

	Northern/jj liberals/nns are/ber the/at chief/jjs supporters/nns of/in civil/jj rights/nns and/cc of/in integration/nn ./.
They/ppss have/hv also/rb led/vbn the/at nation/nn in/in the/at direction/nn of/in a/at welfare/nn state/nn ./.
And/cc both/abx in/in their/pp$ objectives/nns of/in non-discrimination/nn and/cc of/in social/jj progress/nn they/ppss have/hv had/hvn ranged/vbn against/in them/ppo the/at Southerners/nns-tl who/wps are/ber called/vbn Bourbons/nps ./.
The/at name/nn presumably/rb derives/vbz from/in the/at French/jj royal/jj house/nn which/wdt never/rb learned/vbd and/cc never/rb forgot/vbd ;/. ;/.
since/cs Bourbon/np whiskey/nn ,/, though/cs of/in Kentucky/np origin/nn ,/, is/bez at/in least/ql as/ql much/ap favored/vbn by/in liberals/nns in/in the/at North/nr-tl as/cs by/in conservatives/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.


	The/at nature/nn of/in the/at opposition/nn between/in liberals/nns and/cc Bourbons/nps is/bez too/ql little/ap understood/vbn in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
The/at race/nn problem/nn has/hvz tended/vbn to/to obscure/vb other/ap ,/, less/ql emotional/jj ,/, issues/nns which/wdt may/md fundamentally/rb be/be even/ql more/ql divisive/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez these/dts other/ap differences/nns between/in North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl --/-- other/ap ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, than/cs those/dts which/wdt concern/vb discrimination/nn or/cc social/jj welfare/nn --/-- which/wdt I/ppss chiefly/rb discuss/vb herein/rb ./.


	I/ppss write/vb about/in Northern/jj-tl liberals/nns from/in considerable/jj personal/jj experience/nn ./.
A/at Southerner/nn-tl married/vbd to/in a/at New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl ,/, I/ppss have/hv lived/vbn for/in many/ap years/nns in/in a/at Connecticut/np commuting/vbg town/nn with/in a/at high/jj percentage/nn of/in artists/nns ,/, writers/nns ,/, publicity/nn men/nns ,/, and/cc business/nn executives/nns of/in egghead/nn tastes/nns ./.
Most/ap of/in them/ppo are/ber Democrats/nps and/cc nearly/ql all/abn consider/vb themselves/ppls ,/, and/cc are/ber viewed/vbn as/cs ,/, liberals/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez puzzling/jj to/in an/at outsider/nn conscious/jj of/in the/at classic/jj tradition/nn of/in liberalism/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs these/dts Democrats/nps who/wps are/ber left-of-center/jj are/ber at/in opposite/jj poles/nns from/in the/at liberal/jj Jefferson/np ,/, who/wps held/vbd that/cs the/at best/jjt government/nn was/bedz the/at least/ap government/nn ./.
Yet/cc paradoxically/rb my/pp$ liberal/jj friends/nns continue/vb to/to view/vb Jefferson/np as/cs one/cd of/in their/pp$ patron/nn saints/nns ./.
When/wrb I/ppss question/vb them/ppo as/in to/in what/wdt they/ppss mean/vb by/in concepts/nns like/cs liberty/nn and/cc democracy/nn ,/, I/ppss find/vb that/cs they/ppss fall/vb into/in two/cd categories/nns :/: the/at simpler/jjr ones/nns who/wps have/hv simply/rb accepted/vbn the/at shibboleths/nns of/in their/pp$ faith/nn without/in analysis/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at intelligent/jj ,/, cynical/jj ones/nns who/wps scornfully/rb reply/vb that/cs these/dts things/nns don't/do* count/vb any/dti more/rbr in/in the/at world/nn of/in to-day/nr ./.
I/ppss am/bem naive/jj ,/, they/ppss say/vb ,/, to/to make/vb use/nn of/in such/jj words/nns ./.


	I/ppss take/vb this/dt to/to mean/vb that/cs the/at intelligent/jj --/-- and/cc therefore/rb necessarily/ql cynical/jj ?/. ?/.
--/-- liberal/nn considers/vbz that/cs the/at need/nn for/in a/at national/jj economy/nn with/in controls/nns that/wps will/md assure/vb his/pp$ conception/nn of/in social/jj justice/nn is/bez so/ql great/jj that/cs individual/jj and/cc local/jj liberties/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs democratic/jj processes/nns may/md have/hv to/to yield/vb before/in it/ppo ./.
This/dt seems/vbz like/cs an/at attitude/nn favoring/vbg a/at sort/nn of/in totalitarian/jj bureaucracy/nn which/wdt ,/, under/in a/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at same/ap stamp/nn ,/, would/md try/vb to/to coerce/vb an/at uncooperative/jj Congress/np or/cc Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ./.
As/cs for/in states'/nns$ rights/nns ,/, they/ppss have/hv never/rb counted/vbn in/in the/at thinking/nn of/in my/pp$ liberal/jj friends/nns except/in as/cs irritations/nns of/in a/at minor/jj and/cc immoral/jj nature/nn which/wdt exist/vb now/rb only/rb as/cs anachronisms/nns ./.


	The/at American/jj liberal/nn may/md ,/, in/in the/at world/nn of/in to-day/nr ,/, have/hv a/at strong/jj case/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc he/pps presents/vbz it/ppo publicly/rb so/ql enmeshed/vbn in/in hypocrisy/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* an/at honest/jj one/cd ./.
Why/wrb ,/, in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, call/vb himself/ppl a/at liberal/jj if/cs he/pps is/bez against/in laissez-faire/nn and/cc favors/vbz an/at authoritarian/jj central/jj government/nn with/in womb-to-tomb/jj controls/nns over/in everybody/pn ?/. ?/.
If/cs he/pps attaches/vbz little/ap importance/nn to/in personal/jj liberty/nn ,/, why/wrb not/* make/vb this/dt known/vbn to/in the/at world/nn ?/. ?/.
And/cc if/cs he/pps is/bez so/ql scornful/jj of/in the/at rights/nns of/in states/nns ,/, why/wrb not/* advocate/vb a/at different/jj sort/nn of/in constitution/nn that/cs he/pps could/md more/ql sincerely/rb support/vb ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss am/bem concerned/vbn here/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, with/in the/at Northern/jj-tl liberal's/nn$ attitude/nn toward/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
It/pps appears/vbz to/to be/be one/cd of/in intense/jj dislike/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps makes/vbz little/ap effort/nn to/to conceal/vb even/rb in/in the/at presence/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl friends/nns ./.
His/pp$ assumption/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be that/cs any/dti such/jj friends/nns ,/, being/beg tolerable/jj humans/nns ,/, must/md be/be more/ql liberal/jj than/cs most/ap Southerners/nns-tl and/cc therefore/rb at/in least/ql partly/rb in/in sympathy/nn with/in his/pp$ views/nns ./.
Time's/nn$-tl editor/nn ,/, Thomas/np Griffith/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ book/nn ,/, The/at-tl Waist-High/jj-tl Culture/nn-tl ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` most/ap of/in what/wdt was/bedz different/jj about/in it/ppo (/( the/at Deep/jj-tl South/nr-tl )/) I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl unsympathetic/jj to/in ./.
''/'' This/dt ,/, for/in the/at liberals/nns I/ppss know/vb ,/, would/md be/be an/at understatement/nn ./.
Theirs/pp$$ is/bez no/at mere/jj lack/nn of/in sympathy/nn ,/, but/cc something/pn closer/jjr to/in the/at passionate/jj hatred/nn that/wps was/bedz directed/vbn against/in Fascism/np ./.


	I/ppss do/do not/* think/vb that/cs my/pp$ experience/nn would/md be/be typical/jj for/in Southerners/nns-tl living/vbg in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
In/in business/nn circles/nns ,/, usually/rb conservative/jj ,/, this/dt sort/nn of/in atmosphere/nn would/md hardly/rb be/be found/vbn ./.
But/cc in/in our/pp$ case/nn --/-- and/cc neither/cc my/pp$ wife/nn nor/cc I/ppss have/hv extreme/jj views/nns on/in integration/nn ,/, nor/cc are/ber we/ppss given/vbn to/in emotional/jj outbursts/nns --/-- the/at situation/nn has/hvz ruined/vbn one/cd or/cc two/cd valued/vbn friendships/nns and/cc come/vbn close/rb to/in wrecking/vbg several/ap more/ap ./.
In/in fact/nn it/pps has/hvz caused/vbn us/ppo to/to give/vb serious/jj thought/nn to/in moving/vbg our/pp$ residence/nn south/nr ,/, because/cs it/pps is/bez not/* easy/jj for/in the/at most/ql objective/jj Southerner/nn-tl to/to sit/vb calmly/rb by/rb when/wrb his/pp$ host/nn is/bez telling/vbg a/at roomful/nn of/in people/nns that/cs the/at only/ap way/nn to/to deal/vb with/in Southerners/nns-tl who/wps oppose/vb integration/nn is/bez to/to send/vb in/rp troops/nns and/cc shoot/vb the/at bastards/nns down/rp ./.


	Accounts/nns have/hv been/ben published/vbn of/in Northern/jj-tl liberals/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl up/rp against/in segregationist/nn prejudice/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in state-supported/jj universities/nns where/wrb pressure/nn may/md be/be strong/jj to/to uphold/vb the/at majority/nn view/nn ./.
But/cc these/dts accounts/nns do/do not/* show/vb that/cs Northerners/nns-tl have/hv been/ben subjected/vbn to/in embarrassment/nn or/cc provocation/nn by/in Yankee-hatred/nn displayed/vbn in/in social/jj gatherings/nns ./.
From/in my/pp$ wife's/nn$ experience/nn and/cc other/ap sources/nns ,/, this/dt seems/vbz to/to be/be rarely/rb encountered/vbn in/in educated/vbn circles/nns ./.
The/at strong/jj feeling/nn is/bez certainly/rb there/rb ;/. ;/.
but/cc there/ex is/bez a/at leavening/nn of/in liberalism/nn among/in college/nn graduates/nns throughout/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, especially/rb among/in those/dts who/wps studied/vbd in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
And/cc social/jj relations/nns arising/vbg out/in of/in business/nn ties/nns impose/vb courtesy/nn ,/, if/cs not/* sympathy/nn ,/, toward/in resident/nn and/cc visiting/vbg Northerners/nns-tl ./.
Also/rb ,/, among/in the/at latter/ap a/at large/jj percentage/nn soon/rb acquire/vb the/at prevalent/jj Southern/jj-tl attitude/nn on/in most/ap social/jj problems/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber of/in course/nn many/ap Souths/nrs-tl ;/. ;/.
but/cc for/in this/dt discussion/nn the/at most/ql important/jj division/nn is/bez between/in those/dts who/wps have/hv been/ben reconstructed/vbn and/cc those/dts who/wps haven't/hv* ./.
My/pp$ definition/nn of/in this/dt much/ql abused/vbn adjective/nn is/bez that/cs a/at reconstructed/vbn rebel/nn is/bez one/cd who/wps is/bez glad/jj that/cs the/at North/nr-tl won/vbd the/at War/nn-tl ./.
Nobody/pn knows/vbz how/wrb many/ap Southerners/nns-tl there/ex are/ber in/in this/dt category/nn ./.
I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber far/ql more/ql unreconstructed/jj ones/nns than/cs the/at North/nr-tl likes/vbz to/to believe/vb ./.
I/ppss never/rb heard/vbd of/in a/at poll/nn being/beg taken/vbn on/in the/at question/nn ./.
No/at doubt/nn such/abl a/at thing/nn would/md be/be considered/vbn unpatriotic/jj ./.
Prior/rb to/in 1954/cd I/ppss imagine/vb that/cs a/at majority/nn of/in Southerners/nns-tl would/md have/hv voted/vbn against/in the/at Confederacy/nn-tl ./.
Since/cs the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court's/nn$-tl decision/nn of/in that/dt year/nn this/dt is/bez more/ql doubtful/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc if/cs a/at poll/nn had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn immediately/rb following/vbg the/at dispatch/nn of/in troops/nns to/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl I/ppss believe/vb the/at majority/nn would/md have/hv been/ben for/in the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./.


	Belief/nn in/in the/at traditional/jj way/nn of/in life/nn persists/vbz much/ql more/rbr in/in the/at older/jjr states/nns than/cs in/in the/at new/jj ones/nns ./.
Probably/rb a/at larger/jjr percentage/nn of/in Virginians/nps and/cc South/jj-tl Carolinians/nps-tl remain/vb unreconstructed/jj than/cs elsewhere/rb ,/, with/in Georgia/np ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, and/cc Alabama/np following/vbg along/rb after/in them/ppo ./.
Old/jj attitudes/nns are/ber held/vbn more/ql tenaciously/rb in/in the/at Tidewater/nn-tl than/cs the/at Piedmont/np ;/. ;/.
so/cs that/cs a/at line/nn running/vbg down/in the/at length/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl marking/vbg the/at upper/jj limits/nns of/in tidewater/nn would/md roughly/rb divide/vb the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl from/in the/at new/jj ,/, but/cc with/in ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, important/jj minority/nn enclaves/nns ./.


	The/at long-settled/jj areas/nns of/in states/nns like/vb Virginia/np and/cc South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl developed/vbd the/at ante-bellum/jj culture/nn to/in its/pp$ richest/jjt flowering/nn ,/, and/cc there/rb the/at memory/nn is/bez more/ql precious/jj ,/, and/cc the/at consciousness/nn of/in loss/nn the/at greater/jjr ./.
Also/rb ,/, we/ppss should/md not/* even/rb to-day/nr discount/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at region/nn such/jj as/cs the/at coastal/jj lowlands/nns centering/vbg on/in Charleston/np had/hvd closer/jjr ties/nns with/in England/np and/cc the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl than/cs with/in the/at North/nr-tl even/rb after/in independence/nn ./.
The/at social/jj and/cc psychological/jj consequences/nns of/in this/dt continue/vb to/to affect/vb the/at area/nn ./.
In/in certain/jj respects/nns defeat/nn increased/vbd the/at persistent/jj Anglophilia/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./.
Poor/jj where/wrb they/ppss had/hvd once/rb been/ben rich/jj ,/, humbled/vbn where/wrb they/ppss had/hvd been/ben arrogant/jj ,/, having/hvg no/ql longer/rbr any/dti hope/nn of/in sharing/vbg in/in the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, the/at rebels/nns who/wps would/md not/* surrender/vb in/in spirit/nn drew/vbd comfort/nn from/in the/at sympathy/nn they/ppss felt/vbd extended/vbn to/in them/ppo by/in the/at mother/nn country/nn ./.
And/cc no/at doubt/nn many/ap people/nns in/in states/nns like/cs the/at Carolinas/nps and/cc Georgia/np ,/, which/wdt were/bed among/in the/at most/ap Tory/np in/in sentiment/nn in/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ,/, bitterly/rb regretted/vbd the/at revolt/nn against/in the/at Crown/nn-tl ./.


	Among/in Bourbons/nps the/at racial/jj issue/nn may/md have/hv less/ap to/to do/do with/in their/pp$ remaining/vbg unreconstructed/jj than/cs other/ap factors/nns ./.
All/abn Southerners/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs slavery/nn had/hvd to/to go/vb ;/. ;/.
but/cc many/ap historians/nns maintain/vb that/cs except/in for/in Northern/jj-tl meddling/nn it/pps would/md have/hv ended/vbn in/in states/nns like/vb Virginia/np years/nns before/cs it/pps did/dod ./.
Southern/jj resentment/nn has/hvz been/ben over/in the/at method/nn of/in its/pp$ ending/nn ,/, the/at invasion/nn ,/, and/cc Reconstruction/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
their/pp$ fears/nns now/rb are/ber of/in miscegenation/nn and/cc Negro/np political/jj control/nn in/in many/ap counties/nns ./.
But/cc apart/rb from/in racial/jj problems/nns ,/, the/at old/jj unreconstructed/jj South/nr-tl --/-- to/to use/vb the/at moderate/jj words/nns favored/vbn by/in Mr./np Thomas/np Griffith/np --/-- finds/vbz itself/ppl unsympathetic/jj to/in most/ap of/in what/wdt is/bez different/jj about/in the/at civilization/nn of/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
And/cc this/dt ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, means/vbz most/ap of/in modern/jj America/np ./.


	It/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to see/vb how/wrb the/at situation/nn could/md be/be otherwise/rb ./.
And/cc therein/rb ,/, I/ppss feel/vb ,/, many/ap Northerners/nns-tl delude/vb themselves/ppls about/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez not/* a/at subject/nn often/rb discussed/vbn or/cc analyzed/vbn ./.
There/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be almost/rb a/at conspiracy/nn of/in silence/nn veiling/vbg it/ppo ./.
I/ppss suppose/vb the/at reason/nn is/bez a/at kind/nn of/in wishful/jj thinking/nn :/: don't/do* talk/vb about/in the/at final/jj stages/nns of/in Reconstruction/nn-tl and/cc they/ppss will/md take/vb care/nn of/in themselves/ppls ./.
Or/cc else/rb the/at North/nr-tl really/rb believes/vbz that/cs all/abn Southerners/nns-tl except/in a/at few/ap quaint/jj old/jj characters/nns have/hv come/vbn around/rb to/in realizing/vbg the/at errors/nns of/in their/pp$ past/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber now/rb at/in heart/nn sharers/nns of/in the/at American/jj-tl Dream/nn-tl ,/, like/cs everybody/pn else/rb ./.


	If/cs the/at circumstances/nns are/ber faced/vbn frankly/rb it/pps is/bez not/* reasonable/jj to/to expect/vb this/dt to/to be/be true/jj ./.
The/at situation/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl since/in 1865/cd has/hvz been/ben unique/jj in/in the/at western/jj world/nn ./.
Regardless/rb of/in rights/nns and/cc wrongs/nns ,/, a/at population/nn and/cc an/at area/nn appropriate/jj to/in a/at pre-World-War-/jj 1/cd great/jj power/nn have/hv been/ben ,/, following/vbg conquest/nn ,/, ruled/vbn against/in their/pp$ will/nn by/in a/at neighboring/vbg people/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv had/hvn imposed/vbn upon/in them/ppo social/jj and/cc economic/jj controls/nns they/ppss dislike/vb ./.
And/cc the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in these/dts people/nns are/ber of/in Anglo-Saxon/jj or/cc Celtic/jj descent/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at only/ap case/nn in/in modern/jj history/nn of/in a/at people/nns of/in Britannic/jj origin/nn submitting/vbg without/in continued/vbn struggle/nn to/in what/wdt they/ppss view/vb as/ql foreign/jj domination/nn ./.
The/at fact/nn is/bez due/jj mainly/rb to/in international/jj wars/nns ,/, both/abx hot/jj and/cc cold/jj ./.
In/in every/at war/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl since/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl the/at South/nr-tl was/bedz more/ql belligerent/jj than/cs the/at rest/nn of/in the/at country/nn ./.
So/rb instead/rb of/in being/beg tests/nns of/in the/at South's/nr$-tl loyalty/nn ,/, the/at Spanish/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at two/cd World/nn-tl Wars/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Korean/jj-tl War/nn-tl all/abn served/vbd to/to overcome/vb old/jj grievances/nns and/cc cement/vb reunion/nn ./.
And/cc there/ex is/bez no/at section/nn of/in the/at nation/nn more/ql ardent/jj than/cs the/at South/nr-tl in/in the/at cold/jj war/nn against/in Communism/nn-tl ./.
Had/hvd the/at situation/nn been/ben reversed/vbn ,/, had/hvd ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, England/np been/ben the/at enemy/nn in/in 1898/cd because/rb of/in issues/nns of/in concern/nn chiefly/rb to/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs large/jj numbers/nns of/in Southerners/nns-tl would/md have/hv happily/rb put/vbn on/rp their/pp$ old/jj Confederate/jj-tl uniforms/nns to/to fight/vb as/cs allies/nns of/in Britain/np ./.
It/pps is/bez extraordinary/jj that/cs a/at people/nns as/ql proud/jj and/cc warlike/jj as/cs Southerners/nns-tl should/md have/hv been/ben as/ql docile/jj as/cs they/ppss have/hv ./.
The/at North/nr-tl should/md thank/vb its/pp$ stars/nns that/cs such/jj has/hvz been/ben the/at case/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn it/pps should/md not/* draw/vb false/jj inferences/nns therefrom/rb ./.


	The/at two/cd main/jjs charges/nns levelled/vbn against/in the/at Bourbons/nps by/in liberals/nns is/bez that/cs they/ppss are/ber racists/nns and/cc social/jj reactionaries/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez much/ap truth/nn in/in both/abx these/dts charges/nns ,/, and/cc not/* many/ap Bourbons/nps deny/vb them/ppo ./.
Whatever/wdt their/pp$ faults/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber not/* hypocrites/nns ./.
Most/ap of/in them/ppo sincerely/rb believe/vb that/cs the/at Anglo-Saxon/np is/bez the/at best/jjt race/nn in/in the/at world/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps should/md remain/vb pure/jj ./.
Many/ap Northeners/nns-tl believe/vb this/dt ,/, too/rb ,/, but/cc few/ap of/in them/ppo will/md say/vb so/rb publicly/rb ./.
The/at Bourbon/np economic/jj philosophy/nn ,/, moreover/rb ,/, is/bez not/* very/ql different/jj from/in that/dt of/in Northern/jj-tl conservatives/nns ./.
But/cc those/dts among/in the/at Bourbons/nps who/wps remain/vb unreconstructed/jj go/vb much/ql further/rbr than/in this/dt ./.
They/ppss believe/vb that/cs if/cs the/at South/nr-tl had/hvd been/ben let/vbn alone/rb it/pps would/md have/hv produced/vbn a/at civilization/nn superior/jj to/in that/dt of/in modern/jj America/np ./.
As/cs it/pps is/bez ,/, they/ppss consider/vb that/cs the/at North/nr-tl is/bez now/rb reaping/vbg the/at fruits/nns of/in excess/jj egalitarianism/nn ,/, that/dt in/in spite/nn of/in its/pp$ high/jj standard/nn of/in living/vbg the/at ``/`` American/jj way/nn ''/'' has/hvz been/ben proved/vbn inferior/jj to/in the/at English/jj and/cc Scandinavian/jj ways/nns ,/, although/cs they/ppss disapprove/vb of/in the/at socialistic/jj features/nns of/in the/at latter/ap ./.


	The/at South's/nr$-tl antipathy/nn to/in Northern/jj-tl civilization/nn includes/vbz such/jj charges/nns as/cs poor/jj manners/nns ,/, harsh/jj accents/nns ,/, lack/nn of/in appreciation/nn of/in the/at arts/nns of/in living/vbg like/cs gastronomy/nn and/cc the/at use/nn of/in leisure/nn ./.
Their/pp$ own/jj easier/jjr ,/, slower/jjr tempo/nn is/bez especially/ql dear/jj to/in Southerners/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc I/ppss have/hv heard/vbn many/ap say/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber content/jj to/to earn/vb a/at half/abn or/cc a/at third/od as/ql much/ap as/cs they/ppss could/md up/in North/nr-tl because/cs they/ppss so/ql much/rb prefer/vb the/at quieter/jjr habits/nns of/in their/pp$ home/nn town/nn ./.



	In/in the/at past/nn ,/, the/at duties/nns of/in the/at state/nn ,/, as/cs Sir/np Henry/np Maine/np noted/vbd long/rb ago/rb ,/, were/bed only/rb two/cd in/in number/nn :/: internal/jj order/nn and/cc external/jj security/nn ./.
By/in prevailing/vbg over/in other/ap claimants/nns for/in the/at loyalties/nns of/in men/nns ,/, the/at nation-state/nn maintained/vbd an/at adequate/jj measure/nn of/in certainty/nn and/cc order/nn within/in its/pp$ territorial/jj borders/nns ./.
Outside/in those/dts limits/nns it/pps asserted/vbd ,/, as/cs against/in other/ap states/nns ,/, a/at position/nn of/in sovereign/nn equality/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs against/in the/at ``/`` inferior/jj ''/'' peoples/nns of/in the/at non-Western/jj world/nn ,/, a/at position/nn of/in dominance/nn ./.
It/pps became/vbd the/at sole/jj ``/`` subject/nn ''/'' of/in ``/`` international/jj law/nn ''/'' (/( a/at term/nn which/wdt ,/, it/pps is/bez pertinent/jj to/to remember/vb ,/, was/bedz coined/vbn by/in Bentham/np )/) ,/, a/at body/nn of/in legal/jj principle/nn which/wdt by/in and/cc large/jj was/bedz made/vbn up/rp of/in what/wdt Western/jj-tl nations/nns could/md do/do in/in the/at world/nn arena/nn ./.
(/( That/dt corpus/nn of/in law/nn was/bedz a/at reflection/nn of/in the/at power/nn system/nn in/in existence/nn during/in the/at eighteenth/od and/cc nineteenth/od centuries/nns ./.
Speaking/vbg generally/rb ,/, it/pps furthered/vbd --/-- and/cc still/rb tends/vbz to/to further/vb --/-- the/at interests/nns of/in the/at Western/jj-tl powers/nns ./.
The/at enormous/jj changes/nns in/in world/nn politics/nn have/hv ,/, however/rb ,/, thrown/vbn it/ppo into/in confusion/nn ,/, so/ql much/rb so/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez safe/jj to/to say/vb that/cs all/ql international/jj law/nn is/bez now/rb in/in need/nn of/in reexamination/nn and/cc clarification/nn in/in light/nn of/in the/at social/jj conditions/nns of/in the/at present/jj era/nn ./.
)/) 

	Beyond/in the/at two/cd basic/jj tasks/nns mentioned/vbn above/rb ,/, no/at attention/nn was/bedz paid/vbn by/in statesman/nn or/cc scholar/nn to/in an/at idea/nn of/in state/nn responsibility/nn ,/, either/cc internally/rb or/cc externally/rb ./.
This/dt was/bedz particularly/ql true/jj in/in the/at world/nn arena/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz an/at anarchical/jj battleground/nn characterized/vbn by/in strife/nn and/cc avaricious/jj competition/nn for/in colonial/jj empires/nns ./.
That/cs any/dti sort/nn of/in duty/nn was/bedz owed/vbn by/in his/pp$ nation/nn to/in other/ap nations/nns would/md have/hv astonished/vbn a/at nineteenth-century/nn statesman/nn ./.
His/pp$ duty/nn was/bedz to/in his/pp$ sovereign/nn and/cc to/in his/pp$ nation/nn ,/, and/cc an/at extension/nn to/in peoples/nns beyond/in the/at territorial/jj boundaries/nns was/bedz not/* to/to be/be contemplated/vbn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, to/to cite/vb but/rb one/cd example/nn ,/, the/at Pax/fw-nn-tl Britannica/fw-jj-tl of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, whether/cs with/in the/at British/jj navy/nn ruling/vbg the/at seas/nns or/cc with/in the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl London/np-tl ruling/vbg world/nn finance/nn ,/, was/bedz strictly/ql national/jj in/in motivation/nn ,/, however/wql much/rb other/ap nations/nns (/( e.g./rb ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl )/) may/md have/hv incidentally/rb benefited/vbn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, all/abn suggestions/nns that/cs some/dti sort/nn of/in societal/jj responsibility/nn existed/vbd for/in the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at people/nns within/in the/at territorial/jj state/nn was/bedz strongly/rb resisted/vbn ./.
Social/jj Darwinism/np was/bedz able/jj to/to stave/vb off/rp the/at incipient/jj socialist/nn movement/nn until/cs well/rb into/in the/at present/jj century/nn ./.


	However/rb ,/, in/in recent/jj decades/nns ,/, for/in what/wdt doubtless/rb are/ber multiple/jj reasons/nns ,/, an/at unannounced/jj but/cc nonetheless/rb readily/ql observable/jj shift/nn has/hvz occurred/vbn in/in both/abx facets/nns of/in national/jj activity/nn ./.
A/at concept/nn of/in responsibility/nn is/bez in/in process/nn of/in articulation/nn and/cc establishment/nn ./.
Already/rb firmly/rb implanted/vbn internally/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at growing/vbg factor/nn in/in external/jj matters/nns ./.




A/at little/ql more/ap than/in twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb the/at American/jj people/nns turned/vbd an/at important/jj corner/nn ./.
In/in what/wdt has/hvz aptly/rb been/ben called/vbn a/at ``/`` constitutional/jj revolution/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at basic/jj nature/nn of/in government/nn was/bedz transformed/vbn from/in one/cd essentially/ql negative/jj in/in nature/nn (/( the/at ``/`` night-watchman/nn state/nn ''/'' )/) to/in one/cd with/in affirmative/jj duties/nns to/to perform/vb ./.
The/at ``/`` positive/jj state/nn ''/'' came/vbd into/in existence/nn ./.
For/in lawyers/nns ,/, reflecting/vbg perhaps/rb their/pp$ parochial/jj preferences/nns ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at special/jj fascination/nn since/in then/rb in/in the/at role/nn played/vbn by/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl in/in that/dt transformation/nn --/-- the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt its/pp$ decisions/nns altered/vbd in/in ``/`` the/at switch/nn in/in time/nn that/wps saved/vbd nine/cd ''/'' ,/, President/nn-tl Roosevelt's/np$ ill-starred/jj but/cc in/in effect/nn victorious/jj ``/`` Court-packing/nn plan/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at imprimatur/nn of/in judicial/jj approval/nn that/wps was/bedz finally/rb placed/vbn upon/in social/jj legislation/nn ./.
Of/in greater/jjr importance/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez the/at content/nn of/in those/dts programs/nns ,/, which/wdt have/hv had/hvn and/cc are/ber having/hvg enormous/jj consequences/nns for/in the/at American/jj people/nns ./.
Labor/nn relations/nns have/hv been/ben transformed/vbn ,/, income/nn security/nn has/hvz become/vbn a/at standardized/vbn feature/nn of/in political/jj platforms/nns ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at many/ap facets/nns of/in the/at American/jj version/nn of/in the/at welfare/nn state/nn have/hv become/vbn part/nn of/in the/at conventional/jj wisdom/nn ./.
A/at national/jj consensus/nn of/in near/in unanimity/nn exists/vbz that/cs these/dts governmental/jj efforts/nns are/ber desirable/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs necessary/jj ./.
Ratified/vbn in/in the/at Republican/np-tl Party/nn-tl victory/nn in/in 1952/cd ,/, the/at Positive/jj-tl State/nn-tl is/bez now/rb evidenced/vbn by/in political/jj campaigns/nns being/beg waged/vbn not/* on/in whether/cs but/cc on/in how/wql much/ap social/jj legislation/nn there/ex should/md be/be ./.


	The/at general/jj acceptance/nn of/in the/at idea/nn of/in governmental/jj (/( i.e./rb ,/, societal/jj )/) responsibility/nn for/in the/at economic/jj well-being/nn of/in the/at American/jj people/nns is/bez surely/rb one/cd of/in the/at two/cd most/ql significant/jj watersheds/nns in/in American/jj constitutional/jj history/nn ./.
The/at other/ap ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at conflict/nn which/wdt a/at century/nn ago/rb insured/vbd national/jj unity/nn over/in fragmentation/nn ./.
A/at third/od ,/, one/cd of/in at/in least/ap equal/jj and/cc perhaps/rb even/ql greater/jjr importance/nn ,/, is/bez now/rb being/beg traversed/vbn :/: American/jj immersion/nn and/cc involvement/nn in/in world/nn affairs/nns ./.


	Internal/jj national/jj responsibility/nn ,/, now/rb a/at truism/nn ,/, need/vb not/* be/be documented/vbn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be helpful/jj to/to cite/vb one/cd example/nn --/-- that/dt of/in employment/nn --/-- for/cs ,/, as/cs will/md be/be shown/vbn below/rb ,/, it/pps cuts/vbz across/in both/abx facets/nns of/in the/at new/jj concept/nn ./.
Thirty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, while/cs the/at nation/nn was/bedz wallowing/vbg in/in economic/jj depression/nn ,/, the/at prevailing/vbg philosophy/nn of/in government/nn was/bedz to/to stand/vb aside/rb and/cc allow/vb ``/`` natural/jj forces/nns ''/'' to/to operate/vb and/cc cure/vb the/at distress/nn ./.
That/dt guiding/vbg principle/nn of/in the/at Hoover/np-tl Administration/nn-tl fell/vbd to/in the/at siege/nn guns/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
less/ap than/in a/at score/nn of/in years/nns later/rbr Congress/np enacted/vbd the/at Employment/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in-tl 1946/cd-tl ,/, by/in which/wdt the/at national/jj government/nn assumed/vbd the/at responsibility/nn of/in taking/vbg action/nn to/to insure/vb conditions/nns of/in maximum/jj employment/nn ./.
Hands-off/rb the/at economy/nn was/bedz replaced/vbn by/in conscious/jj guidance/nn through/in planning/vbg --/-- the/at economic/jj side/nn of/in the/at constitutional/jj revolution/nn ./.
In/in 1961/cd the/at first/od important/jj legislative/jj victory/nn of/in the/at Kennedy/np-tl Administration/nn-tl came/vbd when/wrb the/at principle/nn of/in national/jj responsibility/nn for/in local/jj economic/jj distress/nn won/vbd out/rp over/in a/at ``/`` state's-responsibility/nn ''/'' proposal/nn --/-- provision/nn was/bedz made/vbn for/in payment/nn for/in unemployment/nn relief/nn by/in nation-wide/jj taxation/nn rather/in than/in by/in a/at levy/nn only/rb on/in those/dts states/nns afflicted/vbn with/in manpower/nn surplus/nn ./.
The/at American/jj people/nns have/hv indeed/rb come/vbn a/at long/jj way/nn in/in the/at brief/jj interval/nn between/in 1930/cd and/cc 1961/cd ./.


	Internal/jj national/jj responsibility/nn is/bez a/at societal/jj response/nn to/in the/at impact/nn of/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl ./.
Reduced/vbn to/in its/pp$ simplest/jjt terms/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez an/at assumption/nn of/in a/at collective/jj duty/nn to/to compensate/vb for/in the/at inability/nn of/in individuals/nns to/to cope/vb with/in the/at rigors/nns of/in the/at era/nn ./.
National/jj responsibility/nn for/in individual/jj welfare/nn is/bez a/at concept/nn not/* limited/vbn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc even/rb to/in the/at Western/jj-tl nations/nns ./.
A/at measure/nn of/in its/pp$ widespread/jj acceptance/nn may/md be/be derived/vbn from/in a/at statement/nn of/in the/at International/jj-tl Congress/np-tl of/in-tl Jurists/nns-tl in/in 1959/cd ./.
Meeting/vbg in/in New/jj-tl Delhi/np-tl under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in the/at International/jj-tl Commission/nn-tl of/in-tl Jurists/nns-tl ,/, a/at body/nn of/in lawyers/nns from/in the/at free/jj world/nn ,/, the/at Congress/np redefined/vbd and/cc expanded/vbd the/at traditional/jj Rule/nn-tl of/in-tl Law/nn-tl to/to include/vb affirmative/jj governmental/jj duties/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez noteworthy/jj that/cs the/at majority/nn of/in the/at delegates/nns to/in the/at Congress/np were/bed from/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn ,/, former/ap colonial/jj nations/nns ./.
The/at Rule/nn-tl of/in-tl Law/nn-tl ,/, historically/rb a/at principle/nn according/vbg everyone/pn his/pp$ ``/`` day/nn in/in court/nn ''/'' before/in an/at impartial/jj tribunal/nn ,/, was/bedz broadened/vbn substantively/rb by/in making/vbg it/ppo a/at responsibility/nn of/in government/nn to/to promote/vb individual/jj welfare/nn ./.
Recognizing/vbg that/cs the/at Rule/nn-tl of/in-tl Law/nn-tl is/bez ``/`` a/at dynamic/jj concept/nn which/wdt should/md be/be employed/vbn not/* only/rb to/to safeguard/vb the/at civil/jj and/cc political/jj rights/nns of/in the/at individual/nn in/in a/at free/jj society/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at Congress/np asserted/vbd that/cs it/pps also/rb included/vbd the/at responsibility/nn ``/`` to/to establish/vb social/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, educational/jj and/cc cultural/jj conditions/nns under/in which/wdt his/pp$ legitimate/jj aspirations/nns and/cc dignity/nn may/md be/be realized/vbn ''/'' ./.
The/at idea/nn of/in national/jj responsibility/nn thus/rb has/hvz become/vbn a/at common/jj feature/nn of/in the/at nations/nns of/in the/at non-Soviet/jj world/nn ./.
For/in better/jjr or/cc for/in worse/jjr ,/, we/ppss all/abn now/rb live/vb in/in welfare/nn states/nns ,/, the/at organizing/vbg principle/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez collective/jj responsibility/nn for/in individual/jj well-being/nn ./.


	Whether/cs a/at concept/nn analogous/jj to/in the/at principle/nn of/in internal/jj responsibility/nn operates/vbz in/in a/at nation's/nn$ external/jj relations/nns is/bez less/ql obvious/jj and/cc more/ql difficult/jj to/to establish/vb ./.
The/at hypothesis/nn ventured/vbn here/rb is/bez that/cs it/pps does/doz ,/, and/cc that/cs evidence/nn is/bez accumulating/vbg validating/vbg that/dt proposition/nn ./.
The/at content/nn is/bez not/* the/at same/ap ,/, however/rb :/: rather/in than/in individual/jj security/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at security/nn and/cc continuing/vbg existence/nn of/in an/at ``/`` ideological/jj group/nn ''/'' --/-- those/dts in/in the/at ``/`` free/jj world/nn ''/'' --/-- that/dt is/bez basic/jj ./.
External/jj national/jj responsibility/nn involves/vbz a/at burgeoning/vbg requirement/nn that/cs the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at Western/jj-tl nations/nns so/rb guide/vb their/pp$ decisions/nns as/cs to/to further/vb the/at viability/nn of/in other/ap friendly/jj nations/nns ./.
If/cs internal/jj responsibility/nn suggests/vbz acceptance/nn of/in the/at socialist/jj ideal/nn of/in equality/nn ,/, then/rb external/jj responsibility/nn implies/vbz adherence/nn to/in principles/nns of/in ideological/jj supranationalism/nn ./.


	Reference/nn to/in two/cd other/ap concepts/nns --/-- nationalism/nn and/cc sovereignty/nn --/-- may/md help/vb to/to reveal/vb the/at contours/nns of/in the/at new/jj principle/nn ./.
In/in its/pp$ beginnings/nns the/at nation-state/nn had/hvd to/to struggle/vb to/to assert/vb itself/ppl --/-- internally/rb ,/, against/in feudal/jj groups/nns ,/, and/cc externally/rb ,/, against/in the/at power/nn and/cc influence/nn of/in such/jj other/ap claimants/nns for/in loyalty/nn as/cs the/at Church/nn-tl ./.
The/at breakup/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Roman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl and/cc the/at downfall/nn of/in feudalism/nn led/vbd ,/, not/* more/ap than/in two/cd centuries/nns ago/rb ,/, to/in the/at surge/nn of/in nationalism/nn ./.
(/( Since/in the/at time-span/nn of/in the/at nation-state/nn coincides/vbz roughly/rb with/in the/at separate/jj existence/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs an/at independent/jj entity/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez perhaps/rb natural/jj for/in Americans/nps to/to think/vb of/in the/at nation/nn as/cs representative/jj of/in the/at highest/jjt form/nn of/in order/nn ,/, something/pn permanent/jj and/cc unchanging/jj ./.
)/) The/at concept/nn of/in nationalism/nn is/bez the/at political/jj principle/nn that/wps epitomizes/vbz and/cc glorifies/vbz the/at territorial/jj state/nn as/cs the/at characteristic/jj type/nn of/in socal/jj structure/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs that/dt ./.
For/cs it/pps includes/vbz the/at emotional/jj ties/nns that/wps bind/vb men/nns to/in their/pp$ homeland/nn and/cc the/at complex/jj motivations/nns that/wps hold/vb a/at large/jj group/nn of/in people/nns together/rb as/cs a/at unit/nn ./.
Today/nr ,/, as/ql new/jj nations/nns rise/vb from/in the/at former/ap colonial/jj empires/nns ,/, nationalism/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at hurricane/nn forces/nns loose/jj in/in the/at world/nn ./.
Almost/ql febrile/jj in/in intensity/nn ,/, the/at principle/nn has/hvz become/vbn worldwide/jj in/in application/nn --/-- unfortunately/rb at/in the/at very/ap time/nn that/cs nationalist/nn fervors/nns can/md wreak/vb greatest/jjt harm/nn ./.
Historically/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at concept/nn is/bez one/cd that/wps has/hvz been/ben of/in marked/vbn benefit/nn to/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at Western/jj-tl civilizational/jj group/nn ./.
By/in subduing/vbg disparate/jj lesser/jjr groups/nns the/at nation/nn has/hvz ,/, to/in some/dti degree/nn at/in least/ap ,/, broadened/vbn the/at capacity/nn for/in individual/jj liberty/nn ./.
Within/in their/pp$ confines/nns ,/, moreover/rb ,/, technological/jj and/cc industrial/jj growth/nn has/hvz proceeded/vbn at/in an/at accelerated/vbn pace/nn ,/, thus/rb increasing/vbg the/at cornucopia/nn from/in which/wdt material/nn wants/nns can/md be/be satisfied/vbn ./.
While/cs the/at pattern/nn is/bez uneven/jj ,/, some/dti having/hvg gained/vbn more/ap than/cs others/nns ,/, nationalism/nn has/hvz in/in fact/nn served/vbd the/at Western/jj-tl peoples/nns well/rb ./.
(/( Whether/cs historical/jj nationalism/nn helped/vbd the/at peoples/nns of/in the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at world/nn ,/, and/cc whether/cs today's/nr$ nationalism/nn in/in the/at former/ap colonial/jj areas/nns has/hvz equally/ql beneficial/jj aspects/nns ,/, are/ber other/ap questions/nns ./.
)/) 

	It/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at ironic/jj quirks/nns of/in history/nn that/cs the/at viability/nn and/cc usefulness/nn of/in nationalism/nn and/cc the/at territorial/jj state/nn are/ber rapidly/rb dissipating/vbg at/in precisely/rb the/at time/nn that/cs the/at nation-state/nn attained/vbd its/pp$ highest/jjt number/nn (/( approximately/rb 100/cd )/) ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs irony/nn :/: one/cd of/in the/at main/jjs reasons/nns why/wrb nationalism/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at tenable/jj concept/nn is/bez because/cs it/pps has/hvz spread/vbn throughout/in the/at planet/nn ./.
In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, nationalism/nn worked/vbd well/rb enough/qlp when/wrb it/pps had/hvd limited/vbn application/nn ,/, both/abx as/in to/in geography/nn and/cc as/in to/in population/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps becomes/vbz a/at perilous/jj anachronism/nn when/wrb adopted/vbn on/in a/at world-wide/jj basis/nn ./.


	Complementing/vbg the/at political/jj principle/nn of/in nationalism/nn is/bez the/at legal/jj principle/nn of/in sovereignty/nn ./.
The/at former/ap receives/vbz its/pp$ legitimacy/nn from/in the/at latter/ap ./.
Operating/vbg side/nn by/in side/nn ,/, together/rb they/ppss helped/vbd shore/nn up/rp the/at nation-state/nn ./.
While/cs sovereignty/nn has/hvz roots/nns in/in antiquity/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ present/jj usage/nn it/pps is/bez essentially/ql modern/jj ./.
Jean/np Bodin/np ,/, writing/vbg in/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn ,/, may/md have/hv been/ben the/at seminal/jj thinker/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz the/at vastly/ql influential/jj John/np Austin/np who/wps set/vbd out/rp the/at main/jjs lines/nns of/in the/at concept/nn as/cs now/rb understood/vbn ./.
Austin's/np$ nineteenth-century/nn view/nn of/in law/nn and/cc sovereignty/nn still/rb dominates/vbz much/ap of/in today's/nr$ legal/jj and/cc political/jj thinking/nn ./.
To/in him/ppo ,/, law/nn is/bez the/at command/nn of/in the/at sovereign/nn (/( the/at English/jj monarch/nn )/) who/wps personifies/vbz the/at power/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, while/cs sovereignty/nn is/bez the/at power/nn to/to make/vb law/nn --/-- i.e./rb ,/, to/to prevail/vb over/in internal/jj groups/nns and/cc to/to be/be free/jj from/in the/at commands/nns of/in other/ap sovereigns/nns in/in other/ap nations/nns ./.
These/dts fundamental/jj ideas/nns --/-- the/at indivisibility/nn of/in sovereignty/nn and/cc its/pp$ dual/jj (/( internal-external/jj )/) aspects/nns --/-- still/rb remain/vb the/at core/nn of/in that/dt concept/nn of/in ultimate/jj political/jj power/nn ./.


	The/at nation-state/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, exemplifies/vbz the/at principle/nn of/in nationalism/nn and/cc exercises/vbz sovereignty/nn :/: supreme/jj power/nn over/in domestic/jj affairs/nns and/cc independence/nn from/in outside/jj control/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, both/abx principles/nns have/hv always/rb been/ben nebulous/jj and/cc loosely/rb defined/vbn ./.
High-level/nn abstractions/nns are/ber always/rb difficult/jj to/to pin/vb down/rp with/in precision/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj of/in sovereignty/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez applied/vbn to/in democratic/jj societies/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt ``/`` popular/jj ''/'' sovereignty/nn is/bez said/vbn to/to exist/vb ,/, and/cc in/in federal/jj nations/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at jobs/nns of/in government/nn are/ber split/vbn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, nationalism/nn and/cc sovereignty/nn are/ber reputed/vbn ,/, in/in the/at accepted/vbn wisdom/nn ,/, to/to describe/vb the/at modern/jj world/nn ./.
Is/bez there/ex a/at different/jj reality/nn behind/in the/at facade/nn ?/. ?/.
Does/doz the/at surface/nn hide/nn a/at quite/ql different/jj picture/nn ?/. ?/.


	The/at short/jj answer/nn to/in those/dts questions/nns is/bez ``/`` yes/rb ''/'' ./.
Both/abx concepts/nns are/ber undergoing/vbg alteration/nn ;/. ;/.
to/in some/dti degree/nn they/ppss are/ber being/beg supplanted/vbn by/in a/at concept/nn of/in national/jj responsibility/nn ./.
As/cs evidence/nn to/to support/vb that/dt view/nn ,/, consider/vb the/at following/vbg illustrative/jj instances/nns ./.

Can/md thermonuclear/jj war/nn be/be set/vbn off/rp by/in accident/nn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt steps/nns have/hv been/ben taken/vbn to/to guard/vb against/in the/at one/cd sort/nn of/in mishap/nn that/wps could/md trigger/vb the/at destruction/nn of/in continents/nns ?/. ?/.
Are/ber we/ppss as/ql safe/jj as/cs we/ppss should/md be/be from/in such/abl a/at disaster/nn ?/. ?/.
Is/bez anything/pn being/beg done/vbn to/to increase/vb our/pp$ margin/nn of/in safety/nn ?/. ?/.
Will/md the/at danger/nn increase/vb or/cc decrease/vb ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss have/hv just/rb asked/vbn these/dts questions/nns in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, in/in offices/nns of/in key/jjs scientists/nns across/in the/at country/nn and/cc aboard/in the/at submarines/nns that/wps prowl/vb for/in months/nns underwater/rb ,/, with/in neat/jj rows/nns of/in green/jj launch/nn tubes/nns which/wdt contain/vb Polaris/np missiles/nns and/cc which/wdt are/ber affectionately/rb known/vbn as/cs ``/`` Sherwood/np-tl Forest/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
I/ppss asked/vbd the/at same/ap questions/nns inside/in the/at launch-control/nn rooms/nns of/in an/at Atlas/np missile/nn base/nn in/in Wyoming/np ,/, where/wrb officers/nns who/wps wear/vb sidearms/nns are/ber manning/vbg the/at ``/`` commit/jj buttons/nns ''/'' that/wps could/md start/vb a/at war/nn --/-- accidentally/rb or/cc by/in design/nn --/-- and/cc in/in the/at command/nn centers/nns where/wrb other/ap pistol-packing/jj men/nns could/md give/vb orders/nns to/to push/vb such/jj buttons/nns ./.


