/jj in/in his/pp$ earthy/jj pragmatism/nn ./.
McNamara/np is/bez the/at scholar-businessman/nn ./.
An/at inveterate/jj reader/nn of/in books/nns ,/, he/pps chose/vbd while/cs working/vbg in/in Detroit/np to/to live/vb in/in the/at University/nn-tl community/nn of/in Ann/np Arbor/np ,/, almost/rb forty/cd miles/nns away/rb ./.
He/pps selected/vbd as/cs Comptroller/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, not/* a/at veteran/jj accountant/nn ,/, but/cc a/at former/ap Rhodes/np-tl Scholar/nn-tl ,/, Charles/np Hitch/np ,/, who/wps is/bez author/nn of/in a/at study/nn on/in The/at Economics/nn-tl Of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Nuclear/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at President's/nn$-tl special/jj assistants/nns ,/, the/at Harvard/np dean/nn McGeorge/np Bundy/np ,/, was/bedz co-author/nn with/in Henry/np L./np Stimson/np of/in the/at latter's/nn$ classic/jj memoir/nn ,/, On/in-tl Active/jj-tl Service/nn-tl ./.
Another/dt ,/, Arthur/np M./np Schlesinger/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, has/hvz won/vbn a/at Pulitzer/np-tl Prize/nn-tl in/in history/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, Marion/np ,/, is/bez a/at portrait/nn painter/nn ./.
The/at Press/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl ,/, Pierre/np Salinger/np ,/, was/bedz a/at child/nn prodigy/nn as/cs a/at pianist/nn ./.
(/( ``/`` It/pps is/bez always/rb of/in sorrow/nn to/in me/ppo when/wrb I/ppss find/vb people/nns who/wps neither/cc know/vb nor/cc understand/vb music/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps declared/vbd not/* long/rb ago/rb in/in proposing/vbg that/cs White/jj-tl House/nn-tl prizes/nns be/be awarded/vbn for/in music/nn and/cc art/nn ./.
)/) Mrs./np Arthur/np Goldberg/np ,/, wife/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl ,/, paints/vbz professionally/rb and/cc helps/vbz sponsor/vb the/at Associated/vbn-tl Artists'/nns$-tl Gallery/nn-tl in/in the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ./.
(/( ``/`` Artists/nns are/ber always/rb at/in a/at new/jj frontier/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps claims/vbz ./.
``/`` In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at search/nn is/bez almost/ql more/ql important/jj than/cs the/at find/nn ''/'' ./.
)/) Mrs./np Henry/np Labouisse/np ,/, wife/nn of/in the/at new/jj director/nn of/in the/at foreign/jj aid/nn program/nn ,/, is/bez the/at writer/nn and/cc lecturer/nn Eve/np Curie/np ./.


	The/at list/nn goes/vbz on/rp ./.
At/in last/ap count/nn ,/, sixteen/cd former/ap Rhodes/np-tl Scholars/nns-tl (/( see/vb box/nn on/in page/nn 13/cd )/) had/hvd been/ben appointed/vbn to/in the/at Administration/nn-tl ,/, second/od in/in number/nn only/rb to/in its/pp$ Harvard/np graduates/nns ./.
Besides/in Schlesinger/np ,/, the/at Justice/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl Information/nn-tl Director/nn-tl ,/, Edwin/np Guthman/np ,/, has/hvz won/vbn a/at Pulitzer/np-tl Prize/nn-tl (/( for/in national/jj reporting/nn )/) ./.
Postmaster/nn-tl General/jj-tl J./np Edward/np Day/np ,/, who/wps must/md deal/vb with/in matters/nns of/in postal/jj censorship/nn ,/, is/bez himself/ppl author/nn of/in a/at novel/nn ,/, Bartholf/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, albeit/cs one/cd he/pps was/bedz obliged/vbn to/to publish/vb at/in his/pp$ own/jj expense/nn ./.


	Two/cd men/nns show/vb promise/nn of/in playing/vbg prominent/jj roles/nns :/: 

	William/np Walton/np ,/, a/at writer-turned-painter/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben a/at long-time/nn friend/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss arrived/vbd in/in Washington/np about/rb the/at same/ap time/nn during/in the/at early/rb postwar/jj years/nns :/: Kennedy/np as/cs the/at young/jj Congressman/nn-tl from/in Massachusetts/np ;/. ;/.
Walton/np ,/, after/in a/at wartime/nn stint/nn with/in Time-Life/np ,/, to/to become/vb bureau/nn chief/nn for/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl Republic/nn-tl ./.
Both/abx lived/vbd in/in Georgetown/np ,/, were/bed unattached/jj ,/, and/cc shared/vbd an/at active/jj social/jj life/nn ./.
Walton/np ,/, who/wps soon/rb made/vbd a/at break/nn from/in journalism/nn to/to become/vb one/cd of/in the/at capital's/nn$ leading/vbg semi-abstract/jj painters/nns ,/, vows/vbz that/cs he/pps and/cc Kennedy/np never/ql once/rb discussed/vbd art/nn in/in those/dts days/nns ./.
Nonetheless/rb ,/, they/ppss found/vbd common/jj interests/nns ./.
During/in last/ap year's/nn$ campaign/nn ,/, Kennedy/np asked/vbd Walton/np ,/, an/at utter/jj novice/nn in/in organization/nn politics/nn ,/, to/to assist/vb him/ppo ./.
Walton/np dropped/vbd everything/pn to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at district/nn co-ordinator/nn in/in the/at hard-fought/jj Wisconsin/np primary/nn and/cc proved/vbd so/ql useful/jj that/cs he/pps was/bedz promoted/vbn to/to be/be liaison/nn officer/nn to/in critically/ql important/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.


	Walton/np ,/, who/wps served/vbd as/cs a/at correspondent/nn with/in General/nn-tl James/np Gavin's/np$ paratroopers/nns during/in the/at invasion/nn of/in France/np ,/, combines/vbz the/at soul/nn of/in an/at artist/nn with/in the/at lingo/nn of/in a/at tough/jj guy/nn ./.
He/pps provoked/vbd outraged/jj editorials/nns when/wrb ,/, after/in a/at post-Inaugural/jj inspection/nn of/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl with/in Mrs./np Kennedy/np ,/, he/pps remarked/vbd to/in reporters/nns ,/, ``/`` We/ppss just/rb cased/vbd the/at joint/nn to/to see/vb what/wdt was/bedz there/rb ''/'' ./.
But/cc his/pp$ credentials/nns are/ber impeccable/jj ./.
Already/rb the/at President/nn-tl and/cc the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl have/hv deputized/vbn him/ppo to/to advise/vb on/in matters/nns ranging/vbg from/in the/at furnishing/nn of/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl to/in the/at renovation/nn of/in Lafayette/np-tl Square/nn-tl ./.
A/at man/nn of/in great/jj talent/nn ,/, he/pps will/md continue/vb to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at sort/nn of/in Presidential/jj-tl trouble-shooter/nn ,/, strictly/rb ex/fw-in officio/fw-nn ,/, for/in culture/nn ./.


	A/at more/ql official/jj representative/nn is/bez the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ./.
Udall/np ,/, who/wps comes/vbz from/in one/cd of/in the/at Mormon/np first-families/nns of/in Arizona/np ,/, is/bez a/at bluff/jj ,/, plain-spoken/jj man/nn with/in a/at lust/nn for/in politics/nn and/cc a/at habit/nn of/in landing/vbg right/ql in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at fight/nn ./.
But/cc even/rb while/cs sparring/vbg furiously/rb with/in Republican/np politicians/nns ,/, he/pps displays/vbz a/at deep/jj and/cc awesome/jj veneration/nn for/in anyone/pn with/in cultural/jj attainments/nns ./.
His/pp$ private/jj dining/vbg room/nn has/hvz become/vbn a/at way/nn station/nn for/in visiting/vbg intellectuals/nns such/jj as/cs C./np P./np Snow/np ,/, Arnold/np Toynbee/np ,/, and/cc Aaron/np Copland/np ./.


	Udall/np argues/vbz that/cs Interior/nn-tl affairs/nns should/md cover/vb a/at great/jj deal/nn more/ap than/cs dams/nns and/cc wildlife/nn preserves/nns ./.
After/in promoting/vbg Frost's/np$ appearance/nn at/in the/at Inauguration/nn-tl ,/, he/pps persuaded/vbd the/at poet/nn to/to return/vb several/ap months/nns later/rbr to/to give/vb a/at reading/nn to/in a/at select/jj audience/nn of/in Cabinet/nn-tl members/nns ,/, members/nns of/in Congress/np ,/, and/cc other/ap Washington/np notables/nns gathered/vbd in/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl auditorium/nn ./.
The/at event/nn was/bedz so/ql successful/jj that/cs the/at Interior/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl plans/vbz to/to serve/vb as/cs impresario/nn for/in similar/jj ones/nns from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ,/, hoping/vbg thereby/rb to/to add/vb to/in the/at cultural/jj enrichment/nn of/in the/at Administration/nn-tl ./.


	His/pp$ Ideas/nns in/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, sometimes/rb arouse/vb critical/jj response/nn ./.
One/cd tempest/nn was/bedz stirred/vbn up/rp last/ap March/np when/wrb Udall/np announced/vbd that/cs an/at eight-and-a-half-foot/jj bronze/nn statue/nn of/in William/np Jennings/np Bryan/np ,/, sculpted/vbn by/in the/at late/jj Gutzon/np Borglum/np ,/, would/md be/be sent/vbn ``/`` on/in indefinite/jj loan/nn ''/'' to/in Salem/np ,/, Illinois/np ,/, Bryan's/np$ birthplace/nn ./.
Spokesmen/nns for/in the/at nation's/nn$ tradition-minded/jj sculptors/nns promptly/rb claimed/vbd that/cs Udall/np was/bedz exiling/vbg the/at statue/nn because/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj hostility/nn to/in this/dt art/nn form/nn ./.
They/ppss dug/vbd up/rp a/at speech/nn he/pps had/hvd made/vbn two/cd years/nns earlier/rbr as/cs a/at Congressman/nn-tl ,/, decrying/vbg the/at more/ap than/in two/cd hundred/cd statues/nns ,/, monuments/nns ,/, and/cc memorials/nns which/wdt ``/`` dot/vb the/at Washington/np landscape/nn as/cs patriotic/jj societies/nns and/cc zealous/jj friends/nns are/ber constantly/rb hatching/vbg new/jj plans/nns ''/'' ./.
Hoping/vbg to/to cut/vb down/rp on/in such/jj works/nns ,/, Udall/np had/hvd proposed/vbn that/cs a/at politician/nn be/be at/in least/ap fifty/cd years/nns departed/vbn before/cs he/pps is/bez memorialized/vbn ./.


	He/pps is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to win/vb this/dt battle/nn easily/rb ./.
In/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at Borglum/np statue/nn an/at Interior/nn-tl aide/nn was/bedz obliged/vbn to/to announce/vb that/cs there/ex had/hvd been/ben a/at misunderstanding/nn and/cc that/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl had/hvd no/at desire/nn to/to ``/`` hustle/vb ''/'' it/ppo out/in of/in Washington/np ./.
The/at last/ap Congress/np adopted/vbd seven/cd bills/nns for/in memorials/nns ,/, including/in one/cd to/in Taras/np Shevchenko/np ,/, the/at Ukrainian/jj poet/nn laureate/jj ;/. ;/.
eleven/cd others/nns were/bed introduced/vbn ./.
Active/jj warfare/nn is/bez raging/vbg between/in the/at forces/nns pressing/vbg for/in a/at monument/nn to/in the/at first/od Roosevelt/np on/in Theodore/np-tl Roosevelt/np-tl Island/nn-tl in/in the/at Potomac/np ,/, and/cc TR.'s/np$ own/jj living/vbg children/nns ,/, who/wps wish/vb to/to preserve/vb the/at island/nn as/cs a/at wildlife/nn sanctuary/nn ./.
The/at hotly/ql debated/vbn plan/nn for/in the/at capital's/nn$ Franklin/np D./np Roosevelt/np Memorial/nn-tl ,/, a/at circle/nn of/in huge/jj tablets/nns engraved/vbn with/in his/pp$ speeches/nns (/( and/cc promptly/rb dubbed/vbd by/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ critics/nns ,/, ``/`` Instant/jj-tl Stonehenge/np-tl ''/'' )/) ,/, is/bez another/dt of/in Udall's/np$ headaches/nns ,/, since/cs as/cs supervisor/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Parks/nns-tl Commission/nn-tl he/pps will/md share/vb in/in the/at responsibility/nn for/in building/vbg it/ppo ./.


	``/`` Washington/np ''/'' ,/, President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz been/ben heard/vbn to/to remark/vb ironically/rb ,/, ``/`` is/bez a/at city/nn of/in southern/jj efficiency/nn and/cc northern/jj charm/nn ''/'' ./.
There/ex have/hv been/ben indications/nns that/cs he/pps hopes/vbz to/to redress/vb that/dt situation/nn ,/, commencing/vbg with/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
One/cd of/in Mrs./np Kennedy's/np$ initial/jj concerns/nns as/cs First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl was/bedz the/at sad/jj state/nn of/in the/at furnishings/nns in/in a/at building/nn which/wdt is/bez supposed/vbn to/to be/be a/at national/jj shrine/nn ./.
Ever/ql since/rb the/at fire/nn of/in 1812/cd destroyed/vbd the/at beautiful/jj furniture/nn assembled/vbn by/in President/nn-tl Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl has/hvz collected/vbn a/at hodgepodge/nn of/in period/nn pieces/nns ,/, few/ap of/in them/ppo authentic/jj or/cc aesthetic/jj ./.


	Mrs./np Kennedy/np shows/vbz a/at determination/nn to/to change/vb all/abn this/dt ./.
Not/* long/rb after/in moving/vbg in/rp she/pps turned/vbd up/rp a/at richly/ql carved/vbn desk/nn ,/, hewed/vbn from/in the/at timbers/nns of/in the/at British/jj ship/nn H.M.S./np Resolute/np and/cc presented/vbn to/in President/nn-tl Hayes/np by/in Queen/nn-tl Victoria/np ./.
It/pps now/rb serves/vbz the/at President/nn-tl in/in his/pp$ oval/jj office/nn ./.
Later/rbr ,/, browsing/vbg in/in an/at old/jj issue/nn of/in the/at Gazette/fw-nn-tl Des/fw-in+at-t Beaux-Arts/fw-nns-tl ,/, she/pps found/vbd a/at description/nn of/in a/at handsome/jj gilt/jj pier-table/nn purchased/vbn in/in 1817/cd by/in President/nn-tl James/np Monroe/np ./.
She/pps traced/vbd it/ppo to/in a/at storage/nn room/nn ./.
With/in its/pp$ coating/nn of/in gold/nn radiator/nn paint/nn removed/vbn --/-- a/at gaucherie/nn of/in some/dti earlier/jjr tenant/nn --/-- it/pps will/md now/rb occupy/vb its/pp$ rightful/jj place/nn in/in the/at oval/jj Blue/jj-tl Room/nn-tl on/in the/at first/od floor/nn of/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.


	But/cc it/pps soon/rb became/vbd clear/jj that/cs the/at search/nn for/in eighteenth-century/jj furniture/nn (/( which/wdt Mrs./np Kennedy/np feels/vbz is/bez the/at proper/jj period/nn for/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl )/) must/md be/be pursued/vbn in/in places/nns other/ap than/cs government/nn storage/nn rooms/nns ./.
The/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl appointed/vbd a/at Fine/jj-tl Arts/nns-tl Advisory/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, to/to locate/vb authentic/jj pieces/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/to arrange/vb ways/nns to/to acquire/vb them/ppo ./.
Her/pp$ effort/nn to/to put/vb the/at home/nn of/in living/vbg Presidents/nns-tl on/in the/at same/ap basis/nn as/cs Mount/nn-tl Vernon/np-tl and/cc Monticello/np recognizes/vbz no/at party/nn lines/nns ./.
By/in rough/jj estimate/nn her/pp$ Committee/nn-tl ,/, headed/vbn by/in Henry/np Francis/np Du/np Pont/np ,/, contains/vbz three/cd times/nns as/ql many/ap Republicans/nps as/cs Democrats/nps ./.


	The/at press/nn releases/nns emanating/vbg from/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl give/vb a/at clue/nn to/in the/at activity/nn within/rb ./.
A/at curator/nn has/hvz been/ben appointed/vbn ./.
A/at valuable/jj pencil-and-sepia/nn allegorical/jj drawing/nn of/in Benjamin/np Franklin/np by/in Jean-Honore/np Fragonard/np has/hvz been/ben donated/vbn by/in the/at art/nn dealer/nn Georges/np Wildenstein/np and/cc now/rb hangs/vbz in/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Room/nn-tl ./.
The/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl is/bez redecorating/vbg the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl library/nn ./.
Secretary/nn and/cc Mrs./np Dillon/np have/hv contributed/vbn enough/ap pieces/nns of/in Empire/nn-tl furniture/nn ,/, including/in Dolley/np Madison's/np$ own/jj sofa/nn ,/, to/to furnish/vb a/at room/nn in/in that/dt style/nn ./.
And/cc part/nn of/in a/at fabulous/jj collection/nn of/in vermeil/fw-jj hollowware/nn ,/, bequeathed/vbn to/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl by/in the/at late/jj Mrs./np Margaret/np Thompson/np Biddle/np ,/, has/hvz been/ben taken/vbn out/in of/in its/pp$ locked/vbn cases/nns and/cc put/vbn on/in display/nn in/in the/at State/nn-tl dining/vbg room/nn ./.


	Woman's/nn$ place/nn is/bez in/in the/at home/nn :/: man/nn must/md attend/vb to/in matters/nns of/in the/at yard/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at vexatious/jj problems/nns to/to first/rb confront/vb President/nn-tl Kennedy/np was/bedz the/at property/nn lying/vbg just/ql across/in Pennsylvania/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl from/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
Congress/np had/hvd already/rb appropriated/vbn money/nn ,/, and/cc plans/nns were/bed well/ql along/rb to/to tear/vb down/rp the/at buildings/nns flanking/vbg Lafayette/np-tl Square/nn-tl and/cc replace/vb them/ppo with/in what/wdt one/cd critic/nn calls/vbz the/at ``/`` marble/nn monumentality/nn ''/'' of/in government/nn office/nn buildings/nns ./.
While/cs a/at Senator/nn-tl ,/, Kennedy/np had/hvd unsuccessfully/rb pushed/vbn a/at bill/nn to/to preserve/vb the/at Belasco/np-tl Theater/nn-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at Dolley/np Madison/np and/cc the/at Benjamin/np Taylor/np houses/nns ,/, all/abn scheduled/vbn for/in razing/vbg ./.


	What/wdt to/to do/do about/in it/ppo now/rb that/cs he/pps was/bedz President/nn-tl ?/. ?/.
Only/rb a/at few/ap days/nns after/in moving/vbg into/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
Kennedy/np made/vbd a/at midnight/nn inspection/nn of/in the/at Square/nn-tl ./.
Then/rb he/pps called/vbd in/rp his/pp$ friend/nn Walton/np and/cc turned/vbd over/rp the/at problem/nn to/in him/ppo ,/, with/in instructions/nns to/to work/vb out/rp what/wdt was/bedz best/jjt --/-- provided/vbn it/pps didn't/dod* pile/vb unnecessary/jj burdens/nns on/in the/at President/nn-tl ./.


	The/at situation/nn involved/vbd some/dti political/jj perils/nns ./.
One/cd of/in the/at offices/nns slated/vbn for/in reconstruction/nn is/bez the/at aged/vbn Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Claims/nns-tl ,/, diagonally/rb across/in the/at street/nn from/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
Logically/rb ,/, it/pps should/md be/be moved/vbn downtown/nr ./.
But/cc Judge/nn-tl Marvin/np Jones/np ,/, senior/jj member/nn of/in the/at Court/nn-tl ,/, is/bez an/at elderly/jj gentleman/nn who/wps lives/vbz at/in the/at nearby/jj Metropolitan/jj-tl Club/nn-tl and/cc desires/vbz to/to walk/vb to/in work/nn ./.
More/ql importantly/rb ,/, he/pps also/rb happens/vbz to/to be/be the/at brother-in-law/nn of/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, Speaker/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl ./.


	There/ex were/bed aesthetic/jj problems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs political/jj ./.
On/in delving/vbg deeper/rbr ,/, Walton/np discovered/vbd that/cs most/ap of/in the/at buildings/nns fronting/vbg the/at Square/nn-tl could/md be/be classified/vbn as/cs ``/`` early/jj nondescript/jj ''/'' ./.
The/at old/jj Belasco/np-tl Theater/nn-tl ,/, over/in which/wdt many/ap people/nns had/hvd grown/vbn sentimental/jj ,/, was/bedz only/rb a/at shell/nn of/in its/pp$ former/ap self/nn after/in arduous/jj years/nns as/cs a/at USO/nn Center/nn-tl ./.
The/at Dolley/np-tl Madison/np-tl House/nn-tl ,/, Walton/np concluded/vbd ,/, was/bedz scarcely/ql worth/jj preserving/vbg ./.
``/`` The/at attempt/nn to/to save/vb the/at Square's/nn$-tl historic/jj value/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps declares/vbz ,/, ``/`` came/vbd half/abn a/at century/nn too/ql late/rb ''/'' ./.

Surrounded/vbn by/in ancient/jj elms/nns ,/, the/at campus/nn is/bez spacious/jj and/cc beautiful/jj ./.
The/at buildings/nns are/ber mostly/rb Georgian/jj ./.
The/at Dartmouth/np student/nn does/doz not/* live/vb in/in monastic/jj seclusion/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps once/rb did/dod ./.
But/cc his/pp$ is/bez still/rb a/at simple/jj life/nn relatively/ql free/jj of/in the/at female/jj presence/nn or/cc influence/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps must/md go/vb far/rb ,/, even/rb though/cs he/pps may/md go/vb fast/rb ,/, for/in sophisticated/jj pleasures/nns ./.
He/pps is/bez still/rb heir/nn to/in the/at rare/jj gifts/nns of/in space/nn and/cc silence/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps chooses/vbz to/to be/be ./.


	He/pps is/bez by/in no/at means/nn the/at country/nn boy/nn he/pps might/md have/hv been/ben in/in the/at last/ap century/nn ,/, down/rp from/in the/at hills/nns with/in bear/nn grease/nn on/in his/pp$ hair/nn and/cc a/at zeal/nn for/in book/nn learning/nn in/in his/pp$ heart/nn ./.
The/at men's/nns$ shops/nns on/in Hanover's/np$ Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl compare/vb favorably/rb with/in those/dts in/in Princeton/np and/cc New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl ./.
And/cc the/at automobiles/nns that/wps stream/vb out/in of/in Hanover/np each/dt weekend/nn ,/, toward/in Smith/np and/cc Wellesley/np and/cc Mount/nn-tl Holyoke/np-tl ,/, are/ber no/ql less/ql rakish/jj than/cs those/dts leaving/vbg Cambridge/np or/cc West/jj-tl Philadelphia/np-tl ./.
But/cc there/ex has/hvz always/rb been/ben an/at outdoor/jj air/nn to/in Dartmouth/np ./.
The/at would-be/jj sophisticate/nn and/cc the/at citybred/jj youth/nn adopt/vb this/dt air/nn without/in embarrassment/nn ./.
No/at one/pn here/rb pokes/vbz fun/nn at/in manly/jj virtues/nns ./.
And/cc this/dt gives/vbz rise/nn to/in an/at easy/jj camaraderie/nn probably/rb unequaled/jj elsewhere/rb in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl League/nn-tl ./.
It/pps even/rb affects/vbz the/at faculty/nn ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, when/wrb Dartmouth's/np$ Winter/nn-tl Carnival/nn-tl --/-- widely/rb recognized/vbn as/cs the/at greatest/jjt ,/, wildest/jjt ,/, roaringest/jjt college/nn weekend/nn anywhere/rb ,/, any/dti time/nn --/-- was/bedz broadcast/vbn over/in a/at national/jj television/nn hookup/nn ,/, Prexy/np John/np Sloan/np Dickey/np appeared/vbd on/in the/at screen/nn in/in rugged/jj winter/nn garb/nn ,/, topped/vbn off/rp by/in a/at tam-o'-shanter/nn which/wdt he/pps confessed/vbd had/hvd been/ben acquired/vbn from/in a/at Smith/np girl/nn ./.
President/nn-tl Dickey's/np$ golden/jj retriever/nn ,/, frolicking/vbg in/in the/at snow/nn at/in his/pp$ feet/nns ,/, added/vbd to/in the/at picture/nn of/in masculine/jj informality/nn ./.


	This/dt carefree/jj disdain/nn for/in ``/`` side/nn ''/'' cropped/vbd up/rp again/rb in/in the/at same/ap television/nn broadcast/nn ./.
Dean/nn-tl Thaddeus/np Seymour/np ,/, wearing/vbg ski/nn clothes/nns ,/, was/bedz crowning/vbg a/at beauteous/jj damsel/nn queen/nn of/in the/at Carnival/nn-tl ./.
She/pps must/md have/hv looked/vbn temptingly/ql pretty/jj to/in the/at dean/nn as/cs he/pps put/vbd the/at crown/nn on/in her/pp$ head/nn ./.
So/rb he/pps kissed/vbd her/ppo ./.
No/at Dartmouth/np man/nn was/bedz surprised/vbn ./.


	Dartmouth/np students/nns enjoy/vb other/ap unusual/jj diversions/nns with/in equal/jj sang-froid/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, groups/nns regularly/rb canoe/vb down/in the/at Connecticut/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez in/in honor/nn of/in John/np Ledyard/np ,/, class/nn of/in 1773/cd ,/, who/wps scooped/vbd a/at canoe/nn out/in of/in a/at handy/jj tree/nn and/cc first/rb set/vbd the/at course/nn way/ql back/rb in/in his/pp$ own/jj student/nn days/nns ./.
And/cc these/dts hardy/jj travelers/nns are/ber not/* unappreciated/jj today/nr ./.
They/ppss are/ber hailed/vbn by/in the/at nation's/nn$ press/nn ,/, and/cc Smith/np girls/nns throng/vb the/at riverbanks/nns at/in Northampton/np and/cc refresh/vb the/at voyageurs/fw-nns with/in hot/jj soup/nn and/cc kisses/nns ./.


	Dartmouth's/np$ favorite/jj and/cc most/ql characteristic/jj recreation/nn is/bez skiing/vbg ./.
Since/in the/at days/nns when/wrb their/pp$ two/cd thousand/cd pairs/nns of/in skis/nns outnumbered/vbd those/dts assembled/vbn anywhere/rb else/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, the/at students/nns have/hv stopped/vbn regarding/vbg the/at Olympic/jj-tl Ski/nn-tl Team/nn-tl as/cs another/dt name/nn for/in their/pp$ own/jj ./.
Yet/cc Dartmouth/np still/rb is/bez the/at dominant/jj member/nn of/in the/at Intercollegiate/jj-tl Ski/nn-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt includes/vbz the/at winter/nn sports/nns colleges/nns of/in Canada/np as/ql well/rb as/cs those/dts of/in this/dt country/nn ./.


	Dartmouth/np students/nns ski/jj everywhere/rb in/in winter/nn ,/, starting/vbg with/in their/pp$ own/jj front/jj door/nn ./.
They/ppss can/md hire/vb a/at horse/nn and/cc go/vb ski-joring/vbg behind/in him/ppo ,/, or/cc move/vb out/rp to/in Oak/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb there's/ex+bez a/at lift/nn ./.
The/at Dartmouth/np Skiway/np ,/, at/in Holt's/np$-tl Ledge/nn-tl ,/, ten/cd miles/nns north/nr of/in the/at campus/nn ,/, has/hvz one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt terrains/nns in/in the/at East/nr-tl ,/, ranging/vbg from/in novice/nn to/in expert/jj ./.


	Forty/cd miles/nns farther/rbr north/nr is/bez Mount/nn-tl Moosilauke/np-tl ,/, Dartmouth's/np$ own/jj mountain/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, at/in the/at Ravine/nn-tl Lodge/nn-tl ,/, President/nn-tl Dickey/np acts/vbz as/cs host/nn every/at year/nn to/in about/rb a/at hundred/cd freshmen/nns who/wps are/ber being/beg introduced/vbn by/in the/at Dartmouth/np-tl Outing/nn-tl Club/nn-tl to/in life/nn on/in the/at trails/nns ./.
The/at Lodge/nn-tl ,/, built/vbn of/in hand-hewn/jj virgin/jj spruce/nn ,/, can/md handle/vb fifty/cd people/nns for/in dining/vbg ,/, sleeping/vbg ,/, or/cc lounging/vbg in/in its/pp$ huge/jj living/vbg room/nn ./.
The/at Outing/nn-tl Club/nn-tl also/rb owns/vbz a/at chain/nn of/in fourteen/cd cabins/nns and/cc several/ap shelters/nns ,/, extending/vbg from/in the/at Vermont/np hills/nns ,/, just/ql across/in the/at river/nn from/in the/at college/nn ,/, through/in Hanover/np to/in the/at College/nn-tl Grant/nn-tl --/-- 27,000/cd acres/nns of/in wilderness/nn 140/cd miles/nns north/nr up/rp in/in the/at logging/vbg country/nn ./.
The/at cabins/nns are/ber equipped/vbn with/in bunks/nns ,/, blankets/nns ,/, and/cc cooking/vbg equipment/nn and/cc are/ber ideal/jj bases/nns for/in hikes/nns and/cc skiing/vbg trips/nns ./.
The/at club/nn runs/vbz regular/jj trips/nns to/in the/at cabins/nns ,/, but/cc many/ap of/in the/at students/nns prefer/vb to/to take/vb off/rp in/in small/jj unofficial/jj groups/nns for/in a/at weekend/nn of/in hunting/vbg ,/, fishing/vbg ,/, climbing/vbg ,/, or/cc skiing/vbg ./.


	Under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in the/at Outing/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Dartmouth/np also/rb has/hvz the/at Mountaineering/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt takes/vbz on/rp tough/jj climbs/nns like/cs Mount/nn-tl McKinley/np-tl ,/, and/cc Bait/nn-tl &/cc-tl Bullet/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ interests/nns are/ber self-evident/jj ,/, and/cc even/rb sports/vbz a/at Woodman's/np$-tl Team/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt competes/vbz with/in other/ap New/jj-tl England/np-tl colleges/nns in/in wood/nn sawing/nn and/cc chopping/vbg ,/, canoe/nn races/nns ,/, and/cc the/at like/jj ./.


	There/ex is/bez much/ap to/to be/be said/vbn for/in a/at college/nn that/wps ,/, while/cs happily/rb attuned/vbn to/in the/at sophisticated/jj Ivies/nps ,/, still/rb gives/vbz its/pp$ students/nns a/at chance/nn to/to get/vb up/rp early/rb in/in the/at morning/nn and/cc drive/vb along/in back/jj roads/nns where/wrb a/at glimpse/nn of/in small/jj game/nn ,/, deer/nns ,/, or/cc even/rb bear/nns is/bez not/* uncommon/jj ./.
City/nn boys/nns find/vb a/at lot/nn of/in learning/vbg in/in the/at feel/nn of/in an/at ax/nn handle/nn or/cc in/in the/at sharp/jj tang/nn of/in a/at sawmill/nn ,/, come/vbn upon/rb suddenly/rb in/in a/at backwoods/nns logging/vbg camp/nn ./.
And/cc on/in the/at summit/nn of/in Mount/nn-tl Washington/np-tl ,/, where/wrb thirty-five/cd degrees/nns below/in zero/cd is/bez commonplace/jj and/cc the/at wind/nn velocity/nn has/hvz registered/vbn higher/rbr than/cs anywhere/rb else/rb in/in the/at world/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at kind/nn of/in wisdom/nn to/to be/be found/vbn that/cs other/ap men/nns often/rb seek/vb in/in the/at Himalayas/nps ``/`` because/cs it/pps is/bez there/rb ''/'' ./.


	There/ex is/bez much/ap to/to be/be said/vbn for/in such/abl a/at college/nn --/-- and/cc Dartmouth/np men/nns have/hv been/ben accused/vbn of/in saying/vbg it/ppo too/ql often/rb and/cc too/ql loudly/rb ./.
Their/pp$ affection/nn for/in their/pp$ college/nn home/nn has/hvz even/rb caused/vbn President/nn-tl Dickey/np to/to comment/vb on/in this/dt ``/`` place/nn loyalty/nn ''/'' as/cs something/pn rather/ql specially/rb Hanoverian/jj ./.


	Probably/rb a/at lawyer/nn once/rb said/vbd it/ppo best/rbt for/in all/abn time/nn in/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Early/rb in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl was/bedz casting/vbg about/rb for/in a/at way/nn to/to found/vb its/pp$ own/jj state/nn university/nn ./.
It/pps fixed/vbd on/in Dartmouth/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz ready-made/jj and/cc just/rb what/wdt the/at proctor/nn ordered/vbd ./.
The/at legislators/nns decided/vbd to/to ``/`` liberate/vb ''/'' Dartmouth/np and/cc entered/vbd into/in a/at tug-o'-war/nn with/in the/at college/nn trustees/nns over/in the/at control/nn of/in classrooms/nns ,/, faculty/nn ,/, and/cc chapel/nn ./.
For/in a/at time/nn there/ex were/bed two/cd factions/nns on/in the/at campus/nn fighting/vbg for/in possession/nn of/in the/at student/nn body/nn ./.


	The/at struggle/nn was/bedz resolved/vbn in/in 1819/cd in/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl in/in one/cd of/in the/at most/ql intriguing/jj cases/nns in/in our/pp$ judicial/jj history/nn ./.
In/in 1817/cd the/at lawyers/nns were/bed generally/rb debating/vbg the/at legal/jj inviolability/nn of/in private/jj contracts/nns and/cc charters/nns ./.
A/at lawyer/nn ,/, hired/vbn by/in the/at college/nn ,/, was/bedz arguing/vbg specifically/rb for/in Dartmouth/np :/: Daniel/np Webster/np ,/, class/nn of/in 1801/cd ,/, made/vbd her/pp$ plight/nn the/at dramatic/jj focus/nn of/in his/pp$ whole/jj plea/nn ./.
In/in an/at age/nn of/in oratory/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at king/nn of/in orators/nns ,/, and/cc both/abx he/pps himself/ppl and/cc Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl Marshall/np were/bed bathed/vbn in/in manly/jj tears/nns ,/, as/cs Uncle/np Dan'l/np reached/vbd his/pp$ thundering/vbg climax/nn :/: 

	``/`` It/pps is/bez ,/, sir/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss have/hv said/vbn ,/, a/at small/jj college/nn ,/, and/cc yet/rb there/ex are/ber those/dts who/wps love/vb it/ppo ./.
''/'' 

	Dartmouth/np is/bez today/nr still/rb a/at small/jj college/nn --/-- and/cc still/rb a/at private/jj one/cd ,/, thanks/nns to/in Webster's/np$ eloquence/nn ./.


	This/dt is/bez not/* out/in of/in keeping/vbg with/in its/pp$ origins/nns ,/, probably/rb the/at most/ql humble/jj of/in any/dti in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl group/nn ./.
Eleazar/np Wheelock/np ,/, a/at Presbyterian/jj minister/nn ,/, founded/vbd the/at school/nn in/in 1769/cd ,/, naming/vbg it/ppo after/in the/at second/od earl/nn of/in Dartmouth/np ,/, its/pp$ sponsor/nn and/cc benefactor/nn ./.
Eleazar/np ,/, pausing/vbg on/in the/at Hanover/np plain/nn ,/, found/vbd its/pp$ great/jj forests/nns and/cc remoteness/nn good/jj and/cc with/in his/pp$ own/jj hands/nns built/vbd the/at first/od College/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, a/at log/nn hut/nn dedicated/vbn ``/`` for/in the/at education/nn &/cc instruction/nn of/in Youth/nn of/in the/at Indian/jj-tl Tribes/nns-tl in/in this/dt Land/nn in/in reading/vbg ,/, writing/vbg &/cc all/abn parts/nns of/in learning/vbg which/wdt shall/md appear/vb necessary/jj and/cc expedient/jj for/in civilizing/vbg &/cc christianizing/vbg Children/nns of/in Pagans/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in all/abn liberal/jj Arts/nns and/cc Sciences/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc also/rb of/in English/np Youth/nn and/cc any/dti others/nns ''/'' ./.


	It/pps was/bedz a/at hardy/jj undertaking/nn ,/, and/cc Wheelock's/np$ was/bedz indeed/rb ``/`` a/at voice/nn crying/vbg in/in the/at wilderness/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at road/nn had/hvd to/to be/be hacked/vbn through/in trackless/jj forests/nns between/in Hanover/np and/cc Portsmouth/np to/to permit/vb Governor/nn-tl Wentworth/np and/cc a/at company/nn of/in gentlemen/nns to/to attend/vb the/at first/od Dartmouth/np commencement/nn in/in 1771/cd ./.
The/at governor/nn and/cc his/pp$ retinue/nn thoughtfully/rb brought/vbd with/in them/ppo a/at glorious/jj silver/nn punchbowl/nn which/wdt is/bez still/rb one/cd of/in the/at cherished/vbn possessions/nns of/in the/at college/nn ./.


	The/at exuberance/nn on/in this/dt occasion/nn set/vbd a/at standard/nn for/in subsequent/jj Dartmouth/np gatherings/nns ./.
A/at student/nn orator/nn ``/`` produced/vbd tears/nns from/in a/at great/jj number/nn of/in the/at learned/vbn ''/'' even/rb before/cs the/at punch/nn was/bedz served/vbn ./.
Then/rb from/in the/at branches/nns of/in a/at near-by/jj tree/nn an/at Indian/jj underclassman/nn ,/, disdaining/vbg both/abx the/at platform/nn and/cc the/at English/jj language/nn ,/, harangued/vbd the/at assemblage/nn in/in his/pp$ aboriginal/jj tongue/nn ./.
Governor/nn-tl Wentworth/np contributed/vbd an/at ox/nn for/in a/at barbecue/nn on/in the/at green/nn beneath/in the/at three-hundred-foot/jj pines/nns ,/, and/cc a/at barrel/nn of/in rum/nn was/bedz broached/vbn ./.
The/at cook/nn got/vbd drunk/jj ,/, and/cc President/nn-tl Wheelock/np proved/vbd to/to be/be a/at man/nn of/in broad/jj talents/nns by/in carving/vbg the/at ox/nn himself/ppl ./.


	Future/jj commencements/nns were/bed more/ql decorous/jj perhaps/rb ,/, but/cc the/at number/nn of/in graduates/nns increased/vbd from/in the/at original/jj four/cd at/in a/at relatively/ql slow/jj pace/nn ./.
By/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, in/in 1893/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at Big/jj-tl Three/cd-tl ,/, Columbia/np ,/, and/cc Penn/np were/bed populous/jj centers/nns of/in learning/vbg ,/, Dartmouth/np graduated/vbd only/rb sixty-nine/cd ./.
The/at dormitories/nns ,/, including/in the/at beloved/jj Dartmouth/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, could/md barely/rb house/vb two/cd hundred/cd students/nns in/in Spartan/np fashion/nn ./.


	Then/rb in/in 1893/cd Dr./nn-tl William/np Jewett/np Tucker/np became/vbd president/nn and/cc the/at college's/nn$ great/jj awakening/nn began/vbd ./.
He/pps transformed/vbd Dartmouth/np from/in a/at small/jj New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl institution/nn into/in a/at national/jj college/nn ./.
By/in 1907/cd the/at number/nn of/in undergraduates/nns had/hvd risen/vbn to/in 1,107/cd ./.
And/cc at/in his/pp$ last/ap commencement/nn ,/, in/in that/dt year/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Tucker/np and/cc Dartmouth/np were/bed honored/vbn by/in the/at presence/nn of/in distinguished/vbn academic/jj visitors/nns attesting/vbg to/in the/at new/jj stature/nn of/in the/at college/nn ./.
The/at presidents/nns of/in Cornell/np ,/, Wisconsin/np ,/, C.C.N.Y./np ,/, Bowdoin/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, Brown/np ,/, Columbia/np ,/, Princeton/np ,/, Yale/np ,/, and/cc Harvard/np and/cc the/at presidents/nns emeritus/jj of/in Harvard/np and/cc Michigan/np were/bed there/rb ./.


	Dartmouth/np is/bez numerically/rb still/rb a/at small/jj college/nn today/nr ,/, with/in approximately/rb twenty-nine/cd hundred/cd undergraduates/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps has/hvz achieved/vbn a/at cross-section/nn of/in students/nns from/in almost/rb all/abn the/at states/nns ,/, and/cc two-thirds/nns of/in its/pp$ undergraduates/nns come/vb from/in outside/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./.
Over/rp 450/cd different/jj schools/nns are/ber usually/rb represented/vbn in/in each/dt entering/vbg class/nn ./.
Only/rb a/at dozen/nn or/cc so/rb schools/nns send/vb as/ql many/ap as/cs six/cd students/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber seldom/rb more/ap than/in fifteen/cd men/nns in/in any/dti single/ap delegation/nn ./.
About/rb two-thirds/nns of/in the/at boys/nns now/rb come/vb from/in public/jj schools/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez still/rb a/at college/nn only/rb and/cc not/* a/at university/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, the/at only/ap college/nn in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl group/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, three/cd distinguished/vbn associated/vbn graduate/jj schools/nns offer/vb professional/jj curriculums/nns --/-- the/at Dartmouth/np-tl Medical/jj-tl School/nn-tl (/( third/od oldest/jjt in/in the/at country/nn and/cc founded/vbn in/in 1797/cd )/) ,/, the/at-tl Thayer/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Engineering/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Amos/np-tl Tuck/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ./.
All/abn three/cd are/ber purposely/rb kept/vbn small/jj ,/, with/in a/at current/jj total/nn enrollment/nn of/in about/rb two/cd hundred/cd ./.


	All/abn three/cd schools/nns coordinate/vb their/pp$ educational/jj programs/nns with/in that/dt of/in the/at undergraduate/jj college/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs the/at college/nn proper/jj ,/, place/vb emphasis/nn upon/in a/at broad/jj liberal/jj arts/nns course/nn as/cs the/at proper/jj foundation/nn for/in specialized/vbn study/nn ./.
Students/nns of/in the/at college/nn who/wps are/ber candidates/nns for/in the/at A.B./np degree/nn and/cc can/md satisfy/vb the/at academic/jj requirements/nns of/in the/at medical/jj and/cc business/nn schools/nns ,/, may/md enter/vb either/dtx of/in these/dts associated/vbn schools/nns at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in senior/jj year/nn ,/, thus/rb completing/vbg the/at two-year/jj postgraduate/jj course/nn in/in one/cd year/nn ./.
The/at Thayer/np-tl School/nn-tl offers/vbz a/at year/nn of/in postgraduate/jj study/nn in/in somewhat/rb the/at same/ap way/nn ,/, after/cs a/at boy/nn wins/vbz a/at B.S./np in/in engineering/vbg ./.


	So/rb Dartmouth/np is/bez moving/vbg closer/rbr to/in the/at others/nns in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl group/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez still/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at junior/jj member/nn of/in the/at League/nn-tl ,/, if/cs not/* in/in years/nns at/in least/ap in/in the/at catching/nn up/rp it/pps has/hvz had/hvn to/to do/do ./.
It/pps has/hvz not/* been/ben a/at well-known/jj school/nn for/in any/dti part/nn of/in the/at span/nn the/at other/ap Ivies/nps have/hv enjoyed/vbn ./.
However/wql much/ap football/nn has/hvz been/ben over-emphasized/vbn ,/, the/at public/nn likes/vbz to/to measure/vb its/pp$ collegiate/jj favorites/nns by/in the/at scoreboard/nn ,/, so/rb ,/, while/cs Yale/np need/vb never/rb give/vb its/pp$ record/nn a/at thought/nn again/rb since/cs outscoring/vbg its/pp$ opponents/nns 694/cd to/in 0/cd in/in the/at season/nn of/in 1888/cd ,/, Dartmouth/np had/hvd to/to wait/vb until/in its/pp$ championship/nn team/nn of/in 1925/cd for/in national/jj recognition/nn ./.


	It/pps has/hvz come/vbn on/rp with/in a/at rush/nn in/in more/ql significant/jj areas/nns ./.
Today/nr it/pps espouses/vbz certain/jj ideas/nns in/in its/pp$ curriculum/nn that/wpo other/ap institutions/nns might/md consider/vb somewhat/ql breathtaking/jj ./.
But/cc Dartmouth/np preserves/vbz its/pp$ youthful/jj brashness/nn even/rb in/in its/pp$ educational/jj attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, although/cs some/dti of/in its/pp$ experiments/nns may/md still/rb be/be in/in the/at testing/vbg stage/nn ,/, they/ppss make/vb for/in lively/jj copy/nn ./.


	President/nn-tl Emeritus/jj-tl Hopkins/np once/rb proposed/vbd to/to corral/vb an/at ``/`` aristocracy/nn of/in brains/nns ''/'' in/in Hanover/np ./.

The/at person/nn who/wps left/vbd the/at buggy/nn there/rb has/hvz never/rb been/ben identified/vbn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at busy/jj street/nn ,/, conveniently/rb near/in the/at shopping/vbg center/nn ,/, and/cc unattended/jj horses/nns and/cc wagons/nns were/bed often/rb left/vbn at/in the/at curbside/nn ./.


	There/ex are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, many/ap weaknesses/nns in/in any/dti case/nn against/in Emma/np ./.
She/pps didn't/dod* like/vb her/pp$ stepmother/nn ,/, but/cc nothing/pn is/bez known/vbn to/to have/hv occurred/vbn shortly/rb before/in the/at crime/nn that/wps could/md have/hv caused/vbn such/abl a/at murderous/jj rage/nn ./.
She/pps had/hvd no/at way/nn of/in knowing/vbg in/in advance/nn whether/cs an/at opportunity/nn for/in murder/nn existed/vbd ./.
She/pps would/md have/hv been/ben taking/vbg more/ap than/in a/at fair/jj risk/nn of/in being/beg seen/vbn and/cc recognized/vbn during/in her/pp$ travels/nns ./.
If/cs she/pps avoided/vbd the/at train/nn and/cc hired/vbd a/at buggy/nn ,/, the/at stableman/nn might/md have/hv recognized/vbn her/ppo ./.
If/cs police/nn had/hvd checked/vbn on/in her/ppo more/ql thoroughly/rb than/cs is/bez indicated/vbn ,/, she/pps would/md be/be completely/rb eliminated/vbn as/cs a/at suspect/nn ./.




Uncle/nn-tl John/np Vinnicum/np Morse/np was/bedz the/at immediate/jj popular/jj suspect/nn ./.
His/pp$ sudden/jj unannounced/jj appearance/nn at/in the/at Borden/np home/nn was/bedz strange/jj in/in that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* carry/vb an/at iota/nn of/in baggage/nn with/in him/ppo ,/, although/cs he/pps clearly/rb intended/vbd to/to stay/vb overnight/rb ,/, if/cs not/* longer/rbr ./.


	Lizzie/np stated/vbd during/in the/at inquest/nn that/cs while/cs her/pp$ father/nn and/cc uncle/nn were/bed in/in the/at sitting/vbg room/nn the/at afternoon/nn before/in the/at murders/nns ,/, she/pps had/hvd been/ben disturbed/vbn by/in their/pp$ voices/nns and/cc had/hvd closed/vbn her/pp$ door/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at very/ql hot/jj day/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs Lizzie/np did/dod not/* tell/vb everything/pn she/pps overheard/vbd between/in her/pp$ father/nn and/cc her/pp$ Uncle/nn-tl Morse/np ./.
At/in that/dt time/nn Jennings/np had/hvd a/at young/jj law/nn associate/nn named/vbn Arthur/np S./np Phillips/np ./.
A/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, not/* too/ql long/rb before/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Phillips/np revealed/vbd in/in a/at newspaper/nn story/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd always/rb suspected/vbn Morse/np of/in the/at murders/nns ./.
He/pps said/vbd Morse/np and/cc Borden/np had/hvd quarreled/vbn violently/rb in/in the/at house/nn that/dt day/nn ,/, information/nn which/wdt must/md have/hv come/vbn from/in Lizzie/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz obviously/rb the/at sound/nn of/in this/dt argument/nn that/wps caused/vbd Lizzie/np to/to close/vb her/pp$ door/nn ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl Bedford/np-tl Standard-Times/np-tl has/hvz reported/vbn Knowlton/np as/cs saying/vbg ,/, long/rb after/in the/at trial/nn ,/, that/cs if/cs he/pps only/rb knew/vbd what/wdt Borden/np said/vbd during/in his/pp$ conversation/nn with/in Morse/np ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv convicted/vbn ``/`` somebody/pn ''/'' ./.
Notice/vb ,/, Knowlton/np did/dod not/* say/vb that/cs he/pps would/md have/hv obtained/vbn a/at conviction/nn in/in the/at trial/nn of/in Lizzie/np Borden/np ./.
He/pps said/vbd he/pps would/md have/hv convicted/vbn ``/`` somebody/pn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez known/vbn that/cs Morse/np did/dod associate/vb with/in a/at group/nn of/in itinerant/jj horse/nn traders/nns who/wps made/vbd their/pp$ headquarters/nn at/in Westport/np ,/, a/at town/nn not/* far/rb from/in Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss were/bed a/at vagabond/nn lot/nn and/cc considered/vbn to/to be/be shady/jj and/cc undesirable/jj characters/nns ./.
Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl police/nns did/dod go/vb to/in Westport/np to/to see/vb if/cs they/ppss could/md get/vb any/dti information/nn against/in Morse/np and/cc possibly/rb find/vb an/at accomplice/nn whom/wpo he/pps might/md have/hv hired/vbn from/in among/in these/dts men/nns ./.
These/dts officers/nns found/vbd no/at incriminating/vbg information/nn ./.


	Morse's/np$ alibi/nn was/bedz not/* as/ql solid/jj as/cs it/pps seemed/vbd ./.
He/pps said/vbd he/pps returned/vbd from/in the/at visit/nn to/in his/pp$ niece/nn on/in the/at 11:20/cd streetcar/nn ./.
The/at woman/nn in/in the/at house/nn where/wrb the/at niece/nn was/bedz staying/vbg backed/vbd up/rp his/pp$ story/nn and/cc said/vbd she/pps left/vbd when/wrb he/pps did/dod to/to shop/vb for/in her/pp$ dinner/nn ./.
Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl is/bez not/* a/at fashionable/jj town/nn ./.
The/at dinner/nn hour/nn there/rb was/bedz twelve/cd noon/nn ./.
If/cs this/dt woman/nn had/hvd delayed/vbn until/in after/in 11:20/cd to/to start/vb her/pp$ shopping/nn ,/, she/pps would/md have/hv had/hvn little/ap time/nn in/in which/wdt to/to prepare/vb the/at substantial/jj meal/nn that/wps was/bedz eaten/vbn at/in dinner/nn in/in those/dts days/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs Morse/np told/vbd the/at woman/nn it/pps was/bedz 11:20/cd ,/, but/cc it/pps could/md have/hv been/ben earlier/rbr ,/, since/cs she/pps did/dod serve/vb dinner/nn on/in time/nn ./.
Police/nns did/dod make/vb an/at attempt/nn to/to check/vb on/in Morse's/np$ alibi/nn ./.
They/ppss interviewed/vbd the/at conductor/nn of/in the/at streetcar/nn Morse/np said/vbd he/pps had/hvd taken/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at man/nn did/dod not/* remember/vb Morse/np as/cs a/at passenger/nn ./.
Questioned/vbn further/rbr ,/, Morse/np said/vbd that/cs there/ex had/hvd been/ben four/cd or/cc five/cd priests/nns riding/vbg on/in the/at same/ap car/nn with/in him/ppo ./.
The/at conductor/nn did/dod recall/vb having/hvg priests/nns as/cs passengers/nns and/cc this/dt satisfied/vbd police/nns ,/, although/cs the/at conductor/nn also/rb pointed/vbd out/rp that/cs in/in heavily/rb Catholic/jj Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl there/ex were/bed priests/nns riding/vbg on/in almost/rb every/at trip/nn the/at streetcar/nn made/vbd ,/, so/rb Morse's/np$ statement/nn really/rb proved/vbd nothing/pn ./.


	We/ppss do/do know/vb that/cs Morse/np left/vbd the/at house/nn before/in nine/cd o'clock/rb ./.
Bridget/np testified/vbd she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo leave/vb through/in the/at side/jj door/nn ./.
Morse/np said/vbd Borden/np let/vb him/ppo out/rp and/cc locked/vbd the/at screen/nn door/nn ./.
From/in that/dt point/nn on/rp he/pps said/vbd he/pps went/vbd to/in the/at post/nn office/nn and/cc then/rb walked/vbd leisurely/rb to/in where/wrb his/pp$ niece/nn was/bedz staying/vbg ,/, more/ap than/in a/at mile/nn away/rb ./.
He/pps met/vbd nobody/pn he/pps knew/vbd on/in this/dt walk/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at accounting/nn of/in his/pp$ movements/nns in/in this/dt long/jj gap/nn of/in time/nn which/wdt covers/vbz the/at early/jj hours/nns when/wrb Mrs./np Borden/np was/bedz killed/vbn ./.


	Morse/np testified/vbd that/cs while/cs he/pps was/bedz having/hvg breakfast/nn in/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ,/, Mrs./np Borden/np told/vbd the/at servant/nn ,/, ``/`` Bridget/np ,/, I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to wash/vb these/dts windows/nns today/nr ''/'' ./.
Bridget's/np$ testimony/nn was/bedz in/in direct/jj contradiction/nn ./.
She/pps said/vbd it/pps was/bedz after/cs she/pps returned/vbd from/in her/pp$ vomiting/vbg spell/nn in/in the/at back/jj yard/nn that/cs Mrs./np Borden/np told/vbd her/ppo to/to wash/vb the/at windows/nns ./.
This/dt was/bedz long/rb after/cs Morse/np had/hvd left/vbn the/at house/nn ./.


	Morse's/np$ knowledge/nn of/in what/wdt Mrs./np Borden/np told/vbd Bridget/np could/md indicate/vb that/cs he/pps had/hvd returned/vbn secretly/rb to/in the/at house/nn and/cc was/bedz hidden/vbn there/rb ./.
He/pps knew/vbd the/at house/nn fairly/ql well/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd been/ben there/rb on/in two/cd previous/jj visits/nns during/in the/at past/ap three/cd or/cc four/cd months/nns alone/rb ./.
And/cc despite/in Knowlton's/np$ attempts/nns to/to show/vb that/cs the/at house/nn was/bedz locked/vbn up/rp tighter/rbr than/cs a/at drum/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz not/* true/jj ./.
The/at screen/nn door/nn was/bedz unlocked/vbn for/in some/rb ten/cd or/cc fifteen/cd minutes/nns while/vb Bridget/np was/bedz sick/jj in/in the/at back/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz unlocked/vbn all/abn the/at time/nn she/pps was/bedz washing/vbg windows/nns ./.
Morse/np could/md have/hv returned/vbn openly/rb while/cs Bridget/np was/bedz sick/jj in/in the/at back/jj yard/nn and/cc gone/vbn up/rp to/in the/at room/nn he/pps had/hvd occupied/vbn ./.
Mrs./np Borden/np would/md not/* have/hv been/ben alarmed/vbn if/cs she/pps saw/vbd Morse/np with/in an/at ax/nn or/cc hatchet/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben to/in the/at farm/nn the/at previous/jj day/nn and/cc he/pps could/md have/hv said/vbn they/ppss needed/vbd the/at ax/nn or/cc hatchet/nn at/in the/at farm/nn ./.
Mrs./np Borden/np would/md have/hv had/hvn no/at reason/nn to/to disbelieve/vb him/ppo and/cc he/pps could/md have/hv approached/vbn close/rb enough/qlp to/in her/ppo to/to swing/vb before/cs she/pps could/md cry/vb out/rp ./.
He/pps could/md have/hv left/vbn for/in Weybosset/np-tl Street/nn-tl after/in her/pp$ murder/nn and/cc made/vbn it/ppo in/in plenty/nn of/in time/nn by/in using/vbg the/at streetcar/nn ./.


	If/cs he/pps took/vbd an/at earlier/jjr streetcar/nn than/cs the/at 11:20/cd on/in his/pp$ return/nn ,/, he/pps could/md have/hv arrived/vbn at/in the/at Borden/np house/nn shortly/rb after/cs Mr./np Borden/np came/vbd home/nr ./.
With/in Lizzie/np in/in the/at barn/nn ,/, the/at screen/nn door/nn unlocked/vbn and/cc Bridget/np upstairs/rb in/in her/pp$ attic/nn room/nn ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv had/hvn free/jj and/cc easy/jj access/nn to/in the/at house/nn ./.
With/in the/at second/od murder/nn over/rp ,/, he/pps could/md have/hv left/vbn ,/, hidden/vbn the/at weapon/nn in/in some/dti vacant/jj lot/nn or/cc an/at abandoned/vbn cistern/nn in/in the/at neighborhood/nn ./.
His/pp$ unconcerned/jj stroll/nn down/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at house/nn to/in a/at pear/nn tree/nn ,/, with/in crowds/nns already/rb gathering/vbg in/in front/nn of/in the/at building/nn and/cc Sawyer/np guarding/vbg the/at side/jj door/nn ,/, was/bedz odd/jj ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at close/jj examination/nn of/in his/pp$ clothes/nns for/in bloodstains/nns ,/, and/cc certainly/rb no/at scientific/jj test/nn was/bedz made/vbn of/in them/ppo ./.
And/cc for/in a/at man/nn who/wps traveled/vbd around/rb without/in any/dti change/nn of/in clothing/nn ,/, a/at few/ap more/ap stains/nns on/in his/pp$ dark/jj suit/nn may/md very/ql well/rb have/hv gone/vbn unnoticed/jj ./.