	To/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at instrument-jammed/jj bomber/nn cockpits/nns ,/, submarine/nn compartments/nns and/cc the/at antiseptic/jj ,/, windowless/jj rooms/nns that/wps would/md be/be the/at foxholes/nns of/in tomorrow's/nr$ impersonal/jj intercontinental/jj wars/nns ,/, the/at questions/nns seem/vb farfetched/jj ./.
There/ex is/bez unceasing/jj pressure/nn ,/, but/cc its/pp$ sources/nns are/ber immediate/jj ./.
``/`` Readiness/nn exercises/nns ''/'' are/ber almost/ql continuous/jj ./.
Each/dt could/md be/be the/at real/jj thing/nn ./.


	In/in the/at command/nn centers/nns there/ex are/ber special/jj clocks/nns ready/vb to/to tick/vb off/rp the/at minutes/nns elapsed/vbn since/in ``/`` E/nn hour/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` E/np ''/'' stands/vbz for/in ``/`` execution/nn-nc ''/'' --/-- the/at moment/nn a/at ``/`` go/vb order/nn ''/'' would/md unleash/vb an/at American/jj nuclear/jj strike/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez little/ap time/nn for/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at command/nn centers/nns to/to reflect/vb about/in the/at implications/nns of/in these/dts clocks/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber preoccupied/vbn riding/vbg herd/nn on/in control/nn panels/nns ,/, switches/nns ,/, flashing/vbg colored/vbn lights/nns on/in pale/jj green/jj or/cc gray/jj consoles/nns that/wps look/vb like/cs business/nn machines/nns ./.
They/ppss know/vb little/ap about/in their/pp$ machinery/nn beyond/in mechanical/jj details/nns ./.
Accidental/jj war/nn is/bez so/ql sensitive/jj a/at subject/nn that/cs most/ap of/in the/at people/nns who/wps could/md become/vb directly/rb involved/vbn in/in one/cd are/ber told/vbn just/rb enough/ap so/cs they/ppss can/md perform/vb their/pp$ portions/nns of/in incredibly/ql complex/jj tasks/nns ./.


	Among/in the/at policy/nn makers/nns ,/, generals/nns ,/, physicists/nns ,/, psychologists/nns and/cc others/nns charged/vbn with/in controlling/vbg the/at actions/nns of/in the/at button/nn pushers/nns and/cc their/pp$ ``/`` hardware/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at answers/nns to/in my/pp$ questions/nns varied/vbd partly/rb according/in to/in a/at man's/nn$ flair/nn for/in what/wdt the/at professionals/nns in/in this/dt field/nn call/vb ``/`` scenarios/nns ''/'' ./.
As/cs an/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl psychiatrist/nn put/vbd it/ppo :/: ``/`` You/ppss can't/md* have/hv dry/jj runs/nns on/in this/dt one/cd ''/'' ./.
The/at experts/nns are/ber thus/rb forced/vbn to/to hypothesize/vb sequences/nns of/in events/nns that/wps have/hv never/rb occurred/vbn ,/, probably/rb never/rb will/md --/-- but/cc possibly/rb might/md ./.
Only/rb one/cd rule/nn prevailed/vbd in/in my/pp$ conversations/nns with/in these/dts men/nns :/: The/at more/ql highly/ql placed/vbn they/ppss are/ber --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, the/at more/ap they/ppss know/vb --/-- the/at more/ql concerned/vbn they/ppss have/hv become/vbn ./.


	Already/rb accidental/jj war/nn is/bez a/at silent/jj guest/nn at/in the/at discussions/nns within/in the/at Kennedy/np-tl Administration/nn-tl about/in the/at urgency/nn of/in disarmament/nn and/cc nearly/rb all/abn other/ap questions/nns of/in national/jj security/nn ./.
Only/ql recently/rb new/jj ``/`` holes/nns ''/'' were/bed discovered/vbn in/in our/pp$ safety/nn measures/nns ,/, and/cc a/at search/nn is/bez now/rb on/rp for/in more/ap ./.
Work/nn is/bez under/in way/nn to/to see/vb whether/cs new/jj restraining/vbg devices/nns should/md be/be installed/vbn on/in all/abn nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./.


	Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at experts/nns speak/vb of/in wars/nns triggered/vbn by/in ``/`` false/jj pre-emption/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` escalation/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` unauthorized/jj behavior/nn ''/'' and/cc other/ap terms/nns that/wps will/md be/be discussed/vbn in/in this/dt report/nn ./.
They/ppss inhabit/vb a/at secret/jj world/nn centered/vbn on/in ``/`` go/vb codes/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` gold/jj phones/nns ''/'' ./.
Their/pp$ conversations/nns were/bed ,/, almost/ql invariably/rb ,/, accompanied/vbn by/in the/at same/ap gestures/nns --/-- arms/nns and/cc pointed/vbn forefingers/nns darting/vbg toward/in each/dt other/ap in/in arclike/jj semicircular/jj motions/nns ./.
One/cd arm/nn represented/vbd our/pp$ bombers/nns and/cc missiles/nns ,/, the/at other/ap arm/nn ``/`` theirs/pp$$ ''/'' ./.
Yet/cc implicit/jj in/in each/dt movement/nn was/bedz the/at death/nn of/in millions/nns ,/, perhaps/rb hundreds/nns of/in millions/nns ,/, perhaps/rb you/ppss and/cc me/ppo --/-- and/cc the/at experts/nns ./.


	These/dts men/nns are/ber not/* callous/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez their/pp$ job/nn to/to think/vb about/in the/at unthinkable/jj ./.
Unanimously/rb they/ppss believe/vb that/cs the/at world/nn would/md become/vb a/at safer/jjr place/nn if/cs more/ap of/in us/ppo --/-- and/cc more/ap Russians/nps and/cc Communist/jj Chinese/nps ,/, too/rb --/-- thought/vbd about/in accidental/jj war/nn ./.


	The/at first/od systematic/jj thinking/nn about/in this/dt Pandora's/np$ box/nn within/in Pandora's/np$ boxes/nns was/bedz done/vbn four/cd years/nns ago/rb by/in Fred/np Ikle/np ,/, a/at frail/jj ,/, meek-mannered/jj Swiss-born/jj sociologist/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz ,/, and/cc is/bez ,/, with/in the/at RAND/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, a/at nonprofit/jj pool/nn of/in thinkers/nns financed/vbn by/in the/at U.S./np-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ./.
His/pp$ investigations/nns made/vbd him/ppo the/at Paul/np Revere/np of/in accidental/jj war/nn ,/, and/cc safety/nn procedures/nns were/bed enormously/ql increased/vbn ./.


	In/in recent/jj weeks/nns ,/, as/cs a/at result/nn of/in a/at sweeping/vbg defense/nn policy/nn reappraisal/nn by/in the/at Kennedy/np-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, basic/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl strategy/nn has/hvz been/ben modified/vbn --/-- and/cc large/jj new/jj sums/nns allocated/vbn --/-- to/to meet/vb the/at accidental-war/jj danger/nn and/cc to/to reduce/vb it/ppo as/ql quickly/rb as/cs possible/jj ./.


	The/at chain/nn starts/vbz at/in BMEWS/nn (/( Ballistic/jj-tl Missile/nn-tl Early/jj-tl Warning/nn-tl System/nn-tl )/) in/in Thule/np ,/, Greenland/np ./.
Its/pp$ radar/nn screens/nns would/md register/vb Soviet/np missiles/nns shortly/rb after/cs they/ppss are/ber launched/vbn against/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
BMEWS/np intelligence/nn is/bez simultaneously/ql flashed/vbn to/in NORAD/nn (/( North/jj-tl American/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Defense/nn-tl Command/nn-tl )/) in/in Colorado/np-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, Colorado/np ,/, for/in interpretation/nn ;/. ;/.
to/in the/at SAC/nn command/nn and/cc control/nn post/nn ,/, forty-five/cd feet/nns below/in the/at ground/nn at/in Offutt/np-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl Base/nn-tl ,/, near/in Omaha/np ,/, Nebraska/np ;/. ;/.
to/in the/at Joint/jj-tl War/nn-tl Room/nn-tl of/in the/at Joint/jj-tl Chiefs/nns-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl and/cc to/in the/at President/nn-tl ./.


	Telephones/nns ,/, Teletypes/nns ,/, several/ap kinds/nns of/in radio/nn systems/nns and/cc ,/, in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, television/nn ,/, link/vb all/ql vital/jj points/nns ./.
Alternate/jj locations/nns exist/vb for/in all/abn key/jjs command/nn centers/nns ./.
For/in last-ditch/nn emergencies/nns SAC/nn has/hvz alternate/jj command/nn posts/nns on/in KC-135/nn jet/nn tankers/nns ./.
Multiple/jj circuits/nns ,/, routings/nns and/cc frequencies/nns make/vb the/at chain/nn as/ql unbreakable/jj as/cs possible/jj ./.


	The/at same/ap principle/nn of/in ``/`` redundancy/nn ''/'' applies/vbz to/in all/abn communications/nns on/in these/dts special/jj networks/nns ./.
And/cc no/at messages/nns can/md be/be transmitted/vbn on/in these/dts circuits/nns until/cs senders/nns and/cc receivers/nns authenticate/vb in/in advance/nn ,/, by/in special/jj codes/nns ,/, that/cs the/at messages/nns actually/rb come/vb from/in their/pp$ purported/vbn sources/nns ./.
Additional/jj codes/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to challenge/vb and/cc counterchallenge/vb the/at authentications/nns ./.


	Only/rb the/at President/nn-tl is/bez permitted/vbn to/to authorize/vb the/at use/nn of/in nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./.
That's/dt+bez the/at law/nn ./.
But/cc what/wdt if/cs somebody/pn decides/vbz to/to break/vb it/ppo ?/. ?/.
The/at President/nn-tl cannot/md* personally/rb remove/vb the/at safety/nn devices/nns from/in every/at nuclear/jj trigger/nn ./.
He/pps makes/vbz the/at momentous/jj decision/nn ./.
Hundreds/nns of/in men/nns are/ber required/vbn to/to pass/vb the/at word/nn to/in the/at button/nn pushers/nns and/cc to/to push/vb the/at buttons/nns ./.
What/wdt if/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in them/ppo turn/vb irrational/jj or/cc suddenly/rb ,/, coolly/rb ,/, decide/vb to/to clobber/vb the/at Russians/nps ?/. ?/.
What/wdt if/cs the/at President/nn-tl himself/ppl ,/, in/in the/at language/nn of/in the/at military/jj ,/, ``/`` goes/vbz ape/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Or/cc singlehandedly/rb decided/vbd to/to reverse/vb national/jj policy/nn and/cc hit/vb the/at Soviets/nps without/in provocation/nn ?/. ?/.


	Nobody/pn can/md be/be absolutely/ql certain/jj of/in the/at answers/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at system/nn is/bez designed/vbn ,/, ingeniously/rb and/cc hopefully/rb ,/, so/cs that/cs no/at one/cd man/nn could/md initiate/vb a/at thermonuclear/jj war/nn ./.


	Even/rb the/at President/nn-tl cannot/md* pick/vb up/rp his/pp$ telephone/nn and/cc give/vb a/at ``/`` go/vb ''/'' order/nn ./.
Even/rb he/pps does/doz not/* know/vb the/at one/cd signal/nn for/in a/at nuclear/jj strike/nn --/-- the/at ``/`` go/vb code/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in an/at emergency/nn he/pps would/md receive/vb available/jj intelligence/nn on/in the/at ``/`` gold-phone/jj circuit/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at system/nn of/in ``/`` gold/jj ''/'' --/-- actually/rb yellow/jj --/-- phones/nns connects/vbz him/ppo with/in the/at offices/nns and/cc action/nn stations/nns of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, the/at Joint/jj-tl Chiefs/nns-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl ,/, the/at SAC/nn commander/nn and/cc other/ap key/jjs men/nns ./.
All/abn can/md be/be connected/vbn with/in the/at gold/jj circuit/nn from/in their/pp$ homes/nns ./.
All/abn could/md help/vb the/at President/nn-tl make/vb his/pp$ decision/nn ./.
The/at talk/nn would/md not/* be/be in/in code/nn ,/, but/cc neither/cc would/md it/ppo ramble/vb ./.
Vital/jj questions/nns would/md be/be quickly/rb answered/vbn according/in to/in a/at preprepared/vbn agenda/nn ./.
Officers/nns who/wps participate/vb in/in the/at continual/jj practice/nn drills/nns assured/vbd me/ppo that/cs the/at President's/nn$-tl decision/nn could/md be/be made/vbn and/cc announced/vbn on/in the/at gold/jj circuit/nn within/in minutes/nns after/in the/at first/od flash/nn from/in Aj/nn ./.


	If/cs communications/nns work/vb ,/, his/pp$ decision/nn would/md be/be instantly/ql known/vbn in/in all/abn command/nn posts/nns that/wps would/md originate/vb the/at actual/jj go/vb order/nn ./.
For/cs these/dts centers/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, are/ber on/in the/at gold/jj circuit/nn ./.
They/ppss include/vb the/at Navy's/nn$-tl Atlantic/jj-tl Command/nn-tl at/in Norfolk/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, which/wdt is/bez in/in contact/nn with/in the/at Polaris/np subs/nns ;/. ;/.
NATO/nn headquarters/nns in/in Europe/np ;/. ;/.
Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl forward/jj headquarters/nns in/in Europe/np and/cc in/in the/at Pacific/np ,/, which/wdt control/nn tactical/jj fighters/nns on/in ships/nns and/cc land/nn bases/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc SAC/nn ,/, which/wdt controls/vbz long-range/nn bombers/nns and/cc Atlas/np missiles/nns ./.


	Let/vb us/ppo look/vb in/rp on/in one/cd of/in these/dts nerve/nn centers/nns --/-- SAC/nn at/in Omaha/np --/-- and/cc see/vb what/wdt must/md still/rb happen/vb before/cs a/at wing/nn of/in B-52/nn bombers/nns could/md drop/vb their/pp$ Aj/nn ./.


	In/in a/at word/nn ,/, plenty/nn ./.
The/at key/jjs man/nn almost/ql certainly/rb would/md be/be Col./nn-tl William/np W./np Wisman/np ,/, SAC's/nn senior/jj controller/nn ./.
He/pps or/cc his/pp$ deputy/nn or/cc one/cd of/in their/pp$ seven/cd assistants/nns ,/, all/abn full/jj colonels/nns ,/, mans/vbz the/at heart/nn of/in the/at command/nn post/nn twenty-four/cd hours/nns a/at day/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at quiet/jj but/cc impressive/jj room/nn --/-- 140/cd feet/nns long/jj ,/, thirty-nine/cd feet/nns wide/jj ,/, twenty-one/cd feet/nns high/jj ./.
Movable/jj panels/nns of/in floor-to-ceiling/jj maps/nns and/cc charts/nns are/ber crammed/vbn with/in intelligence/nn information/nn ./.
And/cc Bill/np Wisman/np ,/, forty-three/cd ,/, a/at farmer's/nn$ son/nn from/in Beallsville/np ,/, Ohio/np ,/, is/bez a/at quiet/jj but/cc impressive/jj man/nn ./.
His/pp$ eyes/nns are/ber steady/jj anchors/nns of/in the/at deepest/jjt brown/jj ./.
His/pp$ movements/nns and/cc speech/nn are/ber precise/jj ,/, clear/jj and/cc quick/jj ./.
No/at question/nn ruffles/vbz him/ppo or/cc causes/vbz him/ppo to/to hesitate/vb ./.


	Wisman/np ,/, who/wps has/hvz had/hvn the/at chief/jjs controller's/nn$ job/nn for/in four/cd years/nns ,/, calls/vbz the/at signals/nns for/in a/at team/nn operating/vbg three/cd rows/nns of/in dull-gray/jj consoles/nns studded/vbn with/in lights/nns ,/, switches/nns and/cc buttons/nns ./.
At/in least/ap a/at dozen/nn men/nns ,/, some/dti armed/vbn ,/, are/ber never/rb far/ql away/rb from/in him/ppo ./.
In/in front/nn of/in him/ppo is/bez a/at gold/jj phone/nn ./.
In/in emergencies/nns the/at SAC/nn commander/nn ,/, Gen./nn-tl Thomas/np Power/np ,/, or/cc his/pp$ deputies/nns and/cc their/pp$ staff/nn would/md occupy/vb a/at balcony/nn that/wps stretches/vbz across/in the/at length/nn of/in the/at room/nn above/in Wisman/np and/cc his/pp$ staff/nn ./.
At/in General/nn-tl Power's/np$ seat/nn in/in the/at balcony/nn there/ex is/bez also/rb a/at gold/jj phone/nn ./.
General/nn-tl Power/np would/md participate/vb in/in the/at decision/nn making/nn ./.
Wisman/np ,/, below/rb ,/, would/md listen/vb in/rp and/cc act/vb ./.
His/pp$ consoles/nns can/md give/vb him/ppo instant/jj contact/nn with/in more/ap than/in seventy/cd bases/nns around/in the/at world/nn and/cc with/in every/at SAC/nn aircraft/nn ./.


	He/pps need/md only/rb pick/vb up/rp one/cd of/in the/at two/cd red/jj telephone/nn receivers/nns at/in his/pp$ extreme/jj left/nr ,/, right/ql next/rb to/in the/at big/jj red/jj button/nn marked/vbn alert/nn ./.
(/( There/ex are/ber two/cd receivers/nns in/in case/nn one/cd should/md be/be dropped/vbn and/cc damaged/vbn ./.
)/) 

	But/cc Wisman/np ,/, too/rb ,/, does/doz not/* know/vb the/at go/vb code/nn ./.
He/pps must/md take/vb it/ppo from/in ``/`` the/at red/jj box/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in point/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez a/at beige/jj box/nn with/in a/at bright/jj red/jj door/nn ,/, about/rb one/cd and/cc a/at half/abn feet/nns square/jj and/cc hung/vbd from/in the/at wall/nn about/rb six/cd feet/nns from/in the/at door/nn to/in Wisman's/np$ right/nr ./.
The/at box/nn is/bez internally/rb wired/vbn so/cs the/at door/nn can/md never/rb be/be opened/vbn without/in setting/vbg off/rp a/at screeching/vbg klaxon/nn (/( ``/`` It's/pps+bez real/ql obnoxious/jj ''/'' )/) ./.


	Now/rb we/ppss must/md become/vb vague/jj ,/, for/cs we/ppss are/ber approaching/vbg one/cd of/in the/at nation's/nn$ most/ql guarded/vbn secrets/nns ./.
The/at codes/nns in/in the/at red/jj box/nn --/-- there/ex are/ber several/ap of/in them/ppo covering/vbg various/jj contingencies/nns --/-- are/ber contained/vbn in/in a/at sealed/vbn X-ray-proof/nn ``/`` unique/jj device/nn ''/'' ./.
They/ppss are/ber supplied/vbn ,/, a/at batch/nn at/in a/at time/nn ,/, by/in a/at secret/jj source/nn and/cc are/ber continually/rb changed/vbn by/in Wisman/np or/cc his/pp$ staff/nn ,/, at/in random/jj intervals/nns ./.


	But/cc even/rb the/at contents/nns of/in Wisman's/np$ box/nn cannot/md* start/vb a/at war/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber mere/jj fragments/nns ,/, just/rb one/cd portion/nn of/in preprepared/vbn messages/nns ./.
What/wdt these/dts fragments/nns are/ber and/cc how/wrb they/ppss activate/vb the/at go/vb order/nn may/md not/* be/be revealed/vbn ./.
The/at pieces/nns must/md be/be placed/vbn in/in the/at context/nn of/in the/at prepared/vbn messages/nns by/in Wisman's/np$ staff/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at authentication/nn and/cc acknowledgment/nn procedures/nns which/wdt precede/vb and/cc follow/vb the/at sending/nn of/in the/at go/vb messages/nns ,/, again/rb in/in special/jj codes/nns ,/, each/dt message/nn also/rb contains/vbz an/at ``/`` internal/jj authenticator/nn ''/'' ,/, another/dt specific/jj signal/nn to/to convince/vb the/at recipient/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez getting/vbg the/at real/jj thing/nn ./.


	I/ppss asked/vbd Wisman/np what/wdt would/md happen/vb if/cs he/pps broke/vbd out/rp the/at go/vb codes/nns and/cc tried/vbd to/to start/vb transmitting/vbg one/cd ./.
``/`` I'd/ppss+md wind/vb up/rp full/jj of/in bullet/nn holes/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at question/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz talking/vbg about/in bullets/nns fired/vbn by/in his/pp$ coworkers/nns ./.


	Now/rb let/vb us/ppo imagine/vb a/at wing/nn of/in B-52's/nn ,/, on/in alert/jj near/in their/pp$ ``/`` positive/jj control/nn (/( or/cc fail-safe/jj )/) points/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at spots/nns on/in the/at map/nn ,/, many/ap miles/nns from/in Soviet/np territory/nn ,/, beyond/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber forbidden/vbn to/to fly/vb without/in specific/jj orders/nns to/to proceed/vb to/in their/pp$ targets/nns ./.
They/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, have/hv fragments/nns of/in the/at go/vb code/nn with/in them/ppo ./.
As/cs Wisman/np put/vb it/ppo ,/, ``/`` They/ppss have/hv separate/jj pieces/nns of/in the/at pie/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss have/hv the/at whole/jj pie/nn ./.
Once/cs we/ppss send/vb out/rp the/at whole/jj pie/nn ,/, they/ppss can/md put/vb their/pp$ pieces/nns into/in it/ppo ./.
Unless/cs we/ppss send/vb out/rp the/at whole/jj pie/nn ,/, their/pp$ pieces/nns mean/vb nothing/pn ''/'' ./.
Why/wrb does/doz Wisman's/np$ ever-changing/jj code/nn always/rb mesh/vb with/in the/at fragments/nns in/in possession/nn of/in the/at button/nn pushers/nns ?/. ?/.
The/at answer/nn is/bez a/at cryptographic/jj secret/nn ./.
At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, three/cd men/nns out/in of/in a/at six-man/jj B-52/nn crew/nn are/ber required/vbn to/to copy/vb down/rp Wisman's/np$ go-to-war/jj message/nn ./.
Each/dt must/md match/vb Wisman's/np$ ``/`` pie/nn ''/'' with/in the/at fragment/nn that/wpo he/pps carries/vbz with/in him/ppo ./.
All/abn three/cd must/md compare/vb notes/nns and/cc agree/vb to/to ``/`` go/vb ''/'' ./.




After/in that/dt ,/, it/pps requires/vbz several/ap minutes/nns of/in concentrated/vbn work/nn ,/, including/in six/cd separate/jj and/cc deliberate/jj actions/nns by/in a/at minimum/nn of/in three/cd men/nns sitting/vbg at/in three/cd separate/jj stations/nns in/in a/at bomber/nn ,/, each/dt with/in another/dt man/nn beside/in him/ppo to/to help/vb ,/, for/in an/at armed/vbn bomb/nn to/to be/be released/vbn ./.
Unless/cs all/abn gadgets/nns are/ber properly/rb operated/vbn --/-- and/cc the/at wires/nns and/cc seals/nns from/in the/at handles/nns removed/vbn first/rb --/-- no/at damage/nn can/md be/be done/vbn ./.



	Suddenly/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, their/pp$ posture/nn changed/vbd and/cc the/at game/nn ended/vbd ./.
They/ppss went/vbd as/ql rigid/jj as/cs black/jj statuary/nn six/cd figures/nns ,/, lean/jj and/cc tall/jj and/cc angular/jj ,/, went/vbd still/rb ./.
Their/pp$ heads/nns were/bed in/in the/at air/nn sniffing/vbg ./.
They/ppss all/abn swung/vbd at/in the/at same/ap instant/nn in/in the/at same/ap direction/nn ./.
They/ppss saw/vbd it/ppo before/cs I/ppss did/dod ,/, even/rb with/in my/pp$ binoculars/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at tiny/jj distant/jj rain/nn squall/nn ,/, a/at dull/jj gray/jj sheet/nn which/wdt reached/vbd from/in a/at layer/nn of/in clouds/nns to/in the/at earth/nn ./.
In/in the/at 360/cd degrees/nns of/in horizon/nn it/pps obscured/vbd only/rb a/at degree/nn ,/, no/at more/ap ./.
A/at white/jj man/nn would/md not/* have/hv seen/vbn it/ppo ./.
The/at aborigines/nns fastened/vbd upon/in it/ppo with/in a/at concentration/nn beyond/in pathos/nn ./.
Watching/vbg ,/, they/ppss waited/vbd until/cs the/at squall/nn thickened/vbd and/cc began/vbd to/to move/vb in/in a/at long/jj drifting/vbg slant/nn across/in the/at dry/jj burning/vbg land/nn ./.
At/in once/rb the/at whole/jj band/nn set/vbd off/rp at/in a/at lope/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed chasing/vbg a/at rain/nn cloud/nn ./.


	They/ppss went/vbd after/in the/at squall/nn as/ql mercilessly/rb as/cs a/at wolf/nn pack/nn after/in an/at abandoned/vbn cow/nn ./.
I/ppss followed/vbd them/ppo in/in the/at jeep/nn and/cc now/rb they/ppss did/dod not/* care/vb ./.
The/at games/nns were/bed over/rp ,/, this/dt was/bedz life/nn ./.
Occasionally/rb ,/, for/in no/at reason/nn that/cs I/ppss could/md see/vb ,/, they/ppss would/md suddenly/rb alter/vb the/at angle/nn of/in their/pp$ trot/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb I/ppss guessed/vbd it/pps was/bedz because/cs the/at rain/nn squall/nn had/hvd changed/vbn direction/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb it/pps was/bedz to/to skirt/vb a/at gulley/nn ./.
Their/pp$ gait/nn is/bez impossible/jj to/to convey/vb in/in words/nns ./.
It/pps has/hvz nothing/pn of/in the/at proud/jj stride/nn of/in the/at trained/vbn runner/nn about/in it/ppo ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* a/at lope/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* done/vbn with/in style/nn or/cc verve/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at gait/nn of/in the/at human/jj who/wps must/md run/vb to/to live/vb :/: arms/nns dangling/vbg ,/, legs/nns barely/ql swinging/vbg over/in the/at ground/nn ,/, head/nn hung/vbd down/rp and/cc only/ql occasionally/rb swinging/vbg up/rp to/to see/vb the/at target/nn ,/, a/at loose/jj motion/nn that/wps is/bez just/rb short/jj of/in stumbling/vbg and/cc yet/rb is/bez wonderfully/ql graceful/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at barely/rb controlled/vbn skimming/nn of/in the/at ground/nn ./.


	They/ppss ran/vbd for/in three/cd hours/nns ./.
Finally/rb ,/, avoiding/vbg hummocks/nns and/cc seeking/vbg low/jj ground/nn ,/, they/ppss intercepted/vbd the/at rain/nn squall/nn ./.
For/in ten/cd minutes/nns they/ppss ran/vbd beneath/in the/at squall/nn ,/, raising/vbg their/pp$ arms/nns and/cc ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, shouting/vbg and/cc capering/vbg ./.
Then/rb the/at wind/nn died/vbd and/cc the/at rain/nn squall/nn held/vbd steady/rb ./.
They/ppss were/bed studying/vbg the/at ground/nn ./.
Suddenly/rb one/cd of/in them/ppo shouted/vbd ,/, ran/vbd a/at few/ap feet/nns ,/, bent/vbd forward/rb and/cc put/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn to/in the/at ground/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd found/vbn a/at depression/nn with/in rain/nn water/nn in/in it/ppo ./.
He/pps bent/vbd down/rp ,/, a/at black/jj cranelike/jj figure/nn ,/, and/cc put/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn to/in the/at ground/nn ./.


	With/in a/at lordly/jj and/cc generous/jj gesture/nn ,/, the/at discoverer/nn stood/vbd up/rp and/cc beckoned/vbd to/in the/at closest/jjt of/in his/pp$ fellows/nns ./.
The/at other/ap trotted/vbd over/rp and/cc swooped/vbd at/in the/at tiny/jj puddle/nn ./.
In/in an/at instant/nn he/pps had/hvd sucked/vbn it/ppo dry/jj ./.


	The/at aborigine/nn lives/vbz on/in the/at cruelest/jjt land/nn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb seen/vbn ./.
Which/wdt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez ugly/jj ./.
Part/nn of/in it/ppo is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber thousands/nns of/in square/jj miles/nns of/in salt/nn pan/nn which/wdt are/ber hideous/jj ./.
They/ppss are/ber huge/jj areas/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben swept/vbn by/in winds/nns for/in so/ql many/ap centuries/nns that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at soil/nn left/vbn ,/, but/cc only/rb deep/jj bare/jj ridges/nns fifty/cd or/cc sixty/cd yards/nns apart/rb with/in ravines/nns between/in them/ppo thirty/cd or/cc forty/cd feet/nns deep/jj and/cc the/at only/ap thing/nn that/wps moves/nns is/bez a/at scuttling/vbg layer/nn of/in sand/nn ./.
Such/jj stretches/nns have/hv an/at inhuman/jj moonlike/jj quality/nn ./.
But/cc much/ap of/in the/at land/nn which/wdt the/at aborigine/nn wanders/vbz looks/vbz as/cs if/cs it/pps should/md be/be hospitable/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez softened/vbn by/in the/at saltbush/nn and/cc the/at bluebush/nn ,/, has/hvz a/at peaceful/jj quality/nn ,/, the/at hills/nns roll/vb softly/rb ./.


	The/at malignancy/nn of/in such/abl a/at landscape/nn has/hvz been/ben beautifully/rb described/vbn by/in the/at Australian/np Charles/np Bean/np ./.
He/pps tells/vbz of/in three/cd men/nns who/wps started/vbd out/rp on/in a/at trip/nn across/in a/at single/ap paddock/nn ,/, a/at ten-by-ten-mile/jj square/nn owned/vbn by/in a/at sheep/nn grazer/nn ./.
They/ppss went/vbd well-equipped/jj with/in everything/pn except/in knowledge/nn of/in the/at ``/`` outback/jj ''/'' country/nn ./.
``/`` 

	The/at countryside/nn looked/vbd like/cs a/at beautiful/jj open/jj park/nn with/in gentle/jj slopes/nns and/cc soft/jj gray/jj tree-clumps/nns ./.
Nothing/pn appalling/jj or/cc horrible/jj rushed/vbn upon/in these/dts men/nns ./.
Only/rb there/ex happened/vbd --/-- nothing/pn ./.
There/ex might/md have/hv been/ben a/at pool/nn of/in cool/jj water/nn behind/in any/dti of/in these/dts tree-clumps/nns :/: only/rb --/-- there/ex was/bedz not/* ./.
It/pps might/md have/hv rained/vbn ,/, any/dti time/nn ;/. ;/.
only/rb --/-- it/pps did/dod not/* ./.
There/ex might/md have/hv been/ben a/at fence/nn or/cc a/at house/nn just/ql over/in the/at next/ap rise/nn ;/. ;/.
only/rb --/-- there/ex was/bedz not/* ./.
They/ppss lay/vbd ,/, with/in the/at birds/nns hopping/vbg from/in branch/nn to/in branch/nn above/in them/ppo and/cc the/at bright/jj sky/nn peeping/vbg down/rp at/in them/ppo ./.
No/at one/pn came/vbd ''/'' ./.


	The/at white/jj men/nns died/vbd ./.
And/cc countless/jj others/nns like/cs them/ppo have/hv died/vbn ./.
Even/rb today/nr range/nn riders/nns will/md come/vb upon/in mummified/vbn bodies/nns of/in men/nns who/wps attempted/vbd nothing/pn more/ql difficult/jj than/cs a/at twenty-mile/jj hike/nn and/cc slowly/rb lost/vbn direction/nn ,/, were/bed tortured/vbn by/in the/at heat/nn ,/, driven/vbn mad/jj by/in the/at constant/jj and/cc unfulfilled/jj promise/nn of/in the/at landscape/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps finally/rb died/vbd ./.


	The/at aborigine/nn is/bez not/* deceived/vbn ;/. ;/.
he/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at land/nn is/bez hard/jj and/cc pitiless/jj ./.
He/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at economy/nn of/in life/nn in/in the/at ``/`` outback/nn ''/'' is/bez awful/jj ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at room/nn for/in error/nn or/cc waste/nn ./.
Any/dti organism/nn that/wps falters/vbz or/cc misperceives/vbz the/at signals/nns or/cc weakens/vbz is/bez done/vbn ./.
I/ppss do/do not/* know/vb if/cs such/abl a/at way/nn of/in life/nn can/md come/vb to/to be/be a/at self-conscious/jj challenge/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs it/pps can/md ./.
Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez what/wdt gives/vbz the/at aborigine/nn his/pp$ odd/jj air/nn of/in dignity/nn ./.



The/at-hl family/nn-hl at/in-hl the/at-hl boulder/nn-hl 
seeing/vbg an/at aborigine/nn today/nr is/bez a/at difficult/jj thing/nn ./.
Many/ap of/in them/ppo have/hv drifted/vbn into/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns and/cc seaports/nns ./.
Others/nns are/ber confined/vbn to/in vast/jj reservations/nns ,/, and/cc not/* only/rb does/doz the/at Australian/jj government/nn justifiably/rb not/* wish/vb them/ppo to/to be/be viewed/vbn as/cs exhibits/nns in/in a/at zoo/nn ,/, but/cc on/in their/pp$ reservations/nns they/ppss are/ber extremely/ql fugitive/jj ,/, shunning/vbg camps/nns ,/, coming/vbg together/rb only/rb for/in corroborees/fw-nns at/in which/wdt their/pp$ strange/jj culture/nn comes/vbz to/in its/pp$ highest/jjt pitch/nn --/-- which/wdt is/bez very/ql low/jj indeed/qlp ./.


	I/ppss persuaded/vbd an/at Australian/jj friend/nn who/wps had/hvd lived/vbn ``/`` outback/rb ''/'' for/in years/nns to/to take/vb me/ppo to/to see/vb some/dti aborigines/nns living/vbg in/in the/at bush/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at difficult/jj and/cc ambiguous/jj kind/nn of/in negotiation/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at rancher/nn was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be expert/jj in/in his/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in the/at aborigines/nns and/cc their/pp$ language/nn ./.
Finally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at arrangements/nns were/bed made/vbn and/cc we/ppss drove/vbd out/rp into/in the/at bush/nn in/in a/at Land/nn-tl Rover/nn-tl ./.
We/ppss followed/vbd the/at asphalt/nn road/nn for/in a/at few/ap miles/nns and/cc then/rb swung/vbd off/rp onto/in a/at smaller/jjr road/nn which/wdt was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs two/cd tire/nn marks/nns on/in the/at earth/nn ./.
The/at rancher/nn went/vbd a/at mile/nn down/in this/dt road/nn and/cc then/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps reached/vbd a/at big/jj red/jj boulder/nn ,/, swung/vbd off/in the/at road/nn ./.
At/in once/cs he/pps started/vbd to/to glance/vb toward/in the/at instrument/nn panel/nn ./.
It/pps took/vbd me/ppo a/at moment/nn to/to realize/vb what/wdt was/bedz odd/jj about/in that/dt panel/nn :/: there/ex was/bedz a/at gimbaled/jj compass/nn welded/vbn to/in it/ppo ,/, which/wdt rocked/vbd gently/rb back/rb and/cc forth/rb as/cs the/at Land/nn-tl Rover/nn-tl bounced/vbd about/rb ./.
The/at rancher/nn was/bedz navigating/vbg his/pp$ way/nn across/in the/at flatland/nn ./.


	``/`` Do/do you/ppss always/rb navigate/vb like/cs this/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss asked/vbd ./.


	``/`` Damned/vbn right/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` Once/cs I/ppss get/vb out/rp on/in the/at flat/jj I/ppss do/do ./.
Some/dti chaps/nns that/wps know/vb an/at area/nn well/rb can/md make/vb their/pp$ way/nn by/in landmarks/nns ,/, a/at tree/nn here/rb ,/, a/at wash/nn here/rb ,/, a/at boulder/nn there/rb ./.
But/cc if/cs you/ppss don't/do* know/vb the/at place/nn like/cs the/at palm/nn of/in your/pp$ hand/nn ,/, you'd/ppss+hvd better/rbr use/vb a/at compass/nn and/cc the/at speedometer/nn ./.
Two/cd miles/nns northeast/nr ,/, then/rb five/cd miles/nns southwest/nr that/dt sort/nn of/in thing/nn ./.
Very/ql simple/jj ''/'' ./.


	He/pps was/bedz right/jj ./.
The/at landscape/nn kept/vbd repeating/vbg itself/ppl ./.
I/ppss would/md try/vb to/to memorize/vb landmarks/nns and/cc saw/vbd in/in a/at half-hour/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz hopeless/jj ./.
Finally/rb we/ppss approached/vbd the/at bivouac/nn of/in the/at aborigines/nns ./.
They/ppss were/bed camped/vbn beside/in a/at large/jj column-shaped/jj boulder/nn :/: a/at man/nn ,/, his/pp$ lubra/fw-nn ,/, and/cc two/cd children/nns ./.
The/at sun/nn was/bedz not/* yet/rb high/jj and/cc all/abn of/in them/ppo were/bed in/in the/at small/jj area/nn of/in shade/nn cast/vbn by/in the/at boulder/nn ./.


	There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at dog/nn ,/, a/at dingo/nn dog/nn ./.
Its/pp$ ribs/nns showed/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at yellow/jj nondescript/jj color/nn ,/, it/pps suffered/vbd from/in a/at variety/nn of/in sores/nns ,/, hair/nn had/hvd scabbed/vbn off/in its/pp$ body/nn in/in patches/nns ./.
It/pps lay/vbd with/in its/pp$ head/nn on/in its/pp$ paws/nns and/cc only/rb its/pp$ eyes/nns moving/vbg ,/, watching/vbg us/ppo carefully/rb ./.
It/pps struck/vbd me/ppo as/cs a/at very/ql bright/jj and/cc very/ql malnourished/jj dog/nn ./.
No/at one/pn patted/vbd the/at dog/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* a/at pet/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at worker/nn ./.


	``/`` The/at buggers/nns love/vb shade/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at rancher/nn said/vbd ./.
``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb because/cs it/pps saves/vbz them/ppo some/dti loss/nn of/in body/nn water/nn ./.
They'll/ppss+md move/vb around/in that/dt rock/nn all/abn day/nn ,/, following/vbg the/at shade/nn ./.
During/in the/at hottest/jjt part/nn of/in the/at day/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at sun/nn comes/vbz straight/ql down/rp and/cc there/ex isn't/bez* any/dti shade/nn ''/'' ./.


	We/ppss drove/vbd close/rb to/in the/at boulder/nn ,/, stopped/vbd the/at Land/nn-tl Rover/nn-tl ,/, and/cc walked/vbd over/rp toward/in the/at family/nn ./.


	The/at man/nn was/bedz leaning/vbg against/in the/at rock/nn ./.
He/pps gazed/vbd away/rb from/in us/ppo as/cs we/ppss approached/vbd ./.
He/pps was/bedz over/rp six/cd feet/nns tall/jj and/cc very/ql thin/jj ./.
His/pp$ legs/nns were/bed narrow/jj and/cc very/ql long/jj ./.
Every/at bone/nn and/cc muscle/nn in/in his/pp$ body/nn showed/vbd ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* give/vb the/at appearance/nn of/in starving/vbg ./.
He/pps had/hvd long/jj black/jj hair/nn and/cc a/at wispy/jj beard/nn ./.
The/at ridges/nns over/in his/pp$ eyes/nns were/bed huge/jj and/cc his/pp$ eyelids/nns were/bed half/ql shut/vbn ./.
There/ex was/bedz something/pn about/in his/pp$ face/nn that/wps disturbed/vbd me/ppo and/cc it/pps took/vbd several/ap seconds/nns to/to realize/vb what/wdt ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* merely/rb that/cs flies/nns were/bed crawling/vbg over/in his/pp$ face/nn but/cc his/pp$ narrowed/vbn eyelids/nns did/dod not/* blink/vb when/wrb the/at flies/nns crawled/vbd into/in his/pp$ eye/nn sockets/nns ./.
A/at fly/nn would/md crawl/vb down/in the/at bulging/vbg forehead/nn ,/, into/in the/at socket/nn of/in the/at eye/nn ,/, walk/vb along/in the/at man's/nn$ lashes/nns and/cc across/in the/at wet/jj surface/nn of/in the/at eyeball/nn ,/, and/cc the/at eye/nn did/dod not/* blink/vb ./.
The/at Australian/np and/cc I/ppss both/abx were/bed wearing/vbg insect/nn repellent/nn and/cc were/bed not/* badly/ql bothered/vbn by/in insects/nns ,/, but/cc my/pp$ eyes/nns watered/vbd as/cs we/ppss stood/vbd watching/vbg the/at aborigine/nn ./.


	I/ppss turned/vbd to/to look/vb at/in the/at lubra/fw-nn ./.
She/pps remained/vbd squatting/vbg on/in her/pp$ heels/nns all/abn the/at time/nn we/ppss were/bed there/rb ;/. ;/.
like/cs the/at man/nn ,/, she/pps was/bedz entirely/ql naked/jj ./.
Her/pp$ long/jj thin/jj arms/nns moved/vbd in/in a/at slow/jj rhythmical/jj gesture/nn over/in the/at family/nn possessions/nns which/wdt were/bed placed/vbn in/in front/nn of/in her/ppo ./.
There/ex were/bed two/cd rubbing/vbg sticks/nns for/in making/vbg fire/nn ,/, two/cd stones/nns shaped/vbn roughly/rb like/cs knives/nns ,/, a/at woven-root/jj container/nn which/wdt held/vbd a/at few/ap pounds/nns of/in dried/vbn worms/nns and/cc the/at dead/jj body/nn of/in some/dti rodent/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at long/jj wooden/jj spear/nn and/cc a/at woomera/nn ,/, a/at spear-throwing/jj device/nn which/wdt gives/vbz the/at spear/nn an/at enormous/jj velocity/nn and/cc high/jj accuracy/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at boomerang/nn ,/, elaborately/ql carved/vbn ./.
Everything/pn was/bedz burnished/vbn with/in sweat/nn and/cc grease/nn so/cs that/cs all/abn of/in the/at objects/nns seemed/vbd to/to have/hv been/ben carved/vbn from/in the/at same/ap material/nn and/cc to/to be/be ageless/jj ./.


	The/at two/cd children/nns ,/, both/abx boys/nns ,/, wandered/vbd around/in the/at Australian/np and/cc me/ppo for/in a/at few/ap moments/nns and/cc then/rb returned/vbd to/in their/pp$ work/nn ./.
They/ppss squatted/vbd on/in their/pp$ heels/nns with/in their/pp$ heads/nns bent/vbn far/ql forward/rb ,/, their/pp$ eyes/nns only/rb a/at few/ap inches/nns from/in the/at ground/nn ./.
They/ppss had/hvd located/vbn the/at runway/nn of/in a/at colony/nn of/in ants/nns and/cc as/cs the/at ants/nns came/vbd out/in of/in the/at ground/nn ,/, the/at boys/nns picked/vbd them/ppo up/rp ,/, one/cd at/in a/at time/nn ,/, and/cc pinched/vbd them/ppo dead/jj ./.
The/at tiny/jj bodies/nns ,/, dropped/vbd onto/in a/at dry/jj leaf/nn ,/, made/vbd a/at pile/nn as/ql big/jj as/cs a/at small/jj apple/nn ./.


	The/at odor/nn here/rb was/bedz more/ql powerful/jj than/cs that/dt which/wdt surrounded/vbd the/at town/nn aborigines/nns ./.
The/at smell/nn at/in first/rb was/bedz more/ql surprising/jj than/cs unpleasant/jj ./.
It/pps was/bedz also/rb subtly/ql familiar/jj ,/, for/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at odor/nn of/in the/at human/jj body/nn ,/, but/cc multiplied/vbn innumerable/jj times/nns because/rb of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at aborigines/nns never/rb bathed/vbd ./.
One's/pn$ impulse/nn is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs the/at smell/nn was/bedz a/at stink/nn and/cc unpleasant/jj ./.
But/cc that/dt is/bez a/at cliche/nn and/cc a/at dishonest/jj one/cd ./.
The/at smell/nn is/bez sexual/jj ,/, but/cc so/ql powerfully/rb so/rb that/cs a/at civilized/vbn nose/nn must/md deny/vb it/ppo ./.


	Their/pp$ skin/nn was/bedz covered/vbn with/in a/at thin/jj coating/nn of/in sweat/nn and/cc dirt/nn which/wdt had/hvd almost/rb the/at consistency/nn of/in a/at second/od skin/nn ./.
They/ppss roll/vb at/in night/nn in/in ashes/nns to/to keep/vb warm/jj and/cc their/pp$ second/od skin/nn has/hvz a/at light/jj dusty/jj cast/nn to/in it/ppo ./.
In/in spots/nns such/jj as/cs the/at elbows/nns and/cc knees/nns the/at second/od skin/nn is/bez worn/vbn off/rp and/cc I/ppss realized/vbd the/at aborigines/nns were/bed much/ql darker/jjr than/cs they/ppss appeared/vbd ;/. ;/.
as/cs if/cs the/at coating/nn of/in sweat/nn ,/, dirt/nn ,/, and/cc ashes/nns were/bed a/at cosmetic/nn ./.
The/at boys/nns had/hvd beautiful/jj dark/jj eyes/nns and/cc unlike/in their/pp$ father/nn they/ppss brushed/vbd constantly/rb at/in the/at flies/nns and/cc blinked/vbd their/pp$ eyes/nns ./.


	``/`` That/dt smell/nn is/bez something/pn ,/, eh/uh ,/, mate/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at Australian/np asked/vbd ./.
``/`` They/ppss swear/vb that/cs every/at person/nn smells/vbz different/jj and/cc every/at family/nn smells/vbz different/jj from/in every/at other/ap ./.
At/in the/at corroborees/fw-nns ,/, when/wrb they/ppss get/vb to/in dancing/vbg and/cc sweating/vbg ,/, you'll/ppss+md see/vb them/ppo rubbing/vbg up/rp against/in a/at man/nn who's/wps+bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv a/at specially/rb good/jj smell/nn ./.
Idje/np ,/, here/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc he/pps nodded/vbd at/in the/at man/nn ,/, ``/`` is/bez said/vbn to/to have/hv great/jj odor/nn ./.
The/at stink/nn is/bez all/ql the/at same/ap to/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc I/ppss really/rb think/vb they/ppss can/md make/vb one/cd another/dt out/rp blindfolded/vbn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Here/rb ,/, Idje/np ,/, you/ppss fella/nn like/vb tabac/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
He/pps said/vbd sharply/rb ./.
Idje/np still/rb stared/vbd over/in our/pp$ shoulders/nns at/in the/at horizon/nn ./.
The/at Australian/np stopped/vbd trying/vbg to/to talk/vb a/at pidgin/nn I/ppss could/md understand/vb ,/, and/cc spoke/vbd strange/jj words/nns from/in deep/jj in/in his/pp$ chest/nn ./.