	The/at motive/nn may/md have/hv been/ben the/at mysterious/jj quarrel/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex was/bedz no/at financial/jj gain/nn for/in Morse/np in/in the/at murders/nns ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at ledger/nn is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps did/dod see/vb his/pp$ niece/nn and/cc the/at woman/nn with/in whom/wpo she/pps was/bedz staying/vbg ./.
The/at time/nn would/md have/hv been/ben shortly/rb after/in the/at murder/nn of/in Mrs./np Borden/np and/cc they/ppss noticed/vbd nothing/pn unusual/jj in/in his/pp$ behavior/nn ./.
He/pps said/vbd he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn Mrs./np Borden/np to/to return/vb in/in time/nn for/in dinner/nn and/cc that/dt was/bedz close/rb to/in the/at time/nn when/wrb he/pps did/dod turn/vb up/rp at/in the/at Borden/np house/nn ./.




What/wdt did/dod Pearson/np say/vb about/in Bridget/np Sullivan/np as/cs a/at possible/jj suspect/nn in/in his/pp$ trial-book/nn essay/nn ?/. ?/.
He/pps wrote/vbd :/: 

	``/`` The/at police/nns soon/rb ceased/vbd to/to look/vb upon/rb either/cc Bridget/np or/cc Mr./np Morse/np as/cs in/in possession/nn of/in guilty/jj knowledge/nn ./.
Neither/dtx had/hvd any/dti interest/nn in/in the/at deaths/nns ;/. ;/.
indeed/uh ,/, it/pps was/bedz probably/rb to/in Mr./np Morse's/np$ advantage/nn to/to have/hv Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np Borden/np alive/jj ./.
Both/abx he/pps and/cc Bridget/np were/bed exonerated/vbn by/in Lizzie/np herself/ppl ''/'' ./.
That/dt was/bedz his/pp$ complete/jj discussion/nn of/in Bridget/np Sullivan/np as/cs a/at possible/jj suspect/nn ./.


	Although/cs Pearson/np disbelieved/vbd almost/rb everything/pn Lizzie/np said/vbd ,/, and/cc read/vbd a/at sinister/jj purpose/nn into/in almost/rb everything/pn she/pps did/dod ,/, he/pps happily/rb accepted/vbd her/pp$ statement/nn about/in Bridget/np as/cs the/at whole/jj truth/nn ./.
He/pps felt/vbd nothing/pn further/rbr need/md be/be said/vbn about/in the/at servant/nn girl/nn ./.


	The/at exoneration/nn Pearson/np speaks/vbz of/in is/bez not/* an/at exoneration/nn ,/, but/cc Lizzie's/np$ expression/nn of/in her/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, as/cs reported/vbn in/in the/at testimony/nn of/in Assistant/jj-tl Marshal/nn-tl Fleet/np ./.
This/dt officer/nn had/hvd asked/vbn Lizzie/np if/cs she/pps suspected/vbd her/pp$ Uncle/nn-tl Morse/np ,/, and/cc she/pps replied/vbd she/pps didn't/dod* think/vb he/pps did/dod it/ppo because/cs he/pps left/vbd the/at house/nn before/in the/at murders/nns and/cc returned/vbd after/in them/ppo ./.
Fleet/np asked/vbd the/at same/ap question/nn about/in Bridget/np ,/, and/cc Lizzie/np pointed/vbd out/rp that/cs as/ql far/rb as/cs she/pps knew/vbd Bridget/np had/hvd gone/vbn up/rp to/in her/pp$ room/nn before/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ murder/nn and/cc came/vbd down/rp when/wrb she/pps called/vbd her/ppo ./.


	Lizzie/np ,/, actually/rb ,/, never/rb named/vbd any/dti suspect/nn ./.
She/pps told/vbd police/nns about/in the/at prospective/jj tenant/nn she/pps had/hvd heard/vbn quarreling/vbg with/in her/pp$ father/nn some/dti weeks/nns before/in the/at murders/nns ,/, but/cc she/pps said/vbd she/pps thought/vbd he/pps was/bedz from/in out/in of/in town/nn because/cs she/pps heard/vbd him/ppo mention/vb something/pn about/in talking/vbg to/in his/pp$ partner/nn ./.
And/cc ,/, much/rb as/cs she/pps detested/vbd Hiram/np Harrington/np ,/, she/pps also/rb did/dod not/* accuse/vb him/ppo ./.
At/in the/at inquest/nn she/pps was/bedz asked/vbn specifically/rb whether/cs she/pps knew/vbd anybody/pn her/pp$ father/nn had/hvd bad/jj feelings/nns toward/in ,/, or/cc who/wps had/hvd bad/jj feelings/nns toward/in her/pp$ father/nn ./.
She/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss know/vb of/in one/cd man/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* been/ben friendly/jj with/in him/ppo ./.
They/ppss have/hv not/* been/ben friendly/jj for/in years/nns ''/'' ./.
Asked/vbn who/wps this/dt was/bedz ,/, she/pps named/vbd Harrington/np ./.
Her/pp$ statement/nn certainly/rb was/bedz true/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at press/nn reported/vbd the/at same/ap facts/nns in/in using/vbg Harrington's/np$ interview/nn ,/, but/cc Lizzie/np did/dod not/* suggest/vb at/in the/at inquest/nn that/cs Harrington/np was/bedz the/at killer/nn ./.


	When/wrb I/ppss interviewed/vbd Kirby/np ,/, who/wps as/cs a/at boy/nn picked/vbd up/rp pears/nns in/in the/at Borden/np yard/nn ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd if/cs anybody/pn else/rb in/in the/at household/nn besides/in Lizzie/np and/cc Morse/np had/hvd been/ben under/in any/dti suspicion/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at murders/nns ./.
He/pps said/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* heard/vbn of/in anybody/pn else/rb ./.
``/`` How/wrb about/in Bridget/np Sullivan/np ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss inquired/vbd ./.
``/`` Oh/uh ,/, she/pps was/bedz just/rb the/at maid/nn there/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ,/, waving/vbg a/at hand/nn to/to indicate/vb how/wql completely/ql unimportant/jj she/pps was/bedz ./.
Kirby/np was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, reflecting/vbg the/at opinion/nn that/wps existed/vbd at/in the/at time/nn of/in murders/nns ./.


	Everyone/pn somehow/rb manages/vbz to/to overlook/vb completely/rb the/at fact/nn that/cs ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs we/ppss know/vb ,/, there/ex were/bed exactly/rb two/cd people/nns in/in and/cc about/in the/at house/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in both/abx murders/nns :/: Lizzie/np Borden/np and/cc Bridget/np Sullivan/np ./.


	All/abn the/at officials/nns on/in the/at case/nn seem/vb to/to have/hv been/ben afflicted/vbn with/in a/at similar/jj myopia/nn as/ql far/rb as/cs Bridget/np was/bedz concerned/vbn ,/, although/cs records/nns in/in police/nns files/nns contain/vb many/ap reports/nns of/in servants/nns who/wps have/hv murdered/vbn their/pp$ employers/nns ./.
True/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr cricket/nn for/in the/at butler/nn to/to be/be the/at killer/nn in/in mystery/nn fiction/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss are/ber dealing/vbg here/rb with/in actual/jj people/nns in/in real/jj life/nn and/cc not/* imaginary/jj characters/nns and/cc situations/nns ./.


	The/at actions/nns of/in Bridget/np should/md be/be examined/vbn ,/, since/cs she/pps was/bedz there/rb and/cc opportunity/nn did/dod exist/vb ,/, if/cs only/rb to/to establish/vb her/pp$ innocence/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber also/rb other/ap factors/nns that/wps require/vb closer/jjr examination/nn ./.


	The/at legend/nn as/cs it/pps exists/vbz in/in Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl today/nr always/rb includes/vbz the/at solemn/jj assurance/nn that/cs Bridget/np returned/vbd to/in Ireland/np after/in the/at trial/nn with/in a/at ``/`` big/jj bundle/nn ''/'' of/in cash/nn which/wdt Lizzie/np gave/vbd her/ppo for/in keeping/vbg her/pp$ mouth/nn shut/vbn ./.
The/at people/nns who/wps believe/vb and/cc retell/vb the/at legend/nn have/hv apparently/rb never/rb troubled/vbn to/to read/vb the/at trial/nn testimony/nn and/cc do/do not/* know/vb that/cs the/at maid/nn changed/vbd her/pp$ testimony/nn on/in several/ap key/jjs points/nns ,/, always/rb to/in the/at detriment/nn of/in Lizzie/np ./.
If/cs Bridget/np did/dod get/vb any/dti bundles/nns of/in cash/nn ,/, the/at last/ap person/nn who/wps would/md have/hv rewarded/vbn her/ppo for/in services/nns rendered/vbn would/md have/hv been/ben Lizzie/np Borden/np ./.


	Bridget/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in Ireland/np ,/, one/cd of/in fourteen/cd children/nns ./.
She/pps was/bedz apparently/rb the/at pioneer/nn in/in her/pp$ family/nn because/cs she/pps had/hvd no/at close/jj relatives/nns in/in this/dt country/nn at/in that/dt time/nn ./.
She/pps worked/vbd as/cs a/at domestic/nn ,/, first/rb in/in Newport/np for/in a/at year/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb in/in South/jj-tl Bethlehem/np-tl ,/, Pennsylvania/np ,/, for/in another/dt year/nn ./.
She/pps finally/rb settled/vbd in/in Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl and/cc ,/, after/cs being/beg employed/vbn for/in a/at time/nn by/in a/at Mrs./np Reed/np ,/, was/bedz hired/vbn by/in the/at Bordens/nps ./.


	I/ppss have/hv previously/rb described/vbn how/wrb ,/, during/in the/at week/nn of/in the/at murder/nn ,/, Bridget/np spent/vbd the/at first/od few/ap hot/jj days/nns scrubbing/vbg and/cc ironing/vbg clothes/nns ./.

Her/pp$ father/nn ,/, James/np Upton/np ,/, was/bedz the/at Upton/np mentioned/vbn by/in Hawthorne/np in/in the/at famous/jj introduction/nn to/in the/at Scarlet/jj-tl Letter/nn-tl as/cs one/cd of/in those/dts who/wps came/vbd into/in the/at old/jj custom/nn house/nn to/to do/do business/nn with/in him/ppo as/cs the/at surveyor/nn of/in the/at port/nn ./.
A/at gentleman/nn of/in the/at old/jj school/nn ,/, Mr./np Upton/np possessed/vbd intellectual/jj power/nn ,/, ample/jj means/nns ,/, and/cc withal/rb ,/, was/bedz a/at devoted/vbn Christian/np ./.
The/at daughter/nn profited/vbd from/in his/pp$ interest/nn in/in scientific/jj and/cc philosophical/jj subjects/nns ./.
Her/pp$ mother/nn also/rb was/bedz a/at person/nn of/in superior/jj mind/nn and/cc broad/jj interests/nns ./.


	There/ex is/bez clear/jj evidence/nn that/cs Lucy/np from/in childhood/nn had/hvd an/at unusual/jj mind/nn ./.
She/pps possessed/vbd an/at observant/jj eye/nn ,/, a/at retentive/jj memory/nn ,/, and/cc a/at critical/jj faculty/nn ./.
When/wrb she/pps was/bedz nine/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, she/pps wrote/vbd a/at description/nn of/in a/at store/nn she/pps had/hvd visited/vbn ./.
She/pps named/vbd 48/cd items/nns ,/, and/cc said/vbd there/ex were/bed ``/`` many/ap more/ap things/nns which/wdt it/pps would/md take/vb too/ql long/rb to/to write/vb ''/'' ./.
An/at essay/nn on/in ``/`` Freedom/nn-tl ''/'' written/vbn at/in 10/cd years/nns of/in age/nn quoted/vbd the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at freedom/nn given/vbn to/in slaves/nns in/in Canada/np ,/, and/cc the/at views/nns of/in George/np Washington/np ./.


	Lucy/np Upton/np was/bedz graduated/vbn from/in the/at Salem/np High/jj-tl School/nn-tl when/wrb few/ap colleges/nns ,/, only/ap Oberlin/np and/cc Elmira/np ,/, were/bed open/jj to/in women/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc she/pps had/hvd an/at appetite/nn for/in learning/vbg that/wpo could/md not/* be/be denied/vbn ./.


	A/at picture/nn of/in her/ppo in/in high/jj school/nn comes/vbz from/in a/at younger/jjr schoolmate/nn ,/, Albert/np S./np Flint/np ,/, friend/nn of/in her/pp$ brother/nn Winslow/np ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, like/cs Winslow/np ,/, a/at noted/vbn astronomer/nn ./.
He/pps recalled/vbd Lucy/np ,/, as/cs ``/`` a/at bright-looking/jj black-eyed/jj young/jj lady/nn who/wps came/vbd regularly/rb through/in the/at boys'/nns$ study/nn hall/nn to/to join/vb the/at class/nn in/in Greek/np in/in the/at little/jj recitation/nn room/nn beyond/rb ''/'' ./.
The/at study/nn of/in Greek/np was/bedz the/at distinctive/jj mark/nn of/in boys/nns destined/vbn to/to go/vb to/in college/nn ,/, and/cc Lucy/np Upton/np too/rb expected/vbd to/to go/vb to/in college/nn and/cc take/vb the/at full/jj classical/jj course/nn offered/vbn to/in men/nns ./.
The/at death/nn of/in her/pp$ mother/nn in/in 1865/cd prevented/vbd this/dt ./.
With/in four/cd younger/jjr children/nns at/in home/nn ,/, Lucy/np stepped/vbd into/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ role/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb after/cs the/at brothers/nns and/cc sisters/nns were/bed grown/vbn ,/, she/pps was/bedz her/pp$ father's/nn$ comfort/nn and/cc stay/nn until/cs he/pps died/vbd in/in 1879/cd ./.
But/cc even/rb so/rb Lucy/np could/md not/* give/vb up/rp her/pp$ intellectual/jj pursuits/nns ./.
When/wrb her/pp$ brother/nn Winslow/np became/vbd a/at student/nn at/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl in/in 1874/cd ,/, she/pps wrote/vbd him/ppo about/in a/at course/nn in/in history/nn he/pps was/bedz taking/vbg under/in Professor/nn-tl Diman/np :/: ``/`` What/wdt is/bez Prof./nn-tl Diman's/np$ definition/nn of/in civilization/nn ,/, and/cc take/vb the/at world/nn through/rp ,/, is/bez its/pp$ progress/nn ever/rb onward/rb ,/, or/cc does/doz it/pps retrograde/vb at/in times/nns ?/. ?/.
Do/do you/ppo think/vb I/ppss might/md profitably/rb study/vb some/dti of/in the/at history/nn you/ppss do/do ,/, perhaps/rb two/cd weeks/nns behind/in you/ppo ./.
''/'' And/cc that/cs she/pps proceeded/vbd to/to do/do ./.


	Many/ap years/nns later/rbr (/( on/in August/np 3/cd ,/, 1915/cd )/) ,/, Lucy/np Upton/np wrote/vbd Winslow's/np$ daughter/nn soon/rb to/to be/be graduated/vbn from/in Smith/np-tl College/nn-tl :/: ``/`` While/cs I/ppss love/vb botany/nn which/wdt ,/, after/cs dabbling/vbg in/rp for/in years/nns ,/, I/ppss studied/vbd according/in to/in the/at methods/nns of/in that/dt day/nn exactly/rb forty/cd years/nns ago/rb in/in a/at summer/nn school/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be fascinating/jj to/to take/vb up/rp zoology/nn in/in the/at way/nn you/ppss are/ber doing/vbg ./.
Whatever/wdt was/bedz the/at science/nn in/in the/at high/jj school/nn course/nn for/in the/at time/nn being/beg ,/, that/dt was/bedz my/pp$ favorite/jj study/nn ./.
Mathematics/nn came/vbd next/rb ''/'' ./.


	Her/pp$ study/nn of/in history/nn was/bedz persistently/rb pursued/vbn ./.
She/pps read/vbd Maitland's/np$ Dark/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, ``/`` which/wdt I/ppss enjoyed/vbd very/ql much/rb ''/'' ;/. ;/.
La/np Croix/np on/in the/at Customs/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, 16/cd chapters/nns of/in Bryce/np ``/`` and/cc liked/vbd it/ppo more/rbr and/cc more/rbr ''/'' ;/. ;/.
more/ap chapters/nns of/in Guizot/np ;/. ;/.
Lecky/np and/cc Stanley's/np$ Eastern/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ./.
She/pps discussed/vbd in/in her/pp$ letters/nns to/in Winslow/np some/dti of/in the/at questions/nns that/wps came/vbd to/to her/ppo as/cs she/pps studied/vbd alone/rb ./.


	Lucy's/np$ correspondence/nn with/in brother/nn Winslow/np during/in his/pp$ college/nn days/nns was/bedz not/* entirely/rb taken/vbn up/rp with/in academic/jj studies/nns ./.
She/pps played/vbd chess/nn with/in him/ppo by/in postcard/nn ./.
Also/rb Lucy/np and/cc Winslow/np had/hvd a/at private/jj contest/nn to/to see/vb which/wdt one/cd could/md make/vb the/at most/ap words/nns from/in the/at letters/nns in/in ``/`` importunately/rb-nc ''/'' ./.
Who/wps won/vbd is/bez not/* revealed/vbn ,/, but/cc Winslow's/np$ daughter/nn Eleanor/np says/vbz they/ppss got/vbd up/in to/in 1,212/cd words/nns ./.


	There/ex was/bedz another/dt family/nn interest/nn also/rb ./.
Winslow/np had/hvd musical/jj talents/nns ,/, as/cs had/hvd his/pp$ father/nn before/in him/ppo ./.
At/in different/jj times/nns he/pps served/vbd as/cs glee-club/nn and/cc choir/nn leader/nn and/cc as/cs organist/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps was/bedz Lucy/np Upton/np who/wps first/rb started/vbd the/at idea/nn of/in a/at regular/jj course/nn in/in Music/nn-tl at/in Spelman/np-tl College/nn-tl ./.


	Winslow/np Upton/np after/in graduation/nn from/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl and/cc two/cd years/nns of/in graduate/jj study/nn ,/, accepted/vbd a/at position/nn at/in the/at Harvard/np-tl Observatory/nn-tl ./.
For/in three/cd years/nns he/pps was/bedz connected/vbn with/in the/at U.S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Observatory/nn-tl and/cc with/in the/at U.S./np-tl Signal/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc after/in 1883/cd ,/, was/bedz professor/nn of/in astronomy/nn at/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl ./.
The/at six/cd expeditions/nns to/to study/vb eclipses/nns of/in the/at sun/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz a/at member/nn ,/, took/vbd him/ppo to/in Colorado/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc California/np as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in the/at South/jj-tl Pacific/jj-tl and/cc to/in Russia/np ./.
After/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ death/nn ,/, Lucy/np and/cc her/pp$ youngest/jjt sister/nn lived/vbd for/in a/at few/ap years/nns with/in Winslow/np in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./.
``/`` Their/pp$ house/nn ''/'' ,/, writes/vbz Albert/np S./np Flint/np ,/, ``/`` was/bedz always/rb a/at haven/nn of/in hospitality/nn and/cc good/jj cheer/nn ,/, especially/rb grateful/jj to/in one/pn like/cs myself/ppl far/rb from/in home/nn ''/'' ./.
Lucy/np was/bedz a/at lively/jj part/nn of/in the/at household/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, she/pps had/hvd physical/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs mental/jj vigor/nn ./.
Winslow/np ,/, as/cs his/pp$ daughters/nns Eleanor/np and/cc Margaret/np recall/vb ,/, used/vbd to/to characterize/vb her/ppo as/cs ``/`` our/pp$ iron/nn sister/nn ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez reason/nn to/to suppose/vb that/cs Lucy/np would/md have/hv made/vbn a/at record/nn as/ql publicly/rb distinguished/vbn as/cs her/pp$ brother/nn had/hvd it/pps not/* been/ben that/cs her/pp$ mother's/nn$ death/nn occurred/vbd just/rb as/cs she/pps was/bedz about/rb to/to enter/vb college/nn ./.
As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, Albert/np S./np Flint/np expressed/vbd his/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs ``/`` her/pp$ physical/jj strength/nn ,/, her/pp$ mental/jj power/nn ,/, her/pp$ lively/jj interest/nn in/in all/abn objects/nns about/in her/ppo and/cc her/pp$ readiness/nn to/to serve/vb her/pp$ fellow/nn beings/nns ''/'' would/md have/hv led/vbn her/ppo ``/`` to/in a/at distinguished/vbn career/nn amongst/in the/at noted/vbn women/nns of/in this/dt country/nn ''/'' ./.


	While/cs in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, Lucy/np Upton/np held/vbd positions/nns in/in the/at U.S./np-tl Census/nn-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in the/at Pension/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss were/bed not/* sufficiently/ql challenging/jj however/wrb ,/, and/cc she/pps resigned/vbd in/in 1887/cd ,/, to/to go/vb to/in Germany/np with/in her/pp$ brother/nn Winslow/np and/cc his/pp$ family/nn while/cs he/pps was/bedz there/rb on/in study/nn ./.
After/in the/at months/nns in/in Europe/np ,/, she/pps returned/vbd to/in Boston/np and/cc became/vbd active/jj in/in church/nn and/cc community/nn life/nn ./.


	What/wdt was/bedz called/vbn an/at ``/`` accidental/jj meeting/nn ''/'' with/in Miss/np Packard/np in/in Washington/np turned/vbd her/pp$ attention/nn to/in Spelman/np ./.
Here/rb was/bedz a/at cause/nn she/pps believed/vbd in/in ./.
After/in correspondence/nn with/in Miss/np Packard/np and/cc to/in the/at joy/nn of/in Miss/np Packard/np and/cc Miss/np Giles/np ,/, she/pps came/vbd to/in Atlanta/np ,/, in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1888/cd ,/, to/to help/vb wherever/wrb needed/vbn ,/, although/cs there/ex was/bedz then/rb no/at money/nn available/jj to/to pay/vb her/ppo a/at salary/nn ./.
She/pps served/vbd for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns without/in pay/nn beyond/in her/pp$ travel/nn and/cc maintenance/nn ./.


	Her/pp$ students/nns have/hv spoken/vbn of/in the/at exacting/vbg standards/nns of/in scholarship/nn and/cc of/in manners/nns and/cc conduct/nn she/pps expected/vbd and/cc achieved/vbd from/in the/at students/nns ;/. ;/.
of/in her/pp$ ``/`` great/jj power/nn of/in discernment/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
of/in ``/`` her/pp$ exquisiteness/nn of/in dress/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` her/pp$ well-modulated/jj voice/nn that/wps went/vbd straight/rb to/in the/at hearts/nns of/in the/at hearers/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/.
her/pp$ great/jj love/nn of/in flowers/nns and/cc plants/nns and/cc birds/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc her/pp$ close/jj knowledge/nn of/in individual/jj students/nns ./.


	She/pps drew/vbd on/in all/abn her/pp$ resources/nns of/in mind/nn and/cc heart/nn to/to help/vb them/ppo --/-- to/to make/vb them/ppo at/in home/nn in/in the/at world/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc as/cs graduates/nns gratefully/rb recall/vb ,/, she/pps drew/vbd on/in her/pp$ purse/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
Many/abn a/at student/nn was/bedz able/jj to/to remain/vb at/in Spelman/np ,/, only/rb because/rb of/in her/pp$ unobtrusive/jj help/nn ./.


	Under/in Miss/np Upton/np ,/, the/at work/nn of/in the/at year/nn 1909-10/cd went/vbd forward/rb without/in interruption/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, she/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/in Spelman/np-tl Seminary/nn-tl in/in 1888/cd ,/, and/cc had/hvd been/ben since/in 1891/cd except/in for/in one/cd year/nn ,/, Associate/nn-tl Principal/nn-tl or/cc Dean/nn-tl ./.
She/pps had/hvd taught/vbn classes/nns in/in botany/nn ,/, astronomy/nn (/( with/in the/at aid/nn of/in a/at telescope/nn )/) ,/, geometry/nn ,/, and/cc psychology/nn ./.


	Miss/np Upton/np and/cc Miss/np Packard/np ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, had/hvd many/ap tastes/nns in/in common/jj ./.
Both/abx had/hvd eager/jj and/cc inquiring/vbg minds/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc both/abx believed/vbd that/cs intellectual/jj growth/nn must/md go/vb hand/nn in/in hand/nn with/in the/at development/nn of/in sturdy/jj character/nn and/cc Christian/jj zeal/nn ./.
Both/abx loved/vbd the/at out-of-doors/nn ,/, including/in mountain/nn climbing/nn and/cc horseback/nn riding/nn ./.
In/in 1890/cd when/wrb the/at trip/nn to/in Europe/np and/cc the/at Holy/jj-tl Land/nn-tl was/bedz arranged/vbn for/in Miss/np Packard/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz Miss/np Upton/np who/wps planned/vbd the/at trip/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` with/in rare/jj executive/jj ability/nn ''/'' bore/vbd the/at brunt/nn of/in ``/`` the/at entire/jj pilgrimage/nn from/in beginning/nn to/in end/nn ''/'' ./.
So/ql strenuous/jj it/pps was/bedz physically/rb ,/, with/in its/pp$ days/nns of/in horseback/nn riding/nn over/in rough/jj roads/nns that/cs it/pps seems/vbz an/at amazing/jj feat/nn of/in endurance/nn for/in both/abx Miss/np Packard/np and/cc Miss/np Upton/np ./.
Yet/cc they/ppss thrived/vbd on/in it/ppo ./.


	At/in the/at Fifteenth/od-tl Anniversary/nn-tl (/( 1896/cd )/) as/cs already/rb quoted/vbn ,/, Miss/np Upton/np projected/vbd with/in force/nn and/cc eloquence/nn the/at Spelman/np of/in the/at Future/nn-tl as/cs a/at college/nn of/in first/od rank/nn ,/, with/in expanding/vbg and/cc unlimited/jj horizons/nns ./.
When/wrb Dr./nn-tl Wallace/np Buttrick/np ,/, wise/jj in/in his/pp$ judgment/nn of/in people/nns ,/, declined/vbd to/to have/hv the/at Science/nn-tl Building/nn-tl named/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd Miss/np Tapley/np (/( April/np 7/cd ,/, 1923/cd )/) ``/`` If/cs you/ppss had/hvd asked/vbn me/ppo ,/, I/ppss think/vb I/ppss would/md have/hv suggested/vbn that/cs you/ppss name/vb the/at building/nn for/in Miss/np Upton/np ./.
Her/pp$ services/nns to/in the/at School/nn-tl for/in many/ap years/nns were/bed of/in a/at very/ql high/jj character/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss have/hv often/rb thought/vbn that/cs one/cd of/in the/at buildings/nns should/md be/be named/vbn for/in her/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Such/jj were/bed the/at qualities/nns of/in the/at Acting-President/nn-tl of/in the/at Seminary/nn-tl after/in the/at death/nn of/in Miss/np Giles/np ./.


	At/in the/at meeting/nn of/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in Trustees/nns-tl ,/, on/in March/np 3/cd ,/, 1910/cd ,/, Miss/np Upton/np presented/vbd the/at annual/jj report/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl ./.
She/pps noted/vbd that/cs no/at student/nn had/hvd been/ben withdrawn/vbn through/in loss/nn of/in confidence/nn ;/. ;/.
that/cs the/at enrollment/nn showed/vbd an/at increase/nn of/in boarding/vbg students/nns as/cs was/bedz desired/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/cs the/at year's/nn$ work/nn had/hvd gone/vbn forward/rb smoothly/rb ./.
She/pps urged/vbd the/at importance/nn of/in more/ql thorough/jj preparation/nn for/in admission/nn ./.
The/at raising/nn of/in the/at $25,000/nns Improvement/nn-tl Fund/nn-tl two/cd days/nns before/in the/at time/nn limit/nn expired/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at spontaneous/jj ``/`` praise/nn demonstration/nn ''/'' held/vbn afterward/rb on/in the/at campus/nn ,/, were/bed reported/vbn as/cs events/nns which/wdt had/hvd brought/vbn happiness/nn to/in Miss/np Giles/np ./.
With/in the/at Fund/nn-tl in/in hand/nn ,/, the/at debt/nn on/in the/at boilers/nns had/hvd been/ben paid/vbn ;/. ;/.
Rockefeller/np and/cc Packard/np-tl Halls/nns-tl had/hvd been/ben renovated/vbn ;/. ;/.
walks/nns laid/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc ground/nn had/hvd been/ben broken/vbn for/in the/at superintendent's/nn$ home/nn ./.
Miss/np Upton/np spoke/vbd gratefully/rb of/in the/at response/nn of/in Spelman/np graduates/nns and/cc Negro/np friends/nns in/in helping/vbg to/to raise/vb the/at Fund/nn-tl ,/, and/cc their/pp$ continuing/vbg efforts/nns to/to raise/vb money/nn for/in greatly/rb needed/vbn current/jj expenses/nns ./.
She/pps spoke/vbd also/rb with/in deep/jj thankfulness/nn of/in the/at many/ap individuals/nns and/cc agencies/nns whose/wp$ interest/nn and/cc efforts/nns through/in the/at years/nns had/hvd made/vbn the/at work/nn so/ql fruitful/jj in/in results/nns ./.


	Two/cd bequests/nns were/bed recorded/vbn :/: one/cd of/in $200/nns under/in the/at will/nn of/in Mrs./np Harriet/np A./np Copp/np of/in Los/np Angeles/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc one/cd of/in $2,000/nns under/in the/at will/nn of/in Miss/np Celia/np L./np Brett/np of/in Hamilton/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, a/at friend/nn from/in the/at early/jj days/nns ./.


	Miss/np Upton/np told/vbd the/at Trustees/nns-tl that/cs the/at death/nn of/in Miss/np Giles/np was/bedz ``/`` the/at sorest/jjt grief/nn ''/'' the/at Seminary/nn-tl had/hvd ever/rb been/ben called/vbn upon/rb to/to bear/vb ./.
The/at daughters/nns of/in Spelman/np ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd never/rb known/vbn or/cc thought/vbn of/in Spelman/np without/in her/ppo ./.
The/at removal/nn of/in Miss/np Packard/np 18/cd years/nns earlier/rbr had/hvd caused/vbn them/ppo great/jj sorrow/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss still/rb had/hvd Miss/np Giles/np ./.
Now/rb the/at school/nn was/bedz indeed/rb bereft/jj ./.
``/`` Yet/cc Spelman/np has/hvz strong/jj ,/, deep/jj roots/nns ,/, and/cc will/md live/vb for/in the/at blessing/nn of/in generations/nns to/to come/vb ''/'' ./.




Miss/np Mary/np Jane/np Packard/np ,/, Sophia's/np$ half-sister/nn ,/, became/vbd ill/jj in/in March/np ,/, 1910/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc when/wrb school/nn closed/vbd ,/, she/pps was/bedz unable/jj to/to travel/vb to/in Massachusetts/np ./.
She/pps remained/vbd in/in Atlanta/np through/in June/np and/cc July/np ;/. ;/.
she/pps died/vbd on/in August/np sixth/od ./.


	Before/cs coming/vbg on/in a/at visit/nn to/in Spelman/np in/in 1885/cd ,/, Miss/np Mary/np had/hvd been/ben a/at successful/jj teacher/nn in/in Worcester/np ,/, and/cc her/pp$ position/nn there/rb was/bedz held/vbn open/jj for/in her/ppo for/in a/at considerable/jj period/nn ./.
But/cc she/pps decided/vbd to/to stay/vb at/in Spelman/np ./.
She/pps helped/vbd with/in teaching/vbg as/ql well/rb as/cs office/nn work/nn for/in a/at few/ap years/nns --/-- the/at catalogues/nns show/vb that/cs she/pps had/hvd classes/nns in/in geography/nn ,/, rhetoric/nn and/cc bookkeeping/nn ./.
Soon/rb the/at office/nn work/nn claimed/vbd all/abn her/pp$ time/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz closely/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at Founders/nns-tl in/in all/abn their/pp$ trials/nns and/cc hardships/nns ./.
Quiet/jj and/cc energetic/jj ,/, cheerful/jj and/cc calm/jj ,/, she/pps too/rb was/bedz a/at power/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at seminary/nn ./.
Miss/np Giles/np always/rb used/vbd to/to refer/vb to/in her/ppo as/cs ``/`` Sister/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
She/pps served/vbd as/cs secretary/nn in/in the/at Seminary/nn-tl office/nn for/in 25/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz in/in charge/nn of/in correspondence/nn ,/, records/nns ,/, and/cc bookkeeping/nn ./.
The/at books/nns of/in the/at school/nn hold/vb a/at memorial/nn to/in her/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc so/rb do/do the/at hearts/nns of/in students/nns and/cc of/in teachers/nns ./.


	Mary/np J./np Packard/np ,/, states/vbz a/at Messenger/nn-tl editorial/nn ,/, was/bedz ``/`` efficient/jj ,/, pains-taking/jj ,/, self-effacing/jj ,/, loving/vbg ,/, radiating/vbg the/at spirit/nn of/in her/pp$ Master/nn-tl ./.
With/in infinite/jj patience/nn she/pps responded/vbd to/in every/at call/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn at/in what/wdt cost/nn to/in herself/ppl ,/, and/cc to/in her/ppo all/abn went/vbd ,/, for/cs she/pps was/bedz sure/jj to/to have/hv the/at needed/vbn information/nn or/cc word/nn of/in cheer/nn ./.



	In/in a/at few/ap school/nn districts/nns one/pn finds/vbz a/at link/nn between/in school/nn and/cc job/nn ./.
In/in those/dts vocational/jj programs/nns organized/vbn with/in Smith-Hughes/np money/nn ,/, there/ex may/md be/be a/at close/jj tie/nn between/in the/at labor/nn union/nn and/cc a/at local/jj employer/nn on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn and/cc the/at vocational/jj teacher/nn on/in the/at other/ap ./.
In/in these/dts cases/nns a/at graduate/nn may/md enter/vb directly/rb into/in an/at apprentice/nn program/nn ,/, saving/vbg a/at year/nn because/rb of/in his/pp$ vocational/jj courses/nns in/in grades/nns 11/cd and/cc 12/cd ./.
The/at apprentice/nn program/nn will/md involve/vb further/jjr education/nn on/in a/at part-time/jj basis/nn ,/, usually/rb at/in night/nn ,/, perhaps/rb using/vbg some/dti of/in the/at same/ap equipment/nn of/in the/at high/jj school/nn ./.
These/dts opportunities/nns are/ber to/to be/be found/vbn in/in certain/jj cities/nns in/in such/jj crafts/nns as/cs auto/nn mechanics/nns ,/, carpentry/nn ,/, drafting/vbg ,/, electrical/jj work/nn ,/, tool-and-die/nn work/nn ,/, and/cc sheet-metal/nn work/nn ./.


	Formally/rb organized/vbn vocational/jj programs/nns supported/vbn by/in federal/jj funds/nns allow/vb high/jj school/nn students/nns to/to gain/vb experience/nn in/in a/at field/nn of/in work/nn which/wdt is/bez likely/jj to/to lead/vb to/in a/at full-time/jj job/nn on/in graduation/nn ./.
The/at ``/`` diversified/vbn occupations/nns ''/'' program/vb is/bez a/at part-time/jj trade-preparatory/jj program/nn conducted/vbn over/in two/cd school/nn years/nns on/in a/at cooperative/jj basis/nn between/in the/at school/nn and/cc local/jj industrial/jj and/cc business/nn employers/nns ./.
The/at ``/`` distributive/jj education/nn ''/'' program/nn operates/vbz in/in a/at similar/jj way/nn ,/, with/in arrangements/nns between/in the/at school/nn and/cc employers/nns in/in merchandising/vbg fields/nns ./.
In/in both/abx cases/nns the/at student/nn attends/vbz school/nn half-time/rb and/cc works/vbz in/in a/at regular/jj job/nn the/at other/ap half/abn ./.
He/pps receives/vbz remuneration/nn for/in his/pp$ work/nn ./.
In/in a/at few/ap places/nns cooperative/jj programs/nns between/in schools/nns and/cc employers/nns in/in clerical/jj work/nn have/hv shown/vbn the/at same/ap possibilities/nns for/in allowing/vbg the/at student/nn ,/, while/cs still/rb in/in school/nn ,/, to/to develop/vb skills/nns which/wdt are/ber immediately/rb marketable/jj upon/in graduation/nn ./.


	Adult/nn education/nn courses/nns ,/, work-study/nn programs/nns of/in various/jj sorts/nns --/-- these/dts are/ber all/abn evidence/nn of/in a/at continuing/vbg interest/nn of/in the/at schools/nns in/in furthering/vbg educational/jj opportunities/nns for/in out-of-school/jj youth/nn ./.
In/in general/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn that/cs when/wrb a/at boy/nn or/cc a/at girl/nn leaves/vbz the/at high/jj school/nn ,/, the/at school/nn authorities/nns play/vb little/ap or/cc no/at part/nn in/in the/at decision/nn of/in what/wdt happens/vbz next/rb ./.
If/cs the/at student/nn drops/vbz out/in of/in high/jj school/nn ,/, the/at break/nn with/in the/at school/nn is/bez even/ql more/ql complete/jj ./.
When/wrb there/ex is/bez employment/nn opportunity/nn for/in youth/nn ,/, this/dt arrangement/nn --/-- or/cc lack/nn of/in arrangement/nn --/-- works/vbz out/rp quite/ql well/rb ./.
Indeed/uh ,/, in/in some/dti periods/nns of/in our/pp$ history/nn and/cc in/in some/dti neighborhoods/nns the/at job/nn opportunities/nns have/hv been/ben so/ql good/jj that/cs undoubtedly/rb a/at great/ql many/ap boys/nns who/wps were/bed potential/jj members/nns of/in the/at professions/nns quit/vb school/nn at/in an/at early/jj age/nn and/cc went/vbd to/in work/nn ./.
Statistically/rb this/dt has/hvz represented/vbn a/at loss/nn to/in the/at nation/nn ,/, although/cs one/pn must/md admit/vb that/cs in/in an/at individual/jj case/nn the/at decision/nn in/in retrospect/nn may/md have/hv been/ben a/at wise/jj one/cd ./.
I/ppss make/vb no/at attempt/nn to/to measure/vb the/at enduring/vbg satisfaction/nn and/cc material/nn well-being/nn of/in a/at man/nn who/wps went/vbd to/in work/nn on/in graduation/nn from/in high/jj school/nn and/cc was/bedz highly/ql successful/jj in/in the/at business/nn which/wdt he/pps entered/vbd ./.
He/pps may/md or/cc may/md not/* be/be ``/`` better/ql off/rp ''/'' than/cs his/pp$ classmate/nn who/wps went/vbd on/rp to/in a/at college/nn and/cc professional/jj school/nn ./.
But/cc in/in the/at next/ap decades/nns the/at nation/nn needs/vbz to/to educate/vb for/in the/at professions/nns all/abn the/at potential/jj professional/jj talent/nn ./.


	In/in a/at later/jjr chapter/nn dealing/vbg with/in the/at suburban/jj school/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md discuss/vb the/at importance/nn of/in arranging/vbg a/at program/nn for/in the/at academically/rb talented/jj and/cc highly/ql gifted/jj youth/nn in/in any/dti high/jj school/nn where/wrb he/pps is/bez found/vbn ./.
In/in the/at Negro/np neighborhoods/nns and/cc also/rb to/in some/dti extent/nn in/in the/at mixed/vbn neighborhoods/nns the/at problem/nn may/md be/be one/cd of/in identification/nn and/cc motivation/nn ./.
High/jj motivation/nn towards/in higher/jjr education/nn must/md start/vb early/rb enough/qlp so/cs that/cs by/in the/at time/nn the/at boy/nn or/cc girl/nn reaches/vbz grade/nn 9/cd he/pps or/cc she/pps has/hvz at/in least/ap developed/vbn those/dts basic/jj skills/nns which/wdt are/ber essential/jj for/in academic/jj work/nn ./.
Undoubtedly/rb far/ql more/ap can/md be/be done/vbn in/in the/at lower/jjr grades/nns in/in this/dt regard/nn in/in the/at Negro/np schools/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at teacher/nn can/md only/rb go/vb so/ql far/rb if/cs the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at community/nn and/cc the/at family/nn is/bez anti-intellectual/jj ./.
And/cc the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber today/nr few/ap shining/vbg examples/nns of/in Negroes/nps in/in positions/nns of/in intellectual/jj leadership/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* due/jj to/in any/dti policy/nn of/in discrimination/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at Northern/jj-tl universities/nns ./.
Quite/abl the/at contrary/jj ,/, as/cs I/ppss can/md testify/vb from/in personal/jj experience/nn as/cs a/at former/ap university/nn president/nn ./.
Rather/rb we/ppss see/vb here/rb another/dt vicious/jj circle/nn ./.
The/at absence/nn of/in successful/jj Negroes/nps in/in the/at world/nn of/in scholarship/nn and/cc science/nn has/hvz tended/vbn to/to tamp/vb down/rp enthusiasm/nn among/in Negro/np youth/nn for/in academic/jj careers/nns ./.
I/ppss believe/vb the/at situation/nn is/bez improving/vbg ,/, but/cc the/at success/nn stories/nns need/vb to/to be/be heavily/rb publicized/vbn ./.
Here/rb again/rb we/ppss run/vb into/in the/at roadblock/nn that/cs Negroes/nps do/do not/* like/vb to/to be/be designated/vbn as/cs Negroes/nps in/in the/at press/nn ./.
How/wrb can/md the/at vicious/jj circle/nn be/be broken/vbn ?/. ?/.
This/dt is/bez a/at problem/nn to/in which/wdt leaders/nns of/in opinion/nn ,/, both/abx Negro/np and/cc white/jj ,/, should/md devote/vb far/ql more/ap attention/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez at/in least/ap as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at more/ql dramatic/jj attempts/nns to/to break/vb down/rp barriers/nns of/in inequality/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.



Vocational/jj-hl education/nn-hl 
I/ppss should/md like/vb to/to underline/vb four/cd points/nns I/ppss made/vbd in/in my/pp$ first/od report/nn with/in respect/nn to/in vocational/jj education/nn ./.
First/od and/cc foremost/rb ,/, vocational/jj courses/nns should/md not/* replace/vb courses/nns which/wdt are/ber essential/jj parts/nns of/in the/at required/vbn academic/jj program/nn for/in graduation/nn ./.
Second/od ,/, vocational/jj courses/nns should/md be/be provided/vbn in/in grades/nns 11/cd and/cc 12/cd and/cc not/* require/vb more/ap than/in half/abn the/at student's/nn$ time/nn in/in those/dts years/nns ;/. ;/.
however/rb ,/, for/in slow/jj learners/nns and/cc prospective/jj dropouts/nns these/dts courses/nns ought/md to/to begin/vb earlier/rbr ./.
Third/od ,/, the/at significance/nn of/in the/at vocational/jj courses/nns is/bez that/cs those/dts enrolled/vbn are/ber keenly/rb interested/vbn in/in the/at work/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss realize/vb the/at relevance/nn of/in what/wdt they/ppss are/ber learning/vbg to/in their/pp$ future/jj careers/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt sense/nn of/in purpose/nn is/bez carried/vbn over/rp to/in the/at academic/jj courses/nns which/wdt they/ppss are/ber studying/vbg at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./.
Fourth/od ,/, the/at type/nn of/in vocational/jj training/vbg programs/nns should/md be/be related/vbn to/in the/at employment/nn opportunities/nns in/in the/at general/jj locality/nn ./.
This/dt last/ap point/nn is/bez important/jj because/cs if/cs high/jj school/nn pupils/nns are/ber aware/jj that/cs few/ap ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, graduates/nns who/wps have/hv chosen/vbn a/at certain/jj vocational/jj program/nn have/hv obtained/vbn a/at job/nn as/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in the/at training/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj idea/nn of/in relevance/nn disappears/vbz ./.
Vocational/jj training/nn which/wdt holds/vbz no/at hope/nn that/cs the/at skill/nn developed/vbn will/md be/be in/in fact/nn a/at marketable/jj skill/nn becomes/vbz just/rb another/dt school/nn ``/`` chore/nn ''/'' for/in those/dts whose/wp$ interest/nn in/in their/pp$ studies/nns has/hvz begun/vbn to/to falter/vb ./.
Those/dts who/wps ,/, because/rb of/in population/nn mobility/nn and/cc the/at reputed/vbn desire/nn of/in employers/nns to/to train/vb their/pp$ own/jj employees/nns ,/, would/md limit/vb vocational/jj education/nn to/in general/jj rather/in than/in specific/jj skills/nns ought/md to/to bear/vb in/in mind/nn the/at importance/nn of/in motivation/nn in/in any/dti kind/nn of/in school/nn experience/nn ./.


	I/ppss have/hv been/ben using/jj-nc the/at word/nn ``/`` vocational/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at layman/nn would/md at/in first/od sight/nn think/vb it/pps should/md be/be used/vbn ./.
I/ppss intend/vb to/to include/vb under/in the/at term/nn all/abn the/at practical/jj courses/nns open/jj to/in boys/nns and/cc girls/nns ./.
These/dts courses/nns develop/vb skills/nns other/ap than/in those/dts we/ppss think/vb of/in when/wrb we/ppss use/vb the/at adjective/nn ``/`` academic/nn ''/'' ./.
Practically/rb all/abn of/in these/dts practical/jj skills/nns are/ber of/in such/abl a/at nature/nn that/cs a/at degree/nn of/in mastery/nn can/md be/be obtained/vbn in/in high/jj school/nn sufficient/jj to/to enable/vb the/at youth/nn to/to get/vb a/at job/nn at/in once/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at skill/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber in/in this/dt sense/nn skills/nns marketable/jj immediately/rb on/in graduation/nn from/in high/jj school/nn ./.
To/to be/be sure/jj ,/, in/in tool-and-die/nn work/nn and/cc in/in the/at building/vbg trades/nns ,/, the/at first/od job/nn must/md be/be often/rb on/in an/at apprentice/nn basis/nn ,/, but/cc two/cd years/nns of/in half-time/nn vocational/jj training/nn enables/vbz the/at young/jj man/nn thus/rb to/to anticipate/vb one/cd year/nn of/in apprentice/nn status/nn ./.
Similarly/rb ,/, a/at girl/nn who/wps graduates/vbz with/in a/at good/jj working/vbg knowledge/nn of/in stenography/nn and/cc the/at use/nn of/in clerical/jj machines/nns and/cc who/wps is/bez able/jj to/to get/vb a/at job/nn at/in once/rb may/md wish/vb to/to improve/vb her/pp$ skill/nn and/cc knowledge/nn by/in a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd of/in further/jjr study/nn in/in a/at community/nn college/nn or/cc secretarial/jj school/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs an/at ability/nn to/to write/vb English/np correctly/rb and/cc with/in some/dti degree/nn of/in elegance/nn is/bez a/at marketable/jj skill/nn ./.
So/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez the/at mathematical/jj competence/nn of/in a/at college/nn graduate/nn who/wps has/hvz majored/vbn in/in mathematics/nn ./.
In/in a/at sense/nn almost/rb all/abn high/jj school/nn and/cc college/nn courses/nns could/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs vocational/jj to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs later/rbr in/in life/nn the/at student/nn in/in his/pp$ vocation/nn (/( which/wdt may/md be/be a/at profession/nn )/) will/md be/be called/vbn upon/rb to/to use/vb some/dti of/in the/at skills/nns developed/vbn and/cc the/at competence/nn obtained/vbn ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in the/at shading/nn of/in one/cd type/nn of/in course/nn into/in another/dt ,/, I/ppss believe/vb it/pps is/bez useful/jj to/to talk/vb about/in vocational/jj courses/nns as/cs apart/rb from/in academic/jj courses/nns ./.
Perhaps/rb a/at course/nn in/in typewriting/nn might/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs the/at exception/nn which/wdt proves/vbz the/at rule/nn ./.
Today/nr many/ap college/nn bound/vbn students/nns try/vb to/to take/vb a/at course/nn in/in personal/jj typing/vbg ,/, as/cs they/ppss feel/vb a/at certain/jj degree/nn of/in mastery/nn of/in this/dt skill/nn is/bez almost/ql essential/jj for/in one/pn who/wps proposes/vbz to/to do/do academic/jj work/nn in/in college/nn and/cc a/at professional/jj school/nn ./.


	Most/ap of/in our/pp$ largest/jjt cities/nns have/hv one/cd or/cc more/ap separate/jj vocational/jj or/cc technical/jj high/jj schools/nns ./.
In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, public/jj education/nn in/in the/at large/jj cities/nns differs/vbz from/in education/nn in/in the/at smaller/jjr cities/nns and/cc consolidated/vbn school/nn districts/nns ./.
The/at neighborhood/nn high/jj schools/nns are/ber not/* ,/, strictly/rb speaking/vbg ,/, comprehensive/jj schools/nns ,/, because/cs some/dti of/in the/at boys/nns and/cc girls/nns may/md be/be attending/vbg a/at vocational/jj or/cc technical/jj high/jj school/nn instead/rb of/in the/at local/jj school/nn ./.
Indeed/uh ,/, one/cd school/nn superintendent/nn in/in a/at large/jj city/nn objects/vbz to/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at term/nn comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn for/in the/at senior/jj high/jj schools/nns in/in his/pp$ city/nn ,/, because/cs these/dts schools/nns do/do not/* offer/vb strictly/rb vocational/jj programs/nns ./.
He/pps prefers/vbz to/to designate/vb such/jj schools/nns as/cs ``/`` general/jj ''/'' high/jj schools/nns ./.
The/at suburban/jj high/jj school/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez worth/jj noting/vbg ,/, also/rb is/bez not/* a/at widely/rb comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn because/cs of/in the/at absence/nn of/in vocational/jj programs/nns ./.
The/at reason/nn is/bez that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at lack/nn of/in interest/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at community/nn ./.
Therefore/rb employment/nn and/cc education/nn in/in all/abn the/at schools/nns in/in a/at metropolitan/jj area/nn are/ber related/vbn in/in different/jj ways/nns from/in those/dts which/wdt are/ber characteristic/jj of/in the/at comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn described/vbn in/in my/pp$ first/od report/nn ./.


	The/at separate/jj vocational/jj or/cc technical/jj high/jj schools/nns in/in the/at large/jj cities/nns must/md be/be reckoned/vbn as/cs permanent/jj institutions/nns ./.
By/rb and/cc large/rb their/pp$ programs/nns are/ber satisfactorily/rb connected/vbn both/abx to/in the/at employment/nn situation/nn and/cc to/in the/at realities/nns of/in the/at apprentice/nn system/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* often/rb realized/vbn to/in what/wdt degree/nn certain/jj trades/nns are/ber in/in many/ap communities/nns closed/vbn areas/nns of/in employment/nn ,/, except/in for/in a/at lucky/jj few/ap ./.
One/pn has/hvz to/to talk/vb confidentially/rb with/in some/dti of/in the/at directors/nns of/in vocational/jj high/jj schools/nns to/to realize/vb that/cs a/at boy/nn cannot/md* just/rb say/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss want/vb to/to be/be a/at plumber/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, by/in doing/vbg good/jj work/nn ,/, find/vb a/at job/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez far/ql more/ql difficult/jj in/in many/ap communities/nns to/to obtain/vb admission/nn to/in an/at apprentice/nn program/nn which/wdt involves/vbz union/nn approval/nn than/cs to/to get/vb into/in the/at most/ql selective/jj medical/jj school/nn in/in the/at nation/nn ./.
Two/cd stories/nns will/md illustrate/vb what/wdt I/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn ./.
One/cd vocational/jj instructor/nn in/in a/at city/nn vocational/jj school/nn ,/, speaking/vbg of/in his/pp$ course/nn in/in a/at certain/jj field/nn ,/, said/vbd he/pps had/hvd no/at difficulty/nn placing/vbg all/abn students/nns in/in jobs/nns outside/rb of/in the/at city/nn ./.
In/in the/at city/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, the/at waiting/vbg list/nn for/in those/dts who/wps want/vb to/to join/vb the/at union/nn is/bez so/ql long/jj that/cs unless/cs a/at boy/nn has/hvz an/at inside/jj track/nn he/pps can't/md* get/vb in/rp ./.
In/in a/at far/ql distant/jj part/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, I/ppss was/bedz talking/vbg to/in an/at instructor/nn about/in a/at boy/nn who/wps in/in the/at twelfth/od grade/nn was/bedz doing/vbg special/jj work/nn ./.
``/`` What/wdt does/doz he/pps have/hv in/in mind/nn to/to do/do when/wrb he/pps graduates/vbz ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` Oh/uh ,/, he'll/pps+md be/be a/at plumber/nn ''/'' ,/, came/vbd the/at answer/nn ./.
``/`` But/cc isn't/bez* it/pps almost/rb impossible/jj to/to get/vb into/in the/at union/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss asked/vbd ./.
``/`` He'll/pps+md have/hv no/at difficulty/nn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn ./.
``/`` He/pps has/hvz very/ql good/jj connections/nns ''/'' ./.


	In/in my/pp$ view/nn ,/, there/ex should/md be/be a/at school/nn which/wdt offers/vbz significant/jj vocational/jj programs/nns for/in boys/nns within/in easy/jj reach/nn of/in every/at family/nn in/in a/at city/nn ./.
Ideally/rb these/dts schools/nns should/md be/be so/rb located/vbn that/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap should/md be/be in/in the/at area/nn where/wrb demand/nn for/in practical/jj courses/nns is/bez at/in the/at highest/jjt ./.


	An/at excellent/jj example/nn of/in a/at successful/jj location/nn of/in a/at new/jj vocational/jj high/jj school/nn is/bez the/at Dunbar/np-tl Vocational/jj-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl in/in Chicago/np ./.
Located/vbn in/in a/at bad/jj slum/nn area/nn now/rb undergoing/vbg redevelopment/nn ,/, this/dt school/nn and/cc its/pp$ program/nn are/ber especially/rb tailored/vbn to/in the/at vocational/jj aims/nns of/in its/pp$ students/nns ./.
Hardly/rb a/at window/nn has/hvz been/ben broken/vbn since/cs Dunbar/np first/rb was/bedz opened/vbn (/( and/cc vandalism/nn in/in schools/nns is/bez a/at major/jj problem/nn in/in many/ap slum/nn areas/nns )/) ./.
I/ppss discovered/vbd in/in the/at course/nn of/in a/at visit/nn there/rb that/cs almost/rb all/abn the/at pupils/nns were/bed Negroes/nps ./.
They/ppss were/bed learning/vbg trades/nns as/ql diverse/jj as/cs shoe/nn repairing/nn ,/, bricklaying/nn ,/, carpentry/nn ,/, cabinet/nn making/nn ,/, auto/nn mechanics/nns ,/, and/cc airplane/nn mechanics/nns ./.
The/at physical/jj facilities/nns at/in Dunbar/np are/ber impressive/jj ,/, but/cc more/ql impressive/jj is/bez the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at pupils/nns ./.



	The/at soybean/nn seed/nn is/bez the/at most/ql important/jj leguminous/jj food/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.
In/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb half/abn of/in the/at world/nn crop/nn is/bez grown/vbn ,/, soybeans/nns are/ber processed/vbn for/in their/pp$ edible/jj oil/nn ./.
The/at residue/nn from/in soybean/nn processing/nn goes/vbz mainly/rb into/in animal/nn feeds/nns ./.


	Soybeans/nns are/ber extensively/rb processed/vbn into/in a/at remarkable/jj number/nn of/in food/nn products/nns in/in the/at Orient/np ./.
American/jj chemists/nns ,/, seeking/vbg to/to increase/vb exports/nns of/in soybeans/nns ,/, have/hv adapted/vbn modern/jj techniques/nns and/cc fermentation/nn methods/nns to/to improve/vb their/pp$ use/nn in/in such/jj traditional/jj Japanese/jj foods/nns as/cs tofu/fw-nn and/cc miso/fw-nn and/cc in/in tempeh/fw-nn of/in Indonesia/np ./.
Soybean/nn flour/nn ,/, grits/nns ,/, flakes/nns ,/, ``/`` milk/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc curd/nn can/md be/be bought/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	Peanuts/nns are/ber the/at world's/nn$ second/od most/ql important/jj legume/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber used/vbn mainly/rb for/in their/pp$ oil/nn ./.
We/ppss produce/vb peanut/nn oil/nn ,/, but/cc to/in a/at much/ql greater/jjr extent/nn we/ppss eat/vb the/at entire/jj seed/nn ./.
Blanched/vbn peanuts/nns ,/, as/cs prepared/vbn for/in making/vbg peanut/nn butter/nn or/cc for/in eating/vbg as/cs nuts/nns ,/, are/ber roasted/vbn seeds/nns whose/wp$ seedcoats/nns have/hv been/ben rubbed/vbn off/rp ./.


	Cereal/nn grains/nns ,/, supplemented/vbn with/in soybeans/nns or/cc dry/jj edible/jj peas/nns or/cc beans/nns ,/, comprise/vb about/rb two-thirds/nns or/cc three-fourths/nns of/in the/at diet/nn in/in parts/nns of/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ./.


	In/in western/jj Europe/np and/cc North/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at level/nn of/in economic/jj development/nn is/bez higher/jjr ,/, grains/nns and/cc other/ap seed/nn products/nns furnish/vb less/ap than/in one-third/nn of/in the/at food/nn consumed/vbn ./.
Rather/rb ,/, meat/nn and/cc potatoes/nns ,/, sugar/nn ,/, and/cc dairy/nn products/nns are/ber the/at main/jjs sources/nns of/in carbohydrate/nn ,/, protein/nn ,/, oils/nns ,/, and/cc fats/nns ./.
People/nns depend/vb less/rbr on/in seeds/nns for/in foods/nns in/in Australia/np ,/, New/jj-tl Zealand/np-tl ,/, and/cc Argentina/np ,/, where/wrb extensive/jj grazing/vbg lands/nns support/vb sheep/nns or/cc cattle/nns ,/, and/cc the/at consumption/nn of/in meat/nn is/bez high/jj ./.


	Feeds/nns for/in livestock/nn took/vbd about/rb one-sixth/nn of/in the/at world's/nn$ cereal/nn crop/nn in/in 1957-1958/cd ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at grain/nn is/bez fed/vbn to/in swine/nns and/cc dairy/nn cows/nns and/cc lesser/jjr amounts/nns to/in beef/nn cattle/nns and/cc poultry/nn ./.
About/rb 90/cd percent/nn of/in the/at corn/nn used/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez fed/vbn to/in animals/nns ./.
The/at rest/nn is/bez used/vbn for/in human/jj food/nn and/cc industrial/jj products/nns ./.
More/ap than/in half/abn of/in the/at sorghum/nn and/cc barley/nn seeds/nns we/ppss produce/vb and/cc most/ap of/in the/at byproducts/nns of/in the/at milling/nn of/in cereals/nns and/cc the/at crushing/nn of/in oilseeds/nns are/ber fed/vbn to/in livestock/nn ./.


	More/ap than/in 200/cd million/cd tons/nns of/in seeds/nns and/cc seed/nn products/nns are/ber fed/vbn to/in livestock/nn annually/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	The/at efficiency/nn with/in which/wdt animals/nns convert/vb grains/nns and/cc forages/nns to/in meat/nn has/hvz risen/vbn steadily/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl since/in the/at 1930's/nns and/cc has/hvz paralleled/vbn the/at increased/vbn feeding/nn of/in the/at cake/nn and/cc meal/nn that/wps are/ber a/at byproduct/nn when/wrb seeds/nns are/ber processed/vbn for/in oil/nn ./.




The/at demand/nn for/in food/nn is/bez so/ql great/jj in/in the/at world/nn that/cs little/ap arable/jj land/nn can/md be/be given/vbn over/rp to/in growing/vbg the/at nonfood/nn crops/nns ./.
Seeds/nns grown/vbn for/in industrial/jj uses/nns hold/vb a/at relatively/ql minor/jj position/nn ./.


	Chief/jjs among/in the/at seed/nn crops/nns grown/vbn primarily/rb for/in industrial/jj uses/nns are/ber the/at oil-bearing/jj seeds/nns --/-- flax/nn ,/, castor/nn ,/, tung/nn (/( nuts/nns from/in the/at China/np wood-oil/nn tree/nn )/) ,/, perilla/nn (/( from/in an/at Oriental/jj-tl mint/nn )/) ,/, and/cc oiticica/nn (/( from/in a/at Brazilian/jj tree/nn )/) ./.


	Oils/nns ,/, or/cc liquid/nn fats/nns ,/, from/in the/at seeds/nns of/in flax/nn and/cc tung/nn have/hv long/rb been/ben the/at principal/jjs constituents/nns of/in paints/nns and/cc varnishes/nns for/in protecting/vbg and/cc beautifying/vbg the/at surfaces/nns of/in wood/nn and/cc metal/nn ./.
These/dts oils/nns develop/vb hard/jj ,/, smooth/jj films/nns when/wrb they/ppss dry/vb and/cc form/vb resinlike/jj substances/nns ./.


	The/at artist/nn who/wps paints/vbz in/in oil/nn uses/vbz drying/vbg oils/nns to/to carry/vb the/at pigments/nns and/cc to/to protect/vb his/pp$ finished/vbn work/nn for/in the/at ages/nns ./.
One/cd of/in the/at finest/jjt of/in artists'/nns$ oils/nns comes/vbz from/in poppy/nn seeds/nns ./.


	Seeds/nns of/in soybean/nn ,/, cotton/nn ,/, corn/nn ,/, sesame/nn ,/, and/cc rape/nn yield/vb semidrying/vbg oils/nns ./.
Some/dti are/ber used/vbn in/in paints/nns along/rb with/in drying/vbg oils/nns ./.
Palm/nn oil/nn protects/vbz the/at surfaces/nns of/in steel/nn sheets/nns before/cs they/ppss are/ber plated/vbn with/in tin/nn ./.


	Castor/nn oil/nn ,/, made/vbn from/in castorbeans/nns ,/, has/hvz gone/vbn out/in of/in style/nn as/cs a/at medicine/nn ./.
This/dt nondrying/jj oil/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez now/rb more/rbr in/in demand/nn than/cs ever/rb before/rb as/cs a/at fine/jj lubricant/nn ,/, as/cs a/at constituent/nn of/in fluids/nns for/in hydraulically/rb operated/vbn equipment/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at source/nn of/in chemicals/nns to/to make/vb plastics/nns ./.


	Almond/nn oil/nn ,/, another/dt nondrying/jj oil/nn ,/, was/bedz once/rb used/vbn extensively/rb in/in perfumery/nn to/to extract/vb flower/nn fragrances/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez still/rb used/vbn in/in drugs/nns and/cc cosmetics/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez rather/ql scarce/jj and/cc sometimes/rb is/bez adulterated/vbn with/in oils/nns from/in peach/nn and/cc plum/nn seeds/nns ./.


	Liquid/nn fats/nns from/in all/abn these/dts oilseeds/nns enter/vb into/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in soaps/nns for/in industry/nn and/cc the/at household/nn and/cc of/in glycerin/nn for/in such/jj industrial/jj uses/nns as/cs making/vbg explosives/nns ./.


	Sizable/jj amounts/vbz of/in soybean/nn ,/, coconut/nn ,/, and/cc palm/nn kernel/nn oil/nn --/-- seed/nn oils/nns that/wps are/ber produced/vbn primarily/rb for/in food/nn purposes/nns --/-- also/rb are/ber used/vbn to/to make/vb soaps/nns ,/, detergents/nns ,/, and/cc paint/nn resins/nns ./.


	Solid/jj fats/nns from/in the/at seeds/nns of/in the/at mahua/nn tree/nn ,/, the/at shea/nn tree/nn ,/, and/cc the/at coconut/nn palm/nn are/ber used/vbn to/to make/vb candles/nns in/in tropical/jj countries/nns ./.


	Seeds/nns are/ber a/at main/jjs source/nn of/in starch/nn for/in industrial/jj and/cc food/nn use/nn in/in many/ap parts/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./.
Corn/nn and/cc wheat/nn supply/vb most/ap of/in the/at starch/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, Canada/np ,/, and/cc Australia/np ./.
In/in other/ap countries/nns where/wrb cereal/nn grains/nns are/ber not/* among/in the/at principal/jjs crops/nns of/in a/at region/nn ,/, starchy/jj tubers/nns or/cc roots/nns are/ber processed/vbn for/in starch/nn ./.
Starch/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in the/at paper/nn ,/, textile/nn ,/, and/cc food-processing/jj industries/nns and/cc in/in a/at multitude/nn of/in other/ap manufacturing/vbg operations/nns ./.


	Gums/nns were/bed extracted/vbn from/in quince/nn ,/, psyllium/nn (/( fleawort/nn )/) ,/, flax/nn ,/, and/cc locust/nn (/( carob/fw-nn )/) seeds/nns in/in ancient/jj times/nns ./.
Today/nr the/at yearly/jj import/nn into/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in locust/nn bean/nn gum/nn is/bez more/ap than/in 15/cd million/cd pounds/nns ;/. ;/.
of/in psyllium/nn seed/nn ,/, more/ap than/in 2.6/cd million/cd ./.
The/at discovery/nn during/in the/at Second/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl that/cs guar/nn gum/nn was/bedz similar/jj to/in imported/vbn locust/nn gum/nn increased/vbd its/pp$ cultivation/nn in/in western/jj Asia/np and/cc initiated/vbd it/ppo in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	Water-soluble/jj gums/nns are/ber used/vbn in/in foods/nns and/cc drugs/nns and/cc in/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in pulp/nn and/cc paper/nn as/cs thickeners/nns ,/, stabilizers/nns ,/, or/cc dispersing/vbg agents/nns ./.
Guar/nn gum/nn thickens/vbz salad/nn dressings/nns and/cc stabilizes/vbz ice/nn cream/nn ./.
Quince/nn seed/nn gum/nn is/bez the/at main/jjs ingredient/nn in/in wave-setting/jj lotions/nns ./.
Once/rb regarded/vbn as/cs an/at agricultural/jj nuisance/nn ,/, psyllium/nn was/bedz sold/vbn in/in the/at 1930's/nns as/cs a/at mechanical/jj laxative/nn under/in 117/cd different/jj brands/nns ./.
Locust/nn gum/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in pulp/nn slurries/nns to/to break/vb up/rp the/at lumps/nns of/in fibers/nns in/in making/vbg paper/nn ./.




The/at seeds/nns of/in hard/jj ,/, fibrous/jj ,/, stony/jj fruits/nns ,/, called/vbn nuts/nns ,/, provide/vb highly/ql concentrated/vbn foods/nns ,/, oils/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap materials/nns of/in value/nn ./.
Most/ap nuts/nns consist/vb of/in the/at richly/ql packaged/vbn storage/nn kernel/nn and/cc its/pp$ thick/jj ,/, adherent/jj ,/, brown/jj covering/nn --/-- the/at seedcoat/nn ./.


	The/at kernels/nns of/in brazil/nn nuts/nns ,/, cashews/nns ,/, coconuts/nns ,/, filberts/nns ,/, hazelnuts/nns ,/, hickory/nn nuts/nns ,/, pecans/nns ,/, walnuts/nns ,/, and/cc pine/nn nuts/nns are/ber predominantly/ql oily/jj ./.
Almonds/nns and/cc pistachio/nn nuts/nns are/ber not/* so/ql high/jj in/in oil/nn but/cc are/ber rich/jj in/in protein/nn ./.
Chestnuts/nns are/ber starchy/jj ./.
All/abn nut/nn kernels/nns are/ber rich/jj in/in protein/nn ./.


	The/at world/nn production/nn of/in familiar/jj seed/nn nuts/nns --/-- almonds/nns ,/, brazil/nn nuts/nns ,/, filberts/nns ,/, and/cc the/at English/jj walnuts/nns --/-- totals/vbz about/rb 300/cd thousand/cd tons/nns annually/rb ./.


	Coconuts/nns ,/, the/at fruit/nn of/in the/at coconut/nn palm/nn ,/, have/hv the/at largest/jjt of/in all/abn known/vbn seeds/nns and/cc are/ber grown/vbn in/in South/jj-tl Pacific/np-tl islands/nns as/cs a/at crop/nn for/in domestic/jj and/cc export/nn markets/nns ./.
The/at oil/nn palm/nn of/in West/jj-tl Africa/np-tl yields/vbz edible/jj oil/nn from/in both/abx the/at flesh/nn and/cc the/at seed/nn or/cc kernel/nn of/in its/pp$ fruit/nn ./.
World/nn production/nn of/in copra/nn ,/, the/at oil-bearing/jj flesh/nn of/in the/at coconut/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at little/ql more/ap than/in 3/cd million/cd tons/nns in/in 1959/cd ./.
Exports/nns from/in producing/vbg countries/nns in/in terms/nns of/in equivalent/jj oil/nn were/bed a/at little/ql more/ap than/in 1/cd million/cd tons/nns ,/, about/rb half/abn of/in which/wdt was/bedz palm/nn kernels/nns or/cc oil/nn from/in them/ppo and/cc about/rb half/abn was/bedz palm/nn oil/nn ./.


	Other/ap nuts/nns consumed/vbn in/in lesser/jjr quantity/nn include/vb the/at spicy/jj nutmeg/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at soap/nn nut/nn ,/, which/wdt owes/vbz its/pp$ sudsing/vbg power/nn to/in natural/jj saponins/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at marking/vbg nut/nn ,/, used/vbn for/in ink/nn and/cc varnish/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at aromatic/jj sassafras/nn nut/nn of/in South/jj-tl America/np-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at sweet-smelling/jj cumara/nn nut/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez suited/vbn for/in perfumes/nns ./.


	A/at forest/nn crop/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* been/ben extensively/rb cultivated/vbn is/bez ivory/nn nuts/nns from/in the/at tagua/nn palm/nn ./.
The/at so-called/jj vegetable/nn ivory/nn is/bez the/at hard/jj endosperm/nn of/in the/at egg-sized/jj seed/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez used/vbn for/in making/vbg buttons/nns and/cc other/ap small/jj ,/, hard/jj objects/nns of/in turnery/nn ./.
Seeds/nns of/in the/at sago/nn palm/nn are/ber used/vbn in/in Bermuda/np to/to make/vb heads/nns and/cc faces/nns of/in dolls/nns sold/vbn to/in tourists/nns ./.




The/at color/nn and/cc shape/nn of/in seeds/nns have/hv long/rb made/vbn them/ppo attractive/jj for/in ornaments/nns and/cc decorations/nns ./.


	Since/in Biblical/jj times/nns ,/, rosaries/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn from/in jobs-tears/nns --/-- the/at seeds/nns of/in an/at Asiatic/jj grass/nn ./.
Bead/nn tree/nn seeds/nns are/ber the/at necklaces/nns of/in South/jj-tl Pacific/jj-tl islanders/nns and/cc the/at eyes/nns of/in Buddha/np dolls/nns in/in Cuba/np ./.
Victorian/jj ladies/nns had/hvd a/at fad/nn of/in stringing/vbg unusual/jj seeds/nns to/to wear/vb as/cs jewelry/nn ./.


	Handmade/jj Christmas/np wreaths/nns and/cc trees/nns often/rb contain/vb a/at variety/nn of/in seeds/nns collected/vbn during/in the/at year/nn ./.


	Tradition/nn has/hvz assigned/vbn medicinal/jj values/nns to/in seeds/nns because/rb of/in their/pp$ alkaloids/nns ,/, aromatic/jj oils/nns ,/, and/cc highly/ql flavored/vbn components/nns ./.
Although/cs science/nn has/hvz given/vbn us/ppo more/ql effective/jj materials/nns ,/, preparations/nns from/in anise/nn ,/, castorbean/nn ,/, colchicum/nn ,/, nux/nn vomica/nn ,/, mustard/nn ,/, fennel/nn ,/, and/cc stramonium/nn are/ber familiar/jj to/in many/ap for/in the/at relief/nn of/in human/jj ailments/nns ./.
Flaxseed/nn poultices/nns and/cc mustard/nn plasters/nns still/rb are/ber used/vbn by/in some/dti persons/nns ./.


	Peanut/nn and/cc sesame/nn oils/nns often/rb are/ber used/vbn as/cs carriers/nns or/cc diluents/nns for/in medicines/nns administered/vbn by/in injection/nn ./.


	Still/rb another/dt group/nn of/in seeds/nns (/( sometimes/rb tiny/jj ,/, dry/jj ,/, seed-bearing/jj fruits/nns )/) provide/vb distinctive/jj flavors/nns and/cc odors/nns to/in foods/nns ,/, although/cs the/at nutrients/nns they/ppss supply/vb are/ber quite/ql negligible/jj ./.
The/at common/jj spices/nns ,/, flavorings/nns ,/, and/cc condiments/nns make/vb up/rp this/dt group/nn ./.


	Each/dt year/nn millions/nns of/in pounds/nns of/in anise/nn ,/, caraway/nn ,/, mustard/nn ,/, celery/nn ,/, and/cc coriander/nn and/cc the/at oils/nns extracted/vbn from/in them/ppo are/ber imported/vbn ./.


	Single-seeded/jj dry/jj fruits/nns used/vbn for/in flavoring/vbg include/vb several/ap of/in the/at carrot/nn family/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs cumin/nn ,/, dill/nn ,/, fennel/nn ,/, and/cc angelica/nn ./.
Less/ql common/jj seeds/nns used/vbn in/in cooking/vbg and/cc beverages/nns include/vb fenugreek/nn (/( artificial/jj maple/nn flavor/nn )/) and/cc cardamom/nn ./.
White/jj pepper/nn is/bez the/at ground/vbn seed/nn of/in the/at common/jj black/jj pepper/nn fruit/nn ./.


	Sesame/nn seed/nn ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz from/in the/at tall/jj pods/nns of/in a/at plant/nn grown/vbn in/in Egypt/np ,/, Brazil/np ,/, and/cc Central/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, has/hvz a/at toasted-nut/nn flavor/nn and/cc can/md be/be used/vbn in/in almost/rb any/dti dish/nn calling/vbg for/in almonds/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at main/jjs flavoring/nn for/in halvah/nn ,/, the/at candy/nn of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl ./.
Sesame/nn sticks/nns ,/, a/at snack/nn dip/nn ,/, originated/vbn in/in the/at Southwest/nr-tl ./.


	Beverages/nns are/ber made/vbn from/in seeds/nns the/at world/nn over/rp ./.


	Coffee/nn is/bez made/vbn from/in the/at roasted/vbn and/cc ground/vbn seeds/nns of/in the/at coffee/nn tree/nn ./.
World/nn production/nn of/in coffee/nn broke/vbd all/ql previous/jj records/nns in/in 1959/cd and/cc 1960/cd at/in more/ap than/in 5/cd million/cd tons/nns ./.
Per/in capita/nns consumption/nn remains/vbz around/rb 16/cd pounds/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	Cocoa/nn ,/, chocolate/nn ,/, and/cc cocoa/nn butter/nn come/vb from/in the/at ground/vbn seeds/nns of/in the/at cacao/nn tree/nn ./.
World/nn production/nn of/in about/rb 1/cd million/cd tons/nns is/bez divided/vbn primarily/rb between/in Africa/np (/( 63/cd percent/nn )/) and/cc South/jj-tl America/np-tl (/( 27/cd percent/nn )/) ./.


	Several/ap soft/jj drinks/nns contain/vb extracts/nns from/in kola/nn nuts/nns ,/, the/at seed/nn of/in the/at kola/nn tree/nn cultivated/vbn in/in the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl and/cc South/jj-tl America/np-tl ./.


	Cereal/nn grains/nns have/hv been/ben used/vbn for/in centuries/nns to/to prepare/vb fermented/vbn beverages/nns ./.
The/at Japanese/jj sake/fw-nn is/bez wine/nn fermented/vbn from/in rice/nn grain/nn ./.
Arrack/nn is/bez distilled/vbn from/in fermented/vbn rice/nn in/in India/np ./.


	Beer/nn ,/, generally/rb fermented/vbn from/in barley/nn ,/, is/bez an/at old/jj alcoholic/jj beverage/nn ./.
Beer/nn was/bedz brewed/vbn by/in the/at Babylonians/nps and/cc Egyptians/nps more/ap than/in 6/cd thousand/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
Brewers/nns today/nr use/nn corn/nn ,/, rice/nn ,/, and/cc malted/vbn barley/nn ./.


	Distillers/nns use/vb corn/nn ,/, malt/nn ,/, wheat/nn ,/, grain/nn sorghum/nn ,/, and/cc rye/nn in/in making/vbg beverage/nn alcohol/nn ./.




Seed/nn crops/nns hold/vb a/at prominent/jj place/nn in/in the/at agricultural/jj economy/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	The/at farm/nn value/nn of/in seeds/nns produced/vbn in/in this/dt country/nn for/in all/abn purposes/nns ,/, including/in the/at cereals/nns ,/, is/bez nearly/rb 10/cd billion/cd dollars/nns a/at year/nn ./.
Cereal/nn grains/nns ,/, oilseeds/nns ,/, and/cc dry/jj beans/nns and/cc peas/nns account/vb for/in about/rb 57/cd percent/nn of/in the/at farm/nn value/nn of/in all/abn crops/nns raised/vbn ./.


	The/at economic/jj importance/nn of/in seed/nn crops/nns actually/rb is/bez even/ql greater/jjr ,/, because/cs additional/jj returns/nns are/ber obtained/vbn from/in most/ap of/in the/at corn/nn ,/, oats/nn ,/, barley/nn ,/, and/cc sorghum/nn --/-- as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at cake/nn and/cc meal/nn from/in the/at processing/nn of/in flaxseed/nn ,/, cottonseed/nn ,/, and/cc soybeans/nns --/-- through/in conversion/nn to/in poultry/nn ,/, meat/nn ,/, and/cc dairy/nn products/nns ./.


	Seeds/nns furnish/vb about/rb 40/cd percent/nn of/in the/at total/nn nutrients/nns consumed/vbn by/in all/abn livestock/nn ./.
Hay/nn and/cc pasture/nn are/ber the/at other/ap chief/jjs sources/nns of/in livestock/nn feed/nn ./.


	Seeds/nns are/ber the/at essential/jj raw/jj materials/nns for/in milling/vbg grain/nn ,/, baking/vbg ,/, crushing/vbg oilseed/nn ,/, refining/vbg edible/jj oil/nn ,/, brewing/vbg ,/, distilling/vbg ,/, and/cc mixing/vbg feed/nn ./.


	More/ap than/in 11/cd thousand/cd business/nn establishments/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl were/bed based/vbn on/in cereals/nns and/cc oilseeds/nns in/in 1954/cd ./.
The/at value/nn of/in products/nns from/in these/dts industries/nns was/bedz 15.8/cd billion/cd dollars/nns ,/, of/in which/wdt about/rb one-third/nn was/bedz created/vbn by/in manufacturing/vbg processes/nns ./.
Not/* included/vbn was/bedz the/at value/nn of/in seed/nn oil/nn in/in paints/nns and/cc varnishes/nns or/cc the/at value/nn of/in the/at coffee/nn and/cc chocolate/nn industries/nns that/wps are/ber based/vbn on/in imported/vbn seed/nn or/cc seed/nn products/nns ./.


	Cereal/nn grains/nns furnish/vb about/rb one-fourth/nn of/in the/at total/nn food/nn calories/nns in/in the/at American/jj diet/nn and/cc about/rb one-third/nn of/in the/at total/nn nutrients/nns consumed/vbn by/in all/abn livestock/nn and/cc poultry/nn ./.



	To/to hold/vb a/at herd/nn of/in cattle/nns on/in a/at new/jj range/nn till/cs they/ppss felt/vbd at/in home/nr was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` locatin'/vbg ''/'' 'em/ppo ./.
To/to keep/vb 'em/ppo scattered/vbn somewhat/rb and/cc yet/rb herd/vb 'em/ppo was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` loose/jj herdin'/nn ''/'' ./.
To/to hold/vb 'em/ppo in/in a/at compact/jj mass/nn was/bedz ``/`` close/jj herdin'/nn ''/'' ./.
Cattle/nns were/bed inclined/vbn to/to remain/vb in/in a/at territory/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed acquainted/vbn ./.
That/dt became/vbd their/pp$ ``/`` home/nn range/nn ''/'' ./.
Yet/cc there/ex were/bed always/rb some/dti that/wps moved/vbd farther/rbr and/cc farther/rbr out/rp ,/, seekin'/vbg grass/nn and/cc water/nn ./.
These/dts became/vbd ``/`` strays/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at term/nn bein'/beg restricted/vbn to/in cattle/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, as/cs hosses/nns ,/, under/in like/jj circumstances/nns ,/, were/bed spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` stray/jj hosses/nns ''/'' ,/, not/* merely/rb ``/`` strays/nns ''/'' ./.


	Cattle/nns would/md drift/vb day/nn and/cc night/nn in/in a/at blizzard/nn till/cs it/pps was/bedz over/rp ./.
You/ppss couldn't/md* stop/vb 'em/ppo ;/. ;/.
you/ppss had/hvd to/to go/vb with/in 'em/ppo or/cc wait/vb till/cs the/at storm/nn was/bedz over/rp ,/, and/cc follow/vb ./.
Such/jj marchin'/nn in/in wholesale/jj numbers/nns was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` drift/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` winter/nn drift/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc if/cs the/at storm/nn was/bedz prolonged/vbn it/pps usually/rb resulted/vbd in/in one/cd of/in the/at tragedies/nns of/in the/at range/nn ./.
The/at cowboy/nn made/vbd a/at technical/jj distinction/nn in/in reference/nn to/in the/at number/nn of/in them/dts animals/nns ./.
The/at single/ap animal/nn or/cc a/at small/jj bunch/nn were/bed referred/vbn to/in as/cs ``/`` strays/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/.
but/cc when/wrb a/at large/jj number/nn were/bed ``/`` bunched/vbn up/rp ''/'' or/cc ``/`` banded/vbn up/rp ''/'' ,/, and/cc marched/vbn away/rb from/in their/pp$ home/nn range/nn ,/, as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss stayed/vbd together/rb the/at group/nn was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be a/at ``/`` drift/nn ''/'' ./.
Drifts/nns usually/rb occurred/vbd in/in winter/nn in/in an/at effort/nn to/to escape/vb the/at severe/jj cold/jj winds/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps could/md also/rb occur/vb in/in summer/nn as/cs the/at result/nn of/in lack/nn of/in water/nn or/cc grass/nn because/rb of/in a/at drought/nn ,/, or/cc as/cs an/at aftermath/nn of/in a/at stampede/nn ./.
Drifts/nns usually/rb happened/vbd only/rb with/in cattle/nns ,/, for/cs hosses/nns had/hvd 'nough/ap sense/nn to/to avoid/vb 'em/ppo ,/, and/cc to/to find/vb shelter/nn for/in 'emselves/ppls ./.


	The/at wholesale/jj death/nn of/in cattle/nns as/cs a/at result/nn of/in blizzards/nns ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb droughts/nns ,/, over/in a/at wide/jj range/nn of/in territory/nn was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` die-up/nn ''/'' ./.
Followin'/vbg such/abl an/at event/nn there/ex was/bedz usually/rb a/at harvest/nn of/in ``/`` fallen/vbn hides/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at ranchers/nns needed/vbd skinnin'/vbg knives/nns instead/rb of/in brandin'/vbg irons/nns ./.
Cattle/nns were/bed said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` potted/vbn ''/'' when/wrb ``/`` blizzard/nn choked/vbn ''/'' ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, caught/vbn in/in a/at corner/nn or/cc a/at draw/nn ,/, or/cc against/in a/at ``/`` drift/nn fence/nn ''/'' durin'/in a/at storm/nn ./.
Cattle/nns which/wdt died/vbd from/in them/dts winter/nn storms/nns were/bed referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at ``/`` winter/nn kill/nn ''/'' ./.
When/wrb cattle/nns in/in winter/nn stopped/vbd and/cc humped/vbd their/pp$ backs/nns up/rp they/ppss were/bed said/vbn to/to ``/`` bow/vb up/rp ''/'' ./.
This/dt term/nn was/bedz also/rb used/vbn by/in the/at cowboy/nn in/in the/at sense/nn of/in a/at human/jj showin'/vbg fight/nn ,/, as/cs one/cd cowhand/nn was/bedz heard/vbn to/to say/vb ,/, ``/`` He/pps arches/vbz his/pp$ back/nn like/cs a/at mule/nn in/in a/at hailstorm/nn ''/'' ./.
Cattle/nns drove/vbn to/in the/at northern/jj ranges/nns and/cc held/vbn for/in two/cd winters/nns to/in mature/jj 'em/ppo into/in prime/jj beef/nn were/bed said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` double/rb wintered/vbn ''/'' ./.


	Cattle/nns brought/vbn into/in a/at range/nn from/in a/at distance/nn were/bed called/vbn ``/`` immigrants/nns ''/'' ./.
Them/dts new/jj to/in the/at country/nn were/bed referred/vbn to/in as/cs ``/`` pilgrims/nns ''/'' ./.
This/dt word/nn was/bedz first/rb applied/vbn to/in the/at imported/vbn hot-blooded/jj cattle/nns ,/, but/cc later/rbr was/bedz more/ql commonly/rb used/vbn as/cs reference/nn to/in a/at human/jj tenderfoot/nn ./.
Hereford/np cattle/nns were/bed often/rb called/vbn ``/`` white/jj faces/nns ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` open-face/nn cattle/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at old-time/jj cowman/nn gave/vbd the/at name/nn of/in ``/`` hothouse/nn stock/nn ''/'' to/in them/dts newly/rb introduced/vbn cattle/nns ./.
Because/cs Holstein/np cattle/nns weren't/bed* a/at beef/nn breed/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed rarely/rb seen/vbn on/in a/at ranch/nn ,/, though/cs one/cd might/md be/be found/vbn now/rb and/cc then/rb for/in the/at milk/nn supply/nn ./.
The/at cowboy/nn called/vbd this/dt breed/nn of/in cattle/nns ``/`` magpies/nns ''/'' ./.
A/at ``/`` cattaloe/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at hybrid/nn offspring/nn of/in buffalo/nn and/cc cattle/nns ./.
``/`` Dry/jj stock/nn ''/'' denoted/vbd ,/, regardless/rb of/in age/nn or/cc sex/nn ,/, such/jj bovines/nns as/cs were/bed givin'/vbg no/at milk/nn ./.
A/at ``/`` wet/jj herd/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at herd/nn of/in cattle/nns made/vbn up/rp entirely/rb of/in cows/nns ,/, while/cs ``/`` wet/jj stuff/nn ''/'' referred/vbd to/in cows/nns givin'/vbg milk/nn ./.
The/at cowboy's/nn$ humorous/jj name/nn for/in a/at cow/nn givin'/vbg milk/nn was/bedz a/at ``/`` milk/nn pitcher/nn ''/'' ./.
Cows/nns givin'/vbg no/at milk/nn were/bed knowed/vbn as/cs ``/`` strippers/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at terminology/nn of/in the/at range/nn ,/, in/in speakin'/vbg of/in ``/`` dry/jj stock/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` wet/jj stock/nn ''/'' ,/, was/bedz confusin'/vbg to/in the/at tenderfoot/nn ./.
The/at most/ql common/jj reference/nn to/in ``/`` wet/jj stock/nn ''/'' was/bedz with/in the/at meanin'/nn that/cs such/jj animals/nns had/hvd been/ben smuggled/vbn across/in the/at Rio/np Grande/np after/cs bein'/beg stolen/vbn from/in their/pp$ rightful/jj owners/nns ./.
The/at term/nn soon/rb became/vbd used/vbn and/cc applied/vbn to/in all/abn stolen/vbn animals/nns ./.
``/`` Mixed/vbn-nc herd/nn-nc ''/'' meant/vbd a/at herd/nn of/in mixed/vbn sexes/nns ,/, while/cs a/at ``/`` straight/jj steer/nn herd/nn ''/'' was/bedz one/cd composed/vbn entirely/rb of/in steers/nns ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at cowman/nn spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` mixed/vbn cattle/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps meant/vbd cattle/nns of/in various/jj grades/nns ,/, ages/nns ,/, and/cc sexes/nns ./.


	In/in the/at spring/nn when/wrb penned/vbn cattle/nns were/bed turned/vbn out/rp to/in grass/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` turn-out/nn time/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` put/vbn to/in grass/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` Shootin'/vbg 'em/ppo out/rp ''/'' was/bedz gettin'/vbg cattle/nns out/in of/in a/at corral/nn onto/in the/at range/nn ./.
When/wrb a/at cow/nn came/vbd out/in of/in a/at corral/nn in/in a/at crouchin'/vbg run/nn she/pps was/bedz said/vbn to/to ``/`` come/vb out/rp a-stoopin'/vbg ''/'' ./.
To/to stir/vb cattle/nns up/rp and/cc get/vb 'em/ppo heated/vbn and/cc excited/vbn was/bedz to/to ``/`` mustard/vb the/at cattle/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at act/nn was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` ginnin'/vbg 'em/ppo 'round/rb ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` chousin'/vbg 'em/ppo ''/'' ./.
After/in a/at roundup/nn the/at pushin'/nn of/in stray/jj cattle/nns of/in outside/jj brands/nns toward/in their/pp$ home/nn range/nn was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` throwin'/vbg over/rp ''/'' ./.


	A/at cow/nn rose/vbd from/in the/at ground/nn rear/jj end/nn first/rb ./.
By/in the/at time/nn her/pp$ hindquarters/nns were/bed in/in a/at standin'/vbg position/nn ,/, her/pp$ knees/nns were/bed on/in the/at ground/nn in/in a/at prayin'/vbg attitude/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz when/wrb she/pps was/bedz in/in this/dt position/nn that/cs the/at name/nn ``/`` prayin'/vbg cow/nn ''/'' was/bedz suggested/vbn to/in the/at cowboy/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` on/in their/pp$ heads/nns ''/'' when/wrb grazin'/vbg ./.
``/`` On/in-nc the/at-nc hoof/nn-nc ''/'' was/bedz a/at reference/nn to/in live/jj cattle/nns and/cc was/bedz also/rb used/vbn in/in referrin'/vbg to/in cattle/nns travelin'/vbg by/in trail/nn under/in their/pp$ own/jj power/nn as/cs against/in goin'/vbg by/in rail/nn ./.
Shippin'/vbg cattle/nns by/in train/nn was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` stock/nn run/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at general/jj classification/nn given/vbn grass-fed/jj cattle/nns was/bedz ``/`` grassers/nns ''/'' ./.


	When/wrb a/at cowboy/nn spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` dustin'/vbg ''/'' a/at cow/nn ,/, he/pps meant/vbd that/cs he/pps throwed/vbd dust/nn into/in her/pp$ eyes/nns ./.
The/at cow/nn ,/, unlike/in a/at bull/nn or/cc steer/nn ,/, kept/vbd her/pp$ eyes/nns open/jj and/cc her/pp$ mind/nn on/in her/pp$ business/nn when/wrb chargin'/vbg ,/, and/cc a/at cow/nn ``/`` on/in the/at prod/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` on/in the/at peck/nn ''/'' was/bedz feared/vbn by/in the/at cowhand/nn more/rbr than/cs any/dti of/in his/pp$ other/ap charges/nns ./.


	The/at Injun's/np$ name/nn for/in beef/nn was/bedz ``/`` wohaw/fw-nn-nc ''/'' ,/, and/cc many/ap of/in the/at old/jj frontiersmen/nns adopted/vbd it/ppo from/in their/pp$ association/nn with/in the/at Injun/np on/in the/at trails/nns ./.
The/at first/od cattle/nns the/at Injuns/nps saw/vbd under/in the/at white/jj man's/nn$ control/nn were/bed the/at ox/nn teams/nns of/in the/at early/jj freighters/nns ./.
Listenin'/vbg with/in wonder/nn at/in the/at strange/jj words/nns of/in the/at bullwhackers/nns as/cs they/ppss shouted/vbd ``/`` Whoa/uh ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Haw/uh ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Gee/uh ''/'' ,/, they/ppss thought/vbd them/dts words/nns the/at names/nns of/in the/at animals/nns ,/, and/cc began/vbd callin'/vbg cattle/nns ``/`` wohaws/fw-nns ''/'' ./.
Rarely/rb did/dod a/at trail/nn herd/nn pass/vb through/in the/at Injun/np country/nn on/in its/pp$ march/nn north/nr that/cs it/pps wasn't/bedz* stopped/vbn to/to receive/vb demand/nn for/in ``/`` wohaw/fw-nn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Tailin'/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at throwin'/vbg of/in an/at animal/nn by/in the/at tail/nn in/in lieu/nn of/in a/at rope/nn ./.
Any/dti animal/nn could/md when/wrb travelin'/vbg fast/rb ,/, be/be sent/vbn heels/nns over/in head/nn by/in the/at simple/jj process/nn of/in overtakin'/vbg the/at brute/nn ,/, seizin'/vbg its/pp$ tail/nn ,/, and/cc givin'/vbg the/at latter/ap a/at pull/nn to/in one/cd side/nn ./.
This/dt throwed/vbd the/at animal/nn off/in balance/nn ,/, and/cc over/rp it'd/pps+md crash/vb onto/in its/pp$ head/nn and/cc shoulders/nns ./.
Though/cs the/at slightest/jjt yank/nn was/bedz frequently/rb capable/jj of/in producin'/vbg results/nns ,/, many/ap men/nns assured/vbd success/nn through/in a/at turn/nn of/in the/at tail/nn 'bout/in the/at saddle/nn horn/nn ,/, supplemented/vbn sometimes/rb ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in cattle/nns ,/, by/in a/at downward/jj heave/nn of/in the/at rider's/nn$ leg/nn upon/in the/at strainin'/vbg tail/nn ./.
Such/jj tactics/nns were/bed resorted/vbn to/in frequently/rb with/in the/at unmanageable/jj longhorns/nns ,/, and/cc a/at thorough/jj ``/`` tailin'/nn ''/'' usually/rb knocked/vbd the/at breath/nn out/in of/in a/at steer/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb dazed/vbd 'im/ppo that/cs he'd/pps+md behave/vb for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at day/nn ./.
It/pps required/vbd both/abx a/at quick/jj and/cc swift/jj hoss/nn and/cc a/at darin'/vbg rider/nn ./.
When/wrb cattle/nns became/vbd more/ql valuable/jj ,/, ranch/nn owners/nns frowned/vbd upon/in this/dt practice/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz discontinued/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap when/wrb the/at boss/nn was/bedz 'round/rb ./.
When/wrb the/at cowboy/nn used/vbd the/at word/nn ``/`` tailin's/nns-nc ''/'' ,/, he/pps meant/vbd stragglers/nns ./.


	``/`` Bull/nn tailin'/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at game/nn once/rb pop'lar/jj with/in the/at Mexican/jj cowboys/nns of/in Texas/np ./.
From/in a/at pen/nn of/in wild/jj bulls/nns one/cd would/md be/be released/vbn ,/, and/cc with/in much/ap yellin'/vbg a/at cowhand'd/nn+md take/vb after/in 'im/ppo ./.
Seizin'/vbg the/at bull/nn by/in the/at tail/nn ,/, he/pps rushed/vbd his/pp$ hoss/nn forward/rb and/cc a/at little/jj to/in one/cd side/nn ,/, throwin'/vbg the/at bull/nn off/in balance/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` bustin'/vbg ''/'' 'im/ppo with/in terrific/jj force/nn ./.
Rammin'/vbg one/cd horn/nn of/in a/at downed/vbn steer/nn into/in the/at ground/nn to/to hold/vb 'im/ppo down/rp was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` peggin'/vbg ''/'' ./.


	Colors/nns of/in cattle/nns came/vbd in/rp for/in their/pp$ special/jj names/nns ./.
An/at animal/nn covered/vbn with/in splotches/nns or/cc spots/nns of/in different/jj colors/nns was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` brindle/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` brockle/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at ``/`` lineback/nn ''/'' was/bedz an/at animal/nn with/in a/at stripe/nn of/in different/jj color/nn from/in the/at rest/nn of/in its/pp$ body/nn runnin'/vbg down/in its/pp$ back/nn ,/, while/cs a/at ``/`` lobo/nn stripe/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at white/jj ,/, yeller/jj ,/, or/cc brown/jj stripe/nn runnin'/vbg down/in the/at back/nn ,/, from/in neck/nn to/in tail/nn ,/, a/at characteristic/nn of/in many/ap Spanish/jj cattle/nns ./.
A/at ``/`` mealynose/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at cow/nn or/cc steer/nn of/in the/at longhorn/nn type/nn ,/, with/in lines/nns and/cc dots/nns of/in a/at color/nn lighter'n/jjr+cs the/at rest/nn of/in its/pp$ body/nn 'round/in the/at eyes/nns ,/, face/nn ,/, and/cc nose/nn ./.
Such/abl an/at animal/nn was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` mealynosed/jj ''/'' ./.
``/`` Sabinas/fw-nns-nc ''/'' was/bedz a/at Spanish/jj word/nn used/vbn to/to describe/vb cattle/nns of/in red/jj and/cc white/jj peppered/vbn and/cc splotched/vbn colorin'/nn ./.
The/at northern/jj cowboy/nn called/vbd all/abn the/at red/jj Mexican/jj cattle/nns which/wdt went/vbd up/in the/at trail/nn ``/`` Sonora/np reds/nns ''/'' ,/, while/cs they/ppss called/vbd all/abn cattle/nns drove/vbn up/rp from/in Mexico/np ``/`` yaks/nns ''/'' ,/, because/cs they/ppss came/vbd from/in the/at Yaqui/np Injun/np country/nn ,/, or/cc gave/vbd 'em/ppo the/at name/nn of/in ``/`` Mexican/jj buckskins/nns ''/'' ./.
Near/in the/at southern/jj border/nn ,/, cattle/nns of/in the/at early/jj longhorn/nn breed/nn whose/wp$ coloration/nn was/bedz black/jj with/in a/at lineback/nn ,/, with/in white/jj speckles/nns frequently/rb appearin'/vbg on/in the/at sides/nns and/cc belly/nn ,/, were/bed called/vbn ``/`` zorrillas/fw-nns ''/'' ./.
This/dt word/nn was/bedz from/in the/at Spanish/jj ,/, meanin'/vbg ``/`` polecat/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` Yeller/jj bellies/nns ''/'' were/bed cattle/nns of/in Mexican/jj breed/nn splotched/vbn on/in flank/nn and/cc belly/nn with/in yellerish/jj color/nn ./.
An/at animal/nn with/in distinct/jj coloration/nn ,/, or/cc other/ap marks/nns easily/rb distinguished/vbn and/cc remembered/vbn by/in the/at owner/nn and/cc his/pp$ riders/nns ,/, was/bedz sometimes/rb used/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` marker/nn ''/'' ./.
Such/abl an/at animal/nn has/hvz frequently/rb been/ben the/at downfall/nn of/in the/at rustler/nn ./.


	Countin'/vbg each/dt grazin'/vbg bunch/nn of/in cattle/nns where/wrb it/pps was/bedz found/vbn on/in the/at range/nn and/cc driftin'/vbg it/ppo back/rb so/cs that/cs it/pps didn't/dod* mix/vb with/in the/at uncounted/jj cattle/nns was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` range/nn count/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at countin'/nn of/in cattle/nns in/in a/at pasture/nn without/in throwin'/vbg 'em/ppo together/rb for/in the/at purpose/nn was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` pasture/nn count/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at counters/nns rode/vbd through/in the/at pasture/nn countin'/vbg each/dt bunch/nn of/in grazin'/vbg cattle/nns ,/, and/cc drifted/vbd it/ppo back/rb so/cs that/cs it/pps didn't/dod* get/vb mixed/vbn with/in the/at uncounted/jj cattle/nns ahead/rb ./.
This/dt method/nn of/in countin'/vbg was/bedz usually/rb done/vbn at/in the/at request/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at presence/nn ,/, of/in a/at representative/nn of/in the/at bank/nn that/wps held/vbd the/at papers/nns against/in the/at herd/nn ./.
Them/dts notes/nns and/cc mortgages/nns were/bed spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` cattle/nns paper/nn ''/'' ./.


	A/at ``/`` book/nn count/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at sellin'/nn of/in cattle/nns by/in the/at books/nns ,/, commonly/rb resorted/vbn to/in in/in the/at early/jj days/nns ,/, sometimes/rb much/rb to/in the/at profit/nn of/in the/at seller/nn ./.
This/dt led/vbd to/in the/at famous/jj sayin'/nn in/in the/at Northwest/nn-tl of/in the/at ``/`` books/nns won't/md* freeze/vb ''/'' ./.
This/dt became/vbd a/at common/jj byword/nn durin'/in the/at boom/nn days/nns when/wrb Eastern/jj-tl and/cc foreign/jj capital/nn were/bed so/ql eager/jj to/to buy/vb cattle/nns interests/nns ./.
The/at origin/nn of/in this/dt sayin'/nn was/bedz credited/vbn to/in a/at saloonkeeper/nn by/in the/at name/nn of/in Luke/np Murrin/np ./.
His/pp$ saloon/nn was/bedz a/at meetin'/vbg place/nn for/in influential/jj Wyoming/np cattlemen/nns ,/, and/cc one/cd year/nn durin'/in a/at severe/jj blizzard/nn ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ herd-owner/nn customers/nns were/bed wearin'/vbg long/jj faces/nns ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Cheer/vb up/rp ,/, boys/nns ,/, whatever/wdt happens/vbz ,/, the/at books/nns won't/md* freeze/vb ''/'' ./.
In/in this/dt carefree/jj sentence/nn he/pps summed/vbd up/rp the/at essence/nn of/in the/at prevailin'/vbg custom/nn of/in buyin'/vbg by/in book/nn count/nn ,/, and/cc created/vbd a/at sayin'/nn which/wdt has/hvz survived/vbn through/in the/at years/nns ./.
``/`` Range/nn-nc delivery/nn-nc ''/'' meant/vbd that/cs the/at buyer/nn ,/, after/cs examinin'/vbg the/at seller's/nn$ ranch/nn records/nns and/cc considerin'/in his/pp$ rep'tation/nn for/in truthfulness/nn ,/, paid/vbd for/in what/wdt the/at seller/nn claimed/vbd to/to own/vb ,/, then/rb rode/vbd out/rp and/cc tried/vbd to/to find/vb it/ppo ./.


	When/wrb a/at cowhand/nn said/vbd that/cs a/at man/nn had/hvd ``/`` good/jj cow/nn sense/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps meant/vbd to/to pay/vb 'im/ppo a/at high/jj compliment/nn ./.
No/at matter/nn by/in what/wdt name/nn cattle/nns were/bed called/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at denyin'/nn that/cs they/ppss not/* only/rb saved/vbd Texas/np from/in financial/jj ruin/nn ,/, but/cc went/vbd far/rb toward/in redeemin'/vbg from/in a/at wilderness/nn vast/jj territories/nns of/in the/at Northwest/nr-tl ./.



21/cd-hl swingin'/vbg-hl a/at-hl wide/jj-hl loop/nn-hl 
the/at first/od use/nn of/in the/at word/nn ``/`` rustler/nn-nc ''/'' was/bedz as/cs a/at synonym/nn for/in ``/`` hustler/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, becomin'/vbg an/at established/vbn term/nn for/in any/dti person/nn who/wps was/bedz active/jj ,/, pushin'/vbg ,/, and/cc bustlin'/vbg in/in any/dti enterprise/nn ./.
Again/rb it/pps was/bedz used/vbn as/cs the/at title/nn for/in the/at hoss/nn wrangler/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at order/nn was/bedz given/vbn to/to go/vb out/rp and/cc ``/`` rustle/vb the/at hosses/nns ''/'' ,/, it/pps meant/vbd for/cs 'im/ppo to/to go/vb out/rp and/cc herd/vb 'em/ppo in/rp ./.
Eventually/rb herdin'/vbg the/at hosses/nns was/bedz spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` hoss/nn rustlin'/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at wrangler/nn was/bedz called/vbn the/at ``/`` hoss/nn rustler/nn ''/'' ./.
Later/rbr ,/, the/at word/nn became/vbd almost/ql exclusively/rb applied/vbn to/in a/at cow/nn thief/nn ,/, startin'/vbg from/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at maverick/nn when/wrb cowhands/nns were/bed paid/vbn by/in their/pp$ employers/nns to/to ``/`` get/vb out/rp and/cc rustle/vb a/at few/ap mavericks/nns ''/'' ./.

It/pps was/bedz John/np who/wps found/vbd the/at lion/nn tracks/nns ./.
He/pps found/vbd them/ppo near/in the/at carcass/nn of/in a/at zebra/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn the/at night/nn before/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps circled/vbd once/rb ,/, nose/nn to/in the/at ground/nn ,/, hair/nn shooting/vbg up/rp along/in his/pp$ back/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod when/wrb he/pps was/bedz after/in lion/nn or/cc bear/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb he/pps lifted/vbd his/pp$ head/nn and/cc bayed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at pack/nn joined/vbd in/rp ,/, all/abn heads/nns high/jj ,/, and/cc Jones/np knew/vbd it/pps was/bedz a/at hot/jj trail/nn ./.


	He/pps stifled/vbd the/at Comanche/np yell/nn and/cc let/vbd John/np lead/vb him/ppo straight/rb toward/in the/at nearby/jj black/jj volcanic/jj mountain/nn ./.
This/dt mountain/nn was/bedz known/vbn as/cs The/at-tl Black/jj-tl Reef/nn-tl and/cc it/pps rose/vbd almost/rb perpendicularly/rb for/in about/rb two/cd hundred/cd feet/nns ,/, honeycombed/vbn with/in caves/nns ,/, top/nn covered/vbn with/in dense/jj scrub/nn and/cc creepers/nns and/cc tall/jj grass/nn ./.
On/in the/at south/nr it/pps ended/vbd sharply/rb as/cs though/cs the/at lava/nn had/hvd been/ben cut/vbn off/rp there/rb suddenly/rb ./.


	Kearton/np and/cc Ulyate/np had/hvd started/vbn the/at day/nn together/rb while/cs Jones/np followed/vbd the/at dogs/nns ,/, and/cc Means/np and/cc Loveless/np had/hvd taken/vbn another/dt route/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, with/in the/at discovery/nn of/in the/at fresh/jj trail/nn still/rb unknown/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, Ulyate/np reined/vbd in/rp ,/, in/in the/at shadow/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl and/cc pointed/vbd ./.
Kearton/np focussed/vbd his/pp$ field/nn glasses/nns ./.


	``/`` That's/dt+bez the/at Colonel/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` But/cc I/ppss can't/md* see/vb the/at dogs/nns ''/'' ./.


	As/cs they/ppss watched/vbd ,/, Jones/np rode/vbd straight/rb for/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ./.
Then/rb they/ppss picked/vbd up/rp the/at smaller/jjr black/jj specks/nns on/in the/at plain/nn in/in front/nn of/in him/ppo ./.
The/at dogs/nns were/bed working/vbg a/at trail/nn --/-- lion/nn ?/. ?/.
Hyena/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at pack/nn had/hvd made/vbn a/at bend/nn to/in the/at north/nr ,/, swinging/vbg back/rb toward/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Kearton/np and/cc Ulyate/np could/md hear/vb them/ppo faintly/rb ./.


	Kearton/np got/vbd off/rp and/cc tore/vbd up/rp some/dti dry/jj grass/nn that/wps grew/vbd in/in cracks/nns between/in the/at rocks/nns and/cc piled/vbd it/ppo in/in a/at heap/nn and/cc wanted/vbd to/to make/vb the/at smoke/nn signal/nn that/wps would/md bring/vb Loveless/np and/cc Means/np and/cc the/at rest/nn of/in the/at party/nn ./.


	``/`` Not/* yet/rb ''/'' ,/, cautioned/vbd Ulyate/np ./.


	Jones/np came/vbd toward/in them/ppo fast/rb ,/, now/rb ,/, along/in the/at southern/jj toe/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at dogs/nns could/md be/be heard/vbn plainly/rb ,/, Old/jj-tl John/np with/in his/pp$ Grand/jj-tl Canyon/nn-tl voice/nn outstanding/jj above/in the/at others/nns ./.
There/ex was/bedz Sounder/np ,/, too/rb ,/, also/rb a/at veteran/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl Rim/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Rastus/np and/cc the/at Rake/np from/in a/at pack/nn of/in English/jj fox-hounds/nns ,/, and/cc a/at collie/nn from/in a/at London/np pound/nn ,/, and/cc Simba/np ,/, a/at terrier/nn ./.
A/at motley/jj pack/nn ,/, chosen/vbn for/in effectiveness/nn ,/, not/* beauty/nn ./.
Jones/np was/bedz galloping/vbg close/rb behind/in them/ppo leaning/vbg down/rp ,/, cheering/vbg them/ppo on/rp ./.


	``/`` Light/vb it/ppo ''/'' !/. !/.
Ulyate/np said/vbd ,/, and/cc Kearton/np touched/vbd a/at match/nn to/in the/at pile/nn of/in grass/nn ,/, blew/vbd on/in it/ppo and/cc flame/nn licked/vbd out/rp ./.
He/pps threw/vbd green/jj stuff/nn on/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc a/at thin/jj blue/jj column/nn of/in smoke/nn rose/vbd ./.


	``/`` That/dt will/md fetch/vb the/at gang/nn and/cc tell/vb the/at Colonel/nn-tl where/wrb we/ppss are/ber ''/'' ./.


	Two/cd quick/jj shots/nns sounded/vbd ./.
Then/rb there/ex was/bedz a/at chorus/nn of/in wild/jj barking/nn and/cc baying/nn ./.
Then/rb the/at heavy/jj roar/nn of/in a/at lion/nn ./.


	Kearton/np and/cc Ulyate/np looked/vbd at/in each/dt other/ap and/cc began/vbd to/to gallop/vb toward/in the/at sound/nn ./.
It/pps came/vbd from/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl not/* half/abn a/at mile/nn away/rb ./.
At/in the/at base/nn of/in the/at rocky/jj hillside/nn ,/, they/ppss left/vbd their/pp$ horses/nns and/cc climbed/vbd on/in foot/nn ./.
The/at route/nn was/bedz choked/vbn with/in rugged/jj lava-rocks/nns ,/, creepers/nns and/cc bushes/nns ,/, so/ql thickly/rb overgrown/vbn that/cs when/wrb Kearton/np lost/vbd sight/nn of/in Ulyate/np and/cc called/vbd ,/, Ulyate/np answered/vbd from/in ten/cd feet/nns away/rb ./.
Nice/jj country/nn to/to meet/vb a/at lion/nn in/in face/nn to/in face/nn ./.
Ulyate/np and/cc Kearton/np climbed/vbd on/rp toward/in the/at sound/nn of/in the/at barking/nn of/in the/at dogs/nns and/cc the/at sporadic/jj roaring/nn of/in the/at lion/nn ,/, till/cs they/ppss came/vbd ,/, out/rp of/in breath/nn ,/, to/in the/at crest/nn ,/, and/cc peering/vbg through/in the/at branches/nns of/in a/at bush/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez what/wdt Ulyate/np saw/vbd :/: Jones/np who/wps had/hvd apparently/rb (/( and/cc actually/rb had/hvd )/) ridden/vbn up/in the/at nearly/ql impassable/jj hillside/nn ,/, sitting/vbg calmly/rb on/in his/pp$ horse/nn within/in forty/cd feet/nns of/in a/at full-grown/jj young/jj lioness/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz crouched/vbn on/in a/at flat/jj rock/nn and/cc seemed/vbd just/ql about/rb to/to charge/vb him/ppo ,/, while/cs the/at dogs/nns whirled/vbd around/in her/ppo ./.


	Ulyate/np drew/vbd back/rb with/in a/at start/nn ,/, and/cc put/vbd finger/nn to/in lips/nns ,/, almost/ql afraid/jj to/to move/vb or/cc whisper/vb lest/cs it/pps set/vb her/ppo off/rp ,/, ``/`` The/at dogs/nns have/hv got/vbn her/ppo bayed/vbn ./.
She's/pps+bez just/rb the/at other/ap side/nn of/in that/dt bush/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
And/cc when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd drawn/vbn back/rb a/at step/nn he/pps added/vbd :/: ``/`` Jones/np is/bez sitting/vbg on/in his/pp$ horse/nn right/ql in/in front/nn of/in her/ppo ./.
Why/wrb she/pps doesn't/doz* charge/vb him/ppo ,/, I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./.
And/cc he/pps hasn't/hvz* even/rb got/vbn a/at knife/nn on/in him/ppo ./.
He/pps couldn't/md* get/vb away/rb from/in her/ppo in/in this/dt kind/nn of/in ground/nn ./.
Careful/jj ,/, don't/do* disturb/vb her/ppo ''/'' ./.




Jones/np had/hvd been/ben about/rb a/at hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd feet/nns from/in her/ppo when/wrb he/pps first/rb broke/vbd through/rp to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ./.
She/pps was/bedz standing/vbg on/in a/at flat/jj rock/nn three/cd feet/nns above/in ground/nn and/cc when/wrb she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo she/pps rose/vbd to/in full/jj height/nn and/cc roared/vbd ,/, opening/vbg her/pp$ mouth/nn wide/rb ,/, lashing/vbg her/pp$ tail/nn ,/, and/cc stamping/vbg at/in the/at rock/nn with/in both/abx forefeet/nns in/in irritation/nn ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs to/to say/vb :/: ``/`` How/wrb dare/md you/ppss disturb/vb me/ppo in/in my/pp$ sacred/jj precinct/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Intuition/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs she/pps was/bedz tired/vbn and/cc winded/vbn from/in the/at run/nn up/in the/at Reef/nn-tl and/cc would/md not/* charge/vb ,/, yet/rb ./.
He/pps moved/vbd forward/rb to/in within/in thirty-five/cd feet/nns of/in her/ppo ,/, being/beg careful/jj ,/, because/cs he/pps knew/vbd the/at female/jj is/bez less/ql predictable/jj than/cs the/at male/jj ./.
(/( In/in the/at graveyard/nn at/in Nairobi/np he/pps had/hvd been/ben shown/vbn the/at graves/nns of/in thirty-four/cd big/jj game/nn hunters/nns killed/vbn hunting/vbg the/at animals/nns he/pps was/bedz attempting/vbg to/to lasso/vb ./.
Of/in the/at thirty-four/cd ,/, seventeen/cd had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn by/in lions/nns ,/, and/cc eleven/cd out/in of/in the/at seventeen/cd by/in lionesses/nns ./.
)/) She/pps snarled/vbd terribly/rb but/cc intuition/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, again/rb ,/, that/cs she/pps was/bedz bluffing/vbg ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md see/vb that/cs half/abn her/pp$ attention/nn was/bedz distracted/vbn by/in the/at dogs/nns ./.
He/pps threw/vbd the/at lasso/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz falling/vbg over/in her/pp$ head/nn when/wrb a/at branch/nn of/in a/at bush/nn caught/vbd it/ppo and/cc it/pps fell/vbd in/in front/nn of/in her/ppo on/in the/at rock/nn ./.
Even/rb then/rb ,/, if/cs she/pps took/vbd one/cd step/nn forward/rb he/pps could/md catch/vb her/ppo ./.
But/cc John/np nipped/vbd her/pp$ rear/jj end/nn --/-- one/cd lion's/nn$ rear/jj end/nn was/bedz as/ql good/jj as/cs another/dt to/in John/np ,/, Africa/np ,/, Arizona/np no/at matter/nn --/-- and/cc she/pps changed/vbd ends/nns and/cc took/vbd a/at swipe/nn at/in John/np ,/, but/cc he/pps ducked/vbd back/rb ./.


	Jones/np then/rb recoiled/vbd his/pp$ rope/nn and/cc threw/vbd again/rb ,/, this/dt time/nn hitting/vbg her/ppo on/in the/at back/nn but/cc failing/vbg to/to encircle/vb her/ppo ./.
She/pps whirled/vbd and/cc faced/vbd him/ppo ,/, roaring/vbg terribly/rb ,/, and/cc Ulyate/np ,/, watching/vbg through/in the/at leaves/nns ,/, could/md not/* understand/vb why/wrb she/pps did/dod not/* charge/vb and/cc obliterate/vb him/ppo ,/, because/cs he/pps wouldn't/md* have/hv much/ap of/in a/at chance/nn of/in getting/vbg away/rb ,/, in/in that/dt thick/jj growth/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps seemed/vbd just/rb a/at trace/nn uncertain/jj ;/. ;/.
while/cs Jones/np ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, appeared/vbd perfectly/ql confident/jj and/cc Ulyate/np decided/vbd perhaps/rb that/dt was/bedz the/at answer/nn ./.