	It/pps was/bedz a/at fortunate/jj time/nn in/in which/wdt to/to build/vb ,/, for/cs the/at seventeenth/od century/nn was/bedz a/at great/jj period/nn in/in Persian/jj art/nn ./.
The/at architects/nns ,/, the/at tile/nn and/cc carpet/nn makers/nns ,/, the/at potters/nns ,/, painters/nns ,/, calligraphers/nns ,/, and/cc metalsmiths/nns worked/vbd through/in Abbas's/np$ reign/nn and/cc those/dts of/in his/pp$ successors/nns to/to enrich/vb the/at city/nn ./.
Travelers/nns entering/vbg from/in the/at desert/nn were/bed confounded/vbn by/in what/wdt must/md have/hv seemed/vbn an/at illusion/nn :/: a/at great/jj garden/nn filled/vbn with/in nightingales/nns and/cc roses/nns ,/, cut/vbn by/in canals/nns and/cc terraced/vbn promenades/nns ,/, studded/vbn with/in water/nn tanks/nns of/in turquoise/jj tile/nn in/in which/wdt were/bed reflected/vbn the/at glistening/vbg blue/jj curves/nns of/in a/at hundred/cd domes/nns ./.
At/in the/at heart/nn of/in all/abn of/in this/dt was/bedz the/at square/nn ,/, which/wdt one/cd such/jj traveler/nn declared/vbd to/to be/be ``/`` as/ql spacious/jj ,/, as/ql pleasant/jj and/cc aromatick/jj a/at Market/nn-tl as/cs any/dti in/in the/at Universe/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
In/in time/nn Isfahan/np came/vbd to/to be/be known/vbn as/cs ``/`` half/abn the/at world/nn ''/'' ,/, Isfahan/np nisf-i-jahan/fw-nn-nc ./.


	In/in the/at early/jj eighteenth/od century/nn this/dt fantastic/jj city/nn ,/, then/rb the/at size/nn of/in London/np ,/, started/vbd to/to decline/vb ./.
The/at Afghans/nps invaded/vbd ;/. ;/.
the/at Safavids/nps fell/vbd from/in power/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at capital/nn went/vbd elsewhere/rb ;/. ;/.
the/at desert/nn encroached/vbd ./.
Isfahan/np became/vbd more/ap of/in a/at legend/nn than/cs a/at place/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb it/pps is/bez for/in many/ap people/nns simply/rb a/at name/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss attach/vb their/pp$ notions/nns of/in old/jj Persia/np and/cc sometimes/rb of/in the/at East/nr-tl ./.
They/ppss think/vb of/in it/ppo as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in spooky/jj museum/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss may/md half/rb see/vb and/cc half/rb imagine/vb the/at old/jj splendor/nn ./.


	Those/dts who/wps actually/rb get/vb there/rb find/vb that/cs it/pps isn't/bez* spooky/jj at/in all/abn but/cc as/ql brilliant/jj as/cs a/at tile/nn in/in sunlight/nn ./.
But/cc even/rb for/in them/ppo it/pps remains/vbz a/at museum/nn ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb it/pps would/md be/be more/ql accurate/jj to/to say/vb a/at tomb/nn ,/, a/at tomb/nn in/in which/wdt Persia/np lies/vbz well/ql preserved/vbn but/cc indeed/rb dead/jj ./.
Everyone/pn is/bez ready/jj to/to grant/vb the/at Persians/nps their/pp$ history/nn ,/, but/cc almost/rb no/at one/pn is/bez willing/jj to/to acknowledge/vb their/pp$ present/nn ./.
It/pps seems/vbz that/cs for/in Persia/np ,/, and/cc especially/rb for/in this/dt city/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber only/rb two/cd times/nns :/: the/at glorious/jj past/in and/cc the/at corrupt/jj ,/, depressing/jj ,/, sterile/jj present/nn ./.
The/at one/cd apparent/jj connection/nn between/in the/at two/cd is/bez a/at score/nn of/in buildings/nns which/wdt somehow/rb or/cc other/ap have/hv survived/vbn and/cc which/wdt naturally/rb enough/qlp are/ber called/vbn ``/`` historical/jj monuments/nns ''/'' ./.


	However/rb ,/, just/rb as/cs all/abn the/at buildings/nns have/hv not/* fallen/vbn and/cc flowed/vbn back/rb to/in their/pp$ original/jj mud/nn ,/, so/rb the/at values/nns which/wdt wanted/vbd them/ppo and/cc saw/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed built/vbn have/hv not/* all/abn disappeared/vbn ./.
The/at values/nns and/cc talents/nns which/wdt made/vbd the/at tile/nn and/cc the/at dome/nn ,/, the/at rug/nn ,/, the/at poem/nn and/cc the/at miniature/nn ,/, continue/vb in/in certain/jj social/jj institutions/nns which/wdt rise/vb above/in the/at ordinary/jj life/nn of/in this/dt city/nn ,/, as/cs the/at great/jj buildings/nns rise/vb above/in blank/jj walls/nns and/cc dirty/jj lanes/nns ./.
Often/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at social/jj institutions/nns are/ber housed/vbn in/in these/dts pavilions/nns and/cc palaces/nns and/cc bridges/nns ,/, for/in these/dts great/jj structures/nns are/ber not/* simply/rb ``/`` historical/jj monuments/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber the/at places/nns where/wrb Persians/nps live/vb ./.


	The/at promenade/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, continues/vbz to/to take/vb place/nn on/in the/at Chahar/np Bagh/np ,/, a/at mile-long/jj garden/nn of/in plane/nn and/cc poplar/nn trees/nns that/wps now/rb serves/vbz as/cs the/at city's/nn$ principal/jjs street/nn ./.
It/pps takes/vbz place/nn as/ql well/rb along/in the/at terraces/nns and/cc through/in the/at arcades/nns of/in the/at Khaju/np bridge/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb in/in the/at gardens/nns of/in the/at square/nn ./.
On/in Fridays/nrs ,/, the/at day/nn when/wrb many/ap Persians/nps relax/vb with/in poetry/nn ,/, talk/nn ,/, and/cc a/at samovar/nn ,/, people/nns do/do not/* ,/, it/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, stream/vb into/in Chehel/np Sotun/np --/-- a/at pavilion/nn and/cc garden/nn built/vbn by/in Shah/nn-tl Abbas/np 2/cd-tl ,/, in/in the/at seventeenth/od century/nn --/-- but/cc they/ppss do/do retire/vb into/in hundreds/nns of/in pavilions/nns throughout/in the/at city/nn and/cc up/in the/at river/nn valley/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber smaller/jjr ,/, more/ql humble/jj copies/nns of/in the/at former/ap ./.
And/cc of/in course/nn religious/jj life/nn continues/vbz to/to center/vb in/in the/at more/ql famous/jj mosques/nns ,/, and/cc commercial/jj life/nn --/-- very/ql much/rb a/at social/jj institution/nn --/-- in/in the/at bazaar/nn ./.
Those/dts three/cd other/ap great/jj activities/nns of/in the/at Persians/nps ,/, the/at bath/nn ,/, the/at teahouse/nn ,/, and/cc the/at zur/fw-nn khaneh/fw-nn (/( the/at latter/ap a/at kind/nn of/in club/nn in/in which/wdt a/at leader/nn and/cc a/at group/nn of/in men/nns in/in an/at octagonal/jj pit/nn move/vb through/in a/at rite/nn of/in calisthenics/nns ,/, dance/nn ,/, chanted/vbn poetry/nn ,/, and/cc music/nn )/) ,/, do/do not/* take/vb place/nn in/in buildings/nns to/in which/wdt entrance/nn tickets/nns are/ber sold/vbn ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo occupy/vb splendid/jj examples/nns of/in Persian/jj domestic/jj architecture/nn :/: long/jj ,/, domed/vbn ,/, chalk-white/jj rooms/nns with/in daises/nns of/in turquoise/nn tile/nn ,/, their/pp$ end/nn walls/nns cut/vbn through/rp to/in the/at orchards/nns and/cc the/at sky/nn by/in open/jj arches/nns ./.


	But/cc more/ql important/jj ,/, and/cc the/at thing/nn which/wdt the/at casual/jj traveler/nn and/cc the/at blind/jj sojourner/nn often/rb do/do not/* see/vb ,/, is/bez that/cs these/dts places/nns and/cc activities/nns are/ber often/rb the/at settings/nns in/in which/wdt Persians/nps exercise/vb their/pp$ extraordinary/jj aesthetic/jj sensibilities/nns ./.
Water/nn ,/, air/nn ,/, fruit/nn ,/, poetry/nn ,/, music/nn ,/, the/at human/jj form/nn --/-- these/dts things/nns are/ber important/jj to/in Persians/nps ,/, and/cc they/ppss experience/vb them/ppo with/in an/at intense/jj and/cc discriminating/vbg awareness/nn ./.


	I/ppss should/md like/vb ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, to/to make/vb it/ppo clear/jj that/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* using/vbg the/at word/nn ``/`` Persians/nps ''/'' carelessly/rb ./.
I/ppss don't/do* mean/vb a/at few/ap aesthetes/nns who/wps play/vb about/rb with/in sensations/nns ,/, like/cs a/at young/jj prince/nn in/in a/at miniature/nn dabbling/vbg his/pp$ hand/nn in/in a/at pool/nn ./.
These/dts things/nns are/ber important/jj to/in almost/ql all/abn Persians/nps and/cc perhaps/rb most/ql important/jj to/in the/at most/ql ordinary/jj ./.
The/at men/nns crying/vbg love/nn poems/nns in/in an/at orchard/nn on/in any/dti summer's/nn$ night/nn are/ber as/ql often/rb as/cs not/* the/at lutihaw/fw-nns ,/, mustachioed/jj toughs/nns who/wps spend/vb most/ap of/in their/pp$ lives/nns in/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at local/jj prisons/nns ,/, brothels/nns ,/, and/cc teahouses/nns ./.
A/at few/ap months/nns ago/rb it/pps was/bedz a/at fairly/ql typical/jj landlord/nn who/wps in/in the/at dead/jj of/in night/nn lugged/vbd me/ppo up/in a/at mountainside/nn to/to drink/vb from/in a/at spring/nn famous/jj in/in the/at neighborhood/nn for/in its/pp$ clarity/nn and/cc flavor/nn ./.
Not/* long/rb ago/rb an/at acquaintance/nn ,/, a/at slick-headed/jj water/nn rat/nn of/in a/at lad/nn up/rp from/in the/at maw/nn of/in the/at city/nn ,/, stood/vbd on/in the/at balcony/nn puffing/vbg his/pp$ first/od cigarette/nn in/in weeks/nns ./.
The/at air/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, was/bedz just/ql right/jj ;/. ;/.
a/at cigarette/nn would/md taste/vb particularly/ql good/jj ./.
I/ppss really/rb didn't/dod* know/vb what/wdt he/pps meant/vbd ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at nice/jj day/nn ,/, granted/vbn ./.
But/cc he/pps knew/vbd ;/. ;/.
he/pps sniffed/vbd the/at air/nn and/cc licked/vbd it/ppo on/in his/pp$ lip/nn and/cc knew/vbd as/cs a/at vintner/nn knows/vbz a/at vintage/nn ./.


	The/at natural/jj world/nn then/rb ,/, plus/cc poetry/nn and/cc some/dti kinds/nns of/in art/nn ,/, receives/vbz from/in the/at most/ql ordinary/jj of/in Persians/nps a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in attention/nn ./.
The/at line/nn of/in an/at eyebrow/nn ,/, the/at color/nn of/in the/at skin/nn ,/, a/at ghazal/fw-nn from/in Hafiz/np ,/, the/at purity/nn of/in spring/nn water/nn ,/, the/at long/jj afternoon/nn among/in the/at boughs/nns which/wdt crowd/vb the/at upper/jj story/nn of/in a/at pavilion/nn --/-- these/dts things/nns are/ber noticed/vbn ,/, judged/vbn ,/, and/cc valued/vbn ./.


	Nowhere/rb in/in Isfahan/np is/bez this/dt rich/jj aesthetic/jj life/nn of/in the/at Persians/nps shown/vbn so/cs well/rb as/cs during/in the/at promenade/nn at/in the/at Khaju/np bridge/nn ./.
There/ex has/hvz probably/rb always/rb been/ben a/at bridge/nn of/in some/dti sort/nn at/in the/at southeastern/jj corner/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./.
For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at natural/jj belt/nn of/in rock/nn across/in the/at river/nn bed/nn ;/. ;/.
for/in another/dt ,/, it/pps was/bedz here/rb that/cs one/cd of/in the/at old/jj caravan/nn routes/nns came/vbd in/rp ./.
It/pps was/bedz to/to provide/vb a/at safe/jj and/cc spacious/jj crossing/nn for/in these/dts caravans/nns ,/, and/cc also/rb to/to make/vb a/at pleasance/nn for/in the/at city/nn ,/, that/wpo Shah/nn-tl Abbas/np 2/cd-tl ,/, in/in about/rb 1657/cd built/vbd ,/, of/in sun-baked/jj brick/nn ,/, tile/nn ,/, and/cc stone/nn ,/, the/at present/jj bridge/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at splendid/jj structure/nn ./.
From/in upstream/rb it/pps looks/vbz like/cs a/at long/jj arcaded/jj box/nn laid/vbn across/in the/at river/nn ;/. ;/.
from/in downstream/rb ,/, where/wrb the/at water/nn level/nn is/bez much/ql lower/jjr ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at high/jj ,/, elaborately/ql facaded/jj pavilion/nn ./.


	The/at top/jjs story/nn contains/vbz more/ap than/in thirty/cd alcoves/nns separated/vbn from/in each/dt other/ap by/in spandrels/nns of/in blue/jj and/cc yellow/jj tile/nn ./.
At/in either/dtx end/nn and/cc in/in the/at center/nn there/ex are/ber bays/nns which/wdt contain/vb nine/cd greater/jjr alcoves/nns as/ql frescoed/vbn and/cc capacious/jj as/cs church/nn apses/nns ./.
Here/rb ,/, in/in the/at old/jj days/nns --/-- when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd come/vbn to/to see/vb the/at moon/nn or/cc displays/nns of/in fireworks/nns --/-- sat/vbd the/at king/nn and/cc his/pp$ court/nn while/cs priests/nns ,/, soldiers/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap members/nns of/in the/at party/nn lounged/vbd in/in the/at smaller/jjr alcoves/nns between/in ./.


	Below/rb ,/, twenty/cd vaults/nns tunnel/vb through/in the/at understructure/nn of/in the/at bridge/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber traversed/vbn by/in another/dt line/nn of/in vaults/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb rooms/nns ,/, arched/vbn on/in all/abn four/cd sides/nns ,/, are/ber formed/vbn ./.
Down/rp through/in the/at axis/nn of/in the/at bridge/nn there/ex is/bez a/at long/jj diminishing/vbg vista/nn like/cs a/at visual/jj echo/nn of/in piers/nns and/cc arches/nns ,/, while/cs the/at vaults/nns fronting/vbg upstream/rb and/cc down/rp frame/vb the/at sunset/nn and/cc sunrise/nn ,/, the/at mountains/nns and/cc river/nn pools/nns ./.
Here/rb ,/, on/in the/at hottest/jjt day/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez cool/jj beneath/in the/at stone/nn and/cc fresh/jj from/in the/at water/nn flowing/vbg in/in the/at sluices/nns at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at vaults/nns ./.


	On/in the/at downstream/jj ,/, or/cc ``/`` pavilion/nn ''/'' ,/, side/nn these/dts vaults/nns give/vb out/rp onto/in terraces/nns twice/rb as/ql wide/jj as/cs the/at bridge/nn itself/ppl ./.
From/in the/at terraces/nns --/-- eighteen/cd in/in all/abn --/-- broad/jj flights/nns of/in steps/nns descend/vb into/in the/at water/nn or/cc onto/in still/ql more/ap terraces/nns barely/ql above/in the/at level/nn of/in the/at river/nn ./.
Out/in of/in water/nn ,/, brick/nn ,/, and/cc tile/nn they/ppss have/hv made/vbn far/ql more/ap than/cs just/rb a/at bridge/nn ./.


	On/in spring/nn and/cc summer/nn evenings/nns people/nns leave/vb their/pp$ shops/nns and/cc houses/nns and/cc walk/vb up/rp through/in the/at lanes/nns of/in the/at city/nn to/in the/at bridge/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at great/jj spectacle/nn ./.
The/at bridge/nn itself/ppl rises/vbz up/rp from/in the/at river/nn ,/, light-flared/jj and/cc enormous/jj ,/, like/cs the/at outdoor/jj set/nn for/in an/at epic/jj opera/nn ./.
Crowds/nns press/vb along/in the/at terraces/nns ,/, down/in the/at steps/nns ,/, in/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at arcades/nns ,/, massing/vbg against/in it/ppo as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed a/at fortress/nn under/in siege/nn ./.
All/abn kinds/nns come/vb to/to walk/vb in/in the/at promenade/nn :/: merchants/nns from/in the/at bazaar/nn bickering/vbg over/in a/at deal/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at Bakhtiari/np khan/nn in/in a/at cap/nn and/cc hacking/vbg jacket/nn ;/. ;/.
dervishes/nns who/wps stand/vb with/in the/at stillness/nn of/in the/at blind/jj ,/, their/pp$ eyes/nns filmed/vbn with/in rheum/nn and/cc visions/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at old/jj Kajar/np princes/nns arriving/vbg in/in their/pp$ ancient/jj limousines/nns ;/. ;/.
students/nns ,/, civil/jj servants/nns ,/, beggars/nns ,/, musicians/nns ,/, hawkers/nns ,/, and/cc clowns/nns ./.
Families/nns go/vb out/rp to/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at terraces/nns to/to sit/vb on/in carpets/nns around/in a/at samovar/nn ./.
Below/rb ,/, people/nns line/vb the/at steps/nns ,/, as/cs though/cs on/in bleachers/nns ,/, to/to watch/vb the/at sky/nn and/cc river/nn ./.
Above/rb ,/, in/in the/at tiled/vbn prosceniums/nns of/in the/at alcoves/nns ,/, boys/nns sing/vb the/at ghazals/fw-nns of/in Hafiz/np and/cc Saadi/np ,/, while/cs at/in the/at very/ap bottom/nn ,/, in/in the/at vaults/nns ,/, the/at toughs/nns and/cc blades/nns of/in the/at city/nn hoot/vb and/cc bang/vb their/pp$ drums/nns ,/, drink/vb arak/nn ,/, play/vb dice/nns ,/, and/cc dance/vb ./.


	Here/rb in/in an/at evening/nn Persians/nps enjoy/vb many/ap of/in the/at things/nns which/wdt are/ber important/jj to/in them/ppo :/: poetry/nn ,/, water/nn ,/, the/at moon/nn ,/, a/at beautiful/jj face/nn ./.
To/in a/at stranger/nn their/pp$ delight/nn in/in these/dts things/nns may/md seem/vb paradoxical/jj ,/, for/cs Persians/nps chase/vb the/at golden/jj calf/nn as/ql much/ap as/cs any/dti people/nns ./.
Many/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, moreover/rb ,/, are/ber beginning/vbg to/to complain/vb about/in the/at scarcity/nn of/in Western/jj-tl amusements/nns and/cc to/to ridicule/vb the/at old/jj life/nn of/in the/at bazaar/nn merchant/nn ,/, the/at mullah/nn ,/, and/cc the/at peasant/nn ./.
Nonetheless/rb ,/, they/ppss take/nn time/nn out/rp --/-- much/ap time/nn --/-- from/in the/at game/nn of/in grab/nn and/cc these/dts new/jj Western/jj-tl experiments/nns to/to go/vb to/in the/at gardens/nns and/cc riverbanks/nns ./.
Above/in all/abn ,/, they/ppss will/md stop/vb in/in the/at middle/nn of/in anything/pn ,/, anywhere/rb ,/, to/to hear/vb or/cc quote/vb some/dti poetry/nn ./.


	Poetry/nn in/in Persian/jj life/nn is/bez far/ql more/ap than/cs a/at common/jj ground/nn on/in which/wdt --/-- in/in a/at society/nn deeply/rb fissured/vbn by/in antagonisms/nns --/-- all/abn may/md stand/vb ./.
It/pps contains/vbz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, their/pp$ whole/jj outlook/nn on/in life/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez expressed/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap to/in their/pp$ taste/nn ,/, in/in a/at perfect/jj form/nn ./.
Poetry/nn for/in a/at Persian/np is/bez nothing/pn less/ap than/cs truth/nn and/cc beauty/nn ./.
In/in most/ap Western/jj-tl cultures/nns today/nr these/dts twins/nns have/hv been/ben sent/vbn away/rb to/in the/at libraries/nns and/cc museums/nns ./.
In/in Persia/np ,/, where/wrb practically/rb speaking/vbg there/ex are/ber no/at museums/nns or/cc libraries/nns or/cc ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, hardly/rb any/dti books/nns ,/, the/at twins/nns run/vb free/jj ./.


	It/pps is/bez perhaps/rb difficult/jj to/to conceive/vb ,/, but/cc imagine/vb that/cs tonight/nr on/in London/np bridge/nn the/at Teddy/np boys/nns of/in the/at East/jj-tl End/nn-tl will/md gather/vb to/to sing/vb Marlowe/np ,/, Herrick/np ,/, Shakespeare/np ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb some/dti lyrics/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj ./.
That/cs ,/, at/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, is/bez what/wdt happens/vbz at/in the/at Khaju/np bridge/nn ./.
Boys/nns and/cc men/nns go/vb along/in the/at riverbank/nn or/cc to/in the/at alcoves/nns in/in the/at top/jjs arcade/nn ./.
Here/rb in/in these/dts little/ap rooms/nns --/-- or/cc stages/nns arched/vbn open/jj to/in the/at sky/nn and/cc river/nn --/-- they/ppss choose/vb a/at few/ap lines/nns out/in of/in the/at hundreds/nns they/ppss may/md know/vb and/cc sing/vb them/ppo according/in to/in one/cd of/in the/at modes/nns into/in which/wdt Persian/jj music/nn is/bez divided/vbn ./.
Each/dt mode/nn is/bez believed/vbn to/to have/hv a/at specific/jj attribute/nn --/-- one/cd inducing/vbg pleasure/nn ,/, another/dt generosity/nn ,/, another/dt love/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ,/, to/to include/vb all/abn of/in the/at emotions/nns ./.
The/at singer/nn simply/rb matches/vbz the/at poem/nn to/in a/at mode/nn ;/. ;/.
for/in example/nn ,/, the/at mode/nn of/in bravery/nn to/in this/dt anonymous/jj folk/nn poem/nn :/: ``/`` They/ppss brought/vbd me/ppo news/nn that/cs Spring/nn-tl is/bez in/in the/at plains/nns And/cc Ahmad's/np$ blood/nn the/at crimson/jj tulip/nn stains/vbz ;/. ;/.
Go/vb ,/, tell/vb his/pp$ aged/vbn mother/nn that/cs her/pp$ son/nn Fought/vbd with/in a/at thousand/cd foes/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz one/cd ''/'' ./.
Or/cc the/at mode/nn of/in love/nn to/in this/dt fragment/nn by/in a/at recent/jj poet/nn :/: ``/`` Know/vb ye/ppss ,/, fair/jj folk/nn who/wps dwell/vb on/in earth/nn Or/cc shall/md hereafter/rb come/vb to/in birth/nn ,/, That/dt here/rb ,/, with/in dust/nn upon/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, Iraj/np ,/, the/at sweet-tongued/jj singer/nn ,/, lies/vbz ./.
In/in this/dt true/jj lover's/nn$ tomb/nn interred/vbn A/at world/nn of/in love/nn lies/vbz sepulchred/vbn ./.
''/'' 

	These/dts songs/nns (/( practically/ql all/abn Persian/jj music/nn ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn )/) are/ber limited/vbn to/in a/at range/nn of/in two/cd octaves/nns ./.
Yet/cc within/in this/dt limitation/nn there/ex is/bez an/at astonishing/jj variety/nn :/: design/nn as/ql intricate/jj as/cs that/dt in/in the/at carpet/nn or/cc miniature/nn ,/, with/in the/at melodic/jj line/nn like/cs the/at painted/vbn or/cc woven/vbn line/nn often/rb flowing/vbg into/in an/at arabesque/nn ./.

Die/fw-at Frist/fw-nn ist/fw-bez um/fw-rb ,/, und/fw-cc wiederum/fw-rb verstrichen/fw-vbn sind/fw-ber sieben/fw-cd Jahr/fw-nns ,/, the/at Maestro/nn-tl quoted/vbd The/at-tl Flying/vbg-tl Dutchman/np-tl ,/, as/cs he/pps told/vbd of/in his/pp$ career/nn and/cc wanderings/nns ,/, explaining/vbg that/cs the/at number/nn seven/cd had/hvd significantly/rb recurred/vbn in/in his/pp$ life/nn several/ap times/nns ./.


	The/at music/nn director/nn of/in the/at Pittsburgh/np-tl Symphony/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, William/np Steinberg/np ,/, has/hvz molded/vbn his/pp$ group/nn into/in a/at prominent/jj musical/jj organization/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez his/pp$ life/nn ./.
When/wrb he/pps added/vbd to/in his/pp$ Pittsburgh/np commitments/nns the/at directorship/nn of/in the/at London/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl in/in 1958/cd ,/, he/pps conducted/vbd one/cd hundred/cd fifty/cd concerts/nns within/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, ``/`` commuting/vbg ''/'' between/in the/at two/cd cities/nns ./.
This/dt schedule/nn became/vbd too/ql strenuous/jj ,/, even/rb for/in the/at energetic/jj and/cc conscientious/jj Mr./np Steinberg/np ./.
His/pp$ London/np contract/nn was/bedz rescinded/vbn ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, he/pps explains/vbz cheerfully/rb ,/, as/cs a/at bright/jj smile/nn lightens/vbz his/pp$ intense/jj ,/, mobile/jj face/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss conduct/vb only/rb one/cd hundred/cd and/cc twenty/cd concerts/nns ''/'' !/. !/.


	Our/pp$ meeting/nn took/vbd place/nn in/in May/np ,/, 1961/cd ,/, during/in one/cd of/in the/at Maestro's/nn$-tl stop-overs/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, before/cs he/pps left/vbd for/in Europe/np ./.
As/cs we/ppss began/vbd to/to converse/vb in/in the/at lounge/nn of/in his/pp$ Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl hotel/nn ,/, his/pp$ restlessness/nn and/cc sensitivity/nn to/in light/nn and/cc sound/nn became/vbd immediately/ql apparent/jj ./.
Seeking/vbg an/at obscure/jj ,/, dark/jj ,/, relatively/ql quiet/jj corner/nn in/in the/at airy/jj room/nn otherwise/rb suffused/vbn with/in afternoon/nn sunshine/nn ,/, he/pps asked/vbd if/cs the/at soft/jj background/nn music/nn could/md be/be turned/vbn off/rp ./.
Unfortunately/rb ,/, it/pps was/bedz Muzak/np ,/, which/wdt automatically/rb is/bez piped/vbn into/in the/at public/jj rooms/nns ,/, and/cc which/wdt nolens/fw-vbg volens/fw-vbg had/hvd to/to be/be endured/vbn ./.
As/cs he/pps talked/vbd about/in himself/ppl ,/, time/nn and/cc again/rb stuffing/vbg and/cc dragging/vbg on/in his/pp$ pipe/nn ,/, Steinberg/np began/vbd to/to relax/vb and/cc the/at initial/jj hurried/vbn feeling/nn grew/vbd faint/jj and/cc was/bedz dispelled/vbn ./.


	Did/dod he/pps come/vb from/in a/at musical/jj family/nn ?/. ?/.
Yes/rb :/: though/cs not/* professional/jj musicians/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed a/at music-loving/jj family/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ native/jj Cologne/np ,/, where/wrb his/pp$ mother/nn taught/vbd him/ppo to/to play/vb the/at piano/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to read/vb notes/nns before/cs he/pps learned/vbd the/at alphabet/nn ./.
She/pps even/rb devised/vbd a/at system/nn of/in colors/nns ,/, whereby/wrb the/at boy/nn could/md easily/rb distinguish/vb the/at different/jj note/nn values/nns ./.
When/wrb he/pps started/vbd school/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in five-and-a-half/cd ,/, he/pps could/md not/* understand/vb why/wrb the/at alphabet/nn begins/vbz with/in the/at letter/nn A/at-tl ,/, instead/rb of/in C/np ,/, as/cs in/in the/at scale/nn ./.
Because/cs ,/, like/cs many/ap other/ap children/nns ,/, he/pps intensely/rb disliked/vbd practicing/vbg Czerny/np Etudes/nps ,/, he/pps composed/vbd his/pp$ own/jj studies/nns ./.
When/wrb he/pps was/bedz eight/cd he/pps began/vbd violin/nn lessons/nns ./.
Soon/rb he/pps was/bedz playing/vbg in/in the/at Cologne/np-tl Municipal/jj-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, and/cc during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, when/wrb musicians/nns were/bed scarce/jj ,/, he/pps joined/vbd the/at opera/nn orchestra/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
Steinberg/np claims/vbz that/cs these/dts early/jj years/nns of/in orchestra/nn participation/nn were/bed of/in invaluable/jj help/nn to/in his/pp$ career/nn ./.
``/`` By/in observing/vbg the/at conductor/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz with/in a/at twinkle/nn in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, ``/`` I/ppss learned/vbd how/wrb not/* to/to conduct/vb ''/'' ./.


	The/at musician/nn ran/vbd away/rb from/in school/nn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz fifteen/cd ,/, but/cc this/dt escapade/nn did/dod not/* save/vb him/ppo from/in the/at Gymnasium/nn-tl ./.
Simultaneously/rb ,/, he/pps pursued/vbd his/pp$ musical/jj studies/nns at/in the/at conservatory/nn ,/, receiving/vbg sound/jj training/nn in/in counterpoint/nn and/cc harmony/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb in/in the/at violin/nn and/cc piano/nn ./.
His/pp$ professional/jj career/nn began/vbd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz twenty/cd ;/. ;/.
he/pps became/vbd Otto/np Klemperer's/np$ personal/jj assistant/nn at/in the/at Cologne/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at year/nn later/rbr was/bedz promoted/vbn to/in the/at position/nn of/in regular/jj conductor/nn ./.


	Wasn't/bedz* this/dt an/at unusually/rb young/jj age/nn to/to fill/vb such/abl a/at responsible/jj post/nn ?/. ?/.
Yes/rb ,/, the/at Maestro/nn-tl assented/vbd ./.


	Had/hvd he/pps always/rb wished/vbd to/to be/be a/at conductor/nn ?/. ?/.
No/rb ,/, originally/rb he/pps had/hvd hoped/vbn to/to become/vb a/at concert/nn pianist/nn and/cc had/hvd even/rb performed/vbn as/cs such/jj ./.
However/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps assumed/vbd the/at duties/nns of/in a/at conductor/nn ,/, he/pps relinquished/vbd his/pp$ career/nn as/cs a/at pianist/nn ./.


	Five/cd years/nns were/bed spent/vbn with/in the/at Cologne/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, after/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz called/vbn to/in Prague/np by/in Alexander/np von/np Zemlinsky/np ,/, teacher/nn of/in Arnold/np Schonberg/np and/cc Erich/np Korngold/np ./.
In/in 1927/cd he/pps succeeded/vbd Zemlinsky/np as/cs opera/nn director/nn of/in the/at German/jj-tl Theater/nn-tl at/in Prague/np ./.
During/in his/pp$ tenure/nn he/pps also/rb fulfilled/vbd guest/nn engagements/nns at/in the/at Berlin/np-tl State/nn-tl Opera/nn-tl ./.
Two/cd years/nns later/rbr he/pps became/vbd director/nn of/in the/at Frankfurt/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps remained/vbd until/cs he/pps lost/vbd this/dt position/nn in/in 1933/cd through/in the/at rise/nn of/in the/at Hitler/np regime/nn ./.
During/in these/dts years/nns the/at youthful/jj conductor/nn had/hvd contributed/vbn greatly/rb to/in the/at high/jj level/nn of/in musical/jj life/nn in/in Germany/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd presented/vbn the/at first/od German/jj performances/nns of/in Puccini's/np$ Manon/np-tl Lescaut/np-tl and/cc De/np Falla's/np$ La/np Vida/np Breve/np ./.
The/at Frankfurt/np years/nns were/bed particularly/ql noteworthy/jj for/in his/pp$ performance/nn of/in Berg's/np$ Wozzek/np soon/rb after/in the/at Berlin/np premiere/nn under/in Erich/np Kleiber/np ,/, and/cc the/at world/nn premiere/nn of/in Schonberg's/np$ Von/fw-in-tl heute/fw-nr-tl auf/fw-in-tl morgen/fw-nr-tl ./.
At/in the/at outset/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ,/, Steinberg/np had/hvd dedicated/vbn himself/ppl to/in the/at advancement/nn of/in contemporary/jj music/nn by/in vowing/vbg to/to do/do a/at Schonberg/np work/nn every/at year/nn ./.
In/in Frankfurt/np ,/, too/rb ,/, he/pps directed/vbd the/at Museum/nn-tl and/cc Opera/nn-tl House/nn-tl concerts/nns which/wdt ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in the/at standard/jj repertoire/nn ,/, featured/vbd novelties/nns like/cs Erdmann's/np$ Piano/nn-tl Concerto/nn-tl and/cc Mahler's/np$ Sixth/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl ./.


	Because/rb of/in the/at political/jj upheaval/nn in/in Germany/np in/in the/at 1930's/nns ,/, Steinberg/np was/bedz forced/vbn to/to restrict/vb his/pp$ activities/nns to/in the/at Jewish/jj community/nn ./.
Through/in the/at Frankfurt/np-tl Jewish/jj-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl he/pps began/vbd to/to give/vb sonata/nn recitals/nns in/in synagogues/nns ,/, with/in Cellist/nn-tl Emanuel/np Feuermann/np ./.
As/cs more/ap and/cc more/ap Jewish/jj musicians/nns lost/vbd their/pp$ jobs/nns with/in professional/jj organizations/nns Steinberg/np united/vbd them/ppo into/in the/at Frankfurt/np-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt also/rb gave/vbd guest/nn performances/nns in/in other/ap German/jj cities/nns ./.
In/in 1936/cd he/pps accepted/vbd the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at Berlin/np-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl ./.
In/in the/at fall/nn of/in that/dt year/nn the/at best/jjt musicians/nns of/in the/at Berlin/np and/cc Frankfurt/np-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl orchestras/nns joined/vbd under/in the/at combined/vbn efforts/nns of/in Bronislaw/np Hubermann/np and/cc Steinberg/np to/to become/vb the/at Palestine/np-tl Orchestra/nn-tl --/-- now/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Israel/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl --/-- with/in Steinberg/np as/cs founder-conductor/nn ./.


	In/in 1938/cd ,/, at/in the/at insistence/nn of/in Arturo/np Toscanini/np ,/, Steinberg/np left/vbd Germany/np for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, by/in way/nn of/in Switzerland/np ./.
After/cs he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn the/at first/od three/cd years/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl as/cs associate/jj conductor/nn ,/, at/in Toscanini's/np$ invitation/nn ,/, of/in the/at NBC/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, he/pps made/vbd numerous/jj guest/nn appearances/nns throughout/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl ./.
In/in 1945/cd he/pps became/vbd conductor/nn of/in the/at Buffalo/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl ./.
Seven/cd years/nns later/rbr he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn to/to become/vb director/nn of/in the/at Pittsburgh/np-tl Symphony/nn-tl ./.
Since/in 1944/cd he/pps has/hvz also/rb conducted/vbn regularly/rb at/in the/at San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps made/vbd his/pp$ debut/nn with/in a/at memorable/jj performance/nn of/in Verdi's/np$ Falstaff/np-tl ./.
In/in recent/jj years/nns he/pps has/hvz traveled/vbn widely/rb in/in Europe/np ,/, conducting/vbg in/in Italy/np ,/, France/np ,/, Austria/np ,/, and/cc Switzerland/np ./.
He/pps returned/vbd to/in Germany/np for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in 1953/cd ,/, where/wrb he/pps has/hvz since/rb conducted/vbn in/in Cologne/np ,/, Frankfurt/np ,/, and/cc Berlin/np ./.


	Where/wrb in/in Europe/np was/bedz he/pps going/vbg now/rb ?/. ?/.


	First/od of/in all/abn ,/, to/in Italy/np for/in a/at short/jj vacation/nn --/-- Forte/np Dei/np Marmi/np ,/, a/at place/nn he/pps loves/vbz ./.
Since/cs it/pps is/bez not/* far/rb from/in Viareggio/np ,/, he/pps will/md visit/vb Puccini's/np$ house/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps never/rb fails/vbz to/to do/do ,/, to/to pay/vb his/pp$ respects/nns to/in the/at memory/nn of/in the/at composer/nn of/in La/np-tl Boheme/np-tl ,/, which/wdt he/pps considers/vbz one/cd of/in Puccini's/np$ masterpieces/nns ./.
Steinberg/np spoke/vbd with/in warmth/nn and/cc enthusiasm/nn about/in Italy/np :/: ``/`` Rome/np is/bez my/pp$ second/od home/nn ./.
I/ppss consider/vb it/ppo the/at center/nn of/in the/at world/nn and/cc make/vb it/ppo a/at point/nn to/to be/be there/rb once/rb a/at year/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps will/md conduct/vb two/cd concerts/nns at/in the/at Accademia/np Di/np Santa/np Cecilia/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs concerts/nns in/in Munich/np and/cc Cologne/np ./.
``/`` Then/rb I/ppss return/vb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in engagements/nns at/in the/at Hollywood/np-tl Bowl/nn-tl and/cc in/in Philadelphia/np ''/'' ,/, he/pps added/vbd ./.


	The/at forthcoming/jj season/nn in/in Pittsburgh/np also/rb promises/vbz to/to be/be of/in unusual/jj interest/nn ./.
There/ex will/md be/be premieres/nns of/in new/jj works/nns ,/, made/vbn possible/jj through/in Ford/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl commissions/nns :/: Carlisle/np Floyd's/np$ Mystery/nn-tl ,/, with/in Phyllis/np Curtin/np as/cs soprano/nn soloist/nn ./.
Other/ap world/nn premieres/nns will/md be/be Gardner/np Read's/np$ Third/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl and/cc Burle/np Marx's/np$ Samba/fw-nn-tl Concertante/fw-jj-tl ./.


	``/`` And/cc next/ap year/nn we/ppss will/md do/do --/-- also/rb a/at Ford/np commission/nn --/-- a/at piano/nn concerto/nn by/in Elliott/np Carter/np ,/, with/in Jacob/np Lateiner/np as/cs soloist/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md conduct/vb Mahler/np and/cc Bruckner/np works/nns in/in the/at coming/vbg season/nn ,/, as/cs usual/jj ./.
We'll/ppss+md play/vb Bruckner's/np$ Fifth/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl in/in the/at original/jj version/nn ,/, and/cc Mahler's/np$ Seventh/od-tl --/-- the/at least/ql accessible/jj ,/, known/vbn ,/, and/cc played/vbn of/in Mahler's/np$ works/nns ./.
My/pp$ Pittsburghers/nps have/hv become/vbn real/jj addicts/nns to/in Mahler/np and/cc Bruckner/np ''/'' ./.


	He/pps added/vbd that/cs he/pps also/rb stresses/vbz the/at works/nns of/in these/dts favorite/jj masters/nns on/in tour/nn ,/, especially/rb Mahler's/np$ First/od-tl and/cc Fourth/od-tl symphonies/nns ,/, and/cc Das/fw-at-tl Lied/vbd-tl Von/fw-in-tl der/fw-at-tl Erde/fw-nn-tl ,/, and/cc Bruckner's/np$ Sixth/od-tl --/-- which/wdt is/bez rarely/rb played/vbn --/-- and/cc Seventh/od-tl ./.
Bruckner's/np$ Eighth/od-tl he/pps refers/vbz to/in as/cs ``/`` my/pp$ travel/nn symphony/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps recalled/vbd that/cs in/in California/np after/cs a/at critic/nn had/hvd attacked/vbn him/ppo for/in ``/`` still/rb trying/vbg to/to sell/vb Bruckner/np to/in the/at Americans/nps ''/'' ,/, the/at public's/nn$ response/nn at/in the/at next/ap concert/nn was/bedz a/at standing/vbg ovation/nn ./.


	``/`` Now/rb that/cs Bruno/np Walter/np is/bez virtually/rb in/in retirement/nn and/cc my/pp$ dear/jj friend/nn Dimitri/np Mitropoulos/np is/bez no/ql longer/rbr with/in us/ppo ,/, I/ppss am/bem probably/rb the/at only/ap one/pn --/-- with/in the/at possible/jj exception/nn of/in Leonard/np Bernstein/np --/-- who/wps has/hvz this/dt special/jj affinity/nn for/in and/cc champions/vbz the/at works/nns of/in Bruckner/np and/cc Mahler/np ''/'' ./.


	Since/cs he/pps introduces/vbz so/ql much/ap modern/jj music/nn ,/, I/ppss could/md not/* resist/vb asking/vbg how/wrb he/pps felt/vbd about/in it/ppo ./.


	``/`` There/ex was/bedz always/rb and/cc at/in all/abn times/nns a/at contemporary/jj music/nn and/cc it/pps expresses/vbz the/at era/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps was/bedz created/vbn ./.
But/cc I/ppss usually/rb stick/vb to/in the/at old/jj phrase/nn :/: '/' Ich/fw-ppss habe/fw-hv ein/fw-at Amt/fw-nn ,/, aber/fw-cc keine/fw-at Meinung/fw-nn (/( I/ppss hold/vb an/at office/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss do/do not/* feel/vb entitled/vbn to/to have/hv an/at opinion/nn )/) ./.
I/ppss consider/vb it/ppo to/to be/be my/pp$ job/nn to/to expose/vb the/at public/nn to/in what/wdt is/bez being/beg written/vbn today/nr ''/'' ./.


	With/in all/abn his/pp$ musical/jj activities/nns ,/, did/dod he/pps have/hv the/at time/nn and/cc inclination/nn to/to do/do anything/pn else/rb ?/. ?/.
He/pps had/hvd just/rb paid/vbn a/at brief/jj visit/nn to/in the/at Frick/np-tl Collection/nn-tl to/to admire/vb his/pp$ favorite/jj paintings/nns by/in Rembrandt/np and/cc Franz/np Hals/np ./.
He/pps was/bedz not/* enthusiastic/jj over/in the/at newly/rb acquired/vbn Claude/np Lorrain/np ,/, but/cc reminisced/vbd with/in pleasure/nn over/in a/at Poussin/np exhibit/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben able/jj to/to see/vb in/in Paris/np a/at year/nn ago/rb ./.


	And/cc how/wrb did/dod he/pps feel/vb about/in modern/jj art/nn ?/. ?/.
Again/rb Steinberg/np was/bedz cautious/jj and/cc replied/vbd with/in a/at smile/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* exposed/vbn to/in it/ppo enough/rb to/to hazard/vb comments/nns ./.
``/`` As/cs my/pp$ wife/nn puts/vbz it/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, again/rb with/in a/at twinkle/nn in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, ``/`` all/abn you/ppss know/vb is/bez your/pp$ music/nn ./.
But/cc after/in all/abn ,/, you/ppss never/rb learned/vbd anything/pn else/rb ''/'' !/. !/.


	What/wdt did/dod he/pps do/do for/in relaxation/nn ?/. ?/.
Like/cs his/pp$ late/jj colleague/nn ,/, Mitropoulos/np ,/, he/pps reads/vbz mystery/nn stories/nns ,/, in/in particular/jj Sir/np Arthur/np Conan/np Doyle/np ./.
He/pps cited/vbd Heine/np and/cc Stendhal/np as/cs favorites/nns in/in literature/nn ./.


	But/cc his/pp$ prime/jj interest/nn ,/, apart/rb from/in music/nn ,/, he/pps insisted/vbd seriously/rb ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ family/nn --/-- his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, daughter/nn and/cc son/nn ./.
At/in the/at moment/nn he/pps was/bedz excited/vbn about/in his/pp$ son's/nn$ having/hvg received/vbn the/at Prix/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in-tl Rome/np-tl in/in archaeology/nn and/cc was/bedz looking/vbg forward/rb to/to being/beg present/rb this/dt summer/nn at/in the/at excavation/nn of/in an/at Etruscan/jj tomb/nn ./.
``/`` Both/abx children/nns are/ber musical/jj and/cc my/pp$ wife/nn is/bez a/at music/nn lover/nn of/in unfailing/jj instinct/nn and/cc judgement/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` Is/bez the/at attitude/nn of/in German/jj youth/nn comparable/jj to/in that/dt of/in ``/`` the/at angry/jj young/jj men/nns '/' of/in England/np ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Was/bedz the/at topic/nn for/in a/at round-table/nn discussion/nn at/in the/at Bayerische/fw-jj-tl Rundfunk/fw-np-tl in/in Munich/np ./.


	I/ppss was/bedz chairman/nn ,/, the/at only/ap not/* youthful/jj participant/nn ./.
Since/cs attack/nn serves/vbz to/to stimulate/vb interest/nn in/in broadcasts/nns ,/, I/ppss added/vbd to/in my/pp$ opening/vbg statement/nn a/at sentence/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss claimed/vbd that/cs German/jj youth/nn seemed/vbd to/to lack/vb the/at enthusiasm/nn which/wdt is/bez a/at necessary/jj ingredient/nn of/in anger/nn ,/, and/cc might/md be/be classified/vbn as/cs uninterested/jj and/cc bored/vbn rather/in than/in angry/jj ./.
I/ppss was/bedz far/rb from/in convinced/vbn of/in the/at truth/nn of/in my/pp$ statement/nn ,/, but/cc could/md not/* think/vb of/in anything/pn that/wps might/md evoke/vb responses/nns more/ql quickly/rb ./.


	``/`` It/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs you/ppss to/to talk/vb ''/'' ;/. ;/.
countered/vbd a/at twenty/cd year/nn old/jj law/nn student/nn ,/, ``/`` you/ppss travel/vb around/in the/at world/nn ./.
We/ppss would/md like/vb to/to do/do that/dt too/rb ''/'' ./.


	``/`` But/cc you/ppss want/vb a/at job/nn guaranteed/vbn when/wrb you/ppss return/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss continued/vbd my/pp$ attack/nn ./.
``/`` You/ppss must/md have/hv some/dti security/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd a/at young/jj clerk/nn ./.


	When/wrb I/ppss mentioned/vbd that/cs for/in my/pp$ first/od long/jj voyage/nn I/ppss did/dod not/* even/rb have/hv the/at money/nn for/in the/at return/nn fare/nn ,/, but/cc had/hvd trusted/vbn to/in luck/nn that/cs I/ppss would/md earn/vb a/at sufficient/jj amount/vb ,/, the/at young/jj people/nns looked/vbd at/in me/ppo doubtingly/rb ./.
One/cd girl/nn expressed/vbd what/wdt was/bedz obviously/rb in/in their/pp$ minds/nns ./.


	``/`` Would/md you/ppo advise/vb us/ppo to/to act/vb the/at same/ap way/nn ?/. ?/.
You/ppss might/md have/hv failed/vbn ./.
I/ppss think/vb it/pps is/bez rather/ql foolhardy/jj to/to trust/vb to/in luck/nn ''/'' ./.


	Others/nns mentioned/vbd that/cs I/ppss might/md have/hv had/hvn to/to ask/vb friends/nns or/cc even/rb strangers/nns for/in help/nn and/cc that/cs to/to be/be stranded/vbn in/in a/at foreign/jj country/nn without/in sufficient/jj funds/nns did/dod not/* contribute/vb to/in international/jj understanding/nn ./.


	The/at debate/nn needed/vbd no/at additional/jj controversy/nn and/cc soon/rb I/ppss could/md ask/vb each/dt individually/rb what/wdt he/pps expected/vbd from/in life/nn ,/, what/wdt his/pp$ hopes/nns were/bed and/cc what/wdt his/pp$ fears/nns ./.


	Though/cs the/at four/cd boys/nns and/cc two/cd girls/nns ,/, the/at youngest/jjt nineteen/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ,/, the/at oldest/jjt twenty-four/cd ,/, came/vbd from/in varying/vbg backgrounds/nns and/cc had/hvd different/jj professional/jj and/cc personal/jj interests/nns ,/, there/ex was/bedz surprising/vbg agreement/nn among/in them/ppo ./.
What/wdt they/ppss wished/vbd for/in most/rbt was/bedz security/nn ;/. ;/.
what/wdt they/ppss feared/vbd most/rbt was/bedz war/nn or/cc political/jj instability/nn in/in their/pp$ own/jj country/nn ./.


	The/at ideal/jj home/nn ,/, they/ppss agreed/vbd ,/, would/md be/be a/at small/jj private/jj house/nn or/cc a/at city/nn apartment/nn of/in four/cd to/in five/cd rooms/nns ,/, just/rb enough/ap for/in a/at family/nn consisting/in of/in husband/nn ,/, wife/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd children/nns ./.
No/at one/pn wanted/vbd a/at larger/jjr family/nn or/cc no/at children/nns ,/, and/cc none/pn hoped/vbd for/in a/at castle/nn or/cc said/vbd that/cs living/vbg in/in less/ql settled/vbn circumstances/nns would/md be/be satisfactory/jj ./.


	All/abn expressed/vbd interest/nn in/in world/nn affairs/nns but/cc no/at one/pn offered/vbd to/to make/vb any/dti sacrifices/nns to/to satisfy/vb this/dt interest/nn ./.





Once/rb again/rb ,/, as/cs in/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ,/, America/np faces/vbz a/at stern/jj test/nn ./.
That/dt test/nn ,/, as/cs President/nn-tl Kennedy/np forthrightly/rb depicted/vbd it/ppo in/in his/pp$ State/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Union/nn-tl message/nn ,/, will/md determine/vb ``/`` whether/cs a/at nation/nn organized/vbn and/cc governed/vbn such/jj as/cs ours/pp$$ can/md endure/vb ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez well/jj then/rb that/cs in/in this/dt hour/nn both/abx of/in ``/`` national/jj peril/nn ''/'' and/cc of/in ``/`` national/jj opportunity/nn ''/'' we/ppss can/md take/vb counsel/nn with/in the/at men/nns who/wps made/vbd the/at nation/nn ./.
Incapable/jj of/in self-delusion/nn ,/, the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl found/vbd the/at crisis/nn of/in their/pp$ time/nn to/to be/be equally/ql grave/jj ,/, and/cc yet/rb they/ppss had/hvd confidence/nn that/cs America/np would/md surmount/vb it/ppo and/cc that/cs a/at republic/nn of/in free/jj peoples/nns would/md prosper/vb and/cc serve/vb as/cs an/at example/nn to/in a/at world/nn aching/vbg for/in liberty/nn ./.


	Seven/cd Founders/nns-tl --/-- George/np Washington/np ,/, Benjamin/np Franklin/np ,/, John/np Adams/np ,/, Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, Alexander/np Hamilton/np ,/, James/np Madison/np and/cc John/np Jay/np --/-- determined/vbd the/at destinies/nns of/in the/at new/jj nation/nn ./.
In/in certain/jj respects/nns ,/, their/pp$ task/nn was/bedz incomparably/ql greater/jjr than/cs ours/pp$$ today/nr ,/, for/cs there/ex was/bedz nobody/pn before/in them/ppo to/to show/vb them/ppo the/at way/nn ./.
As/cs Madison/np commented/vbd to/in Jefferson/np in/in 1789/cd ,/, ``/`` We/ppss are/ber in/in a/at wilderness/nn without/in a/at single/ap footstep/nn to/to guide/vb us/ppo ./.
Our/pp$ successors/nns will/md have/hv an/at easier/jjr task/nn ''/'' ./.


	They/ppss thought/vbd of/in themselves/ppls ,/, to/to use/vb Jefferson's/np$ words/nns ,/, as/cs ``/`` the/at Argonauts/nps ''/'' who/wps had/hvd lived/vbn in/in ``/`` the/at Heroic/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, they/ppss took/vbd special/jj pains/nns to/to preserve/vb their/pp$ papers/nns as/cs essential/jj sources/nns for/in posterity/nn ./.
Their/pp$ writings/nns assume/vb more/ap than/in dramatic/jj or/cc patriotic/jj interest/nn because/rb of/in their/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs the/at struggle/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed involved/vbn was/bedz neither/cc selfish/jj nor/cc parochial/jj but/cc ,/, rather/rb ,/, as/cs Washington/np in/in his/pp$ last/ap wartime/nn circular/nn reminded/vbd his/pp$ fellow/nn countrymen/nns ,/, that/cs ``/`` with/in our/pp$ fate/nn will/md the/at destiny/nn of/in unborn/jj millions/nns be/be involved/vbn ''/'' ./.


	Strong/jj men/nns with/in strong/jj opinions/nns ,/, frank/jj to/in the/at point/nn of/in being/beg refreshingly/ql indiscreet/jj ,/, the/at Founding/vbg-tl Seven/cd-tl were/bed essentially/rb congenial/jj minds/nns ,/, and/cc their/pp$ agreements/nns with/in each/dt other/ap were/bed more/ql consequential/jj than/cs their/pp$ differences/nns ./.
Even/rb though/cs in/in most/ap cases/nns the/at completion/nn of/in the/at definitive/jj editions/nns of/in their/pp$ writings/nns is/bez still/rb years/nns off/rp ,/, enough/ap documentation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben assembled/vbn to/to warrant/vb drawing/vbg a/at new/jj composite/jj profile/nn of/in the/at leadership/nn which/wdt performed/vbd the/at heroic/jj dual/jj feats/nns of/in winning/vbg American/jj independence/nn and/cc founding/vbg a/at new/jj nation/nn ./.


	Before/cs merging/vbg them/ppo into/in a/at common/jj profile/nn it/pps is/bez well/rb to/to remember/vb that/cs their/pp$ separate/jj careers/nns were/bed extraordinary/jj ./.
Certainly/rb no/at other/ap seven/cd American/jj statesmen/nns from/in any/dti later/jjr period/nn achieved/vbd so/ql much/ap in/in so/ql concentrated/vbn a/at span/nn of/in years/nns ./.


	Eldest/jjt of/in the/at seven/cd ,/, Benjamin/np Franklin/np ,/, a/at New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl transplanted/vbn to/in Philadelphia/np ,/, wrote/vbd the/at most/ql dazzling/vbg success/nn story/nn in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./.
The/at young/jj printer's/nn$ apprentice/nn achieved/vbd greatness/nn in/in a/at half-dozen/nn different/jj fields/nns ,/, as/cs editor/nn and/cc publisher/nn ,/, scientist/nn ,/, inventor/nn ,/, philanthropist/nn and/cc statesman/nn ./.
Author/nn of/in the/at Albany/np-tl Plan/nn-tl Of/in-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt ,/, had/hvd it/pps been/ben adopted/vbn ,/, might/md have/hv avoided/vbn the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, he/pps fought/vbd the/at colonists'/nns$ front-line/nn battles/nns in/in London/np ,/, negotiated/vbd the/at treaty/nn of/in alliance/nn with/in France/np and/cc the/at peace/nn that/wps ended/vbd the/at war/nn ,/, headed/vbd the/at state/nn government/nn of/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, and/cc exercised/vbd an/at important/jj moderating/vbg influence/nn at/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Convention/nn-tl ./.




On/in a/at military/jj mission/nn for/in his/pp$ native/jj Virginia/np the/at youthful/jj George/np Washington/np touched/vbd off/rp the/at French/jj-tl and/cc-tl Indian/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, then/rb guarded/vbd his/pp$ colony's/nn$ frontier/nn as/cs head/nn of/in its/pp$ militia/nn ./.
Commanding/vbg the/at Continental/jj-tl Army/nn-tl for/in six/cd long/jj years/nns of/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at indispensable/jj factor/nn in/in the/at ultimate/jj victory/nn ./.
Retiring/vbg to/in his/pp$ beloved/jj Mount/nn-tl Vernon/np-tl ,/, he/pps returned/vbd to/to preside/vb over/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Convention/nn-tl ,/, and/cc was/bedz the/at only/ap man/nn in/in history/nn to/to be/be unanimously/rb elected/vbn President/nn-tl ./.
During/in his/pp$ two/cd terms/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz tested/vbn and/cc found/vbn workable/jj ,/, strong/jj national/jj policies/nns were/bed inaugurated/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at traditions/nns and/cc powers/nns of/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl office/nn firmly/rb fixed/vbn ./.


	John/np Adams/np fashioned/vbd much/ap of/in pre-Revolutionary/jj radical/jj ideology/nn ,/, wrote/vbd the/at constitution/nn of/in his/pp$ home/nn state/nn of/in Massachusetts/np ,/, negotiated/vbd ,/, with/in Franklin/np and/cc Jay/np ,/, the/at peace/nn with/in Britain/np and/cc served/vbd as/cs our/pp$ first/od Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl and/cc our/pp$ second/od President/nn-tl ./.




His/pp$ political/jj opponent/nn and/cc lifetime/nn friend/nn ,/, Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, achieved/vbd immortality/nn through/in his/pp$ authorship/nn of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, but/cc equally/ql notable/jj were/bed the/at legal/jj and/cc constitutional/jj reforms/nns he/pps instituted/vbd in/in his/pp$ native/jj Virginia/np ,/, his/pp$ role/nn as/cs father/nn of/in our/pp$ territorial/jj system/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ acquisition/nn of/in the/at Louisiana/np-tl Territory/nn-tl during/in his/pp$ first/od term/nn as/cs President/nn-tl ./.


	During/in the/at greater/jjr part/nn of/in Jefferson's/np$ career/nn he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at close/jj collaboration/nn of/in a/at fellow/nn Virginian/np ,/, James/np Madison/np ,/, eight/cd years/nns his/pp$ junior/jj ./.
The/at active/jj sponsor/nn of/in Jefferson's/np$ measure/nn for/in religious/jj liberty/nn in/in Virginia/np ,/, Madison/np played/vbd the/at most/ql influential/jj single/ap role/nn in/in the/at drafting/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl and/cc in/in securing/vbg its/pp$ ratification/nn in/in Virginia/np ,/, founded/vbd the/at first/od political/jj party/nn in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs Jefferson's/np$ Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl and/cc his/pp$ successor/nn in/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl ,/, guided/vbd the/at nation/nn through/in the/at troubled/vbn years/nns of/in our/pp$ second/od war/nn with/in Britain/np ./.


	If/cs Franklin/np was/bedz an/at authentic/jj genius/nn ,/, then/jj Alexander/np Hamilton/np ,/, with/in his/pp$ exceptional/jj precocity/nn ,/, consuming/vbg energy/nn ,/, and/cc high/jj ambition/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at political/jj prodigy/nn ./.
His/pp$ revolutionary/jj pamphlets/nns ,/, published/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz only/rb 19/cd ,/, quickly/rb brought/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at attention/nn of/in the/at patriot/nn leaders/nns ./.
Principal/nn author/nn of/in ``/`` The/at-tl Federalist/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps swung/vbd New/jj-tl York/np-tl over/rp from/in opposition/nn to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl to/in ratification/nn almost/ql single-handedly/rb ./.
His/pp$ collaboration/nn with/in Washington/np ,/, begun/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz the/at general's/nn$ aide/nn during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz resumed/vbn when/wrb he/pps entered/vbd the/at first/od Cabinet/nn-tl as/cs Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ./.
His/pp$ bold/jj fiscal/jj program/nn and/cc his/pp$ broad/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl stand/vb as/cs durable/jj contributions/nns ./.




Less/ql dazzling/vbg than/cs Hamilton/np ,/, less/ql eloquent/jj than/cs Jefferson/np ,/, John/np Jay/np commands/vbz an/at equally/ql high/jj rank/nn among/in the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ./.
He/pps served/vbd as/cs president/nn of/in the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress/np-tl ./.
He/pps played/vbd the/at leading/vbg role/nn in/in negotiating/vbg the/at treaty/nn with/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl that/wps ended/vbd the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, and/cc directed/vbd America's/np$ foreign/jj affairs/nns throughout/in the/at Confederation/nn-tl period/nn ./.
As/cs first/od Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ strong/jj nationalist/jj opinions/nns anticipated/vbd John/np Marshall/np ./.
He/pps ended/vbd his/pp$ public/jj career/nn as/cs a/at two-term/jj governor/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.


	These/dts Seven/cd-tl Founders/nns-tl constituted/vbd an/at intellectual/jj and/cc social/jj elite/nn ,/, the/at most/ql respectable/jj and/cc disinterested/jj leadership/nn any/dti revolution/nn ever/rb confessed/vbd ./.
Their/pp$ social/jj status/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns by/in birth/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Washington/np ,/, Jefferson/np and/cc Jay/np ;/. ;/.
in/in others/nns by/in business/nn and/cc professional/jj acumen/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Franklin/np and/cc Adams/np ,/, or/cc ,/, in/in Hamilton's/np$ case/nn ,/, by/in an/at influential/jj marriage/nn ./.
Unlike/in so/ql many/ap of/in the/at power-starved/jj intellectuals/nns in/in underdeveloped/jj nations/nns of/in our/pp$ own/jj day/nn ,/, they/ppss commanded/vbd both/abx prestige/nn and/cc influence/nn before/cs the/at Revolution/nn-tl started/vbd ./.


	As/ql different/jj physically/rb as/cs the/at tall/jj ,/, angular/jj Jefferson/np was/bedz from/in the/at chubby/jj ,/, rotund/jj Adams/np ,/, the/at seven/cd were/bed striking/jj individualists/nns ./.
Ardent/jj ,/, opinionated/jj ,/, even/rb obstinate/jj ,/, they/ppss were/bed amazingly/ql articulate/jj ,/, wrote/vbd their/pp$ own/jj copy/nn ,/, and/cc were/bed masters/nns of/in phrasemaking/nn ./.




Capable/jj of/in enduring/vbg friendships/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed also/rb stout/jj controversialists/nns ,/, who/wps could/md write/vb with/in a/at drop/nn of/in vitriol/nn on/in their/pp$ pens/nns ./.
John/np Adams/np dismissed/vbd John/np Dickinson/np ,/, who/wps voted/vbd against/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, as/cs ``/`` a/at certain/jj great/jj fortune/nn and/cc piddling/vbg genius/nn ''/'' ./.
Washington/np castigated/vbd his/pp$ critic/nn ,/, General/nn-tl Conway/np ,/, as/cs being/beg capable/jj of/in ``/`` all/abn the/at meanness/nn of/in intrigue/nn to/to gratify/vb the/at absurd/jj resentment/nn of/in disappointed/vbn vanity/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc Hamilton/np ,/, who/wps felt/vbd it/ppo ``/`` a/at religious/jj duty/nn ''/'' to/to oppose/vb Aaron/np Burr's/np$ political/jj ambitions/nns ,/, would/md have/hv been/ben a/at better/jjr actuarial/jj risk/nn had/hvd he/pps shown/vbn more/ap literary/jj restraint/nn ./.


	The/at Seven/cd-tl Founders/nns-tl were/bed completely/rb dedicated/vbn to/in the/at public/jj service/nn ./.
Madison/np once/rb remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` My/pp$ life/nn has/hvz been/ben so/ql much/ap a/at public/jj one/cd ''/'' ,/, a/at comment/nn which/wdt fits/vbz the/at careers/nns of/in the/at other/ap six/cd ./.
Franklin/np retired/vbd from/in editing/vbg and/cc publishing/vbg at/in the/at age/nn of/in 42/cd ,/, and/cc for/in the/at next/ap forty-two/cd years/nns devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in public/jj ,/, scientific/jj ,/, and/cc philanthropic/jj interests/nns ./.
Washington/np never/rb had/hvd a/at chance/nn to/to work/vb for/in an/at extended/vbn stretch/nn at/in the/at occupation/nn he/pps loved/vbd best/rbt ,/, plantation/nn management/nn ./.
He/pps served/vbd as/cs Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief/nn-tl during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl without/in compensation/nn ./.




John/np Adams/np took/vbd to/in heart/nn the/at advice/nn given/vbn him/ppo by/in his/pp$ legal/jj mentor/nn ,/, Jeremiah/np Gridley/np ,/, to/to ``/`` pursue/vb the/at study/nn of/in the/at law/nn ,/, rather/in than/in the/at gain/nn of/in it/ppo ''/'' ./.
In/in taking/vbg account/nn of/in seventeen/cd years/nns of/in law/nn practice/nn ,/, Adams/np concluded/vbd that/cs ``/`` no/at lawyer/nn in/in America/np ever/rb did/dod so/ql much/ap business/nn as/cs I/ppss did/dod ''/'' and/cc ``/`` for/in so/ql little/ap profit/nn ''/'' ./.
When/wrb the/at Revolution/nn-tl broke/vbd out/rp ,/, he/pps ,/, along/rb with/in Jefferson/np and/cc Jay/np ,/, abandoned/vbd his/pp$ career/nn at/in the/at bar/nn ,/, with/in considerable/jj financial/jj sacrifice/nn ./.


	Hamilton/np ,/, poorest/jjt of/in the/at seven/cd ,/, gave/vbd up/rp a/at brilliant/jj law/nn practice/nn to/to enter/vb Washington's/np$ Cabinet/nn-tl ./.
While/cs he/pps was/bedz handling/vbg the/at multi-million-dollar/jj funding/vbg operations/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl he/pps had/hvd to/to resort/vb to/in borrowing/vbg small/jj sums/nns from/in friends/nns ./.
``/`` If/cs you/ppss can/md conveniently/rb let/vb me/ppo have/hv twenty/cd dollars/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd one/cd friend/nn in/in 1791/cd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ./.


	To/to support/vb his/pp$ large/jj family/nn Hamilton/np went/vbd back/rb to/in the/at law/nn after/in each/dt spell/nn of/in public/jj service/nn ./.
Talleyrand/np passed/vbd his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl law/nn office/nn one/cd night/nn on/in the/at way/nn to/in a/at party/nn ./.
Hamilton/np was/bedz bent/vbn over/in his/pp$ desk/nn ,/, drafting/vbg a/at legal/jj paper/nn by/in the/at light/nn of/in a/at candle/nn ./.
The/at Frenchman/np was/bedz astonished/vbn ./.
``/`` I/ppss have/hv just/rb come/vbn from/in viewing/vbg a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd made/vbn the/at fortune/nn of/in his/pp$ country/nn ,/, but/cc now/rb is/bez working/vbg all/abn night/nn in/in order/nn to/to support/vb his/pp$ family/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps reflected/vbd ./.




All/abn seven/cd combined/vbd ardent/jj devotion/nn to/in the/at cause/nn of/in revolution/nn with/in a/at profound/jj respect/nn for/in legality/nn ./.
John/np Adams/np asserted/vbd in/in the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress'/nn$-tl Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl that/cs the/at demands/nns of/in the/at colonies/nns were/bed in/in accordance/nn with/in their/pp$ charters/nns ,/, the/at British/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl and/cc the/at common/jj law/nn ,/, and/cc Jefferson/np appealed/vbd in/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in Independence/nn-tl ``/`` to/in the/at tribunal/nn of/in the/at world/nn ''/'' for/in support/nn of/in a/at revolution/nn justified/vbn by/in ``/`` the/at laws/nns of/in nature/nn and/cc of/in nature's/nn$ God/np ''/'' ./.


	They/ppss fought/vbd hard/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed forgiving/vbg to/in former/ap foes/nns ,/, and/cc sought/vbd to/to prevent/vb vindictive/jj legislatures/nns from/in confiscating/vbg Tory/np property/nn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Treaty/nn-tl of/in 1783/cd ./.


	This/dt sense/nn of/in moderation/nn and/cc fairness/nn is/bez superbly/rb exemplified/vbn in/in an/at exchange/nn of/in letters/nns between/in John/np Jay/np and/cc a/at Tory/np refugee/nn ,/, Peter/np Van/np Schaack/np ./.
Jay/np had/hvd participated/vbn in/in the/at decision/nn that/wps exiled/vbd his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn Van/np Schaack/np ./.
Yet/cc when/wrb ,/, at/in war's/nn$ end/nn ,/, the/at ex-Tory/np made/vbd the/at first/od move/nn to/to resume/vb correspondence/nn ,/, Jay/np wrote/vbd him/ppo from/in Paris/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz negotiating/vbg the/at peace/nn settlement/nn :/: 

	``/`` As/cs an/at independent/jj American/np I/ppss considered/vbd all/abn who/wps were/bed not/* for/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc you/ppo amongst/in the/at rest/nn ,/, as/cs against/in us/ppo ,/, yet/cc be/be assured/vbn that/cs John/np Jay/np never/rb ceased/vbd to/to be/be the/at friend/nn of/in Peter/np Van/np Schaack/np ''/'' ./.


	The/at latter/ap in/in turn/nn assured/vbd him/ppo that/cs ``/`` were/bed I/ppss arraigned/vbd at/in the/at bar/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss my/pp$ judge/nn ,/, I/ppss should/md expect/vb to/to stand/vb or/cc fall/vb only/rb by/in the/at merits/nns of/in my/pp$ cause/nn ''/'' ./.


	All/abn seven/cd recognized/vbd that/cs independence/nn was/bedz but/rb the/at first/od step/nn toward/in building/vbg a/at nation/nn ./.
``/`` We/ppss have/hv now/rb a/at national/jj character/nn to/to establish/vb ''/'' ,/, Washington/np wrote/vbd in/in 1783/cd ./.
``/`` Think/vb continentally/rb ''/'' ,/, Hamilton/np counseled/vbd the/at young/jj nation/nn ./.
This/dt new/jj force/nn ,/, love/nn of/in country/nn ,/, super-imposed/vbn upon/in --/-- if/cs not/* displacing/vbg --/-- affectionate/jj ties/nns to/in one's/pn$ own/jj state/nn ,/, was/bedz epitomized/vbn by/in Washington/np ./.
His/pp$ first/od inaugural/jj address/nn speaks/vbz of/in ``/`` my/pp$ country/nn whose/wp$ voice/nn I/ppss can/md never/rb hear/vb but/in with/in veneration/nn and/cc love/nn ''/'' ./.


	All/abn sought/vbd the/at fruition/nn of/in that/dt nationalism/nn in/in a/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl with/in substantial/jj powers/nns ./.
Save/in Jefferson/np ,/, all/abn participated/vbd in/in the/at framing/nn or/cc ratification/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss supported/vbd it/ppo ,/, not/* as/cs a/at perfect/jj instrument/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs the/at best/jjt obtainable/jj ./.
Historians/nns have/hv traditionally/rb regarded/vbn the/at great/jj debates/nns of/in the/at Seventeen/cd-tl Nineties/nns-tl as/cs polarizing/vbg the/at issues/nns of/in centralized/vbn vs./in limited/vbn government/nn ,/, with/in Hamilton/np and/cc the/at nationalists/nns supporting/vbg the/at former/ap and/cc Jefferson/np and/cc Madison/np upholding/vbg the/at latter/ap position/nn ./.




The/at state's/nn$ rights/nns position/nn was/bedz formulated/vbn by/in Jefferson/np and/cc Madison/np in/in the/at Kentucky/np and/cc Virginia/np-tl Resolves/vbz-tl ,/, but/cc in/in their/pp$ later/jjr careers/nns as/cs heads/nns of/in state/nn the/at two/cd proved/vbd themselves/ppls better/jjr Hamiltonians/nps than/cs Jeffersonians/nps ./.
In/in purchasing/vbg Louisiana/np ,/, Jefferson/np had/hvd to/to adopt/vb Hamilton's/np$ broad/jj construction/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ,/, and/cc so/rb did/dod Madison/np in/in advocating/vbg the/at rechartering/nn of/in Hamilton's/np$ bank/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps had/hvd so/ql strenuously/rb opposed/vbn at/in its/pp$ inception/nn ,/, and/cc in/in adopting/vbg a/at Hamiltonian/jj protective/jj tariff/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, the/at old/jj Jeffersonians/nps were/bed far/ql more/ql atune/jj to/in the/at Hamilton-oriented/jj Whigs/nps than/cs they/ppss were/bed to/in the/at Jacksonian/jj Democrats/nps ./.




When/wrb ,/, in/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl nullifiers/nns adopted/vbd the/at principle/nn of/in state/nn interposition/nn which/wdt Madison/np had/hvd advanced/vbn in/in his/pp$ old/jj Virginia/np-tl Resolve/nn-tl ,/, they/ppss elicited/vbd no/at encouragement/nn from/in that/dt senior/jj statesman/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ political/jj testament/nn ,/, ``/`` Advice/nn-tl To/in-tl My/pp$-tl Country/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, penned/vbn just/ql before/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Madison/np expressed/vbd the/at wish/nn ``/`` that/cs the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl States/nns-tl be/be cherished/vbn and/cc perpetuated/vbn ./.
Let/vb the/at open/jj enemy/nn to/in it/ppo be/be regarded/vbn as/cs a/at Pandora/np with/in her/pp$ box/nn opened/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at disguised/vbn one/cd ,/, as/cs the/at serpent/nn creeping/vbg with/in his/pp$ deadly/jj wiles/nns into/in Paradise/nn-tl ''/'' ./.




Tobacco/nn-tl-hl Road/nn-tl-hl is/bez-hl dead/jj-hl ./.-hl
Long/rb-hl live/vb-hl Tobacco/nn-tl-hl Road/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl

Nostalgic/jj Yankee/jj readers/nns of/in Erskine/np Caldwell/np are/ber today/nr informed/vbn by/in proud/jj Georgians/nps that/cs Tobacco/nn-tl Road/nn-tl is/bez buried/vbn beneath/in a/at four-lane/jj super/jj highway/nn ,/, over/in which/wdt travel/vb each/dt day/nn suburbanite/jj businessmen/nns more/ql concerned/vbn with/in the/at Dow-Jones/np average/nn than/cs with/in the/at cotton/nn crop/nn ./.
Thus/rb we/ppss are/ber compelled/vbn to/to face/vb the/at urbanization/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl --/-- an/at urbanization/nn which/wdt ,/, despite/in its/pp$ dramatic/jj and/cc overwhelming/jj effects/nns upon/in the/at Southern/jj-tl culture/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben utterly/rb ignored/vbn by/in the/at bulk/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl writers/nns ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs only/rb in/in today's/nr$ Southern/jj-tl fiction/nn does/doz Tobacco/nn-tl Road/nn-tl ,/, with/in all/abn the/at traditional/jj trimmings/nns of/in sowbelly/nn and/cc cornbread/nn and/cc mint/nn juleps/nns ,/, continue/vb to/to live/vb --/-- but/cc only/rb as/cs a/at weary/jj ,/, overexploited/vbn phantom/nn ./.


	Those/dts writers/nns known/vbn collectively/rb as/cs the/at ``/`` Southern/jj-tl school/nn ''/'' have/hv received/vbn accolades/nns from/in even/rb those/dts critics/nns least/ql prone/jj to/to eulogize/vb ;/. ;/.
according/in to/in many/ap critics/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz led/vbn the/at North/nr-tl in/in literature/nn since/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, both/abx quantitatively/rb and/cc qualitatively/rb ./.
Such/jj writers/nns as/cs William/np Faulkner/np and/cc Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np have/hv led/vbn the/at field/nn of/in somewhat/ql less/ql important/jj writers/nns in/in a/at sort/nn of/in post-bellum/jj renaissance/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez interesting/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs despite/in this/dt strong/jj upsurge/nn in/in Southern/jj-tl writing/nn ,/, almost/rb none/pn of/in the/at writers/nns has/hvz forsaken/vbn the/at firmly/rb entrenched/vbn concept/nn of/in the/at white-suited/jj big-daddy/nn colonel/nn sipping/vbg a/at mint/nn julep/nn as/cs he/pps silently/rb recounts/vbz the/at revenue/nn from/in the/at season's/nn$ cotton/nn and/cc tobacco/nn crops/nns ;/. ;/.
of/in the/at stereotyped/vbn Negro/np servants/nns chanting/vbg hymns/nns as/cs they/ppss plow/vb the/at fields/nns ;/. ;/.
of/in these/dts and/cc a/at host/nn of/in other/ap antiquated/vbn legends/nns that/wps deny/vb the/at South/nr-tl its/pp$ progressive/jj leaps/nns of/in the/at past/ap century/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* to/to say/vb that/cs the/at South/nr-tl is/bez no/ql longer/rbr agrarian/jj ;/. ;/.
such/abl a/at statement/nn would/md be/be the/at rankest/jjt form/nn of/in oversimplification/nn ./.
But/cc the/at South/nr-tl is/bez ,/, and/cc has/hvz been/ben for/in the/at past/ap century/nn ,/, engaged/vbn in/in a/at wide-sweeping/jj urbanization/nn which/wdt ,/, oddly/rb enough/qlp ,/, is/bez not/* reflected/vbn in/in its/pp$ literature/nn ./.


	In/in 1900/cd the/at South/nr-tl was/bedz only/rb 15%/nn urban/jj ;/. ;/.
in/in 1950/cd it/pps had/hvd become/vbn 47.1%/nn urban/jj ./.
In/in a/at mere/jj half-century/nn the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz more/ap than/in tripled/vbn its/pp$ urban/jj status/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at New/jj-tl South/nr-tl emerging/vbg ,/, a/at South/nr-tl losing/vbg the/at folksy/jj traditions/nns of/in an/at agrarian/jj society/nn with/in the/at rapidity/nn of/in an/at avalanche/nn --/-- especially/rb within/in recent/jj decades/nns ./.
As/cs the/at New/jj-tl South/nr-tl snowballs/vbz toward/in further/jjr urbanization/nn ,/, it/pps becomes/vbz more/ql and/cc more/ql homogeneous/jj with/in the/at North/nr-tl --/-- a/at tendency/nn which/wdt Willard/np Thorp/np terms/vbz ``/`` Yankeefication/np ''/'' ,/, as/cs evidenced/vbn in/in such/jj cities/nns as/cs Charlotte/np ,/, Birmingham/np ,/, and/cc Houston/np ./.
It/pps is/bez said/vbn that/cs ,/, even/rb at/in the/at present/jj stage/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl urbanization/nn ,/, such/abl a/at city/nn as/cs Atlanta/np is/bez not/* distinctly/ql unlike/in Columbus/np or/cc Trenton/np ./.
Undoubtedly/rb even/rb the/at old/jj Southern/jj-tl stalwart/jj Richmond/np has/hvz felt/vbn the/at new/jj wind/nn :/: William/np Styron/np mentions/vbz in/in his/pp$ latest/jjt novel/nn an/at avenue/nn named/vbn for/in Bankhead/np McGruder/np ,/, a/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl general/nn ,/, now/rb renamed/vbn ,/, in/in typical/jj California/np fashion/nn ,/, ``/`` Buena/np-tl Vista/np-tl Terrace/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at effects/nns of/in television/nn and/cc other/ap mass/jj media/nns are/ber erasing/vbg regional/jj dialects/nns and/cc localisms/nns with/in a/at startling/jj force/nn ./.
As/in for/in progress/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` backward/jj South/nr-tl ''/'' can/md boast/vb of/in Baton/np Rouge/np ,/, which/wdt increased/vbd its/pp$ population/nn between/in 1940/cd and/cc 1950/cd by/in two/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-two/cd percent/nn ,/, to/in 126,000/cd ,/, the/at second/od largest/jjt growth/nn of/in the/at period/nn for/in all/abn cities/nns over/in 25,000/cd ./.


	The/at field/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, is/bez ripe/jj for/cs new/jj Southerners/nns-tl to/to step/vb to/in the/at fore/nn and/cc write/vb of/in this/dt twentieth-century/nn phenomenon/nn ,/, the/at Southern/jj-tl Yankeefication/np-tl :/: the/at new/jj urban/jj economy/nn ,/, the/at city-dweller/nn ,/, the/at pains/nns of/in transition/nn ,/, the/at labor/nn problems/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at list/nn is/bez ,/, obviously/rb ,/, endless/jj ./.
But/cc these/dts sources/nns have/hv not/* been/ben tapped/vbn ./.
Truman/np Capote/np is/bez still/rb reveling/vbg in/in Southern/jj-tl Gothicism/np-tl ,/, exaggerating/vbg the/at old/jj Southern/jj-tl legends/nns into/in something/pn beautiful/jj and/cc grotesque/jj ,/, but/cc as/ql unreal/jj as/cs --/-- or/cc even/rb more/ql unreal/jj than/cs --/-- yesterday/nr ./.
William/np Styron/np ,/, while/cs facing/vbg the/at changing/vbg economy/nn with/in a/at certain/jj uneasy/jj reluctance/nn ,/, insists/vbz he/pps is/bez not/* to/to be/be classified/vbn as/cs a/at Southern/jj-tl writer/nn and/cc yet/rb includes/vbz traditional/jj Southern/jj-tl concepts/nns in/in everything/pn he/pps publishes/vbz ./.
Even/rb the/at great/jj god/nn Faulkner/np ,/, the/at South's/nr$-tl one/cd probable/jj contender/nn for/in literary/jj immortality/nn ,/, has/hvz little/rb concerned/vbn himself/ppl with/in these/dts matters/nns ;/. ;/.
such/jj are/ber simply/rb not/* within/in his/pp$ bounded/vbn province/nn ./.


	Where/wrb are/ber the/at writers/nns to/to treat/vb these/dts changes/nns ?/. ?/.
Has/hvz the/at agrarian/jj tradition/nn become/vbn such/abl an/at addiction/nn that/cs the/at switch/nn to/in urbanism/nn is/bez somehow/rb dreaded/vbn or/cc unwanted/jj ?/. ?/.
Perhaps/rb present/jj writers/nns hypnotically/rb cling/vb to/in the/at older/jjr order/nn because/cs they/ppss consider/vb it/ppo useful/jj and/cc reliable/jj through/in repeated/vbn testings/nns over/in the/at decades/nns ./.
Lacking/vbg the/at pioneer/nn spirit/nn necessary/jj to/to write/vb of/in a/at new/jj economy/nn ,/, these/dts writers/nns seem/vb to/to be/be contenting/vbg themselves/ppls with/in an/at old/jj one/cd that/wps is/bez now/rb as/ql defunct/jj as/cs Confederate/jj-tl money/nn ./.


	An/at example/nn of/in the/at changes/nns which/wdt have/hv crept/vbn over/in the/at Southern/jj-tl region/nn may/md be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at Southern/jj-tl Negro's/np$ quest/nn for/in a/at position/nn in/in the/at white-dominated/jj society/nn ,/, a/at problem/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben reflected/vbn in/in regional/jj fiction/nn especially/rb since/in 1865/cd ./.
Today/nr the/at Negro/np must/md discover/vb his/pp$ role/nn in/in an/at industrialized/vbn South/nr-tl ,/, which/wdt indicates/vbz that/cs the/at racial/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl dilemma/nn hasn't/hvz* changed/vbn radically/rb ,/, but/cc rather/rb has/hvz gradually/rb come/vbn to/to be/be reflected/vbn in/in this/dt new/jj context/nn ,/, this/dt new/jj coat/nn of/in paint/nn ./.
The/at Negro/np faces/vbz as/ql much/ap ,/, if/cs not/* more/ap ,/, difficulty/nn in/in fitting/vbg himself/ppl into/in an/at urban/jj economy/nn as/cs he/pps did/dod in/in an/at agrarian/jj one/cd ./.
This/dt represents/vbz a/at gradual/jj change/nn in/in an/at ever-present/jj social/jj problem/nn ./.
But/cc there/ex have/hv been/ben abrupt/jj changes/nns as/ql well/rb :/: the/at sit-ins/nns ,/, the/at picket/nn lines/nns ,/, the/at bus/nn strikes/nns --/-- all/abn of/in these/dts were/bed unheard-of/jj even/rb ten/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
Today's/nr$ evidence/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs only/rb three/cd Southern/jj-tl states/nns (/( South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, Alabama/np and/cc Mississippi/np )/) still/rb openly/rb defy/vb integration/nn ,/, would/md have/hv astounded/vbn many/ap of/in yesterday's/nr$ Southerners/nns-tl into/in speechlessness/nn ./.


	Other/ap examples/nns of/in gradual/jj changes/nns that/wps have/hv affected/vbn the/at Negro/np have/hv been/ben his/pp$ moving/vbg up/rp ,/, row/nn by/in row/nn ,/, in/in the/at buses/nns ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ requesting/vbg ,/, and/cc often/rb getting/vbg ,/, higher/jjr wages/nns ,/, better/jjr working/vbg conditions/nns ,/, better/jjr schools/nns --/-- changes/nns that/wps were/bed slowly/rb emerging/vbg even/rb before/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decision/nn of/in 1954/cd ./.
Then/rb came/vbd this/dt decision/nn ,/, which/wdt sped/vbd the/at process/nn of/in gaining/vbg equality/nn (/( or/cc perhaps/rb hindered/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/.
only/rb historical/jj evolution/nn will/md determine/vb which/wdt )/) :/: an/at abrupt/jj change/nn ./.


	Since/in 1954/cd the/at Negro's/np$ desire/nn for/in social/jj justice/nn has/hvz led/vbn to/in an/at ironically/rb anarchical/jj rebellion/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz frequently/rb refused/vbn to/to move/vb from/in white/jj lunch/nn counters/nns ,/, refused/vbn to/to obey/vb local/jj laws/nns which/wdt he/pps considers/vbz unjust/jj ,/, while/cs in/in other/ap cases/nns he/pps has/hvz appealed/vbn to/in federal/jj laws/nns ./.
This/dt bold/jj self-assertion/nn ,/, after/in decades/nns of/in humble/jj subservience/nn ,/, is/bez indeed/rb a/at twentieth-century/nn phenomenon/nn ,/, an/at abrupt/jj change/nn in/in the/at Southern/jj-tl way/nn of/in existence/nn ./.
A/at new/jj order/nn is/bez thrusting/vbg itself/ppl into/in being/beg ./.
A/at new/jj South/nr-tl is/bez emerging/vbg after/in the/at post-bellum/jj years/nns of/in hesitation/nn ,/, uncertainty/nn ,/, and/cc lack/nn of/in action/nn from/in the/at Negro/np in/in defining/vbg his/pp$ new/jj role/nn in/in the/at amorphously/rb defined/vbn socio-political/jj organizations/nns of/in the/at white/jj man/nn ./.


	The/at modern/jj Negro/np has/hvz not/* made/vbn a/at decisive/jj debut/nn into/in Southern/jj-tl fiction/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs ,/, while/cs most/ap writers/nns enjoy/vb picturing/vbg the/at Negro/np as/cs a/at woolly-headed/jj ,/, humble/jj old/jj agrarian/nn who/wps mutters/vbz ``/`` yassuhs/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` sho'/rb nufs/nns ''/'' with/in blissful/jj deference/nn to/in his/pp$ white/jj employer/nn (/( or/cc ,/, in/in Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl terms/nns ,/, ``/`` massuh/nn ''/'' )/) ,/, this/dt stereotype/nn is/bez doomed/vbn to/to become/vb in/in reality/nn as/ql obsolete/jj as/cs Caldwell's/np$ Lester/np ./.
While/cs there/ex may/md still/rb be/be many/ap Faulknerian/jj Lucas/np Beauchamps/np scattered/vbd through/in the/at rural/jj South/nr-tl ,/, such/jj men/nns appear/vb to/to be/be a/at vanishing/vbg breed/nn ./.
Writers/nns openly/rb admit/vb that/cs the/at Negro/np is/bez easier/jjr to/to write/vb than/cs the/at white/jj man/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc they/ppss obviously/rb mean/vb by/in this/dt ,/, not/* a/at Negro/np personality/nn ,/, but/cc a/at Negro/np type/nn ./.
Presenting/vbg an/at individualized/vbn Negro/np character/nn ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql difficult/jj assignments/nns a/at Southern/jj-tl writer/nn could/md tackle/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at success/nn of/in such/abl an/at endeavor/nn is/bez ,/, as/cs suggested/vbn above/rb ,/, glaringly/rb rare/jj ./.


	Just/rb as/cs the/at Negro/np situation/nn points/vbz up/rp the/at gradual/jj and/cc abrupt/jj changes/nns affecting/vbg Southern/jj-tl life/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb points/vbz up/rp the/at non-representation/nn of/in urbanism/nn in/in Southern/jj-tl literature/nn ./.
The/at book/nn concerned/vbn with/in the/at Negro's/np$ role/nn in/in an/at urban/jj society/nn is/bez rare/jj indeed/qlp ;/. ;/.
recently/rb only/rb Keith/np Wheeler's/np$ novel/nn ,/, Peaceable/jj-tl Lane/nn-tl ,/, has/hvz openly/rb faced/vbn the/at problem/nn ./.


	All/abn but/in the/at most/ql rabid/jj of/in Confederate/jj-tl flag/nn wavers/nns admit/vb that/cs the/at Old/jj-tl Southern/jj-tl tradition/nn is/bez defunct/jj in/in actuality/nn and/cc sigh/vb that/cs its/pp$ passing/vbg was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in the/at disappearance/nn of/in many/ap genteel/jj and/cc aristocratic/jj traditions/nns of/in the/at reputedly/rb languid/jj ante-bellum/jj way/nn of/in life/nn ./.
Many/ap earlier/jjr writers/nns ,/, mourning/vbg the/at demise/nn of/in the/at old/jj order/nn ,/, tended/vbd to/to romanticize/vb and/cc exaggerate/vb this/dt ``/`` gracious/jj Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ''/'' imagery/nn ,/, creating/vbg such/jj lasting/vbg impressions/nns as/cs Margaret/np Mitchell's/np$ ``/`` Tara/np-tl ''/'' Plantation/nn-tl ./.
Modern/jj writers/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber supposed/vbn to/to keep/vb their/pp$ fingers/nns firmly/rb upon/in the/at pulse/nn of/in their/pp$ subjects/nns ,/, insist/vb upon/in drawing/vbg out/rp this/dt legend/nn ,/, prolonging/vbg its/pp$ burial/nn ,/, when/wrb it/pps well/rb deserves/vbz a/at rest/nn after/in the/at overexploitation/nn of/in the/at past/ap century/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb these/dts writers/nns have/hv been/ben too/ql deeply/rb moved/vbn by/in this/dt romanticizing/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc they/ppss can/md hardly/rb deny/vb that/cs ,/, exaggerated/vbn or/cc not/* ,/, the/at old/jj panorama/nn is/bez dead/jj ./.
As/cs John/np T./np Westbrook/np says/vbz in/in his/pp$ article/nn ,/, ``/`` Twilight/nn-tl Of/in-tl Southern/jj-tl Regionalism/nn-tl ''/'' (/( Southwest/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, Winter/nn-tl 1957/cd )/) :/: ``/`` The/at miasmal/jj mausoleum/nn where/wrb an/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ,/, already/rb too/ql minutely/rb autopsied/vbn in/in prose/nn and/cc poetry/nn ,/, should/md be/be left/vbn to/to rest/vb in/in peace/nn ,/, forever/rb dead/jj and/cc (/( let/vb us/ppo fervently/rb hope/vb )/) forever/rb done/vbn with/in ''/'' ./.


	Westbrook/np further/rbr bemoans/vbz the/at Southern/jj-tl writers'/nns$ creation/nn of/in an/at unreal/jj image/nn of/in their/pp$ homeland/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez too/ql readily/rb assimilated/vbn by/in both/abx foreign/jj readers/nns and/cc visiting/vbg Yankees/nps :/: ``/`` Our/pp$ northerner/nn is/bez suspicious/jj of/in all/abn this/dt crass/jj evidence/nn (/( of/in urbanization/nn )/) presented/vbn to/in his/pp$ senses/nns ./.
It/pps bewilders/vbz and/cc befuddles/vbz him/ppo ./.
He/pps is/bez too/ql deeply/rb steeped/vbn in/in William/np Faulkner/np and/cc Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np ./.
The/at fumes/nns of/in progress/nn are/ber in/in his/pp$ nose/nn and/cc the/at bright/jj steel/nn of/in industry/nn towers/vbz before/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, but/cc his/pp$ heart/nn is/bez away/rb in/in Yoknapatawpha/np-tl County/nn-tl with/in razorback/nn hogs/nns and/cc night/nn riders/nns ./.
On/in this/dt trip/nn to/in the/at South/nr-tl he/pps wants/vbz ,/, above/in all/abn else/rb ,/, to/to sniff/vb the/at effluvium/nn of/in backwoods-and-sand-hill/jj subhumanity/nn and/cc to/to see/vb at/in least/ap one/cd barn/nn burn/vb at/in midnight/nn ''/'' ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, such/abl a/at Northern/jj-tl tourist's/nn$ purpose/nn is/bez somewhat/ql akin/jj to/in a/at child's/nn$ experience/nn with/in Disneyland/np :/: he/pps wants/vbz to/to see/vb a/at world/nn of/in make-believe/nn ./.


	In/in the/at meantime/nn ,/, while/cs the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben undergoing/vbg this/dt phenomenal/jj modernization/nn that/wps is/bez so/ql disappointing/jj to/in the/at curious/jj Yankee/np ,/, Southern/jj-tl writers/nns have/hv certainly/rb done/vbn little/ap to/to reflect/vb and/cc promote/vb their/pp$ region's/nn$ progress/nn ./.
Willard/np Thorp/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ new/jj book/nn ,/, American/jj-tl Writing/nn-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Twentieth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, observes/vbz ,/, quite/ql validly/rb it/pps seems/vbz :/: ``/`` Certain/jj subjects/nns are/ber conspicuously/ql absent/jj or/cc have/hv been/ben only/rb lightly/rb touched/vbn ./.
No/at Southern/jj-tl novelist/nn has/hvz done/vbn for/in Atlanta/np or/cc Birmingham/np what/wdt Herrick/np ,/, Dreiser/np ,/, and/cc Farrell/np did/dod for/in Chicago/np or/cc Dos/np Passos/np did/dod for/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
There/ex are/ber almost/rb no/at fictional/jj treatments/nns of/in the/at industrialized/vbn south/nr ''/'' ./.
Not/* a/at single/ap Southern/jj-tl author/nn ,/, major/jj or/cc minor/jj ,/, has/hvz made/vbn the/at urban/jj problems/nns of/in an/at urban/jj South/nr-tl his/pp$ primary/jj source/nn material/nn ./.


	Faulkner/np ,/, for/in one/cd ,/, appears/vbz to/to be/be safe/jj from/in the/at accusing/vbg fingers/nns of/in all/abn assailants/nns in/in this/dt regard/nn ./.
Faulkner/np culminates/vbz the/at Southern/jj-tl legend/nn perhaps/rb more/ql masterfully/rb than/cs it/pps has/hvz ever/rb been/ben ,/, or/cc could/md ever/rb be/be ,/, done/vbn ./.
He/pps has/hvz made/vbn it/ppo his/pp$$ ,/, and/cc his/pp$$ it/pps remains/vbz ,/, irrevocably/rb ./.
He/pps treats/vbz it/ppo with/in a/at mythological/jj ,/, universal/jj application/nn ./.


	As/cs his/pp$ disciples/nns boast/vb ,/, even/rb though/cs his/pp$ emphasis/nn is/bez elsewhere/rb ,/, Faulkner/np does/doz show/vb his/pp$ awareness/nn of/in the/at changing/vbg order/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl quite/ql keenly/rb ,/, as/cs can/md be/be proven/vbn by/in a/at quick/jj recalling/nn of/in his/pp$ Sartoris/np and/cc Snopes/np families/nns ./.
Even/rb two/cd decades/nns ago/rb in/in Go/vb-tl Down/rb-tl ,/, Moses/np-tl Faulkner/np was/bedz looking/vbg to/in the/at more/ql urban/jj future/nn with/in a/at glimmer/nn of/in hope/nn that/cs through/in its/pp$ youth/nn and/cc its/pp$ new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn the/at South/nr-tl might/md be/be reborn/vbn and/cc the/at curse/nn of/in slavery/nn erased/vbn from/in its/pp$ soil/nn ./.
Yet/cc his/pp$ concern/nn even/rb here/rb is/bez with/in a/at slowly/rb changing/vbg socio-economic/jj order/nn in/in general/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps never/rb deals/vbz with/in such/jj specific/jj aspects/nns of/in this/dt change/nn as/cs the/at urban/jj and/cc industrial/jj impact/nn ./.