	From/in the/at lioness'/nn$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, this/dt strange/jj creature/nn on/in the/at back/nn of/in another/dt creature/nn ,/, lashing/vbg out/rp with/in its/pp$ long/jj thin/jj paw/nn ,/, very/ql likely/rb appeared/vbd as/cs something/pn she/pps could/md not/* at/in first/rb cope/vb with/in ./.
But/cc now/rb she/pps sank/vbd lower/rbr to/in the/at rock/nn ./.
Her/pp$ roar/nn changed/vbd to/in a/at growl/nn ./.
Her/pp$ tail/nn no/ql longer/rbr lashed/vbd ./.
Although/cs she/pps appeared/vbd more/ql subdued/vbn and/cc defeated/vbn ,/, Jones/np knew/vbd she/pps was/bedz growing/vbg more/ql dangerous/jj ./.
She/pps was/bedz rested/vbn and/cc could/md mount/vb a/at charge/nn ./.
Just/rb the/at tip/nn of/in her/pp$ tail/nn was/bedz moving/vbg as/cs she/pps crouched/vbd ,/, and/cc she/pps was/bedz treading/vbg lightly/rb up/rp and/cc down/rp with/in her/pp$ hind/jj feet/nns ./.


	At/in this/dt moment/nn ,/, Loveless/np and/cc Means/np arrived/vbd ,/, crashing/vbg through/in the/at undergrowth/nn with/in their/pp$ horses/nns ,/, and/cc distracted/vbd her/ppo ,/, and/cc she/pps ran/vbd off/rp a/at short/jj distance/nn and/cc jumped/vbd into/in a/at crevice/nn between/in two/cd rocks/nns ./.
The/at dogs/nns followed/vbd her/ppo and/cc she/pps killed/vbd three/cd and/cc badly/rb wounded/vbd Old/jj-tl John/np ./.


	``/`` We've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to get/vb her/ppo out/in of/in there/rb ''/'' !/. !/.
Jones/np yelled/vbd ,/, ``/`` or/cc she'll/pps+md kill/vb 'em/ppo all/abn ./.
Bring/vb me/ppo the/at firecrackers/nns ''/'' ./.


	For/in such/abl an/at emergency/nn he/pps had/hvd included/vbn Fourth-of-July/np cannon/nn crackers/nns as/cs part/nn of/in their/pp$ equipment/nn ./.
Lighting/vbg one/cd he/pps pitched/vbd it/ppo into/in the/at crevice/nn ,/, and/cc the/at lioness/nn left/vbd off/rp mauling/vbg the/at dogs/nns and/cc departed/vbd ./.


	``/`` Ain't/bez* she/pps a/at beauty/nn ,/, though/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Called/vbd out/rp Means/np as/cs she/pps ran/vbd ./.


	``/`` Don't/do* you/ppo go/vb a/at step/nn nearer/in her/ppo than/cs I/ppss do/do ''/'' ,/, Jones/np warned/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc if/cs you/ppss do/do ,/, go/vb at/in a/at run/nn so/cs you'll/ppss+md have/hv momentum/nn ''/'' !/. !/.


	For/in two/cd hours/nns they/ppss drove/vbd her/ppo from/in one/cd strong/jj point/nn to/in another/dt along/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ,/, trying/vbg to/to maneuver/vb her/ppo onto/in the/at plain/nn where/wrb they/ppss could/md get/vb a/at good/jj throw/nn ./.
But/cc she/pps clung/vbd to/in the/at rocks/nns and/cc brush/nn ,/, and/cc the/at day/nn wore/vbd away/rb ./.
It/pps was/bedz hot/jj ./.
The/at dogs/nns were/bed tired/vbn ./.
The/at men/nns were/bed tired/vbn too/rb ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at story/nn of/in the/at rhinoceros/nn fight/nn all/ql over/in again/rb ./.
And/cc the/at sun/nn was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to go/vb down/rp ./.
If/cs dark/nn came/vbd they/ppss would/md lose/vb her/ppo ./.


	``/`` I'll/ppss+md get/vb a/at pole/nn ''/'' ,/, Jones/np said/vbd finally/rb ,/, ``/`` and/cc I'll/ppss+md poke/vb a/at noose/nn over/in her/pp$ head/nn ''/'' !/. !/.


	At/in this/dt moment/nn she/pps was/bedz crouched/vbn in/in a/at cave-like/jj aperture/nn halfway/rb down/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ./.
Ulyate/np made/vbd no/at comment/nn but/cc his/pp$ face/nn showed/vbd what/wdt he/pps thought/vbd of/in poking/vbg ropes/nns over/in lions'/nns$ heads/nns with/in poles/nns ,/, and/cc of/in course/nn these/dts were/bed the/at lions/nns of/in fifty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, not/* the/at gentler/jjr ones/nns of/in today/nr ,/, and/cc this/dt one/cd was/bedz angry/jj ,/, with/in good/jj reason/nn ./.
Loveless/np ,/, too/rb ,/, objected/vbd ./.
``/`` It/pps won't/md* work/vb ,/, Colonel/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Just/rb the/at same/ap we'll/ppss+md try/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	But/cc without/in waiting/vbg for/in them/ppo to/to try/vb it/ppo ,/, she/pps scattered/vbd the/at dogs/nns and/cc shot/vbd down/in the/at Reef/nn-tl and/cc out/rp across/in the/at plain/nn ./.


	John/np led/vbd the/at chase/nn after/in her/ppo and/cc the/at other/ap dogs/nns strung/vbd out/rp behind/rb ,/, many/ap of/in them/ppo trailing/vbg blood/nn ./.
John/np himself/ppl was/bedz bruised/vbn and/cc clawed/vbn from/in head/nn to/in tail/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz in/in this/dt fight/nn to/in the/at finish/nn ,/, running/vbg almost/rb as/ql strongly/rb now/rb as/cs in/in the/at morning/nn ./.


	She/pps took/vbd refuge/nn on/in a/at tongue/nn of/in land/nn extending/vbg into/in a/at gully/nn ,/, crouched/vbn at/in the/at base/nn of/in a/at thorn/nn tree/nn ,/, and/cc waited/vbd for/in them/ppo to/to come/vb up/rp ./.
She/pps had/hvd chosen/vbn the/at spot/nn well/rb ./.
With/in the/at gully/nn on/in three/cd sides/nns ,/, she/pps could/md be/be approached/vbn only/rb along/in the/at tongue/nn of/in land/nn ./.
``/`` Careful/jj ,/, now/rb ''/'' ,/, Jones/np warned/vbd ./.


	Means/np tried/vbd her/ppo first/rb ./.
Very/ql slowly/rb he/pps maneuvered/vbd his/pp$ rawboned/jj bay/nn gelding/nn ,/, edging/vbg closer/rbr ,/, watching/vbg for/in a/at chance/nn to/to throw/vb ,/, but/cc ready/jj to/to spin/vb and/cc run/vb ,/, rope/nn whining/vbg about/in his/pp$ head/nn ,/, horse/nn edging/vbg tensely/rb under/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc the/at gelding/nn was/bedz obedient/jj and/cc responded/vbd and/cc was/bedz not/* paralyzed/vbn by/in the/at close/jj proximity/nn of/in the/at lion/nn ./.
They/ppss tell/vb you/ppo horses/nns go/vb crazy/jj at/in the/at sight/nn or/cc smell/nn of/in a/at bear/nn or/cc a/at lion/nn ,/, but/cc these/dts didn't/dod* ./.


	Means/np edged/vbd closer/rbr ./.
She/pps snarled/vbd warningly/rb ./.
Means/nns spit/vbd and/cc edged/vbd on/rp ./.
Again/rb she/pps snarled/vbd ,/, and/cc again/rb he/pps edged/vbd ./.
The/at pony/nn was/bedz sidewise/rb to/in her/ppo ./.
With/in a/at whirling/vbg jump/nn ,/, it/pps could/md get/vb into/in gear/nn ./.
However/rb nothing/pn on/in four/cd legs/nns was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be faster/rbr than/cs a/at lion/nn over/in a/at short/jj distance/nn ,/, unless/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at cheetah/nn ./.


	She/pps charged/vbd ./.
Means/np spun/vbd and/cc spurred/vbd ./.
For/in thirty/cd yards/nns she/pps gained/vbd rapidly/rb ./.
She/pps was/bedz closing/vbg and/cc within/in one/cd more/ap bound/nn would/md have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to reach/vb the/at rear/jj end/nn of/in the/at bay/nn ,/, but/cc --/-- and/cc here/rb Jones/np and/cc Loveless/np and/cc Ulyate/np were/bed holding/vbg breath/nn for/in all/abn they/ppss were/bed worth/jj --/-- she/pps never/rb quite/ql caught/vbd up/rp that/dt last/ap bound/nn ./.
Means/np held/vbd steady/rb one/cd jump/nn ahead/rb of/in her/ppo ./.
Then/rb gradually/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to pull/vb away/rb ./.
A/at Western/jj-tl cowpony/nn had/hvd outrun/vbn an/at African/jj lion/nn ,/, from/in a/at standing/vbg start/nn ./.
Photos/nns showed/vbd later/rbr that/cs she'd/pps+hvd been/ben about/rb six/cd feet/nns from/in Means/np ./.
Of/in course/nn the/at factor/nn of/in head/nn start/nn made/vbd all/abn the/at difference/nn ./.
How/wql much/ap head/nn start/nn ?/. ?/.
No/at one/pn knew/vbd exactly/rb ./.
That/dt was/bedz the/at whole/jj question/nn ./.
Enough/ap ,/, was/bedz the/at answer/nn ./.


	The/at lioness/nn quickly/rb changed/vbd front/nn ,/, when/wrb she/pps saw/vbd she/pps couldn't/md* catch/vb Means/np ,/, and/cc made/vbd for/in Jones/np ./.
As/cs she/pps had/hvd done/vbn with/in Means/np ,/, she/pps gained/vbd rapidly/rb at/in first/rb ,/, but/cc then/rb Baldy/np began/vbd to/to draw/vb away/rb ./.
Somewhere/nn in/in the/at few/ap scant/jj yards/nns of/in head/nn start/nn was/bedz the/at determining/vbg point/nn ./.


	When/wrb Jones/np too/rb drew/vbd away/rb ,/, she/pps returned/vbd to/in a/at thorn/nn bush/nn in/in the/at neck/nn of/in land/nn running/vbg into/in the/at gully/nn ,/, crouched/vbd low/rb and/cc waited/vbd as/cs before/rb ./.
This/dt new/jj position/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, gave/vbd the/at ropers/nns a/at better/jjr chance/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz room/nn to/to make/vb a/at quick/jj dash/nn past/in the/at bush/nn and/cc throw/vb as/cs you/ppss went/vbd ./.
So/rb :/: Means/np edged/vbd around/rb on/in the/at north/nr side/nn of/in her/ppo ,/, Jones/np moved/vbd in/rp from/in the/at south/nr ./.
Tossing/vbg his/pp$ rope/nn and/cc shouting/vbg he/pps attracted/vbd her/pp$ attention/nn ./.
He/pps succeeded/vbd almost/ql too/ql well/rb ,/, because/cs once/cs she/pps rose/vbd as/cs if/cs to/to charge/vb ,/, and/cc he/pps half/ql wheeled/vbd his/pp$ horse/nn --/-- he/pps was/bedz within/in fifty/cd feet/nns --/-- but/cc she/pps sank/vbd back/rb ./.


	From/in behind/in her/ppo Means/np shot/vbd forward/rb at/in a/at run/nn ./.
Kearton/np began/vbd shouting/vbg ,/, ``/`` Wait/vb ,/, wait/vb --/-- the/at camera's/nn+bez jammed/vbn ''/'' !/. !/.
But/cc Means/np kept/vbd on/rp ./.
He/pps raced/vbd by/rb within/in twenty/cd feet/nns of/in her/ppo ,/, roped/vbd her/ppo around/in the/at neck/nn ,/, but/cc a/at lioness'/nn$ neck/nn is/bez short/jj and/cc thick/jj and/cc with/in a/at quick/jj twist/nn she/pps slipped/vbd the/at noose/nn off/rp ./.

The/at missionary/nn obligation/nn to/to proclaim/vb the/at gospel/nn to/in all/abn the/at world/nn was/bedz once/rb left/vbn to/in zealous/jj individuals/nns and/cc voluntary/jj societies/nns ./.
But/cc the/at time/nn came/vbd when/wrb a/at church/nn that/wps had/hvd no/at part/nn in/in the/at missionary/nn movement/nn was/bedz looked/vbn upon/rb as/cs deficient/jj in/in its/pp$ essential/jj life/nn ./.
The/at Christian/jj education/nn of/in children/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, was/bedz once/rb hardly/rb more/ap than/cs a/at sideshow/nn ,/, but/cc the/at day/nn came/vbd when/wrb a/at congregation/nn that/wps did/dod not/* assume/vb full/jj oversight/nn of/in a/at church/nn school/nn was/bedz thought/vbn of/in as/cs failing/vbg in/in its/pp$ duty/nn ./.


	The/at most/ql serious/jj weakness/nn of/in the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn today/nr is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez generally/rb regarded/vbn as/cs the/at responsibility/nn of/in a/at few/ap national/jj leaders/nns in/in each/dt denomination/nn and/cc a/at few/ap interdenominational/jj executives/nns ./.
Most/ap pastors/nns and/cc laymen/nns ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss believe/vb it/ppo to/to be/be important/jj ,/, assume/vb that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn lies/vbz outside/in the/at province/nn of/in their/pp$ parishes/nns ./.
They/ppss may/md even/vb dismiss/vb it/ppo from/in their/pp$ minds/nns as/cs something/pn that/wps concerns/vbz only/rb the/at ``/`` ecclesiastical/jj Rover/np-tl Boys/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, as/cs someone/pn has/hvz dubbed/vbn them/ppo ,/, who/wps like/vb to/to go/vb to/in national/jj and/cc international/jj assemblies/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv expense/nn accounts/nns that/wps permit/vb them/ppo to/to do/do so/rb ./.


	As/ql long/rb as/cs this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn prevails/vbz ,/, the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn will/md be/be lame/jj and/cc halt/vb ./.
The/at next/ap stage/nn ahead/rb is/bez that/dt of/in making/vbg it/ppo thoroughly/rb at/in home/nr in/in the/at local/jj community/nn ./.
Progress/nn will/md take/vb place/nn far/ql less/ql through/in what/wdt is/bez done/vbn in/in any/dti ``/`` summit/nn conference/nn ''/'' of/in the/at National/jj-tl Council/nn-tl or/cc the/at World/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, or/cc even/rb in/in offices/nns of/in the/at denominational/jj boards/nns ,/, than/cs through/in what/wdt happens/vbz in/in the/at communities/nns where/wrb Christian/jj people/nns live/vb together/rb as/cs neighbors/nns ./.
The/at front/jj line/nn of/in advance/nn is/bez where/wrb witnessing/vbg and/cc worshiping/vbg congregations/nns of/in different/jj traditions/nns exist/vb side/nn by/in side/nn ./.
Until/cs they/ppss see/vb the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn in/in terms/nns of/in the/at difference/nn it/pps makes/vbz in/in their/pp$ own/jj attitudes/nns ,/, programs/nns ,/, and/cc relationships/nns ,/, it/pps will/md have/hv an/at inevitable/jj aspect/nn of/in unreality/nn ./.
As/cs things/nns now/rb stand/vb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at grievous/jj disparity/nn between/in the/at unity/nn in/in Christ/np which/wdt we/ppss profess/vb in/in ecumenical/jj meetings/nns and/cc the/at complacent/jj separateness/nn of/in most/ap congregations/nns on/in any/dti Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl in/in the/at nation/nn ./.



The/at-hl ecumenical/jj-hl congregation/nn-hl 
The/at crux/nn of/in ecumenical/jj advance/nn is/bez an/at even/ql more/rbr personalized/vbn matter/nn than/cs the/at relation/nn between/in congregations/nns in/in the/at same/ap community/nn ./.
The/at decisive/jj question/nn is/bez what/wdt happens/vbz within/in each/dt congregation/nn and/cc ,/, finally/rb ,/, in/in the/at minds/nns and/cc hearts/nns of/in the/at individual/jj members/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez here/rb that/cs the/at local/jj and/cc ecumenical/jj must/md meet/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez here/rb that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj must/md become/vb local/jj and/cc the/at local/jj become/vb ecumenical/jj ./.


	It/pps has/hvz become/vbn almost/ql trite/jj to/to say/vb that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn must/md be/be ``/`` carried/vbn down/rp to/in the/at grass/nn roots/nns ''/'' ./.
This/dt way/nn of/in describing/vbg the/at matter/nn is/bez unfortunate/jj ./.
It/pps implies/vbz two/cd misconceptions/nns ./.
One/cd is/bez that/cs whatever/wdt is/bez ecumenical/jj has/hvz to/to do/do with/in some/dti over-all/jj organization/nn at/in ``/`` the/at top/nn ''/'' and/cc needs/vbz only/rb to/to be/be understood/vbn at/in the/at so-called/jj ``/`` lower/jjr levels/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at truth/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj church/nn is/bez just/rb the/at local/jj church/nn in/in its/pp$ own/jj true/jj character/nn as/cs an/at integral/jj unit/nn of/in the/at whole/jj People/nns-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl throughout/in the/at world/nn ./.
The/at other/ap misconception/nn is/bez that/cs our/pp$ ecumenical/jj problems/nns will/md be/be solved/vbn if/cs only/rb the/at knowledge/nn of/in the/at church/nn in/in its/pp$ world-wide/jj extension/nn and/cc its/pp$ interdenominational/jj connections/nns ,/, now/rb comprehended/vbn by/in many/ap national/jj leaders/nns ,/, can/md be/be communicated/vbn to/in all/abn congregations/nns ./.
However/wql needed/vbn this/dt may/md be/be ,/, the/at fundamental/jj problem/nn is/bez not/* information/nn but/cc active/jj commitment/nn to/in the/at total/nn mission/nn of/in the/at church/nn of/in Christ/np in/in the/at world/nn ./.


	The/at basic/jj unit/nn in/in the/at church/nn ,/, of/in whatever/wdt denominational/jj polity/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb the/at congregation/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez hardly/ql possible/jj to/to emphasize/vb this/dt too/ql much/rb ./.
Most/ap people/nns do/do not/* realize/vb that/cs the/at congregation/nn ,/, as/cs a/at gathered/vbn fellowship/nn meeting/vbg regularly/rb face/nn to/in face/nn ,/, personally/rb sharing/vbg in/in a/at common/jj experience/nn and/cc expressing/vbg that/dt experience/nn in/in daily/jj relationships/nns with/in one/cd another/dt ,/, is/bez unique/jj ./.
The/at idea/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at feature/nn of/in all/abn religions/nns is/bez entirely/rb mistaken/vbn ./.
The/at Jewish/jj synagogue/nn affords/vbz a/at parallel/nn to/in the/at Christian/jj congregation/nn ,/, but/cc Hinduism/np ,/, Buddhism/np ,/, Islam/np ,/, Confucianism/np ,/, Taoism/np ,/, Shintoism/np ,/, although/cs they/ppss have/hv sacred/jj scriptures/nns ,/, priests/nns ,/, spiritual/jj disciplines/nns ,/, and/cc places/nns of/in prayer/nn ,/, do/do not/* have/hv a/at congregation/nn as/cs a/at local/jj household/nn of/in faith/nn and/cc love/nn ./.
Their/pp$ characteristic/jj experience/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at individual/nn at/in an/at altar/nn or/cc a/at shrine/nn rather/in than/in that/dt of/in a/at continuing/vbg social/jj group/nn with/in a/at distinctive/jj kind/nn of/in fellowship/nn ./.


	How/wql far/rb the/at fellowship/nn in/in most/ap local/jj churches/nns falls/nns below/in what/wdt the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl means/vbz by/in koinonia/fw-nn !/. !/.
What/wdt is/bez now/rb called/vbn Christian/jj fellowship/nn is/bez often/rb little/ql more/ap than/cs the/at social/jj chumminess/nn of/in having/hvg a/at gracious/jj time/nn with/in the/at kind/nn of/in people/nns one/pn likes/vbz ./.
The/at koinonia/fw-nn of/in Acts/nns-tl and/cc of/in the/at Epistles/nns-tl means/vbz sharing/vbg in/in a/at common/jj relation/nn to/in Christ/np ./.
It/pps is/bez an/at experience/nn of/in a/at new/jj depth/nn of/in community/nn derived/vbn from/in an/at awareness/nn of/in the/at corporate/jj indwelling/vbg of/in Christ/np in/in His/pp$ people/nns ./.
As/cs Dietrich/np Bonhoffer/np puts/vbz it/ppo ,/, ``/`` Our/pp$ community/nn with/in one/cd another/dt consists/vbz solely/rb in/in what/wdt Christ/np has/hvz done/vbn to/in both/abx of/in us/ppo ''/'' ./.
This/dt may/md mean/vb having/hvg fellowship/nn in/in the/at church/nn with/in people/nns with/in whom/wpo ,/, on/in the/at level/nn of/in merely/rb human/jj agreeableness/nn ,/, we/ppss might/md prefer/vb not/* to/to have/hv any/dti association/nn at/in all/abn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at vast/jj difference/nn between/in the/at community/nn of/in reconciliation/nn which/wdt the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl describes/vbz and/cc the/at community/nn of/in congeniality/nn found/vbn in/in the/at average/jj church/nn building/nn ./.


	Whenever/wrb a/at congregation/nn really/rb sees/vbz itself/ppl as/cs a/at unit/nn in/in the/at universal/jj Church/nn-tl ,/, in/in vital/jj relation/nn with/in the/at whole/jj Body/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ/np-tl and/cc participating/vbg in/in His/pp$ mission/nn to/in the/at world/nn ,/, a/at necessary/jj foundation-stone/nn of/in the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn has/hvz been/ben laid/vbn ./.
The/at antithesis/nn of/in the/at ecumenical/jj and/cc the/at local/jj then/rb no/ql longer/rbr exists/vbz ./.
The/at local/jj and/cc the/at ecumenical/jj are/ber one/cd ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, the/at perspective/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber dealing/vbg directly/rb with/in the/at world-wide/jj problems/nns of/in the/at People/nns-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl will/md always/rb be/be different/jj from/in the/at perspective/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber dealing/vbg with/in the/at nearby/jj problems/nns of/in particular/jj persons/nns in/in a/at particular/jj place/nn ./.
Each/dt viewpoint/nn is/bez valid/jj if/cs it/pps is/bez organically/rb related/vbn to/in the/at other/ap ./.
Neither/dtx is/bez adequate/jj if/cs it/pps stands/vbz alone/rb ./.
Our/pp$ difficulty/nn arises/vbz when/wrb either/dtx viewpoint/nn shuts/vbz out/rp the/at other/ap ./.
And/cc this/dt is/bez what/wdt all/ql too/ql often/rb happens/vbz ./.



Divergent/jj-hl perspectives/nns-hl 
A/at little/jj parable/nn illustrative/jj of/in this/dt truth/nn is/bez afforded/vbn by/in an/at incident/nn related/vbn by/in Professor/nn-tl Bela/np Vasady/np at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at Second/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ./.
With/in great/jj difficulty/nn he/pps made/vbd his/pp$ way/nn from/in his/pp$ native/jj Hungary/np to/in Geneva/np to/to renew/vb his/pp$ contacts/nns as/cs a/at member/nn of/in the/at Provisional/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl for/in the/at World/nn-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl ./.
When/wrb he/pps had/hvd the/at mishap/nn of/in breaking/vbg his/pp$ spectacles/nns ,/, his/pp$ ecumenical/jj colleagues/nns insisted/vbd on/in providing/vbg him/ppo with/in new/jj ones/nns ./.
They/ppss were/bed bifocals/nns ./.
He/pps often/rb spoke/vbd of/in them/ppo as/cs his/pp$ ``/`` ecumenical/jj ''/'' glasses/nns and/cc used/vbd them/ppo as/cs a/at symbol/nn of/in the/at kind/nn of/in vision/nn that/wps is/bez required/vbn in/in the/at church/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, a/at bifocal/jj vision/nn ,/, which/wdt can/md see/vb both/abx the/at near-at-hand/jj and/cc the/at distant/jj and/cc keep/vb a/at Christian/np in/in right/jj relation/nn to/in both/abx ./.


	As/cs things/nns stand/vb now/rb ,/, the/at local/jj and/cc the/at ecumenical/jj tend/vb to/to compete/vb with/in each/dt other/ap ./.
On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber ecumenists/nns who/wps are/ber so/ql stirred/vbn by/in the/at crises/nns of/in the/at church/nn in/in its/pp$ encounter/nn with/in the/at world/nn at/in large/jj that/cs they/ppss have/hv no/at eyes/nns for/in what/wdt the/at church/nn is/bez doing/vbg in/in their/pp$ own/jj town/nn ./.
They/ppss do/do not/* escape/vb the/at pitfall/nn into/in which/wdt Charles/np Dickens/np pictured/vbd Mrs./np Jellyby/np as/cs falling/vbg ./.
Her/pp$ concern/nn for/in the/at natives/nns of/in Borrioboola-Gha/np was/bedz so/ql intense/jj that/cs she/pps quite/ql forgot/vbd and/cc neglected/vbd her/pp$ son/nn Peepy/np !/. !/.
Likewise/rb ,/, the/at ecumenist/nn may/md become/vb so/ql absorbed/vbn in/in the/at conflict/nn of/in the/at church/nn with/in the/at totalitarian/jj state/nn in/in East/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ,/, the/at precarious/jj situation/nn of/in the/at church/nn in/in revolutionary/jj China/np ,/, and/cc the/at anguish/nn of/in the/at church/nn over/in apartheid/nn in/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl that/cs he/pps loses/vbz close/jj contact/nn with/in the/at parish/nn church/nn in/in its/pp$ unspectacular/jj but/cc indispensable/jj ministry/nn of/in worship/nn ,/, pastoral/jj service/nn and/cc counseling/nn ,/, and/cc Christian/jj nurture/nn for/in a/at face-to-face/jj group/nn of/in individuals/nns ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, many/abn a/at pastor/nn is/bez so/ql absorbed/vbn in/in ministering/vbg to/in the/at intimate/jj ,/, personal/jj needs/nns of/in individuals/nns in/in his/pp$ congregation/nn that/cs he/pps does/doz little/ap or/cc nothing/pn to/to lead/vb them/ppo into/in a/at sense/nn of/in social/jj responsibility/nn and/cc world/nn mission/nn ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, they/ppss go/vb on/rp thinking/vbg of/in the/at church/nn ,/, with/in introverted/vbn and/cc self-centered/jj satisfaction/nn ,/, only/rb in/in connection/nn with/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps serves/vbz them/ppo and/cc their/pp$ families/nns ./.
It/pps would/md hardly/rb be/be an/at exaggeration/nn to/to say/vb that/cs ninety/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at energy/nn of/in most/ap churches/nns --/-- whether/cs in/in terms/nns of/in finance/nn or/cc spiritual/jj concern/nn --/-- is/bez poured/vbn into/in the/at private/jj and/cc domestic/jj interests/nns of/in the/at members/nns ./.
The/at parish/nn lives/vbz for/in itself/ppl rather/in than/in for/in the/at community/nn or/cc the/at world/nn ./.


	The/at gap/nn between/in the/at ecumenical/jj perspective/nn and/cc the/at parish/nn perspective/nn appears/vbz most/ql starkly/rb in/in a/at church/nn in/in any/dti of/in our/pp$ comfortable/jj suburbs/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez eminently/ql successful/jj according/in to/in all/abn conventional/jj standards/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez growing/vbg in/in numbers/nns ./.
Its/pp$ people/nns are/ber agreeable/jj friends/nns ./.
It/pps has/hvz a/at beautiful/jj edifice/nn ./.
Its/pp$ preaching/nn and/cc its/pp$ music/nn give/vb refreshment/nn of/in spirit/nn to/in men/nns and/cc women/nns living/vbg under/in heavy/jj strain/nn ./.
It/pps provides/vbz pastoral/jj care/nn for/in the/at sick/jj and/cc troubled/vbn ./.
It/pps helps/vbz children/nns grow/vb up/rp with/in at/in least/ap a/at nodding/vbg acquaintance/nn with/in the/at Bible/np ./.
It/pps draws/vbz young/jj people/nns into/in the/at circle/nn of/in those/dts who/wps continue/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at church/nn from/in generation/nn to/in generation/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/in the/at ecumenical/jj enthusiast/nn to/to lose/vb sight/nn of/in how/wql basic/jj all/abn this/dt is/bez ./.


	But/cc what/wdt is/bez this/dt church/nn doing/vbg to/to help/vb its/pp$ members/nns understand/vb their/pp$ roles/nns as/cs Christians/nps in/in the/at world/nn ?/. ?/.
All/ql too/ql often/rb its/pp$ conception/nn of/in parish/nn ministry/nn and/cc pastoral/jj care/nn includes/vbz no/at responsibility/nn for/in them/ppo in/in their/pp$ relation/nn to/in issues/nns of/in the/at most/ql desperate/jj urgency/nn for/in the/at life/nn of/in mankind/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* stirring/vbg them/ppo to/to confront/vb the/at racial/jj tensions/nns of/in today/nr with/in the/at mind/nn of/in Christ/np ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* helping/vbg them/ppo face/vb the/at moral/jj crisis/nn involved/vbn in/in the/at use/nn of/in nuclear/jj energy/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* making/vbg them/ppo sensitive/jj to/in the/at sub-Christian/jj level/nn of/in much/ap of/in our/pp$ economic/jj and/cc industrial/jj life/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez raising/vbg no/at disturbing/jj question/nn as/in to/in what/wdt Christian/jj stewardship/nn means/vbz for/in the/at relationship/nn of/in the/at richest/jjt nation/nn in/in the/at world/nn to/in economically/rb underdeveloped/jj peoples/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* developing/vbg an/at awareness/nn of/in the/at new/jj kind/nn of/in missionary/nn strategy/nn that/wps is/bez called/vbn for/in as/cs young/jj churches/nns emerge/vb in/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ./.


	To/to put/vb it/ppo bluntly/rb ,/, many/abn a/at local/jj church/nn is/bez giving/vbg its/pp$ members/nns only/rb what/wdt they/ppss consciously/rb want/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* disturbing/vbg them/ppo by/in thoughts/nns of/in their/pp$ Christian/jj responsibility/nn in/in relation/nn to/in the/at world/nn ./.
We/ppss shall/md not/* make/vb a/at decisive/jj advance/nn in/in the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn until/cs such/abl a/at church/nn begins/vbz to/to see/vb itself/ppl not/* merely/rb as/cs a/at haven/nn of/in comfort/nn and/cc peace/nn but/cc as/cs a/at base/nn of/in Christian/jj witness/nn and/cc mission/nn to/in the/at world/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez a/at humorous/jj but/cc revealing/jj story/nn about/in a/at rancher/nn who/wps owned/vbd a/at large/jj slice/nn of/in Texas/np and/cc who/wps wanted/vbd to/to have/hv on/in it/ppo everything/pn that/dt was/bedz necessary/jj for/in a/at completely/ql pleasant/jj community/nn ./.
He/pps built/vbd a/at school/nn and/cc a/at library/nn ,/, then/rb a/at recreation/nn center/nn and/cc an/at inn/nn ./.
Desiring/vbg to/to fill/vb the/at only/ap remaining/vbg lack/nn ,/, he/pps selected/vbd the/at best/jjt site/nn on/in the/at ranch/nn for/in a/at chapel/nn and/cc spared/vbd no/at expense/nn in/in erecting/vbg it/ppo ./.
A/at visitor/nn to/in the/at beautiful/jj little/jj building/nn inquired/vbd ,/, ``/`` Do/do you/ppss belong/vb to/in this/dt church/nn ,/, Mr./np Rancher/nn-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` Why/wrb ,/, no/rb ,/, ma'am/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` this/dt church/nn belongs/vbz to/in me/ppo ''/'' !/. !/.
The/at story/nn reflects/vbz the/at way/nn too/ql many/ap people/nns feel/vb ./.
As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at congregation/nn regards/vbz the/at church/nn as/cs ``/`` our/pp$ ''/'' church/nn ,/, or/cc the/at minister/nn thinks/vbz of/in it/ppo as/cs ``/`` my/pp$ ''/'' church/nn ,/, just/rb so/ql long/rb the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn will/md make/vb no/rb significant/jj advance/nn ./.
There/ex must/md first/rb be/be a/at deeper/jjr sense/nn that/cs the/at church/nn belongs/vbz not/* to/in us/ppo but/cc to/in Christ/np ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez His/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, not/* our/pp$ own/jj interests/nns and/cc preferences/nns ,/, that/dt determines/vbz what/wdt it/pps is/bez to/to be/be and/cc do/do ./.



Local/jj-hl embodiment/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl whole/jj-hl 
A/at local/jj church/nn which/wdt conceives/vbz its/pp$ function/nn to/to be/be entirely/rb that/dt of/in ministering/vbg to/in the/at conscious/jj desires/nns and/cc concerns/nns of/in its/pp$ members/nns tends/vbz to/to look/vb on/in everything/pn ecumenical/jj as/cs an/at extra/jj ,/, not/* as/cs a/at normal/jj aspect/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj life/nn as/cs a/at church/nn ./.
It/pps would/md doubtless/rb be/be greatly/rb surprised/vbn to/to be/be told/vbn that/cs in/in failing/vbg to/to be/be ecumenical/jj it/pps is/bez really/rb failing/vbg to/to be/be the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ/np-tl ./.


	Yet/cc the/at truth/nn ,/, according/in to/in the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ,/, is/bez that/cs every/at local/jj church/nn has/hvz its/pp$ existence/nn only/rb by/in being/beg the/at embodiment/nn of/in the/at whole/jj church/nn in/in that/dt particular/jj place/nn ./.

Yet/cc a/at crowd/nn came/vbd out/rp to/to see/vb some/dti fresh/jj kids/nns from/in the/at city/nn try/vb to/to match/vb the/at boys/nns from/in the/at neighboring/vbg farms/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc buggies/nns and/cc wagons/nns and/cc chugging/vbg Fords/nps kept/vbd gathering/vbg all/abn morning/nn ,/, until/cs the/at edges/nns of/in the/at field/nn were/bed packed/vbn thick/rb and/cc small/jj boys/nns kept/vbd scampering/vbg out/rp on/in the/at playing/vbg field/nn to/to make/vb fun/nn of/in the/at visitors/nns --/-- whose/wp$ pitcher/nn was/bedz a/at formidable/jj looking/vbg young/jj man/nn with/in the/at only/ap baseball/nn cap/nn ./.


	This/dt was/bedz a/at bitterly/rb fought/vbn game/nn ,/, carrying/vbg almost/rb as/ql much/ap grudge/nn as/cs a/at fist/nn fight/nn ,/, with/in no/at friendliness/nn exhibited/vbn between/in the/at teams/nns except/vb the/at formal/jj politeness/nn that/wps accompanied/vbd the/at setting/nn forth/rb of/in ground/nn rules/nns and/cc agreements/nns on/in balls/nns that/wps went/vbd into/in the/at crowd/nn ./.
Every/at pitch/nn in/in the/at game/nn brought/vbd forth/rb a/at howl/nn from/in the/at enraptured/vbn audience/nn and/cc every/at fly/nn ball/nn the/at visitors/nns dropped/vbd (/( and/cc because/cs their/pp$ right/jj fielder/nn was/bedz still/rb a/at little/ql fuzzy/jj from/in drink/nn ,/, they/ppss dropped/vbd many/ap )/) called/vbd forth/rb yelps/nns of/in derision/nn ./.


	At/in one/cd point/nn in/in the/at game/nn when/wrb the/at skinny/jj old/jj man/nn in/in suspenders/nns who/wps was/bedz acting/vbg as/cs umpire/nn got/vbd in/in the/at way/nn of/in a/at thrown/vbn ball/nn and/cc took/vbd it/ppo painfully/rb in/in the/at kidneys/nns ,/, he/pps lay/vbd there/rb unattended/jj while/cs players/nns and/cc spectators/nns wrangled/vbd over/in whether/cs the/at ball/nn was/bedz ``/`` dead/jj ''/'' or/cc the/at base/nn runners/nns were/bed free/jj to/to score/vb ./.


	This/dt was/bedz typical/jj of/in such/jj games/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed earnestly/rb played/vbn to/to win/vb and/cc practically/ql never/rb wound/vb up/rp in/in an/at expression/nn of/in good/jj fellowship/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at visitors/nns ,/, after/in losing/vbg this/dt game/nn ,/, rode/vbd along/in the/at village/nn streets/nns toward/in home/nr ,/, the/at youngsters/nns who/wps could/md keep/vb abreast/rb of/in them/ppo for/in a/at moment/nn or/cc two/cd screamed/vbd triumphantly/rb ,/, ``/`` You/ppss bunch/nn of/in hay-shakers/nns !/. !/.
G'ahn/vb+rp back/rb home/nr !/. !/.
You/ppss hay-shakers/nns ''/'' !/. !/.


	Baseball/nn was/bedz surely/rb the/at national/jj game/nn in/in those/dts days/nns ,/, even/rb though/cs professional/jj baseball/nn may/md have/hv been/ben merely/rb a/at business/nn ./.
Radio/nn broadcasts/nns had/hvd not/* begun/vbn and/cc most/ap devotees/nns of/in baseball/nn attended/vbd the/at games/nns near/in home/nr ,/, in/in the/at town/nn park/nn or/cc a/at pasture/nn ,/, with/in perhaps/rb two/cd or/cc three/cd trips/nns to/in the/at city/nn each/dt season/nn to/to see/vb the/at Cubs/nps or/cc the/at Pirates/nns-tl or/cc the/at Indians/nps or/cc the/at Red/jj-tl Sox/nps-tl ./.


	Young/jj men/nns in/in school/nn could/md look/vb forward/rb to/in playing/vbg ball/nn for/in money/nn in/in a/at dozen/nn different/jj places/nns ,/, even/rb if/cs they/ppss failed/vbd to/to make/vb the/at major/jj leagues/nns ./.
Nearly/rb any/dti lad/nn with/in a/at modicum/nn of/in skill/nn might/md find/vb a/at payday/nn awaiting/vbg him/ppo in/in the/at Three/cd-tl I/nn-tl League/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Pony/nn-tl League/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Coastal/jj-tl Plains/nns-tl League/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at fast/jj Eastern/jj-tl League/nn-tl ,/, if/cs not/* indeed/rb in/in one/cd of/in the/at hundreds/nns of/in city/nn leagues/nns that/wps abounded/vbd everywhere/rb ./.
Even/rb a/at city/nn of/in thirty/cd thousand/cd might/md have/hv six/cd baseball/nn teams/nns ,/, sponsored/vbn by/in grocers/nns and/cc hardware/nn merchants/nns or/cc department/nn stores/nns ,/, that/wps played/vbd two/cd or/cc three/cd times/nns a/at week/nn throughout/in the/at summer/nn ,/, usually/rb in/in the/at cool/nn of/in the/at evening/nn ,/, before/in an/at earnest/jj and/cc partisan/jj audience/nn who/wps did/dod not/* begrudge/vb a/at quarter/nn each/dt ,/, or/cc even/ql more/ap ,/, to/to be/be dropped/vbn into/in a/at hat/nn when/wrb the/at game/nn was/bedz half/abn over/rp ./.


	Babe/np Ruth/np ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz everyone's/pn$ hero/nn ,/, and/cc everyone/pn knew/vbd him/ppo ,/, even/rb though/cs relatively/ql few/ap ever/rb saw/vbd him/ppo play/vb ball/nn ./.
His/pp$ face/nn was/bedz always/rb in/in the/at newspapers/nns ,/, sometimes/rb in/in cartoons/nns that/wps seemed/vbd nearly/rb as/ql large/jj as/cs life/nn ./.
As/cs the/at twenties/nns grew/vbd older/jjr ,/, and/cc as/cs radio/nn broadcasts/nns of/in baseball/nn games/nns began/vbd to/to involve/vb more/ap and/cc more/ap people/nns daily/rb in/in the/at doings/nns of/in the/at professionals/nns ,/, the/at great/jj hitters/nns (/( always/rb led/vbn by/in Babe/np Ruth/np )/) overshadowed/vbd the/at game/nn so/cs that/cs pitchers/nns were/bed nearly/rb of/in no/at account/nn ./.
Boys/nns no/ql longer/rbr bothered/vbd learning/vbg to/to bunt/vb and/cc even/rb school/nn kids/nns scorned/vbd to/to ``/`` choke/vb up/rp ''/'' on/in a/at bat/nn as/cs Willie/np Keeler/np and/cc the/at famous/jj hitters/nns of/in another/dt day/nn had/hvd done/vbn ./.


	Other/ap hitters/nns bloomed/vbd with/in more/ap or/cc less/ap vigor/nn in/in the/at news/nn and/cc a/at few/ap even/rb dared/vbd to/to dream/vb of/in matching/vbg Ruth/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz still/rb called/vbn Jidge/np by/in all/abn his/pp$ friends/nns ,/, or/cc Leo/np or/cc Two-Head/np by/in those/dts who/wps dared/vbd to/to taunt/vb him/ppo (/( Leo/np was/bedz the/at name/nn of/in the/at ball/nn player/nn he/pps liked/vbd the/at least/ap )/) and/cc who/wps called/vbd most/ap of/in the/at world/nn ``/`` Kid/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Lou/np Gehrig/np was/bedz given/vbn the/at nickname/nn Buster/np ,/, and/cc he/pps ran/vbd Ruth/np a/at close/jj race/nn in/in home/nn runs/nns ./.
But/cc the/at nickname/nn never/rb stuck/vbd and/cc Gehrig/np was/bedz no/at match/nn for/in Ruth/np in/in ``/`` color/nn ''/'' --/-- which/wdt is/bez sometimes/rb a/at polite/jj word/nn for/in delinquent/jj behavior/nn on/in and/cc off/in the/at field/nn ./.
Ruth/np was/bedz a/at delinquent/jj boy/nn still/rb ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz in/in every/at way/nn a/at great/jj ball/nn player/nn who/wps was/bedz out/rp to/to win/vb the/at game/nn and/cc occasionally/rb risked/vbd a/at cracked/vbn bone/nn to/to do/do it/ppo ./.


	A/at few/ap professional/jj baseball/nn players/nns cultivated/vbd eccentricities/nns ,/, with/in the/at encouragement/nn of/in the/at press/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs they/ppss might/md see/vb their/pp$ names/nns in/in big/jj black/jj print/nn ,/, along/rb with/in Daddy/nn-tl Browning's/np$ ,/, Al/np Capone's/np$ ,/, Earl/np Sande's/np$ ,/, and/cc the/at Prince/nn-tl of/in-tl Wales'/np$ ./.
One/cd who/wps ,/, for/in a/at time/nn ,/, succeeded/vbd best/rbt and/cc was/bedz still/rb the/at sorriest/jjt of/in all/abn was/bedz Charles/np Arthur/np Shires/np ,/, who/wps called/vbd himself/ppl ,/, in/in the/at newspapers/nns ,/, Art/np-tl the/at-tl Great/jj-tl ,/, or/cc The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Shires/np-tl ./.
It/pps was/bedz his/pp$ brag/nn that/cs he/pps could/md beat/vb everybody/pn at/in anything/pn ,/, but/cc especially/rb at/in fighting/vbg ,/, and/cc he/pps once/rb took/vbd on/rp the/at manager/nn of/in his/pp$ club/nn and/cc worked/vbd him/ppo over/rp thoroughly/rb with/in his/pp$ fists/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz given/vbn to/in public/jj carousing/nn and/cc to/in acting/vbg the/at clown/nn on/in the/at diamond/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc a/at policeman/nn asserted/vbd he/pps had/hvd found/vbn a/at pair/nn of/in brass/nn knuckles/nns in/in Art's/np$ pocket/nn once/rb when/wrb he/pps had/hvd occasion/nn to/to collar/vb the/at Great/jj-tl First/od-tl Baseman/nn-tl for/in some/dti forgotten/vbn reason/nn ./.
(/( This/dt made/vbd a/at sportswriter/nn named/vbn Pegler/np wonder/vb in/in print/nn if/cs Art/np had/hvd worn/vbn this/dt armament/nn when/wrb he/pps defeated/vbd his/pp$ manager/nn ./.
)/) The/at sorry/jj fact/nn about/in this/dt young/jj man/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz barely/rb of/in age/nn when/wrb he/pps broke/vbd into/in major-league/nn baseball/nn ,/, was/bedz that/cs he/pps really/rb was/bedz a/at better/jjr ball/nn player/nn than/cs he/pps was/bedz given/vbn credit/nn for/in being/beg --/-- never/rb so/ql good/jj as/cs he/pps claimed/vbd ,/, and/cc always/rb an/at irritant/nn to/in his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, but/cc a/at good/jj steady/jj performer/nn when/wrb he/pps could/md fight/vb down/rp the/at temptation/nn to/to orate/vb on/in his/pp$ skills/nns or/cc cut/vb up/rp in/in public/jj ./.


	In/in his/pp$ minor/jj way/nn Charles/np Arthur/np Shires/np was/bedz perhaps/rb more/ql typical/jj of/in his/pp$ era/nn than/cs Ruth/np was/bedz ,/, for/cs he/pps was/bedz but/rb one/cd of/in many/ap young/jj men/nns who/wps laid/vbd waste/nn their/pp$ talents/nns in/in these/dts Scott/np Fitzgerald/np days/nns for/in the/at sake/nn of/in earning/vbg space/nn in/in the/at newspapers/nns ./.
There/ex were/bed others/nns who/wps climbed/vbd flagpoles/nns and/cc refused/vbd to/to come/vb down/rp ;/. ;/.
or/cc who/wps ingested/vbd strange/jj objects/nns ,/, like/cs live/jj fish/nn ;/. ;/.
or/cc who/wps undertook/vbd to/to set/vb records/nns for/in remaining/vbg erect/jj on/in a/at dance/nn floor/nn ,/, with/in or/cc without/in a/at partner/nn ;/. ;/.
or/cc who/wps essayed/vbd to/to down/vb full/jj bottles/nns of/in illicit/jj gin/nn without/in pausing/vbg for/in breath/nn ./.
One/cd young/jj man/nn ,/, exhilarated/vbn to/in the/at point/nn of/in insanity/nn by/in liquor/nn and/cc the/at excitement/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ,/, performed/vbd a/at perfect/jj swan/nn dive/nn out/in of/in the/at stands/nns at/in the/at Yale/np-tl Bowl/nn-tl during/in the/at Yale-Army/np football/nn game/nn ,/, landed/vbd squarely/rb on/in his/pp$ head/nn on/in the/at concrete/nn ramp/nn below/rb ,/, and/cc died/vbd at/in once/cs ./.


	But/cc the/at twenties/nns were/bed not/* all/abn insanity/nn and/cc a/at striving/nn after/in recognition/nn ./.
The/at business/nn of/in baseball/nn began/vbd to/to prosper/vb along/rb with/in other/ap entertainments/nns ,/, and/cc performers/nns --/-- thanks/nns partly/rb to/in George/np Herman/np Ruth's/np$ spectacular/jj efforts/nns each/dt season/nn to/to run/vb his/pp$ salary/nn higher/jjr and/cc higher/jjr --/-- prospered/vbd too/rb ./.
While/cs fifty/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, Albert/np Goodwill/np Spalding/np ,/, secretary/nn of/in the/at Chicago/np-tl Ball/nn-tl Club/nn-tl of/in the/at National/jj-tl League/nn-tl ,/, could/md write/vb earnestly/rb to/in the/at manager/nn of/in the/at Buffalo/np club/nn and/cc request/vb a/at guarantee/nn of/in one/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns for/in a/at baseball/nn game/nn in/in August/np ,/, in/in this/dt Golden/jj-tl Era/nn-tl a/at game/nn at/in the/at Yankee/jj-tl Stadium/nn-tl might/md bring/vb in/rp nearly/rb a/at hundred/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns at/in the/at gate/nn ./.
And/cc while/cs less/ap than/in ten/cd years/nns earlier/rbr the/at wayward/jj Black/jj-tl Sox/nps-tl --/-- all/abn of/in them/ppo top/jjs performers/nns in/in their/pp$ positions/nns --/-- had/hvd toiled/vbn for/in stingy/jj Charles/np Comiskey/np at/in salaries/nns ranging/vbg from/in twenty-five/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns to/in forty-five/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns a/at year/nn ,/, stars/nns now/rb were/bed asking/vbg ten/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns ,/, twenty/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns ,/, yes/rb ,/, even/rb fifty/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns a/at season/nn ./.


	The/at greatest/jjt team/nn of/in this/dt period/nn was/bedz unquestionably/rb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Yankees/nps-tl ,/, bought/vbn by/in brewery/nn millions/nns and/cc made/vbn into/in a/at ball/nn club/nn by/in men/nns named/vbn Ed/np Barrow/np and/cc Miller/np Huggins/np ./.
Boston/np fans/nns sometimes/rb liked/vbd to/to wring/vb some/dti wry/jj satisfaction/nn out/in of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs most/ap of/in the/at great/jj 1923-27/cd crew/nn were/bed graduates/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl Sox/nps-tl --/-- sold/vbn to/in millionaires/nns Huston/np and/cc Ruppert/np by/in a/at man/nn who/wps could/md not/* deny/vb them/ppo their/pp$ most/ql trifling/vbg desire/nn ./.
Ruth/np himself/ppl ,/, still/rb owning/vbg his/pp$ farm/nn in/in Massachusetts/np and/cc an/at interest/nn in/in the/at Massachusetts/np cigar/nn business/nn that/wps printed/vbd his/pp$ round/jj boyish/jj face/nn on/in the/at wrappers/nns ,/, had/hvd led/vbn the/at parade/nn down/rp from/in Fenway/np-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, followed/vbn by/rb pitchers/nns Carl/np Mays/np ,/, Leslie/np ``/`` Joe/np ''/'' Bush/np ,/, Waite/np Hoyt/np ,/, Herb/np Pennock/np ,/, and/cc Sam/np Jones/np ,/, catcher/nn Wally/np Schang/np ,/, third/od baseman/nn Joe/np Dugan/np (/( who/wps completed/vbd the/at ``/`` playboy/nn trio/nn ''/'' of/in Ruth/np ,/, Dugan/np ,/, and/cc Hoyt/np )/) ,/, and/cc shortstop/nn Everett/np Scott/np ./.
By/in 1926/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at mighty/jj Yanks/nps were/bed at/in their/pp$ mightiest/jjt ,/, only/rb a/at few/ap of/in these/dts were/bed left/vbn but/cc they/ppss still/rb shone/vbd brightest/rbt ,/, even/rb beside/in able/jj and/cc agile/jj rookies/nns like/cs Tony/np Lazzeri/np (/( who/wps managed/vbd never/rb to/to have/hv one/cd of/in his/pp$ epileptic/jj fits/nns on/in the/at field/nn )/) ,/, Mark/np Koenig/np ,/, Lou/np Gehrig/np ,/, George/np Pipgras/np ,/, and/cc gray-thatched/jj Earl/np Combs/np ./.
The/at deeds/nns of/in this/dt team/nn ,/, through/in two/cd seasons/nns and/cc in/in the/at two/cd World's/nn$-tl Series/nns-tl that/wps followed/vbd ,/, have/hv been/ben written/vbn and/cc talked/vbn about/rb until/cs hardly/rb a/at word/nn is/bez left/vbn to/to be/be said/vbn ./.
But/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd small/jj episode/nn that/wpo a/at few/ap New/jj-tl York/np-tl fans/nns who/wps happened/vbd to/to sit/vb in/in the/at cheap/jj seats/nns for/in one/cd World's/nn$-tl Series/nn-tl game/nn in/in 1926/cd like/vb best/rbt to/to recall/vb ./.
Babe/np Ruth/np ,/, as/cs he/pps always/rb did/dod in/in the/at Stadium/nn-tl ,/, played/vbd right/jj field/nn to/to avoid/vb having/hvg the/at sun/nn in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, and/cc Tommy/np Thevenow/np ,/, a/at rather/ql mediocre/jj hitter/nn who/wps played/vbd shortstop/nn for/in the/at St./np-tl Louis/np-tl Cardinals/nns-tl ,/, knocked/vbd a/at ball/nn with/in all/abn his/pp$ might/nn into/in the/at sharp/jj angle/nn formed/vbn by/in the/at permanent/jj stands/nns and/cc the/at wooden/jj bleachers/nns ,/, where/wrb Ruth/np could/md not/* reach/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at ball/nn lay/vbd there/rb ,/, shining/vbg white/jj on/in the/at grass/nn in/in view/nn of/in nearly/ql every/at fan/nn in/in the/at park/nn while/cs Ruth/np ,/, red-necked/jj with/in frustration/nn ,/, charged/vbd about/in the/at small/jj patch/nn of/in ground/nn screaming/vbg ,/, ``/`` Where's/wrb+bez the/at --/-- -ing/vbg ball/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
But/cc ,/, as/cs he/pps snarled/vbd unhappily/rb when/wrb the/at inning/nn was/bedz over/rp ,/, ``/`` not/* a/at sonofabitch/nn in/in the/at place/nn would/md tell/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, so/rb little/jj Tommy/np ran/vbd all/abn the/at way/nn home/nr ./.


	The/at ordinary/jj man/nn and/cc woman/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, saw/vbd little/ap of/in the/at great/jj professional/jj games/nns of/in those/dts Golden/jj-tl Days/nns-tl ,/, or/cc of/in any/dti other/ap sporting/vbg event/nn for/in that/dt matter/vb ./.
Promoters/nns always/rb hastened/vbn to/to place/vb their/pp$ choice/jj tickets/nns in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at wealthy/jj speculators/nns ,/, and/cc only/rb the/at man/nn who/wps knew/vbd the/at man/nn who/wps knew/vbd the/at fellow/nn who/wps had/hvd an/at in/nn with/in the/at guy/nn at/in the/at box/nn office/nn ever/rb came/vbd up/rp with/in a/at good/jj seat/nn for/in a/at contest/nn of/in any/dti importance/nn ./.
Radio/nn broadcasts/nns ,/, however/rb --/-- now/rb that/cs even/ql plain/jj people/nns could/md afford/vb ``/`` loud/jj speakers/nns ''/'' on/in their/pp$ sets/nns --/-- held/vbd old/jj fans/nns to/in the/at major-league/nn races/nns and/cc attracted/vbd new/jj ones/nns ,/, chiefly/rb women/nns ,/, who/wps through/in what/wdt the/at philosopher/nn called/vbd the/at ineluctable/jj modality/nn of/in audition/nn ,/, became/vbd first/rb inured/vbn ,/, then/rb attracted/vbn ,/, then/rb addicted/vbn to/in the/at long/jj afternoon/nn recitals/nns of/in the/at doings/nns in/in some/dti distant/jj baseball/nn park/nn ./.


	In/in some/dti cities/nns games/nns were/bed broadcast/vbn throughout/in the/at week/nn and/cc then/rb on/in weekends/nns the/at announcer/nn was/bedz silenced/vbn ,/, and/cc fans/nns must/md needs/vbz drive/vb to/in the/at city/nn from/in all/abn the/at broadcast/nn area/nn to/to discover/vb how/wrb their/pp$ heroes/nns were/bed faring/vbg ./.
This/dt had/hvd a/at pleasant/jj effect/nn upon/in the/at Sunday/nr gate/nn receipts/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs upon/in the/at intake/nn of/in the/at rail/nn and/cc bus/nn companies/nns ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt began/vbd to/to offer/vb special/jj excursion/nn rates/nns ,/, including/in seats/nns at/in the/at park/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at trolley/nn and/cc ferry/nn companies/nns had/hvd when/wrb baseball/nn was/bedz new/jj ./.


	While/cs women/nns had/hvd always/rb attended/vbn ball/nn games/nns in/in small/jj numbers/nns (/( it/pps was/bedz the/at part/nn of/in a/at ``/`` dead/jj game/nn sport/nn ''/'' in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn to/to be/be taken/vbn out/rp to/in the/at ball/nn park/nn and/cc to/to root/vb ,/, root/vb ,/, root/vb for/in the/at home/nn team/nn )/) ,/, they/ppss had/hvd often/rb sat/vbn in/in patient/jj martyrdom/nn ,/, unable/jj even/rb to/to read/vb the/at scoreboard/nn ,/, which/wdt sometimes/rb seemed/vbd to/to indicate/vb that/cs one/cd team/nn led/vbd another/dt by/in a/at score/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty/cd to/in one/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty-one/cd ./.
The/at questions/nns women/nns asked/vbd at/in baseball/nn games/nns were/bed standard/jj grist/nn for/in amateur/jj comedy/nn ,/, as/cs were/bed the/at doings/nns of/in women/nns automobile/nn drivers/nns ;/. ;/.
for/cs every/at grown/vbn man/nn (/( except/in a/at few/ap who/wps were/bed always/rb suspected/vbn of/in being/beg shy/jj on/in virility/nn )/) knew/vbd at/in least/ap the/at fundamentals/nns of/in baseball/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs every/at male/nn American/np in/in this/dt era/nn liked/vbd to/to imagine/vb (/( or/cc pretend/vb )/) that/cs he/pps could/md fight/vb with/in his/pp$ fists/nns ./.
And/cc women/nns were/bed not/* expected/vbn to/to know/vb that/cs the/at pitcher/nn was/bedz trying/vbg not/* to/to let/vb the/at batter/nn hit/vb the/at ball/nn ./.


	Radio/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, so/ql increased/vbn the/at interest/nn of/in women/nns in/in the/at game/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz hardly/ql necessary/jj even/rb to/to have/hv ``/`` Ladies'/nns$-tl Days/nns-tl ''/'' any/dti longer/rbr to/to enable/vb men/nns to/to get/vb to/in the/at ball/nn park/nn without/in interference/nn at/in home/nr ./.
Women/nns actually/rb began/vbd to/to appear/vb unaccompanied/jj in/in the/at stands/nns ,/, where/wrb they/ppss still/rb occasionally/rb ran/vbd the/at risk/nn of/in coming/vbg home/nr with/in a/at tobacco-juice/nn stain/nn on/in a/at clean/jj skirt/nn or/cc a/at new/jj curse/nn word/nn tingling/vbg their/pp$ ears/nns ./.