	Faulkner/np traces/vbz ,/, in/in his/pp$ vast/jj and/cc overpowering/vbg saga/nn of/in Yoknapatawpha/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, the/at gradual/jj changes/nns which/wdt seep/vb into/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, building/vbg layer/nn upon/in layer/nn of/in minute/jj ,/, subtle/jj innovation/nn which/wdt eventually/rb tend/vb largely/rb to/to hide/vb the/at Old/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ./.
Thus/rb Faulkner/np reminds/vbz us/ppo ,/, and/cc wisely/rb ,/, that/cs the/at ``/`` new/jj ''/'' South/nr-tl has/hvz gradually/rb evolved/vbn out/in of/in the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ,/, and/cc consequently/rb its/pp$ agrarian/jj roots/nns persist/vb ./.
Yet/cc he/pps presents/vbz a/at realm/nn of/in source/nn material/nn which/wdt may/md well/rb serve/vb other/ap writers/nns if/cs not/* himself/ppl :/: the/at problems/nns with/in which/wdt a/at New/jj-tl South/nr-tl must/md grapple/vb in/in groping/vbg through/in a/at blind/jj adolescence/nn into/in the/at maturity/nn of/in urbanization/nn ./.
With/in new/jj mechanization/nn the/at modern/jj farmer/nn must/md perform/vb the/at work/nn of/in six/cd men/nns :/: a/at machine/nn stands/vbz between/in the/at agrarian/nn and/cc his/pp$ soil/nn ./.
The/at thousands/nns of/in city/nn migrants/nns who/wps desert/vb the/at farms/nns yearly/rb must/md readjust/vb with/in even/ql greater/jjr stress/nn and/cc tension/nn :/: the/at sacred/jj wilderness/nn is/bez gradually/rb surrendering/vbg to/in suburbs/nns and/cc research/nn parks/nns and/cc industrial/jj areas/nns ./.



	Another/dt element/nn to/to concern/vb the/at choreographer/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at visual/jj devices/nns of/in the/at theatre/nn ./.
Most/ap avant-garde/nn creators/nns ,/, true/jj to/in their/pp$ interest/nn in/in the/at self-sufficiency/nn of/in pure/jj movement/nn ,/, have/hv tended/vbn to/to dress/vb their/pp$ dancers/nns in/in simple/jj lines/nns and/cc solid/jj colors/nns (/( often/rb black/nn )/) and/cc to/to give/vb them/ppo a/at bare/jj cyclorama/nn for/in a/at setting/nn ./.
But/cc Robert/np Rauschenberg/np ,/, the/at neo-dadaist/nn artist/nn ,/, has/hvz collaborated/vbn with/in several/ap of/in them/ppo ./.
He/pps has/hvz designed/vbn a/at matching/vbg backdrop/nn and/cc costumes/nns of/in points/nns of/in color/nn on/in white/jj for/in Mr./np Cunningham's/np$ Summerspace/np ,/, so/cs that/cs dancers/nns and/cc background/nn merge/vb into/in a/at shimmering/vbg unity/nn ./.
For/cs Mr./np Taylor's/np$ Images/nns-tl And/cc-tl Reflections/nns-tl she/pps made/vbd some/dti diaphanous/jj tents/nns that/wps alternately/rb hide/vb and/cc reveal/vb the/at performer/nn ,/, and/cc a/at girl's/nn$ cape/nn lined/vbn with/in grass/nn ./.
Mr./np Nikolais/np has/hvz made/vbn a/at distinctive/jj contribution/nn to/in the/at arts/nns of/in costume/nn and/cc decor/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps calls/vbz his/pp$ productions/nns dance-theatre/nn works/nns of/in motion/nn ,/, shape/nn ,/, light/nn ,/, and/cc sound/nn ./.
To/to raise/vb the/at dancer/nn out/in of/in his/pp$ personal/jj ,/, pedestrian/jj self/nn ,/, Mr./np Nikolais/np has/hvz experimented/vbn with/in relating/vbg him/ppo to/in a/at larger/jjr ,/, environmental/jj orbit/nn ./.
He/pps began/vbd with/in masks/nns to/to make/vb the/at dancer/nn identify/vb himself/ppl with/in the/at creature/nn he/pps appeared/vbd to/to be/be ./.
He/pps went/vbd on/rp to/to use/vb objects/nns --/-- hoops/nns ,/, poles/nns ,/, capes/nns --/-- which/wdt he/pps employed/vbd as/cs extensions/nns of/in the/at body/nn of/in the/at dancer/nn ,/, who/wps moved/vbd with/in them/ppo ./.
The/at depersonalization/nn continued/vbd as/cs the/at dancer/nn was/bedz further/rbr metamorphosed/vbn by/in the/at play/nn of/in lights/nns upon/in his/pp$ figure/nn ./.
In/in each/dt case/nn ,/, the/at object/nn ,/, the/at color/nn ,/, even/rb the/at percussive/jj sounds/nns of/in the/at electronic/jj score/nn were/bed designed/vbn to/to become/vb part/nn of/in the/at theatrical/jj being/beg of/in the/at performer/nn ./.
The/at dancer/nn who/wps never/rb loosens/vbz her/pp$ hold/nn on/in a/at parasol/nn ,/, begins/vbz to/to feel/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez part/nn of/in herself/ppl ./.
Or/cc ,/, clad/vbn from/in head/nn to/in toe/nn in/in fabric/nn stretched/vbn over/in a/at series/nn of/in hoops/nns ,/, the/at performer/nn may/md well/rb lose/vb his/pp$ sense/nn of/in self/nn in/in being/beg a/at ``/`` finial/nn ''/'' ./.
As/cs the/at dancer/nn is/bez depersonalized/vbn ,/, his/pp$ accouterments/nns are/ber animized/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at combined/vbn elements/nns give/vb birth/nn to/in a/at new/jj being/nn ./.
From/in this/dt being/nn come/vb new/jj movement/nn ideas/nns that/wps utilize/vb dancer/nn and/cc property/nn as/cs a/at single/ap unit/nn ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, the/at avant-garde/nn choreographers/nns have/hv extended/vbn the/at scope/nn of/in materials/nns available/jj for/in dance/nn composition/nn ./.
But/cc ,/, since/cs they/ppss have/hv rejected/vbn both/abx narrative/jj and/cc emotional/jj continuity/nn ,/, how/wrb are/ber they/ppss to/to unify/vb the/at impressive/jj array/nn of/in materials/nns at/in their/pp$ disposal/nn ?/. ?/.
Some/dti look/vb deliberately/rb to/in devices/nns used/vbn by/in creators/nns in/in the/at other/ap arts/nns and/cc apply/vb corresponding/jj methods/nns to/in their/pp$ own/jj work/nn ./.
Others/nns ,/, less/ql consciously/rb but/cc quite/ql probably/rb influenced/vbn by/in the/at trends/nns of/in the/at times/nns ,/, experiment/vb with/in approaches/nns that/wps parallel/vb those/dts of/in the/at contemporary/jj poet/nn ,/, painter/nn ,/, and/cc musician/nn ./.


	An/at approach/nn that/wps has/hvz appealed/vbn to/in some/dti choreographers/nns is/bez reminiscent/jj of/in Charles/np Olson's/np$ statement/nn of/in the/at process/nn of/in projective/jj verse/nn :/: ``/`` one/cd perception/nn must/md immediately/rb and/cc directly/rb lead/vb to/in a/at further/jjr perception/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at creator/nn trusts/vbz his/pp$ intuition/nn to/to lead/vb him/ppo along/in a/at path/nn that/wps has/hvz internal/jj validity/nn because/cs it/pps mirrors/vbz the/at reality/nn of/in his/pp$ experience/nn ./.
He/pps disdains/vbz external/jj restrictions/nns --/-- conventional/jj syntax/nn ,/, traditional/jj metre/nn ./.
The/at unit/nn of/in form/nn is/bez determined/vbn subjectively/rb :/: ``/`` the/at Heart/nn-tl ,/, by/in the/at way/nn of/in the/at Breath/nn-tl ,/, to/in the/at Line/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at test/nn of/in form/nn is/bez fidelity/nn to/in the/at experience/nn ,/, a/at gauge/nn also/rb accepted/vbn by/in the/at abstract/jj expressionist/nn painters/nns ./.


	An/at earlier/jjr but/cc still/rb influential/jj school/nn of/in painting/vbg ,/, surrealism/nn ,/, had/hvd suggested/vbn the/at way/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in the/at dream/nn experience/nn ,/, that/dt event/nn in/in which/wdt seemingly/ql incongruous/jj objects/nns are/ber linked/vbn together/rb through/in the/at curious/jj associations/nns of/in the/at subconscious/nn ./.
The/at resulting/vbg picture/nn might/md appear/vb a/at maze/nn of/in restless/jj confusions/nns and/cc contradictions/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez more/ql true/jj to/in life/nn than/cs a/at portrait/nn of/in an/at artificially/rb contrived/vbn order/nn ./.
The/at contemporary/jj painter/nn tends/vbz to/to depict/vb not/* the/at concrete/jj objects/nns of/in his/pp$ experience/nn but/cc their/pp$ essences/nns as/cs revealed/vbn in/in abstractions/nns of/in their/pp$ lines/nns ,/, colors/nns ,/, masses/nns ,/, and/cc energies/nns ./.
He/pps is/bez still/rb concerned/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, with/in a/at personal/jj event/nn ./.
He/pps accepts/vbz the/at accidents/nns of/in his/pp$ brushwork/nn because/cs they/ppss provide/vb evidence/nn of/in the/at vitality/nn of/in the/at experience/nn of/in creation/nn ./.
The/at work/nn must/md be/be true/jj to/in both/abx the/at physical/jj and/cc the/at spiritual/jj character/nn of/in the/at experience/nn ./.


	Some/dti painters/nns have/hv less/ap interest/nn in/in the/at experience/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ attendant/jj urgencies/nns and/cc ambiguities/nns ,/, than/cs in/in looking/vbg beyond/in the/at flux/nn of/in particular/jj impressions/nns to/in a/at higher/jjr ,/, more/ql serene/jj level/nn of/in truth/nn ./.
Rather/in than/in putting/vbg their/pp$ trust/nn in/in ephemeral/jj sensations/nns they/ppss seek/vb form/nn in/in the/at stable/jj relationships/nns of/in pure/jj design/nn ,/, which/wdt symbolize/vb an/at order/nn more/ql real/jj than/cs the/at disorder/nn of/in the/at perceptual/jj world/nn ./.
The/at concept/nn remains/vbz subjective/jj ./.
But/cc in/in this/dt approach/nn it/pps is/bez the/at artist's/nn$ ultimate/jj insight/nn ,/, rather/in than/in his/pp$ immediate/jj impressions/nns ,/, that/wps gives/vbz form/nn to/in the/at work/nn ./.


	Others/nns look/vb to/in more/ql objective/jj devices/nns of/in order/nn ./.
The/at musician/nn employing/vbg the/at serial/jj technique/nn of/in composition/nn establishes/vbz a/at mathematical/jj system/nn of/in rotations/nns that/wps ,/, once/cs set/vbn in/in motion/nn ,/, determines/vbz the/at sequence/nn of/in pitches/nns and/cc even/rb of/in rhythms/nns and/cc intensities/nns ./.
The/at composer/nn may/md reverse/vb or/cc invert/vb the/at order/nn of/in his/pp$ original/jj set/nn of/in intervals/nns (/( or/cc rhythms/nns or/cc dynamic/jj changes/nns )/) ./.
He/pps may/md even/rb alter/vb the/at pattern/nn by/in applying/vbg a/at scheme/nn of/in random/jj numbers/nns ./.
But/cc he/pps cannot/md* order/vb his/pp$ elements/nns by/in will/nn ,/, either/cc rational/jj or/cc inspired/vbn ./.
The/at system/nn works/vbz as/cs an/at impersonal/jj mechanism/nn ./.
Musicians/nns who/wps use/vb the/at chance/nn method/nn also/rb exclude/vb subjective/jj control/nn of/in formal/jj development/nn ./.
Again/rb ,/, the/at composer/nn must/md select/vb his/pp$ own/jj materials/nns ./.
But/cc a/at tossing/nn of/in coins/nns ,/, with/in perhaps/rb the/at added/vbn safeguard/nn of/in reference/nn to/in the/at oracles/nns of/in the/at I/np Ching/np ,/, the/at Chinese/jj Book/nn-tl Of/in-tl Changes/nns-tl ,/, dictates/vbz the/at handling/nn of/in the/at chosen/vbn materials/nns ./.


	Avant-garde/nn choreographers/nns ,/, seeking/vbg new/jj forms/nns of/in continuity/nn for/in their/pp$ new/jj vocabulary/nn of/in movements/nns ,/, have/hv turned/vbn to/in similar/jj approaches/nns ./.
Some/dti let/vb dances/nns take/vb their/pp$ form/nn from/in the/at experience/nn of/in creation/nn ./.
According/in to/in Katherine/np Litz/np ,/, ``/`` the/at becoming/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in realization/nn ,/, is/bez the/at dance/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at process/nn stipulates/vbz that/cs the/at choreographer/nn sense/vb the/at quality/nn of/in the/at initial/jj movement/nn he/pps has/hvz discovered/vbn and/cc that/cs he/pps feel/vb the/at rightness/nn of/in the/at quality/nn that/wps is/bez to/to follow/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at sequence/nn may/md involve/vb a/at sharp/jj contrast/nn :/: for/in example/nn ,/, a/at quiet/jj meditative/jj sway/nn of/in the/at body/nn succeeded/vbn by/in a/at violent/jj leap/nn ;/. ;/.
or/cc it/pps may/md involve/vb more/ql subtle/jj distinctions/nns :/: the/at sway/nn may/md be/be gradually/rb minimized/vbn or/cc enlarged/vbn ,/, its/pp$ rhythmic/jj emphasis/nn may/md be/be slightly/rb modified/vbn ,/, or/cc it/pps may/md be/be transferred/vbn to/to become/vb a/at movement/nn of/in only/rb the/at arms/nns or/cc the/at head/nn ./.
Even/rb the/at least/ap alteration/nn will/md change/vb the/at quality/nn ./.
An/at exploration/nn of/in these/dts possible/jj relationships/nns constitutes/vbz the/at process/nn of/in creation/nn and/cc thereby/rb gives/vbz form/nn to/in the/at dance/nn ./.


	The/at approach/nn to/in the/at depiction/nn of/in the/at experience/nn of/in creation/nn may/md be/be analytic/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez for/in Miss/np Litz/np ,/, or/cc spontaneous/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez for/in Merle/np Marsicano/np ./.
She/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez concerned/vbn with/in ``/`` the/at becoming/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in realization/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc she/pps does/doz not/* think/vb in/in terms/nns of/in subtle/jj variations/nns of/in spatial/jj or/cc temporal/jj patterns/nns ./.
The/at design/nn is/bez determined/vbn emotionally/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss must/md reach/vb into/in myself/ppl for/in the/at spring/nn that/wps will/md send/vb me/ppo catapulting/vbg recklessly/rb into/in the/at chaos/nn of/in event/nn with/in which/wdt the/at dance/nn confronts/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./.
Looking/vbg back/rb ,/, Miss/np Marsicano/np feels/vbz that/cs her/pp$ ideas/nns may/md have/hv been/ben influenced/vbn by/in those/dts of/in Jackson/np Pollock/np ./.
At/in one/cd time/nn she/pps felt/vbd impelled/vbn to/to make/vb dances/nns that/wps ``/`` moved/vbd all/ql over/in the/at stage/nn ''/'' ,/, much/rb as/cs Pollock's/np$ paintings/nns move/vb violently/rb over/in the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in the/at canvas/nn ./.
But/cc her/pp$ conscious/jj need/nn was/bedz to/to break/vb away/rb from/in constricting/vbg patterns/nns of/in form/nn ,/, a/at need/nn to/to let/vb the/at experience/nn shape/vb itself/ppl ./.


	Midi/np Garth/np also/rb believes/vbz in/in subjective/jj continuity/nn that/wps begins/vbz with/in the/at feeling/nn engendered/vbn by/in an/at initial/jj movement/nn ./.
It/pps may/md be/be a/at free/jj front-back/jj swing/nn of/in the/at leg/nn ,/, leading/vbg to/in a/at sideways/jj swing/nn of/in the/at arm/nn that/wps develops/vbz into/in a/at turn/nn and/cc the/at sensation/nn of/in taking/vbg off/rp from/in the/at ground/nn ./.
This/dt became/vbd a/at dance/nn called/vbn Prelude/nn-tl To/in-tl Flight/nn-tl ./.
A/at pervading/vbg quality/nn of/in free/jj lyricism/nn and/cc a/at building/nn from/in turns/nns close/rb to/in the/at ground/nn towards/in jumps/nns into/in the/at air/nn gives/vbz the/at work/nn its/pp$ central/jj focus/nn ./.


	Alwin/np Nikolais/np objects/vbz to/in art/nn as/cs an/at outpouring/nn of/in personal/jj emotion/nn ./.
He/pps seeks/vbz to/to make/vb his/pp$ dancers/nns more/ql ``/`` godlike/jj ''/'' by/in relating/vbg them/ppo to/in the/at impersonal/jj elements/nns of/in shape/nn ,/, light/nn ,/, color/nn ,/, and/cc sound/nn ./.
If/cs his/pp$ dancers/nns are/ber sometimes/rb made/vbn to/to look/vb as/cs if/cs they/ppss might/md be/be creatures/nns from/in Mars/np ,/, this/dt is/bez consistent/jj with/in his/pp$ intention/nn of/in placing/vbg them/ppo in/in the/at orbit/nn of/in another/dt world/nn ,/, a/at world/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber freed/vbn of/in their/pp$ pedestrian/jj identities/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez through/in the/at metamorphosed/vbn dancer/nn that/cs the/at germ/nn of/in form/nn is/bez discovered/vbn ./.
In/in his/pp$ recognition/nn of/in his/pp$ impersonal/jj self/nn the/at dancer/nn moves/vbz ,/, and/cc this/dt self/nn ,/, in/in the/at ``/`` first/od revealed/vbn stroke/nn of/in its/pp$ existence/nn ''/'' ,/, states/vbz the/at theme/nn from/in which/wdt all/abn else/rb must/md follow/vb ./.
The/at theme/nn may/md be/be the/at formation/nn of/in a/at shape/nn from/in which/wdt other/ap shapes/nns evolve/vb ./.
It/pps may/md be/be a/at reaction/nn to/in a/at percussive/jj sound/nn ,/, the/at following/vbg movements/nns constituting/vbg further/jjr reactions/nns ./.
It/pps may/md establish/vb the/at relation/nn of/in the/at figure/nn of/in the/at dancer/nn to/in light/nn and/cc color/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt case/nn changes/nns in/in the/at light/nn or/cc color/nn will/md set/vb off/rp a/at kaleidescope/nn of/in visual/jj designs/nns ./.
Unconcerned/jj with/in the/at practical/jj function/nn of/in his/pp$ actions/nns ,/, the/at dancer/nn is/bez engrossed/vbn exclusively/rb in/in their/pp$ ``/`` motional/jj content/nn ''/'' ./.
Movements/nns unfold/vb freely/rb because/cs they/ppss are/ber uninhibited/jj by/in emotional/jj bias/nn or/cc purposive/jj drive/nn ./.
But/cc the/at metamorphosis/nn must/md come/vb first/rb ./.


	Though/cs he/pps is/bez also/rb concerned/vbn with/in freeing/vbg dance/nn from/in pedestrian/jj modes/nns of/in activity/nn ,/, Merce/np Cunningham/np has/hvz selected/vbn a/at very/ql different/jj method/nn for/in achieving/vbg his/pp$ aim/nn ./.
He/pps rejects/vbz all/abn subjectively/rb motivated/vbn continuity/nn ,/, any/dti line/nn of/in action/nn related/vbn to/in the/at concept/nn of/in cause/nn and/cc effect/nn ./.
He/pps bases/vbz his/pp$ approach/nn on/in the/at belief/nn that/cs anything/pn can/md follow/vb anything/pn ./.
An/at order/nn can/md be/be chanced/vbn rather/in than/in chosen/vbn ,/, and/cc this/dt approach/nn produces/vbz an/at experience/nn that/wps is/bez ``/`` free/jj and/cc discovered/vbn rather/in than/in bound/vbn and/cc remembered/vbn ''/'' ./.
Thus/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez freshness/nn not/* only/rb in/in the/at individual/jj movements/nns of/in the/at dance/nn but/cc in/in the/at shape/nn of/in their/pp$ continuity/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
Chance/nn ,/, he/pps finds/vbz ,/, enables/vbz him/ppo to/to create/vb ``/`` a/at world/nn beyond/in imagination/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps cites/vbz with/in pleasure/nn the/at comment/nn of/in a/at lady/nn ,/, who/wps exclaimed/vbd after/in a/at concert/nn :/: ``/`` Why/uh ,/, it's/pps+bez extremely/ql interesting/jj ./.
But/cc I/ppss would/md never/rb have/hv thought/vbn of/in it/ppo myself/ppl ''/'' ./.


	The/at sequence/nn of/in movements/nns in/in a/at Cunningham/np dance/nn is/bez unlike/in any/dti sequence/nn to/to be/be seen/vbn in/in life/nn ./.
At/in one/cd side/nn of/in the/at stage/nn a/at dancer/nn jumps/vbz excitedly/rb ;/. ;/.
nearby/rb ,/, another/dt sits/vbz motionless/jj ,/, while/cs still/rb another/dt is/bez twirling/vbg an/at umbrella/nn ./.
A/at man/nn and/cc a/at girl/nn happen/vb to/to meet/vb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss look/vb straight/rb at/in the/at audience/nn ,/, not/* at/in each/dt other/ap ./.
He/pps lifts/vbz her/ppo ,/, puts/vbz her/ppo down/rp ,/, and/cc walks/vbz off/rp ,/, neither/cc pleased/vbn nor/cc disturbed/vbn ,/, as/cs if/cs nothing/pn had/hvd happened/vbn ./.
If/cs one/cd dancer/nn slaps/vbz another/dt ,/, the/at victim/nn may/md do/do a/at pirouette/nn ,/, sit/vb down/rp ,/, or/cc offer/vb his/pp$ assailant/nn a/at fork/nn and/cc spoon/nn ./.
Events/nns occur/vb without/in apparent/jj reason/nn ./.
Their/pp$ consequences/nns are/ber irrelevant/jj --/-- or/cc there/ex are/ber no/at consequences/nns at/in all/abn ./.


	The/at sequence/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in chance/nn ,/, and/cc Mr./np Cunningham/np makes/vbz use/nn of/in any/dti one/cd of/in several/ap chance/nn devices/nns ./.
He/pps may/md toss/vb coins/nns ;/. ;/.
he/pps may/md take/vb slips/nns of/in paper/nn from/in a/at grab/nn bag/nn ./.
The/at answers/nns derived/vbn by/in these/dts means/nns may/md determine/vb not/* only/rb the/at temporal/jj organization/nn of/in the/at dance/nn but/cc also/rb its/pp$ spatial/jj design/nn ,/, special/jj slips/nns designating/vbg the/at location/nn on/in the/at stage/nn where/wrb the/at movement/nn is/bez to/to be/be performed/vbn ./.
The/at other/ap variables/nns include/vb the/at dancer/nn who/wps is/bez to/to perform/vb the/at movement/nn and/cc the/at length/nn of/in time/nn he/pps is/bez to/to take/vb in/in its/pp$ performance/nn ./.
The/at only/ap factors/nns that/wps are/ber personally/rb set/vbn by/in the/at choreographer/nn are/ber the/at movements/nns themselves/ppls ,/, the/at number/nn of/in the/at dancers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at approximate/jj total/nn duration/nn of/in the/at dance/nn ./.
The/at ``/`` approximate/jj-nc ''/'' is/bez important/jj ,/, because/cs even/rb after/cs the/at order/nn of/in the/at work/nn has/hvz been/ben established/vbn by/in the/at chance/nn method/nn ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez not/* inviolable/jj ./.
Each/dt performance/nn may/md be/be different/jj ./.
If/cs a/at work/nn is/bez divided/vbn into/in several/ap large/jj segments/nns ,/, a/at last-minute/nn drawing/nn of/in random/jj numbers/nns may/md determine/vb the/at order/nn of/in the/at segments/nns for/in any/dti particular/jj performance/nn ./.
And/cc any/dti sequence/nn can/md not/* only/rb change/vb its/pp$ positions/nns in/in the/at work/nn but/cc can/md even/rb be/be eliminated/vbn from/in it/ppo altogether/rb ./.


	Mr./np Cunningham/np tries/vbz not/* to/to cheat/vb the/at chance/nn method/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps adheres/vbz to/in its/pp$ dictates/nns as/ql faithfully/rb as/cs he/pps can/md ./.
However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez always/rb the/at possibility/nn that/cs chance/nn will/md make/vb demands/nns the/at dancers/nns find/vb impossible/jj to/to execute/vb ./.
Then/rb the/at choreographer/nn must/md arbitrate/vb ./.
He/pps must/md rearrange/vb matters/nns so/cs that/cs two/cd performers/nns do/do not/* bump/vb into/in each/dt other/ap ./.
He/pps must/md construct/vb transitions/nns so/cs that/cs a/at dancer/nn who/wps is/bez told/vbn to/to lie/vb prone/rb one/cd second/nn and/cc to/to leap/vb wildly/rb the/at next/ap will/md have/hv some/dti physical/jj preparation/nn for/in the/at leap/nn ./.



	The/at North/nr-tl and/cc the/at South/nr-tl were/bed in/in greater/jjr agreement/nn on/in sovereignty/nn ,/, through/in all/abn their/pp$ dispute/nn about/in it/ppo ,/, than/cs were/bed the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ./.
The/at truth/nn in/in their/pp$ conflicting/vbg concepts/nns was/bedz expounded/vbn by/in statesmen/nns of/in the/at calibre/nn of/in Webster/np and/cc Calhoun/np ,/, and/cc defended/vbn in/in the/at end/nn by/in leaders/nns of/in the/at nobility/nn of/in Lincoln/np and/cc Lee/np ./.
The/at people/nns everywhere/rb had/hvd grown/vbn meanwhile/rb in/in devotion/nn to/in basic/jj democratic/jj principles/nns ,/, in/in understanding/nn of/in and/cc belief/nn in/in the/at federal/jj balance/nn ,/, and/cc in/in love/nn of/in their/pp$ Union/nn-tl ./.
Repeated/vbn efforts/nns --/-- beginning/vbg with/in the/at Missouri/np-tl Compromise/nn-tl of/in 1821/cd --/-- were/bed made/vbn by/in such/jj master/jjs moderates/nns as/cs Clay/nn-tl and/cc Douglas/np to/to resolve/vb the/at difference/nn peacefully/rb by/in compromise/nn ,/, rather/in than/in clear/jj thought/nn and/cc timely/jj action/nn ./.
Even/rb so/rb ,/, confusion/nn in/in this/dt period/nn gained/vbd such/jj strength/nn (/( from/in compromise/nn and/cc other/ap factors/nns )/) that/cs it/pps led/vbd to/in the/at bloodiest/jjt war/nn of/in the/at Nineteenth/od-tl century/nn ./.
Nothing/pn can/md show/vb more/ap than/cs this/dt the/at immensity/nn of/in the/at danger/nn to/in democratic/jj peoples/nns that/wps lies/vbz in/in even/ql relatively/ql slight/jj deviation/nn from/in their/pp$ true/jj concept/nn of/in sovereignty/nn ./.


	The/at present/jj issue/nn in/in Atlantica/np --/-- whether/cs to/to transform/vb an/at alliance/nn of/in sovereign/jj nations/nns into/in a/at federal/jj union/nn of/in sovereign/jj citizens/nns --/-- resembles/vbz the/at American/jj one/cd of/in 1787-89/cd rather/in than/in the/at one/cd that/wps was/bedz resolved/vbn by/in Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.
And/cc so/rb I/ppss would/md only/rb touch/vb upon/in it/ppo now/rb (/( much/rb as/cs I/ppss have/hv long/rb wanted/vbn to/to write/vb a/at book/nn about/in it/ppo )/) ./.
I/ppss think/vb it/pps is/bez essential/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to pinpoint/vb here/rb the/at difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd concepts/nns of/in sovereignty/nn that/wps went/vbd to/in war/nn in/in 1861/cd --/-- if/cs only/rb to/to see/vb better/rbr how/wql imperative/jj is/bez our/pp$ need/nn today/nr to/to clarify/vb completely/rb our/pp$ far/ql worse/jjr confusion/nn on/in this/dt subject/nn ./.


	The/at difference/nn came/vbd down/rp to/in this/dt :/: The/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl insisted/vbd that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz ,/, in/in last/ap analysis/nn ,/, what/wdt its/pp$ name/nn implied/vbd --/-- a/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl States/nns-tl ./.
To/in their/pp$ leaders/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz a/at compact/nn made/vbn by/in the/at people/nns of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ,/, who/wps therefore/rb retained/vbd the/at right/nn to/to secede/vb from/in it/ppo ./.
This/dt right/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, its/pp$ upholders/nns contended/vbd ,/, was/bedz essential/jj to/to maintain/vb the/at federal/jj balance/nn and/cc protect/vb the/at liberty/nn of/in the/at people/nns from/in the/at danger/nn of/in centralizing/vbg power/nn in/in the/at Union/nn-tl government/nn ./.
The/at champions/nns of/in the/at Union/nn-tl maintained/vbd that/cs the/at Constitution/nn-tl had/hvd formed/vbn ,/, fundamentally/rb ,/, the/at united/vbn people/nns of/in America/np ,/, that/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at compact/nn among/in sovereign/jj citizens/nns rather/in than/in states/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs therefore/rb the/at states/nns had/hvd no/at right/nn to/to secede/vb ,/, though/cs the/at citizens/nns could/md ./.
Writing/vbg to/in Speed/np on/in August/np 24/cd ,/, 1855/cd ,/, Lincoln/np made/vbd the/at latter/ap point/nn clear/jj ./.
In/in homely/jj terms/nns whose/wp$ timeliness/nn is/bez startling/jj today/nr ,/, he/pps thus/rb declared/vbd his/pp$ own/jj right/nn to/to secede/vb ./.
``/`` 

	We/ppss began/vbd by/in declaring/vbg that/cs all/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj ./.
We/ppss now/rb practically/rb read/vb it/ppo ,/, all/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj except/in Negroes/nps ./.
When/wrb the/at Know-nothings/nps get/vb control/nn ,/, it/pps will/md read/vb ,/, All/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj except/in Negroes/nps and/cc foreigners/nns and/cc Catholics/nps ./.
When/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in this/dt ,/, I/ppss shall/md prefer/vb emigrating/vbg to/in some/dti country/nn where/wrb they/ppss make/vb no/at pretence/nn of/in loving/vbg liberty/nn --/-- to/in Russia/np ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, where/wrb despotism/nn can/md be/be taken/vbn pure/jj ,/, without/in the/at base/jj alloy/nn of/in hypocrisy/nn ''/'' (/( His/pp$ emphasis/nn )/) 

	./.
When/wrb the/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl exercised/vbd their/pp$ ``/`` right/nn to/to secede/vb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss formed/vbd what/wdt they/ppss officially/rb styled/vbd ``/`` The/at-tl Confederate/jj-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ''/'' ./.
Dictionaries/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, still/rb cite/vb this/dt government/nn ,/, along/rb with/in the/at Articles/nns-tl of/in-tl Confederation/nn-tl of/in 1781/cd ,/, as/cs an/at example/nn of/in a/at confederacy/nn ./.
The/at fact/nn is/bez that/cs the/at Southern/jj-tl Confederacy/nn-tl differed/vbd from/in the/at earlier/jjr one/cd almost/ql as/ql much/rb as/cs the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl did/dod ./.
The/at Confederate/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl copied/vbd much/ap of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl verbatim/rb ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at rest/nn in/in substance/nn ./.
It/pps operated/vbd on/in ,/, by/in and/cc for/in the/at people/nns individually/rb just/rb as/cs did/dod the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./.
It/pps made/vbd substantially/rb the/at same/ap division/nn of/in power/nn between/in the/at central/jj and/cc state/nn governments/nns ,/, and/cc among/in the/at executive/jj ,/, legislative/jj and/cc judicial/jj branches/nns ./.



The/at-hl difference/nn-hl between/in-hl confederacy/nn-hl and/cc-hl federal/jj-hl union/nn-hl in/in-hl 1861/cd-hl 
Many/ap believe/vb --/-- and/cc understandably/rb --/-- that/cs the/at great/jj difference/nn between/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl Confederacy/nn-tl and/cc the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz that/cs the/at former/ap recognized/vbd the/at right/nn of/in each/dt state/nn to/to secede/vb ./.
But/cc though/cs each/dt of/in its/pp$ members/nns had/hvd asserted/vbn this/dt right/nn against/in the/at Union/nn-tl ,/, the/at final/jj Constitution/nn-tl which/wdt the/at Confederacy/nn-tl signed/vbd on/in March/np 11/cd --/-- nearly/rb a/at month/nn before/cs hostilities/nns began/vbd --/-- included/vbd no/at explicit/jj provision/nn authorizing/vbg a/at state/nn to/to secede/vb ./.
Its/pp$ drafters/nns discussed/vbd this/dt vital/jj point/nn but/cc left/vbd it/ppo out/in of/in their/pp$ Constitution/nn-tl ./.
Their/pp$ President/nn-tl ,/, Jefferson/np Davis/np ,/, interpreted/vbd their/pp$ Constitution/nn-tl to/to mean/vb that/cs it/pps ``/`` admits/vbz of/in no/at coerced/vbn association/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc this/dt remained/vbd so/ql doubtful/jj that/cs ``/`` there/ex were/bed frequent/jj demands/nns that/cs the/at right/nn to/to secede/vb be/be put/vbn into/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	The/at Constitution/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl ``/`` Confederation/nn-tl ''/'' differed/vbd from/in that/dt of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Union/nn-tl only/rb in/in two/cd important/jj respects/nns :/: It/pps openly/rb ,/, defiantly/rb ,/, recognized/vbd slavery/nn --/-- an/at institution/nn which/wdt the/at Southerners/nns-tl of/in 1787/cd ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss continued/vbd it/ppo ,/, found/vbd so/ql impossible/jj to/to reconcile/vb with/in freedom/nn that/cs they/ppss carefully/rb avoided/vbd mentioning/vbg the/at word/nn in/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss recognized/vbd that/cs slavery/nn was/bedz a/at moral/jj issue/nn and/cc not/* merely/rb an/at economic/jj interest/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs to/to recognize/vb it/ppo explicitly/rb in/in their/pp$ Constitution/nn-tl would/md be/be in/in explosive/jj contradiction/nn to/in the/at concept/nn of/in sovereignty/nn they/ppss had/hvd set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in 1776/cd that/cs ``/`` all/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj ,/, that/cs they/ppss are/ber endowed/vbn by/in their/pp$ Creator/nn-tl with/in certain/jj unalienable/jj rights/nns ,/, that/cs among/in them/ppo are/ber life/nn ,/, liberty/nn and/cc the/at pursuit/nn of/in happiness/nn ./.
''/'' The/at other/ap important/jj difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd Constitutions/nns-tl was/bedz that/cs the/at President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Confederacy/nn-tl held/vbd office/nn for/in six/cd (/( instead/rb of/in four/cd )/) years/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz limited/vbn to/in one/cd term/nn ./.


	These/dts are/ber not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, differences/nns in/in federal/jj structure/nn ./.
The/at only/ap important/jj differences/nns from/in that/dt standpoint/nn ,/, between/in the/at two/cd Constitutions/nns-tl ,/, lies/vbz in/in their/pp$ Preambles/nns-tl ./.
The/at one/cd of/in 1861/cd made/vbd clear/jj that/cs in/in making/vbg their/pp$ government/nn the/at people/nns were/bed acting/vbg through/in their/pp$ states/nns ,/, whereas/cs the/at Preamble/nn-tl of/in 1787-89/cd expressed/vbd ,/, as/ql clearly/rb as/cs language/nn can/md ,/, the/at opposite/jj concept/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss were/bed acting/vbg directly/rb as/cs citizens/nns ./.
Here/rb are/ber the/at two/cd Preambles/nns-tl :/: Federal/jj-tl-hl Constitution/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl 1789/cd-hl 
``/`` we/ppss the/at People/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, in/in order/nn to/to form/vb a/at more/ql perfect/jj Union/nn ,/, establish/vb Justice/nn ,/, insure/vb domestic/jj Tranquility/nn ,/, provide/vb for/in the/at common/jj Defence/nn ,/, promote/vb the/at general/jj Welfare/nn ,/, and/cc secure/vb the/at Blessings/nns of/in Liberty/nn to/in ourselves/ppls and/cc our/pp$ Posterity/nn ,/, do/do ordain/vb and/cc establish/vb this/dt Constitution/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in America/np ''/'' ./.
Confederate/jj-tl-hl Constitution/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl 1861/cd-hl 
``/`` We/ppss the/at people/nns of/in the/at Confederate/jj-tl States/nns-tl ,/, each/dt state/nn acting/vbg in/in its/pp$ sovereign/jj and/cc independent/jj character/nn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to form/vb a/at permanent/jj federal/jj government/nn ,/, establish/vb justice/nn ,/, insure/vb domestic/jj tranquility/nn ,/, and/cc secure/vb the/at blessings/nns of/in liberty/nn to/in ourselves/ppls and/cc our/pp$ posterity/nn --/-- invoking/vbg the/at favor/nn and/cc the/at guidance/nn of/in Almighty/np God/np --/-- do/do ordain/vb and/cc establish/vb this/dt Constitution/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Confederate/jj-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ''/'' ./.


	One/pn is/bez tempted/vbn to/to say/vb that/cs ,/, on/in the/at difference/nn between/in the/at concepts/nns of/in sovereignty/nn in/in these/dts two/cd preambles/nns ,/, the/at worst/jjt war/nn of/in the/at Nineteenth/od-tl century/nn was/bedz fought/vbn ./.
But/cc though/cs the/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl ,/, when/wrb drafting/vbg a/at constitution/nn to/to unite/vb themselves/ppls ,/, narrowed/vbd the/at difference/nn to/in this/dt fine/jj point/nn by/in omitting/vbg to/to assert/vb the/at right/nn to/to secede/vb ,/, the/at fact/nn remained/vbd that/cs by/in seceding/vbg from/in the/at Union/nn-tl they/ppss had/hvd already/rb acted/vbn on/in the/at concept/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz composed/vbn primarily/rb of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ./.
If/cs the/at Union/nn-tl conceded/vbd this/dt to/in them/ppo ,/, the/at same/ap right/nn must/md be/be conceded/vbn to/in each/dt remaining/vbg state/nn whenever/wrb it/pps saw/vbd fit/jj to/to secede/vb :/: This/dt would/md destroy/vb the/at federal/jj balance/nn between/in it/ppo and/cc the/at states/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at end/nn sacrifice/vb to/in the/at sovereignty/nn of/in the/at states/nns all/abn the/at liberty/nn the/at citizens/nns had/hvd gained/vbn by/in their/pp$ Union/nn-tl ./.


	Lincoln/np saw/vbd that/cs the/at act/nn of/in secession/nn made/vbd the/at issue/nn for/in the/at Union/nn-tl a/at vital/jj one/cd :/: Whether/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at Union/nn-tl of/in sovereign/jj citizens/nns that/wps should/md continue/vb to/to live/vb ,/, or/cc an/at association/nn of/in sovereign/jj states/nns that/wps must/md fall/vb prey/nn either/cc to/in ``/`` anarchy/nn or/cc despotism/nn ''/'' ./.


	Much/rb as/cs he/pps abhorred/vbd slavery/nn ,/, Lincoln/np was/bedz always/rb willing/jj to/to concede/vb to/in each/dt ``/`` slave/nn state/nn ''/'' the/at right/nn to/to decide/vb independently/rb whether/cs to/to continue/vb or/cc end/vb it/ppo ./.
Though/cs his/pp$ election/nn was/bedz interpreted/vbn by/in many/ap Southerners/nns-tl as/cs the/at forerunner/nn of/in a/at dangerous/jj shift/nn in/in the/at federal/jj balance/nn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at Union/nn-tl ,/, Lincoln/np himself/ppl proposed/vbd no/at such/jj change/nn in/in the/at rights/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl gave/vbd the/at states/nns ./.
After/cs the/at war/nn began/vbd ,/, he/pps long/rb refused/vbd to/to permit/vb emancipation/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns by/in Union/nn-tl action/nn even/rb in/in the/at Border/nn-tl States/nns-tl that/wps stayed/vbd with/in the/at Union/nn-tl ./.
He/pps issued/vbd his/pp$ Emancipation/nn-tl Proclamation/nn-tl only/rb when/wrb he/pps felt/vbd that/cs necessity/nn left/vbd him/ppo no/at other/ap way/nn to/to save/vb the/at Union/nn-tl ./.
In/in his/pp$ Message/nn-tl of/in December/np 2/cd ,/, 1862/cd ,/, he/pps put/vbd his/pp$ purpose/nn and/cc his/pp$ policy/nn in/in these/dts words/nns --/-- which/wdt I/ppss would/md call/vb the/at Lincoln/np-tl Law/nn-tl of/in-tl Liberty-and-Union/nn-tl :/: ``/`` In/in giving/vbg freedom/nn to/in the/at slave/nn ,/, we/ppss assure/vb freedom/nn to/in the/at free/jj ''/'' ./.


	What/wdt Lincoln/np could/md not/* concede/vb was/bedz that/cs the/at states/nns rather/in than/in the/at people/nns were/bed sovereign/jj in/in the/at Union/nn-tl ./.
He/pps fought/vbd to/in the/at end/nn to/to preserve/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at ``/`` government/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, by/in the/at people/nns ,/, for/in the/at people/nns ''/'' ./.



The/at-hl truth/nn-hl on/in-hl each/dt-hl side/nn-hl won/vbd-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl civil/jj-hl war/nn-hl 
The/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Americans/nps who/wps upheld/vbd the/at sovereignty/nn of/in their/pp$ states/nns did/dod this/dt in/in order/nn to/to keep/vb many/ap of/in their/pp$ people/nns more/ql securely/rb in/in slavery/nn --/-- the/at antithesis/nn of/in individual/jj liberty/nn --/-- made/vbd the/at conflict/nn grimmer/jjr ,/, and/cc the/at greater/jjr ./.
Out/in of/in this/dt ordeal/nn the/at citizen/nn emerged/vbd ,/, in/in the/at South/nr-tl as/cs in/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, as/cs America's/np$ true/jj sovereign/nn ,/, in/in ``/`` a/at new/jj birth/nn of/in freedom/nn ''/'' ,/, as/cs Lincoln/np promised/vbd ./.
But/cc before/cs this/dt came/vbd about/rb ,/, 214,938/cd Americans/nps had/hvd given/vbn their/pp$ lives/nns in/in battle/nn for/in the/at two/cd concepts/nns of/in the/at sovereign/jj rights/nns of/in men/nns and/cc of/in states/nns ./.


	On/in their/pp$ decisive/jj battlefield/nn Lincoln/np did/dod not/* distinguish/vb between/in them/ppo when/wrb he/pps paid/vbd tribute/nn to/in the/at ``/`` brave/jj men/nns ,/, living/vbg and/cc dead/jj ,/, who/wps fought/vbd here/rb ''/'' ./.
He/pps understood/vbd that/cs both/abx sides/nns were/bed at/in fault/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps reached/vbd the/at height/nn of/in saying/vbg so/rb explicitly/rb in/in his/pp$ Second/od-tl Inaugural/nn-tl ./.


	To/in my/pp$ knowledge/nn ,/, Lincoln/np remains/vbz the/at only/ap Head/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl and/cc Commander-in-Chief/nn-tl who/wps ,/, while/cs fighting/vbg a/at fearful/jj war/nn whose/wp$ issue/nn was/bedz in/in doubt/nn ,/, proved/vbd man/nn enough/ap to/to say/vb this/dt publicly/rb --/-- to/to give/vb his/pp$ foe/nn the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs in/in all/abn human/jj truth/nn there/ex is/bez some/dti error/nn ,/, and/cc in/in all/abn our/pp$ error/nn ,/, some/dti truth/nn ./.
So/ql great/jj a/at man/nn could/md not/* but/in understand/vb ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs the/at thing/nn that/wps moves/vbz men/nns to/to sacrifice/vb their/pp$ lives/nns is/bez not/* the/at error/nn of/in their/pp$ thought/nn ,/, which/wdt their/pp$ opponents/nns see/vb and/cc attack/vb ,/, but/cc the/at truth/nn which/wdt the/at latter/ap do/do not/* see/vb --/-- any/dti more/ap than/cs they/ppss see/vb the/at error/nn which/wdt mars/vbz the/at truth/nn they/ppss themselves/ppls defend/vb ./.


	It/pps is/bez much/ql less/ql difficult/jj now/rb than/cs in/in Lincoln's/np$ day/nn to/to see/vb that/cs on/in both/abx sides/nns sovereign/jj Americans/nps had/hvd given/vbn their/pp$ lives/nns in/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl to/to maintain/vb the/at balance/nn between/in the/at powers/nns they/ppss had/hvd delegated/vbn to/in the/at States/nns-tl and/cc to/in their/pp$ Union/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss differed/vbd in/in the/at balance/nn they/ppss believed/vbd essential/jj to/in the/at sovereignty/nn of/in the/at citizen/nn --/-- but/cc the/at supreme/jj sacrifice/nn each/dt made/vbd served/vbd to/to maintain/vb a/at still/ql more/ql fundamental/jj truth/nn :/: That/cs individual/jj life/nn ,/, liberty/nn and/cc happiness/nn depend/vb on/in a/at right/jj balance/nn between/in the/at two/cd --/-- and/cc on/in the/at limitation/nn of/in sovereignty/nn ,/, in/in all/abn its/pp$ aspects/nns ,/, which/wdt this/dt involves/vbz ./.
The/at 140,414/cd Americans/nps who/wps gave/vbd ``/`` the/at last/ap full/jj measure/nn of/in devotion/nn ''/'' to/to prevent/vb disunion/nn ,/, preserved/vbd individual/jj freedom/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl from/in the/at dangers/nns of/in anarchy/nn ,/, inherent/jj in/in confederations/nns ,/, which/wdt throughout/in history/nn have/hv proved/vbn fatal/jj in/in the/at end/nn to/in all/abn associations/nns composed/vbn primarily/rb of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at liberties/nns of/in their/pp$ people/nns ./.
But/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs 70,524/cd other/ap Americans/nps gave/vbd the/at same/ap measure/nn of/in devotion/nn to/in an/at opposing/vbg concept/nn served/vbd Liberty-and-Union/nn-tl in/in other/ap essential/jj ways/nns ./.


	Its/pp$ appeal/nn from/in ballots/nns to/in bullets/nns at/in Fort/nn-tl Sumter/np-tl ended/vbd by/in costing/vbg the/at Southerners/nns-tl their/pp$ right/nn to/to have/hv slaves/nns --/-- a/at right/nn that/wps was/bedz even/ql less/ql compatible/jj with/in the/at sovereignty/nn of/in man/nn ./.
The/at very/ap fact/nn that/cs they/ppss came/vbd so/ql near/rb to/in winning/vbg by/in the/at wrong/jj method/nn ,/, war/nn ,/, led/vbd directly/rb to/in their/pp$ losing/vbg both/abx the/at war/nn and/cc the/at wrong/jj thing/nn they/ppss fought/vbd for/in ,/, since/cs it/pps forced/vbd Lincoln/np to/to free/vb their/pp$ slaves/nns as/cs a/at military/jj measure/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at divine/jj justice/nn in/in one/cd wrong/nn thus/rb undoing/vbg another/dt ./.
There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at lesson/nn ,/, one/cd that/dt has/hvz served/vbn ever/rb since/rb to/to keep/vb Americans/nps ,/, in/in their/pp$ conflicts/nns with/in one/cd another/dt ,/, from/in turning/vbg from/in the/at ballot/nn to/in the/at bullet/nn ./.
Yet/rb though/cs the/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl lost/vbd the/at worst/jjt errors/nns in/in their/pp$ case/nn ,/, they/ppss did/dod not/* lose/vb the/at truth/nn they/ppss fought/vbd for/in ./.
The/at lives/nns so/ql many/ap of/in them/ppo gave/vbd ,/, to/to forestall/vb what/wdt they/ppss believed/vbd would/md be/be a/at fatal/jj encroachment/nn by/in the/at Union/nn-tl on/in the/at powers/nns reserved/vbn to/in their/pp$ states/nns have/hv continued/vbn ever/rb since/rb to/to safeguard/vb all/abn Americans/nps against/in freedom's/nn$ other/ap foe/nn ./.