	The/at radio/nn broadcasts/nns themselves/ppls were/bed often/rb so/ql patiently/rb informative/jj ,/, despite/in the/at baseball/nn jargon/nn ,/, that/cs girls/nns and/cc women/nns could/md begin/vb to/to store/vb up/rp in/in their/pp$ minds/nns the/at same/ap sort/nn of/in random/jj and/cc meaningless/jj statistics/nns that/wps small/jj boys/nns had/hvd long/rb learned/vbn better/rbr than/cs they/ppss ever/rb did/dod their/pp$ lessons/nns in/in school/nn ./.

This/dt conclusion/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs traditional/jj sex/nn mores/nns will/md continue/vb to/to sanction/vb both/abx premarital/jj chastity/nn as/cs the/at ``/`` ideal/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at double/jj standard/nn holding/vbg females/nns primarily/rb responsible/jj for/in preserving/vbg the/at ideal/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ discussion/nn of/in this/dt involves/vbz using/vbg Erik/np Erikson's/np$ schema/nn of/in ``/`` identity/nn vs./in identity/nn diffusion/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at conceptual/jj tool/nn in/in superimposing/vbg a/at few/ap common/jj denominators/nns onto/in the/at diverse/jj personality/nn and/cc family/nn configurations/nns of/in the/at unwed/jj mothers/nns from/in whose/wp$ case/nn histories/nns we/ppss quoted/vbd earlier/rbr ./.
Our/pp$ discussion/nn does/doz not/* utilize/vb all/abn the/at identity/nn crises/nns postulated/vbn by/in Erikson/np ,/, but/cc is/bez intended/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb the/at utility/nn of/in his/pp$ theoretical/jj schema/nn for/in studying/vbg unwed/jj mothers/nns ./.
We/ppss hope/vb thereby/rb to/to emphasize/vb that/cs ,/, from/in a/at psychological/jj standpoint/nn ,/, the/at effectual/jj prevention/nn of/in illegitimacy/nn is/bez a/at continuous/jj long-term/nn process/nn involving/vbg the/at socialization/nn of/in the/at female/nn from/in infancy/nn through/in adolescence/nn ./.


	Hypothesizing/vbg a/at series/nns of/in developmental/jj stages/nns that/wps begin/vb in/in the/at individual's/nn$ infancy/nn and/cc end/vb in/in his/pp$ old/jj age/nn ,/, Erikson/np has/hvz indicated/vbn that/cs the/at adolescent/nn is/bez faced/vbn with/in a/at series/nn of/in identity/nn crises/nns ./.
The/at successful/jj and/cc positive/jj resolution/nn of/in these/dts crises/nns during/in adolescence/nn involves/vbz an/at epigenetic/jj principle/nn --/-- during/in adolescence/nn ,/, the/at individual's/nn$ positive/jj resolutions/nns in/in each/dt area/nn of/in identity/nn crisis/nn depend/vb ,/, to/in a/at considerable/jj degree/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ already/rb having/hvg resolved/vbn preliminary/jj and/cc preparatory/jj identity/nn crises/nns during/in his/pp$ infancy/nn ,/, childhood/nn ,/, and/cc early/jj adolescence/nn ./.
Within/in Erikson's/np$ schema/nn ,/, the/at adolescent's/nn$ delinquent/jj behavior/nn --/-- in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, her/pp$ unwed/jj motherhood/nn --/-- reflects/vbz her/pp$ ``/`` identity/nn diffusion/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc her/pp$ inability/nn to/to resolve/vb these/dts various/jj identity/nn crises/nns positively/rb ./.


	The/at adolescent/nn experiences/vbz identity/nn crises/nns in/in terms/nns of/in time/nn perspective/nn vs./in time/nn diffusion/nn ./.
Time/nn perspective/nn --/-- the/at ability/nn to/to plan/vb for/in the/at future/nn and/cc to/to postpone/vb gratifying/vbg immediate/jj wants/nns in/in order/nn to/to achieve/vb long-range/nn objectives/nns --/-- is/bez more/ql easily/rb developed/vbn if/cs ,/, from/in infancy/nn on/rp ,/, the/at individual/nn has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to rely/vb on/in and/cc trust/vb people/nns and/cc the/at world/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps lives/vbz ./.
Erikson/np has/hvz noted/vbn that/cs ,/, unless/cs this/dt trust/nn developed/vbd early/rb ,/, the/at time/nn ambivalence/nn experienced/vbn ,/, in/in varying/vbg degree/nn and/cc temporarily/rb ,/, by/in all/abn adolescents/nns (/( as/cs a/at result/nn of/in their/pp$ remembering/vbg the/at more/ql immediate/jj gratification/nn of/in wants/nns during/in childhood/nn ,/, while/cs not/* yet/rb having/hvg fully/rb accepted/vbn the/at long-range/nn planning/nn required/vbn by/in adulthood/nn )/) may/md develop/vb into/in a/at more/ql permanent/jj sense/nn of/in time/nn diffusion/nn ./.
Experience/nn of/in this/dt time/nn diffusion/nn ranges/vbz from/in a/at sense/nn of/in utter/jj apathy/nn to/in a/at feeling/nn of/in desperate/jj urgency/nn to/to act/vb immediately/rb ./.


	These/dts polar/jj extremes/nns in/in time/nn diffusion/nn were/bed indicated/vbn in/in some/dti of/in the/at comments/nns by/in unwed/jj mothers/nns reported/vbd in/in earlier/jjr chapters/nns ./.
Some/dti of/in these/dts mothers/nns ,/, apparently/rb feeling/vbg a/at desperate/jj urgency/nn ,/, made/vbd ,/, on/in the/at spur/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ,/, commitments/nns ,/, in/in love/nn and/cc sex/nn ,/, that/wps would/md have/hv life-long/jj consequences/nns ./.
Others/nns displayed/vbd utter/jj apathy/nn and/cc indifference/nn to/in any/dti decision/nn about/in the/at past/nn or/cc the/at future/nn ./.
For/in many/ap of/in these/dts unwed/jj mothers/nns ,/, the/at data/nns on/in their/pp$ family/nn life/nn and/cc early/jj childhood/nn experiences/nns revealed/vbd several/ap indications/nns and/cc sources/nns of/in their/pp$ basic/jj mistrust/nn of/in their/pp$ parents/nns in/in particular/jj and/cc of/in the/at world/nn in/in general/jj ./.


	However/rb ,/, as/cs Erickson/np has/hvz noted/vbn ,/, the/at individual's/nn$ failure/nn to/to develop/vb preliminary/jj identities/nns during/in infancy/nn and/cc childhood/nn need/md not/* be/be irreversibly/ql deterministic/jj with/in respect/nn to/in a/at given/vbn area/nn of/in identity/nn diffusion/nn in/in his/pp$ (/( or/cc her/pp$ )/) adolescence/nn ./.
And/cc ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ,/, ,/, some/dti SNP/nn females/nns originally/rb developed/vbd such/jj trust/nn only/rb during/in their/pp$ adolescence/nn ,/, through/in the/at aid/nn of/in ,/, and/cc their/pp$ identification/nn with/in ,/, alter-parents/nns ./.
In/in the/at specific/jj case/nn of/in time/nn diffusion/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md emphasize/vb the/at significance/nn of/in the/at earlier/jjr development/nn of/in mistrust/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez combined/vbn with/in the/at inevitable/jj time/nn crisis/nn experienced/vbn by/in most/ap (/( if/cs not/* all/abn )/) adolescents/nns in/in our/pp$ society/nn ,/, and/cc with/in the/at failure/nn of/in the/at adolescent/jj period/nn to/to provide/vb opportunities/nns for/in developing/vbg trust/nn ./.


	The/at adolescent/nn experiences/vbz two/cd closely/rb related/vbn crises/nns :/: self-certainty/nn vs./in an/at identity/nn consciousness/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc role-experimentation/nn vs./in negative/jj identity/nn ./.
A/at sense/nn of/in self-certainty/nn and/cc the/at freedom/nn to/to experiment/vb with/in different/jj roles/nns ,/, or/cc confidence/nn in/in one's/pn$ own/jj unique/jj behavior/nn as/cs an/at alternative/nn to/in peer-group/nn conformity/nn ,/, is/bez more/ql easily/rb developed/vbn during/in adolescence/nn if/cs ,/, during/in early/jj childhood/nn ,/, the/at individual/nn was/bedz permitted/vbn to/to exercise/vb initiative/nn and/cc encouraged/vbn to/to develop/vb some/dti autonomy/nn ./.


	However/rb ,/, if/cs the/at child/nn has/hvz been/ben constantly/rb surrounded/vbn ,/, during/in nursery/nn and/cc early/jj school/nn age/nn ,/, by/in peer/nn groups/nns ;/. ;/.
inculcated/vbn with/in the/at primacy/nn of/in group/nn acceptance/nn and/cc group/nn standards/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc allowed/vbn little/ap initiative/nn in/in early/jj play/nn and/cc work/nn patterns/nns --/-- then/rb in/in adolescence/nn her/pp$ normal/jj degree/nn of/in vanity/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn ,/, and/cc preoccupation/nn with/in whether/cs others/nns find/vb her/ppo appearance/nn and/cc behavior/nn acceptable/jj ,/, will/md be/be compounded/vbn ./.
Her/pp$ ostensible/jj indifference/nn to/in and/cc rebellion/nn against/in suggestions/nns and/cc criticisms/nns by/in anyone/pn except/in peer/nn friends/nns during/in adolescence/nn are/ber the/at manifestations/nns ,/, in/in her/pp$ adolescence/nn ,/, of/in her/ppo having/hvg been/ben indoctrinated/vbn in/in childhood/nn to/to feel/vb shame/nn ,/, if/cs not/* guilt/nn ,/, for/in failing/vbg to/to behave/vb in/in a/at manner/nn acceptable/jj to/in ,/, and/cc judged/vbn by/in ,/, the/at performance/nn of/in her/pp$ nursery-/nn and/cc elementary-school/nn peer/nn friends/nns ./.
To/to be/be different/jj is/bez to/to invite/vb shame/nn and/cc doubt/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps is/bez better/jjr to/to be/be shamed/vbn and/cc criticized/vbn by/in one's/pn$ parents/nns ,/, who/wps already/rb consider/vb one/cd different/jj and/cc difficult/jj to/to understand/vb ,/, than/cs by/in one's/pn$ peers/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber also/rb experiencing/vbg a/at similar/jj groping/nn for/in and/cc denial/nn of/in adult/nn status/nn ./.


	The/at attitudes/nns of/in some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns quoted/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, revealed/vbd both/abx considerable/jj preoccupation/nn with/in being/beg accepted/vbn by/in others/nns and/cc a/at marked/vbn absence/nn of/in self-certainty/nn ./.
Many/ap appeared/vbd to/to regard/vb their/pp$ sexual/jj behavior/nn as/cs a/at justifiable/jj means/nn of/in gaining/vbg acceptance/nn from/in and/cc identification/nn with/in others/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc very/ql few/ap seemed/vbn aware/jj that/cs such/jj acceptance/nn and/cc identification/nn need/vb to/to be/be supplemented/vbn with/in more/ql enduring/vbg and/cc stable/jj identification/nn of/in and/cc with/in one's/pn$ self/nn ./.


	Another/dt identity/nn crisis/nn confronting/vbg the/at adolescent/nn involves/vbz anticipation/nn of/in achievement/nn vs./in work-paralysis/nn ./.
The/at adolescent's/nn$ capacity/nn to/to anticipate/vb achievement/nn and/cc to/to exercise/vb the/at self-discipline/nn necessary/jj to/to complete/vb tasks/nns successfully/rb depends/vbz on/in the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps or/cc she/pps developed/vbd autonomy/nn ,/, initiative/nn ,/, and/cc self-discipline/nn during/in childhood/nn ./.
The/at developmental/jj process/nn involves/vbz the/at individual's/nn$ progressively/rb experiencing/vbg a/at sense/nn of/in dignity/nn and/cc achievement/nn resulting/vbg from/in having/hvg completed/vbn tasks/nns ,/, having/hvg kept/vbn commitments/nns ,/, and/cc having/hvg created/vbn something/pn (/( however/wql small/jj or/cc simple/jj --/-- even/rb a/at doll/nn dress/nn of/in one's/pn$ own/jj design/nn rather/in than/in in/in the/at design/nn ``/`` it/pps ought/md to/to be/be ''/'' )/) ./.
These/dts childhood/nn experiences/nns are/ber sources/nns of/in the/at self-certainty/nn that/cs the/at adolescent/nn needs/vbz ,/, for/in experimenting/vbg with/in many/ap roles/nns ,/, and/cc for/in the/at freedom/nn to/to fail/vb sometimes/rb in/in the/at process/nn of/in exploring/vbg and/cc discovering/vbg her/pp$ skills/nns and/cc abilities/nns ./.


	If/cs she/pps has/hvz not/* had/hvn such/jj experiences/nns ,/, the/at female's/nn$ normal/jj adolescent/jj degree/nn of/in indecision/nn will/md be/be compounded/vbn ./.
She/pps may/md well/rb be/be incapacitated/vbn by/in it/ppo when/wrb she/pps is/bez confronted/vbn with/in present/jj and/cc future/jj alternatives/nns --/-- e.g./rb ,/, whether/cs to/to prepare/vb primarily/rb for/in a/at career/nn or/cc for/in the/at role/nn of/in a/at homemaker/nn ;/. ;/.
whether/cs to/to stay/vb financially/rb dependent/jj on/in her/pp$ parents/nns or/cc help/vb support/vb herself/ppl while/cs attending/vbg school/nn ;/. ;/.
whether/cs to/to pursue/vb a/at college/nn education/nn or/cc a/at job/nn after/in high/jj school/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc whether/cs to/to attend/vb this/dt or/cc that/dt college/nn and/cc to/to follow/vb this/dt or/cc that/dt course/nn of/in study/nn ./.
Erikson/np has/hvz noted/vbn that/cs ,/, as/cs this/dt indecision/nn mounts/vbz ,/, it/pps may/md result/vb in/in a/at ``/`` paralysis/nn of/in workmanship/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt paralysis/nn may/md be/be expressed/vbn in/in the/at female's/nn$ starting/vbg --/-- and/cc never/rb completing/vbg --/-- many/ap jobs/nns ,/, tasks/nns ,/, and/cc courses/nns of/in study/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs she/pps bases/vbz her/pp$ decisions/nns about/in work/nn ,/, college/nn ,/, carreer/nn ,/, and/cc studies/nns on/in what/wdt others/nns are/ber doing/vbg ,/, rather/in than/in on/in her/pp$ own/jj sense/nn of/in identity/nn with/in given/vbn skills/nns ,/, abilities/nns ,/, likes/nns ,/, and/cc dislikes/nns ./.
The/at absence/nn ,/, during/in her/pp$ childhood/nn and/cc early/jj adolescence/nn ,/, of/in experiences/nns in/in developing/vbg the/at self-discipline/nn to/to complete/vb tasks/nns within/in her/pp$ ability/nn --/-- experiences/nns that/wps would/md have/hv been/ben subsequent/jj sources/nns of/in anticipation/nn of/in achievement/nn --/-- and/cc her/pp$ lack/nn of/in childhood/nn opportunities/nns to/to practice/vb autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn in/in play/nn and/cc expression/nn ,/, both/abx tend/vb in/in her/pp$ adolescence/nn to/to deprive/vb her/ppo of/in the/at freedoms/nns to/to role-experiment/vb and/cc to/to fail/vb occasionally/rb in/in experimenting/vbg ./.


	The/at comments/nns made/vbn by/in some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns (/( quoted/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) )/) reflect/vb this/dt paralysis/nn of/in workmanship/nn ./.
They/ppss attended/vbd school/nn and/cc selected/vbd courses/nns primarily/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in decisions/nns others/nns made/vbd ;/. ;/.
they/ppss accepted/vbd a/at job/nn primarily/rb because/cs it/pps was/bedz available/jj ,/, convenient/jj ,/, and/cc paid/vbn reasonably/rb ./.
These/dts things/nns both/abx express/vb and/cc ,/, at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, continue/vb contributing/vbg to/in ,/, their/pp$ identity/nn diffusion/nn in/in an/at area/nn that/wps could/md have/hv become/vbn a/at source/nn of/in developing/vbg dignity/nn and/cc self-certainty/nn ./.
As/cs their/pp$ identity/nn diffusion/nn increased/vbd ,/, they/ppss became/vbd more/ql susceptible/jj to/in sporadic/jj diversions/nns in/in love/nn and/cc sexual/jj affairs/nns ./.
These/dts affairs/nns temporarily/rb relieved/vbd the/at monotony/nn of/in school/nn or/cc work/nn activities/nns containing/vbg no/at anticipation/nn of/in achievement/nn and/cc joy/nn of/in craftsmanship/nn ,/, no/at sense/nn of/in dignity/nn derived/vbn from/in a/at job/nn well/rb done/vbn ./.


	Childhood/nn experiences/nns in/in learning/vbg work/nn and/cc self-discipline/nn habits/nns within/in a/at context/nn of/in developing/vbg autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn have/hv considerable/jj significance/nn for/in the/at prevention/nn of/in illegitimacy/nn ./.
The/at excerpts/nns from/in case/nn histories/nns presented/vbn above/rb confirm/vb this/dt significance/nn ,/, though/cs through/in different/jj facets/nns of/in experience/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns had/hvd had/hvn no/at work/nn experiences/nns ,/, household/nn chores/nns ,/, and/cc responsibilities/nns during/in childhood/nn and/cc early/jj adolescence/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss subsequently/rb occupied/vbd their/pp$ leisure/nn hours/nns in/in searching/vbg for/in something/pn exciting/jj and/cc diverting/vbg ./.
Sex/nn was/bedz both/abx ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns had/hvd had/hvn so/ql much/ap work/nn and/cc responsibility/nn imposed/vbn on/in them/ppo at/in an/at early/jj age/nn ,/, and/cc had/hvd thus/rb had/hvn so/ql little/ap freedom/nn or/cc opportunity/nn to/to develop/vb autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn ,/, that/cs their/pp$ work/nn and/cc responsibilities/nns became/vbd dull/jj and/cc unrewarding/jj burdens/nns --/-- to/to be/be escaped/vbn and/cc rebelled/vbn against/rb through/in fun/nn and/cc experimentation/nn with/in forbidden/vbn sexual/jj behavior/nn ./.


	The/at adolescent/nn also/rb faces/vbz the/at identity/nn crisis/nn that/cs Erikson/np has/hvz termed/vbn ideological/jj polarization/nn vs./in diffusion/nn of/in ideals/nns ./.
In/in discussing/vbg the/at ways/nns this/dt crisis/nn is/bez germane/jj to/in consderations/nns for/in the/at prevention/nn of/in illegitimacy/nn ,/, we/ppss shall/md again/rb superimpose/vb Erikson's/np$ concept/nn on/in our/pp$ data/nn ./.


	Adolescents/nns have/hv a/at much-discussed/jj tendency/nn to/to polarize/vb ideas/nns and/cc values/nns ,/, to/to perceive/vb things/nns as/cs ``/`` either-or/jj ''/'' ,/, black/jj or/cc white/jj --/-- nuances/nns of/in meaning/nn are/ber relatively/ql unimportant/jj ./.
This/dt tendency/nn is/bez ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, most/ql clearly/rb revealed/vbn in/in the/at literature/nn on/in religious/jj conversions/nns and/cc experiences/nns of/in adolescents/nns ./.
Erikson/np has/hvz postulated/vbn that/cs such/jj ideological/jj polarization/nn temporarily/rb resolves/vbz their/pp$ search/nn for/in something/pn stable/jj and/cc definite/jj in/in the/at rapidly/ql changing/vbg and/cc fluctuating/vbg no-man's-land/nn between/in childhood/nn and/cc adulthood/nn ./.
It/pps provides/vbz identification/nn --/-- with/in an/at idea/nn ,/, a/at value/nn ,/, a/at cause/nn that/wps cuts/vbz through/in ,/, or/cc even/rb transcends/vbz ,/, the/at multiple/jj and/cc ambivalent/jj identities/nns of/in their/pp$ passage/nn from/in child/nn to/in adult/nn ,/, and/cc permits/vbz their/pp$ forceful/jj and/cc overt/jj expression/nn of/in emotion/nn ./.


	The/at positive/jj development/nn ,/, during/in adolescence/nn ,/, of/in this/dt capacity/nn to/to think/vb and/cc to/to feel/vb strongly/rb and/cc with/in increasing/vbg independence/nn ,/, and/cc to/to identify/vb overtly/rb either/cc with/in or/cc against/in given/vbn ideas/nns ,/, values/nns ,/, and/cc practices/nns ,/, depends/vbz to/in a/at considerable/jj degree/nn on/in both/abx previous/jj and/cc present/jj opportunities/nns for/in developing/vbg autonomy/nn ,/, initiative/nn ,/, and/cc self-certainty/nn ./.
Most/ap adolescents/nns have/hv some/dti ideological/jj diffusion/nn at/in various/jj developmental/jj stages/nns ,/, as/cs they/ppss experience/vb a/at proliferation/nn of/in ideas/nns and/cc values/nns ./.
The/at diffusion/nn is/bez most/ql pronounced/vbn and/cc most/ql likely/jj to/to become/vb fixed/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in those/dts who/wps have/hv had/hvn no/at or/cc very/ql minimal/jj opportunities/nns to/to develop/vb the/at autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn that/wps could/md have/hv been/ben directed/vbn into/in constructive/jj expression/nn and/cc so/rb served/vbd as/cs sources/nns of/in developing/vbg self-certainty/nn ./.


	A/at pronounced/vbn ideological/jj diffusion/nn --/-- i.e./rb ,/, inability/nn to/to identify/vb independently/rb with/in given/vbn ideas/nns and/cc value/nn systems/nns --/-- is/bez reflected/vbn in/in many/ap ways/nns ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez evinced/vbn by/in the/at adolescent/nn (/( or/cc adult/nn )/) whose/wp$ beliefs/nns and/cc actions/nns represent/vb primarily/rb his/pp$ rebellion/nn and/cc reaction/nn against/in the/at ideas/nns and/cc behavior/nn patterns/nns of/in others/nns ,/, rather/in than/in his/pp$ inner/jj conviction/nn and/cc choice/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez mirrored/vbn by/in the/at individual/jj Willie/np Lohmans/nps ,/, whose/wp$ ideas/nns and/cc behavior/nn patterns/nns are/ber so/ql dependent/jj and/cc relativistic/jj that/cs they/ppss always/rb coincide/vb with/in those/dts of/in the/at individual/nn or/cc group/nn present/rb and/cc most/ql important/jj at/in the/at moment/nn ./.
In/in another/dt sense/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez represented/vbn in/in the/at arguments/nns of/in the/at ``/`` true/jj believers/nns ''/'' who/wps seek/vb to/to disprove/vb the/at validity/nn of/in all/abn other/ap beliefs/nns and/cc ideas/nns in/in order/nn to/to retain/vb confidence/nn in/in theirs/pp$$ ./.


	The/at case/nn histories/nns provide/vb some/dti interesting/jj illustrations/nns of/in ideological/jj diffusion/nn ,/, embodied/vbn in/in the/at unwed/jj mother's/nn$ inability/nn to/to identify/vb independently/rb a/at given/vbn value/nn system/nn or/cc behavior/nn pattern/nn ,/, ,/, and/cc her/pp$ subsequent/jj disinclination/nn to/to assume/vb any/dti individual/jj responsibility/nn for/in her/pp$ sexual/jj behavior/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at unwed/jj mothers/nns expressed/vbd their/pp$ frustration/nn with/in males/nns who/wps did/dod not/* indicate/vb more/ql explicitly/rb ``/`` what/wdt it/pps is/bez they/ppss really/rb want/vb from/in a/at girl/nn so/cs one/pn can/md act/vb accordingly/rb ''/'' ./.
They/ppss were/bed disappointed/vbn by/in the/at physical/jj and/cc emotional/jj hurt/nn of/in premarital/jj sexual/jj intercourse/nn ./.
They/ppss condemned/vbd the/at movie/nn script/nn writers/nns for/in implying/vbg that/cs sex/nn was/bedz enjoyable/jj and/cc exhilarating/jj ./.
They/ppss criticized/vbd parents/nns for/in never/rb having/hvg emphasized/vbn traditional/jj concepts/nns of/in right/nn and/cc wrong/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc they/ppss censured/vbd parents/nns who/wps ``/`` never/rb disciplined/vbd and/cc were/bed too/ql permissive/jj ''/'' or/cc who/wps ``/`` never/rb explained/vbd how/wql easy/jj it/pps was/bedz to/to get/vb pregnant/jj ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at adult/nn world/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in rather/ql general/jj and/cc diffuse/jj sources/nns of/in ideological/jj diffusion/nn that/wps further/rbr compound/vb the/at adolescent's/nn$ search/nn for/in meaning/nn during/in this/dt particular/nn identity/nn crisis/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, some/dti contemporary/jj writing/nn tends/vbz to/to fuse/vb the/at ``/`` good/jj guys/nns ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` bad/jj guys/nns ''/'' ,/, to/to portray/vb the/at weak/jj people/nns as/cs heroes/nns and/cc weakness/nn as/cs a/at virtue/nn ,/, and/cc to/to explain/vb (/( or/cc even/rb justify/vb )/) asocial/jj behavior/nn by/in attributing/vbg it/ppo to/in deterministic/jj psychological/jj ,/, familial/jj ,/, and/cc social/jj experiences/nns ./.

In/in the/at final/jj accounting/nn ,/, these/dts would/md have/hv augmented/vbn the/at bill/nn for/in both/abx sides/nns ./.
An/at estimate/nn of/in one/cd million/cd dollars/nns is/bez probably/rb not/* excessive/jj ./.


	Yet/cc the/at huge/jj amount/nn of/in money/nn consumed/vbn by/in the/at Selden/np litigation/nn ,/, which/wdt many/ap regarded/vbn as/cs wasteful/jj ,/, indirectly/rb contributed/vbn to/in constructive/jj changes/nns in/in legal/jj procedure/nn ./.
The/at duration/nn and/cc other/ap circumstances/nns of/in the/at Selden/np case/nn made/vbd it/ppo a/at flagrant/jj example/nn of/in the/at gross/jj abuses/nns of/in patent/nn infringement/nn actions/nns ./.
The/at suit/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, came/vbd before/in the/at courts/nns when/wrb patent/nn attorneys/nns ,/, inventors/nns ,/, and/cc laymen/nns were/bed making/vbg mounting/vbg demands/nns for/in reforms/nns in/in the/at American/jj patent/nn system/nn ./.
Chief/jjs among/in the/at defects/nns they/ppss singled/vbd out/rp were/bed the/at complicated/vbn and/cc wearisome/jj procedures/nns in/in equity/nn ./.


	In/in a/at long/jj and/cc angry/jj footnote/nn to/in his/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, Judge/nn-tl Hough/np had/hvd lent/vbn the/at weight/nn of/in judicial/jj condemnation/nn to/in such/jj criticism/nn ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez a/at duty/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Hough/np ,/, ``/`` not/* to/to let/vb pass/vb this/dt opportunity/nn of/in protesting/vbg against/in the/at methods/nns of/in taking/vbg and/cc printing/vbg testimony/nn in/in Equity/nn-tl ,/, current/jj in/in this/dt circuit/nn (/( and/cc probably/rb others/nns )/) ,/, excused/vbn if/cs not/* justified/vbn by/in the/at rules/nns of/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb to/to be/be found/vbn in/in patent/nn causes/nns ,/, and/cc flagrantly/rb exemplified/vbn in/in this/dt litigation/nn ./.
As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at bar/nn prefers/vbz to/to adduce/vb evidence/nn by/in written/vbn deposition/nn ,/, rather/in than/in viva/fw-jj voce/fw-nn before/in an/at authoritative/jj judicial/jj officer/nn ,/, I/ppss fear/vb that/cs the/at antiquated/vbn rules/nns will/md remain/vb unchanged/jj ,/, and/cc expensive/jj prolixity/nn remain/vb the/at best/jjt known/vbn characteristic/nn of/in Equity/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Observing/vbg that/cs ``/`` reforms/nns sometimes/rb begin/vb with/in the/at contemplation/nn of/in horrible/jj examples/nns ''/'' ,/, Hough/np catalogued/vbd the/at many/ap abuses/nns encouraged/vbn by/in existing/vbg procedures/nns ./.
He/pps cited/vbd the/at elephantine/jj dimensions/nns of/in the/at Selden/np case/nn record/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at duplication/nn of/in testimony/nn and/cc exhibits/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at numerous/jj squabbles/nns over/in minor/jj matters/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at ``/`` objections/nns stated/vbn at/in outrageous/jj length/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at frequent/jj and/cc rancorous/jj verbal/jj bouts/nns ,/, ``/`` uncalled/jj for/rb and/cc unjustifiable/jj ,/, from/in the/at retort/nn discourteous/jj to/in the/at lie/nn direct/jj ''/'' ./.


	The/at fundamental/jj difficulty/nn of/in which/wdt the/at Selden/np case/nn was/bedz ``/`` a/at striking/jj (/( though/cs not/* singular/jj )/) example/nn ''/'' ,/, concluded/vbd Hough/np ,/, ``/`` will/md remain/vb as/ql long/rb as/cs testimony/nn is/bez taken/vbn without/in any/dti authoritative/jj judicial/jj officer/nn present/rb ,/, and/cc responsible/jj for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in discipline/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reception/nn or/cc exclusion/nn of/in testimony/nn ''/'' ./.


	Not/* least/ap among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at patent/nn bar/nn who/wps echoed/vbd this/dt powerful/jj indictment/nn were/bed those/dts who/wps had/hvd participated/vbn in/in the/at Selden/np suit/nn ./.
William/np A./np Redding/np asserted/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at case/nn had/hvd been/ben heard/vbn in/in open/jj court/nn under/in rules/nns of/in evidence/nn ,/, the/at testimony/nn would/md have/hv been/ben completed/vbn in/in sixty/cd days/nns instead/rb of/in five/cd years/nns ./.
Inventors/nns joined/vbd lawyers/nns in/in the/at clamor/nn for/in reform/nn ,/, inevitably/rb centering/vbg upon/in the/at Selden/np litigation/nn as/cs a/at ``/`` horrible/jj example/nn ''/'' ./.
Its/pp$ costive/jj deliberations/nns were/bed likened/vbn to/in those/dts of/in the/at British/jj courts/nns of/in chancery/nn mercilessly/rb caricatured/vbn by/in Dickens/np in/in Bleak/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.


	Parker/np ,/, who/wps agreed/vbd with/in much/ap of/in this/dt criticism/nn ,/, did/dod not/* conceal/vb his/pp$ dissatisfaction/nn with/in procedural/jj defects/nns ./.
But/cc he/pps felt/vbd that/cs the/at Selden/np case/nn was/bedz being/beg unfairly/rb pilloried/vbn ./.
In/in a/at detailed/vbn letter/nn published/vbn in/in the/at Scientific/jj-tl American/np-tl in/in 1912/cd ,/, he/pps remarked/vbd that/cs ``/`` loose/jj statements/nns ''/'' about/in the/at case/nn showed/vbd scant/jj understanding/nn of/in the/at facts/nns ./.
The/at suit/nn ,/, although/cs commonly/rb designated/vbn as/cs a/at single/ap action/nn ,/, actually/rb embraced/vbd five/cd cases/nns ./.
Parker/np insisted/vbd that/cs the/at size/nn of/in the/at record/nn would/md have/hv been/ben drastically/rb reduced/vbn but/cc for/in an/at unavoidable/jj duplication/nn of/in testimony/nn ./.


	In/in a/at private/jj communication/nn written/vbn in/in 1911/cd ,/, Parker/np had/hvd been/ben more/rbr to/in the/at point/nn ./.
Noting/vbg the/at complaints/nns of/in inventors/nns and/cc members/nns of/in the/at patent/nn bar/nn ,/, he/pps admitted/vbd that/cs some/dti of/in the/at strictures/nns ``/`` were/bed fairly/ql well/rb founded/vbn ''/'' ,/, but/cc he/pps added/vbd that/cs under/in existing/vbg rules/nns the/at courts/nns could/md not/* consolidate/vb testimony/nn in/in a/at group/nn of/in suits/nns involving/vbg separate/jj infringements/nns of/in the/at same/ap patent/nn ./.
The/at vast/jj industrial/jj interests/nns caught/vbn up/rp in/in the/at Selden/np suit/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at complex/jj character/nn of/in the/at automotive/jj art/nn ,/, encouraged/vbd both/abx sides/nns to/to exploit/vb ``/`` every/at possible/jj chance/nn ''/'' for/in or/cc against/in the/at patent/nn ,/, said/vbd Parker/np ./.
``/`` This/dt very/ql seldom/rb happens/vbz in/in this/dt class/nn or/cc in/in other/ap cases/nns ,/, and/cc of/in course/nn all/abn of/in these/dts matters/nns led/vbd to/in a/at volume/nn and/cc an/at expense/nn of/in the/at record/nn beyond/in what/wdt ordinarily/rb would/md occur/vb ''/'' ./.


	Parker/np listed/vbd the/at remedies/nns he/pps deemed/vbd essential/jj for/in reducing/vbg the/at cost/nn and/cc mass/nn of/in testimony/nn ./.
The/at most/ql important/jj of/in these/dts found/vbd him/ppo in/in agreement/nn with/in Hough's/np$ plea/nn for/in reform/nn ./.
Parker/np called/vbd for/in abolition/nn of/in the/at indiscriminate/jj or/cc uncontrolled/jj right/nn of/in taking/vbg depositions/nns before/in officers/nns of/in the/at court/nn who/wps had/hvd no/at authority/nn to/to limit/vb testimony/nn ./.
The/at taking/nn of/in depositions/nns ,/, he/pps suggested/vbd ,/, should/md be/be placed/vbn under/in a/at special/jj court/nn examiner/nn empowered/vbn to/to compel/vb responsive/jj and/cc relevant/jj answers/nns and/cc to/to exclude/vb immaterial/jj testimony/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss am/bem satisfied/vbn that/cs in/in the/at Selden/np case/nn had/hvd this/dt power/nn existed/vbn and/cc this/dt course/nn (/( been/ben )/) pursued/vbn ,/, it/pps would/md have/hv shortened/vbn the/at depositions/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at experts/nns nearly/rb one-half/nn and/cc of/in some/dti of/in the/at other/ap witnesses/nns thereto/rb more/ap than/cs that/cs ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at end/nn Hough's/np$ acidulous/jj protest/nn ,/, which/wdt Parker/np called/vbd the/at ``/`` now/rb somewhat/ql famous/jj note/nn on/in this/dt '/' Selden/np '/' case/nn ''/'' ,/, did/dod not/* go/vb unheeded/jj ./.
In/in 1912/cd the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl adopted/vbd a/at new/jj set/nn of/in rules/nns of/in equity/nn which/wdt became/vbd effective/jj on/in February/np 1/cd ,/, 1913/cd ./.
The/at revised/vbn procedure/nn was/bedz acclaimed/vbn as/cs a/at long-overdue/jj reform/nn ./.
Under/in the/at new/jj rules/nns ,/, testimony/nn is/bez taken/vbn orally/rb in/in open/jj court/nn in/in all/abn cases/nns except/in those/dts of/in an/at extraordinary/jj character/nn ./.
Other/ap expeditious/jj methods/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb prolixity/nn ,/, limit/vb delays/nns ,/, and/cc reduce/vb the/at expense/nn of/in infringement/nn suits/nns ./.
One/cd of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np lawyers/nns observed/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at Selden/np case/nn had/hvd been/ben tried/vbn under/in this/dt simplified/vbn procedure/nn ,/, the/at testimony/nn which/wdt filled/vbd more/ap than/in a/at score/nn of/in volumes/nns ,/, ``/`` at/in a/at minimum/nn cost/nn of/in $1/nns a/at page/nn for/in publication/nn alone/rb ,/, could/md have/hv been/ben contained/vbn in/in one/cd volume/nn ''/'' ./.
While/cs patent/nn suits/nns are/ber still/rb among/in the/at most/ql complex/jj and/cc expensive/jj forms/nns of/in litigation/nn ,/, these/dts rules/nns have/hv saved/vbn litigants/nns uncounted/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed promulgated/vbn by/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl as/cs a/at direct/jj result/nn of/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn suit/nn ./.



3/cd-hl 
./.-hl
Even/rb before/cs it/pps was/bedz formally/rb dissolved/vbn in/in 1912/cd ,/, the/at A.L.A.M./np was/bedz succeeded/vbn by/in the/at Automobile/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trade/nn-tl ,/, the/at direct/jj lineal/jj ancestor/nn of/in the/at present-day/jj Automobile/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ./.
The/at trade/nn bodies/nns which/wdt came/vbd in/in the/at wake/nn of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np were/bed more/ql representative/jj ,/, for/cs they/ppss never/rb adopted/vbd a/at policy/nn of/in exclusion/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez from/in the/at Selden/np organization/nn that/cs the/at industry/nn inherited/vbd its/pp$ institutional/jj machinery/nn for/in furthering/vbg the/at broader/jjr interests/nns of/in the/at trade/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at chief/jjs features/nns of/in this/dt community/nn of/in interest/nn is/bez the/at automotive/jj patents/nns cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn ,/, a/at milestone/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in American/jj industrial/jj cooperation/nn ./.
Its/pp$ origin/nn lies/vbz in/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn controversy/nn and/cc its/pp$ aftermath/nn ./.


	From/in the/at earliest/jjt days/nns of/in the/at motor/nn car/nn industry/nn ,/, before/cs the/at A.L.A.M./np was/bedz established/vbn ,/, patent/nn infringement/nn loomed/vbd as/cs a/at serious/jj and/cc vexing/vbg problem/nn ./.
Many/ap patent/nn contests/nns were/bed waged/vbn over/in automobile/nn components/nns and/cc accessories/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo tires/nns ,/, detachable/jj rims/nns ,/, ball/nn bearings/nns ,/, license/nn brackets/nns ,/, and/cc electric/jj horns/nns ./.
The/at fluidity/nn and/cc momentum/nn of/in the/at young/jj industry/nn abetted/vbd a/at general/jj disregard/nn of/in patent/nn claims/nns ./.
As/ql early/rb as/cs 1900/cd a/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl combination/nn acquired/vbd detail/nn patents/nns with/in the/at intention/nn of/in exacting/vbg heavy/jj tribute/nn from/in automobile/nn manufacturers/nns ./.
This/dt scheme/nn failed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at following/vbg decade/nn brought/vbd a/at deluge/nn of/in infringement/nn suits/nns among/in individual/jj manufacturers/nns that/wps reached/vbd its/pp$ crest/nn in/in 1912/cd ./.


	In/in this/dt tangle/nn of/in conflicting/vbg claims/nns ,/, the/at patent-sharing/jj scheme/nn adopted/vbn by/in the/at A.L.A.M./np at/in its/pp$ founding/vbg proved/vbd to/to be/be the/at best/jjt device/nn for/in avoiding/vbg or/cc mitigating/vbg the/at burdens/nns of/in incessant/jj litigation/nn ./.
The/at interchange/nn of/in shop/nn licenses/nns for/in a/at nominal/jj royalty/nn eliminated/vbd infringement/nn suits/nns among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np patent/nn pool/nn (/( although/cs it/pps did/dod not/* protect/vb them/ppo against/in outside/jj actions/nns )/) and/cc kept/vbd open/jj channels/nns for/in the/at cross-fertilization/nn of/in automotive/jj technology/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at conditions/nns of/in the/at pool/nn was/bedz a/at prohibition/nn upon/in the/at withholding/nn of/in patent/nn rights/nns among/in A.L.A.M./np members/nns ./.
Within/in its/pp$ limits/nns ,/, this/dt arrangement/nn had/hvd the/at actual/jj or/cc potential/jj characteristics/nns of/in a/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn ./.
Its/pp$ positive/jj features/nns outweighed/vbd the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at pool/nn was/bedz an/at adjunct/nn of/in a/at wouldbe/jj monopoly/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at A.L.A.M./np holdings/nns embraced/vbd only/rb about/rb twenty-five/cd per/in cent/nn of/in motor/nn vehicle/nn patents/nns ,/, the/at denial/nn of/in rights/nns to/in independent/jj companies/nns did/dod not/* retard/vb technical/jj progress/nn in/in unlicensed/jj sectors/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./.
The/at highly/ql important/jj Dyer/np patents/nns on/in the/at sliding/vbg gear/nn transmission/nn were/bed held/vbn by/in the/at A.L.A.M./np pool/nn ./.
But/cc Henry/np Ford/np used/vbd the/at planetary/jj transmission/nn in/in his/pp$ Model/nn-tl T/nn-tl and/cc earlier/jjr cars/nns and/cc ,/, in/in 1905/cd ,/, as/cs a/at precautionary/jj measure/nn ,/, took/vbd out/rp a/at license/nn from/in the/at man/nn who/wps claimed/vbd to/to be/be its/pp$ inventor/nn ./.


	For/in those/dts affiliated/vbn with/in it/ppo ,/, the/at A.L.A.M./np pool/nn was/bedz a/at haven/nn from/in the/at infringement/nn actions/nns involving/vbg detail/nn patents/nns that/wps beset/vbd the/at industry/nn with/in mounting/vbg intensity/nn after/in 1900/cd ./.
By/in 1910/cd the/at courts/nns were/bed crowded/vbn with/in cases/nns ,/, many/ap of/in them/ppo brought/vbn by/in freebooters/nns who/wps trafficked/vbd in/in disputed/vbn inventions/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz commonplace/jj for/in auto/nn makers/nns ,/, parts-suppliers/nns ,/, and/cc dealers/nns to/to find/vb warning/vbg notices/nns and/cc threats/nns of/in infringement/nn suits/nns in/in their/pp$ daily/jj mail/nn ./.
``/`` Purely/rb from/in the/at business/nn man's/nn$ standpoint/nn and/cc without/in regard/nn to/in the/at lawyer's/nn$ view/nn ''/'' ,/, commented/vbd a/at trade/nn journal/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at matter/nn of/in patents/nns in/in the/at automobile/nn and/cc accessory/nn trade/nn is/bez developing/vbg some/dti phases/nns and/cc results/nns that/wps challenge/vb thought/nn as/in to/in how/wql far/rb patents/nns are/ber to/to become/vb weapons/nns of/in warfare/nn in/in business/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in simple/jj beneficient/jj protection/nn devices/nns for/in encouraging/vbg inventive/jj creation/nn ''/'' ./.


	Occasionally/rb new/jj enterprise/nn was/bedz discouraged/vbn by/in the/at almost/ql certain/jj prospect/nn of/in legal/jj complications/nns ./.
One/cd manufacturer/nn who/wps held/vbd an/at allegedly/ql basic/jj patent/nn said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss would/md readily/rb put/vb over/rp $50,000/nns into/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in the/at device/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez so/ql easy/jj to/to make/vb that/cs we/ppss would/md enter/vb immediately/rb into/in a/at prolonged/vbn ordeal/nn of/in patent/nn litigation/nn which/wdt would/md eat/vb up/rp all/abn our/pp$ profits/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at prevailing/vbg view/nn in/in the/at industry/nn was/bedz summed/vbn up/rp in/in 1912/cd by/in a/at group/nn of/in auto/nn makers/nns who/wps told/vbd a/at Senate/nn-tl committee/nn :/: ``/`` The/at exceedingly/ql unsatisfactory/jj and/cc uselessly/ql expensive/jj conditions/nns ,/, including/in delays/nns surrounding/vbg legal/jj disputes/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in patent/nn litigation/nn ,/, are/ber items/nns of/in industrial/jj burden/nn which/wdt must/md be/be written/vbn large/rb in/in figures/nns of/in many/ap millions/nns of/in dollars/nns of/in industrial/jj waste/nn ''/'' ./.


	By/in that/dt time/nn it/pps was/bedz commonly/rb agreed/vbn that/cs patent/nn warfare/nn was/bedz sapping/vbg constructive/jj achievement/nn and/cc blocking/vbg the/at free/jj exchange/nn of/in technical/jj information/nn ./.
At/in this/dt point/nn Charles/np C./np Hanch/np ,/, long/rb an/at advocate/nn of/in patent/nn peace/nn in/in the/at industry/nn ,/, became/vbd chairman/nn of/in the/at patents/nns committee/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, successor/nn to/in the/at Automobile/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trade/nn-tl ./.
Hanch/np was/bedz treasurer/nn of/in the/at Nordyke/np-tl &/cc-tl Marmon/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, an/at Indianapolis/np firm/nn which/wdt had/hvd manufactured/vbn flour-milling/jj machinery/nn before/in producing/vbg the/at Marmon/np car/nn in/in 1904/cd ./.
He/pps had/hvd first-hand/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at patent/nn wars/nns which/wdt had/hvd driven/vbn about/rb ninety/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at milling/vbg equipment/nn makers/nns out/in of/in business/nn in/in the/at mid-1890's/nns ./.
Anxious/jj to/to avoid/vb a/at similar/jj debacle/nn in/in the/at motor/nn car/nn industry/nn ,/, Hanch/np went/vbd to/in Detroit/np in/in 1909/cd to/to enlist/vb the/at support/nn of/in leading/vbg A.L.A.M./np members/nns for/in an/at industry-wide/jj patent-sharing/jj plan/nn ./.
The/at breach/nn created/vbn by/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn doomed/vbd his/pp$ proposal/nn ,/, but/cc Hanch/np did/dod not/* abandon/vb his/pp$ scheme/nn ./.


	After/in the/at demise/nn of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np ,/, the/at time/nn was/bedz propitious/jj for/in establishing/vbg such/abl a/at pool/nn ./.
Most/ap manufacturers/nns were/bed now/rb disposed/vbn to/to heed/vb a/at proposal/nn for/in the/at formal/jj interchange/nn of/in patents/nns ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez a/at much/ql easier/jjr course/nn to/to agree/vb to/to let/vb one/cd another/dt alone/rb so/ql far/rb as/cs ordinary/jj patents/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd a/at trade/nn authority/nn ,/, ``/`` than/cs to/to continue/vb the/at costly/jj effort/nn of/in straightening/vbg the/at tangle/nn in/in the/at courts/nns or/cc seeking/vbg to/to reform/vb the/at patent/nn system/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz to/to be/be getting/vbg into/in deeper/jjr confusion/nn every/at day/nn ''/'' ./.


	With/in the/at other/ap members/nns of/in the/at patents/nns committee/nn --/-- Wilfred/np C./np Leland/np ,/, Howard/np E./np Coffin/np ,/, Windsor/np T./np White/np ,/, and/cc W./np H./np Vandervoort/np --/-- Hanch/np drafted/vbd a/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn whose/wp$ essential/jj feature/nn of/in royalty-free/jj licensing/vbg was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj contribution/nn ./.
The/at plan/nn was/bedz supported/vbn by/in Frederick/np P./np Fish/np ,/, counsel/nn for/in the/at National/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./.
It/pps will/md be/be recalled/vbn that/cs in/in his/pp$ summation/nn for/in the/at A.L.A.M./np before/in Judge/nn-tl Hough/np ,/, Fish/np had/hvd condemned/vbn patent/nn litigation/nn as/cs the/at curse/nn of/in the/at American/jj industrial/jj community/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz well/ql aware/jj that/cs some/dti inventors/nns and/cc their/pp$ allies/nns used/vbd their/pp$ patents/nns solely/rb for/in nuisance/nn value/nn ./.
``/`` My/pp$ personal/jj view/nn is/bez that/cs not/* one/cd patented/vbn invention/nn in/in ten/cd is/bez worth/jj making/vbg ''/'' ,/, he/pps later/rbr told/vbd a/at Congressional/jj-tl committee/nn ./.
The/at eloquent/jj persuasions/nns of/in Fish/np guaranteed/vbd the/at adoption/nn of/in the/at plan/nn by/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at automotive/jj trade/nn association/nn ./.


	Drawn/vbn up/rp in/in 1914/cd ,/, the/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn became/vbd effective/jj in/in 1915/cd ./.
It/pps remained/vbd in/in force/nn for/in ten/cd years/nns and/cc has/hvz been/ben renewed/vbn at/in five-year/jj intervals/nns since/in 1925/cd ./.

A/at little/ql farther/rbr along/in the/at road/nn you/ppss come/vb to/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Santa/np Sabina/np ,/, called/vbn the/at ``/`` Pearl/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Aventine/np-tl ''/'' ./.
Continue/vb another/dt hundred/cd yards/nns to/in the/at Piazza/fw-nn-tl of/in the/at Knights/nns-tl of/in-tl Malta/np-tl ./.
On/in the/at wall/nn of/in this/dt square/nn there/ex are/ber delightful/jj bas-reliefs/nns of/in musical/jj instruments/nns ./.
The/at massive/jj gate/nn of/in the/at Maltese/jj villa/nn affords/vbz one/cd of/in the/at most/ql extraordinary/jj views/nns in/in Rome/np ./.
If/cs you/ppss look/vb through/in the/at keyhole/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md see/vb an/at artistically/rb landscaped/vbn garden/nn with/in the/at white/jj dome/nn of/in St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl framed/vbn in/in a/at long/jj avenue/nn of/in cropped/vbn laurel/nn trees/nns ./.


	Retrace/nn your/pp$ steps/nns a/at few/ap yards/nns on/in the/at Via/np-tl Di/np-tl Santa/np-tl Sabina/np and/cc turn/vb right/nr on/in the/at Via/np Di/np S./np Alessio/np ,/, a/at street/nn lined/vbn with/in stately/jj homes/nns ./.
Oleanders/nns ,/, cypress/nn ,/, and/cc palms/nns in/in the/at spacious/jj gardens/nns add/vb much/ap color/nn and/cc beauty/nn to/in this/dt attractive/jj residential/jj section/nn ./.
Turn/vb left/nr a/at block/nn or/cc so/rb before/cs the/at street/nn ends/vbz ,/, and/cc then/rb turn/vb right/nr down/in the/at Via/np-tl Di/np-tl Santa/np-tl Prisca/np-tl to/in the/at Viale/np Aventino/np ./.
Here/rb you/ppss can/md pick/vb up/in a/at taxi/nn or/cc public/jj transport/nn to/to return/vb to/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./.



The/at-hl renaissance/nn-hl city/nn-hl 
to/in-hl the/at-hl piazza/nn-hl Navona/np-hl and/cc-hl pantheon/nn-hl 
These/dts two/cd walks/nns take/vb you/ppo through/in the/at heart/nn of/in Rome/np ./.
You/ppss will/md walk/vb some/dti of/in the/at narrow/jj ,/, old/jj streets/nns ,/, hemmed/vbn in/rp by/in massive/jj palazzi/fw-nns ./.
You/ppss will/md visit/vb a/at few/ap churches/nns that/wps are/ber exceptional/jj yet/cc often/rb by-passed/vbn ,/, a/at magnificent/jj square/nn ,/, the/at main/jjs shopping/vbg district/nn ,/, the/at Spanish/jj-tl Steps/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at lovely/jj Pincian/jj-tl Gardens/nns-tl ./.
By/in seeing/vbg such/jj varied/vbn places/nns ,/, both/abx interesting/jj and/cc beautiful/jj ,/, you/ppss will/md become/vb aware/jj of/in the/at many/ap different/jj civilizations/nns Rome/np has/hvz lived/vbn through/in ,/, and/cc in/in particular/jj ,/, get/vb a/at feel/nn of/in Renaissance/nn-tl Rome/np ./.
You/ppss will/md realize/vb why/wrb Rome/np is/bez indeed/rb the/at Eternal/jj-tl City/nn-tl ./.


	Start/vb on/in the/at Via/np D./np Teatro/np Di/np Marcello/np at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at Capitoline/np-tl Hill/nn-tl ./.
The/at majestic/jj circular/jj tiers/nns of/in stone/nn of/in the/at Theatre/nn-tl of/in-tl Marcellus/np-tl give/vb you/ppo some/dti idea/nn of/in the/at huge/jj edifice/nn that/cs the/at Emperor/nn-tl Augustus/np erected/vbd in/in 13/cd B.C./np ./.
Twenty-two/cd thousand/cd spectators/nns used/vbd to/to crowd/vb it/ppo in/in Roman/jj days/nns ./.
Andrea/np Palladio/np ,/, an/at Italian/jj architect/nn of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn ,/, modeled/vbd his/pp$ designs/nns on/in its/pp$ Doric/jj and/cc Ionic/jj-tl columns/nns ./.


	Wander/vb past/in the/at three/cd superb/jj Columns/nns-tl of/in-tl Apollo/np-tl by/in the/at arches/nns of/in the/at theatre/nn ./.
The/at remains/nns of/in the/at Portico/nn-tl of/in-tl Octavia/np-tl are/ber now/rb in/in front/nn of/in you/ppo ./.
Climb/vb the/at steps/nns from/in the/at theatre/nn to/in the/at Via/np Della/np Tribuna/np Di/np Campitelli/np for/in an/at even/ql better/jjr view/nn of/in the/at Columns/nns-tl of/in-tl Apollo/np-tl ./.


	Turn/vb to/in the/at right/nr along/in a/at narrow/jj street/nn to/in the/at tiny/jj Piazza/np Campitelli/np ,/, then/rb proceed/vb along/in the/at Via/np Dei/np Funari/np to/in the/at Piazza/np Mattei/np ./.
Here/rb is/bez one/cd of/in-tl the/at-tl loveliest/jjt fountains/nns in/in Rome/np ,/, the/at Fontana/np delle/np Tartarughe/np or/cc ``/`` Fountain/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Tortoises/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
It's/pps+bez typical/jj of/in Rome/np that/cs in/in the/at midst/nn of/in this/dt rather/ql poor/jj area/nn you/ppss should/md find/vb such/abl an/at artistic/jj work/nn in/in the/at center/nn of/in a/at little/ap square/nn ./.
Stand/vb here/rb for/in a/at few/ap moments/nns and/cc look/vb at/in this/dt gem/nn of/in a/at fountain/nn with/in its/pp$ four/cd youths/nns ,/, each/dt holding/nn a/at tortoise/nn and/cc each/dt with/in a/at foot/nn resting/vbg on/in the/at head/nn of/in a/at dolphin/nn ./.
The/at figures/nns have/hv been/ben executed/vbn so/ql skillfully/rb that/cs one/cd senses/vbz a/at great/jj feeling/nn of/in life/nn and/cc movement/nn ./.


	Opposite/rb is/bez the/at Palazzo/np Mattei/np ,/, one/cd of/in Rome's/np$ oldest/jjt palaces/nns ,/, now/rb the/at headquarters/nn of/in the/at Italo-American/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./.
Go/vb inside/rb for/in a/at closer/jjr look/nn at/in a/at Renaissance/nn-tl palace/nn ./.
In/in the/at first/od courtyard/nn there/ex are/ber some/dti fine/jj bas-reliefs/nns and/cc friezes/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at second/od a/at series/nn of/in delightful/jj terraced/vbn roof/nn gardens/nns above/in an/at ivy-covered/jj wall/nn ./.
The/at Palazzo/np Caetani/np ,/, still/rb inhabited/vbn by/in the/at Caetani/np family/nn ,/, adjoins/vbz the/at Palazzo/np Mattei/np ./.


	Keep/vb straight/rb ahead/rb on/in the/at Via/np Falegnami/np ,/, cross/nn the/at wide/jj Via/np Arenula/np ,/, and/cc you/ppss will/md come/vb to/in the/at Piazza/np B./np Cairoli/np ,/, where/wrb you/ppss should/md look/vb in/rp at/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl San/np-tl Carlo/np-tl Ai/np-tl Catinari/np-tl to/to see/vb the/at frescoes/nns on/in the/at ceiling/nn ./.
Follow/vb the/at colorful/jj and/cc busy/vb Via/np D./np Giubbonari/np for/in a/at hundred/cd yards/nns or/cc so/rb ./.
Now/rb turn/vb left/nr at/in the/at Via/np dell'/np Arco/np Del/np Monte/np to/in the/at Piazza/np Dei/np Pellegrini/np ./.
Just/rb a/at few/ap yards/nns to/in the/at right/nr on/in the/at Via/np Capo/np Di/np Ferro/np will/md bring/vb you/ppo to/in the/at Palazzo/np Spada/np ,/, built/vbn in/in 1540/cd and/cc now/rb occupied/vbn by/in the/at Council/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./.
Paintings/nns by/in Titian/np ,/, Caravaggio/np ,/, and/cc Rubens/np are/ber on/in display/nn (/( open/vb 9:30/cd to/in 4:00/cd )/) ./.


	Before/cs you/ppss enter/vb the/at palazzo/nn ,/, note/vb Francesco/np Borromini's/np$ facade/nn ./.
The/at great/jj architect/nn also/rb designed/vbd the/at fine/jj interior/jj staircase/nn and/cc colonnade/nn which/wdt connects/vbz the/at two/cd courts/nns ./.
The/at large/jj statue/nn on/in the/at first/od floor/nn is/bez believed/vbn to/to be/be the/at statue/nn of/in Pompey/np at/in the/at base/nn of/in which/wdt Julius/np Caesar/np was/bedz stabbed/vbn to/in death/nn (/( if/cs so/rb ,/, the/at statue/nn once/rb stood/vbd in/in the/at senate/nn house/nn )/) ./.
(/( This/dt is/bez shown/vbn in/in the/at afternoon/nn and/cc on/in Sunday/nr morning/nn ./.
)/) 

	By/in tipping/vbg the/at porter/nn ,/, you/ppss can/md see/vb in/in the/at courtyard/nn Borromini's/np$ unusual/jj and/cc fascinating/jj trick/nn in/in perspective/nn ./.
When/wrb you/ppss stand/vb before/in the/at barrel-vaulted/jj colonnade/nn you/ppss have/hv the/at impression/nn that/cs the/at statue/nn at/in the/at end/nn is/bez at/in a/at considerable/jj distance/nn ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez actually/rb only/rb a/at few/ap feet/nns away/rb ./.
The/at sense/nn of/in perspective/nn has/hvz been/ben created/vbn by/in designing/vbg the/at length/nn of/in the/at columns/nns so/cs that/cs those/dts at/in the/at far/jj end/nn of/in the/at colonnade/nn are/ber much/ql shorter/jjr than/cs those/dts in/in front/jj ./.
The/at gardens/nns of/in the/at palazzo/fw-nn ,/, shaded/vbn by/in a/at huge/jj magnolia/nn tree/nn ,/, are/ber most/ql attractive/jj ./.
The/at courtyard/nn is/bez magnificently/rb decorated/vbn ./.


	From/in the/at Palazzo/np Spada/np you/ppss continue/vb another/dt block/nn along/in the/at Via/np Capo/np Di/np Ferro/np and/cc Vicolo/np De/np Venti/np to/in the/at imposing/vbg Palazzo/np Farnese/np ,/, begun/vbn in/in 1514/cd and/cc considered/vbd by/in many/ap to/to be/be the/at finest/jjt palace/nn of/in all/abn ./.
Michelangelo/np was/bedz the/at most/ql distinguished/vbn of/in several/ap noted/vbn architects/nns who/wps helped/vbd design/nn it/ppo ./.
Today/nr it/pps is/bez occupied/vbn by/in the/at French/jj-tl Embassy/nn-tl ./.
Its/pp$ lovely/jj seventeenth-century/nn ceiling/nn frescoes/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at huge/jj guards/nns room/vb with/in a/at tremendously/ql high/jj and/cc beautifully/ql carved/vbn wooden/jj ceiling/nn ,/, can/md be/be seen/vbn Sundays/nrs (/( 11:00/cd to/in 12:00/cd noon/nn )/) ./.
Ask/vb to/to see/vb the/at modern/jj tapestries/nns of/in Paris/np and/cc Rome/np designed/vbn by/in Lurcat/np ./.


	Directly/rb in/in front/nn of/in the/at palace/nn along/in the/at Via/np D./np Baullari/np you/ppss will/md come/vb to/in the/at Campo/np Di/np Fiori/np ,/, the/at famous/jj site/nn of/in executions/nns during/in the/at turbulent/jj days/nns of/in Renaissance/nn-tl Rome/np ./.
Today/nr ,/, by/in contrast/nn it/pps is/bez a/at lively/jj and/cc colorful/jj fruit/nn ,/, vegetable/nn ,/, and/cc flower/nn market/nn ./.
Continue/vb on/in the/at Via/np D./np Baullari/np to/in the/at Corso/np Vittorio/np Emanuele/np ,/, then/rb turn/vb right/nr for/in a/at couple/nn of/in hundred/cd yards/nns to/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Sant'/np-tl Andrea/np-tl Della/np-tl Valle/np-tl ./.
As/cs you/ppss approach/vb the/at church/nn on/in the/at Via/np D./np Baullari/np you/ppss are/ber passing/vbg within/in yards/nns of/in the/at remains/nns of/in the/at Roman/jj-tl Theatre/nn-tl of/in-tl Pompey/np-tl ,/, near/in which/wdt is/bez believed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben the/at place/nn where/wrb Julius/np Caesar/np was/bedz assassinated/vbn ./.
The/at dome/nn of/in the/at church/nn is/bez ,/, outside/rb of/in St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at largest/jjt in/in Rome/np ./.
Opera/nn lovers/nns will/md be/be interested/vbn to/to learn/vb that/cs this/dt church/nn was/bedz the/at scene/nn for/in the/at first/od act/nn of/in Tosca/np ./.


	At/in this/dt point/nn you/ppss cross/vb the/at wide/jj Corso/np Vittorio/np Emanuele/np 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, walk/vb along/in the/at Corso/np Del/np Rinascimento/np a/at couple/nn of/in hundred/cd yards/nns ,/, then/rb turn/vb left/nr on/in the/at Via/np Dei/np Canestrani/np to/to enter/vb the/at splendid/jj Piazza/np Navona/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at truly/ql glorious/jj sights/nns in/in Rome/np ./.


	Your/pp$ first/od impression/nn of/in this/dt elongated/vbn square/nn with/in its/pp$ three/cd elegant/jj fountains/nns ,/, its/pp$ two/cd churches/nns that/wps almost/rb face/vb each/dt other/ap ,/, and/cc its/pp$ russet-colored/jj buildings/nns ,/, is/bez a/at sense/nn of/in restful/jj spaciousness/nn --/-- particularly/ql welcome/jj after/cs wandering/vbg around/in the/at narrow/jj and/cc dark/jj streets/nns that/cs you/ppss have/hv followed/vbn since/cs starting/vbg this/dt walk/nn ./.


	The/at site/nn of/in the/at oblong/jj piazza/nn is/bez Domitian's/np$ ancient/jj stadium/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz probably/rb used/vbn for/in horse/nn and/cc chariot/nn races/nns ./.
For/in centuries/nns it/pps was/bedz the/at location/nn of/in historic/jj festivals/nns and/cc open-air/nn sports/nns events/nns ./.
From/in the/at seventeenth/od to/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn it/pps was/bedz a/at popular/jj practice/nn to/to flood/vb the/at piazza/nn in/in the/at summer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at aristocrats/nns would/md then/rb ride/vb around/in the/at inundated/vbn square/nn in/in their/pp$ carriages/nns ./.


	Giovanni/np Bernini's/np$ ``/`` Fountain/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Rivers/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at piazza/nn ,/, is/bez built/vbn around/in a/at Roman/jj obelisk/nn from/in the/at Circus/nn-tl of/in-tl Maxentius/np-tl which/wdt rests/vbz on/in grottoes/nns and/cc rocks/nns ,/, with/in four/cd huge/jj figures/nns ,/, one/cd at/in each/dt corner/nn ,/, denoting/vbg four/cd great/jj rivers/nns from/in different/jj continents/nns --/-- the/at Danube/np ,/, the/at Ganges/np ,/, the/at Nile/np ,/, and/cc the/at Plate/np ./.
The/at eyes/nns of/in the/at figure/nn of/in the/at Nile/np are/ber covered/vbn ,/, perhaps/rb either/cc to/to symbolize/vb the/at mystery/nn of/in her/pp$ source/nn or/cc to/to obscure/vb from/in her/pp$ sight/nn the/at baroque/jj facade/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Sant'/np-tl Agnese/np-tl in/in-tl Agone/np-tl ,/, the/at work/nn of/in Bernini's/np$ rival/nn ,/, Borromini/np ./.


	In/in the/at Piazza/np Navona/np there/ex are/ber many/ap delightful/jj cafes/nns where/wrb you/ppss can/md sit/vb ,/, have/hv a/at drink/nn or/cc lunch/nn ,/, and/cc watch/vb the/at fountains/nns in/in the/at square/nn ./.
The/at scene/nn before/in you/ppo is/bez indeed/rb theatrical/jj and/cc often/rb appears/vbz in/in movies/nns about/in Rome/np ./.
Perhaps/rb a/at street/nn musician/nn will/md pass/vb to/to add/vb that/dt extra/jj touch/nn ./.


	Take/vb the/at Via/np-tl Di/np-tl S./np-tl Agnese/np-tl in/in-tl Agone/np-tl ,/, next/rb to/in the/at church/nn and/cc opposite/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at square/nn ,/, then/rb turn/vb right/nr after/in about/rb two/cd hundred/cd yards/nns to/to reach/vb the/at beautiful/jj Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Santa/np Maria/np Della/np Pace/np ./.
Inside/rb you/ppss will/md find/vb the/at lovely/jj Sibyls/nps painted/vbn by/in Raphael/np and/cc a/at chapel/nn designed/vbn by/in Michelangelo/np ./.
The/at church's/nn$ cloisters/nns are/ber among/in Donato/np Bramante's/np$ most/ql beautiful/jj creations/nns ./.


	Now/rb return/vb to/in the/at Piazza/np Navona/np and/cc leave/vb it/ppo on/in the/at opposite/jj side/nn by/in the/at Corsia/np Agonale/np ;/. ;/.
in/in a/at moment/nn cross/vb the/at Corso/np Del/np Rinascimento/np ./.
In/in front/nn of/in you/ppo is/bez the/at Palazzo/np Madama/np ,/, once/rb belonging/vbg to/in the/at Medici/nps and/cc now/rb the/at Italian/jj-tl Senate/nn-tl ./.
Walk/vb by/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at palazzo/nn and/cc after/in two/cd blocks/nns along/in the/at Via/np Giustiniani/np you/ppss will/md come/vb to/in the/at Piazza/np Della/np Rotonda/np ./.
You/ppss are/ber now/rb facing/vbg the/at Pantheon/np ,/, the/at largest/jjt and/cc best-preserved/jjt building/nn still/rb standing/vbg from/in the/at days/nns of/in ancient/jj Rome/np ./.


	This/dt circular/jj edifice/nn ,/, constructed/vbn by/in Agrippa/np in/in B.C./np 27/cd ,/, was/bedz rebuilt/vbn in/in its/pp$ present/jj shape/nn by/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl Hadrian/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz dedicated/vbn as/cs a/at church/nn in/in the/at seventh/od century/nn ./.
As/cs you/ppss pause/vb in/in the/at piazza/nn by/in the/at Egyptian/jj obelisk/nn brought/vbn from/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Isis/np-tl ,/, you/ppss will/md admire/vb the/at Pantheon's/np$ impressive/jj Corinthian/jj columns/nns ./.


	The/at Pantheon's/np$ interior/nn ,/, still/rb in/in its/pp$ original/jj form/nn ,/, is/bez truly/ql majestic/jj and/cc an/at architectural/jj triumph/nn ./.
Its/pp$ rotunda/nn forms/vbz a/at perfect/jj circle/nn whose/wp$ diameter/nn is/bez equal/jj to/in the/at height/nn from/in the/at floor/nn to/in the/at ceiling/nn ./.
The/at only/ap means/nn of/in interior/jj light/nn is/bez the/at twenty-nine-foot-wide/jj aperture/nn in/in the/at stupendous/jj dome/nn ./.
Standing/vbg before/in the/at tomb/nn of/in Raphael/np ,/, the/at great/jj genius/nn of/in the/at Renaissance/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb shafts/nns of/in sunlight/nn are/ber penetrating/vbg this/dt great/jj Roman/jj temple/nn ,/, you/ppss are/ber once/rb again/rb reminded/vbn of/in the/at varied/vbn civilizations/nns so/ql characteristic/jj of/in Rome/np ./.


	As/cs you/ppss leave/vb the/at Pantheon/np ,/, take/nn the/at narrow/jj street/nn to/in the/at right/nr ,/, the/at Via/np Del/np Seminario/np ,/, a/at block/nn to/in Sant'/np Ignazio/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at most/ql splendid/jj baroque/jj churches/nns in/in the/at city/nn ./.
(/( Along/in the/at way/nn there/rb ,/, about/rb one/cd hundred/cd yards/nns on/in your/pp$ right/nr ,/, you/ppss pass/vb a/at simple/jj restaurant/nn ,/, La/np Sacrestia/np ,/, where/wrb you/ppss can/md have/hv the/at best/jjt pizza/nn in/in Rome/np ./.
)/) The/at curve/nn of/in faded/vbn terra-cotta-colored/jj houses/nns in/in front/nn of/in the/at church/nn seems/vbz like/cs a/at stage/nn set/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql charming/jj little/jj squares/nns in/in this/dt part/nn of/in Rome/np ./.
One/cd block/nn along/in the/at Via/np De/np Burro/np (/( in/in front/jj of/in the/at church/nn )/) will/md bring/vb you/ppo to/in the/at Stock/nn-tl Exchange/nn-tl in/in the/at old/jj Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Neptune/np-tl ./.
A/at few/ap yards/nns farther/rbr ,/, on/in the/at Via/np Dei/np Bergamaschi/np ,/, is/bez the/at Piazza/np Colonna/np ./.
The/at great/jj column/nn from/in which/wdt the/at square/nn takes/vbz its/pp$ name/nn was/bedz erected/vbn by/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl Marcus/np Aurelius/np ./.


	You/ppss are/ber now/rb at/in the/at Corso/np ,/, though/cs narrow/jj ,/, one/cd of/in Rome's/np$ busiest/jjt streets/nns ./.
Horse/nn races/nns took/vbd place/nn here/rb in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./.


	If/cs you/ppss have/hv taken/vbn this/dt stroll/nn in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss have/hv the/at time/nn and/cc inclination/nn ,/, walk/vb to/in the/at right/nr along/in the/at crowded/vbn Corso/np for/in half/abn a/at dozen/nn blocks/nns to/to visit/vb the/at fine/jj private/jj collection/nn of/in paintings/nns --/-- mainly/rb of/in the/at sixteenth/od and/cc seventeenth/od centuries/nns --/-- in/in the/at Palazzo/np Doria/np (/( open/vb Sunday/nr ,/, Tuesday/nr ,/, and/cc Thursday/nr ,/, 10:00/cd to/in 1:00/cd )/) ./.
Here/rb is/bez your/pp$ opportunity/nn to/to see/vb the/at inside/nn of/in a/at palazzo/nn where/wrb the/at family/nn still/rb lives/vbz ./.


	Otherwise/rb ,/, cross/vb over/in the/at Corso/np and/cc walk/vb a/at block/nn or/cc so/rb to/in the/at left/nr ./.
You/ppss will/md come/vb to/in Alemagna/np ,/, a/at delightful/jj ,/, though/cs moderately/ql expensive/jj restaurant/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez particularly/rb noted/vbn for/in its/pp$ exceptional/jj selection/nn of/in ice/nn creams/nns and/cc patisseries/nns ./.
Either/cc here/rb ,/, or/cc in/in one/cd of/in the/at modest/jj restaurants/nns nearby/rb ,/, is/bez just/rb the/at place/nn to/to end/vb this/dt first/od walk/nn through/in the/at heart/nn of/in Rome/np ./.
To/in-hl the/at-hl Spanish/jj-hl steps/nns-hl 
The/at second/od walk/nn through/in the/at heart/nn of/in Rome/np should/md be/be taken/vbn after/in lunch/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs you/ppss will/md reach/vb the/at Pincian/jj-tl Hill/nn-tl when/wrb the/at soft/jj light/nn of/in the/at late/jj afternoon/nn is/bez at/in its/pp$ best/jjt ./.

Rare/jj ,/, indeed/qlp ,/, is/bez the/at Harlem/np citizen/nn ,/, from/in the/at most/ql circumspect/jj church/nn member/nn to/in the/at most/ql shiftless/jj adolescent/nn ,/, who/wps does/doz not/* have/hv a/at long/jj tale/nn to/to tell/vb of/in police/nn incompetence/nn ,/, injustice/nn ,/, or/cc brutality/nn ./.
I/ppss myself/ppl have/hv witnessed/vbn and/cc endured/vbn it/ppo more/ap than/in once/rb ./.
The/at businessmen/nns and/cc racketeers/nns also/rb have/hv a/at story/nn ./.
And/cc so/rb do/do the/at prostitutes/nns ./.
(/( And/cc this/dt is/bez not/* ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, the/at place/nn to/to discuss/vb Harlem's/np$ very/ql complex/jj attitude/nn toward/in black/jj policemen/nns ,/, nor/cc the/at reasons/nns ,/, according/in to/in Harlem/np ,/, that/cs they/ppss are/ber nearly/ql all/abn downtown/nr ./.
)/) 

	It/pps is/bez hard/jj ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, to/to blame/vb the/at policeman/nn ,/, blank/jj ,/, good-natured/jj ,/, thoughtless/jj ,/, and/cc insuperably/ql innocent/jj ,/, for/in being/beg such/abl a/at perfect/jj representative/nn of/in the/at people/nns he/pps serves/vbz ./.
He/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, believes/vbz in/in good/jj intentions/nns and/cc is/bez astounded/vbn and/cc offended/vbn when/wrb they/ppss are/ber not/* taken/vbn for/in the/at deed/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz never/rb ,/, himself/ppl ,/, done/vbn anything/pn for/in which/wdt to/to be/be hated/vbn --/-- which/wdt of/in us/ppo has/hvz ?/. ?/.
--/-- and/cc yet/rb he/pps is/bez facing/vbg ,/, daily/rb and/cc nightly/rb ,/, people/nns who/wps would/md gladly/rb see/vb him/ppo dead/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps knows/vbz it/ppo ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at way/nn for/in him/ppo not/* to/to know/vb it/ppo :/: there/ex are/ber few/ap things/nns under/in heaven/nn more/ql unnerving/vbg than/cs the/at silent/jj ,/, accumulating/vbg contempt/nn and/cc hatred/nn of/in a/at people/nns ./.
He/pps moves/vbz through/in Harlem/np ,/, therefore/rb ,/, like/cs an/at occupying/vbg soldier/nn in/in a/at bitterly/ql hostile/jj country/nn ;/. ;/.
which/wdt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt ,/, and/cc where/wrb ,/, he/pps is/bez ,/, and/cc is/bez the/at reason/nn he/pps walks/vbz in/in twos/nns and/cc threes/nns ./.
And/cc he/pps is/bez not/* the/at only/rb one/cd who/wps knows/vbz why/wrb he/pps is/bez always/rb in/in company/nn :/: the/at people/nns who/wps are/ber watching/vbg him/ppo know/vb why/wrb ,/, too/rb ./.
Any/dti street/nn meeting/nn ,/, sacred/jj or/cc secular/jj ,/, which/wdt he/pps and/cc his/pp$ colleagues/nns uneasily/rb cover/vb has/hvz as/cs its/pp$ explicit/jj or/cc implicit/jj burden/nn the/at cruelty/nn and/cc injustice/nn of/in the/at white/jj domination/nn ./.
And/cc these/dts days/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, in/in terms/nns increasingly/ql vivid/jj and/cc jubilant/jj ,/, it/pps speaks/vbz of/in the/at end/nn of/in that/dt domination/nn ./.
The/at white/jj policeman/nn standing/vbg on/in a/at Harlem/np street/nn corner/nn finds/vbz himself/ppl at/in the/at very/ap center/nn of/in the/at revolution/nn now/rb occurring/vbg in/in the/at world/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez not/* prepared/vbn for/in it/ppo --/-- naturally/rb ,/, nobody/pn is/bez --/-- and/cc ,/, what/wdt is/bez possibly/rb much/ql more/ap to/in the/at point/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez exposed/vbn ,/, as/cs few/ap white/jj people/nns are/ber ,/, to/in the/at anguish/nn of/in the/at black/jj people/nns around/in him/ppo ./.
Even/rb if/cs he/pps is/bez gifted/jj with/in the/at merest/jjt mustard/nn grain/nn of/in imagination/nn ,/, something/pn must/md seep/vb in/rp ./.
He/pps cannot/md* avoid/vb observing/vbg that/cs some/dti of/in the/at children/nns ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in their/pp$ color/nn ,/, remind/vb him/ppo of/in children/nns he/pps has/hvz known/vbn and/cc loved/vbn ,/, perhaps/rb even/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj children/nns ./.
He/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps certainly/rb does/doz not/* want/vb his/pp$ children/nns living/vbg this/dt way/nn ./.
He/pps can/md retreat/vb from/in his/pp$ uneasiness/nn in/in only/rb one/cd direction/nn :/: into/in a/at callousness/nn which/wdt very/ql shortly/rb becomes/vbz second/od nature/nn ./.
He/pps becomes/vbz more/ql callous/jj ,/, the/at population/nn becomes/vbz more/ql hostile/jj ,/, the/at situation/nn grows/vbz more/ql tense/jj ,/, and/cc the/at police/nn force/nn is/bez increased/vbn ./.
One/cd day/nn ,/, to/in everyone's/pn$ astonishment/nn ,/, someone/pn drops/vbz a/at match/nn in/in the/at powder/nn keg/nn and/cc everything/pn blows/vbz up/rp ./.
Before/cs the/at dust/nn has/hvz settled/vbn or/cc the/at blood/nn congealed/vbn ,/, editorials/nns ,/, speeches/nns ,/, and/cc civil-rights/nns commissions/nns are/ber loud/jj in/in the/at land/nn ,/, demanding/vbg to/to know/vb what/wdt happened/vbd ./.
What/wdt happened/vbd is/bez that/cs Negroes/nps want/vb to/to be/be treated/vbn like/cs men/nns ./.


	Negroes/nps want/vb to/to be/be treated/vbn like/cs men/nns :/: a/at perfectly/ql straightforward/jj statement/nn ,/, containing/vbg only/rb seven/cd words/nns ./.
People/nns who/wps have/hv mastered/vbn Kant/np ,/, Hegel/np ,/, Shakespeare/np ,/, Marx/np ,/, Freud/np ,/, and/cc the/at Bible/np find/vb this/dt statement/nn utterly/ql impenetrable/jj ./.
The/at idea/nn seems/vbz to/to threaten/vb profound/jj ,/, barely/ql conscious/jj assumptions/nns ./.
A/at kind/nn of/in panic/nn paralyzes/vbz their/pp$ features/nns ,/, as/cs though/cs they/ppss found/vbd themselves/ppls trapped/vbn on/in the/at edge/nn of/in a/at steep/nn place/nn ./.
I/ppss once/rb tried/vbd to/to describe/vb to/in a/at very/ql well-known/jj American/jj intellectual/nn the/at conditions/nns among/in Negroes/nps in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
My/pp$ recital/nn disturbed/vbd him/ppo and/cc made/vbd him/ppo indignant/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc he/pps asked/vbd me/ppo in/in perfect/jj innocence/nn ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb don't/do* all/abn the/at Negroes/nps in/in the/at South/nr-tl move/vb North/nr-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss tried/vbd to/to explain/vb what/wdt has/hvz happened/vbn ,/, unfailingly/rb ,/, whenever/wrb a/at significant/jj body/nn of/in Negroes/nps move/vb North/nr-tl ./.
They/ppss do/do not/* escape/vb Jim/np Crow/np :/: they/ppss merely/rb encounter/vb another/dt ,/, not-less-deadly/jj variety/nn ./.
They/ppss do/do not/* move/vb to/in Chicago/np ,/, they/ppss move/vb to/in the/at South/jj-tl Side/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
they/ppss do/do not/* move/vb to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, they/ppss move/vb to/in Harlem/np ./.
The/at pressure/nn within/in the/at ghetto/nn causes/vbz the/at ghetto/nn walls/nns to/to expand/vb ,/, and/cc this/dt expansion/nn is/bez always/rb violent/jj ./.
White/jj people/nns hold/vb the/at line/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss can/md ,/, and/cc in/in as/ql many/ap ways/nns as/cs they/ppss can/md ,/, from/in verbal/jj intimidation/nn to/in physical/jj violence/nn ./.
But/cc inevitably/rb the/at border/nn which/wdt has/hvz divided/vbn the/at ghetto/nn from/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn falls/vbz into/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at ghetto/nn ./.
The/at white/jj people/nns fall/vb back/rb bitterly/rb before/in the/at black/jj horde/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at landlords/nns make/vb a/at tidy/jj profit/nn by/in raising/vbg the/at rent/nn ,/, chopping/vbg up/rp the/at rooms/nns ,/, and/cc all/abn but/cc dispensing/vbg with/in the/at upkeep/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc what/wdt has/hvz once/rb been/ben a/at neighborhood/nn turns/vbz into/in a/at ``/`` turf/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt happened/vbd when/wrb the/at Puerto/np Ricans/nps arrived/vbd in/in their/pp$ thousands/nns --/-- and/cc the/at bitterness/nn thus/rb caused/vbn is/bez ,/, as/cs I/ppss write/vb ,/, being/beg fought/vbn out/rp all/ql up/in and/cc down/in those/dts streets/nns ./.


	Northerners/nns indulge/vb in/in an/at extremely/ql dangerous/jj luxury/nn ./.
They/ppss seem/vb to/to feel/vb that/cs because/cs they/ppss fought/vbd on/in the/at right/jj side/nn during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc won/vbd ,/, they/ppss have/hv earned/vbn the/at right/nn merely/rb to/to deplore/vb what/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, without/in taking/vbg any/dti responsibility/nn for/in it/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/cs they/ppss can/md ignore/vb what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg in/in Northern/jj-tl cities/nns because/cs what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg in/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl or/cc Birmingham/np is/bez worse/jjr ./.
Well/uh ,/, in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* possible/jj for/in anyone/pn who/wps has/hvz not/* endured/vbn both/abx to/to know/vb which/wdt is/bez ``/`` worse/jjr ''/'' ./.
I/ppss know/vb Negroes/nps who/wps prefer/vb the/at South/nr-tl and/cc white/jj Southerners/nns-tl ,/, because/cs ``/`` At/in least/ap there/rb ,/, you/ppss haven't/hv* got/vbn to/to play/vb any/dti guessing/vbg games/nns ''/'' !/. !/.
The/at guessing/vbg games/nns referred/vbn to/to have/hv driven/vbn more/ap than/in one/cd Negro/np into/in the/at narcotics/nns ward/nn ,/, the/at madhouse/nn ,/, or/cc the/at river/nn ./.
I/ppss know/vb another/dt Negro/np ,/, a/at man/nn very/ql dear/jj to/in me/ppo ,/, who/wps says/vbz ,/, with/in conviction/nn and/cc with/in truth/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at spirit/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl is/bez the/at spirit/nn of/in America/np ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz born/vbn in/in the/at North/nr-tl and/cc did/dod his/pp$ military/jj training/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
He/pps did/dod not/* ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss can/md gather/vb ,/, find/vb the/at South/nr-tl ``/`` worse/jjr ''/'' ;/. ;/.
he/pps found/vbd it/ppo ,/, if/cs anything/pn ,/, all/ql too/ql familiar/jj ./.
In/in the/at second/od place/nn ,/, though/cs ,/, even/rb if/cs Birmingham/np is/bez worse/jjr ,/, no/at doubt/nn Johannesburg/np ,/, South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl ,/, beats/vbz it/ppo by/in several/ap miles/nns ,/, and/cc Buchenwald/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at worst/jjt things/nns that/wps ever/rb happened/vbd in/in the/at entire/jj history/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./.
The/at world/nn has/hvz never/rb lacked/vbn for/in horrifying/jj examples/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc I/ppss do/do not/* believe/vb that/cs these/dts examples/nns are/ber meant/vbn to/to be/be used/vbn as/cs justification/nn for/in our/pp$ own/jj crimes/nns ./.
This/dt perpetual/jj justification/nn empties/vbz the/at heart/nn of/in all/abn human/jj feeling/nn ./.
The/at emptier/jjr our/pp$ hearts/nns become/vb ,/, the/at greater/jjr will/md be/be our/pp$ crimes/nns ./.
Thirdly/rb ,/, the/at South/nr-tl is/bez not/* merely/rb an/at embarrassingly/ql backward/jj region/nn ,/, but/cc a/at part/nn of/in this/dt country/nn ,/, and/cc what/wdt happens/vbz there/rb concerns/vbz every/at one/cd of/in us/ppo ./.


	As/ql far/rb as/cs the/at color/nn problem/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez but/rb one/cd great/jj difference/nn between/in the/at Southern/jj-tl white/jj and/cc the/at Northerner/nn-tl :/: the/at Southerner/nn-tl remembers/vbz ,/, historically/rb and/cc in/in his/pp$ own/jj psyche/nn ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in Eden/np in/in which/wdt he/pps loved/vbd black/jj people/nns and/cc they/ppss loved/vbd him/ppo ./.
Historically/rb ,/, the/at flaming/vbg sword/nn laid/vbn across/in this/dt Eden/np is/bez the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.
Personally/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at Southerner's/nn$-tl sexual/jj coming/nn of/in age/nn ,/, when/wrb ,/, without/in any/dti warning/nn ,/, unbreakable/jj taboos/nns are/ber set/vbn up/rp between/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ past/nn ./.
Everything/pn ,/, thereafter/rb ,/, is/bez permitted/vbn him/ppo except/in the/at love/nn he/pps remembers/vbz and/cc has/hvz never/rb ceased/vbn to/to need/vb ./.
The/at resulting/vbg ,/, indescribable/jj torment/nn affects/vbz every/at Southern/jj-tl mind/nn and/cc is/bez the/at basis/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl hysteria/nn ./.


	None/pn of/in this/dt is/bez true/jj for/in the/at Northerner/nn-tl ./.
Negroes/nps represent/vb nothing/pn to/in him/ppo personally/rb ,/, except/rb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, the/at dangers/nns of/in carnality/nn ./.
He/pps never/rb sees/vbz Negroes/nps ./.
Southerners/nns-tl see/vb them/ppo all/abn the/at time/nn ./.
Northerners/nns-tl never/rb think/vb about/in them/ppo whereas/cs Southerners/nns-tl are/ber never/rb really/rb thinking/vbg of/in anything/pn else/rb ./.
Negroes/nps are/ber ,/, therefore/rb ,/, ignored/vbn in/in the/at North/nr-tl and/cc are/ber under/in surveillance/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, and/cc suffer/vb hideously/rb in/in both/abx places/nns ./.
Neither/cc the/at Southerner/nn-tl nor/cc the/at Northerner/nn-tl is/bez able/jj to/to look/vb on/in the/at Negro/np simply/rb as/cs a/at man/nn ./.
It/pps seems/vbz to/to be/be indispensable/jj to/in the/at national/jj self-esteem/nn that/cs the/at Negro/np be/be considered/vbn either/cc as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in ward/nn (/( in/in which/wdt case/nn we/ppss are/ber told/vbn how/wql many/ap Negroes/nps ,/, comparatively/rb ,/, bought/vbd Cadillacs/nps last/ap year/nn and/cc how/wql few/ap ,/, comparatively/rb ,/, were/bed lynched/vbn )/) ,/, or/cc as/cs a/at victim/nn (/( in/in which/wdt case/nn we/ppss are/ber promised/vbn that/cs he/pps will/md never/rb vote/vb in/in our/pp$ assemblies/nns or/cc go/vb to/in school/nn with/in our/pp$ kids/nns )/) ./.
They/ppss are/ber two/cd sides/nns of/in the/at same/ap coin/nn and/cc the/at South/nr-tl will/md not/* change/vb --/-- cannot/md* change/vb --/-- until/cs the/at North/nr-tl changes/vbz ./.
The/at country/nn will/md not/* change/vb until/cs it/pps re-examines/vbz itself/ppl and/cc discovers/vbz what/wdt it/pps really/rb means/vbz by/in freedom/nn ./.
In/in the/at meantime/nn ,/, generations/nns keep/vb being/beg born/vbn ,/, bitterness/nn is/bez increased/vbn by/in incompetence/nn ,/, pride/nn ,/, and/cc folly/nn ,/, and/cc the/at world/nn shrinks/vbz around/in us/ppo ./.


	It/pps is/bez a/at terrible/jj ,/, an/at inexorable/jj ,/, law/nn that/cs one/cd cannot/md* deny/vb the/at humanity/nn of/in another/dt without/in diminishing/vbg one's/pn$ own/jj :/: in/in the/at face/nn of/in one's/pn$ victim/nn ,/, one/pn sees/vbz oneself/ppl ./.
Walk/vb through/in the/at streets/nns of/in Harlem/np and/cc see/vb what/wdt we/ppss ,/, this/dt nation/nn ,/, have/hv become/vbn ./.



4/cd-hl ./.-hl
East/jj-tl-hl River/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl downtown/nr-hl :/:-hl postscript/nn-hl to/in-hl a/at-hl letter/nn-hl from/in-hl Harlem/np-hl 


	the/at fact/nn that/cs American/jj Negroes/nps rioted/vbd in/in the/at U.N./np while/cs Adlai/np Stevenson/np was/bedz addressing/vbg the/at Assembly/nn-tl shocked/vbd and/cc baffled/vbd most/ap white/jj Americans/nps ./.
Stevenson's/np$ speech/nn ,/, and/cc the/at spectacular/jj disturbance/nn in/in the/at gallery/nn ,/, were/bed both/abx touched/vbn off/rp by/in the/at death/nn ,/, in/in Katanga/np ,/, the/at day/nn before/rb ,/, of/in Patrice/np Lumumba/np ./.
Stevenson/np stated/vbd ,/, in/in the/at course/nn of/in his/pp$ address/nn ,/, that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz ``/`` against/in ''/'' colonialism/nn ./.
God/np knows/vbz what/wdt the/at African/jj nations/nns ,/, who/wps hold/vb 25/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at voting/vbg stock/nn in/in the/at U.N./np were/bed thinking/vbg --/-- they/ppss may/md ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben thinking/vbg of/in the/at U.S./np abstention/nn when/wrb the/at vote/nn on/in Algerian/jj freedom/nn was/bedz before/in the/at Assembly/nn-tl --/-- but/cc I/ppss think/vb I/ppss have/hv a/at fairly/ql accurate/jj notion/nn of/in what/wdt the/at Negroes/nps in/in the/at gallery/nn were/bed thinking/vbg ./.
I/ppss had/hvd intended/vbn to/to be/be there/rb myself/ppl ./.
It/pps was/bedz my/pp$ first/od reaction/nn upon/in hearing/vbg of/in Lumumba's/np$ death/nn ./.
I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj about/in the/at impact/nn of/in this/dt political/jj assassination/nn on/in Negroes/nps in/in Harlem/np ,/, for/cs Lumumba/np had/hvd --/-- has/hvz --/-- captured/vbn the/at popular/jj imagination/nn there/rb ./.
I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj to/to know/vb if/cs Lumumba's/np$ death/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez surely/rb among/in the/at most/ql sinister/jj of/in recent/jj events/nns ,/, would/md elicit/vb from/in ``/`` our/pp$ ''/'' side/nn anything/pn more/ap than/cs the/at usual/jj ,/, well-meaning/jj rhetoric/nn ./.
And/cc I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj about/in the/at African/jj reaction/nn ./.


	However/rb ,/, the/at chaos/nn on/in my/pp$ desk/nn prevented/vbd my/pp$ being/beg in/in the/at U.N./np gallery/nn ./.
Had/hvd I/ppss been/ben there/rb ,/, I/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in most/ap Americans/nps ,/, would/md have/hv been/ben merely/rb a/at pawn/nn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at Communists/nns-tl ./.
The/at climate/nn and/cc the/at events/nns of/in the/at last/ap decade/nn ,/, and/cc the/at steady/jj pressure/nn of/in the/at ``/`` cold/jj ''/'' war/nn ,/, have/hv given/vbn Americans/nps yet/rb another/dt means/nn of/in avoiding/vbg self-examination/nn ,/, and/cc so/cs it/pps has/hvz been/ben decided/vbn that/cs the/at riots/nns were/bed ``/`` Communist/np ''/'' inspired/vbd ./.
Nor/cc was/bedz it/pps long/rb ,/, naturally/rb ,/, before/cs prominent/jj Negroes/nps rushed/vbd forward/rb to/to assure/vb the/at republic/nn that/cs the/at U.N./np rioters/nns do/do not/* represent/vb the/at real/jj feeling/nn of/in the/at Negro/np community/nn ./.


	According/in ,/, then/rb ,/, to/in what/wdt I/ppss take/vb to/to be/be the/at prevailing/vbg view/nn ,/, these/dts rioters/nns were/bed merely/rb a/at handful/nn of/in irresponsible/jj ,/, Stalinist-corrupted/jj provocateurs/nns ./.


	I/ppss find/vb this/dt view/nn amazing/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at view/nn which/wdt even/rb a/at minimal/jj effort/nn at/in observation/nn would/md immediately/rb contradict/vb ./.
One/pn has/hvz only/rb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, to/to walk/vb through/in Harlem/np and/cc ask/vb oneself/ppl two/cd questions/nns ./.
The/at first/od question/nn is/bez :/: Would/md I/ppss like/vb to/to live/vb here/rb ?/. ?/.
And/cc the/at second/od question/nn is/bez :/: Why/wrb don't/do* those/dts who/wps now/rb live/vb here/rb move/vb out/rp ?/. ?/.
The/at answer/nn to/in both/abx questions/nns is/bez immediately/ql obvious/jj ./.
Unless/cs one/pn takes/vbz refuge/nn in/in the/at theory/nn --/-- however/wql disguised/vbn --/-- that/cs Negroes/nps are/ber ,/, somehow/rb ,/, different/jj from/in white/jj people/nns ,/, I/ppss do/do not/* see/vb how/wrb one/pn can/md escape/vb the/at conclusion/nn that/cs the/at Negro's/np$ status/nn in/in this/dt country/nn is/bez not/* only/rb a/at cruel/jj injustice/nn but/cc a/at grave/jj national/jj liability/nn ./.


	Now/rb ,/, I/ppss do/do not/* doubt/vb that/cs ,/, among/in the/at people/nns at/in the/at U.N./np that/dt day/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed Stalinist/np and/cc professional/jj revolutionists/nns acting/vbg out/in of/in the/at most/ql cynical/jj motives/nns ./.
Wherever/wrb there/ex is/bez great/jj social/jj discontent/nn ,/, these/dts people/nns are/ber ,/, sooner/rbr or/cc later/rbr ,/, to/to be/be found/vbn ./.
Their/pp$ presence/nn is/bez not/* as/ql frightening/vbg as/cs the/at discontent/nn which/wdt creates/vbz their/pp$ opportunity/nn ./.
What/wdt I/ppss find/vb appalling/jj --/-- and/cc really/ql dangerous/jj --/-- is/bez the/at American/jj assumption/nn that/cs the/at Negro/np is/bez so/ql contented/vbn with/in his/pp$ lot/nn here/rb that/cs only/rb the/at cynical/jj agents/nns of/in a/at foreign/jj power/nn can/md rouse/vb him/ppo to/to protest/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at notion/nn which/wdt contains/vbz a/at gratuitous/jj insult/nn ,/, implying/vbg ,/, as/cs it/pps does/doz ,/, that/cs Negroes/nps can/md make/vb no/at move/nn unless/cs they/ppss are/ber manipulated/vbn ./.

Color/nn was/bedz delayed/vbn until/in 1935/cd ,/, the/at wide/jj screen/nn until/in the/at early/jj fifties/nns ./.


	Movement/nn itself/ppl was/bedz the/at chief/jjs and/cc often/rb the/at only/ap attraction/nn of/in the/at primitive/jj movies/nns of/in the/at nineties/nns ./.
Each/dt film/nn consisted/vbd of/in fifty/cd feet/nns ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz a/at running/vbg time/nn of/in about/rb one/cd minute/nn on/in the/at screen/nn ./.
As/ql long/rb as/cs audiences/nns came/vbd to/to see/vb the/at movement/nn ,/, there/ex seemed/vbd little/ap reason/nn to/to adventure/vb further/rbr ./.
Motion-picture/nn exhibitions/nns took/vbd place/nn in/in stores/nns in/in a/at general/jj atmosphere/nn like/cs that/dt of/in the/at penny/nn arcade/nn which/wdt can/md still/rb be/be found/vbn in/in such/jj urban/jj areas/nns as/cs Times/nns-tl Square/nn-tl ./.
Brief/jj snips/nns of/in actual/jj events/nns were/bed shown/vbn :/: parades/nns ,/, dances/nns ,/, street/nn scenes/nns ./.
The/at sensational/jj and/cc frightening/vbg enjoyed/vbd popularity/nn :/: a/at train/nn rushes/vbz straight/rb at/in the/at audience/nn ,/, or/cc a/at great/jj wave/nn threatens/vbz to/to break/vb over/in the/at seats/nns ./.
An/at early/jj Edison/np production/nn was/bedz The/at-tl Execution/nn-tl Of/in-tl Mary/np-tl ,/, Queen/nn-tl Of/in-tl Scots/nps-tl ./.
The/at unfortunate/jj queen/nn mounted/vbd the/at scaffold/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at headsman/nn swung/vbd his/pp$ axe/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at head/nn dropped/vbd off/rp ;/. ;/.
end/nn of/in film/nn ./.
An/at early/jj film/nn by/in a/at competitor/nn of/in the/at Wizard/nn-tl of/in-tl Menlo/np-tl Park/nn-tl simply/rb showed/vbd a/at long/jj kiss/nn performed/vbn by/in two/cd actors/nns of/in the/at contemporary/jj stage/nn ./.


	In/in the/at field/nn of/in entertainment/nn there/ex is/bez no/at spur/nn to/in financial/jj daring/nn so/ql effective/jj as/cs audience/nn boredom/nn ,/, and/cc the/at first/od decade/nn of/in the/at new/jj device/nn was/bedz not/* over/rp before/cs audiences/nns began/vbd staying/vbg away/rb in/in large/jj numbers/nns from/in the/at simple-minded/jj ,/, one-minute/nn shows/nns ./.
In/in response/nn ,/, the/at industry/nn allowed/vbd the/at discovery/nn of/in the/at motion/nn picture/nn as/cs a/at form/nn of/in fiction/nn and/cc thus/rb gave/vbd the/at movies/nns the/at essential/jj form/nn they/ppss have/hv had/hvn to/in this/dt day/nn ./.
Despite/in the/at sheer/jj beauty/nn and/cc spectacle/nn of/in numerous/jj documentaries/nns ,/, art/nn films/nns ,/, and/cc travelogues/nns ,/, despite/in the/at impressive/jj financial/jj success/nn of/in such/abl a/at recent/jj development/nn as/cs Cinerama/np ,/, the/at movies/nns are/ber at/in heart/nn a/at form/nn of/in fiction/nn ,/, like/cs the/at play/nn ,/, the/at novel/nn ,/, or/cc the/at short/jj story/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, the/at most/ql artistically/rb successful/jj of/in the/at nonfiction/nn films/nns have/hv invariably/rb borrowed/vbn the/at narrative/jj form/nn from/in the/at fiction/nn feature/nn ./.
Thus/rb such/jj great/jj American/jj documentaries/nns as/cs The/at-tl River/nn-tl and/cc The/at-tl Plow/nn-tl That/wps-tl Broke/vbd-tl The/at-tl Plains/nns-tl were/bed composed/vbn as/cs visual/jj stories/nns rather/in than/in as/cs illustrated/vbn lectures/nns ./.
The/at discovery/nn that/cs movies/nns are/ber a/at form/nn of/in fiction/nn was/bedz made/vbn in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in this/dt century/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz made/vbn chiefly/rb by/in two/cd men/nns ,/, a/at French/jj magician/nn ,/, Georges/np Melies/np ,/, and/cc an/at American/jj employee/nn of/in Edison/np ,/, Edwin/np S./np Porter/np ./.
Of/in the/at two/cd ,/, Porter/np is/bez justly/rb the/at better/rbr known/vbn ,/, for/cs he/pps went/vbd far/rb beyond/in the/at vital/jj finding/nn of/in fiction/nn for/in films/nns to/to take/vb the/at first/od step/nn toward/in fashioning/vbg a/at language/nn of/in film/nn ,/, toward/in making/vbg the/at motion/nn picture/nn the/at intricate/jj ,/, efficient/jj time/nn machine/nn that/wpo it/pps has/hvz remained/vbn since/rb ,/, even/rb in/in the/at most/ql inept/jj hands/nns ./.



Narrative/jj-hl time/nn-hl and/cc-hl film/nn-hl time/nn-hl 
Melies/np ,/, however/wrb ,/, out/in of/in his/pp$ professional/jj instincts/nns as/cs a/at magician/nn ,/, discovered/vbd and/cc made/vbd use/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in illusionary/jj techniques/nns that/wps remain/vb part/nn of/in the/at vocabulary/nn of/in film/nn ./.
One/cd of/in these/dts is/bez the/at ``/`` dissolve/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz possible/jj a/at visually/rb smooth/jj transition/nn from/in scene/nn to/in scene/nn ./.
As/cs the/at first/od scene/nn begins/vbz to/to fade/vb ,/, the/at succeeding/vbg scene/nn begins/vbz to/to appear/vb ./.
For/in a/at moment/nn or/cc two/cd ,/, both/abx scenes/nns are/ber present/jj simultaneously/rb ,/, one/cd growing/vbg weaker/jjr ,/, one/cd growing/vbg stronger/jjr ./.
In/in a/at series/nn of/in fairy/nn tales/nns and/cc fantasies/nns ,/, Melies/np demonstrated/vbd that/cs the/at film/nn is/bez superbly/ql equipped/vbn to/to tell/vb a/at straightforward/jj story/nn ,/, with/in beginning/nn ,/, middle/nn and/cc end/nn ,/, complications/nns ,/, resolutions/nns ,/, climaxes/nns ,/, and/cc conclusions/nns ./.
Immediately/rb ,/, the/at film/nn improved/vbd and/cc it/pps improved/vbd because/cs in/in narrative/nn it/pps found/vbd a/at content/nn based/vbn on/in time/nn to/to complement/vb its/pp$ own/jj unbreakable/jj connection/nn with/in time/nn ./.
Physically/rb ,/, a/at movie/nn is/bez possible/jj because/cs a/at series/nn of/in images/nns is/bez projected/vbn one/cd at/in a/at time/nn at/in such/abl a/at speed/nn that/cs the/at eye/nn ``/`` remembers/vbz ''/'' the/at one/cd that/wps has/hvz gone/vbn before/rb even/rb as/cs it/pps registers/vbz the/at one/cd now/rb appearing/vbg ./.
Linking/vbg the/at smoothly/rb changing/vbg images/nns together/rb ,/, the/at eye/nn itself/ppl endows/vbz them/ppo with/in the/at illusion/nn of/in movement/nn ./.
The/at ``/`` projection/nn ''/'' time/nn of/in painting/vbg and/cc sculpture/nn is/bez highly/ql subjective/jj ,/, varying/vbg from/in person/nn to/in person/nn and/cc even/rb varying/vbg for/in a/at given/vbn person/nn on/in different/jj occasions/nns ./.
So/rb is/bez the/at time/nn of/in the/at novel/nn ./.
The/at drama/nn in/in the/at theater/nn and/cc the/at concert/nn in/in the/at hall/nn both/abx have/hv a/at fixed/vbn time/nn ,/, but/cc the/at time/nn is/bez fixed/vbn by/in the/at director/nn and/cc the/at players/nns ,/, the/at conductor/nn and/cc the/at instrumentalists/nns ,/, subject/jj ,/, therefore/rb ,/, to/in much/ap variation/nn ,/, as/cs record/nn collectors/nns well/rb know/vb ./.
The/at time/nn of/in the/at motion/nn picture/nn is/bez fixed/vbn absolutely/rb ./.
The/at film/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at series/nn of/in still/jj ,/, transparent/jj photographs/nns ,/, or/cc ``/`` frames/nns ''/'' ,/, 35-mm.-wide/jj ./.
Each/dt frame/nn comes/vbz between/in the/at light/nn and/cc the/at lens/nn and/cc is/bez individually/rb projected/vbn on/in the/at screen/nn ,/, at/in the/at rate/nn ,/, for/in silent/jj movies/nns ,/, of/in 16/cd frames/nns per/in second/od ,/, and/cc ,/, for/in sound/nn films/nns ,/, 24/cd frames/nns per/in second/od ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at rate/nn of/in projection/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez also/rb the/at rate/nn of/in photographing/vbg ./.
Time/nn is/bez built/vbn into/in the/at motion/nn picture/nn ,/, which/wdt cannot/md* exist/vb without/in time/nn ./.
Now/rb time/nn is/bez also/rb the/at concern/nn of/in the/at fictional/jj narrative/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez ,/, at/in its/pp$ simplest/jjt ,/, the/at story/nn of/in an/at action/nn with/in ,/, usually/rb ,/, a/at beginning/nn ,/, a/at middle/nn ,/, and/cc an/at end/nn --/-- elements/nns which/wdt demand/vb time/nn as/cs the/at first/od condition/nn for/in their/pp$ existence/nn ./.
The/at ``/`` moving/vbg ''/'' picture/nn of/in the/at train/nn or/cc the/at wave/nn coming/vbg at/in the/at audience/nn is/bez ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, more/ql intense/jj than/cs a/at still/jj picture/nn of/in the/at same/ap subject/nn ,/, but/cc the/at difference/nn is/bez really/rb one/cd of/in degree/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at cinematic/jj element/nn of/in time/nn is/bez merely/rb used/vbn to/to increase/vb the/at realism/nn of/in an/at object/nn which/wdt would/md still/rb be/be reasonably/ql realistic/jj in/in a/at still/jj photo/nn ./.
In/in narrative/nn ,/, time/nn is/bez essential/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in film/nn ./.
Almost/rb everything/pn about/in the/at movies/nns that/wps is/bez peculiarly/rb of/in the/at movies/nns derives/vbz from/in a/at tension/nn created/vbn and/cc maintained/vbn between/in narrative/nn time/nn and/cc film/nn time/nn ./.
This/dt discovery/nn of/in Melies/np was/bedz vastly/ql more/ql important/jj than/cs his/pp$ sometimes/rb dazzling/vbg ,/, magician's/nn$ tricks/nns produced/vbn on/in film/nn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz Porter/np ,/, however/rb ,/, who/wps produced/vbd the/at very/ql first/od movie/nn whose/wp$ name/nn has/hvz lived/vbn on/rp through/in the/at half/abn century/nn of/in film/nn history/nn that/wps has/hvz since/rb ensued/vbn ./.
The/at movie/nn was/bedz The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Train/nn-tl Robbery/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ effects/nns on/in the/at young/jj industry/nn and/cc art/nn were/bed all/abn but/in incalculable/jj ./.
Overnight/rb ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, Porter's/np$ film/nn multiplied/vbd the/at standard/jj running/vbg time/nn of/in movies/nns by/in ten/cd ./.
The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Train/nn-tl Robbery/nn-tl is/bez a/at one-reel/nn film/nn ./.
One/cd reel/nn --/-- from/in eight/cd to/in twelve/cd minutes/nns --/-- became/vbd the/at standard/jj length/nn from/in the/at year/nn of/in Robbery/nn-tl ,/, 1903/cd ,/, until/cs Griffith/np shattered/vbd that/dt limit/nn forever/rb with/in Birth/nn-tl Of/in-tl A/at-tl Nation/nn-tl in/in 1915/cd ./.
The/at reel/nn itself/ppl became/vbd and/cc still/rb is/bez the/at standard/nn of/in measure/nn for/in the/at movies/nns ./.


	The/at material/nn of/in the/at Porter/np film/nn is/bez simplicity/nn itself/ppl ;/. ;/.
much/ap of/in it/ppo has/hvz continued/vbn to/to be/be used/vbn over/in the/at years/nns and/cc the/at heart/nn of/in it/ppo --/-- good/jj guys/nns and/cc bad/jj guys/nns in/in the/at old/jj West/nr-tl --/-- pretty/ql well/rb dominated/vbd television/nn toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at 1950's/nns ./.
A/at band/nn of/in robbers/nns enters/vbz a/at railroad/nn station/nn ,/, overpowers/vbz and/cc ties/vbz up/rp the/at telegraph/nn operator/nn ,/, holds/vbz up/rp the/at train/nn and/cc escapes/vbz ./.
A/at posse/nn is/bez formed/vbn and/cc pursues/vbz the/at robbers/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, having/hvg made/vbn their/pp$ escape/nn ,/, are/ber whooping/vbg it/ppo up/rp with/in some/dti wild/jj ,/, wild/jj women/nns in/in a/at honky-tonk/nn hide-out/nn ./.
The/at robbers/nns run/vb from/in the/at hide-out/nn ,/, take/vb cover/nn in/in a/at wooded/jj declivity/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber shot/vbn dead/jj by/in the/at posse/nn ./.
As/cs a/at finale/nn is/bez appended/vbn a/at close-up/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at band/nn taking/vbg aim/nn and/cc firing/vbg his/pp$ revolver/nn straight/rb at/in the/at audience/nn ./.


	All/abn this/dt is/bez simple/jj enough/qlp ,/, but/cc in/in telling/vbg the/at story/nn Porter/np did/dod two/cd important/jj things/nns that/wps had/hvd not/* been/ben done/vbn before/rb ./.
Each/dt scene/nn is/bez shot/vbn straight/rb through/rp ,/, as/cs had/hvd been/ben the/at universal/jj custom/nn ,/, from/in a/at camera/nn fixed/vbn in/in a/at single/jj position/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at outdoor/jj scenes/nns ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at capture/nn and/cc destruction/nn of/in the/at outlaws/nns ,/, Porter's/np$ camera/nn position/nn breaks/vbz ,/, necessarily/rb ,/, with/in the/at camera/nn position/nn standard/jj until/in then/rb ,/, which/wdt had/hvd been/ben ,/, roughly/rb ,/, that/dt of/in a/at spectator/nn in/in a/at center/jj orchestra/nn seat/nn at/in a/at play/nn ./.
The/at plane/nn of/in the/at action/nn in/in the/at scene/nn is/bez not/* parallel/jj with/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at film/nn in/in the/at camera/nn or/cc on/in the/at screen/nn ./.
If/cs the/at change/nn ,/, at/in first/od sight/nn ,/, seems/vbz minor/jj ,/, we/ppss may/md recall/vb that/cs it/pps took/vbd the/at Italian/jj painters/nns about/rb two/cd hundred/cd years/nns to/to make/vb an/at analogous/jj change/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Italian/jj painters/nns ,/, by/in universal/jj consent/nn ,/, were/bed the/at most/ql brilliant/jj group/nn of/in geniuses/nns any/dti art/nn has/hvz seen/vbn ./.
In/in that/dt apparently/rb simple/jj shift/nn Porter/np opened/vbd the/at way/nn to/in the/at sensitive/jj use/nn of/in the/at camera/nn as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in art/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at mechanical/jj recording/vbg device/nn ./.


	He/pps did/dod more/ap than/cs that/dt ./.
He/pps revealed/vbd the/at potential/jj value/nn of/in the/at ``/`` cut/nn ''/'' as/cs the/at basic/jj technique/nn in/in the/at art/nn of/in the/at film/nn ./.
Cutting/vbg ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, takes/vbz place/nn automatically/rb in/in the/at creation/nn of/in a/at film/nn ./.
The/at meaning/nn of/in the/at word/nn is/bez quite/ql physical/jj ,/, to/to begin/vb with/in ./.
The/at physical/jj film/nn is/bez cut/vbn with/in a/at knife/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in one/cd complete/jj sequence/nn ,/, and/cc the/at cut/vbn edge/nn is/bez joined/vbn physically/rb ,/, by/in cement/nn ,/, to/in the/at cut/vbn edge/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at next/ap sequence/nn ./.
If/cs ,/, as/cs a/at home/nn movie/nn maker/nn ,/, you/ppss shoot/vb the/at inevitable/jj footage/nn of/in your/pp$ child/nn taking/vbg its/pp$ first/od steps/nns ,/, you/ppss have/hv merely/rb recorded/vbn an/at historical/jj event/nn ./.
If/cs ,/, in/in preparing/vbg that/dt shot/nn for/in the/at inevitable/jj showing/vbg to/in your/pp$ friends/nns ,/, you/ppss interrupt/vb the/at sequence/nn to/to paste/vb in/rp a/at few/ap frames/nns of/in the/at child's/nn$ grandmother/nn watching/vbg this/dt event/nn ,/, you/ppss have/hv begun/vbn to/to be/be an/at artist/nn in/in film/nn ;/. ;/.
you/ppss are/ber employing/vbg the/at basic/jj technique/nn of/in film/nn ;/. ;/.
you/ppss are/ber cutting/vbg ./.


	This/dt is/bez what/wdt Porter/np did/dod ./.
As/cs the/at robbers/nns leave/vb the/at looted/vbn train/nn ,/, the/at film/nn suddenly/rb cuts/vbz back/rb to/in the/at station/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at telegrapher's/nn$ little/jj daughter/nn arrives/vbz with/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ dinner/nn pail/nn only/rb to/to find/vb him/ppo bound/vbn on/in the/at floor/nn ./.
She/pps dashes/vbz around/rb in/in alarm/nn ./.
The/at two/cd events/nns are/ber taking/vbg place/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./.
Time/nn and/cc space/nn have/hv both/abx become/vbn cinematic/jj ./.
We/ppss leap/vb from/in event/nn to/in event/nn --/-- including/in the/at formation/nn of/in the/at posse/nn --/-- even/rb though/cs the/at events/nns ,/, in/in ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' are/ber taking/vbg place/nn not/* in/in sequence/nn but/cc simultaneously/rb ,/, and/cc not/* near/in each/dt other/ap but/cc at/in a/at considerable/jj distance/nn ./.


	The/at ``/`` chase/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at standard/jj film/nn device/nn probably/rb dates/vbz from/in The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Train/nn-tl Robbery/nn-tl ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at reason/nn for/in the/at continued/vbn popularity/nn of/in the/at device/nn ./.
The/at chase/nn in/in itself/ppl is/bez a/at narrative/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps presumes/vbz both/abx speed/nn and/cc urgency/nn and/cc it/pps demands/vbz cutting/vbg --/-- both/abx from/in pursued/vbn to/in pursuer/nn and/cc from/in stage/nn to/in stage/nn of/in the/at journey/nn of/in both/abx ./.
The/at simple/jj ,/, naked/jj idea/nn of/in one/cd man/nn chasing/vbg another/dt is/bez of/in its/pp$ nature/nn better/rbr fitted/vbn for/in the/at film/nn than/cs it/pps is/bez for/in any/dti other/ap form/nn of/in fiction/nn ./.
The/at cowboy/nn films/nns ,/, the/at cops/nns and/cc robbers/nns films/nns ,/, and/cc the/at slapstick/nn comedy/nn films/nns culminating/vbg in/in an/at insane/jj chase/nn are/ber not/* only/rb catering/vbg to/in what/wdt critics/nns may/md assume/vb to/to be/be a/at vulgar/jj taste/nn for/in violence/nn ;/. ;/.
these/dts films/nns and/cc these/dts sequences/nns are/ber also/rb seeking/vbg out/rp --/-- instinctively/rb or/cc by/in design/nn --/-- the/at peculiarly/rb cinematic/jj elements/nns of/in narrative/nn ./.



The/at-hl creator/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl art/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl film/nn-hl :/:-hl D.W./np-hl Griffith/np-hl 
There/ex still/rb remained/vbd the/at need/nn for/in one/cd great/jj film/nn artist/nn to/to explore/vb the/at full/jj potential/nn of/in the/at new/jj form/nn and/cc to/to make/vb it/ppo an/at art/nn ./.
The/at man/nn was/bedz D.W./np Griffith/np ./.
When/wrb he/pps came/vbd to/in the/at movies/nns --/-- more/rbr or/cc less/rbr by/in accident/nn --/-- they/ppss were/bed still/rb cheap/jj entertainment/nn capable/jj of/in enthralling/vbg the/at unthinking/jj for/in an/at idle/jj few/ap minutes/nns ./.
In/in about/rb seven/cd years/nns Griffith/np either/cc invented/vbd or/cc first/rb realized/vbd the/at possibilities/nns of/in virtually/rb every/at resource/nn at/in the/at disposal/nn of/in the/at film/nn maker/nn ./.
Before/cs he/pps was/bedz forty/cd Griffith/np had/hvd created/vbn the/at art/nn of/in the/at film/nn ./.