As/cs cells/nns coalesced/vbd into/in organisms/nns ,/, they/ppss built/vbd new/jj ``/`` unnatural/jj ''/'' and/cc internally/rb controlled/vbn environments/nns to/to cope/vb even/ql more/ql successfully/rb with/in the/at entropy-increasing/jj properties/nns of/in the/at external/jj world/nn ./.
The/at useful/jj suggestion/nn of/in Professor/nn-tl David/np Hawkins/np which/wdt considers/vbz culture/nn as/cs a/at third/od stage/nn in/in biological/jj evolution/nn fits/vbz quite/ql beautifully/rb then/rb with/in our/pp$ suggestion/nn that/cs science/nn has/hvz provided/vbn us/ppo with/in a/at rather/ql successful/jj technique/nn for/in building/vbg protective/jj artificial/jj environments/nns ./.
One/pn wonders/vbz about/in its/pp$ applicability/nn to/in people/nns ./.
Will/md advances/nns in/in human/jj sciences/nns help/vb us/ppo build/vb social/jj structures/nns and/cc governments/nns which/wdt will/md enable/vb us/ppo to/to cope/vb with/in people/nns as/ql effectively/rb as/cs the/at primitive/jj combination/nn of/in protein/nn and/cc nucleic/jj acid/nn built/vbd a/at structure/nn of/in molecules/nns which/wdt enabled/vbd it/ppo to/to adapt/vb to/in a/at sea/nn of/in molecular/jj interaction/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at answer/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, yes/rb ./.
For/cs the/at family/nn is/bez the/at simplest/jjt example/nn of/in just/rb such/abl a/at unit/nn ,/, composed/vbn of/in people/nns ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz us/ppo both/abx some/dti immunity/nn from/in ,/, and/cc a/at way/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in ,/, other/ap people/nns ./.
Social/jj invention/nn did/dod not/* have/hv to/to await/vb social/jj theory/nn any/ql more/rbr than/cs use/nn of/in the/at warmth/nn of/in a/at fire/nn had/hvd to/to await/vb Lavoisier/np or/cc the/at buoyant/jj protection/nn of/in a/at boat/nn the/at formulations/nns of/in Archimedes/np ./.
But/cc it/pps has/hvz been/ben during/in the/at last/ap two/cd centuries/nns ,/, during/in the/at scientific/jj revolution/nn ,/, that/cs our/pp$ independence/nn from/in the/at physical/jj environment/nn has/hvz made/vbn the/at most/ql rapid/jj strides/nns ./.
We/ppss have/hv ample/jj light/nn when/wrb the/at sun/nn sets/vbz ;/. ;/.
the/at temperature/nn of/in our/pp$ homes/nns is/bez independent/jj of/in the/at seasons/nns ;/. ;/.
we/ppss fly/vb through/in the/at air/nn ,/, although/cs gravity/nn pulls/vbz us/ppo down/rp ;/. ;/.
the/at range/nn of/in our/pp$ voice/nn ignores/vbz distance/nn ./.
At/in what/wdt stage/nn are/ber social/jj sciences/nns then/rb ?/. ?/.
Is/bez the/at future/nn of/in psychology/nn akin/jj to/in the/at rich/jj future/nn of/in physics/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in Newton/np ?/. ?/.
There/ex is/bez a/at haunting/jj resemblance/nn between/in the/at notion/nn of/in cause/nn in/in Copernicus/np and/cc in/in Freud/np ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez certainly/rb no/at slight/nn to/in either/dtx of/in them/ppo to/to compare/vb both/abx their/pp$ achievements/nns and/cc their/pp$ impact/nn ./.


	Political/jj theoretical/jj understanding/nn ,/, although/cs almost/rb at/in a/at standstill/nn during/in this/dt century/nn ,/, did/dod develop/vb during/in the/at eighteenth/od and/cc nineteenth/od centuries/nns ,/, and/cc resulted/vbd in/in a/at flood/nn of/in inventions/nns which/wdt increased/vbd the/at possibility/nn for/cs man/nn to/to coexist/vb with/in man/nn ./.
Consitutional/jj government/nn ,/, popular/jj vote/nn ,/, trial/nn by/in jury/nn ,/, public/jj education/nn ,/, labor/nn unions/nns ,/, cooperatives/nns ,/, communes/nns ,/, socialized/vbn ownership/nn ,/, world/nn courts/nns ,/, and/cc the/at veto/nn power/nn in/in world/nn councils/nns are/ber but/rb a/at few/ap examples/nns ./.
Most/ap of/in these/dts ,/, with/in horrible/jj exceptions/nns ,/, were/bed conceived/vbn as/cs is/bez a/at ship/nn ,/, not/* as/cs an/at attempt/nn to/to quell/vb the/at ocean/nn of/in mankind/nn ,/, nor/cc to/to deny/vb its/pp$ force/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs a/at means/nn to/to survive/vb and/cc enjoy/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at most/ql effective/jj political/jj inventions/nns seem/vb to/to make/vb maximum/jj use/nn of/in natural/jj harbors/nns and/cc are/ber aware/jj that/cs restraining/vbg breakwaters/nns can/md play/vb only/rb a/at minor/jj part/nn in/in the/at whole/jj scheme/nn ./.
Just/rb as/cs present/jj technology/nn had/hvd to/to await/vb the/at explanations/nns of/in physics/nn ,/, so/rb one/pn might/md expect/vb that/cs social/jj invention/nn will/md follow/vb growing/vbg sociological/jj understanding/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber desperately/rb in/in the/at need/nn of/in such/jj invention/nn ,/, for/cs man/nn is/bez still/rb very/ql much/rb at/in the/at mercy/nn of/in man/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn the/at accumulation/nn of/in the/at hardware/nn of/in destruction/nn is/bez day/nn by/in day/nn increasing/vbg our/pp$ fear/nn of/in each/dt other/ap ./.



3/cd ,/, 
I/ppss want/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, to/to discuss/vb a/at second/od and/cc quite/ql different/jj fruit/nn of/in science/nn ,/, the/at connection/nn between/in scientific/jj understanding/nn and/cc fear/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber certainly/rb large/jj areas/nns of/in understanding/vbg in/in the/at human/jj sciences/nns which/wdt in/in themselves/ppls and/cc even/rb without/in political/jj invention/nn can/md help/vb to/to dispel/vb our/pp$ present/jj fears/nns ./.
Lucretius/np has/hvz remarked/vbn :/: ``/`` The/at reason/nn why/wrb all/abn Mortals/nns-tl are/ber so/ql gripped/vbn by/in fear/nn is/bez that/cs they/ppss see/vb all/abn sorts/nns of/in things/nns happening/vbg in/in the/at earth/nn and/cc sky/nn with/in no/at discernable/jj cause/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts they/ppss attribute/vb to/in the/at will/nn of/in God/np ''/'' ./.
Perhaps/rb things/nns were/bed even/ql worse/jjr then/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to reconstruct/vb the/at primeval/jj fears/nns of/in man/nn ./.
We/ppss get/vb some/dti clue/nn from/in a/at few/ap remembrances/nns of/in childhood/nn and/cc from/in the/at circumstance/nn that/cs we/ppss are/ber probably/rb not/* much/ql more/ql afraid/jj of/in people/nns now/rb than/cs man/nn ever/rb was/bedz ./.
We/ppss are/ber not/* now/rb afraid/jj of/in atomic/jj bombs/nns in/in the/at same/ap way/nn that/cs people/nns once/rb feared/vbd comets/nns ./.
The/at bombs/nns are/ber as/ql harmless/jj as/cs an/at automobile/nn in/in a/at garage/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber worried/vbn about/in what/wdt people/nns may/md do/do with/in them/ppo --/-- that/cs some/dti crazy/jj fool/nn may/md ``/`` push/vb the/at button/nn ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss am/bem certainly/rb not/* adequately/ql trained/vbn to/to describe/vb or/cc enlarge/vb on/in human/jj fears/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex are/ber certain/jj features/nns of/in the/at fears/nns dispelled/vbn by/in scientific/jj explanations/nns that/wps stand/vb out/rp quite/ql clearly/rb ./.
They/ppss are/ber in/in general/jj those/dts fears/nns that/wps once/rb seemed/vbd to/to have/hv been/ben amenable/jj to/in prayer/nn or/cc ritual/nn ./.
They/ppss include/vb both/abx individual/jj fears/nns and/cc collective/jj ones/nns ./.
They/ppss arise/vb in/in situations/nns in/in which/wdt one/pn believes/vbz that/cs what/wdt happens/vbz depends/vbz not/* only/rb on/in the/at external/jj world/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb on/in the/at precise/jj pattern/nn of/in behavior/nn of/in the/at individual/nn or/cc group/nn ./.
Often/rb it/pps is/bez recognized/vbn that/cs all/abn the/at details/nns of/in the/at pattern/nn may/md not/* be/be essential/jj to/in the/at outcome/nn but/cc ,/, because/cs the/at pattern/nn was/bedz empirically/rb determined/vbn and/cc not/* developed/vbn through/in theoretical/jj understanding/nn ,/, one/pn is/bez never/rb quite/ql certain/jj which/wdt behavior/nn elements/nns are/ber effective/jj ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj pattern/nn becomes/vbz ritualized/vbn ./.
Yet/cc often/rb fear/nn persists/vbz because/cs ,/, even/rb with/in the/at most/ql rigid/jj ritual/nn ,/, one/pn is/bez never/rb quite/ql free/jj from/in the/at uneasy/jj feeling/nn that/cs one/pn might/md make/vb some/dti mistake/nn or/cc that/cs in/in every/at previous/jj execution/nn one/pn had/hvd been/ben unaware/jj of/in the/at really/ql decisive/jj act/nn ./.
To/to say/vb that/cs science/nn had/hvd reduced/vbn many/ap such/jj fears/nns merely/rb reiterates/vbz the/at obvious/jj and/cc frequent/jj statement/nn that/cs science/nn eliminated/vbd much/ap of/in magic/nn and/cc superstition/nn ./.
But/cc a/at somewhat/ql more/ql detailed/vbn analysis/nn of/in this/dt process/nn may/md be/be illuminating/jj ./.


	The/at frequently/rb postulated/vbn antique/jj worry/nn that/cs the/at daylight/nn hours/nns might/md dwindle/vb to/in complete/jj darkness/nn apparently/rb gave/vbd rise/nn to/in a/at ritual/nn and/cc celebration/nn which/wdt we/ppss still/rb recognize/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez curious/jj that/cs even/rb centuries/nns of/in repetition/nn of/in the/at yearly/jj cycle/nn did/dod not/* induce/vb a/at sufficient/jj degree/nn of/in confidence/nn to/to allow/vb people/nns to/to abandon/vb the/at ceremonies/nns of/in the/at winter/nn solstice/nn ./.
This/dt and/cc other/ap fears/nns of/in the/at solar/jj system/nn have/hv disappeared/vbn gradually/rb ,/, first/rb ,/, with/in the/at Ptolemaic/jj system/nn and/cc its/pp$ built-in/jj concept/nn of/in periodicity/nn and/cc then/rb ,/, more/ql firmly/rb ,/, with/in the/at Newtonian/jj innovation/nn of/in an/at universal/jj force/nn that/wps could/md account/vb quantitatively/rb for/in both/abx terrestial/jj and/cc celestial/jj motions/nns ./.
This/dt understanding/nn provides/vbz a/at very/ql simple/jj example/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs one/pn can/md eliminate/vb fear/nn without/in instituting/vbg any/dti controls/nns ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, although/cs we/ppss have/hv dispelled/vbn the/at fear/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv not/* necessarily/rb assured/vbn ourselves/ppls that/cs there/ex are/ber no/at dangers/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez still/rb the/at remote/jj possibility/nn of/in planetoid/nn collision/nn ./.
A/at meteor/nn could/md fall/vb on/in San/np Francisco/np ./.
Solar/jj activities/nns could/md presumably/rb bring/vb long/jj periods/nns of/in flood/nn or/cc drought/nn ./.
Our/pp$ understanding/nn of/in the/at solar/jj system/nn has/hvz taught/vbn us/ppo to/to replace/vb our/pp$ former/ap elaborate/jj rituals/nns with/in the/at appropriate/jj action/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, amounts/vbz to/in doing/vbg nothing/pn ./.
Yet/cc we/ppss no/ql longer/rbr feel/vb uneasy/jj ./.
This/dt almost/ql trivial/jj example/nn is/bez nevertheless/rb suggestive/jj ,/, for/cs there/ex are/ber some/dti elements/nns in/in common/jj between/in the/at antique/jj fear/nn that/cs the/at days/nns would/md get/vb shorter/jjr and/cc shorter/jjr and/cc our/pp$ present/jj fear/nn of/in war/nn ./.
We/ppss ,/, in/in our/pp$ country/nn ,/, think/vb of/in war/nn as/cs an/at external/jj threat/nn which/wdt ,/, if/cs it/pps occurs/vbz ,/, will/md not/* be/be primarily/rb of/in our/pp$ own/jj doing/vbg ./.
And/cc yet/rb we/ppss obviously/rb also/rb believe/vb that/cs the/at avoidance/nn of/in the/at disaster/nn depends/vbz in/in some/dti obscure/jj or/cc at/in least/ap uncertain/jj way/nn on/in the/at details/nns of/in how/wrb we/ppss behave/vb ./.
What/wdt elements/nns of/in our/pp$ behavior/nn are/ber decisive/jj ?/. ?/.
Our/pp$ weapons/nns production/nn ,/, our/pp$ world/nn prestige/nn ,/, our/pp$ ideas/nns of/in democracy/nn ,/, our/pp$ actions/nns of/in trust/nn or/cc stubbornness/nn or/cc secrecy/nn or/cc espionage/nn ?/. ?/.
We/ppss have/hv staved/vbn off/rp a/at war/nn and/cc ,/, since/cs our/pp$ behavior/nn has/hvz involved/vbn all/abn these/dts elements/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md only/rb keep/vb adding/vbg to/in our/pp$ ritual/nn without/in daring/vbg to/to abandon/vb any/dti part/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, since/cs we/ppss have/hv not/* the/at slightest/jjt notion/nn which/wdt parts/nns are/ber effective/jj ./.


	I/ppss think/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber here/rb also/rb talking/vbg of/in the/at kind/nn of/in fear/nn that/wpo a/at young/jj boy/nn has/hvz for/in a/at group/nn of/in boys/nns who/wps are/ber approaching/vbg at/in night/nn along/in the/at streets/nns of/in a/at large/jj city/nn ./.
If/cs an/at automobile/nn were/bed approaching/vbg him/ppo ,/, he/pps would/md know/vb what/wdt was/bedz required/vbn of/in him/ppo ,/, even/rb though/cs he/pps might/md not/* be/be able/jj to/to act/vb quickly/rb enough/qlp ./.
With/in the/at group/nn of/in boys/nns it/pps is/bez different/jj ./.
He/pps does/doz not/* know/vb whether/cs to/to look/vb up/rp or/cc look/vb aside/rb ,/, to/to put/vb his/pp$ hands/nns in/in his/pp$ pockets/nns or/cc to/to clench/vb them/ppo at/in his/pp$ side/nn ,/, to/to cross/vb the/at street/nn ,/, or/cc to/to continue/vb on/in the/at same/ap side/nn ./.
When/wrb confronted/vbn with/in a/at drunk/nn or/cc an/at insane/jj person/nn I/ppss have/hv no/at notion/nn of/in what/wdt any/dti one/cd of/in them/ppo might/md do/do to/in me/ppo or/cc to/in himself/ppl or/cc to/in others/nns ./.
I/ppss believe/vb that/cs what/wdt I/ppss do/do has/hvz some/dti effect/nn on/in his/pp$ actions/nns and/cc I/ppss have/hv learned/vbn ,/, in/in a/at way/nn ,/, to/to commune/vb with/in drunks/nns ,/, but/cc certainly/rb my/pp$ actions/nns seem/vb to/to resemble/vb more/ql nearly/rb the/at performance/nn of/in a/at rain/nn dance/nn than/cs the/at carrying/nn out/rp of/in an/at experiment/nn in/in physics/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem usually/rb filled/vbn with/in an/at uneasiness/nn that/cs through/in some/dti unwitting/jj slip/nn all/abn hell/nn may/md break/vb loose/rb ./.
Our/pp$ inability/nn to/to explain/vb why/wrb certain/jj people/nns are/ber fond/jj of/in us/ppo frequently/rb induces/vbz the/at same/ap kind/nn of/in ritual/nn and/cc malaise/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber forced/vbn ,/, in/in our/pp$ behavior/nn towards/in others/nns ,/, to/to adopt/vb empirically/rb successful/jj patterns/nns in/in toto/nn because/cs we/ppss have/hv such/abl a/at minimal/jj understanding/nn of/in their/pp$ essential/jj elements/nns ./.


	Our/pp$ collective/jj policies/nns ,/, group/nn and/cc national/jj ,/, are/ber similarly/rb based/vbn on/in voodoo/nn ,/, but/cc here/rb we/ppss often/rb lack/vb even/rb the/at empirically/rb successful/jj rituals/nns and/cc are/ber still/rb engaged/vbn in/in determing/vbg them/ppo ./.
We/ppss use/vb terms/nns from/in our/pp$ personal/jj experience/nn with/in individuals/nns such/jj as/cs ``/`` trust/vb-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` cheat/vb-nc ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` get/vb-nc tough/jj-nc ''/'' ./.
We/ppss talk/vb about/in national/jj character/nn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn that/cs Copernicus/np talked/vbd of/in the/at compulsions/nns of/in celestial/jj bodies/nns to/to move/vb in/in circles/nns ./.
We/ppss perform/vb elaborate/jj international/jj exhortations/nns and/cc ceremonies/nns with/in virtually/rb no/at understanding/nn of/in social/jj cause/nn and/cc effect/nn ./.
Small/jj wonder/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs we/ppss fear/vb ./.


	The/at achievements/nns which/wdt dispelled/vbd our/pp$ fears/nns of/in the/at cosmos/nn took/vbd place/nn three/cd centuries/nns ago/rb ./.
What/wdt additional/jj roles/nns has/hvz the/at scientific/jj understanding/nn of/in the/at 19th/od and/cc 20th/od centuries/nns played/vbn ?/. ?/.
In/in the/at physical/jj sciences/nns ,/, these/dts achievements/nns concern/vb electricity/nn ,/, chemistry/nn ,/, and/cc atomic/jj physics/nn ./.
In/in the/at life/nn sciences/nns ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at enormous/jj increase/nn in/in our/pp$ understanding/nn of/in disease/nn ,/, in/in the/at mechanisms/nns of/in heredity/nn ,/, and/cc in/in bio-/jj and/cc physiological/jj chemistry/nn ./.
The/at major/jj effect/nn of/in these/dts advances/nns appears/vbz to/to lie/vb in/in the/at part/nn they/ppss have/hv played/vbn in/in the/at industrial/jj revolution/nn and/cc in/in the/at tools/nns which/wdt scientific/jj understanding/nn has/hvz given/vbn us/ppo to/to build/vb and/cc manipulate/vb a/at more/ql protective/jj environment/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, our/pp$ way/nn of/in dealing/vbg directly/rb with/in natural/jj phenomena/nns has/hvz also/rb changed/vbn ./.
Even/rb in/in domains/nns where/wrb detailed/vbn and/cc predictive/jj understanding/nn is/bez still/rb lacking/vbg ,/, but/cc where/wrb some/dti explanations/nns are/ber possible/jj ,/, as/cs with/in lightning/nn and/cc weather/nn and/cc earthquakes/nns ,/, the/at appropriate/jj kind/nn of/in human/jj action/nn has/hvz been/ben more/ql adequately/rb indicated/vbn ./.


	Apparently/rb the/at population/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj eventually/rb acquires/vbz enough/ap confidence/nn in/in the/at explanations/nns of/in the/at scientists/nns to/to modify/vb its/pp$ procedures/nns and/cc its/pp$ fears/nns ./.
How/wrb and/cc why/wrb this/dt process/nn occurs/vbz would/md provide/vb an/at interesting/jj separate/jj subject/nn for/in study/nn ./.
In/in some/dti areas/nns ,/, the/at progress/nn is/bez slower/jjr than/cs in/in others/nns ./.
In/in agriculture/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, despite/in the/at advances/nns in/in biology/nn ,/, elaborate/jj rituals/nns tend/vb to/to persist/vb along/rb with/in a/at continued/vbn sense/nn of/in the/at imminence/nn of/in some/dti natural/jj disaster/nn ./.
In/in child/nn care/nn ,/, the/at opposite/jj extreme/nn prevails/vbz ;/. ;/.
procedures/nns change/vb rapidly/rb and/cc parental/jj confidence/nn probably/rb exceeds/vbz anything/pn warranted/vbn by/in established/vbn psychological/jj theory/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber many/ap domains/nns in/in which/wdt understanding/vbg has/hvz brought/vbn about/rp widespread/jj and/cc quite/ql appropriate/jj reduction/nn in/in ritual/nn and/cc fear/nn ./.
Much/ap of/in the/at former/ap extreme/jj uneasiness/nn associated/vbn with/in visions/nns and/cc hallucinations/nns and/cc with/in death/nn has/hvz disappeared/vbn ./.
The/at persistent/jj horror/nn of/in having/hvg a/at malformed/jj child/nn has/hvz ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, been/ben reduced/vbn ,/, not/* because/cs we/ppss have/hv gained/vbn any/dti control/nn over/in this/dt misfortune/nn ,/, but/cc precisely/rb because/cs we/ppss have/hv learned/vbn that/cs we/ppss have/hv so/ql little/ap control/nn over/in it/ppo ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at recent/jj warnings/nns about/in the/at use/nn of/in X-rays/nn have/hv introduced/vbn fears/nns and/cc ambiguities/nns of/in action/nn which/wdt now/rb require/vb more/ql detailed/vbn understanding/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb in/in this/dt instance/nn ,/, science/nn has/hvz momentarily/rb aggravated/vbn our/pp$ fears/nns ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, insofar/rb as/cs science/nn generates/vbz any/dti fear/nn ,/, it/pps stems/vbz not/* so/ql much/rb from/in scientific/jj prowess/nn and/cc gadgets/nns but/cc from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs new/jj unanswered/jj questions/nns arise/vb ,/, which/wdt ,/, until/cs they/ppss are/ber understood/vbn ,/, create/vb uncertainty/nn ./.


	Perhaps/rb the/at most/ql illuminating/jj example/nn of/in the/at reduction/nn of/in fear/nn through/in understanding/vbg is/bez derived/vbn from/in our/pp$ increased/vbn knowledge/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in disease/nn ./.
The/at situation/nn with/in regard/nn to/in our/pp$ attitude/nn and/cc ``/`` control/nn ''/'' of/in disease/nn contains/vbz close/jj analogies/nns to/in problems/nns confronting/vbg us/ppo with/in respect/nn to/in people/nns ./.
The/at fear/nn of/in disease/nn was/bedz formerly/rb very/ql much/ap the/at kind/nn of/in fear/nn I/ppss have/hv tried/vbn to/to describe/vb ./.





Nothing/pn like/cs Godot/np ,/, he/pps arrived/vbd before/in the/at hour/nn ./.
His/pp$ letter/nn had/hvd suggested/vbn we/ppss meet/vb at/in my/pp$ hotel/nn at/in noon/nn on/in Sunday/nr ,/, and/cc I/ppss came/vbd into/in the/at lobby/nn as/cs the/at clock/nn struck/vbd twelve/cd ./.
He/pps was/bedz waiting/vbg ./.


	My/pp$ wish/nn to/to meet/vb Samuel/np Beckett/np had/hvd been/ben prompted/vbn by/in simple/jj curiosity/nn and/cc interest/nn in/in his/pp$ work/nn ./.
American/jj newspaper/nn reviewers/nns like/vb to/to call/vb his/pp$ plays/nns nihilistic/jj ./.
They/ppss find/vb deep/jj pessimism/nn in/in them/ppo ./.
Even/rb so/ql astute/jj a/at commentator/nn as/cs Harold/np Clurman/np of/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl has/hvz said/vbn that/cs ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' is/bez ``/`` the/at concentrate/nn of/in the/at contemporary/jj European/jj mood/nn of/in despair/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc to/in me/ppo Beckett's/np$ writing/nn had/hvd seemed/vbn permeated/vbn with/in love/nn for/in human/jj beings/nns and/cc with/in a/at kind/nn of/in humor/nn that/wps I/ppss could/md reconcile/vb neither/cc with/in despair/nn nor/cc with/in nihilism/nn ./.
Could/md it/ppo be/be that/cs my/pp$ own/jj eyes/nns and/cc ears/nns had/hvd deceived/vbn me/ppo ?/. ?/.
Is/bez his/pp$ a/at literature/nn of/in defeat/nn ,/, irrelevant/jj to/in the/at social/jj crises/nns we/ppss face/vb ?/. ?/.
Or/cc is/bez it/pps relevant/jj because/cs it/pps teaches/vbz us/ppo something/pn useful/jj to/to know/vb about/in ourselves/ppls ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss knew/vbd that/cs a/at conversation/nn with/in the/at author/nn would/md not/* settle/vb such/jj questions/nns ,/, because/cs a/at man/nn is/bez not/* the/at same/ap as/cs his/pp$ writing/nn :/: in/in the/at last/ap analysis/nn ,/, the/at questions/nns had/hvd to/to be/be settled/vbn by/in the/at work/nn itself/ppl ./.
Nevertheless/rb I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj ./.


	My/pp$ curiosity/nn was/bedz sharpened/vbn a/at day/nn or/cc two/cd before/in the/at interview/nn by/in a/at conversation/nn I/ppss had/hvd with/in a/at well-informed/jj teacher/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, a/at Jesuit/np father/nn ,/, at/in a/at conference/nn on/in religious/jj drama/nn near/in Paris/np ./.
When/wrb Beckett's/np$ name/nn came/vbd into/in the/at discussion/nn ,/, the/at priest/nn grew/vbd loud/jj and/cc told/vbd me/ppo that/cs Beckett/np ``/`` hates/vbz life/nn ''/'' ./.
That/wps ,/, I/ppss thought/vbd ,/, is/bez at/in least/ap one/cd thing/nn I/ppss can/md find/vb out/rp when/wrb we/ppss meet/vb ./.




Beckett's/np$ appearance/nn is/bez rough-hewn/jj Irish/jj ./.
The/at features/nns of/in his/pp$ face/nn are/ber distinct/jj ,/, but/cc not/* fine/jj ./.
They/ppss look/vb as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben sculptured/vbn with/in an/at unsharpened/jj chisel/nn ./.
Unruly/jj hair/nn goes/vbz straight/ql up/rp from/in his/pp$ forehead/nn ,/, standing/vbg so/ql high/jj that/cs the/at top/nn falls/vbz gently/rb over/rp ,/, as/cs if/cs to/to show/vb that/cs it/pps really/rb is/bez hair/nn and/cc not/* bristle/nn ./.
One/pn might/md say/vb it/pps combines/vbz the/at man/nn ;/. ;/.
own/jj pride/nn and/cc humility/nn ./.
For/cs he/pps has/hvz the/at pride/nn that/wps comes/vbz of/in self-acceptance/nn and/cc the/at humility/nn ,/, perhaps/rb of/in the/at same/ap genesis/nn ,/, not/* to/to impose/vb himself/ppl upon/in another/dt ./.
His/pp$ light/jj blue/jj eyes/nns ,/, set/vbn deep/rb within/in the/at face/nn ,/, are/ber actively/rb and/cc continually/rb looking/vbg ./.
He/pps seems/vbz ,/, by/in some/dti unconscious/jj division/nn of/in labor/nn ,/, to/to have/hv given/vbn them/ppo that/dt one/cd function/nn and/cc no/at other/ap ,/, leaving/vbg communication/nn to/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at face/nn ./.
The/at mouth/nn frequently/rb breaks/vbz into/in a/at disarming/vbg smile/nn ./.
The/at voice/nn is/bez light/jj in/in timbre/nn ,/, with/in a/at rough/jj edge/nn that/wps corresponds/vbz to/in his/pp$ visage/nn ./.
The/at Irish/jj accent/nn is/bez ,/, as/cs one/pn would/md expect/vb ,/, combined/vbn with/in slight/jj inflections/nns from/in the/at French/np ./.
His/pp$ tweed/nn suit/nn was/bedz a/at baggy/jj gray/jj and/cc green/jj ./.
He/pps wore/vbd a/at brown/jj knit/vbn sports/nns shirt/nn with/in no/at tie/nn ./.


	We/ppss walked/vbd down/in the/at Rue/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in L'Arcade/fw-at+nn-tl ,/, thence/rb along/rb beside/in the/at Madeleine/np and/cc across/rp to/in a/at sidewalk/nn cafe/nn opposite/in that/dt church/nn ./.
The/at conversation/nn that/wps ensued/vbd may/md have/hv been/ben engrossing/jj but/cc it/pps could/md hardly/rb be/be called/vbn world-shattering/jj ./.
For/cs one/cd thing/nn ,/, the/at world/nn that/wpo Beckett/np sees/vbz is/bez already/rb shattered/vbn ./.
His/pp$ talk/nn turns/vbz to/in what/wdt he/pps calls/vbz ``/`` the/at mess/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc sometimes/rb ``/`` this/dt buzzing/vbg confusion/nn ''/'' ./.
I/ppss reconstruct/vb his/pp$ sentences/nns from/in notes/nns made/vbn immediately/rb after/in our/pp$ conversation/nn ./.
What/wdt appears/vbz here/rb is/bez shorter/jjr than/cs what/wdt he/pps actually/rb said/vbd but/cc very/ql close/rb to/in his/pp$ own/jj words/nns ./.


	``/`` The/at confusion/nn is/bez not/* my/pp$ invention/nn ./.
We/ppss cannot/md* listen/vb to/in a/at conversation/nn for/in five/cd minutes/nns without/in being/beg acutely/ql aware/jj of/in the/at confusion/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez all/abn around/in us/ppo and/cc our/pp$ only/ap chance/nn now/rb is/bez to/to let/vb it/ppo in/rp ./.
The/at only/ap chance/nn of/in renovation/nn is/bez to/to open/vb our/pp$ eyes/nns and/cc see/vb the/at mess/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* a/at mess/nn you/ppss can/md make/vb sense/nn of/in ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss suggested/vbd that/cs one/pn must/md let/vb it/ppo in/rp because/cs it/pps is/bez the/at truth/nn ,/, but/cc Beckett/np did/dod not/* take/vb to/in the/at word/nn truth/nn ./.


	``/`` What/wdt is/bez more/ql true/jj than/cs anything/pn else/rb ?/. ?/.
To/to swim/vb is/bez true/jj ,/, and/cc to/to sink/vb is/bez true/jj ./.
One/cd is/bez not/* more/ql true/jj than/cs the/at other/ap ./.
One/pn cannot/md* speak/vb anymore/rb of/in being/beg ,/, one/pn must/md speak/vb only/rb of/in the/at mess/nn ./.
When/wrb Heidegger/np and/cc Sartre/np speak/vb of/in a/at contrast/nn between/in being/beg and/cc existence/nn ,/, they/ppss may/md be/be right/jj ,/, I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ,/, but/cc their/pp$ language/nn is/bez too/ql philosophical/jj for/in me/ppo ./.
I/ppss am/bem not/* a/at philosopher/nn ./.
One/pn can/md only/rb speak/vb of/in what/wdt is/bez in/in front/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc that/dt now/rb is/bez simply/rb the/at mess/nn ''/'' ./.


	Then/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to speak/vb about/in the/at tension/nn in/in art/nn between/in the/at mess/nn and/cc form/nn ./.
Until/in recently/rb ,/, art/nn has/hvz withstood/vbn the/at pressure/nn of/in chaotic/jj things/nns ./.
It/pps has/hvz held/vbn them/ppo at/in bay/nn ./.
It/pps realized/vbd that/cs to/to admit/vb them/ppo was/bedz to/to jeopardize/vb form/nn ./.
``/`` How/wrb could/md the/at mess/nn be/be admitted/vbn ,/, because/cs it/pps appears/vbz to/to be/be the/at very/ql opposite/jj of/in form/nn and/cc therefore/rb destructive/jj of/in the/at very/ap thing/nn that/dt art/nn holds/vbz itself/ppl to/to be/be ''/'' ?/. ?/.
But/cc now/rb we/ppss can/md keep/vb it/ppo out/rp no/ql longer/rbr ,/, because/cs we/ppss have/hv come/vbn into/in a/at time/nn when/wrb ``/`` it/pps invades/vbz our/pp$ experience/nn at/in every/at moment/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez there/rb and/cc it/pps must/md be/be allowed/vbn in/rp ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss granted/vbd this/dt might/md be/be so/rb ,/, but/cc found/vbd the/at result/nn to/to be/be even/ql more/rbr attention/nn to/in form/nn than/cs was/bedz the/at case/nn previously/rb ./.
And/cc why/wrb not/* ?/. ?/.
How/wrb ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd ,/, could/md chaos/nn be/be admitted/vbn to/in chaos/nn ?/. ?/.
Would/md not/* that/dt be/be the/at end/nn of/in thinking/vbg and/cc the/at end/nn of/in art/nn ?/. ?/.
If/cs we/ppss look/vb at/in recent/jj art/nn we/ppss find/vb it/ppo preoccupied/vbn with/in form/nn ./.
Beckett's/np$ own/jj work/nn is/bez an/at example/nn ./.
Plays/nns more/ql highly/ql formalized/vbn than/cs ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Endgame/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Krapp's/np$-tl Last/ap-tl Tape/nn-tl ''/'' would/md be/be hard/jj to/to find/vb ./.


	``/`` What/wdt I/ppss am/bem saying/vbg does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs there/ex will/md henceforth/rb be/be no/at form/nn in/in art/nn ./.
It/pps only/rb means/vbz that/cs there/ex will/md be/be new/jj form/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs this/dt form/nn will/md be/be of/in such/abl a/at type/nn that/cs it/pps admits/vbz the/at chaos/nn and/cc does/doz not/* try/vb to/to say/vb that/cs the/at chaos/nn is/bez really/rb something/pn else/rb ./.
The/at form/nn and/cc the/at chaos/nn remain/vb separate/jj ./.
The/at latter/ap is/bez not/* reduced/vbn to/in the/at former/ap ./.
That/dt is/bez why/wrb the/at form/nn itself/ppl becomes/vbz a/at preoccupation/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps exists/vbz as/cs a/at problem/nn separate/jj from/in the/at material/nn it/pps accommodates/vbz ./.
To/to find/vb a/at form/nn that/wps accommodates/vbz the/at mess/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez the/at task/nn of/in the/at artist/nn now/rb ''/'' ./.


	Yet/rb ,/, I/ppss responded/vbd ,/, could/md not/* similar/jj things/nns be/be said/vbn about/in the/at art/nn of/in the/at past/nn ?/. ?/.
Is/bez it/pps not/* characteristic/jj of/in the/at greatest/jjt art/nn that/cs it/pps confronts/vbz us/ppo with/in something/pn we/ppss cannot/md* clarify/vb ,/, demanding/vbg that/cs the/at viewer/nn respond/vb to/to it/ppo in/in his/pp$ own/jj never-predictable/jj way/nn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez the/at history/nn of/in criticism/nn but/cc the/at history/nn of/in men/nns attempting/vbg to/to make/vb sense/nn of/in the/at manifold/jj elements/nns in/in art/nn that/wps will/md not/* allow/vb themselves/ppls to/to be/be reduced/vbn to/in a/at single/ap philosophy/nn or/cc a/at single/ap aesthetic/jj theory/nn ?/. ?/.
Isn't/bez* all/abn art/nn ambiguous/jj ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Not/* this/dt ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, and/cc gestured/vbd toward/in the/at Madeleine/np ./.
The/at classical/jj lines/nns of/in the/at church/nn which/wdt Napoleon/np thought/vbd of/in as/cs a/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Glory/nn-tl ,/, dominated/vbd all/abn the/at scene/nn where/wrb we/ppss sat/vbd ./.
The/at Boulevard/np De/np La/np Madeleine/np ,/, the/at Boulevard/np Malesherbes/np ,/, and/cc the/at Rue/fw-nn-tl Royale/fw-jj-tl ran/vbd to/in it/ppo with/in graceful/jj flattery/nn ,/, bearing/vbg tidings/nns of/in the/at Age/nn-tl of/in-tl Reason/nn-tl ./.
``/`` Not/* this/dt ./.
This/dt is/bez clear/jj ./.
This/dt does/doz not/* allow/vb the/at mystery/nn to/to invade/vb us/ppo ./.
With/in classical/jj art/nn ,/, all/abn is/bez settled/vbn ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez different/jj at/in Chartres/np ./.
There/ex is/bez the/at unexplainable/jj ,/, and/cc there/rb art/nn raises/vbz questions/nns that/cs it/pps does/doz not/* attempt/vb to/to answer/vb ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss asked/vbd about/in the/at battle/nn between/in life/nn and/cc death/nn in/in his/pp$ plays/nns ./.
Didi/np and/cc Gogo/np hover/vb on/in the/at edge/nn of/in suicide/nn ;/. ;/.
Hamm's/np$ world/nn is/bez death/nn and/cc Clov/np may/md or/cc may/md not/* get/vb out/in of/in it/ppo to/to join/vb the/at living/vbg child/nn outside/rb ./.
Is/bez this/dt life-death/jj question/nn a/at part/nn of/in the/at chaos/nn ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Yes/rb ./.
If/cs life/nn and/cc death/nn did/dod not/* both/abx present/vb themselves/ppls to/in us/ppo ,/, there/ex would/md be/be no/at inscrutability/nn ./.
If/cs there/ex were/bed only/rb darkness/nn ,/, all/abn would/md be/be clear/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez because/cs there/ex is/bez not/* only/rb darkness/nn but/cc also/rb light/nn that/cs our/pp$ situation/nn becomes/vbz inexplicable/jj ./.
Take/vb Augustine's/np$ doctrine/nn of/in grace/nn given/vbn and/cc grace/nn withheld/vbn :/: have/hv you/ppss pondered/vbn the/at dramatic/jj qualities/nns in/in this/dt theology/nn ?/. ?/.
Two/cd thieves/nns are/ber crucified/vbn with/in Christ/np ,/, one/cd saved/vbn and/cc the/at other/ap damned/vbn ./.
How/wrb can/md we/ppss make/vb sense/nn of/in this/dt division/nn ?/. ?/.
In/in classical/jj drama/nn ,/, such/jj problems/nns do/do not/* arise/vb ./.
The/at destiny/nn of/in Racine's/np$ Phedre/np is/bez sealed/vbn from/in the/at beginning/nn :/: she/pps will/md proceed/vb into/in the/at dark/nn ./.
As/cs she/pps goes/vbz ,/, she/pps herself/ppl will/md be/be illuminated/vbn ./.
At/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at play/nn she/pps has/hvz partial/jj illumination/nn and/cc at/in the/at end/nn she/pps has/hvz complete/jj illumination/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex has/hvz been/ben no/at question/nn but/cc that/cs she/pps moves/vbz toward/in the/at dark/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez the/at play/nn ./.
Within/in this/dt notion/nn clarity/nn is/bez possible/jj ,/, but/cc for/in us/ppo who/wps are/ber neither/cc Greek/jj nor/cc Jansenist/jj there/ex is/bez not/* such/jj clarity/nn ./.
The/at question/nn would/md also/rb be/be removed/vbn if/cs we/ppss believed/vbd in/in the/at contrary/jj --/-- total/jj salvation/nn ./.
But/cc where/wrb we/ppss have/hv both/abx dark/nn and/cc light/nn we/ppss have/hv also/rb the/at inexplicable/jj ./.
The/at key/jjs word/nn in/in my/pp$ plays/nns is/bez '/' perhaps/rb-nc '/' ''/'' ./.




Given/vbn a/at theological/jj lead/nn ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd what/wdt he/pps thinks/vbz about/in those/dts who/wps find/vb a/at religious/jj significance/nn to/in his/pp$ plays/nns ./.


	``/`` Well/uh ,/, really/rb there/ex is/bez none/pn at/in all/abn ./.
I/ppss have/hv no/rb religious/jj feeling/nn ./.
Once/cs I/ppss had/hvd a/at religious/jj emotion/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz at/in my/pp$ first/od Communion/nn-tl ./.
No/ql more/rbr ./.
My/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz deeply/ql religious/jj ./.
So/rb was/bedz my/pp$ brother/nn ./.
He/pps knelt/vbd down/rp at/in his/pp$ bed/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs he/pps could/md kneel/vb ./.
My/pp$ father/nn had/hvd none/pn ./.
The/at family/nn was/bedz Protestant/jj ,/, but/in for/in me/ppo it/pps was/bedz only/rb irksome/jj and/cc I/ppss let/vb it/ppo go/vb ./.
My/pp$ brother/nn and/cc mother/nn got/vbd no/at value/nn from/in their/pp$ religion/nn when/wrb they/ppss died/vbd ./.
At/in the/at moment/nn of/in crisis/nn it/pps had/hvd no/at more/ap depth/nn than/cs an/at old/jj school/nn tie/nn ./.
Irish/jj Catholicism/nn-tl is/bez not/* attractive/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez deeper/jjr ./.
When/wrb you/ppss pass/vb a/at church/nn on/in an/at Irish/jj bus/nn ,/, all/abn the/at hands/nns flurry/vb in/in the/at sign/nn of/in the/at cross/nn ./.
One/cd day/nn the/at dogs/nns of/in Ireland/np will/md do/do that/dt too/rb and/cc perhaps/rb also/rb the/at pigs/nns ''/'' ./.


	But/cc do/do the/at plays/nns deal/vb with/in the/at same/ap facets/nns of/in experience/nn religion/nn must/md also/rb deal/vb with/in ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Yes/rb ,/, for/cs they/ppss deal/vb with/in distress/nn ./.
Some/dti people/nns object/vb to/in this/dt in/in my/pp$ writing/nn ./.
At/in a/at party/nn an/at English/jj intellectual/nn --/-- so-called/jj --/-- asked/vbd me/ppo why/wrb I/ppss write/vb always/rb about/in distress/nn ./.
As/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed perverse/jj to/to do/do so/rb !/. !/.
He/pps wanted/vbd to/to know/vb if/cs my/pp$ father/nn had/hvd beaten/vbn me/ppo or/cc my/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd run/vbn away/rb from/in home/nr to/to give/vb me/ppo an/at unhappy/jj childhood/nn ./.
I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo no/rb ,/, that/cs I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn a/at very/ql happy/jj childhood/nn ./.
Then/rb he/pps thought/vbd me/ppo more/ql perverse/jj than/cs ever/rb ./.
I/ppss left/vbd the/at party/nn as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj and/cc got/vbd into/in a/at taxi/nn ./.
On/in the/at glass/nn partition/nn between/in me/ppo and/cc the/at driver/nn were/bed three/cd signs/nns :/: one/cd asked/vbd for/in help/nn for/in the/at blind/jj ,/, another/dt help/nn for/in orphans/nns ,/, and/cc the/at third/od for/in relief/nn for/in the/at war/nn refugees/nns ./.
One/pn does/doz not/* have/hv to/to look/vb for/in distress/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez screaming/vbg at/in you/ppo even/rb in/in the/at taxis/nns of/in London/np ''/'' ./.


	Lunch/nn was/bedz over/rp ,/, and/cc we/ppss walked/vbd back/rb to/in the/at hotel/nn with/in the/at light/nn and/cc dark/nn of/in Paris/np screaming/vbg at/in us/ppo ./.




The/at personal/jj quality/nn of/in Samuel/np Beckett/np is/bez similar/jj to/in qualities/nns I/ppss had/hvd found/vbn in/in the/at plays/nns ./.
He/pps says/vbz nothing/pn that/wps compresses/vbz experience/nn within/in a/at closed/vbn pattern/nn ./.
``/`` Perhaps/rb ''/'' stands/vbz in/in place/nn of/in commitment/nn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez plainly/ql sympathetic/jj ,/, clearly/ql friendly/jj ./.
If/cs there/ex were/bed only/rb the/at mess/nn ,/, all/abn would/md be/be clear/jj ;/. ;/.
but/cc there/ex is/bez also/rb compassion/nn ./.


	As/cs a/at Christian/np ,/, I/ppss know/vb I/ppss do/do not/* stand/vb where/wrb Beckett/np stands/vbz ,/, but/cc I/ppss do/do see/vb much/ap of/in what/wdt he/pps sees/vbz ./.
As/cs a/at writer/nn on/in the/at theater/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv paid/vbn close/jj attention/nn to/in the/at plays/nns ./.
Harold/np Clurman/np is/bez right/jj to/to say/vb that/cs ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' is/bez a/at reflection/nn (/( he/pps calls/vbz it/ppo a/at distorted/vbn reflection/nn )/) ``/`` of/in the/at impasse/nn and/cc disarray/nn of/in Europe's/np$ present/jj politics/nn ,/, ethic/nn ,/, and/cc common/jj way/nn of/in life/nn ''/'' ./.
Yet/cc it/pps is/bez not/* only/rb Europe/np the/at play/nn refers/vbz to/in ./.
``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' sells/vbz even/ql better/rbr in/in America/np than/cs in/in France/np ./.
The/at consciousness/nn it/pps mirrors/vbz may/md have/hv come/vbn earlier/rbr to/in Europe/np than/cs to/in America/np ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez the/at consciousness/nn that/wps most/ap ``/`` mature/jj ''/'' societies/nns arrive/vb at/in when/wrb their/pp$ successes/nns in/in technological/jj and/cc economic/jj systematization/nn propel/vb them/ppo into/in a/at time/nn of/in examining/vbg the/at not-strictly-practical/jj ends/nns of/in culture/nn ./.
America/np is/bez now/rb joining/vbg Europe/np in/in this/dt ``/`` mature/jj ''/'' phase/nn of/in development/nn ./.
Whether/cs any/dti of/in us/ppo remain/vb in/in it/ppo long/rb will/md depend/vb on/in what/wdt happens/vbz as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at technological/jj and/cc economic/jj revolutions/nns now/rb going/vbg on/rp in/in the/at countries/nns of/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ,/, and/cc also/rb of/in course/nn on/in how/wrb long/rb the/at cold/jj war/nn remains/vbz cold/jj ./.

Even/rb Hemingway/np ,/, for/in all/abn his/pp$ efforts/nns to/to formulate/vb a/at naturalistic/jj morality/nn in/in The/at-tl Sun/nn-tl Also/rb-tl Rises/vbz-tl and/cc A/at-tl Farewell/nn-tl To/in-tl Arms/nns-tl never/rb maintained/vbd that/cs sex/nn was/bedz all/abn ./.
Hemingway's/np$ fiction/nn is/bez supported/vbn by/in a/at ``/`` moral/jj ''/'' backbone/nn and/cc in/in its/pp$ search/nn for/in ultimate/jj meaning/nn hints/vbz at/in a/at religious/jj dimension/nn ./.
And/cc D./np H./np Lawrence/np ,/, in/in Fantasia/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Unconscious/nn-tl ,/, protested/vbd vehemently/rb against/in the/at overestimation/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj motive/nn ./.
Though/cs sex/nn in/in some/dti form/nn or/cc other/ap enters/vbz into/in all/abn human/jj activity/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj thing/nn that/cs Freud/np emphasized/vbd this/dt aspect/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez fantastic/jj to/to explain/vb everything/pn in/in terms/nns of/in sex/nn ./.
``/`` All/abn is/bez not/* sex/nn ''/'' ,/, declared/vbd Lawrence/np ./.
Man/nn is/bez not/* confined/vbn to/in one/cd outlet/nn for/in his/pp$ vital/jj energy/nn ./.
The/at creative/jj urge/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, transcends/vbz the/at body/nn and/cc the/at self/nn ./.