	Not/* that/cs there/ex had/hvd not/* been/ben attempts/nns ,/, mostly/rb European/jj ,/, to/to do/do exactly/rb that/dt ./.
But/cc in/in general/jj the/at European/jj efforts/nns to/to make/vb an/at art/nn of/in the/at entertainment/nn had/hvd ignored/vbn the/at slowly/rb emerging/vbg language/nn of/in the/at film/nn itself/ppl ./.
Staggeringly/ql condensed/vbn versions/nns of/in famous/jj novels/nns and/cc famous/jj plays/nns were/bed presented/vbn ./.
Great/jj actors/nns and/cc actresses/nns --/-- the/at most/ql notable/jj being/beg Sarah/np Bernhardt/np --/-- were/bed hired/vbn to/to repeat/vb their/pp$ stage/nn performances/nns before/in the/at camera/nn ./.
In/in all/abn of/in this/dt extensive/jj and/cc expensive/jj effort/nn ,/, the/at camera/nn was/bedz downgraded/vbn to/in the/at status/nn of/in recording/vbg instrument/nn for/in art/nn work/nn produced/vbn elsewhere/rb by/in the/at actor/nn or/cc by/in the/at author/nn ./.
The/at phonograph/nn today/nr ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ high/jj fidelity/nn and/cc stereophonic/jj sound/nn ,/, is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt the/at early/jj art/nn purveyors/nns in/in the/at movies/nns wished/vbd to/to make/vb of/in the/at camera/nn ./.
Not/* surprisingly/rb ,/, this/dt approach/nn did/dod not/* work/vb ./.
The/at effort/nn produced/vbd a/at valuable/jj record/nn of/in stage/nn techniques/nns in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at century/nn and/cc some/dti interesting/jj records/nns of/in great/jj theater/nn figures/nns who/wps would/md otherwise/rb be/be only/ap names/nns ./.
But/cc no/at art/nn at/in all/abn was/bedz born/vbn of/in the/at art/nn effort/nn in/in the/at early/jj movies/nns ./.

In/in general/jj ,/, religious/jj interest/nn seems/vbz to/to exist/vb in/in all/abn parts/nns of/in the/at metropolis/nn ;/. ;/.
congregational/jj membership/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez another/dt thing/nn ./.
A/at congregation/nn survives/vbz only/rb if/cs it/pps can/md sustain/vb a/at socially/rb homogeneous/jj membership/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, when/wrb it/pps can/md preserve/vb economic/jj integration/nn ./.
Religious/jj faith/nn can/md be/be considered/vbn a/at necessary/jj condition/nn of/in membership/nn in/in a/at congregation/nn ,/, since/cs the/at decision/nn to/to join/vb a/at worshiping/vbg group/nn requires/vbz some/dti motive/jj force/nn ,/, but/cc faith/nn is/bez not/* a/at sufficient/jj condition/nn for/in joining/vbg ;/. ;/.
the/at presence/nn of/in other/ap members/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn is/bez the/at sufficient/jj condition/nn ./.


	The/at breakdown/nn of/in social/jj homogeneity/nn in/in inner/jj city/nn areas/nns and/cc the/at spread/nn of/in inner/jj city/nn blight/nn account/vb for/in the/at decline/nn of/in central/jj city/nn churches/nns ./.
Central/jj cities/nns reveal/vb two/cd adverse/jj features/nns for/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) central/jj cities/nns tend/vb to/to be/be areas/nns of/in residence/nn for/in lower/jjr social/jj classes/nns ;/. ;/.
(/( 2/cd )/) central/jj cities/nns tend/vb to/to be/be more/ql heterogeneous/jj in/in social/jj composition/nn ./.
The/at central/jj city/nn areas/nns ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, exhibit/vb the/at two/cd characteristics/nns which/wdt violate/vb the/at life/nn principle/nn of/in congregations/nns of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns :/: they/ppss have/hv too/ql few/ap middle-class/nn people/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss mix/vb middle-class/nn people/nns with/in lower-class/nn residents/nns ./.
Central/jj city/nn areas/nns have/hv become/vbn progressively/rb poorer/jjr locales/nns for/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns since/cs the/at exodus/nn of/in middle-class/nn people/nns from/in most/ap central/jj cities/nns ./.
With/in few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, the/at major/jj denominations/nns are/ber rapidly/rb losing/vbg their/pp$ hold/nn on/in the/at central/jj city/nn ./.


	The/at key/nn to/in Protestant/jj development/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez economic/jj integration/nn of/in the/at nucleus/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./.
Members/nns of/in higher/jjr and/cc lower/jjr social/jj status/nn often/rb cluster/vb around/in this/dt nucleus/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs Protestant/jj figures/nns on/in social/jj class/nn give/vb the/at impression/nn of/in spread/nn over/in all/abn social/jj classes/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc this/dt is/bez deceptive/jj ,/, for/cs the/at core/nn of/in membership/nn is/bez concentrated/vbn in/in a/at single/ap social/jj and/cc economic/jj stratum/nn ./.
The/at congregation/nn perishes/vbz when/wrb it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr possible/jj to/to replenish/vb that/dt core/nn from/in the/at neighborhood/nn ;/. ;/.
moreover/rb ,/, residential/jj mobility/nn is/bez so/ql high/jj in/in metropolitan/jj areas/nns that/cs churches/nns have/hv to/to recruit/vb constantly/rb in/in their/pp$ core/nn stratum/nn in/in order/nn to/to survive/vb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss can/md lose/vb higher-/jjr and/cc lower-status/nn members/nns from/in the/at church/nn without/in collapsing/vbg ,/, but/cc they/ppss need/vb adequate/jj recruits/nns for/in the/at core/nn stratum/nn in/in order/nn to/to preserve/vb economic/jj integration/nn ./.
The/at congregation/nn is/bez first/rb and/cc foremost/rb an/at economic/jj peer/nn group/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez secondarily/rb a/at believing/vbg and/cc worshiping/vbg fellowship/nn ./.
If/cs it/pps were/bed primarily/rb a/at believing/vbg fellowship/nn ,/, it/pps would/md recruit/vb believers/nns from/in all/abn social/jj and/cc economic/jj ranks/nns ,/, something/pn which/wdt most/ap congregations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl Protestantism/np-tl (/( with/in a/at few/ap notable/jj exceptions/nns )/) have/hv not/* been/ben able/jj to/to do/do ./.
They/ppss survive/vb only/rb when/wrb they/ppss can/md recruit/vb social/jj and/cc economic/jj peers/nns ./.


	The/at vulnerability/nn of/in Protestant/jj congregations/nns to/in social/jj differences/nns has/hvz often/rb been/ben attributed/vbn to/in the/at ``/`` folksy/jj spirit/nn ''/'' of/in Protestant/jj religious/jj life/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in fact/nn ,/, a/at contrast/nn is/bez often/rb drawn/vbn in/in this/dt regard/nn with/in the/at ``/`` impersonal/jj ''/'' Roman/jj Catholic/jj parish/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv seen/vbn that/cs the/at folksy/jj spirit/nn is/bez confined/vbn to/in economic/jj peers/nns ;/. ;/.
consequently/rb ,/, the/at vulnerability/nn to/in social/jj difference/nn should/md not/* be/be attributed/vbn to/in the/at stress/nn on/in personal/jj community/nn in/in Protestant/jj congregations/nns ;/. ;/.
actually/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn of/in such/jj personal/jj community/nn in/in Protestant/jj congregations/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb in/in another/dt connection/nn ./.
The/at vulnerability/nn of/in Protestantism/np to/in social/jj differences/nns stems/vbz from/in the/at peculiar/jj role/nn of/in the/at new/jj religious/jj style/nn in/in middle-class/nn life/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at congregation/nn is/bez a/at vehicle/nn of/in social/jj and/cc economic/jj group/nn identity/nn and/cc must/md conform/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, to/in the/at principle/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn ./.
This/dt fact/nn is/bez evident/jj in/in the/at recruitment/nn of/in new/jj members/nns ./.



Mission/nn-hl as/cs-hl co-optation/nn-hl 
The/at rule/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn in/in congregational/jj life/nn can/md be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at missionary/jj outreach/nn of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez much/ap talk/nn in/in theological/jj circles/nns about/in the/at ``/`` Church/nn-tl as/cs-tl Mission/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` Church's/nn$-tl Mission/nn-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/.
theologians/nns have/hv been/ben stressing/vbg the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Church/nn-tl does/doz not/* exist/vb for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn but/cc as/cs a/at testimony/nn in/in the/at world/nn for/in the/at healing/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./.
A/at crucial/jj question/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez what/wdt evangelism/nn and/cc mission/nn actually/rb mean/vb in/in metropolitan/jj Protestantism/np ./.
If/cs economic/jj integration/nn really/rb shapes/vbz congregational/jj life/nn ,/, then/rb evangelism/nn should/md be/be a/at process/nn of/in extending/vbg economic/jj integration/nn ./.
The/at task/nn of/in a/at congregation/nn would/md be/be defined/vbn ,/, according/in to/in economic/jj integration/nn ,/, as/cs the/at work/nn of/in co-opting/vbg individuals/nns and/cc families/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj position/nn to/to replenish/vb the/at nuclear/jj core/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./.
(/( Co-optation/nn means/vbz to/to choose/vb by/in joint/jj action/nn in/in order/nn to/to fill/vb a/at vacancy/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps can/md also/rb mean/vb the/at assimilation/nn of/in centers/nns of/in power/nn from/in an/at environment/nn in/in order/nn to/to strengthen/vb an/at organization/nn ./.
)/) In/in a/at mobile/jj society/nn ,/, congregational/jj health/nn depends/vbz on/in a/at constant/jj process/nn of/in recruitment/nn ;/. ;/.
this/dt recruitment/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, must/md follow/vb the/at pattern/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn or/cc it/pps will/md disrupt/vb the/at congregation/nn ;/. ;/.
therefore/rb ,/, the/at recruitment/nn or/cc missionary/jj outreach/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn will/md be/be co-optation/nn rather/in than/in proclamation/nn --/-- like/jj elements/nns will/md have/hv to/to be/be assimilated/vbn ./.


	Evangelism/nn and/cc congregational/jj outreach/nn have/hv not/* been/ben carefully/rb studied/vbn in/in the/at churches/nns ;/. ;/.
one/cd study/nn in/in Pittsburgh/np ,/, however/rb ,/, has/hvz illuminated/vbn the/at situation/nn ./.
In/in a/at sample/nn of/in new/jj members/nns of/in Pittsburgh/np churches/nns ,/, almost/rb 60/cd per/in cent/nn were/bed recruited/vbn by/in initial/jj ``/`` contacts/nns with/in friendly/jj members/nns ''/'' ./.
If/cs we/ppss add/vb to/in these/dts contacts/nns with/in friendly/jj members/nns the/at ``/`` contacts/nns with/in an/at organization/nn of/in the/at church/nn ''/'' (/( 11.2/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at cases/nns )/) ,/, then/rb a/at substantial/jj two/cd thirds/nns of/in all/abn recruitment/nn is/bez through/in friendly/jj contact/nn ./.
On/in the/at surface/nn ,/, this/dt seems/vbz a/at sound/jj approach/nn to/in Christian/jj mission/nn :/: members/nns of/in the/at congregation/nn show/vb by/in their/pp$ friendly/jj attitudes/nns that/cs they/ppss care/vb for/in new/jj people/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at new/jj people/nns respond/vb in/in kind/nn by/in joining/vbg the/at church/nn ./.


	Missionary/jj outreach/nn by/in friendly/jj contact/nn looks/vbz somewhat/ql different/jj when/wrb one/pn reflects/vbz on/in what/wdt is/bez known/vbn about/in friendly/jj contact/nn in/in metropolitan/jj neighborhoods/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at majority/nn of/in such/jj contacts/nns are/ber with/in people/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj position/nn ;/. ;/.
association/nn by/in level/nn of/in achievement/nn is/bez the/at dominant/jj principle/nn of/in informal/jj relations/nns ./.
This/dt means/vbz that/cs the/at antennae/nns of/in the/at congregation/nn are/ber extended/vbn into/in the/at community/nn ,/, picking/vbg up/rp the/at wave/nn lengths/nns of/in those/dts who/wps will/md fit/vb into/in the/at social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at mission/nn of/in the/at church/nn is/bez actually/rb a/at process/nn of/in informal/jj co-optation/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at lay/jj ministry/nn is/bez a/at means/nn to/to recruit/vb like-minded/jj people/nns who/wps will/md strengthen/vb the/at social/jj class/nn nucleus/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./.
Churches/nns can/md be/be strengthened/vbn through/in this/dt process/nn of/in co-optation/nn so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at environs/nns of/in the/at church/nn provide/vb a/at sufficient/jj pool/nn of/in people/nns who/wps can/md fit/vb the/at pattern/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn ;/. ;/.
once/cs the/at pool/nn of/in recruits/nns diminishes/vbz ,/, the/at congregation/nn is/bez helpless/jj --/-- friendly/jj contacts/nns no/ql longer/rbr keep/vb it/ppo going/vbg ./.


	The/at transmutation/nn of/in mission/nn to/in co-optation/nn is/bez further/rbr indicated/vbn by/in the/at insignificance/nn of/in educational/jj activities/nns ,/, worship/nn ,/, preaching/vbg ,/, and/cc publicity/nn in/in reaching/vbg new/jj members/nns ./.
The/at proclamation/nn of/in the/at churches/nns is/bez almost/ql totally/rb confined/vbn to/in pastoral/jj contacts/nns by/in the/at clergy/nn (/( 17.3/cd per/in cent/nn of/in new/jj members/nns )/) and/cc friendly/jj contacts/nns by/in members/nns (/( over/rp two/cd thirds/nns if/cs organizational/jj activities/nns are/ber included/vbn )/) ./.
Publicity/nn accounted/vbd for/in 1.1/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at initial/jj contacts/nns with/in new/jj members/nns ./.
In/in general/jj ,/, friendly/jj contact/nn with/in a/at member/nn followed/vbn by/in contact/nn with/in a/at clergyman/nn will/md account/vb for/in a/at major/jj share/nn of/in recruitment/nn by/in the/at churches/nns ,/, making/vbg it/ppo quite/ql evident/jj that/cs the/at extension/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn through/in co-optation/nn is/bez the/at principal/jjs form/nn of/in mission/nn in/in the/at contemporary/jj church/nn ;/. ;/.
economic/jj integration/nn and/cc co-optation/nn are/ber the/at two/cd methods/nns by/in which/wdt Protestants/nps associate/vb with/in and/cc recruit/vb from/in the/at neighborhood/nn ./.
The/at inner/jj life/nn of/in congregations/nns will/md prosper/vb so/ql long/rb as/cs like-minded/jj people/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn can/md fraternize/vb together/rb ;/. ;/.
the/at outer/jj life/nn of/in congregations/nns --/-- the/at suitability/nn of/in the/at environment/nn to/in their/pp$ survival/nn --/-- will/md be/be propitious/jj so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at people/nns in/in the/at area/nn are/ber of/in the/at same/ap social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn as/cs the/at membership/nn ./.
Economic/jj integration/nn ceases/vbz when/wrb the/at social/jj and/cc economic/jj statuses/nns in/in an/at area/nn become/vb too/ql mixed/vbn or/cc conflict/vb with/in the/at status/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./.
In/in a/at rapidly/rb changing/vbg society/nn congregations/nns will/md run/vb into/in difficulties/nns repeatedly/rb ,/, since/cs such/jj nice/jj balances/nns of/in economic/jj integration/nn are/ber hard/jj to/to sustain/vb in/in the/at metropolis/nn for/in more/ap than/in a/at single/ap generation/nn ./.
The/at fact/nn that/cs metropolitan/jj churches/nns of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns have/hv moved/vbn approximately/rb every/at generation/nn for/in the/at last/ap hundred/cd years/nns becomes/vbz somewhat/ql more/ql intelligible/jj in/in the/at light/nn of/in this/dt struggle/nn to/to maintain/vb economic/jj balance/nn ./.
The/at expense/nn of/in this/dt type/nn of/in organization/nn in/in religious/jj life/nn ,/, when/wrb one/pn recalls/vbz the/at number/nn of/in city/nn churches/nns which/wdt deteriorated/vbd beyond/in repair/nn before/cs being/beg abandoned/vbn ,/, raises/vbz fundamental/jj questions/nns about/in the/at principle/nn of/in Protestant/jj survival/nn in/in a/at mobile/jj society/nn ;/. ;/.
nonetheless/rb ,/, the/at prevalence/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn in/in congregations/nns illumines/vbz the/at nature/nn of/in the/at Protestant/jj development/nn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz observed/vbn in/in the/at introductory/jj chapter/nn that/cs metropolitan/jj life/nn had/hvd split/vbn into/in two/cd trends/nns --/-- expanding/vbg interdependence/nn on/in an/at impersonal/jj basis/nn and/cc growing/vbg exclusiveness/nn in/in local/jj communal/jj groupings/nns ./.
These/dts trends/nns seem/vb to/to be/be working/vbg at/in cross-purposes/nns in/in the/at metropolis/nn ./.
Residential/jj associations/nns struggle/vb to/to insulate/vb themselves/ppls against/in intrusions/nns ./.
The/at motifs/nns of/in impersonal/jj interdependence/nn and/cc insulation/nn of/in residential/jj communities/nns have/hv polarized/vbn ;/. ;/.
the/at schism/nn between/in central/jj city/nn and/cc suburb/nn ,/, Negro/np and/cc White/jj-tl ,/, blue/jj collar/nn and/cc white/jj collar/nn can/md be/be viewed/vbn as/cs symptomatic/jj of/in this/dt deeper/jjr polarization/nn of/in trends/nns in/in the/at metropolis/nn ./.
It/pps now/rb becomes/vbz evident/jj that/cs the/at denominational/jj church/nn is/bez intimately/rb involved/vbn with/in the/at economy/nn of/in middle-class/nn culture/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps serves/vbz to/to crystallize/vb the/at social/jj class/nn identity/nn of/in middle-class/nn residential/jj groupings/nns ./.
The/at accelerated/vbn pace/nn of/in metropolitan/jj changes/nns has/hvz accentuated/vbn the/at drive/nn to/in conformity/nn in/in congregations/nns of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns ./.
This/dt conformity/nn represents/vbz a/at desperate/jj attempt/nn to/to stabilize/vb a/at hopelessly/ql unstable/jj environment/nn ./.
More/ap than/in creatures/nns of/in metropolitan/jj forces/nns ,/, the/at churches/nns have/hv taken/vbn the/at lead/nn in/in counteracting/vbg the/at interdependence/nn of/in metropolitan/jj life/nn ,/, crystallizing/vbg and/cc perpetuating/vbg the/at stratification/nn of/in peoples/nns ,/, giving/vbg form/nn to/in the/at struggle/nn for/in social/jj homogeneity/nn in/in a/at world/nn of/in heterogeneous/jj peoples/nns ./.


	Since/cs American/jj life/nn is/bez committed/vbn above/in all/abn to/in productivity/nn and/cc a/at higher/jjr standard/nn of/in economic/jj life/nn ,/, the/at countervailing/vbg forces/nns of/in residential/jj and/cc religious/jj exclusiveness/nn have/hv fought/vbn a/at desperate/jj ,/, rearguard/nn action/nn against/in the/at expanding/vbg interdependence/nn of/in the/at metropolis/nn ./.
Consumer/nn communities/nns have/hv suffered/vbn at/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at productive/jj interests/nns ./.
Negroes/nps ,/, Puerto/np Ricans/nps ,/, and/cc rural/jj newcomers/nns are/ber slowly/rb making/vbg their/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at cities/nns ./.
Soon/rb they/ppss will/md fight/vb their/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at lower/jjr middle-class/nn suburbs/nns ,/, and/cc the/at churches/nns will/md experience/vb the/at same/ap decay/nn and/cc rebuilding/vbg cycle/nn which/wdt has/hvz characterized/vbn their/pp$ history/nn for/in a/at century/nn ./.
The/at identification/nn of/in the/at basic/jj unit/nn of/in religious/jj organization/nn --/-- the/at parish/nn or/cc congregation/nn --/-- with/in a/at residential/jj area/nn is/bez self-defeating/jj in/in a/at modern/jj metropolis/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps simply/rb means/vbz the/at closing/nn of/in an/at iron/nn trap/nn on/in the/at outreach/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj fellowship/nn and/cc the/at transmutation/nn of/in mission/nn to/in co-optation/nn ./.
Mission/nn to/in the/at metropolis/nn contradicts/vbz survival/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn in/in the/at residential/jj community/nn ,/, because/cs the/at middle/jj classes/nns are/ber fighting/vbg metropolitan/jj interdependence/nn with/in residential/jj exclusion/nn ./.


	This/dt interpretation/nn of/in the/at role/nn of/in residence/nn in/in the/at economy/nn of/in middle-class/nn culture/nn could/md lead/vb to/in various/jj projections/nns for/in the/at churches/nns ./.
It/pps could/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs any/dti fellowship/nn which/wdt centers/vbz in/in residential/jj neighborhoods/nns is/bez doomed/vbn to/to become/vb an/at expression/nn of/in the/at panic/nn for/in stable/jj identity/nn among/in the/at middle/jj classes/nns ./.
It/pps could/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs only/rb such/jj neighborhoods/nns can/md sustain/vb religious/jj activity/nn ,/, since/cs worship/nn presupposes/vbz some/dti local/jj stabilities/nns ./.
Whatever/wdt projection/nn one/pn makes/vbz ,/, the/at striking/jj fact/nn about/in congregational/jj and/cc parochial/jj life/nn is/bez the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez a/at vehicle/nn of/in the/at social/jj identity/nn of/in middle-class/nn people/nns ./.


	Attention/nn will/md be/be given/vbn in/in the/at next/ap chapter/nn to/in the/at style/nn of/in association/nn in/in the/at denominational/jj churches/nns ;/. ;/.
this/dt style/nn is/bez characteristically/rb an/at expression/nn of/in the/at communal/jj style/nn of/in the/at middle/jj classes/nns ./.
The/at keynotes/nns of/in this/dt style/nn are/ber activism/nn and/cc emphasis/nn on/in achievements/nns in/in gaining/vbg self-esteem/nn ./.
These/dts values/nns give/vb direction/nn to/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at middle-class/nn man/nn or/cc woman/nn ,/, dictating/vbg the/at methods/nns of/in child/nn rearing/nn ,/, determining/vbg the/at pattern/nn of/in community/nn participation/nn ,/, setting/vbg the/at style/nn for/in the/at psychiatric/jj treatment/nn of/in middle-class/nn illness/nn ,/, and/cc informing/vbg the/at congregational/jj life/nn of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns ./.
``/`` Fellowship/nn by/in likeness/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` mission/nn by/in friendly/jj contact/nn ''/'' form/vb the/at iron/nn cage/nn of/in denominational/jj religion/nn ./.
Its/pp$ contents/nns are/ber another/dt matter/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss reveal/vb the/at kinds/nns of/in interests/nns pursued/vbn by/in the/at congregation/nn ./.
What/wdt goes/vbz on/rp in/in the/at cage/nn will/md occupy/vb our/pp$ attention/nn under/in the/at rubric/nn of/in the/at organization/nn church/nn ./.
An/at understanding/nn of/in the/at new/jj role/nn of/in residential/jj association/nn in/in an/at industrial/jj society/nn serves/vbz to/to illuminate/vb the/at forces/nns which/wdt have/hv fashioned/vbn the/at iron/nn cage/nn of/in conformity/nn which/wdt imprisons/vbz the/at churches/nns in/in their/pp$ suburban/jj captivity/nn ./.


	The/at perplexing/jj question/nn still/rb remains/vbz as/in to/in why/wrb the/at middle/jj classes/nns turn/vb to/in the/at churches/nns as/cs a/at vehicle/nn of/in social/jj identity/nn when/wrb their/pp$ clubs/nns and/cc charities/nns should/md fill/vb the/at same/ap need/nn ./.

With/in capital/nn largely/rb squandered/vbn ,/, there/ex seemed/vbd to/in them/ppo no/at other/ap course/nn to/to pursue/vb ./.


	The/at directors/nns sold/vbd directly/rb to/in concessionaires/nns ,/, who/wps had/hvd to/to make/vb their/pp$ profits/nns above/in the/at high/jj prices/nns asked/vbn by/in the/at company/nn ./.
These/dts concessionaires/nns traded/vbd where/wrb they/ppss wished/vbd and/cc generally/rb dealt/vbd with/in the/at Indians/nps through/in engages/fw-nns ,/, who/wps might/md be/be habitants/nns ,/, voyageurs/fw-nns ,/, or/cc even/rb soldiers/nns ./.
The/at concessionaires/nns also/rb had/hvd to/to pay/vb a/at tax/nn of/in one-tenth/nn on/in the/at goods/nns they/ppss traded/vbd ,/, and/cc all/abn pelts/nns were/bed to/to be/be taken/vbn to/in company/nn stores/nns and/cc shipped/vbn to/in France/np in/in company/nn ships/nns ./.
The/at company/nn disposed/vbd of/in the/at pelts/nns ,/, but/cc with/in what/wdt profit/nn ,/, the/at records/nns do/do not/* show/vb ./.


	In/in accord/nn with/in its/pp$ penurious/jj policy/nn ,/, the/at company/nn failed/vbd to/to furnish/vb presents/nns to/to hold/vb the/at loyalty/nn of/in the/at principal/jjs Indians/nps ./.
The/at lavish/jj use/nn of/in presents/nns had/hvd been/ben effective/jj in/in expanding/vbg the/at Indian/jj trade/nn of/in New/jj-tl France/np-tl and/cc Louisiana/np in/in the/at previous/jj century/nn ,/, and/cc the/at change/nn in/in liberality/nn aroused/vbd resentment/nn in/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at red/jj men/nns ./.
Traders/nns from/in the/at English/jj colonies/nns were/bed far/ql more/ql generous/jj ,/, and/cc Indian/jj loyalty/nn turned/vbd to/in them/ppo ./.
Protests/nns from/in governors/nns and/cc intendants/nns passed/vbd unheeded/jj ,/, and/cc the/at parsimonious/jj policy/nn of/in the/at company/nn probably/rb let/vb loose/rb Indian/jj insurrections/nns that/wps brought/vbd ruin/nn to/in the/at company/nn ./.


	In/in 1721/cd the/at King/nn-tl sent/vbd three/cd commissioners/nns to/in Louisiana/np with/in full/jj powers/nns to/to do/do all/abn that/wps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to protect/vb the/at colony/nn ./.
They/ppss ordered/vbd the/at raising/nn of/in troops/nns and/cc obtained/vbd 75,000/cd livres/nns with/in which/wdt to/to build/vb forts/nns ./.
They/ppss adopted/vbd a/at program/nn by/in which/wdt Louisiana/np was/bedz divided/vbn into/in five/cd districts/nns ./.
In/in each/dt of/in these/dts there/ex was/bedz to/to be/be a/at strong/jj military/jj post/nn ,/, and/cc a/at trading/vbg depot/nn to/to supply/vb the/at smaller/jjr trading/vbg houses/nns ./.
For/in southeastern/jj Louisiana/np ,/, Mobile/np was/bedz the/at principal/jjs post/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz to/to furnish/vb supplies/nns for/in trade/nn to/in the/at north/nr and/cc east/nr ,/, in/in the/at region/nn threatened/vbn by/in British/jj traders/nns ./.
Mobile/np was/bedz to/to be/be the/at anchor/nn of/in a/at chain/nn of/in posts/nns extending/vbg northward/rb to/in the/at sources/nns of/in the/at Tennessee/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.
Fort/nn-tl Toulouse/np-tl ,/, on/in the/at Alabama/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd been/ben erected/vbn in/in 1714/cd for/in trade/nn with/in the/at Alabamas/nps and/cc Choctaws/nps ,/, but/cc money/nn was/bedz available/jj for/in only/rb one/cd other/ap new/jj post/nn ,/, near/in the/at present/jj Nashville/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, and/cc this/dt was/bedz soon/rb abandoned/vbn ./.


	West/nr of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn was/bedz the/at lower/jjr Mississippi/np district/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl was/bedz headquarters/nn ./.
Dependent/jj upon/in it/ppo were/bed posts/nns on/in the/at lower/jjr Mississippi/np and/cc the/at region/nn westward/rb to/in the/at frontiers/nns of/in New/jj-tl Spain/np-tl ./.


	On/in the/at middle/jj Mississippi/np a/at principal/jjs post/nn was/bedz to/to be/be located/vbn near/in the/at mouth/nn of/in the/at Arkansas/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz hoped/vbn that/cs to/in this/dt post/nn would/md flow/vb a/at large/jj quantity/nn of/in furs/nns from/in the/at west/nr ,/, principally/rb down/in the/at Arkansas/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.
On/in the/at Ohio/np or/cc Wabash/np was/bedz to/to be/be built/vbn another/dt post/nn ``/`` at/in the/at fork/nn of/in two/cd great/jj rivers/nns ''/'' ./.
Other/ap posts/nns would/md be/be established/vbn up/in the/at Ohio/np and/cc Wabash/np to/to protect/vb communication/nn with/in Canada/np ./.
On/in the/at upper/jj Mississippi/np the/at Illinois/np post/nn was/bedz to/to be/be established/vbn near/in Kaskaskia/np ,/, and/cc dependent/jj posts/nns were/bed to/to be/be built/vbn on/in the/at Missouri/np ,/, ``/`` where/wrb there/ex are/ber mines/nns in/in abundance/nn ''/'' ./.


	Each/dt of/in the/at five/cd principal/jjs posts/nns was/bedz to/to have/hv a/at director/nn ,/, responsible/jj to/in a/at director-general/nn at/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ./.
An/at elaborate/jj system/nn of/in accounting/vbg and/cc reports/nns was/bedz worked/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc the/at trade/nn was/bedz to/to be/be managed/vbn in/in the/at most/ql scientific/jj way/nn ./.
Concessionaires/nns were/bed to/to be/be under/in the/at supervision/nn of/in the/at directors/nns ./.
Engages/fw-nns must/md be/be loyal/jj to/in the/at concessionaires/nns ,/, and/cc must/md serve/vb until/cs the/at term/nn provided/vbn in/in the/at engagement/nn was/bedz ended/vbn ./.
The/at habitants/nns were/bed to/to be/be encouraged/vbn to/to trade/vb and/cc were/bed to/to dispose/vb of/in their/pp$ pelts/nns to/in the/at concessionaires/nns ./.


	Only/rb two/cd principal/jjs storehouses/nns were/bed actually/rb established/vbn --/-- one/cd at/in Mobile/np ,/, the/at other/ap at/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ./.
New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl supplied/vbd the/at goods/nns for/in the/at trade/nn on/in the/at Mississippi/np ,/, and/cc west/nr of/in that/dt river/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at Ohio/np and/cc Wabash/np ./.
Mobile/np was/bedz also/rb supplied/vbn by/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl with/in goods/nns for/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ./.


	The/at power/nn that/cs Bienville/np exercised/vbd during/in his/pp$ first/od administration/nn cannot/md* be/be determined/vbn ./.
Regulations/nns for/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn were/bed made/vbn by/in the/at Conseil/fw-nn-tl superieure/fw-jj-tl de/fw-in la/fw-at-tl Louisiane/np-tl ,/, and/cc Bienville/np apparently/rb did/dod not/* have/hv control/nn of/in that/dt body/nn ./.
The/at Conseil/fw-nn-tl even/rb treated/vbd the/at serious/jj matter/nn of/in British/jj aggression/nn as/cs its/pp$ business/nn and/cc ,/, on/in its/pp$ own/jj authority/nn ,/, sent/vbd to/in disaffected/vbn savages/nns merchandise/nn ``/`` suitable/jj for/in the/at peltry/nn trade/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps decided/vbd ,/, also/rb ,/, that/cs the/at purely/ql secular/jj efforts/nns of/in Bienville/np were/bed insufficient/jj ,/, and/cc sent/vbd missionaries/nns to/to win/vb the/at savages/nns from/in the/at heathen/jj Carolinians/nps ./.


	During/in the/at first/od administration/nn of/in Bienville/np ,/, the/at peltry/nn trade/nn of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn was/bedz a/at lucrative/jj source/nn of/in revenue/nn ./.
The/at Alabamas/nps brought/vbd in/rp annually/rb 15,000/cd to/in 20,000/cd deerskins/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Choctaws/nps and/cc Chickasaws/nps brought/vbd the/at total/nn up/rp to/in 50,000/cd pelts/nns ./.
These/dts deerskins/nns were/bed the/at raw/jj material/nn for/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in leather/nn ,/, and/cc were/bed the/at only/ap articles/nns which/wdt the/at tribes/nns of/in this/dt district/nn had/hvd to/to exchange/vb for/in European/jj goods/nns ./.


	During/in his/pp$ first/od administration/nn ,/, Bienville/np succeeded/vbd in/in keeping/vbg Carolina/np traders/nns out/in of/in the/at Alabama/np country/nn and/cc the/at Choctaw/jj country/nn ./.
The/at director/nn of/in the/at post/nn at/in Mobile/np kept/vbd an/at adequate/jj amount/vb of/in French/jj goods/nns ,/, of/in a/at kind/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed accustomed/vbn ,/, to/to supply/vb the/at Indian/jj needs/nns ./.
The/at Alabama/np and/cc Tombigbee/np rivers/nns furnished/vbd a/at highway/nn by/in which/wdt goods/nns could/md be/be moved/vbn quickly/rb and/cc cheaply/rb ./.
De/np La/np Laude/np ,/, commander/nn of/in the/at Alabama/np post/nn ,/, had/hvd the/at friendship/nn of/in the/at natives/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz able/jj to/to make/vb them/ppo look/vb upon/rb the/at British/nps as/ql poor/jj competitors/nns ./.
Diron/np D'Artaguette/np ,/, the/at most/ql prominent/jj trader/nn in/in the/at district/nn ,/, was/bedz energetic/jj and/cc resourceful/jj ,/, but/cc his/pp$ methods/nns often/rb aroused/vbd the/at ire/nn of/in the/at French/jj governors/nns ./.
He/pps became/vbd ,/, after/in a/at time/nn ,/, commander/nn of/in a/at post/nn on/in the/at Alabama/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, but/cc his/pp$ operations/nns extended/vbd from/in Mobile/np throughout/in the/at district/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps finally/rb obtained/vbd a/at monopoly/nn of/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn ./.


	The/at Chickasaws/nps were/bed the/at principal/jjs source/nn of/in trouble/nn in/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ./.
Their/pp$ territory/nn lay/vbd to/in the/at north/nr ,/, near/in the/at sources/nns of/in the/at Alabama/np ,/, the/at Tombigbee/np ,/, the/at Tennessee/np ,/, and/cc Cumberland/np rivers/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz easily/rb accessible/jj to/in traders/nns among/in the/at near-by/jj Cherokees/nps ./.
In/in 1720/cd some/dti Chickasaws/nps massacred/vbd the/at French/jj traders/nns among/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc did/dod not/* make/vb peace/nn for/in four/cd years/nns ./.
Venturesome/jj traders/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, continued/vbd to/to come/vb to/in them/ppo from/in Mobile/np ,/, and/cc to/to obtain/vb a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in pelts/nns for/in the/at French/jj markets/nns ./.
British/jj traders/nns from/in South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl incited/vbd the/at Indians/nps against/in the/at French/nps ,/, and/cc there/ex developed/vbd French/jj and/cc British/jj Factions/nns-tl in/in the/at tribe/nn ./.
The/at Chickasaws/nps finally/rb were/bed the/at occasion/nn for/in the/at most/ql disastrous/jj wars/nns during/in the/at French/jj control/nn of/in Louisiana/np ./.
To/to hold/vb them/ppo was/bedz an/at essential/jj part/nn of/in French/jj policy/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss controlled/vbd the/at upper/jj termini/nns of/in the/at routes/nns from/in the/at north/nr to/in Mobile/np ./.
They/ppss threatened/vbd constantly/rb to/to give/vb the/at British/nps a/at hold/nn on/in this/dt region/nn ,/, from/in whence/wrb they/ppss could/md move/vb easily/rb down/in the/at rivers/nns to/in the/at French/jj settlements/nns near/in the/at Gulf/nn-tl ./.


	Bienville/np realized/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at French/nps were/bed to/to hold/vb the/at southeastern/jj tribes/nns against/in the/at enticements/nns of/in British/jj goods/nns ,/, French/jj traders/nns must/md be/be able/jj to/to offer/vb a/at supply/nn as/ql abundant/jj as/cs the/at Carolinians/nps and/cc at/in reasonable/jj prices/nns ./.
His/pp$ urgings/nns brought/vbd some/dti results/nns ./.
The/at Company/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Indies/nps promised/vbd to/to send/vb over/rp a/at supply/nn of/in Indian/jj trading/vbg goods/nns ,/, and/cc to/to price/vb them/ppo more/ql cheaply/rb in/in terms/nns of/in deerskins/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps coupled/vbd with/in this/dt a/at requirement/nn that/cs Indians/nps must/md bring/vb their/pp$ pelts/nns to/in Mobile/np and/cc thus/rb save/vb all/abn costs/nns of/in transportation/nn into/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at Indian/jj country/nn ./.


	The/at insistence/nn of/in Bienville/np upon/in giving/vbg liberal/jj prices/nns to/in the/at Indians/nps ,/, in/in order/nn to/to drive/vb back/rb the/at Carolina/np traders/nns ,/, was/bedz probably/rb a/at factor/nn that/wps led/vbd to/in his/pp$ recall/nn in/in 1724/cd ./.
For/in two/cd years/nns his/pp$ friend/nn and/cc cousin/nn ,/, Boisbriant/np ,/, remained/vbd as/cs acting/vbg governor/nn and/cc could/md do/do little/ap to/to stem/vb the/at Anglican/jj advance/nn ./.
Although/cs he/pps incited/vbd a/at few/ap friendly/jj Indians/nps to/to pillage/vb the/at invaders/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb kill/vb some/dti of/in them/ppo ,/, the/at Carolina/np advance/nn continued/vbd ./.


	The/at company/nn was/bedz impressed/vbn with/in some/dti ideas/nns of/in the/at danger/nn from/in Carolina/np ,/, and/cc when/wrb Perier/np came/vbd over/rp as/cs governor/nn in/in 1727/cd ,/, he/pps was/bedz given/vbn special/jj instructions/nns regarding/in the/at trade/nn of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ./.
But/cc the/at Company/nn-tl of/in the/at Indies/nps ,/, holding/vbg to/in its/pp$ program/nn of/in economy/nn ,/, made/vbd no/at arrangements/nns to/to furnish/vb better/jjr goods/nns at/in attractive/jj prices/nns ./.
To/in the/at directors/nns the/at problem/nn appeared/vbd a/at matter/nn of/in intrigue/nn or/cc diplomacy/nn ./.
Perier/np attempted/vbd to/to understand/vb the/at problem/nn by/in sending/vbg agents/nns to/to inquire/vb among/in the/at Indians/nps ./.
These/dts agents/nns were/bed to/to ascertain/vb the/at difference/nn between/in English/jj and/cc French/jj goods/nns ,/, and/cc the/at prices/nns charged/vbn the/at Indians/nps ./.
They/ppss were/bed to/to conciliate/vb the/at unfriendly/jj savages/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, wherever/wrb possible/jj ,/, to/to incite/vb the/at natives/nns to/to pillage/vb the/at traders/nns from/in Carolina/np ./.
They/ppss were/bed to/to promise/vb fine/jj presents/nns to/in the/at loyal/jj red/jj men/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at abundant/jj supply/nn of/in trading/vbg goods/nns at/in better/jjr prices/nns than/cs the/at opposition/nn was/bedz offering/vbg ./.
Perier's/np$ intrigues/nns gained/vbd some/dti successes/nns ./.
The/at savages/nns divided/vbd into/in two/cd factions/nns ;/. ;/.
one/cd was/bedz British/jj and/cc the/at other/ap ,/, French/jj ./.
So/ql hostile/jj did/dod these/dts factions/nns become/vb that/cs ,/, among/in the/at Choctaws/nps ,/, civil/jj war/nn broke/vbd out/rp ./.


	Perier's/np$ efforts/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, were/bed on/in the/at whole/nn ineffective/jj in/in winning/vbg back/rb the/at tribes/nns of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps decided/vbd to/to send/vb troops/nns into/in the/at troubled/vbn country/nn ./.
He/pps asked/vbd the/at government/nn for/in two/cd hundred/cd soldiers/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed to/to be/be specifically/rb assigned/vbn to/to arrest/vb English/jj traders/nns and/cc disloyal/jj Indians/nps ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in the/at company's/nn$ restrictions/nns ,/, he/pps planned/vbd to/to build/vb new/jj posts/nns in/in the/at territory/nn ./.
He/pps asked/vbd also/rb for/in more/ap supplies/nns to/to trade/vb at/in a/at low/jj price/nn for/in the/at Indians'/nps$ pelts/nns ./.


	No/at help/nn came/vbd from/in the/at crown/nn ,/, and/cc Perier/np ,/, in/in desperation/nn ,/, gave/vbd a/at monopoly/nn of/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn in/in the/at district/nn to/in D'Artaguette/np ./.
D'Artaguette/np went/vbd vigorously/rb to/in work/nn ,/, and/cc gave/vbd credit/nn to/in many/ap hunters/nns ./.
But/cc they/ppss brought/vbd back/rb few/ap pelts/nns to/to pay/vb their/pp$ debts/nns ,/, and/cc soon/rb French/jj trade/nn in/in the/at region/nn was/bedz at/in an/at end/nn ./.
Perier/np finally/rb ,/, in/in one/cd last/ap bid/nn in/in 1730/cd ,/, cut/vbd the/at price/nn of/in goods/nns to/in an/at advance/nn of/in 40/cd per/in cent/nn above/in the/at cost/nn in/in France/np ./.
The/at Indians/nps were/bed not/* impressed/vbn and/cc held/vbd to/in the/at Carolina/np traders/nns ,/, who/wps swarmed/vbd over/in the/at country/nn ,/, almost/rb to/in the/at Mississippi/np ./.


	With/in the/at loss/nn of/in the/at Mobile/np trade/nn ,/, which/wdt ended/vbd all/abn profits/nns from/in Louisiana/np ,/, the/at Natchez/np Indians/nps revolted/vbd ./.
They/ppss destroyed/vbd a/at trading/vbg house/nn and/cc pillaged/vbd the/at goods/nns ,/, and/cc harassed/vbd French/jj shipping/nn on/in the/at Mississippi/np ./.
The/at war/nn to/to subdue/vb them/ppo taxed/vbd the/at resources/nns of/in the/at colony/nn and/cc piled/vbd up/rp enormous/jj debts/nns ./.
In/in January/np ,/, 1731/cd ,/, the/at company/nn asked/vbd the/at crown/nn to/to relieve/vb it/ppo of/in the/at government/nn of/in the/at colony/nn ./.
It/pps stated/vbd that/cs it/pps had/hvd lost/vbn 20,000,000/cd livres/nns in/in its/pp$ operations/nns ,/, and/cc apparently/rb blamed/vbd its/pp$ poor/jj success/nn largely/rb on/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn ./.
It/pps offered/vbd to/to surrender/vb its/pp$ right/nn to/in exclusive/jj trade/nn ,/, but/cc asked/vbd an/at indemnity/nn ./.
The/at King/nn-tl accepted/vbd the/at surrender/nn and/cc fixed/vbd the/at compensation/nn of/in the/at company/nn at/in 1,450,000/cd livres/nns ./.
Thenceforth/rb ,/, the/at commerce/nn of/in Louisiana/np was/bedz free/jj to/in all/abn Frenchmen/nps ./.


	Company/nn rule/nn in/in Louisiana/np left/vbd the/at colony/nn without/in fortifications/nns ,/, arms/nns ,/, munitions/nns ,/, or/cc supplies/nns ./.
The/at difficulties/nns of/in trade/nn had/hvd ruined/vbn many/ap voyageurs/fw-nns ,/, and/cc numbers/nns of/in them/ppo had/hvd gone/vbn to/to live/vb with/in the/at natives/nns and/cc rear/vb half-blood/jj families/nns ./.
Others/nns left/vbd the/at country/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at one/pn familiar/jj with/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn ./.
If/cs this/dt trade/nn should/md be/be resumed/vbn ,/, the/at habitants/nns who/wps had/hvd come/vbn to/to be/be farmers/nns or/cc artisans/nns ,/, and/cc soldiers/nns discharged/vbn from/in the/at army/nn ,/, must/md be/be hardened/vbn to/in the/at severe/jj life/nn of/in coureurs/fw-nns de/fw-in bois/fw-nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz a/at slow/jj and/cc difficult/jj course/nn ,/, and/cc French/jj trade/nn suffered/vbd from/in the/at many/ap mistakes/nns of/in the/at new/jj group/nn of/in traders/nns ./.
These/dts men/nns were/bed without/in capital/nn or/cc experience/nn ./.


	Perier/np and/cc Salmon/np ,/, the/at intendant/nn ,/, wished/vbd either/cc to/to entrust/vb the/at trade/nn to/in an/at association/nn of/in merchants/nns or/cc to/to have/hv the/at crown/nn furnish/vb goods/nns on/in credit/nn to/in individuals/nns who/wps would/md repay/vb their/pp$ debts/nns with/in pelts/nns ./.
Bienville/np ,/, who/wps returned/vbd to/to succeed/vb Perier/np in/in 1732/cd ,/, objected/vbd that/cs the/at merchants/nns would/md not/* accept/vb the/at responsibility/nn of/in managing/vbg a/at trade/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss could/md see/vb no/at hope/nn of/in profits/nns ./.
He/pps reported/vbd ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs among/in the/at habitants/nns there/ex were/bed none/pn of/in probity/nn and/cc ability/nn sufficient/jj to/to justify/vb entrusting/vbg them/ppo with/in the/at King's/nn$-tl goods/nns ./.
He/pps did/dod find/vb some/dti to/to trust/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps employed/vbd the/at King's/nn$-tl soldiers/nns to/to trade/vb ./.
With/in no/at company/nn to/to interfere/vb ,/, he/pps kept/vbd close/jj control/nn over/in all/abn the/at traders/nns ./.


	In/in order/nn to/to compete/vb with/in English/jj traders/nns ,/, Bienville/np radically/rb changed/vbd the/at price/nn schedule/nn ./.
The/at King/nn-tl should/md expect/vb no/at profit/nn ,/, and/cc an/at advance/nn of/in only/rb 20/cd per/in cent/nn above/in the/at cost/nn in/in France/np ,/, which/wdt would/md cover/vb the/at expense/nn of/in transportation/nn and/cc handling/vbg ,/, was/bedz all/abn he/pps charged/vbd the/at traders/nns ./.

They/ppss would/md not/* be/be pleased/vbn to/to have/hv it/ppo published/vbn back/rb home/nr that/cs they/ppss planned/vbd a/at frolic/nn in/in Paris/np or/cc Hong/np Kong/np at/in the/at Treasury's/nn$-tl expense/nn ./.
They/ppss would/md be/be particularly/rb displeased/vbn with/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl if/cs it/pps were/bed the/at source/nn of/in such/jj reports/nns ./.
Few/ap things/nns are/ber more/ql perilous/jj for/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl than/cs a/at displeased/vbn congressman/nn ./.


	The/at reason/nn for/in this/dt bears/vbz explaining/vbg for/in those/dts who/wps may/md wonder/vb why/wrb State/nn-tl spends/vbz so/ql much/ap of/in its/pp$ diplomatic/jj energy/nn on/in Congress/np when/wrb the/at Russians/nps are/ber so/ql available/jj ./.
First/rb ,/, the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl is/bez unique/jj among/in government/nn agencies/nns for/in its/pp$ lack/nn of/in public/jj supporters/nns ./.
The/at farmers/nns may/md be/be aroused/vbn if/cs Congress/np cuts/vbz into/in the/at Agriculture/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl budget/nn ./.
Businessmen/nns will/md rise/vb if/cs Congress/np attacks/vbz the/at Commerce/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ./.
Labor/nn restrains/vbz undue/jj brutality/nn toward/in the/at Labor/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, assaults/vbz upon/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ./.
A/at kaleidoscope/nn of/in pressure/nn groups/nns make/vb it/ppo unpleasant/jj for/in the/at congressman/nn who/wps becomes/vbz ugly/jj toward/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Health/nn-tl ,/, Education/nn-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Welfare/nn-tl ./.
The/at congressman's/nn$ patriotism/nn is/bez always/rb involved/vbn when/wrb he/pps turns/vbz upon/in the/at Defense/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ./.
Tampering/vbg with/in the/at Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl may/md infuriate/vb every/at voter/nn who/wps can/md write/vb ./.


	With/in all/abn these/dts agencies/nns ,/, the/at congressman/nn must/md constantly/rb check/vb the/at political/jj wind/nn and/cc trim/vb his/pp$ sails/nns accordingly/rb ./.
No/at such/jj political/jj restraint/nn subdues/vbz his/pp$ blood/nn when/wrb he/pps gazes/vbz upon/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl in/in anger/nn ./.


	In/in many/ap sections/nns he/pps may/md even/rb reap/vb applause/nn from/in press/nn and/cc public/nn for/in giving/vbg it/ppo a/at good/jj lesson/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, the/at money/nn dispensed/vbn by/in State/nn-tl goes/vbz not/* to/in the/at farmer/nn ,/, the/at laborer/nn ,/, or/cc the/at businessman/nn ,/, but/cc to/in foreigners/nns ./.
Not/* only/rb do/do these/dts foreigners/nns not/* vote/vb for/in American/jj congressmen/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber also/rb probably/rb ungrateful/jj for/in Uncle's/nn$-tl Sam's/np$ bounty/nn ./.
And/cc are/ber not/* the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl men/nns who/wps dispense/vb this/dt largesse/nn merely/rb crackpots/nns and/cc do-gooders/nns who/wps have/hv never/rb met/vbn a/at payroll/nn ?/. ?/.
Will/md not/* the/at righteous/jj congressman/nn be/be cheered/vbn at/in the/at polls/nns if/cs he/pps reminds/vbz them/ppo to/to get/vb right/rb with/in America/np and/cc if/cs he/pps saves/vbz the/at taxpayer/nn some/dti money/nn by/in spoiling/vbg a/at few/ap of/in their/pp$ schemes/nns ?/. ?/.
The/at chances/nns are/ber excellent/jj that/cs he/pps will/md ./.


	The/at result/nn is/bez that/cs the/at State/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl perpetual/jj position/nn before/in Congress/np is/bez the/at resigned/vbn pose/nn of/in the/at whipping/vbg boy/nn who/wps expects/vbz to/to be/be kicked/vbn whenever/wrb the/at master/nn has/hvz had/hvn a/at dyspeptic/jj outing/nn with/in his/pp$ wife/nn ./.
People/nns in/in this/dt position/nn do/do not/* offend/vb the/at master/nn by/in relating/vbg his/pp$ peccadilloes/nns to/in the/at newspapers/nns ./.
State/nn-tl keeps/vbz the/at junketeering/vbg list/nn a/at secret/nn ./.


	The/at Department/nn-tl expects/vbz and/cc receives/vbz no/at thanks/nns from/in Congress/np for/in its/pp$ discretion/nn ./.
Congress/np is/bez a/at harsh/jj master/nn ./.
State/nn-tl is/bez expected/vbn to/to arrange/vb the/at touring/vbg Cicero's/np$ foreign/jj itinerary/nn ;/. ;/.
its/pp$ embassies/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to supply/vb him/ppo with/in reams/nns of/in local/jj money/nn to/to pay/vb his/pp$ way/nn ;/. ;/.
embassy/nn workers/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to entertain/vb him/ppo according/in to/in his/pp$ whim/nn ,/, frequently/rb with/in their/pp$ savings/nns for/in the/at children's/nns$ college/nn tuition/nn ./.


	But/cc come/vb the/at next/ap session/nn of/in Congress/np ,/, State/nn-tl can/md expect/vb only/rb that/cs its/pp$ summer/nn guest/nn will/md bite/vb its/pp$ hand/nn when/wrb it/pps goes/vbz to/in the/at Capitol/nn-tl asking/vbg money/nn for/in diplomatic/jj entertaining/vbg expenses/nns abroad/rb or/cc for/in living/vbg expenses/nns for/in its/pp$ diplomats/nns ./.
The/at congressman/nn who/wps ,/, in/in Paris/np ,/, may/md have/hv stuffed/vbn his/pp$ wallet/nn with/in enough/ap franc/nn notes/nns to/to paper/vb the/at roof/nn of/in Notre-Dame/np will/md systematically/rb scream/vb that/cs a/at $200/nns increase/nn in/in entertainment/nn allowance/nn for/in a/at second/od secretary/nn is/bez tantamount/jj to/in debauchery/nn of/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ./.


	In/in the/at matter/nn of/in money/nn State's/nn$-tl most/ql unrelenting/jj watchdog/nn during/in the/at Eisenhower/np years/nns was/bedz Representative/nn-tl John/np J./np Rooney/np ,/, of/in Brooklyn/np ,/, who/wps controlled/vbd the/at purse/nn for/in diplomatic/jj administrative/jj expenses/nns ./.
Diplomats/nns stayed/vbd up/rp nights/nns thinking/vbg of/in ways/nns to/to attain/vb peaceful/jj coexistence/nn ,/, not/* with/in Nikita/np Khrushchev/np ,/, but/cc with/in John/np Rooney/np ./.
Nothing/pn worked/vbd ./.
In/in the/at most/ql confidential/jj whispers/nns ambassadors/nns told/vbd of/in techniques/nns they/ppss had/hvd tried/vbn to/to bring/vb Rooney/np around/rb --/-- friendly/jj persuasion/nn ,/, groveling/vbg abasement/nn ,/, pressure/nn subtly/rb exerted/vbn through/in other/ap powerful/jj congressmen/nns ,/, tales/nns of/in heartbreak/nn and/cc penury/nn among/in a/at threadbare/jj diplomatic/jj corps/nn ./.
Rooney/np remained/vbd untouched/jj ./.


	``/`` The/at trouble/nn ,/, ''/'' explained/vbd Loy/np Henderson/np ,/, then/jj Deputy/jj-tl Undersecretary/nn-tl for/in-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` is/bez that/cs when/wrb we/ppss get/vb into/in an/at argument/nn with/in him/ppo about/in this/dt thing/nn ,/, it/pps always/rb turns/vbz out/rp that/cs Rooney/np knows/vbz more/ap about/in our/pp$ budget/nn than/cs we/ppss do/do ''/'' ./.


	One/cd year/nn the/at Department/nn-tl collected/vbd a/at file/nn of/in case/nn histories/nns to/to document/vb its/pp$ argument/nn that/cs men/nns in/in the/at field/nn were/bed paying/vbg the/at government's/nn$ entertainment/nn bills/nns out/in of/in personal/jj income/nn ./.
News/nn of/in the/at project/nn reached/vbd the/at press/nn ./.
Next/ap day/nn ,/, reports/nns went/vbd through/in the/at Department/nn-tl that/cs Rooney/np had/hvd been/ben outraged/vbn by/in what/wdt he/pps considered/vbd a/at patent/jj attempt/nn to/to put/vb public/jj pressure/nn on/in him/ppo for/in increased/vbn entertainment/nn allowances/nns and/cc had/hvd sworn/vbn an/at oath/nn that/cs ,/, that/dt year/nn ,/, expense/nn allowances/nns would/md not/* rise/vb a/at dollar/nn ./.
They/ppss didn't/dod* ./.


	The/at Department's/nn$-tl constant/jj fight/nn with/in the/at House/nn-tl for/in money/nn is/bez a/at polite/jj minuet/nn compared/vbn with/in its/pp$ periodic/jj bloody/jj engagements/nns with/in the/at Senate/nn-tl ./.
Armed/vbn with/in constitutional/jj power/nn to/to negate/vb the/at Executive's/nn$-tl foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, the/at Senate/nn-tl carries/vbz a/at big/jj stick/nn and/cc is/bez easily/rb provoked/vbn to/to use/vb it/ppo on/in the/at State/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl back/nn ,/, or/cc on/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./.


	With/in its/pp$ power/nn to/to investigate/vb ,/, the/at Senate/nn-tl can/md paralyze/vb the/at Secretary/nn-tl by/in keeping/vbg him/ppo in/in a/at state/nn of/in perpetual/jj testimony/nn before/in committees/nns ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod with/in Dean/np Acheson/np ./.
John/np Foster/np Dulles/np escaped/vbd by/in keeping/vbg his/pp$ personal/jj show/nn on/in the/at road/nn and/cc because/cs Lyndon/np Johnson/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz then/rb operating/vbg the/at Senate/nn-tl ,/, refused/vbd to/to let/vb it/pps become/vb an/at Inquisition/nn-tl ./.
During/in Dulles's/np$ first/od two/cd years/nns in/in office/nn ,/, while/cs Republicans/nps ran/vbd the/at Senate/nn-tl ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl was/bedz at/in the/at mercy/nn of/in men/nns who/wps had/hvd thirsted/vbn for/in its/pp$ blood/nn since/in 1945/cd ./.


	An/at internal/jj police/nn operation/nn managed/vbn by/in Scott/np McLeod/np ,/, a/at former/ap F.B.I./np man/nn installed/vbn as/cs security/nn officer/nn upon/in congressional/jj insistence/nn ,/, was/bedz part/nn of/in the/at vengeance/nn ./.
So/rb was/bedz the/at attack/nn upon/in Charles/np E./np Bohlen/np when/wrb Eisenhower/np appointed/vbd him/ppo Ambassador/nn-tl to/in-tl Moscow/np-tl ./.
The/at principal/jjs mauler/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy/np ./.
Where/wrb Acheson/np had/hvd fought/vbn a/at gallant/jj losing/vbg battle/nn for/in the/at Department/nn-tl ,/, Dulles/np fed/vbd the/at crocodile/nn with/in his/pp$ subordinates/nns ./.
Fretting/vbg privately/rb but/cc eschewing/vbg public/jj defense/nn of/in his/pp$ terrorized/vbn bureaucrats/nns ,/, Dulles/np remained/vbd serene/jj and/cc detached/vbn while/cs the/at hatchet/nn men/nns had/hvd their/pp$ way/nn ./.