	But/cc for/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn all/abn is/bez sex/nn ./.
Nothing/pn is/bez more/ql revealing/jj of/in the/at way/nn of/in life/nn and/cc literary/jj aspirations/nns of/in this/dt group/nn than/cs their/pp$ attitude/nn toward/in sex/nn ./.
For/cs the/at beatnik/nn ,/, like/cs the/at hipster/nn ,/, is/bez in/in opposition/nn to/in a/at society/nn that/wps is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at repression/nn of/in the/at sex/nn instinct/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz elevated/vbn sex/nn --/-- not/* Eros/np or/cc libido/nn but/cc pure/jj ,/, spontaneous/jj ,/, uninhibited/jj sex/nn --/-- to/in the/at rank/nn of/in the/at godhead/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez Astarte/np ,/, Ishtar/np ,/, Venus/np ,/, Yahwe/np ,/, Dionysus/np ,/, Christ/np ,/, the/at mysterious/jj and/cc divine/jj orgone/nn energy/nn flowing/vbg through/in the/at body/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./.
Jazz/nn is/bez sex/nn ,/, marijuana/nn is/bez a/at stimulus/nn to/in sex/nn ,/, the/at beat/nn tempo/nn is/bez adjusted/vbn to/in the/at orgiastic/jj release/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj impulse/nn ./.
Lawrence/np Lipton/np ,/, in/in The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Barbarians/nns-tl ,/, stresses/vbz that/cs for/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn sex/nn is/bez more/ap than/cs a/at source/nn of/in pleasure/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez a/at mystique/nn ,/, and/cc their/pp$ private/jj language/nn is/bez rich/jj in/in the/at multivalent/jj ambiguities/nns of/in sexual/jj reference/nn so/cs that/cs they/ppss dwell/vb in/in a/at sexualized/vbn universe/nn of/in discourse/nn ./.
The/at singular/jj uncompromising/jj force/nn of/in their/pp$ revolt/nn against/in the/at cult/nn of/in restraint/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in their/pp$ refusal/nn to/to dance/vb in/in a/at public/jj place/nn ./.
The/at dance/nn is/bez but/rb a/at disguised/vbn ritual/nn for/in the/at expression/nn of/in ungratified/jj sexual/jj desire/nn ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, their/pp$ language/nn is/bez more/ql forthright/jj and/cc earthy/jj ./.
The/at beatniks/nns crave/vb a/at sexual/jj experience/nn in/in which/wdt their/pp$ whole/jj being/beg participates/vbz ./.


	It/pps is/bez therefore/rb not/* surprising/jj that/cs they/ppss resist/vb the/at lure/nn of/in marriage/nn and/cc the/at trap/nn of/in domesticity/nn ,/, for/cs like/cs cats/nns they/ppss are/ber determined/vbn not/* to/to tame/vb their/pp$ sexual/jj energy/nn ./.
They/ppss withdraw/vb to/in the/at underground/nn of/in the/at slums/nns where/wrb they/ppss can/md defy/vb the/at precepts/nns of/in legalized/vbn propriety/nn ./.
Unlike/in the/at heroes/nns and/cc flappers/nns of/in the/at lost/vbn generation/nn ,/, they/ppss disdain/vb the/at art/nn of/in ``/`` necking/vbg ''/'' and/cc ``/`` petting/vbg ''/'' ./.
That/dt is/bez reserved/vbn for/in the/at squares/nns ./.
If/cs they/ppss avoid/vb the/at use/nn of/in the/at pungent/jj ,/, outlawed/vbn four-letter/jj word/nn it/pps is/bez because/cs it/pps is/bez taboo/jj ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez sacred/jj ./.
As/cs Lipton/np ,/, the/at prophet/nn of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn ,/, declares/vbz :/: ``/`` In/in the/at sexual/jj act/nn ,/, the/at beat/nns are/ber filled/vbn with/in mana/nn ,/, the/at divine/jj power/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez far/ql from/in the/at vulgar/jj ,/, leering/vbg sexuality/nn of/in the/at middle-class/nn square/nn in/in heat/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at Holy/jj-tl Grail/nn-tl these/dts knights/nns of/in the/at orgasm/nn pursue/vb ,/, this/dt is/bez the/at irresistible/jj cosmic/jj urge/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss respond/vb ./.


	If/cs Wilhelm/np Reich/np is/bez the/at Moses/np who/wps has/hvz led/vbn them/ppo out/in of/in the/at Egypt/np of/in sexual/jj slavery/nn ,/, Dylan/np Thomas/np is/bez the/at poet/nn who/wps offers/vbz them/ppo the/at Dionysian/jj dialectic/nn of/in justification/nn for/in their/pp$ indulgence/nn in/in liquor/nn ,/, marijuana/nn ,/, sex/nn ,/, and/cc jazz/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv been/ben converted/vbn to/in Zen/np Buddhism/np ,/, with/in its/pp$ glorification/nn of/in all/abn that/dt is/bez ``/`` natural/jj ''/'' and/cc mysteriously/rb alive/jj ,/, the/at sense/nn that/cs everything/pn in/in the/at world/nn is/bez flowing/vbg ./.
Thus/rb ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, the/at beat/nn writers/nns resort/vb to/in ``/`` religious/jj ''/'' metaphors/nns :/: they/ppss are/ber in/in search/nn of/in mana/nn ,/, the/at spiritual/jj ,/, the/at numinous/jj ,/, but/cc not/* anything/pn connected/vbn with/in formal/jj religion/nn ./.
What/wdt they/ppss are/ber after/rb is/bez the/at beatific/jj vision/nn ./.
And/cc Zen/np Buddhism/np ,/, though/cs it/pps is/bez extremely/ql difficult/jj to/to understand/vb how/wrb these/dts internal/jj contradictions/nns are/ber reconciled/vbn ,/, helps/vbz them/ppo in/in their/pp$ struggle/nn to/to achieve/vb personal/jj salvation/nn through/in sexual/jj release/nn ./.


	The/at style/nn of/in life/nn chosen/vbn by/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn ,/, the/at rhythm/nn and/cc ritual/nn they/ppss have/hv adopted/vbn as/cs uniquely/rb their/pp$ own/jj ,/, is/bez designed/vbn to/to enhance/vb the/at value/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj experience/nn ./.
Jazz/nn is/bez good/jj not/* only/rb because/cs it/pps promotes/vbz wholeness/nn but/cc because/cs of/in its/pp$ decided/vbn sexual/jj effect/nn ./.
Jazz/nn is/bez the/at musical/jj language/nn of/in sex/nn ,/, the/at vocabulary/nn of/in the/at orgasm/nn ;/. ;/.
indeed/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez maintained/vbn that/cs the/at sexual/jj element/nn in/in jazz/nn ,/, by/in freeing/vbg the/at listener/nn of/in his/pp$ inhibitions/nns ,/, can/md have/hv therapeutic/jj value/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez why/wrb ,/, the/at argument/nn runs/vbz ,/, the/at squares/nns are/ber so/ql fearful/jj of/in jazz/nn and/cc yet/rb perversely/rb fascinated/vbn by/in it/ppo ./.
Instead/rb of/in giving/vbg themselves/ppls spontaneously/rb to/in the/at orgiastic/jj release/nn that/wps jazz/nn can/md give/vb them/ppo ,/, they/ppss undergo/vb psychoanalysis/nn or/cc flirt/vb with/in mysticism/nn or/cc turn/vb to/in prostitutes/nns for/in satisfaction/nn ./.
Thus/rb jazz/nn is/bez transmuted/vbn into/in something/pn holy/jj ,/, the/at sacred/jj road/nn to/in integration/nn of/in being/beg ./.
Jazz/nn ,/, like/cs sex/nn ,/, is/bez a/at mystique/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* a/at substitute/jj for/in sex/nn but/cc a/at dynamic/jj expression/nn of/in the/at creative/jj impulse/nn in/in unfettered/jj man/nn ./.


	The/at mystique/nn of/in sex/nn ,/, combined/vbn with/in marijuana/nn and/cc jazz/nn ,/, is/bez intended/vbn to/to provide/vb a/at design/nn for/in living/vbg ./.
Those/dts who/wps are/ber sexually/rb liberated/vbn can/md become/vb creatively/rb alive/jj and/cc free/jj ,/, their/pp$ instincts/nns put/vb at/in the/at service/nn of/in the/at imagination/nn ./.
Righteous/jj in/in their/pp$ denunciation/nn of/in all/abn that/wps makes/vbz for/in death/nn ,/, the/at beat/nn prophets/nns bid/vb all/abn men/nns become/vb cool/jj cats/nns ;/. ;/.
let/vb them/ppo learn/vb to/to ``/`` swing/vb ''/'' freely/rb ,/, to/to let/vb go/vb ,/, to/to become/vb authentically/rb themselves/ppls ,/, and/cc then/rb perhaps/rb civilization/nn will/md be/be saved/vbn ./.
The/at beatnik/nn ,/, seceding/vbg from/in a/at society/nn that/wps is/bez fatally/rb afflicted/vbn with/in a/at deathward/jj drive/vb ,/, is/bez concerned/vbn with/in his/pp$ personal/jj salvation/nn in/in the/at living/vbg present/nn ./.
If/cs he/pps is/bez the/at child/nn of/in nothingness/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps is/bez the/at predestined/vbn victim/nn of/in an/at age/nn of/in atomic/jj wars/nns ,/, then/rb he/pps will/md consult/vb only/rb his/pp$ own/jj organic/jj needs/nns and/cc go/vb beyond/in good/nn and/cc evil/nn ./.
He/pps will/md not/* curb/vb his/pp$ instinctual/jj desires/nns but/cc release/vb the/at energy/nn within/in him/ppo that/wps makes/vbz him/ppo feel/vb truly/ql and/cc fully/ql alive/jj ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps is/bez only/rb for/in this/dt brief/jj moment/nn before/cs the/at apocalypse/nn of/in annihilation/nn explodes/vbz on/in earth/nn ./.


	That/dt is/bez why/wrb the/at members/nns of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn proudly/rb assume/vb the/at title/nn of/in the/at holy/jj barbarians/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss will/md destroy/vb the/at shrines/nns ,/, temples/nns ,/, museums/nns ,/, and/cc churches/nns of/in the/at state/nn that/wps is/bez the/at implacable/jj enemy/nn of/in the/at life/nn they/ppss believe/vb in/in ./.
Apart/rb from/in the/at categorical/jj imperative/nn they/ppss derive/vb from/in the/at metaphysics/nn of/in the/at orgasm/nn ,/, the/at only/ap affirmation/nn they/ppss are/ber capable/jj of/in making/vbg is/bez that/cs art/nn is/bez their/pp$ only/ap refuge/nn ./.
Their/pp$ writing/nn ,/, born/vbn of/in their/pp$ experiments/nns in/in marijuana/nn and/cc untrammeled/jj sexuality/nn ,/, reflects/vbz the/at extremity/nn of/in their/pp$ existential/jj alienation/nn ./.
The/at mind/nn has/hvz betrayed/vbn them/ppo ,/, reason/nn is/bez the/at foe/nn of/in life/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss will/md trust/vb only/rb their/pp$ physical/jj sensations/nns ,/, the/at wisdom/nn of/in the/at body/nn ,/, the/at holy/jj promptings/nns of/in the/at unconscious/nn ./.
With/in lyrical/jj intensity/nn they/ppss reveal/vb what/wdt they/ppss hate/vb ,/, but/cc their/pp$ faith/nn in/in love/nn ,/, inspired/vbn by/in the/at revolutionary/jj rhythms/nns of/in jazz/nn ,/, culminates/vbz in/in the/at climax/nn of/in the/at orgasm/nn ./.
Their/pp$ work/nn mirrors/vbz the/at mentality/nn of/in the/at psychopath/nn ,/, rootless/jj and/cc irresponsible/jj ./.
Their/pp$ rebellion/nn against/in authoritarian/jj society/nn is/bez not/* far/ql removed/vbn from/in the/at violence/nn of/in revolt/nn characteristic/jj of/in the/at juvenile/jj delinquent/nn ./.


	And/cc the/at life/nn they/ppss lead/vb is/bez undisciplined/jj and/cc for/in the/at most/ap part/nn unproductive/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss make/vb a/at fetish/nn of/in devoting/vbg themselves/ppls to/in some/dti creative/jj pursuit/nn --/-- writing/vbg ,/, painting/vbg ,/, music/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber non-conformists/nns on/in principle/nn ./.
When/wrb they/ppss express/vb themselves/ppls it/pps is/bez incandescent/jj hatred/nn that/wps shines/vbz forth/rb ,/, the/at rage/nn of/in repudiation/nn ,/, the/at ecstasy/nn of/in negation/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez sex/nn that/wps obsesses/vbz them/ppo ,/, sex/nn that/wps is/bez at/in the/at basis/nn of/in their/pp$ aesthetic/jj creed/nn ./.
What/wdt they/ppss discuss/vb with/in dialectical/jj seriousness/nn is/bez the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt sex/nn can/md inspire/vb the/at Muse/nn-tl ./.
Monogamy/nn is/bez the/at vice/nn from/in which/wdt the/at abjectly/ql fearful/jj middle/jj class/nn continue/vb to/to suffer/vb ,/, whereas/cs the/at beatnik/nn has/hvz the/at courage/nn to/to break/vb out/rp of/in that/dt prison/nn of/in respectability/nn ./.
One/cd girl/nn describes/vbz her/pp$ past/nn ,/, her/pp$ succession/nn of/in broken/vbn marriages/nns ,/, the/at abortions/nns she/pps has/hvz had/hvn and/cc finally/rb confesses/vbz that/cs she/pps loves/vbz sex/nn and/cc sees/vbz no/at reason/nn why/wrb she/pps must/md justify/vb her/pp$ passion/nn ./.
If/cs it/pps is/bez an/at honest/jj feeling/nn ,/, then/rb why/wrb should/md she/pps not/* yield/vb to/in it/ppo ?/. ?/.
``/`` Most/ql often/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` it's/pps+bez the/at monogamous/jj relationship/nn that/wps is/bez dishonest/jj ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez nothing/pn holy/jj in/in wedlock/nn ./.
This/dt girl/nn soon/rb drops/vbz the/at bourgeois/nn pyschiatrist/nn who/wps disapproves/vbz of/in her/pp$ life/nn ./.
She/pps finds/vbz married/vbn life/nn stifling/vbg and/cc every/at prolonged/vbn sex/nn relationship/nn unbearably/ql monotonous/jj ./.


	This/dt confession/nn serves/vbz to/to make/vb clear/jj in/in part/nn what/wdt is/bez behind/in this/dt sexual/jj revolution/nn :/: the/at craving/nn for/in sensation/nn for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn ,/, the/at need/nn for/in change/nn ,/, for/in new/jj experiences/nns ./.
Boredom/nn is/bez death/nn ./.
In/in the/at realm/nn of/in physical/jj sensations/nns ,/, sex/nn reigns/vbz supreme/jj ./.
Hence/rb the/at beatniks/nns sustain/vb themselves/ppls on/in marijuana/nn ,/, jazz/nn ,/, free/jj swinging/vbg poetry/nn ,/, exhausting/vbg themselves/ppls in/in orgies/nns of/in sex/nn ;/. ;/.
some/dti of/in them/ppo are/ber driven/vbn over/in the/at borderline/nn of/in sanity/nn and/cc lose/vb contact/nn with/in reality/nn ./.
One/cd beat/nn poet/nn composes/vbz a/at poem/nn ,/, ``/`` Lines/nns-tl On/in-tl A/at-tl Tijuana/np-tl John/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt contains/vbz a/at few/ap happy/jj hints/nns for/in survival/nn ./.
The/at new/jj fact/nn the/at initiates/nns of/in this/dt cult/nn have/hv to/to learn/vb is/bez that/cs they/ppss must/md move/vb toward/in simplicity/nn ./.
The/at professed/vbn mission/nn of/in this/dt disaffiliated/jj generation/nn is/bez to/to find/vb a/at new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn which/wdt they/ppss can/md express/vb in/in poetry/nn and/cc fiction/nn ,/, but/cc what/wdt they/ppss produce/vb is/bez unfortunately/rb disordered/vbn ,/, nourished/vbn solely/rb on/in the/at hysteria/nn of/in negation/nn ./.


	Who/wps are/ber the/at creative/jj representatives/nns of/in this/dt movement/nn ?/. ?/.
Nymphomaniacs/nns ,/, junkies/nns ,/, homosexuals/nns ,/, drug/nn addicts/nns ,/, lesbians/nns ,/, alcoholics/nns ,/, the/at weak/jj ,/, the/at frustrated/vbn ,/, the/at irresolute/jj ,/, the/at despairing/nn ,/, the/at derelicts/nns and/cc outcasts/nns of/in society/nn ./.
They/ppss embrace/vb independent/jj poverty/nn ,/, usually/rb with/in a/at ``/`` shack-up/jj ''/'' partner/nn who/wps will/md help/vb support/vb them/ppo ./.
They/ppss are/ber full/jj of/in contempt/nn for/in the/at institution/nn of/in matrimony/nn ./.
Their/pp$ previous/jj legalized/vbn marriages/nns do/do not/* count/vb ,/, for/cs they/ppss hold/vb the/at laws/nns of/in the/at state/nn null/jj and/cc void/jj ./.
They/ppss feel/vb they/ppss are/ber leagued/vbn against/in a/at hostile/jj ,/, persecutory/jj world/nn ,/, faced/vbn with/in the/at concerted/jj malevolent/jj opposition/nn of/in squares/nns and/cc their/pp$ hirelings/nns ,/, the/at police/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at rhetoric/nn of/in righteousness/nn the/at beatniks/nns use/vb in/in defending/vbg their/pp$ way/nn of/in life/nn ,/, their/pp$ search/nn for/in wholeness/nn ,/, though/cs their/pp$ actual/jj existence/nn fails/vbz to/to reach/vb these/dts ``/`` religious/jj ''/'' heights/nns ./.
One/cd beatnik/nn got/vbd the/at woman/nn he/pps was/bedz living/vbg with/in so/ql involved/vbn in/in drugs/nns and/cc self-analysis/nn and/cc all-night/jj sessions/nns of/in sex/nn that/cs she/pps was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to crack/vb up/rp ./.
What/wdt obsessions/nns had/hvd she/pps picked/vbn up/rp during/in these/dts long/jj nights/nns of/in talk/nn ?/. ?/.
Sex/nn as/cs the/at creative/jj principle/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, the/at secret/nn of/in primitive/jj religion/nn ,/, the/at life/nn of/in myth/nn ./.
Everything/pn in/in the/at final/jj analysis/nn reduced/vbd itself/ppl to/in sexual/jj symbolism/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ chapter/nn on/in ``/`` The/at-tl Loveways/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Beat/jj-tl Generation/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Lipton/np spares/vbz the/at reader/nn none/pn of/in the/at sordid/jj details/nns ./.
No/at one/pn asks/vbz questions/nns about/in the/at free/jj union/nn of/in the/at sexes/nns in/in West/jj-tl Venice/np-tl so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at partners/nns share/vb the/at negative/jj attitudes/nns of/in the/at group/nn ./.


	The/at women/nns who/wps come/vb to/in West/jj-tl Venice/np-tl ,/, having/hvg forsaken/vbn radicalism/nn ,/, are/ber interested/vbn in/in living/vbg only/rb for/in the/at moment/nn ,/, in/in being/beg constantly/rb on/in the/at move/nn ./.
Others/nns who/wps are/ber attracted/vbn to/in this/dt Mecca/np of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn are/ber homosexuals/nns ,/, heroin/nn addicts/nns ,/, and/cc smalltime/nn hoodlums/nns ./.
Those/dts who/wps are/ber sexual/jj deviants/nns are/ber naturally/rb drawn/vbn to/to join/vb the/at beatniks/nns ./.
Since/cs the/at homosexuals/nns widely/rb use/vb marijuana/nn ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to be/be initiated/vbn ./.
Part/nn of/in the/at ritual/nn of/in sex/nn is/bez the/at use/nn of/in marijuana/nn ./.
As/cs Lipton/np puts/vbz it/ppo :/: ``/`` The/at-tl Eros/np-tl is/bez felt/vbn in/in the/at magic/jj circle/nn of/in marijuana/nn with/in far/ql greater/jjr force/nn ,/, as/cs a/at unifying/vbg principle/nn in/in human/jj relationships/nns ,/, than/cs at/in any/dti other/ap time/nn except/in ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, in/in the/at mutual/jj metaphysical/jj orgasms/nns ./.
The/at magic/jj circle/nn is/bez ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, a/at symbol/nn of/in and/cc preparation/nn for/in the/at metaphysical/jj orgasm/nn ''/'' ./.
Under/in the/at influence/nn of/in marijuana/nn the/at beatnik/nn comes/vbz alive/jj within/in and/cc experiences/vbz a/at wonderfully/ql enhanced/vbn sense/nn of/in self/nn as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd discovered/vbn the/at open/jj sesame/nn to/in the/at universe/nn of/in being/beg ./.
Carried/vbn high/rb on/in this/dt ``/`` charge/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps composes/vbz ``/`` magical/jj ''/'' poetry/nn that/wps captures/vbz the/at organic/jj rhythms/nns of/in life/nn in/in words/nns ./.
If/cs he/pps thus/rb achieves/vbz a/at lyrical/jj ,/, dreamlike/jj ,/, drugged/vbn intensity/nn ,/, he/pps pays/vbz the/at price/nn for/in his/pp$ indulgence/nn by/in producing/vbg work/nn --/-- Allen/np Ginsberg's/np$ ``/`` Howl/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez a/at striking/jj example/nn of/in this/dt tendency/nn --/-- that/wps is/bez disoriented/vbn ,/, Dionysian/jj but/cc without/in depth/nn and/cc without/in Apollonian/jj control/nn ./.
For/cs drugs/nns are/ber in/in themselves/ppls no/at royal/jj road/nn to/in creativity/nn ./.
How/wrb is/bez the/at beat/nn poet/nn to/to achieve/vb unity/nn of/in form/nn when/wrb he/pps is/bez at/in the/at same/ap time/nn engaged/vbn in/in a/at systematic/jj derangement/nn of/in senses/nns ./.


	If/cs love/nn reflects/vbz the/at nature/nn of/in man/nn ,/, as/cs Ortega/np Y/np Gasset/np believes/vbz ,/, if/cs the/at person/nn in/in love/nn betrays/vbz decisively/rb what/wdt he/pps is/bez by/in his/pp$ behavior/nn in/in love/nn ,/, then/rb the/at writers/nns of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn are/ber creating/vbg a/at new/jj literary/jj genre/nn ./.



	There/ex were/bed fences/nns in/in the/at old/jj days/nns when/wrb we/ppss were/bed children/nns ./.
Across/in the/at front/nn of/in a/at yard/nn and/cc down/in the/at side/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed iron/nn ,/, either/cc spiked/vbn along/in the/at top/nn or/cc arched/vbn in/in half/abn circles/nns ./.
Alley/nn fences/nns were/bed made/vbn of/in solid/jj boards/nns higher/jjr than/cs one's/pn$ head/nn ,/, but/cc not/* so/ql high/jj as/cs the/at golden/jj glow/nn in/in a/at corner/nn or/cc the/at hollyhocks/nns that/wps grew/vbd in/in a/at line/nn against/in them/ppo ./.
Side/jj fences/nns were/bed hidden/vbn beneath/in lilacs/nns and/cc hundred-leaf/jj roses/nns ;/. ;/.
front/jj fences/nns were/bed covered/vbn with/in Virginia/np creeper/nn or/cc trumpet/nn vines/nns or/cc honeysuckle/nn ./.
Square/jj corner-/nn and/cc gate/nn posts/nns were/bed an/at open-work/nn pattern/nn of/in cast-iron/nn foliage/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed topped/vbn by/in steeples/nns complete/jj in/in every/at detail/nn :/: high-pitched/jj roof/nn ,/, pinnacle/nn ,/, and/cc narrow/jj gable/nn ./.
On/in these/dts posts/nns the/at gates/nns swung/vbd open/jj with/in a/at squeak/nn and/cc shut/vb with/in a/at metallic/jj clang/nn ./.


	The/at only/ap extended/vbn view/nn possible/jj to/in anyone/pn less/ql tall/jj than/cs the/at fences/nns was/bedz that/dt obtained/vbn from/in an/at upper/jj bough/nn of/in the/at apple/nn tree/nn ./.
The/at primary/jj quality/nn of/in that/dt view/nn seems/vbz ,/, now/rb ,/, to/to have/hv been/ben its/pp$ quietness/nn ,/, but/cc that/dt cannot/md* at/in the/at time/nn have/hv impressed/vbn us/ppo ./.
What/wdt one/pn actually/rb remembers/vbz is/bez its/pp$ greenness/nn ./.
From/in high/jj in/in the/at tree/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj block/nn lay/vbd within/in range/nn of/in the/at eye/nn ,/, but/cc the/at ground/nn was/bedz almost/ql nowhere/rb visible/jj ./.
One/pn looked/vbd down/rp on/in a/at sea/nn of/in leaves/nns ,/, a/at breaking/vbg wave/nn of/in flower/nn ./.
Every/at path/nn from/in back/jj door/nn to/in barn/nn was/bedz covered/vbn by/in a/at grape-arbor/nn ,/, and/cc every/at yard/nn had/hvd its/pp$ fruit/nn trees/nns ./.
In/in the/at center/nn of/in any/dti open/jj space/nn remaining/vbg our/pp$ grandfathers/nns had/hvd planted/vbn syringa/nn and/cc sweet-shrub/nn ,/, snowball/nn ,/, rose-of-Sharon/nn and/cc balm-of-Gilead/nn ./.
From/in above/rb one/pn could/md only/rb occasionally/rb catch/vb a/at glimpse/nn of/in life/nn on/in the/at floor/nn of/in this/dt green/nn sea/nn :/: a/at neighbor's/nn$ gingham/nn skirt/nn flashing/vbg into/in sight/nn for/in an/at instant/nn on/in the/at path/nn beneath/in her/pp$ grape-arbor/nn ,/, or/cc the/at movement/nn of/in hands/nns above/in a/at clothesline/nn and/cc the/at flutter/nn of/in garments/nns hung/vbd there/rb ,/, half-way/ql down/in the/at block/nn ./.


	That/dt was/bedz one/cd epoch/nn :/: the/at apple-tree/nn epoch/nn ./.
Another/dt had/hvd ended/vbn before/cs it/pps began/vbd ./.
Time/nn is/bez a/at queer/jj thing/nn and/cc memory/nn a/at queerer/jjr ;/. ;/.
the/at tricks/nns that/cs time/nn plays/vbz with/in memory/nn and/cc memory/nn with/in time/nn are/ber queerest/jjt of/in all/abn ./.
From/in maturity/nn one/pn looks/vbz back/rb at/in the/at succession/nn of/in years/nns ,/, counts/vbz them/ppo and/cc makes/vbz them/ppo many/ap ,/, yet/cc cannot/md* feel/vb length/nn in/in the/at number/nn ,/, however/wql large/jj ./.
In/in a/at stream/nn that/wps turns/vbz a/at mill-wheel/nn there/ex is/bez a/at lot/nn of/in water/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at mill-pond/nn is/bez quiet/jj ,/, its/pp$ surface/nn dark/jj and/cc shadowed/vbn ,/, and/cc there/ex does/doz not/* seem/vb to/to be/be much/ap water/nn in/in it/ppo ./.
Time/nn in/in the/at sum/nn is/bez nothing/pn ./.
And/cc yet/rb --/-- a/at year/nn to/in a/at child/nn is/bez an/at eternity/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at memory/nn that/dt phase/nn of/in one's/pn$ being/beg --/-- a/at certain/jj mental/jj landscape/nn --/-- will/md seem/vb to/to have/hv endured/vbn without/in beginning/nn and/cc without/in end/nn ./.
The/at part/nn of/in the/at mind/nn that/wps preserves/vbz dates/nns and/cc events/nns may/md remonstrate/vb ,/, ``/`` It/pps could/md have/hv been/ben like/cs that/dt for/in only/rb a/at little/jj while/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
but/cc true/jj memory/nn does/doz not/* count/vb nor/cc add/vb :/: it/pps holds/vbz fast/rb to/in things/nns that/wps were/bed and/cc they/ppss are/ber outside/rb of/in time/nn ./.


	Once/rb ,/, then/rb --/-- for/in how/wql many/ap years/nns or/cc how/wql few/ap does/doz not/* matter/vb --/-- my/pp$ world/nn was/bedz bound/vbn round/rb by/in fences/nns ,/, when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz too/ql small/jj to/to reach/vb the/at apple/nn tree/nn bough/nn ,/, to/to twist/vb my/pp$ knee/nn over/in it/ppo and/cc pull/vb myself/ppl up/rp ./.
That/dt world/nn was/bedz in/in scale/nn with/in my/pp$ own/jj smallness/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv no/at picture/nn in/in my/pp$ mind/nn of/in the/at garden/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj --/-- that/cs I/ppss could/md not/* see/vb --/-- but/cc certain/jj aspects/nns of/in certain/jj corners/nns linger/vb in/in the/at memory/nn :/: wind-blown/jj ,/, frost-bitten/jj ,/, white/jj chrysanthemums/nns beneath/in a/at window/nn ,/, with/in their/pp$ brittle/jj brown/jj leaves/nns and/cc their/pp$ sharp/jj scent/nn of/in November/np ;/. ;/.
ripe/jj pears/nns lying/vbg in/in long/jj grass/nn ,/, to/to be/be turned/vbn over/rp by/in a/at dusty-slippered/jj foot/nn ,/, cautiously/rb ,/, lest/cs bees/nns still/rb worked/vbn in/in the/at ragged/jj ,/, brown-edged/jj holes/nns ;/. ;/.
hot-colored/jj verbenas/nns in/in the/at corner/nn between/in the/at dining-room/nn wall/nn and/cc the/at side/nn porch/nn ,/, where/wrb we/ppss passed/vbd on/in our/pp$ way/nn to/in the/at pump/nn with/in the/at half-gourd/nn tied/vbn to/in it/ppo as/cs a/at cup/nn by/in my/pp$ grandmother/nn for/in our/pp$ childish/jj pleasure/nn in/in drinking/vbg from/in it/ppo ./.


	It/pps was/bedz mother/nn who/wps planted/vbd the/at verbenas/nns ./.
I/ppss think/vb that/cs my/pp$ grandmother/nn was/bedz not/* an/at impassioned/jj gardener/nn :/: she/pps was/bedz too/ql indulgent/jj a/at lover/nn of/in dogs/nns and/cc grandchildren/nns ./.
My/pp$ great-grandmother/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv been/ben told/vbn ,/, made/vbd her/pp$ garden/nn her/pp$ great/jj pride/nn ;/. ;/.
she/pps cherished/vbd rare/jj and/cc delicate/jj plants/nns like/cs oleanders/nns in/in tubs/nns and/cc wall-flowers/nns and/cc lemon/nn verbenas/nns in/in pots/nns that/wps had/hvd to/to be/be wintered/vbn in/in the/at cellar/nn ;/. ;/.
she/pps filled/vbd the/at waste/nn spots/nns of/in the/at yard/nn with/in common/jj things/nns like/cs the/at garden/nn heliotrope/nn in/in a/at corner/nn by/in the/at woodshed/nn ,/, and/cc the/at plantain/nn lilies/nns along/in the/at west/nr side/nn of/in the/at house/nn ./.
These/dts my/pp$ grandmother/nn left/vbd in/in their/pp$ places/nns (/( they/ppss are/ber still/rb there/rb ,/, more/ql persistent/jj and/cc longer-lived/jjr than/cs the/at generations/nns of/in man/nn )/) and/cc planted/vbd others/nns like/cs them/ppo ,/, that/wps flourished/vbd without/in careful/jj tending/nn ./.
Three/cd of/in these/dts only/rb were/bed protected/vbn from/in us/ppo by/in stern/jj commandment/nn :/: the/at roses/nns ,/, whose/wp$ petals/nns might/md not/* be/be collected/vbn until/cs they/ppss had/hvd fallen/vbn ,/, to/to be/be made/vbn into/in perfume/nn or/cc rose-tea/nn to/to drink/vb ;/. ;/.
the/at peonies/nns ,/, whose/wp$ tight/jj sticky/jj buds/nns would/md be/be blighted/vbn by/in the/at laying/vbg on/rp of/in a/at finger/nn ,/, although/cs they/ppss were/bed not/* apparently/rb harmed/vbn by/in the/at ants/nns that/wps crawled/vbd over/in them/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at poppies/nns ./.
I/ppss have/hv more/ap than/in once/rb sat/vbn cross-legged/jj in/in the/at grass/nn through/in a/at long/jj summer/nn morning/nn and/cc watched/vbd without/in touching/vbg while/cs a/at poppy/nn bud/nn higher/jjr than/cs my/pp$ head/nn slowly/rb but/cc visibly/rb pushed/vbd off/in its/pp$ cap/nn ,/, unfolded/vbd ,/, and/cc shook/vbd out/rp like/cs a/at banner/nn in/in the/at sun/nn its/pp$ flaming/vbg vermilion/nn petals/nns ./.
Other/ap flowers/nns we/ppss might/md gather/vb as/cs we/ppss pleased/vbd :/: myrtle/nn and/cc white/jj violets/nns from/in beneath/in the/at lilacs/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at lilacs/nns themselves/ppls ,/, that/wps bloomed/vbd so/ql prodigally/rb but/cc for/in the/at most/ap part/nn beyond/in our/pp$ reach/nn ;/. ;/.
snowballs/nns ;/. ;/.
hollyhock/nn blossoms/nns that/wps ,/, turned/vbd upside/rb down/rp ,/, make/vb pink-petticoated/jj ladies/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at little/jj ,/, dark/jj blue/jj larkspur/nn that/wps scattered/vbd its/pp$ seed/nn everywhere/rb ./.


	More/ql potent/jj a/at charm/nn to/to bring/vb back/rb that/dt time/nn of/in life/nn than/cs this/dt record/nn of/in a/at few/ap pictures/nns and/cc a/at few/ap remembered/vbn facts/nns would/md be/be a/at catalogue/nn of/in the/at minutiae/nns which/wdt are/ber of/in the/at very/ap stuff/nn of/in the/at mind/nn ,/, intrinsic/jj ,/, because/cs they/ppss were/bed known/vbn in/in the/at beginning/nn not/* by/in the/at eye/nn alone/rb but/cc by/in the/at hand/nn that/wps held/vbd them/ppo ./.
Flowers/nns ,/, stones/nns ,/, and/cc small/jj creatures/nns ,/, living/vbg and/cc dead/jj ./.
Pale/jj yellow/jj snapdragons/nns that/wps by/in pinching/vbg could/md be/be made/vbn to/to bite/vb ;/. ;/.
seed-pods/nns of/in the/at balsams/nns that/wps snapped/vbd like/cs fire-crackers/nns at/in a/at touch/nn ;/. ;/.
red-and-yellow/jj columbines/nns whose/wp$ round-tipped/jj spurs/nns were/bed picked/vbn off/rp and/cc eaten/vbn for/in the/at honey/nn in/in them/ppo ;/. ;/.
morning-glory/nn buds/nns which/wdt could/md be/be so/rb grasped/vbn and/cc squeezed/vbn that/cs they/ppss burst/vb like/cs a/at blown-up/jj paper/nn bag/nn ;/. ;/.
bright/jj flowers/nns from/in the/at trumpet/nn vine/nn that/wps made/vbd ``/`` gloves/nns ''/'' on/in the/at ends/nns of/in ten/cd waggling/vbg fingers/nns ./.
Fuzzy/jj caterpillars/nns ,/, snails/nns with/in their/pp$ sensitive/jj horns/nns ,/, struggling/vbg grasshoppers/nns held/vbn by/in their/pp$ long/jj hind/jj legs/nns and/cc commanded/vbd to/to ``/`` spit/vb tobacco/nn ,/, spit/vb ''/'' ./.
Dead/jj fledgling/nn birds/nns ,/, their/pp$ squashed-looking/jj nakedness/nn and/cc the/at odor/nn of/in decay/nn that/wps clung/vbd to/in the/at hand/nn when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd been/ben buried/vbn in/in our/pp$ graveyard/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at purple/jj flags/nns ./.
And/cc the/at cast/nn shell/nn of/in a/at locust/nn ,/, straw-colored/jj and/cc transparent/jj ,/, weighing/vbg nothing/pn ,/, fragile/jj but/cc entire/jj ,/, with/in eyes/nns like/cs bubbles/nns and/cc a/at gaping/vbg slit/nn down/in its/pp$ back/nn ./.
Every/at morning/nn early/rb ,/, in/in the/at summer/nn ,/, we/ppss searched/vbd the/at trunks/nns of/in the/at trees/nns as/ql high/jj as/cs we/ppss could/md reach/vb for/in the/at locust/nn shells/nns ,/, carefully/rb detached/vbn their/pp$ hooked/vbn claws/nns from/in the/at bark/nn where/wrb they/ppss hung/vbd ,/, and/cc stabled/vbd them/ppo ,/, a/at weird/jj faery/nn herd/nn ,/, in/in an/at angle/nn between/in the/at high/jj roots/nns of/in the/at tulip/nn tree/nn ,/, where/wrb no/at grass/nn grew/vbd in/in the/at dense/jj shade/nn ./.
We/ppss collected/vbd ``/`` lucky/jj stones/nns ''/'' --/-- all/abn the/at creamy/jj translucent/jj pebbles/nns ,/, worn/vbn smooth/jj and/cc round/jj ,/, that/cs we/ppss could/md find/vb in/in the/at driveway/nn ./.
When/wrb these/dts had/hvd been/ben pocketed/vbn ,/, we/ppss could/md still/rb spend/vb a/at morning/nn cracking/vbg open/jj other/ap pebbles/nns for/in our/pp$ delight/nn in/in seeing/vbg how/wql much/ql prettier/jjr they/ppss were/bed inside/rb than/cs their/pp$ dull/jj exteriors/nns indicated/vbd ./.
We/ppss showed/vbd them/ppo to/in each/dt other/ap and/cc said/vbd ``/`` Would/md you/ppss have/hv guessed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Squatting/vbg on/in our/pp$ haunches/nns beside/in the/at flat/jj stone/nn we/ppss broke/vbd them/ppo on/in ,/, we/ppss were/bed safe/jj behind/in the/at high/jj closed/vbn gates/nns at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at drive/nn :/: safe/jj from/in interruption/nn and/cc the/at observation/nn and/cc possible/jj amusement/nn of/in the/at passers-by/nns ./.
Thus/rb shielded/vbn ,/, we/ppss played/vbd many/ap foolish/jj games/nns in/in comfortable/jj unselfconsciousness/nn ;/. ;/.
even/rb when/wrb the/at fences/nns became/vbd a/at part/nn of/in the/at game/nn --/-- when/wrb a/at vine-embowered/jj gate-post/nn was/bedz the/at Sleeping/vbg-tl Beauty's/nn$-tl enchanted/vbn castle/nn ,/, or/cc when/wrb Rapunzel/np let/vb down/rp her/pp$ golden/jj hair/nn from/in beneath/in the/at crocketed/jj spire/nn ,/, even/rb then/rb we/ppss paid/vbd little/ap heed/nn to/in those/dts who/wps went/vbd by/rb on/in the/at path/nn outside/rb ./.


	We/ppss enjoyed/vbd a/at paradoxical/jj freedom/nn when/wrb we/ppss were/bed still/rb too/ql young/jj for/in school/nn ./.
In/in the/at heat/nn of/in the/at summer/nn ,/, the/at garden/nn solitudes/nns were/bed ours/pp$$ alone/rb ;/. ;/.
our/pp$ elders/nns stayed/vbd in/in the/at dark/jj house/nn or/cc sat/vbd fanning/vbg on/in the/at front/jj porch/nn ./.
They/ppss never/rb troubled/vbd themselves/ppls about/in us/ppo while/cs we/ppss were/bed playing/vbg ,/, because/cs the/at fence/nn formed/vbd such/abl a/at definite/jj boundary/nn and/cc ``/`` Don't/do* go/vb outside/in the/at gate/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at command/nn so/ql impossible/jj of/in misinterpretation/nn ./.
We/ppss were/bed not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, entirely/ql unacquainted/jj with/in the/at varying/vbg aspects/nns of/in the/at street/nn ./.
We/ppss were/bed forbidden/vbn to/to swing/vb on/in the/at gates/nns ,/, lest/cs they/ppss sag/vb on/in their/pp$ hinges/nns in/in a/at poor-white-trash/nn way/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss could/md stand/vb on/in them/ppo ,/, when/wrb they/ppss were/bed latched/vbn ,/, rest/vb our/pp$ chins/nns on/in the/at top/nn ,/, and/cc stare/vb and/cc stare/vb ,/, committing/vbg to/in memory/nn ,/, quite/ql unintentionally/rb ,/, all/abn the/at details/nns that/wps lay/vbd before/in our/pp$ eyes/nns ./.


	The/at street/nn that/wps is/bez full/jj now/rb of/in traffic/nn and/cc parked/vbn cars/nns then/rb and/cc for/in many/ap years/nns drowsed/vbd on/in an/at August/np afternoon/nn in/in the/at shade/nn of/in the/at curbside/jj trees/nns ,/, and/cc silence/nn was/bedz a/at weight/nn ,/, almost/ql palpable/jj ,/, in/in the/at air/nn ./.
Every/at slight/jj sound/nn that/wps rose/vbd against/in that/dt pressure/nn fell/vbd away/rb again/rb ,/, crushed/vbn beneath/in it/ppo ./.
A/at hay-wagon/nn moved/vbd slowly/rb along/in the/at gutter/nn ,/, the/at top/nn of/in it/ppo swept/vbn by/in the/at low/jj boughs/nns of/in the/at maple/nn trees/nns ,/, and/cc loose/jj straws/nns were/bed left/vbn hanging/vbg tangled/vbn among/in the/at leaves/nns ./.
A/at wheel/nn squeaked/vbd on/in a/at hub/nn ,/, was/bedz still/jj ,/, and/cc squeaked/vbd again/rb ./.
If/cs a/at child/nn watched/vbd its/pp$ progress/nn he/pps whispered/vbd ,/, ``/`` Hay/nn ,/, hay/nn ,/, load/nn of/in hay/nn --/-- make/vb a/at wish/nn and/cc turn/vb away/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb stared/vbd rigidly/rb in/in the/at opposite/jj direction/nn until/cs the/at sound/nn of/in the/at horses'/nns$ feet/nns returned/vbd no/ql more/rbr ./.
When/wrb the/at hay/nn wagon/nn had/hvd gone/vbn ,/, and/cc an/at interval/nn passed/vbd ,/, a/at huckster's/nn$ cart/nn might/md turn/vb the/at corner/nn ./.
The/at horse/nn walked/vbd ,/, the/at reins/nns were/bed slack/jj ,/, the/at huckster/nn rode/vbd with/in bowed/vbn shoulders/nns ,/, his/pp$ forearms/nns across/in his/pp$ knees/nns ./.
Sleepily/rb ,/, as/cs if/cs half-reluctant/jj to/to break/vb the/at silence/nn ,/, he/pps lifted/vbd his/pp$ voice/nn :/: ``/`` Rhu-beb-ni-ice/nn nice/jj fresh/jj rhu-beb/nn today/nr ''/'' !/. !/.
The/at lazy/jj sing-song/nn was/bedz spaced/vbn in/in time/nn like/cs the/at drone/nn of/in a/at bumble-bee/nn ./.
No/at one/pn seemed/vbd to/to hear/vb him/ppo ,/, no/at one/pn heeded/vbd ./.
The/at horse/nn plodded/vbd on/rp ,/, and/cc he/pps repeated/vbd his/pp$ call/nn ./.
It/pps became/vbd so/ql monotonous/jj as/cs to/to seem/vb a/at part/nn of/in the/at quietness/nn ./.
After/in his/pp$ passage/nn ,/, the/at street/nn was/bedz empty/jj again/rb ./.
The/at sun/nn moved/vbd slant-wise/rb across/in the/at sky/nn and/cc down/rp ;/. ;/.
the/at trees'/nns$ shadows/nns circled/vbd from/in street/nn to/in sidewalk/nn ,/, from/in sidewalk/nn to/in lawn/nn ./.
At/in four-o'clock/nn ,/, or/cc four-thirty/cd ,/, the/at coming/nn of/in the/at newsboy/nn marked/vbd the/at end/nn of/in the/at day/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps tossed/vbd a/at paper/nn toward/in every/at front/jj door/nn ,/, and/cc housewives/nns came/vbd down/rp to/in their/pp$ steps/nns to/to pick/vb them/ppo up/rp and/cc read/vbd what/wdt their/pp$ neighbors/nns had/hvd been/ben doing/vbg ./.


	The/at streets/nns of/in any/dti county/nn town/nn were/bed like/cs this/dt on/in any/dti sunshiny/jj afternoon/nn in/in summer/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed like/cs this/dt fifty-odd/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, and/cc yesterday/nr ./.
But/cc the/at fences/nns were/bed still/rb in/in place/nn fifty-odd/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, and/cc when/wrb we/ppss stood/vbd on/in the/at gate/nn to/to look/vb over/rp ,/, the/at sidewalk/nn under/in our/pp$ eyes/nns was/bedz not/* cement/nn but/cc two/cd rows/nns of/in paving/vbg stones/nns with/in grass/nn between/in and/cc on/in both/abx sides/nns ./.
The/at curb/nn was/bedz a/at line/nn of/in stone/nn laid/vbn edgewise/rb in/in the/at dirt/nn and/cc tilted/vbn this/dt way/nn and/cc that/dt by/in frost/nn in/in the/at ground/nn or/cc the/at roots/nns of/in trees/nns ./.
Opposite/in every/at gate/nn was/bedz a/at hitching/vbg post/nn or/cc a/at stone/nn carriage-step/nn ,/, set/vbn with/in a/at rusty/jj iron/nn ring/nn for/in tying/vbg a/at horse/nn ./.
The/at street/nn was/bedz unpaved/jj and/cc rose/vbd steeply/rb toward/in the/at center/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz mud/nn in/in wet/jj weather/nn and/cc dust/nn ,/, ankle-deep/jj ,/, in/in dry/jj ,/, and/cc could/md be/be crossed/vbn only/rb at/in the/at corner/nn where/wrb there/ex were/bed stepping/vbg stones/nns ./.
It/pps had/hvd a/at bucolic/jj atmosphere/nn that/cs it/pps has/hvz lost/vbn long/ql since/rb ./.
The/at hoofmarks/nns of/in cattle/nns and/cc the/at prints/nns of/in bare/jj feet/nns in/in the/at mud/nn or/cc in/in the/at dust/nn were/bed as/ql numerous/jj as/cs the/at traces/nns of/in shod/vbn horses/nns ./.
Cows/nns were/bed kept/vbn in/in backyard/nn barns/nns ,/, boys/nns were/bed hired/vbn to/to drive/vb them/ppo to/in and/cc from/in the/at pasture/nn on/in the/at edge/nn of/in town/nn ,/, and/cc familiar/jj to/in the/at ear/nn ,/, morning/nn and/cc evening/nn ,/, were/bed the/at boys'/nns$ coaxing/vbg voices/nns ,/, the/at thud/nn of/in hooves/nns ,/, and/cc the/at thwack/nn of/in a/at stick/nn on/in cowhide/nn ./.



	It/pps is/bez worth/jj dwelling/vbg in/in some/dti detail/nn on/in the/at crisis/nn of/in this/dt story/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps brings/vbz together/rb a/at number/nn of/in characteristic/jj elements/nns and/cc makes/vbz of/in them/ppo a/at curious/jj ,/, riddling/vbg compound/nn obscurely/rb but/cc centrally/ql significant/jj for/in Mann's/np$ work/nn ./.