	In/in view/nn of/in Eisenhower's/np$ reluctance/nn to/to concede/vb that/cs anything/pn was/bedz amiss/jj in/in the/at Terror/nn-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez doubtful/jj that/cs heroic/jj intervention/nn by/in Dulles/np could/md have/hv produced/vbn anything/pn but/in disaster/nn for/in him/ppo and/cc the/at country's/nn$ foreign/jj policy/nn ./.
In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, the/at example/nn of/in Acheson's/np$ trampling/nn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl did/dod not/* encourage/vb Dulles/np to/to provoke/vb it/ppo ./.
He/pps elected/vbd to/to ``/`` get/vb along/rb ''/'' ./.


	During/in this/dt dark/jj chapter/nn in/in State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl history/nn ,/, men/nns who/wps had/hvd offered/vbn foreign-policy/nn ideas/nns later/rbr proven/vbn wrong/jj by/in events/nns filled/vbd the/at tumbrels/nns sent/vbn up/rp to/in Capitol/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ./.
Their/pp$ old/jj errors/nns of/in judgment/nn were/bed equated/vbn ,/, in/in the/at curious/jj logic/nn of/in the/at time/nn ,/, with/in present/jj treasonous/jj intent/nn ./.
Their/pp$ successors/nns ,/, absorbing/vbg the/at lesson/nn ,/, made/vbd it/ppo a/at point/nn to/to have/hv few/ap ideas/nns ./.


	This/dt ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, brought/vbd a/at new/jj fashion/nn in/in senatorial/jj criticism/nn as/cs the/at Democrats/nps took/vbd control/nn ./.
In/in the/at new/jj style/nn ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl was/bedz berated/vbn as/cs intellectually/rb barren/jj and/cc unable/jj to/to produce/vb the/at vital/jj ideas/nns needed/vbn to/to outwit/vb the/at Russians/nps ./.
For/in three/cd or/cc four/cd years/nns in/in the/at mid-1950's/nns ,/, this/dt complaint/nn was/bedz heard/vbn rumbling/vbg up/rp from/in the/at Senate/nn-tl floor/nn whenever/wrb there/ex was/bedz a/at dull/jj legislative/jj afternoon/nn ./.
It/pps became/vbd smart/jj to/to say/vb that/cs the/at fault/nn was/bedz with/in Dulles/np because/cs he/pps would/md not/* countenance/nn thinking/vbg done/vbn by/in anyone/pn but/in himself/ppl ./.


	An/at equally/rb tenable/jj thesis/nn is/bez that/cs the/at dearth/nn of/in new/jj thought/nn was/bedz created/vbn by/in the/at Senate's/nn$-tl own/jj penchant/nn for/in crucifying/vbg anyone/pn whose/wp$ ideas/nns seem/vb unorthodox/jj to/in the/at next/ap generation/nn ./.



Getting/vbg-hl along/rb-hl with/in-hl foreigners/nns-hl 
there/ex are/ber ninety-eight/cd foreign/jj embassies/nns and/cc legations/nns in/in Washington/np ./.
They/ppss range/vb from/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl Embassy/nn-tl on/in Sixteenth/od-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, a/at gray/jj shuttered/vbn pile/nn suggesting/vbg a/at funeral-accessories/nns display/nn house/nn ,/, to/in what/wdt Congressman/nn-tl Rooney/np has/hvz called/vbn ``/`` that/dt monstrosity/nn on/in Thirty-fourth/od-tl Street/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, the/at modern/jj cement-and-glass/jj chancery/nn of/in the/at Belgians/nps ./.


	Here/rb is/bez the/at world/nn of/in the/at chauffeured/vbn limousine/nn and/cc the/at gossip/nn reporter/nn ,/, of/in caviar/nn on/in stale/jj crackers/nns and/cc the/at warm/jj martini/nn ,/, of/in the/at poseur/nn ,/, the/at spy/nn ,/, the/at party/nn crasher/nn ,/, and/cc the/at patriot/nn ,/, of/in the/at rented/vbn tails/nns ,/, the/at double/jj cross/nn ,/, and/cc the/at tired/vbn Lothario/np ./.


	Into/in its/pp$ chanceries/nns each/dt day/nn pour/vb reports/nns from/in ministries/nns around/in the/at earth/nn and/cc an/at endless/jj stream/nn of/in home-office/nn instructions/nns on/in how/wrb to/to handle/vb Uncle/nn-tl Sam/np in/in an/at infinite/jj variety/nn of/in contingencies/nns ./.
Here/rb are/ber hatched/vbn plans/nns for/in getting/vbg a/at share/nn of/in the/at American/jj bounty/nn ,/, the/at secret/nn of/in the/at anti-missile/jj missile/nn ,/, or/cc an/at invitation/nn to/in dinner/nn ./.
Out/in of/in it/ppo each/dt week/nn go/vb hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in words/nns purporting/vbg to/to inform/vb home/nn ministries/nns about/in what/wdt is/bez really/rb happening/vbg inside/in Washington/np ./.
Some/dti ,/, like/cs the/at British/nps and/cc the/at French/nps ,/, maintain/vb an/at elaborate/jj system/nn of/in personal/jj contacts/nns and/cc have/hv experts/nns constantly/rb studying/vbg special/jj areas/nns of/in the/at American/jj scene/nn ./.
Other/ap embassies/nns cable/vb home/nr The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl without/in changing/vbg a/at comma/nn ./.


	Each/dt has/hvz its/pp$ peculiar/jj style/nn ./.
The/at Soviet/nn-tl Embassy/nn-tl is/bez popularly/rb regarded/vbn as/cs Russian/jj espionage/nn headquarters/nn ./.
When/wrb Ambassador/nn-tl Mikhail/np Menshikov/np took/vbd it/ppo over/rp in/in 1957/cd from/in Georgi/np Zaroubin/np ,/, he/pps made/vbd a/at determined/vbn effort/nn to/to change/vb this/dt idea/nn ./.
Menshikov/np hit/vbd Washington/np with/in a/at TV/nn announcer's/nn$ grin/nn and/cc a/at hearty/jj handclasp/nn ./.
To/in everyone's/pn$ astonishment/nn he/pps seemed/vbd no/ql more/rbr like/cs the/at run-of-the-mine/jj Russian/jj ambassador/nn than/cs George/np Babbitt/np was/bedz like/cs Fyodor/np Pavlovitch/np Karamazov/np ./.


	Where/wrb his/pp$ predecessors/nns had/hvd glowered/vbn ,/, Menshikov/np smiled/vbd ./.
Where/wrb they/ppss had/hvd affected/vbn the/at bleak/jj social/jj style/nn of/in embalmers'/nns$ assistants/nns ,/, Menshikov/np went/vbd abroad/rb gorgeous/jj in/in white/jj tie/nn and/cc tails/nns ./.
Overnight/rb he/pps became/vbd the/at most/ql available/jj man/nn in/in Washington/np ./.
Speeches/nns by/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl ambassador/nn became/vbd the/at vogue/nn as/cs he/pps obliged/vbd rural/jj Maryland/np Rotarians/nps and/cc National/jj-tl Press/nn-tl Club/nn-tl alike/rb ./.
In/in Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy's/np$ phrase/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at most/ql unheard-of/jj thing/nn ever/rb heard/vbn of/in ./.
A/at newspaperman/nn who/wps met/vbd him/ppo at/in a/at reception/nn swore/vbd that/cs he/pps asked/vbd Menshikov/np :/: ``/`` What/wdt should/md we/ppss call/vb you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
And/cc that/cs Menshikov/np replied/vbd :/: ``/`` Just/rb call/vb me/ppo Mike/np ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Smilin'/vbg-tl Mike/np-tl ''/'' was/bedz the/at sobriquet/nn Washington/np gave/vbd him/ppo ./.
His/pp$ English/np was/bedz usable/jj and/cc he/pps used/vbd it/ppo fearlessly/rb ./.
Toasting/vbg in/in champagne/nn one/cd night/nn at/in the/at embassy/nn ,/, he/pps hoisted/vbd his/pp$ glass/nn to/in a/at senator's/nn$ wife/nn and/cc gaily/rb cried/vbd :/: ``/`` Up/in your/pp$ bottom/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
For/in a/at few/ap giddy/jj months/nns that/dt coincided/vbd with/in one/cd of/in Moscow's/np$ smiling/vbg moods/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at sensation/nn of/in Washington/np ./.
At/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, hard-bitten/jj Russian/jj experts/nns complained/vbd that/cs the/at Capitol/nn-tl was/bedz out/in of/in its/pp$ wits/nns ./.
Newspaper/nn punditry/nn was/bedz inspired/vbn to/to remind/vb everyone/pn that/cs Judas/np ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd been/ben able/jj to/to smile/vb ./.


	The/at Menshikov/np interlude/nn ended/vbd as/cs larks/nns with/in the/at Russians/nps usually/rb end/vb ./.
Finding/vbg peaceful/jj coexistence/nn temporarily/rb unsuitable/jj because/rb of/in domestic/jj politics/nn ,/, Moscow/np resumed/vbd scowling/vbg and/cc ``/`` Smilin'/vbg-tl Mike/np-tl ''/'' dropped/vbd quietly/rb out/in of/in the/at press/nn except/in for/in an/at occasional/jj story/nn reporting/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben stoned/vbn somewhere/rb in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl West/nr-tl ./.


	The/at most/ql inscrutable/jj embassies/nns are/ber the/at Arabs'/nps$ ,/, and/cc the/at most/ql inscrutable/jj of/in the/at Arabs/nps are/ber the/at Saudi/np Arabians/nps ./.
When/wrb King/nn-tl Saud/np visited/vbd Washington/np ,/, the/at overwhelming/jj question/nn consuming/vbg the/at press/nn was/bedz the/at size/nn of/in his/pp$ family/nn ./.
Rumor/nn had/hvd it/ppo that/cs his/pp$ children/nns numbered/vbd in/in the/at hundreds/nns ./.
The/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl was/bedz little/ap help/nn on/in this/dt ,/, or/cc on/in much/ap else/rb about/in Saudi/np Arabia/np ./.
A/at reporter/nn who/wps consulted/vbd a/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl Information/nn-tl officer/nn for/in routine/jj vital/jj statistics/nns got/vbd nowhere/rb until/cs the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl man/nn produced/vbd from/in his/pp$ bottom/jj desk/nn drawer/nn a/at brochure/nn published/vbn by/in the/at Arabian-American/jj-tl Oil/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ./.
``/`` This/dt is/bez where/wrb I/ppss get/vb my/pp$ information/nn from/in ''/'' ,/, he/pps confided/vbd ./.
``/`` But/cc bring/vb it/ppo right/ql back/rb ./.
It's/pps+bez the/at only/ap copy/nn I've/ppss+hv got/vbn ''/'' ./.


	The/at size/nn of/in Saud's/np$ family/nn was/bedz still/rb being/beg debated/vbn when/wrb the/at King/nn-tl appeared/vbd for/in his/pp$ first/od meeting/nn with/in Eisenhower/np ./.
When/wrb it/pps ended/vbd ,/, a/at dusky/jj sheik/nn in/in desert/nn robes/nns flowed/vbd into/in Hagerty's/np$ office/nn to/to report/vb on/in the/at interview/nn ./.
The/at massed/vbn reporters/nns brushed/vbd aside/rb the/at customary/jj bromides/nns about/in Saudi-American/jj friendship/nn to/to bore/vb in/rp on/in the/at central/jj question/nn ./.
How/wql many/ap children/nns did/dod the/at King/nn-tl have/hv ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Twenty-one/cd ''/'' ,/, replied/vbd the/at sheik/nn ./.


	And/cc how/wql many/ap of/in these/dts were/bed sons/nns ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Twenty-five/cd ''/'' ,/, the/at sheik/nn replied/vbd ./.


	``/`` Do/do you/ppss mean/vb to/to tell/vb us/ppo ''/'' ,/, a/at reporter/nn asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs the/at King/nn-tl has/hvz twenty-one/cd children/nns ,/, twenty-five/cd of/in whom/wpo are/ber sons/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	The/at sheik/nn smiled/vbd and/cc murmured/vbd :/: ``/`` That/dt is/bez precisely/ql correct/jj ''/'' ./.


	The/at Egyptians/nps are/ber noted/vbn for/in elusiveness/nn of/in language/nn ./.
When/wrb Dag/np Hammarskjold/np was/bedz negotiating/vbg the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl peace/nn after/in Israel's/np$ 1956/cd invasion/nn of/in Egypt/np ,/, he/pps soon/rb found/vbd himself/ppl speaking/vbg the/at mysterious/jj phrases/nns of/in Cairo/np ,/, a/at language/nn as/ql anarchic/jj as/cs Casey/np Stengel's/np$ ./.
The/at reports/nns of/in President/nn-tl Nasser's/np$ pledges/nns which/wdt Hammarskjold/np was/bedz relaying/vbg from/in Cairo/np to/in Washington/np became/vbd increasingly/ql incomprehensible/jj to/in other/ap diplomats/nns ,/, including/in the/at Israeli/jj-tl Foreign/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl ,/, Mrs./np Golda/np Meir/np ./.
Finally/rb he/pps reported/vbd that/cs Nasser/np was/bedz ready/jj to/to make/vb a/at concrete/jj commitment/nn in/in return/nn for/in Israeli/jj concessions/nns ./.

The/at deep/jj water/nn is/bez used/vbn by/in many/ap people/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez always/rb clean/jj ,/, for/cs the/at washing/nn is/bez done/vbn outside/rb ./.
I/ppss know/vb now/rb why/wrb our/pp$ Japanese/jj friends/nns were/bed surprised/vbn when/wrb they/ppss walked/vbd into/in our/pp$ bathroom/nn ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, most/ap toilets/nns are/ber Eastern/jj-tl style/nn --/-- at/in floor/nn level/nn --/-- but/cc even/rb when/wrb they/ppss are/ber raised/vbn to/in chair/nn height/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber actually/rb outside/jj toilets/nns --/-- inside/rb ./.
A/at few/ap newer/jjr homes/nns have/hv Western/jj-tl flush/nn toilets/nns ,/, but/cc even/rb with/in running/vbg water/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber usually/rb Eastern/jj-tl style/nn ./.


	The/at next/ap day/nn I/ppss visited/vbd International/jj-tl Christian/jj-tl College/nn-tl which/wdt has/hvz developed/vbn since/in the/at war/nn under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in people/nns who/wps were/bed interned/vbn and/cc who/wps know/vb Japan/np well/rb ./.
They/ppss are/ber trying/vbg to/to demonstrate/vb some/dti different/jj ways/nns of/in teaching/vbg and/cc learning/vbg ./.
The/at library/nn has/hvz open/jj shelves/nns even/rb in/in the/at unbound/vbn periodical/nn stockroom/nn ./.
Spiritual/jj life/nn is/bez cultivated/vbn ,/, but/cc students/nns do/do not/* need/vb to/to be/be Christian/np ./.
They/ppss have/hv an/at enviable/jj record/nn of/in being/beg able/jj to/to place/vb in/in employment/nn 100%/nn of/in their/pp$ graduates/nns ./.


	In/in the/at afternoon/nn Miss/np Hosaka/np and/cc her/pp$ mother/nn invited/vbd me/ppo to/to go/vb with/in them/ppo and/cc young/jj Mrs./np Kodama/np to/to see/vb the/at famous/jj Spring/nn-tl dances/nns of/in the/at Geisha/np dancers/nns ./.
Mrs./np Hosaka/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at Japanese/jj women/nns one/pn reads/vbz about/in --/-- beautiful/jj ,/, artistically/rb talented/jj ,/, an/at artful/jj manager/nn of/in her/pp$ big/jj household/nn --/-- (/( four/cd boys/nns and/cc four/cd girls/nns )/) ,/, and/cc yet/rb looking/vbg like/cs a/at pampered/vbn ,/, gentle/jj Japanese/jj woman/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz a/at real/jj experience/nn !/. !/.
The/at dances/nns were/bed as/ql beautiful/jj as/cs anything/pn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb seen/vbn --/-- they/ppss rival/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Rockettes/nps-tl for/in scenery/nn and/cc precision/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs imagination/nn ./.


	Because/cs Don/np was/bedz leaving/vbg the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, I/ppss spent/vbd the/at evening/nn with/in him/ppo at/in Asia/np-tl Center/nn-tl ./.
The/at following/vbg morning/nn Mr./np Morikawa/np called/vbd for/in me/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss went/vbd to/to visit/vb schools/nns --/-- kindergarten/nn ,/, middle-school/nn ,/, elementary/jj school/nn ,/, and/cc high/jj school/nn --/-- Mr./np Yoshimoto's/np$ school/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez much/ql more/ap freedom/nn in/in the/at schools/nns here/rb than/cs I/ppss expected/vbd --/-- some/dti think/vb too/ql much/ap ./.


	There/ex is/bez a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in thought/nn being/beg given/vbn to/in the/at question/nn of/in moral/jj education/nn in/in the/at schools/nns ./.
With/in the/at loss/nn of/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl diety/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, the/at people/nns are/ber left/vbn in/in confusion/nn with/in no/at God/np or/cc moral/jj teachings/nns that/wps have/hv strength/nn ./.
The/at older/jjr parents/nns continued/vbd to/to teach/vb their/pp$ children/nns traditional/jj principles/nns ,/, but/cc the/at younger/jjr people/nns ,/, who/wps have/hv lost/vbn all/abn faith/nn and/cc convictions/nns ,/, are/ber now/rb parents/nns ./.
There/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be no/at purpose/nn in/in life/nn that/wps is/bez sure/jj --/-- no/at certain/jj guiding/vbg principles/nns to/to give/vb stability/nn ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, money/nn is/bez spent/vbn quickly/rb and/cc freely/rb ,/, with/in no/at thought/nn of/in its/pp$ value/nn ./.
Gambling/vbg is/bez everywhere/nn ,/, especially/rb among/in students/nns ./.
Parents/nns indulge/vb their/pp$ children/nns ./.


	The/at government/nn has/hvz recognized/vbn the/at dilemma/nn and/cc is/bez beginning/vbg to/to devise/vb some/dti moral/jj education/nn for/in the/at schools/nns --/-- but/cc the/at teachers/nns often/rb have/hv no/at firm/jj conviction/nn and/cc are/ber confused/vbn ./.
I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez quite/ql likely/jj that/cs Japanese/jj soldiers/nns would/md not/* fight/vb again/rb --/-- for/cs why/wrb should/md they/ppss ?/. ?/.
It/pps will/md be/be painful/jj ,/, but/cc interesting/jj ,/, to/to see/vb what/wdt kind/nn of/in a/at god/nn these/dts people/nns will/md create/vb or/cc what/wdt strong/jj convictions/nns they/ppss will/md develop/vb ./.


	In/in the/at evening/nn the/at former/ap Oregon/np-tl State/nn-tl science/nn teachers/nns met/vbd for/in dinner/nn at/in the/at New/jj-tl Tokyo/np-tl Restaurant/nn-tl where/wrb I/ppss had/hvd my/pp$ first/od raw/jj fish/nn and/cc found/vbd it/ppo good/jj ./.
They/ppss suggested/vbd several/ap new/jj foods/nns ,/, and/cc usually/rb I/ppss found/vbd them/ppo good/jj ,/, except/in the/at sweets/nns ,/, which/wdt I/ppss think/vb I/ppss could/md learn/vb to/to like/vb ./.
Six/cd of/in the/at science/nn teachers/nns were/bed present/rb ,/, and/cc we/ppss had/hvd great/jj fun/nn ./.



Kyoto/np-hl 
After/in a/at day/nn at/in Nikko/np ,/, Mrs./np Kodama/np put/vbd me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn for/in Kyoto/np ./.
My/pp$ instructions/nns were/bed that/cs Mr./np Nishimo/np would/md meet/vb me/ppo at/in the/at hotel/nn ,/, but/cc instead/rb he/pps and/cc three/cd others/nns were/bed at/in the/at station/nn with/in a/at very/ql warm/jj welcome/nn ./.
My/pp$ hotel/nn rooms/nns on/in the/at trip/nn were/bed arranged/vbn by/in Masu/np and/cc the/at Japan/np-tl Travel/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl and/cc were/bed more/ql elegant/jj than/cs I/ppss would/md have/hv chosen/vbn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz fun/nn for/in once/rb to/to be/be elegant/jj --/-- I/ppss did/dod explain/vb to/in the/at students/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs this/dt was/bedz not/* my/pp$ usual/jj style/nn ,/, for/cs their/pp$ salaries/nns are/ber very/ql small/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps seemed/vbd out/in of/in place/nn for/cs me/ppo to/to be/be housed/vbn so/ql well/rb ./.
They/ppss understood/vbd and/cc teased/vbd me/ppo a/at bit/nn about/in it/ppo ./.


	I/ppss think/vb I/ppss would/md have/hv been/ben much/ql disappointed/vbn in/in Japan/np if/cs I/ppss had/hvd not/* seen/vbn Kyoto/np ,/, Nara/np ,/, and/cc Hiroshima/np ./.
Kyoto/np is/bez the/at ancient/jj capital/nn of/in Japan/np and/cc still/rb its/pp$ cultural/jj center/nn ./.
It/pps ,/, along/rb with/in Nara/np ,/, was/bedz untouched/jj by/in the/at war/nn --/-- and/cc is/bez now/rb a/at beautiful/jj example/nn of/in the/at loveliness/nn of/in prewar/jj Japan/np ./.
Here/rb I/ppss was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in Mrs./np Okamoto/np (/( Fumio's/np$ mother/nn )/) ,/, her/pp$ son/nn ,/, Mr./np Washizu/np (/( a/at prospective/jj student/nn with/in whom/wpo I/ppss have/hv been/ben corresponding/vbg for/in more/ap than/in a/at year/nn )/) ,/, and/cc Mr./np Nishima/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at science/nn teachers/nns ./.
I/ppss arrived/vbd at/in 7:00/cd a.m./rb and/cc by/in 9:00/cd a.m./rb I/ppss had/hvd finished/vbn breakfast/nn and/cc was/bedz on/in my/pp$ way/nn to/to see/vb what/wdt they/ppss had/hvd planned/vbn ./.
We/ppss walked/vbd miles/nns and/cc saw/vbd various/jj shrines/nns and/cc gardens/nns ./.
We/ppss visited/vbd the/at Okamoto/np home/nn --/-- where/wrb for/in the/at first/od time/nn I/ppss saw/vbd the/at famous/jj tea/nn ceremony/nn ./.
At/in 6:00/cd p.m./rb we/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at Kyoto/np-tl Spring/nn-tl dances/nns at/in the/at place/nn where/wrb these/dts beautiful/jj dances/nns originated/vbd ./.
They/ppss were/bed even/rb better/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in Tokyo/np --/-- more/ql spectacular/jj and/cc more/ql imaginative/jj ./.


	After/in a/at supper/nn of/in unagi/fw-nn (/( rice/nn with/in eel/nn --/-- eel/nn which/wdt is/bez raised/vbn in/in an/at ice-cold/jj pond/nn at/in the/at foot/nn of/in Mt./nn-tl Fuji/np )/) ,/, I/ppss returned/vbd to/in my/pp$ beautiful/jj room/nn to/to sleep/vb as/ql hard/rb as/cs possible/jj to/to be/be ready/jj for/in another/dt busy/jj day/nn ./.
We/ppss started/vbd at/in 9/cd a.m./rb to/to visit/vb the/at Kyoto/np-tl University/nn-tl where/wrb Mr./np Washizu/np is/bez attending/vbg ./.
I/ppss was/bedz amazed/vbn at/in the/at very/ql poor/jj hospital/nn facilities/nns accompanying/vbg the/at medical/jj school/nn ./.
They/ppss apologized/vbd for/in the/at condition/nn ,/, including/in dirt/nn and/cc flies/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss was/bedz a/at little/ap at/in a/at loss/nn to/to know/vb what/wdt to/to say/vb ./.
There/ex seemed/vbd to/to be/be no/at excuse/nn ?/. ?/.
I/ppss don't/do* have/hv the/at answer/nn yet/rb ./.


	We/ppss had/hvd tea/nn at/in Mr./np Washizu's/np$ home/nn where/wrb I/ppss learned/vbd that/cs he/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, comes/vbz from/in a/at very/ql wealthy/jj family/nn ./.
His/pp$ grandfather/nn is/bez a/at Buddhist/jj-tl priest/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc he/pps ,/, being/beg the/at eldest/jjt ,/, was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be a/at priest/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps chose/vbd to/to do/do differently/rb ,/, and/cc one/cd of/in his/pp$ brothers/nns is/bez to/to become/vb the/at priest/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at significant/jj fact/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, for/cs only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb he/pps would/md have/hv had/hvn no/at choice/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ big/jj home/nn live/vb four/cd families/nns and/cc thirty/cd people/nns ,/, so/rb it/pps needs/vbz to/to be/be big/jj ./.
Also/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber housed/vbn here/rb some/dti priceless/jj historical/jj treasures/nns from/in 400/cd to/in 600/cd years/nns old/jj --/-- paintings/nns ,/, lacquer/nn ,/, brocade/nn ,/, etc./rb ./.
He/pps had/hvd displayed/vbn more/ap of/in them/ppo than/cs usual/jj so/cs that/cs I/ppss could/md enjoy/vb them/ppo ./.
About/rb 100/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj items/nns he/pps had/hvd already/rb given/vbn to/in the/at museum/nn ./.
The/at house/nn itself/ppl is/bez 400/cd years/nns old/jj with/in all/abn the/at craftsmanship/nn of/in older/jjr ,/, less-hurried/jj times/nns ./.



Nara/np-hl ,/,-hl Osaka/np-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl Hiroshima/np-hl 
Mr./np Nishima/np went/vbd with/in me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn to/in Nara/np ./.
We/ppss passed/vbd his/pp$ house/nn and/cc school/nn on/in the/at way/nn ./.
In/in Nara/np I/ppss stayed/vbd at/in the/at hotel/nn where/wrb the/at Prince/nn-tl and/cc Princess/nn-tl had/hvd stayed/vbn on/in their/pp$ honeymoon/nn ./.
A/at new/jj red/jj carpet/nn had/hvd been/ben laid/vbn for/in their/pp$ coming/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss walked/vbd on/in it/ppo ,/, too/rb ./.
Here/rb Mr./np Yoneda/np met/vbd us/ppo after/in a/at three-hour/jj train/nn trip/nn from/in the/at town/nn where/wrb he/pps teaches/vbz ./.
Even/rb though/cs we/ppss had/hvd walked/vbn miles/nns in/in Kyoto/np that/dt day/nn ,/, we/ppss started/vbd out/rp again/rb to/to see/vb Nara/np at/in night/nn ./.


	In/in the/at evening/nn both/abx of/in the/at men/nns went/vbd with/in me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn 30/cd miles/nns to/in Osaka/np to/to put/vb me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn for/in Hiroshima/np ./.
Again/rb the/at plan/nn was/bedz for/cs me/ppo to/to go/vb alone/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss wouldn't/md* let/vb me/ppo ./.
At/in Osaka/np ,/, Mr./np Yoneda/np had/hvd to/to leave/vb us/ppo to/to get/vb the/at train/nn to/in his/pp$ home/nn ,/, but/cc Mr./np Nishima/np and/cc I/ppss had/hvd an/at hour/nn and/cc a/at half/abn before/in train/nn time/nn to/to see/vb Osaka/np at/in night/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at second/od largest/jjt city/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, with/in about/rb four/cd million/cd people/nns ./.
One/cd spot/nn in/in Osaka/np I/ppss shall/md always/rb remember/vb --/-- the/at bridge/nn where/wrb we/ppss stood/vbd to/to watch/vb the/at reflections/nns of/in the/at elaborate/jj neon/nn signs/nns in/in the/at still/jj waters/nns of/in the/at river/nn ./.
In/in the/at midst/nn of/in a/at great/jj busy/jj city/nn ,/, people/nns take/vb time/nn to/to enjoy/vb the/at beauty/nn of/in natural/jj reflection/nn of/in artificial/jj light/nn ./.


	My/pp$ train/nn arrived/vbd in/in Hiroshima/np at/in the/at awful/jj hour/nn of/in 4:45/cd a.m./rb ./.
I/ppss had/hvd planned/vbn to/to go/vb to/in the/at hotel/nn by/in taxi/nn and/cc sleep/vb a/at little/ap ,/, after/in which/wdt Mr./np Uno/np would/md arrive/vb and/cc pilot/vb me/ppo around/rb ./.
But/cc there/rb he/pps was/bedz at/in the/at train/nn with/in an/at Oregon/np-tl State/nn-tl pennant/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn ./.


	I/ppss know/vb now/rb why/wrb the/at students/nns insisted/vbd that/cs I/ppss go/vb to/in Hiroshima/np even/rb when/wrb I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo I/ppss didn't/dod* want/vb to/to ./.
They/ppss knew/vbd that/cs I/ppss was/bedz still/rb grieving/vbg over/in the/at tragic/jj event/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss felt/vbd that/cs if/cs I/ppss could/md see/vb the/at recovery/nn and/cc the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, who/wps hold/vb no/at grudge/nn ,/, but/cc who/wps also/rb regret/vb Pearl/nn-tl Harbor/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss would/md be/be happier/jjr and/cc would/md understand/vb better/rbr a/at new/jj Japan/np ./.
There/ex were/bed no/at words/nns to/to say/vb this/dt but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at need/nn ./.


	The/at teachers/nns of/in Mr./np Uno's/np$ school/nn gave/vbd me/ppo a/at small/jj gift/nn to/to thank/vb me/ppo for/in coming/vbg ./.
Hiroshima/np is/bez a/at better/jjr city/nn than/cs it/pps was/bedz before/rb --/-- in/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at people/nns I/ppss met/vbd was/bedz a/at strong/jj determination/nn for/in peace/nn and/cc understanding/vbg ./.
I/ppss was/bedz grateful/jj for/in their/pp$ insight/nn into/in my/pp$ need/nn for/in this/dt experience/nn ./.
A/at better/jjr world/nn may/md yet/rb come/vb out/in of/in Hiroshima/np ./.



Tokyo/np-hl 
On/in arriving/vbg in/in Tokyo/np later/rbr we/ppss were/bed met/vbn by/in Masu/np who/wps took/vbd us/ppo immediately/rb to/in her/pp$ university/nn ,/, the/at Japanese/jj-tl Women's/nns$-tl University/nn-tl ./.
This/dt day/nn was/bedz ``/`` Open/jj-tl House/nn-tl for/in Parents/nns-tl ''/'' day/nn ,/, and/cc the/at girls/nns were/bed busy/jj preparing/vbg exhibits/nns and/cc arranging/vbg tea/nn tables/nns ./.
Everything/pn was/bedz in/in an/at exciting/jj turmoil/nn --/-- full/jj of/in anticipation/nn and/cc fun/nn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz thrilling/jj to/to see/vb the/at effect/nn of/in an/at American-trained/jj teacher/nn on/in Japanese/jj students/nns in/in a/at class/nn in/in Home/nn-tl Planning/vbg-tl ./.
Our/pp$ Masu/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap architects/nns in/in Japan/np who/wps is/bez trying/vbg to/to plan/vb homes/nns around/in family/nn functions/nns and/cc women's/nns$ needs/nns ./.
I/ppss am/bem told/vbn the/at time/nn will/md soon/rb come/vb when/wrb women/nns will/md find/vb it/ppo necessary/jj to/to do/do most/ap of/in their/pp$ own/jj work/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb now/rb it/pps is/bez important/jj to/to have/hv conveniences/nns for/in the/at use/nn of/in servants/nns ./.
Many/ap of/in the/at features/nns of/in the/at homes/nns are/ber the/at latest/jjt modern/jj devices/nns in/in American/jj homes/nns ,/, but/cc an/at interesting/jj blend/nn of/in cultures/nns finds/vbz us/ppo using/vbg Japanese/jj artfulness/nn in/in our/pp$ own/jj Western/jj-tl architecture/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs the/at Japanese/nps are/ber adopting/vbg Western/jj-tl utility/nn patterns/nns ./.


	At/in this/dt Women's/nns$-tl University/nn-tl we/ppss find/vb a/at monument/nn to/in a/at courageous/jj family/nn who/wps believed/vbd that/cs Japanese/jj women/nns also/rb should/md be/be educated/vbn ./.
Even/rb today/nr there/ex are/ber some/dti doubts/nns about/in the/at value/nn of/in education/nn for/in Japanese/jj women/nns ,/, but/cc this/dt University/nn-tl continues/vbz to/to grow/vb and/cc to/to send/vb its/pp$ students/nns out/rp into/in the/at community/nn ./.
Active/jj alumnae/nns have/hv built/vbn a/at fine/jj building/nn on/in the/at campus/nn where/wrb members/nns can/md come/vb and/cc stay/vb for/in a/at few/ap days/nns or/cc longer/rbr and/cc where/wrb they/ppss can/md have/hv their/pp$ social/jj gatherings/nns and/cc professional/jj meetings/nns ./.
As/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss am/bem concerned/vbn there/ex is/bez continuous/jj piling/vbg up/rp of/in evidence/nn that/cs the/at creative/jj fresh/jj ideas/nns which/wdt are/ber needed/vbn in/in the/at world/nn are/ber going/vbg to/to be/be found/vbn by/in educated/vbn women/nns unafraid/jj to/to break/vb traditions/nns ./.


	Masu/np is/bez also/rb teaching/vbg in/in a/at municipally-sponsored/jj school/nn for/in Japanese/jj widows/nns in/in Tokyo/np ./.
Here/rb the/at women/nns learn/vb to/to keep/vb house/nn as/cs maids/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss become/vb skilled/jj in/in cooking/vbg and/cc cleaning/vbg and/cc in/in receiving/vbg guests/nns ./.
They/ppss learn/vb how/wrb to/to take/vb care/nn of/in children/nns and/cc sick/jj members/nns of/in the/at family/nn ./.
They/ppss have/hv model/nn kitchens/nns ,/, a/at sick/jj room/nn with/in a/at model/nn patient/nn in/in bed/nn ,/, and/cc a/at nursery/nn with/in a/at life-like/jj doll/nn ./.
Although/cs the/at training/nn is/bez only/rb for/in one/cd month/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez intensive/jj and/cc thorough/jj ./.
Graduates/nns of/in this/dt maid's/nn$ school/nn are/ber much/rb in/in demand/nn and/cc can/md always/rb find/vb work/nn immediately/rb ./.
Occasionally/rb they/ppss return/vb for/in additional/jj training/nn ./.
Masu's/np$ home/nn economics/nn training/nn comes/vbz into/in play/nn as/cs she/pps designs/vbz cupboards/nns along/in modern/jj functional/jj lines/nns for/in the/at storage/nn of/in cleaning/vbg materials/nns ./.
Masu/np also/rb uses/vbz the/at training/nn she/pps got/vbd in/in an/at American/jj home/nn where/wrb she/pps learned/vbd to/to polish/vb furniture/nn ,/, clean/vb corners/nns ,/, and/cc work/vb effectively/rb in/in keeping/vbg a/at shiny/jj house/nn ./.
Her/pp$ education/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, not/* just/rb in/in a/at classroom/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb in/in an/at American/jj house/nn with/in an/at American/jj housekeeper/nn ,/, stands/vbz her/ppo in/in good/jj stead/nn ./.



University/nn-tl-hl of/in-hl Tokyo/np-hl 
After/in a/at fine/jj luncheon/nn in/in the/at cafeteria/nn ,/, the/at kitchen/nn of/in which/wdt Masu/np had/hvd planned/vbn ,/, Mr./np Washizu/np and/cc I/ppss left/vbd to/to meet/vb representatives/nns of/in the/at USIS/nn for/in a/at visit/nn to/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Tokyo/np-tl ./.
Here/rb again/rb it/pps was/bedz vacation/nn time/nn and/cc there/ex were/bed many/ap things/nns I/ppss could/md not/* see/vb ,/, but/cc I/ppss was/bedz able/jj to/to visit/vb with/in a/at professor/nn who/wps is/bez famous/jj in/in Japanese/jj circles/nns and/cc be/be guided/vbn through/in the/at grounds/nns by/in his/pp$ assistant/nn ./.

The/at achievement/nn of/in the/at desegregation/nn of/in certain/jj lunch/nn counters/nns not/* only/rb by/in wise/jj action/nn by/in local/jj community/nn leaders/nns but/cc by/in voluntary/jj action/nn following/vbg consultation/nn between/in Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Rogers/np and/cc the/at heads/nns of/in certain/jj national/jj chain/nn stores/nns should/md ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, be/be applauded/vbn ./.
But/cc for/cs it/ppo to/to be/be just/jj to/to attain/vb this/dt same/ap result/nn by/in means/nn of/in the/at force/nn of/in a/at boycott/nn throughout/in the/at nation/nn would/md require/vb the/at verification/nn of/in facts/nns contrary/jj to/in those/dts assumed/vbn in/in the/at foregoing/vbg case/nn ./.
The/at suppositions/nns in/in the/at previous/jj illustration/nn might/md be/be sufficiently/rb altered/vbn by/in establishing/vbg a/at connection/nn between/in general/jj company/nn practice/nn and/cc local/jj practice/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, and/cc by/in establishing/vbg such/jj direct/jj connection/nn between/in the/at practice/nn and/cc the/at economic/jj well-being/nn of/in stores/nns located/vbn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl and/cc general/jj company/nn policy/nn ./.
Then/rb the/at boycott/nn would/md not/* be/be secondary/jj ,/, but/cc a/at primary/jj one/cd ./.
It/pps would/md be/be directed/vbn against/in the/at actual/jj location/nn of/in the/at unjust/jj policy/nn which/wdt ,/, for/in love's/nn$ sake/nn and/cc for/in the/at sake/nn of/in justice/nn ,/, must/md be/be removed/vbn ,/, and/cc ,/, indivisible/jj from/in this/dt ,/, to/in the/at economic/jj injury/nn of/in the/at people/nns directly/rb and/cc objectively/rb a/at part/nn of/in this/dt policy/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb this/dt would/md be/be sufficient/jj to/to justify/vb an/at economic/jj boycott/nn of/in an/at entire/jj national/jj chain/nn in/in order/nn ,/, by/in threatening/vbg potential/jj injury/nn to/in its/pp$ entire/jj economy/nn ,/, to/to effect/vb an/at alteration/nn of/in the/at policy/nn of/in its/pp$ local/jj stores/nns in/in the/at matter/nn of/in segregation/nn ./.
Such/abl a/at general/jj boycott/nn might/md still/rb be/be a/at blunt/jj or/cc indiscriminating/jj instrument/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb of/in questionable/jj justification/nn ./.
Action/nn located/vbn where/wrb the/at evil/nn is/bez concentrated/vbn will/md prove/vb most/ql decisive/jj and/cc is/bez most/ql clearly/rb legitimate/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, prudence/nn alone/rb would/md indicate/vb that/cs ,/, unless/cs the/at local/jj customs/nns are/ber already/rb ready/jj to/to fall/vb when/wrb pushed/vbn ,/, the/at results/nns of/in direct/jj economic/jj action/nn everywhere/rb upon/in national/jj chain/nn stores/nns will/md likely/rb be/be simply/rb to/to give/vb undue/jj advantage/nn to/in local/jj and/cc state/nn stores/nns which/wdt conform/vb to/in these/dts customs/nns ,/, leading/vbg to/in greater/jjr decentralization/nn and/cc local/jj autonomy/nn within/in the/at company/nn ,/, or/cc even/rb (/( as/cs the/at final/jj self-defeat/nn of/in an/at unjust/jj application/nn of/in economic/jj pressure/nn to/to correct/vb injustice/nn )/) to/in its/pp$ going/vbg out/in of/in business/nn in/in certain/jj sections/nns of/in the/at country/nn (/( as/cs ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, the/at Quakers/nps ,/, who/wps once/rb had/hvd many/ap meetings/nns in/in the/at pre-Civil/jj War/nn-tl South/nr-tl ,/, largely/rb went/vbd out/in of/in business/nn in/in that/dt part/nn of/in the/at country/nn over/in the/at slavery/nn issue/nn ,/, never/rb to/to recover/vb a/at large/jj number/nn of/in southern/jj adherents/nns )/) ./.


	In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, anyone/pn who/wps fails/vbz to/to make/vb significant/jj distinction/nn between/in primary/jj and/cc secondary/jj applications/nns of/in economic/jj pressure/nn would/md in/in principle/nn already/rb have/hv justified/vbn that/dt use/nn of/in economic/jj boycott/nn as/cs a/at means/nn which/wdt broke/vbd out/rp a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb or/cc was/bedz skillfully/rb organized/vbn by/in White/jj-tl Citizens'/nns$-tl Councils/nns-tl in/in the/at entire/jj state/nn of/in Mississippi/np against/in every/at local/jj Philco/np dealer/nn in/in that/dt state/nn ,/, in/in protest/nn against/in a/at Philco-sponsored/jj program/nn over/in a/at national/jj TV/nn network/nn on/in which/wdt was/bedz presented/vbn a/at drama/nn showing/vbg ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd ,/, a/at ``/`` high/jj yellow/jj gal/nn ''/'' smooching/vbg with/in a/at white/jj man/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs the/at end/nn or/cc objective/nn of/in this/dt action/nn was/bedz different/jj ./.
But/cc since/cs this/dt is/bez a/at world/nn in/in which/wdt people/nns disagree/vb about/in ends/nns and/cc goals/nns and/cc concerning/in justice/nn and/cc injustice/nn ,/, and/cc since/cs ,/, in/in a/at situation/nn where/wrb direct/jj action/nn and/cc economic/jj pressure/nn are/ber called/vbn for/in ,/, the/at justice/nn of/in the/at matter/nn has/hvz either/cc not/* been/ben clearly/rb defined/vbn by/in law/nn or/cc the/at law/nn is/bez not/* effectively/rb present/rb ,/, there/ex has/hvz to/to be/be a/at morality/nn of/in means/nn applied/vbn in/in every/at case/nn in/in which/wdt people/nns take/vb it/ppo upon/in themselves/ppls to/to use/vb economic/jj pressures/nns or/cc other/ap forms/nns of/in force/nn ./.


	The/at need/nn that/cs we/ppss not/* give/vb unqualified/jj approval/nn to/in any/dti but/in a/at limited/vbn use/nn of/in economic/jj pressure/nn directed/vbn against/in the/at actual/jj doers/nns of/in injustice/nn is/bez clear/jj also/rb in/in light/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs White/jj-tl Citizens'/nns$-tl Councils/nns-tl seem/vb resolved/vbn to/to maintain/vb segregation/nn mainly/rb by/in the/at use/nn of/in these/dts same/ap means/nns and/cc not/* ordinarily/rb by/in physical/jj violence/nn ./.
An/at unlimited/jj use/nn of/in economic/jj pressures/nns for/in diametrically/ql opposite/jj causes/nns could/md devastate/vb the/at pre-conditions/nns of/in any/dti fellow/nn humanity/nn as/ql surely/rb as/cs this/dt would/md be/be destroyed/vbn by/in the/at use/nn of/in more/ql obviously/rb brutal/jj means/nns ./.
The/at end/nn or/cc aim/nn of/in the/at action/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez also/rb important/jj ,/, especially/rb where/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* alone/rb a/at matter/nn of/in changing/vbg community/nn customs/nns but/cc of/in the/at use/nn of/in deadly/jj economic/jj power/nn to/to intimidate/vb a/at person/nn from/in stepping/vbg forward/rb to/to claim/vb his/pp$ legal/jj rights/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, against/in Negroes/nps who/wps register/vb to/to vote/vb in/in Fayette/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, at/in the/at present/jj moment/nn ./.
Here/rb the/at recourse/nn is/bez in/in steps/nns to/to give/vb economic/jj sustenance/nn to/in those/dts being/beg despoiled/vbn ,/, and/cc to/in legal/jj remedies/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez sufficient/jj to/to show/vb that/cs more/ql or/cc less/ql non-violent/jj resistance/nn and/cc economic/jj conflict/nn (/( if/cs both/abx sides/nns are/ber strong/jj enough/qlp )/) can/md be/be war/nn of/in all/abn against/in all/abn no/ql less/rbr than/cs if/cs other/ap means/nns are/ber used/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez also/rb sufficient/jj to/to show/vb the/at Christian/np and/cc any/dti other/ap champion/nn of/in justice/nn that/cs he/pps needs/vbz to/to make/vb sure/jj not/* only/rb that/cs his/pp$ cause/nn is/bez just/jj but/cc also/rb that/cs his/pp$ conduct/nn is/bez just/jj ,/, i.e./rb ,/, that/cs ,/, if/cs economic/jj pressure/nn has/hvz to/to be/be resorted/vbn to/in ,/, this/dt be/be applied/vbn directly/rb against/in those/dts persons/nns directly/rb in/in the/at way/nn of/in some/dti salutary/jj change/nn in/in business/nn or/cc institutional/jj practices/nns ,/, while/cs ,/, if/cs injury/nn fall/vb upon/in others/nns ,/, it/pps fall/vb upon/in them/ppo indirectly/rb and/cc secondarily/rb (/( however/wql inevitably/rb )/) and/cc not/* by/in deliberate/jj intent/nn and/cc direct/jj action/nn against/in them/ppo ./.


	It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs non-violent/jj resistance/nn is/bez a/at mode/nn of/in action/nn in/in need/nn of/in justification/nn and/cc limitation/nn in/in Christian/jj morality/nn ,/, like/cs any/dti other/ap form/nn of/in resistance/nn ./.
The/at language/nn used/vbn itself/ppl often/rb makes/vbz very/ql clear/jj that/cs this/dt is/bez only/rb another/dt form/nn of/in struggle/nn for/in victory/nn (/( perhaps/rb to/to be/be chosen/vbn above/in all/abn others/nns )/) ./.
One/cd of/in the/at sit-in/nn leaders/nns has/hvz said/vbn :/: ``/`` Nobody/pn from/in the/at top/nn of/in Heaven/nn-tl to/in the/at bottom/nn of/in Hell/nn-tl can/md stop/vb the/at march/nn to/in freedom/nn ./.
Everybody/pn in/in the/at world/nn today/nr might/md as/ql well/rb make/vb up/rp their/pp$ minds/nns to/to march/vb with/in freedom/nn or/cc freedom/nn is/bez going/vbg to/to march/vb over/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.
The/at present/jj writer/nn certainly/rb agrees/vbz with/in that/dt statement/nn ,/, and/cc would/md also/rb affirm/vb this/dt --/-- in/in the/at order/nn of/in justice/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez also/rb a/at Christian/jj insight/nn to/to know/vb that/cs unless/cs charity/nn interpenetrates/vbz justice/nn it/pps is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to be/be freedom/nn that/wps marches/vbz forward/rb ./.
And/cc when/wrb charity/nn interpenetrates/vbz man's/nn$ struggle/nn for/in justice/nn and/cc freedom/nn it/pps does/doz not/* simply/rb surround/vb this/dt with/in a/at sentimental/jj good/jj will/nn ./.
It/pps also/rb definitely/rb fashions/vbz conduct/nn in/in the/at way/nn explained/vbn above/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt means/vbz far/ql more/ap than/cs in/in the/at choice/nn of/in non-violent/jj means/nns ./.
R./np B./np Gregg/np has/hvz written/vbn that/dt ``/`` non-violence/nn and/cc good/jj will/nn of/in the/at victim/nn act/vb like/cs the/at lack/nn of/in physical/jj opposition/nn by/in the/at user/nn of/in physical/jj jiu-jitsu/nn ,/, to/to cause/vb the/at attacker/nn to/to lose/vb his/pp$ moral/jj balance/nn ./.
He/pps suddenly/rb and/cc unexpectedly/rb loses/vbz the/at moral/jj support/nn which/wdt the/at usual/jj violent/jj resistance/nn of/in most/ap victims/nns would/md render/vb him/ppo ''/'' ;/. ;/.
and/cc again/rb ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at object/nn of/in non-violent/jj resistance/nn is/bez partly/ql analogous/jj to/in this/dt object/nn of/in war/nn --/-- namely/rb ,/, to/to demoralize/vb the/at opponent/nn ,/, to/to break/vb his/pp$ will/nn ,/, to/to destroy/vb his/pp$ confidence/nn ,/, enthusiasm/nn ,/, and/cc hope/nn ./.
In/in another/dt respect/nn it/pps is/bez dissimilar/jj ,/, for/cs non-violent/jj resistance/nn demoralizes/vbz the/at opponent/nn only/rb to/to re-establish/vb in/in him/ppo a/at new/jj morale/nn that/wps is/bez firmer/jjr because/cs it/pps is/bez based/vbn on/in sounder/jjr values/nns ''/'' ./.


	A/at trial/nn of/in strength/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez made/vbn quite/ql inevitable/jj by/in virtue/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs anyone/pn engaging/vbg in/in non-violent/jj resistance/nn will/md be/be convinced/vbn that/cs his/pp$ action/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in sounder/jjr values/nns than/cs those/dts of/in his/pp$ opponent/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in warfare/nn with/in any/dti means/nn ,/, men/nns commonly/rb disagree/vb over/in the/at justice/nn of/in the/at cause/nn ./.
This/dt makes/vbz necessary/jj a/at morality/nn of/in means/nns ,/, and/cc principles/nns governing/vbg the/at conduct/nn of/in resistance/nn whenever/wrb this/dt is/bez thought/vbn to/to be/be justified/vbn ./.
The/at question/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, is/bez whether/cs sufficient/jj discrimination/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in even/rb non-violent/jj means/nns of/in coercion/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs such/jj conduct/nn demoralizes/vbz and/cc overcomes/vbz the/at opponent/nn while/cs re-moralizing/vbg and/cc re-establishing/vbg him/ppo ./.
Here/rb it/pps is/bez relevant/jj to/to remember/vb that/cs men/nns commonly/rb regard/vb some/dti causes/nns as/cs more/ql important/jj than/cs their/pp$ lives/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc to/in them/ppo it/pps will/md seem/vb insignificant/jj that/cs it/pps is/bez proposed/vbn to/to defeat/vb such/jj causes/nns non-violently/rb ./.
A/at technique/nn by/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez proposed/vbn to/to enter/vb with/in compulsion/nn into/in the/at very/ap heart/nn of/in a/at man/nn and/cc determine/vb his/pp$ values/nns may/md often/rb in/in fact/nn seem/vb the/at more/ql unlimited/jj aggression/nn ./.


	Among/in Christian/jj groups/nns ,/, the/at Mennonites/nps have/hv commonly/rb been/ben aware/jj more/rbr than/cs others/nns of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at nature/nn of/in divine/jj charity/nn raises/vbz decisively/rb the/at question/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj use/nn of/in all/abn forms/nns of/in pressure/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at will/nn and/cc word/nn of/in God/np are/ber for/in them/ppo concentrated/vbn in/in Christ-like/jj love/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz clear/jj to/in them/ppo that/ql non-violent/jj resistance/nn is/bez quite/abl another/dt thing/nn ./.
``/`` The/at primary/jj objective/nn of/in non-violence/nn ''/'' ,/, writes/vbz the/at outstanding/jj Mennonite/jj ethicist/nn ,/, ``/`` is/bez not/* peace/nn ,/, or/cc obedience/nn to/in the/at divine/jj will/nn ,/, but/cc rather/rb certain/jj desired/vbn social/jj changes/nns ,/, for/in personal/jj ,/, or/cc class/nn ,/, or/cc national/jj advantage/nn ''/'' ./.
Without/in agreeing/vbg with/in every/at phrase/nn in/in this/dt statement/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md certainly/rb assert/vb the/at great/jj difference/nn between/in Christian/jj love/nn and/cc any/dti form/nn of/in resistance/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb go/vb on/rp beyond/in the/at Mennonite/jj position/nn and/cc affirm/vb that/cs Christian/jj love-in-action/nn must/md first/rb justify/vb and/cc then/rb determine/vb the/at moral/jj principles/nns limiting/vbg resistance/nn ./.
These/dts principles/nns we/ppss have/hv now/rb set/vbn forth/rb ./.
Economy/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in power/nn needs/vbz not/* only/rb to/to be/be asserted/vbn ,/, but/cc clearly/rb specified/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc when/wrb this/dt is/bez done/vbn it/pps will/md be/be found/vbn that/cs the/at principles/nns governing/vbg Christian/jj resistance/nn cut/vb across/in the/at distinction/nn between/in violent/jj and/cc non-violent/jj means/nns ,/, and/cc apply/vb to/in both/abx alike/rb ,/, justifying/vbg either/dtx on/in occasion/nn and/cc always/rb limiting/vbg either/dtx action/nn ./.
Economy/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in power/nn means/vbz more/ap than/cs inflicting/vbg a/at barely/rb intolerable/jj pressure/nn upon/in an/at opponent/nn and/cc upon/in the/at injustice/nn opposed/vbn ./.
That/dt would/md amount/vb to/in calculating/vbg the/at means/nns and/cc justifying/vbg them/ppo wholly/rb in/in terms/nns of/in their/pp$ effectiveness/nn in/in reaching/vbg desired/vbn goals/nns ./.
There/ex must/md also/rb be/be additional/jj and/cc more/ql fundamental/jj discrimination/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in means/nns of/in resistance/nn ,/, violent/jj or/cc non-violent/jj ./.
The/at justification/nn in/in Christian/jj conscience/nn of/in the/at use/nn of/in any/dti mode/nn of/in resistance/nn also/rb lays/vbz down/rp its/pp$ limitation/nn --/-- in/in the/at distinction/nn between/in the/at persons/nns against/in whom/wpo pressure/nn is/bez primarily/rb directed/vbn ,/, those/dts upon/in whom/wpo it/pps may/md be/be permitted/vbn also/rb to/to fall/vb ,/, and/cc those/dts who/wps may/md never/rb be/be directly/rb repressed/vbn for/in the/at sake/nn even/rb of/in achieving/vbg some/dti great/jj good/nn ./.
In/in these/dts terms/nns ,/, the/at ``/`` economic/jj withdrawal/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Negroes/nps of/in Nashville/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, from/in trading/vbg in/in the/at center/nn city/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, was/bedz clearly/rb justified/vbn ,/, since/cs these/dts distinctions/nns do/do not/* require/vb that/cs only/rb people/nns subjectively/ql guilty/jj be/be singled/vbn out/rp ./.


	We/ppss may/md now/rb take/vb up/rp for/in consideration/nn a/at hard/jj case/nn which/wdt seems/vbz to/to require/vb either/cc no/at action/nn employing/vbg economic/jj pressure/nn or/cc else/rb action/nn that/wps would/md seem/vb to/to violate/vb the/at principles/nns set/vb forth/rb above/rb ./.
There/ex may/md be/be instances/nns in/in which/wdt ,/, if/cs economic/jj pressure/nn is/bez to/to be/be undertaken/vbn at/in all/abn ,/, this/dt would/md have/hv to/to be/be applied/vbn without/in discrimination/nn against/in a/at whole/jj people/nns ./.
An/at excellent/jj article/nn was/bedz published/vbn recently/rb in/in the/at Journal/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Church/nn-tl Peace/nn-tl Union/nn-tl by/in a/at South/jj-tl African/np-tl journalist/nn on/in the/at inhuman/jj economic/jj conditions/nns of/in the/at blacks/nns in/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl ,/, amounting/vbg to/in virtual/jj slavery/nn ,/, and/cc the/at economic/jj complicity/nn of/in both/abx the/at government/nn and/cc the/at people/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in these/dts conditions/nns ./.
``/`` Billions/nns of/in American/jj dollars/nns ,/, not/* only/rb from/in capital/nn investors/nns but/cc also/rb from/in the/at pockets/nns of/in U.S./np taxpayers/nns ''/'' ,/, this/dt author/nn states/vbz ,/, ``/`` are/ber being/beg poured/vbn into/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl to/to support/vb a/at system/nn dedicated/vbn to/in the/at oppression/nn ,/, the/at persecution/nn ,/, and/cc the/at almost/ql diabolical/jj exploitation/nn of/in 12/cd million/cd people/nns the/at color/nn of/in whose/wp$ skins/vbz happens/vbz not/* to/to be/be white/jj ''/'' ./.
Both/abx the/at conditions/nns and/cc the/at complicity/nn are/ber documented/vbn in/in considerable/jj detail/nn ./.
This/dt leads/vbz to/in the/at conclusion/nn that/cs ``/`` the/at fact/nn is/bez inescapable/jj that/cs America/np does/doz have/hv a/at say/nn in/in whether/cs or/cc not/* apartheid/fw-nn shall/md continue/vb ''/'' ./.
Our/pp$ leadership/nn in/in a/at wide/jj economic/jj boycott/nn of/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl would/md be/be not/* only/rb in/in accord/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz ,/, with/in the/at moral/jj conscience/nn of/in America/np ,/, not/* to/to be/be denied/vbn because/cs we/ppss also/rb as/cs a/at people/nns have/hv widespread/jj injustice/nn in/in the/at relations/nns of/in the/at races/nns in/in our/pp$ own/jj country/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb in/in accord/nn with/in our/pp$ law/nn ,/, U.S./np-tl Code/nn-tl Title/nn-tl 19/cd-tl ,/, Section/nn-tl 1307/cd-tl ,/, which/wdt forbids/vbz the/at importation/nn of/in goods/nns made/vbn by/in forced/vbn or/cc convict/nn labor/nn ./.
Not/* only/rb should/md this/dt provision/nn be/be enforced/vbn but/cc other/ap economic/jj and/cc political/jj actions/nns might/md be/be taken/vbn which/wdt ,/, this/dt author/nn believes/vbz ,/, ``/`` must/md surely/rb be/be supported/vbn by/in every/at American/np who/wps values/vbz the/at freedom/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben won/vbn for/in him/ppo and/cc whose/wp$ conscience/nn is/bez not/* so/ql dominated/vbn by/in the/at lines/nns in/in his/pp$ account/nn books/nns that/cs he/pps can/md willingly/rb and/cc knowingly/rb contribute/vb to/in the/at enslavement/nn of/in another/dt nation/nn ''/'' ./.