	The/at wife/nn ,/, Amra/np ,/, and/cc her/pp$ lover/nn are/ber both/abx savagely/ql portrayed/vbn ,/, she/pps as/cs incarnate/jj sensuality/nn ,/, ``/`` voluptuous/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` indolent/jj ''/'' ,/, possibly/rb ``/`` a/at mischief/nn maker/nn ''/'' ,/, with/in ``/`` a/at kind/nn of/in luxurious/jj cunning/nn ''/'' to/to set/vb against/in her/pp$ apparent/jj simplicity/nn ,/, her/pp$ ``/`` birdlike/jj brain/nn ''/'' ./.
Lautner/np ,/, for/in his/pp$ part/nn ,/, ``/`` belonged/vbd to/in the/at present-day/jj race/nn of/in small/jj artists/nns ,/, who/wps do/do not/* demand/vb the/at utmost/nn of/in themselves/ppls ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at bitter/jj description/nn of/in the/at type/nn includes/vbz such/jj epithets/nns as/cs ``/`` wretched/jj little/jj poseurs/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at devastating/vbg indictment/nn ``/`` they/ppss do/do not/* know/vb how/wrb to/to be/be wretched/jj decently/rb and/cc in/in order/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at somewhat/ql extreme/jj prophecy/nn ,/, so/ql far/rb not/* fulfilled/vbn :/: ``/`` They/ppss will/md be/be destroyed/vbn ''/'' ./.


	The/at trick/nn these/dts two/cd play/vb upon/in Jacoby/np reveals/vbz their/pp$ want/nn not/* simply/rb of/in decency/nn but/cc of/in imagination/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
His/pp$ appearance/nn as/cs Lizzy/np evokes/vbz not/* amusement/nn but/cc horror/nn in/in the/at audience/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez a/at spectacle/nn absolutely/ql painful/jj ,/, an/at epiphany/nn of/in the/at suffering/vbg flesh/nn unredeemed/jj by/in spirit/nn ,/, untouched/jj by/in any/dti spirit/nn other/ap than/cs abasement/nn and/cc humiliation/nn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn the/at multiple/jj transvestitism/nn involved/vbd --/-- the/at fat/jj man/nn as/cs girl/nn and/cc as/cs baby/nn ,/, as/cs coquette/nn pretending/vbg to/to be/be a/at baby/nn --/-- touches/vbz for/in a/at moment/nn horrifyingly/rb upon/in the/at secret/jj sources/nns of/in a/at life/nn like/cs Jacoby's/np$ ,/, upon/in the/at sinister/jj dreams/nns which/wdt form/vb the/at sources/nns of/in any/dti human/jj life/nn ./.


	The/at music/nn which/wdt Lautner/np has/hvz composed/vbn for/in this/dt episode/nn is/bez for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ``/`` rather/ql pretty/jj and/cc perfectly/ql banal/jj ''/'' ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez characteristic/jj of/in him/ppo ,/, we/ppss are/ber told/vbn ,/, ``/`` his/pp$ little/jj artifice/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to be/be able/jj to/to introduce/vb ``/`` into/in a/at fairly/ql vulgar/jj and/cc humorous/jj piece/nn of/in hackwork/nn a/at sudden/jj phrase/nn of/in genuine/jj creative/jj art/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc this/dt occurs/vbz now/rb ,/, at/in the/at refrain/nn of/in Jacoby's/np$ song/nn --/-- at/in the/at point/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, of/in the/at name/nn ``/`` Lizzy/np ''/'' --/-- ;/. ;/.
a/at modulation/nn described/vbn as/cs ``/`` almost/rb a/at stroke/nn of/in genius/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` A/at miracle/nn ,/, a/at revelation/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz like/cs a/at curtain/nn suddenly/rb torn/vbn away/rb to/to reveal/vb something/pn nude/jj ''/'' ./.
It/pps is/bez this/dt modulation/nn which/wdt reveals/vbz to/in Jacoby/np his/pp$ own/jj frightful/jj abjection/nn and/cc ,/, simultaneously/rb ,/, his/pp$ wife's/nn$ infidelity/nn ./.
By/in the/at same/ap means/nns he/pps perceives/vbz this/dt fact/nn as/cs having/hvg communicated/vbn itself/ppl to/in the/at audience/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps collapses/vbz ,/, and/cc dies/vbz ./.


	In/in the/at work/nn of/in every/at artist/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, there/ex may/md be/be found/vbn one/cd or/cc more/ap moments/nns which/wdt strike/vb the/at student/nn as/ql absolutely/ql decisive/jj ,/, ultimately/ql emblematic/jj of/in what/wdt it/pps is/bez all/abn about/in ;/. ;/.
not/* less/ql strikingly/rb so/rb for/in being/beg mysterious/jj ,/, as/cs though/cs some/dti deeply/ql hidden/vbn constatation/nn of/in thoughts/nns were/bed enciphered/vbn in/in a/at single/ap image/nn ,/, a/at single/ap moment/nn ./.
So/rb here/rb ./.
The/at horrifying/jj humor/nn ,/, the/at specifically/ql sexual/jj embarrassment/nn of/in the/at joke/nn gone/vbn wrong/jj ,/, the/at monstrous/jj image/nn of/in the/at fat/jj man/nn dressed/vbn up/rp as/cs a/at whore/nn dressing/vbg up/rp as/cs a/at baby/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at epiphany/nn of/in that/dt quivering/vbg flesh/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at bringing/nn together/rb around/in it/ppo of/in the/at secret/jj liaison/nn between/in indolent/jj ,/, mindless/jj sensuality/nn and/cc sharp/jj ,/, shrewd/jj talent/nn ,/, cleverness/nn with/in an/at occasional/jj touch/nn of/in genius/nn (/( which/wdt ,/, however/rb ,/, does/doz not/* know/vb ``/`` how/wrb to/to attack/vb the/at problem/nn of/in suffering/vbg ''/'' )/) ;/. ;/.
the/at miraculous/jj way/nn in/in which/wdt music/nn ,/, revelation/nn and/cc death/nn are/ber associated/vbn in/in a/at single/ap instant/nn --/-- all/abn this/dt seems/vbz a/at triumph/nn of/in art/nn ,/, a/at rather/ql desperate/jj art/nn ,/, in/in itself/ppl ;/. ;/.
beyond/in itself/ppl ,/, also/rb ,/, it/pps evokes/vbz numerous/jj and/cc distant/jj resonances/nns from/in the/at entire/jj body/nn of/in Mann's/np$ work/nn ./.


	When/wrb I/ppss try/vb to/to work/vb out/rp my/pp$ reasons/nns for/in feeling/vbg that/cs this/dt passage/nn is/bez of/in critical/jj significance/nn ,/, I/ppss come/vb up/rp with/in the/at following/vbg ideas/nns ,/, which/wdt I/ppss shall/md express/vb very/ql briefly/rb here/rb and/cc revert/vb to/in in/in a/at later/jjr essay/nn ./.


	Love/nn is/bez the/at crucial/jj dilemma/nn of/in experience/nn for/in Mann's/np$ heroes/nns ./.
The/at dramatic/jj construction/nn of/in his/pp$ stories/nns characteristically/rb turns/vbz on/in a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt someone/pn is/bez simultaneously/rb compelled/vbn and/cc forbidden/vbn to/to love/vb ./.
The/at release/nn ,/, the/at freedom/nn ,/, involved/vbn in/in loving/vbg another/dt is/bez either/cc terribly/ql difficult/jj or/cc else/rb absolutely/ql impossible/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at motion/nn toward/in it/ppo brings/vbz disaster/nn ./.


	This/dt prohibition/nn on/in love/nn has/hvz an/at especially/ql poignant/jj relation/nn to/in art/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez particularly/rb the/at artist/nn (/( Tonio/np Kroger/np ,/, Aschenbach/np ,/, Leverkuhn/np )/) who/wps suffers/vbz from/in it/ppo ./.
The/at specific/jj analogy/nn to/in the/at dilemma/nn of/in love/nn is/bez the/at problem/nn of/in the/at ``/`` breakthrough/nn ''/'' in/in the/at realm/nn of/in art/nn ./.


	Again/rb ,/, the/at sufferings/nns and/cc disasters/nns produced/vbn by/in any/dti transgression/nn against/in the/at commandment/nn not/* to/in love/nn are/ber almost/ql invariably/rb associated/vbn in/in one/cd way/nn or/cc another/dt with/in childhood/nn ,/, with/in the/at figure/nn of/in a/at child/nn ./.


	Finally/rb ,/, the/at theatrical/jj (/( and/cc perversely/ql erotic/jj )/) notions/nns of/in dressing/vbg up/rp ,/, cosmetics/nns ,/, disguise/nn ,/, and/cc especially/rb change/nn of/in costume/nn (/( or/cc singularity/nn of/in costume/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Cipolla/np )/) ,/, are/ber characteristically/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at catastrophes/nns of/in Mann's/np$ stories/nns ./.


	We/ppss shall/md return/vb to/in these/dts statements/nns and/cc deal/vb with/in them/ppo more/ql fully/rb as/cs the/at evidence/nn for/in them/ppo accumulates/vbz ./.
For/in the/at present/nn it/pps is/bez enough/ap to/to note/vb that/dt in/in the/at grotesque/jj figure/nn of/in Jacoby/np ,/, at/in the/at moment/nn of/in his/pp$ collapse/nn ,/, all/abn these/dts elements/nns come/vb together/rb in/in prophetic/jj parody/nn ./.
Professionally/rb a/at lawyer/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez to/to say/vb associated/vbn with/in dignity/nn ,/, reserve/nn ,/, discipline/nn ,/, with/in much/ap that/wps is/bez essentially/ql middle-class/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez compelled/vbn by/in an/at impossible/jj love/nn to/to exhibit/vb himself/ppl dressed/vbn up/rp ,/, disguised/vbn --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, revealed/vbn --/-- as/cs a/at child/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, worse/jjr ,/, as/cs a/at whore/nn masquerading/vbg as/cs a/at child/nn ./.
That/cs this/dt abandonment/nn takes/vbz place/nn on/in a/at stage/nn ,/, during/in an/at '/' artistic/jj '/' performance/nn ,/, is/bez enough/ap to/to associate/vb Jacoby/np with/in art/nn ,/, and/cc to/to bring/vb down/rp upon/in him/ppo the/at punishment/nn for/in art/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, he/pps is/bez suspect/jj ,/, guilty/jj ,/, punishable/jj ,/, as/cs is/bez anyone/pn in/in Mann's/np$ stories/nns who/wps produces/vbz illusion/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez true/jj even/rb though/cs the/at constant/jj elements/nns of/in the/at artist-nature/nn ,/, technique/nn ,/, magic/nn ,/, guilt/nn and/cc suffering/vbg ,/, are/ber divided/vbn in/in this/dt story/nn between/in Jacoby/np and/cc Lautner/np ./.


	It/pps appears/vbz that/cs the/at dominant/jj tendency/nn of/in Mann's/np$ early/jj tales/nns ,/, however/wql pictorial/jj or/cc even/rb picturesque/jj the/at surface/nn ,/, is/bez already/rb toward/in the/at symbolic/jj ,/, the/at emblematic/jj ,/, the/at expressionistic/jj ./.
In/in a/at certain/jj perfectly/ql definite/jj way/nn ,/, the/at method/nn and/cc the/at theme/nn of/in his/pp$ stories/nns are/ber one/cd and/cc the/at same/ap ./.


	Something/pn of/in this/dt can/md be/be learned/vbn from/in ``/`` The/at-tl Way/nn-tl To/in-tl The/at-tl Churchyard/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1901/cd )/) ,/, an/at anecdote/nn about/in an/at old/jj failure/nn whose/wp$ fit/nn of/in anger/nn at/in a/at passing/vbg cyclist/nn causes/vbz him/ppo to/to die/vb of/in a/at stroke/nn or/cc seizure/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at more/ap ``/`` plot/nn ''/'' than/cs that/dt ;/. ;/.
only/rb slightly/ql more/ap ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, than/cs a/at newspaper/nn account/nn of/in such/abl an/at incident/nn would/md give/vb ./.
The/at artistic/jj interest/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, lies/vbz in/in what/wdt the/at encounter/nn may/md be/be made/vbn to/to represent/vb ,/, in/in the/at power/nn of/in some/dti central/jj significance/nn to/to draw/vb the/at details/nns into/in relevance/nn and/cc meaningfulness/nn ./.


	The/at first/od sentence/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ platitudinous/jj irony/nn ,/, announces/vbz an/at emblematic/jj intent/nn :/: ``/`` The/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn ran/vbd along/rb beside/in the/at highroad/nn ,/, ran/vbd beside/in it/ppo all/abn the/at way/nn to/in the/at end/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez to/to say/vb ,/, to/in the/at churchyard/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc the/at action/nn is/bez consistently/rb presented/vbn with/in regard/nn for/in this/dt distinction/nn ./.
The/at highroad/nn ,/, one/pn might/md say/vb at/in first/rb ,/, belongs/vbz to/in life/nn ,/, while/cs the/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn belongs/vbz to/in death/nn ./.
But/cc that/dt is/bez too/ql simple/jj ,/, and/cc won't/md* hold/vb up/rp ./.
As/cs the/at first/od sentence/nn suggests/vbz ,/, both/abx roads/nns belong/vb to/in death/nn in/in the/at end/nn ./.
But/cc the/at highroad/nn ,/, according/in to/in the/at description/nn of/in its/pp$ traffic/nn ,/, belongs/vbz to/in life/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez lived/vbn in/in unawareness/nn of/in death/nn ,/, while/cs the/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn belongs/vbz to/in some/dti other/ap sort/nn of/in life/nn :/: a/at suffering/vbg form/nn ,/, an/at existence/nn wholly/ql comprised/vbn in/in the/at awareness/nn of/in death/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, on/in the/at highroad/nn ,/, a/at troop/nn of/in soldiers/nns ``/`` marched/vbd in/in their/pp$ own/jj dust/nn and/cc sang/vbd ''/'' ,/, while/cs on/in the/at footpath/nn one/cd man/nn walks/vbz alone/rb ./.


	This/dt man's/nn$ isolation/nn is/bez not/* merely/rb momentary/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez permanent/jj ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at widower/nn ,/, his/pp$ three/cd children/nns are/ber dead/jj ,/, he/pps has/hvz no/at one/pn left/vbn on/in earth/nn ;/. ;/.
also/rb he/pps is/bez a/at drunk/nn ,/, and/cc has/hvz lost/vbn his/pp$ job/nn on/in that/dt account/nn ./.
His/pp$ name/nn is/bez Praisegod/np Piepsam/np ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez rather/ql fully/rb described/vbn as/in to/in his/pp$ clothing/nn and/cc physiognomy/nn in/in a/at way/nn which/wdt relates/vbz him/ppo to/in a/at sinister/jj type/nn in/in the/at author's/nn$ repertory/nn --/-- he/pps is/bez a/at forerunner/nn of/in those/dts enigmatic/jj strangers/nns in/in ``/`` Death/nn-tl In/in-tl Venice/np-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, who/wps represent/vb some/dti combination/nn of/in cadaver/nn ,/, exotic/jj ,/, and/cc psychopomp/nn ./.


	This/dt strange/jj person/nn quarrels/vbz with/in a/at cyclist/nn because/cs the/at latter/ap is/bez using/vbg the/at path/nn rather/in than/in the/at highroad/nn ./.
The/at cyclist/nn ,/, a/at sufficiently/ql commonplace/jj young/jj fellow/nn ,/, is/bez not/* named/vbn but/cc identified/vbn simply/rb as/cs ``/`` Life/nn-tl ''/'' --/-- that/dt and/cc a/at license/nn number/nn ,/, which/wdt Piepsam/np uses/vbz in/in addressing/vbg him/ppo ./.
``/`` Life/nn ''/'' points/vbz out/rp that/cs ``/`` everybody/pn uses/vbz this/dt path/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc starts/vbz to/to ride/vb on/rp ./.
Piepsam/np tries/vbz to/to stop/vb him/ppo by/in force/nn ,/, receives/vbz a/at push/nn in/in the/at chest/nn from/in ``/`` Life/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc is/bez left/vbn standing/vbg in/in impotent/jj and/cc growing/vbg rage/nn ,/, while/cs a/at crowd/nn begins/vbz to/to gather/vb ./.
His/pp$ rage/nn assumes/vbz a/at religious/jj form/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj sinfulness/nn and/cc abject/jj wretchedness/nn ,/, Piepsam/np becomes/vbz a/at prophet/nn who/wps in/in his/pp$ ecstasy/nn and/cc in/in the/at name/nn of/in God/np imprecates/vbz doom/nn on/in Life/nn-tl --/-- not/* only/rb the/at cyclist/nn now/rb ,/, but/cc the/at audience/nn ,/, the/at world/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb :/: ``/`` all/abn you/ppss light-headed/jj breed/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt passion/nn brings/vbz on/in a/at fit/nn which/wdt proves/vbz fatal/jj ./.
Then/rb an/at ambulance/nn comes/vbz along/rb ,/, and/cc they/ppss drive/vb Praisegod/np Piepsam/np away/rb ./.


	This/dt is/bez simple/jj enough/qlp ,/, but/cc several/ap more/ap points/nns of/in interest/nn may/md be/be mentioned/vbn as/cs relevant/jj ./.
The/at season/nn ,/, between/in spring/nn and/cc summer/nn ,/, belongs/vbz to/in life/nn in/in its/pp$ carefree/jj aspect/nn ./.
Piepsam's/np$ fatal/jj rage/nn arises/vbz not/* only/rb because/cs he/pps cannot/md* stop/vb the/at cyclist/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb because/cs God/np will/md not/* stop/vb him/ppo ;/. ;/.
as/cs Piepsam/np says/vbz to/in the/at crowd/nn in/in his/pp$ last/ap moments/nns :/: ``/`` His/pp$ justice/nn is/bez not/* of/in this/dt world/nn ''/'' ./.


	Life/nn is/bez further/rbr characterized/vbn ,/, in/in antithesis/nn to/in Piepsam/np ,/, as/cs animal/nn :/: the/at image/nn of/in a/at dog/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz at/in several/ap places/nns ,/, is/bez first/rb given/vbn as/cs the/at criterion/nn of/in amiable/jj ,/, irrelevant/jj interest/nn aroused/vbn by/in life/nn considered/vbn simply/rb as/cs a/at spectacle/nn :/: a/at dog/nn in/in a/at wagon/nn is/bez ``/`` admirable/jj ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at pleasure/nn to/to contemplate/vb ''/'' ;/. ;/.
another/dt wagon/nn has/hvz no/at dog/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb is/bez ``/`` devoid/jj of/in interest/nn ''/'' ./.
Piepsam/np calls/vbz the/at cyclist/nn ``/`` cur/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` puppy/nn ''/'' among/in other/ap things/nns ,/, and/cc at/in the/at crisis/nn of/in his/pp$ fit/nn a/at little/jj fox-terrier/nn stands/vbz before/in him/ppo and/cc howls/vbz into/in his/pp$ face/nn ./.
The/at ambulance/nn is/bez drawn/vbn by/in two/cd ``/`` charming/jj ''/'' little/jj horses/nns ./.


	Piepsam/np is/bez not/* ,/, certainly/rb ,/, religious/jj in/in any/dti conventional/jj sense/nn ./.
His/pp$ religiousness/nn is/bez intimately/rb ,/, or/cc dialectically/rb ,/, connected/vbn with/in his/pp$ sinfulness/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at two/cd may/md in/in fact/nn be/be identical/jj ./.
His/pp$ unsuccessful/jj strivings/nns to/to give/vb up/rp drink/nn are/ber represented/vbn as/ql religious/jj strivings/nns ;/. ;/.
he/pps keeps/vbz a/at bottle/nn in/in a/at wardrobe/nn at/in home/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` before/in this/dt wardrobe/nn Praisegod/np Piepsam/np had/hvd before/in now/rb gone/vbn literally/rb on/in his/pp$ knees/nns ,/, and/cc in/in his/pp$ wrestlings/nns had/hvd bitten/vbn his/pp$ tongue/nn --/-- and/cc still/rb in/in the/at end/nn capitulated/vbd ''/'' ./.


	The/at cyclist/nn ,/, by/in contrast/nn ,/, blond/jj and/cc blue-eyed/jj ,/, is/bez simply/rb unreflective/jj ,/, unproblematic/jj Life/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` blithe/jj and/cc carefree/jj ''/'' ./.
``/`` He/pps made/vbd no/at claims/nns to/to belong/vb to/in the/at great/jj and/cc mighty/jj of/in this/dt earth/nn ''/'' ./.


	Piepsam/np is/bez grotesque/jj ,/, a/at disturbing/jj parody/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ end/nn is/bez ridiculous/jj and/cc trivial/jj ./.
He/pps is/bez ``/`` a/at man/nn raving/ql mad/jj on/in the/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc he/pps is/bez more/ql interesting/jj than/cs the/at others/nns ,/, the/at ones/nns who/wps come/vb from/in the/at highroad/nn to/to watch/vb him/ppo ,/, more/ql interesting/jj than/cs Life/nn-tl considered/vbn as/cs a/at cyclist/nn ./.
And/cc if/cs I/ppss have/hv gone/vbn into/in so/ql much/ap detail/nn about/in so/ql small/jj a/at work/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez because/cs it/pps is/bez also/rb so/ql typical/jj a/at work/nn ,/, representing/vbg the/at germinal/jj form/nn of/in a/at conflict/nn which/wdt remains/vbz essential/jj in/in Mann's/np$ writing/nn :/: the/at crude/jj sketch/nn of/in Piepsam/np contains/vbz ,/, in/in its/pp$ critical/jj ,/, destructive/jj and/cc self-destructive/jj tendencies/nns ,/, much/ap that/wps is/bez enlarged/vbn and/cc illuminated/vbn in/in the/at figures/nns of/in ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, Naphta/np and/cc Leverkuhn/np ./.


	In/in method/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in theme/nn this/dt little/jj anecdote/nn with/in its/pp$ details/nns selected/vbn as/ql much/rb for/in expressiveness/nn and/cc allegory/nn as/cs for/in ``/`` realism/nn ''/'' ,/, anticipates/vbz a/at kind/nn of/in musical/jj composition/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in fictional/jj composition/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, as/cs Leverkuhn/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` there/ex shall/md be/be nothing/pn unthematic/jj ''/'' ./.
It/pps resembles/vbz ,/, too/rb ,/, pictures/nns such/jj as/cs Durer/np and/cc Bruegel/np did/dod ,/, in/in which/wdt all/abn that/wps looks/vbz at/in first/rb to/to be/be solely/ql pictorial/jj proves/vbz on/in inspection/nn to/to be/be also/rb literary/jj ,/, the/at representation/nn of/in a/at proverb/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, or/cc a/at deadly/jj sin/nn ./.


	``/`` Gladius/fw-nn-tl Dei/fw-nn$-tl ''/'' (/( 1902/cd )/) resembles/vbz ``/`` The/at-tl Way/nn-tl To/in-tl The/at-tl Churchyard/nn-tl ''/'' in/in its/pp$ representation/nn of/in a/at conflict/nn between/in light/nn and/cc dark/nn ,/, between/in ``/`` Life/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc a/at spirit/nn of/in criticism/nn ,/, negation/nn ,/, melancholy/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps goes/vbz considerably/ql further/rbr in/in characterizing/vbg the/at elements/nns of/in this/dt conflict/nn ./.


	The/at monk/nn Savonarola/np ,/, brought/vbn over/rp from/in the/at Renaissance/nn-tl and/cc placed/vbn against/in the/at background/nn of/in Munich/np at/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, protests/vbz against/in the/at luxurious/jj works/nns displayed/vbn in/in the/at art-shop/nn of/in M./np Bluthenzweig/np ;/. ;/.
in/in particular/jj against/in a/at Madonna/np portrayed/vbn in/in a/at voluptuous/jj style/nn and/cc modeled/vbn ,/, according/in to/in gossip/nn ,/, upon/in the/at painter's/nn$ mistress/nn ./.
Hieronymus/np ,/, like/cs Piepsam/np ,/, makes/vbz his/pp$ protest/nn quite/ql in/in vain/jj ,/, and/cc his/pp$ rejection/nn ,/, though/cs not/* fatal/jj ,/, is/bez ridiculous/jj and/cc humiliating/jj ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez simply/rb thrown/vbn out/in of/in the/at shop/nn by/in the/at porter/nn ./.
On/in the/at street/nn outside/rb ,/, Hieronymus/np envisions/vbz a/at holocaust/nn of/in the/at vanities/nns of/in this/dt world/nn ,/, such/abl a/at burning/nn of/in artistic/jj and/cc erotic/jj productions/nns as/cs his/pp$ namesake/nn actually/rb brought/vbd to/to pass/vb in/in Florence/np ,/, and/cc prophetically/rb he/pps issues/vbz his/pp$ curse/nn :/: ``/`` Gladius/fw-nn Dei/fw-nn$-tl super/fw-in terram/fw-nn cito/fw-rb et/fw-cc velociter/fw-rb ''/'' ./.

The/at ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' to/in which/wdt they/ppss respond/vb is/bez rationally/ql empty/jj and/cc their/pp$ art/nn is/bez an/at imitation/nn of/in the/at inescapable/jj powerfulness/nn of/in this/dt unknown/jj and/cc empty/jj world/nn ./.
Their/pp$ artistic/jj rationale/nn is/bez given/vbn to/in the/at witness/nn of/in unreason/nn ./.


	These/dts polar/jj concerns/nns (/( imitation/nn vs./in formalism/nn )/) reflect/vb a/at philosophical/jj and/cc religious/jj situation/nn which/wdt has/hvz been/ben developing/vbg over/in a/at long/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ./.
The/at breakdown/nn of/in classical/jj structures/nns of/in meaning/nn in/in all/abn realms/nns of/in western/jj culture/nn has/hvz given/vbn rise/nn to/in several/ap generations/nns of/in artists/nns who/wps have/hv documented/vbn the/at disintegrative/jj processes/nns ./.
Thus/rb the/at image/nn of/in man/nn has/hvz suffered/vbn complete/jj fragmentation/nn in/in personal/jj and/cc spiritual/jj qualities/nns ,/, and/cc complete/jj objectification/nn in/in sub-human/jj and/cc quasi-mechanistic/jj powers/nns ./.
The/at image/nn of/in the/at world/nn tends/vbz to/to reflect/vb the/at hostility/nn and/cc indifference/nn of/in man/nn or/cc else/rb to/to dissolve/vb into/in empty/jj spaces/nns and/cc overwhelming/jj mystery/nn ./.
The/at image/nn of/in God/np has/hvz simply/rb disappeared/vbn ./.
All/abn such/jj imitations/nns of/in negative/jj quality/nn have/hv given/vbn rise/nn to/in a/at compensatory/jj response/nn in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at heroic/jj and/cc highly/ql individualistic/jj humanism/nn :/: if/cs man/nn can/md neither/cc know/vb nor/cc love/vb reality/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez ,/, he/pps can/md at/in least/ap invent/vb an/at artistic/jj ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' which/wdt is/bez its/pp$ own/jj world/nn and/cc which/wdt can/md speak/vb to/in man/nn of/in purely/ql personal/jj and/cc subjective/jj qualities/nns capable/jj of/in being/beg known/vbn and/cc worthy/jj of/in being/beg loved/vbn ./.
The/at person/nn of/in the/at artist/nn becomes/vbz a/at final/jj bastion/nn of/in meaning/nn in/in a/at world/nn rendered/vbn meaningless/jj by/in the/at march/nn of/in events/nns and/cc the/at decay/nn of/in classical/jj religious/jj and/cc philosophical/jj systems/nns ./.


	Whatever/wdt pole/nn of/in this/dt contrast/nn one/pn emphasizes/vbz and/cc whatever/wdt the/at tension/nn between/in these/dts two/cd approaches/nns to/in understanding/vbg the/at artistic/jj imagination/nn ,/, it/pps will/md be/be readily/rb seen/vbn that/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* mutually/ql exclusive/jj ,/, that/cs they/ppss belong/vb together/rb ./.
Without/in the/at decay/nn of/in a/at sense/nn of/in objective/jj reference/nn (/( except/in as/cs the/at imitation/nn of/in mystery/nn )/) ,/, the/at stress/nn on/in subjective/jj invention/nn would/md never/rb have/hv been/ben stimulated/vbn into/in being/beg ./.
And/cc although/cs these/dts insights/nns into/in the/at nature/nn of/in art/nn may/md be/be in/in themselves/ppls insufficient/jj for/in a/at thoroughgoing/jj philosophy/nn of/in art/nn ,/, their/pp$ peculiar/jj authenticity/nn in/in this/dt day/nn and/cc age/nn requires/vbz that/cs they/ppss be/be taken/vbn seriously/rb and/cc gives/vbz promise/nn that/cs from/in their/pp$ very/ql substance/nn ,/, new/jj and/cc valid/jj chapters/nns in/in the/at philosophy/nn of/in art/nn may/md be/be written/vbn ./.
For/in better/jjr or/cc worse/jjr we/ppss cannot/md* regard/vb ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' in/in the/at arts/nns in/in the/at simple/jj mode/nn of/in classical/jj rationalism/nn or/cc detached/vbn realism/nn ./.
A/at broader/jjr concept/nn of/in imitation/nn is/bez needed/vbn ,/, one/cd which/wdt acknowledges/vbz that/cs true/jj invention/nn is/bez important/jj ,/, that/cs the/at artist's/nn$ creativity/nn in/in part/nn transcends/vbz the/at non-artistic/jj causal/jj factors/nns out/in of/in which/wdt it/pps arises/vbz ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, we/ppss cannot/md* regard/vb artistic/jj invention/nn as/cs pure/jj ,/, uncaused/jj ,/, and/cc unrelated/jj to/in the/at times/nns in/in which/wdt it/pps occurs/vbz ./.
We/ppss need/md a/at doctrine/nn of/in imitation/nn to/to save/vb us/ppo from/in the/at solipsism/nn and/cc futility/nn of/in pure/jj formalism/nn ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at aim/nn of/in this/dt essay/nn to/to advance/vb a/at new/jj theory/nn of/in imitation/nn (/( which/wdt I/ppss shall/md call/vb mimesis/nn in/in order/nn to/to distinguish/vb it/ppo from/in earlier/jjr theories/nns of/in imitation/nn )/) and/cc a/at new/jj theory/nn of/in invention/nn (/( which/wdt I/ppss shall/md call/vb symbol/nn for/in reasons/nns to/to be/be stated/vbn hereafter/rb )/) ./.



The/at mimetic/jj imagination/nn in/in the/at arts/nns 
The/at word/nn ``/`` mimesis/nn ''/'' (/( ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' )/) is/bez usually/rb associated/vbn with/in Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np ./.
For/in Plato/np ,/, ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' is/bez twice/rb removed/vbn from/in reality/nn ,/, being/beg a/at poor/jj copy/nn of/in physical/jj appearance/nn ,/, which/wdt in/in itself/ppl is/bez a/at poor/jj copy/nn of/in ideal/jj essence/nn ./.
All/abn artistic/jj and/cc mythological/jj representations/nns ,/, therefore/rb ,/, are/ber ``/`` imitations/nns of/in imitations/nns ''/'' and/cc are/ber completely/ql superseded/vbn by/in the/at truth/nn value/nn of/in ``/`` dialectic/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at proper/jj use/nn of/in the/at inquiring/vbg intellect/nn ./.
In/in Plato's/np$ judgment/nn ,/, the/at arts/nns play/vb a/at meaningful/jj role/nn in/in society/nn only/rb in/in the/at education/nn of/in the/at young/jj ,/, prior/rb to/in the/at full/jj development/nn of/in their/pp$ intellectual/jj powers/nns ./.
Presupposed/vbn in/in Plato's/np$ system/nn is/bez a/at doctrine/nn of/in levels/nns of/in insight/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt a/at certain/jj kind/nn of/in detached/vbn understanding/nn is/bez alone/rb capable/jj of/in penetrating/vbg to/in the/at most/ql sublime/jj wisdom/nn ./.
Aristotle/np also/rb tended/vbd to/to stratify/vb all/abn aspects/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc activity/nn into/in levels/nns of/in excellence/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs Plato/np ,/, he/pps put/vbd the/at pure/jj and/cc unimpassioned/jj intellect/nn on/in the/at top/jjs level/nn ./.
The/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, in/in affirming/vbg that/cs all/abn human/jj arts/nns are/ber ``/`` modes/nns of/in imitation/nn ''/'' ,/, gives/vbz a/at more/ql serious/jj role/nn to/in artistic/jj mimesis/nn than/cs did/dod Plato/np ./.
But/cc Aristotle/np kept/vbd the/at principle/nn of/in levels/nns and/cc even/rb augmented/vbd it/ppo by/in describing/vbg in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl what/wdt kinds/nns of/in character/nn and/cc action/nn must/md be/be imitated/vbn if/cs the/at play/nn is/bez to/to be/be a/at vehicle/nn of/in serious/jj and/cc important/jj human/jj truths/nns ./.
For/in both/abx Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np artistic/jj mimesis/nn ,/, in/in contrast/nn to/in the/at power/nn of/in dialectic/nn ,/, is/bez relatively/ql incapable/jj of/in expressing/vbg the/at character/nn of/in fundamental/jj reality/nn ./.


	The/at central/jj concern/nn of/in Erich/np Auerbach's/np$ impressive/jj volume/nn called/vbn Mimesis/nn-tl is/bez to/to describe/vb the/at shift/nn from/in a/at classic/jj theory/nn of/in imitation/nn (/( based/vbn upon/in a/at recognition/nn of/in levels/nns of/in truth/nn )/) to/in a/at Christian/jj theory/nn of/in imitation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at levels/nns are/ber dissolved/vbn ./.
Following/vbg the/at theme/nn of/in Incarnation/nn-tl in/in the/at Gospels/nps ,/, the/at Christian/jj artist/nn and/cc critic/nn sees/vbz in/in the/at most/ql commonplace/jj and/cc ordinary/jj events/nns ``/`` figures/nns ''/'' of/in divine/jj power/nn and/cc reality/nn ./.
Here/rb artistic/jj realism/nn involves/vbz the/at audience/nn in/in an/at impassioned/jj participation/nn in/in events/nns whose/wp$ overtones/nns and/cc implications/nns are/ber transcendent/jj ./.
Artistic/jj mimesis/nn under/in Christian/jj influence/nn records/vbz the/at involvement/nn of/in all/abn persons/nns ,/, however/wql humble/jj ,/, in/in a/at divine/jj drama/nn ./.
The/at artist/nn ,/, unlike/in the/at philosopher/nn ,/, is/bez not/* a/at removed/vbn observer/nn aiming/vbg at/in neutral/jj and/cc rarified/vbn high/jj levels/nns of/in abstraction/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez the/at conveyor/nn of/in a/at sacred/jj reality/nn by/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz been/ben grasped/vbn ./.
I/ppss have/hv chosen/vbn to/to use/vb the/at word/nn ``/`` mimesis/nn ''/'' in/in its/pp$ Christian/jj rather/in than/in its/pp$ classic/jj implications/nns and/cc to/to discover/vb in/in the/at concrete/jj forms/nns of/in both/abx art/nn and/cc myth/nn powers/nns of/in theological/jj expression/nn which/wdt ,/, as/cs in/in the/at Christian/jj mind/nn ,/, are/ber the/at direct/jj consequence/nn of/in involvement/nn in/in historical/jj experience/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber not/* reserved/vbn ,/, as/cs in/in the/at Greek/jj mind/nn ,/, only/rb to/in moments/nns of/in theoretical/jj reflection/nn ./.


	In/in the/at first/od instance/nn ,/, ``/`` mimesis/nn ''/'' is/bez here/rb used/vbn to/to mean/vb the/at recalling/nn of/in experience/nn in/in terms/nns of/in vivid/jj images/nns rather/in than/cs in/in terms/nns of/in abstract/jj ideas/nns or/cc conventional/jj designations/nns ./.
By/in ``/`` image/nn ''/'' is/bez meant/vbn not/* only/rb a/at visual/jj presentation/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb remembered/vbn sensations/nns of/in any/dti of/in the/at five/cd senses/nns plus/cc the/at feelings/nns which/wdt are/ber immediately/rb conjoined/vbn therewith/rb ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at primary/jj function/nn of/in the/at imagination/nn operating/vbg in/in the/at absence/nn of/in the/at original/jj experiential/jj stimulus/nn by/in which/wdt the/at images/nns were/bed first/rb appropriated/vbn ./.
Mimesis/nn is/bez the/at nearest/jjt possible/jj thing/nn to/in the/at actual/jj re-living/nn of/in experience/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at imagining/vbg person/nn recovers/vbz through/in images/nns something/pn of/in the/at force/nn and/cc depth/nn characteristic/jj of/in experience/nn itself/ppl ./.
The/at images/nns themselves/ppls ,/, like/cs their/pp$ counterparts/nns in/in experience/nn ,/, are/ber not/* neutral/jj qualities/nns to/to be/be surveyed/vbn dispassionately/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber fields/nns of/in force/nn exerting/vbg a/at unique/jj influence/nn on/in the/at sensibilities/nns and/cc a/at unique/jj relatedness/nn to/in one/cd another/dt ./.
They/ppss bring/vb an/at inextricable/jj component/nn of/in value/nn within/in themselves/ppls ,/, with/in attractions/nns and/cc repulsions/nns native/jj to/in their/pp$ own/jj quality/nn ./.
As/cs in/in experience/nn one/pn is/bez seized/vbn by/in given/vbn entities/nns and/cc their/pp$ interrelations/nns and/cc is/bez forced/vbn to/to respond/vb in/in value/nn feelings/nns to/in them/ppo ,/, so/cs one/pn is/bez similarly/rb seized/vbn in/in the/at mimetic/jj presentation/nn of/in images/nns ./.
Mimesis/nn here/rb is/bez not/* to/to be/be confused/vbn with/in literalism/nn or/cc realism/nn in/in the/at conventional/jj sense/nn ./.
A/at word/nn taken/vbn in/in its/pp$ dictionary/nn meaning/nn ,/, a/at photographic/jj image/nn of/in a/at recognizable/jj object/nn ,/, the/at mere/jj picturing/nn of/in a/at ``/`` scene/nn ''/'' tends/vbz to/to lose/vb experiential/jj vividness/nn and/cc to/to connote/vb such/jj conventional/jj abstractions/nns as/cs to/to invite/vb neutral/jj reception/nn without/in the/at incitement/nn of/in value/nn feelings/nns ./.
Similarly/rb experience/nn itself/ppl can/md be/be conventionalized/vbn so/cs that/cs people/nns react/vb to/in certain/jj preconceived/vbn clues/nns for/in behavior/nn without/in awareness/nn of/in the/at vitality/nn of/in their/pp$ experiential/jj field/nn ./.
A/at truly/ql vivid/jj imagination/nn moves/vbz beyond/in the/at conventional/jj recollection/nn to/in a/at sense/nn of/in immediacy/nn ./.


	The/at mimetic/jj character/nn of/in the/at imaginative/jj consciousness/nn tends/vbz to/to express/vb itself/ppl in/in the/at presentation/nn of/in artistic/jj forms/nns and/cc materials/nns ./.
When/wrb words/nns can/md be/be used/vbn in/in a/at more/ql fresh/jj and/cc primitive/jj way/nn so/cs that/cs they/ppss strike/vb with/in the/at force/nn of/in sights/nns and/cc sounds/nns ,/, when/wrb tones/nns of/in sound/nn and/cc colors/nns of/in paint/nn and/cc the/at carven/jj shape/nn all/abn strike/vb the/at sensibilities/nns with/in an/at undeniable/jj force/nn of/in data/nns in/in and/cc of/in themselves/ppls ,/, compelling/vbg the/at observer/nn into/in an/at attitude/nn of/in attention/nn ,/, all/abn this/dt imitates/vbz the/at way/nn experience/nn itself/ppl in/in its/pp$ deepest/jjt character/nn strikes/vbz upon/in the/at door/nn of/in consciousness/nn and/cc clamors/vbz for/in entrance/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber like/cs the/at initial/jj ways/nns in/in which/wdt the/at world/nn forces/vbz itself/ppl upon/in the/at self/nn and/cc thrusts/vbz the/at self/nn into/in decision/nn and/cc choice/nn ./.
The/at presence/nn of/in genuine/jj mimesis/nn in/in art/nn is/bez marked/vbn by/in the/at persistence/nn with/in which/wdt the/at work/nn demands/vbz attention/nn and/cc compels/vbz valuation/nn even/rb though/cs it/pps is/bez but/rb vaguely/rb understood/vbn ./.


	Underlying/vbg these/dts conceptions/nns of/in mimesis/nn are/ber certain/jj presuppositions/nns concerning/in the/at nature/nn of/in primary/jj human/jj experience/nn which/wdt require/vb some/dti exposition/nn before/cs the/at main/jjs argument/nn can/md proceed/vb ./.
Experience/nn is/bez not/* seen/vbn ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in classical/jj rationalism/nn ,/, as/cs presenting/vbg us/ppo initially/rb with/in clear/jj and/cc distinct/jj objects/nns simply/rb located/vbn in/in space/nn and/cc registering/vbg their/pp$ character/nn ,/, movements/nns ,/, and/cc changes/nns on/in the/at tabula/fw-nn rasa/fw-vbn of/in an/at uninvolved/jj intellect/nn ./.
Neither/cc is/bez primary/jj experience/nn understood/vbn according/in to/in the/at attitude/nn of/in modern/jj empiricism/nn in/in which/wdt nothing/pn is/bez thought/vbn to/to be/be received/vbn other/ap than/cs signals/nns of/in sensory/jj qualities/nns producing/vbg their/pp$ responses/nns in/in the/at appropriate/jj sense/nn organs/nns ./.
Primary/jj feelings/nns of/in the/at world/nn come/vbn neither/cc as/cs a/at collection/nn of/in clearly/ql known/vbn objects/nns (/( houses/nns ,/, trees/nns ,/, implements/nns ,/, etc./rb )/) nor/cc a/at collection/nn of/in isolated/vbn and/cc neutral/jj sensory/jj qualities/nns ./.
In/in contrast/nn to/in all/abn this/dt ,/, primary/jj data/nns are/ber data/nns of/in a/at self/nn involved/vbn in/in environing/vbg processes/nns and/cc powers/nns ./.


	The/at most/ql primitive/jj feelings/nns are/ber rudimentary/jj value/nn feelings/nns ,/, both/abx positive/jj and/cc negative/jj :/: a/at desire/nn to/in appropriate/jj this/dt or/cc that/dt part/nn of/in the/at environment/nn into/in oneself/ppl ;/. ;/.
a/at desire/nn to/to avoid/vb and/cc repel/vb this/dt or/cc that/dt other/ap part/nn ./.
These/dts desires/nns presuppose/vb a/at sense/nn of/in causally/rb efficacious/jj powers/nns in/in which/wdt one/pn is/bez involved/vbn ,/, some/dti working/vbg for/in one's/pn$ good/nn ,/, others/nns threatening/vbg ill/nn ./.
Gone/vbn is/bez the/at tabula/fw-nn rasa/fw-vbn of/in the/at mind/nn ./.
In/in its/pp$ place/nn is/bez a/at passionate/jj consciousness/nn grasped/vbn and/cc molded/vbn to/in feelings/nns of/in positive/jj or/cc negative/jj values/nns even/rb as/cs the/at actions/nns of/in one's/pn$ life/nn are/ber determined/vbn by/in constellations/nns of/in process/nn in/in which/wdt one/pn is/bez caught/vbn ./.


	The/at principal/jjs defender/nn of/in this/dt view/nn of/in primary/jj experience/nn as/cs ``/`` causal/jj efficacy/nn ''/'' is/bez Alfred/np North/np Whitehead/np ./.
Our/pp$ most/ql elemental/jj and/cc unavoidable/jj impressions/nns ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, are/ber those/dts of/in being/beg involved/vbn in/in a/at large/jj arena/nn of/in powers/nns which/wdt have/hv a/at longer/jjr past/nn than/cs our/pp$ own/jj ,/, which/wdt are/ber interrelated/vbn in/in a/at vast/jj movement/nn through/in the/at present/nn toward/in the/at future/nn ./.
We/ppss feel/vb the/at quality/nn of/in these/dts powers/nns initially/rb as/cs in/in some/dti degree/nn wholesome/jj or/cc threatening/vbg ./.
Later/rbr abstractive/jj and/cc rational/jj processes/nns may/md indicate/vb errors/nns of/in judgment/nn in/in these/dts apprehensions/nns of/in value/nn ,/, but/cc the/at apprehensions/nns themselves/ppls are/ber the/at primary/jj stuff/nn of/in experience/nn ./.
It/pps takes/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in abstraction/nn to/to free/vb oneself/ppl from/in the/at primitive/jj impression/nn of/in larger/jjr unities/nns of/in power/nn and/cc influence/nn and/cc to/to view/vb one's/pn$ world/nn simply/rb as/cs a/at collection/nn of/in sense/nn data/nns arranged/vbn in/in such/jj and/cc such/jj sequence/nn and/cc pattern/nn ,/, devoid/jj of/in all/abn power/nn to/to move/vb the/at feelings/nns and/cc actions/nns except/in in/in so/ql far/rb as/cs they/ppss present/vb themselves/ppls for/in inspection/nn ./.
Whitehead/np is/bez here/rb questioning/vbg David/np Hume's/np$ understanding/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in experience/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez questioning/vbg ,/, also/rb ,/, every/at epistemology/nn which/wdt stems/vbz from/in Hume's/np$ presupposition/nn that/cs experience/nn is/bez merely/rb sense/nn data/nns in/in abstraction/nn from/in causal/jj efficacy/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs causal/jj efficacy/nn is/bez something/pn intellectually/rb imputed/vbn to/in the/at world/nn ,/, not/* directly/rb perceived/vbn ./.
What/wdt Hume/np calls/vbz ``/`` sensation/nn ''/'' is/bez what/wdt Whitehead/np calls/vbz ``/`` perception/nn in/in the/at mode/nn of/in presentational/jj immediacy/nn ''/'' which/wdt is/bez a/at sophisticated/jj abstraction/nn from/in perception/nn in/in the/at mode/nn of/in causal/jj efficacy/nn ./.
As/ql long/rb as/cs perception/nn is/bez seen/vbn as/ql composed/vbn only/rb of/in isolated/vbn sense/nn data/nns ,/, most/ap of/in the/at quality/nn and/cc interconnectedness/nn of/in existence/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ objectivity/nn ,/, becomes/vbz an/at invention/nn of/in consciousness/nn ,/, and/cc the/at result/nn is/bez a/at philosophical/jj scepticism/nn ./.
Whitehead/np contends/vbz that/cs the/at human/jj way/nn of/in understanding/vbg existence/nn as/cs a/at unity/nn of/in interlocking/vbg and/cc interdependent/jj processes/nns which/wdt constitute/vb each/dt other/ap and/cc which/wdt cause/vb each/dt other/ap to/to be/be and/cc not/* to/to be/be is/bez possible/jj only/rb because/cs the/at basic/jj form/nn of/in such/abl an/at understanding/nn ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ vagueness/nn and/cc tendency/nn to/to mistake/vb the/at detail/nn ,/, is/bez initially/rb given/vbn in/in the/at way/nn man/nn feels/vbz the/at world/nn ./.
In/in this/dt respect/nn experience/nn is/bez broader/jjr and/cc full/jj of/in a/at richer/jjr variety/nn of/in potential/jj meanings/nns than/cs the/at mind/nn of/in man/nn or/cc any/dti of/in his/pp$ arts/nns or/cc culture/nn are/ber capable/jj of/in making/vbg clear/jj and/cc distinct/jj ./.


	A/at chief/jjs characteristic/nn of/in experience/nn in/in the/at mode/nn of/in causal/jj efficacy/nn is/bez one/cd of/in derivation/nn from/in the/at past/nn ./.
Both/abx I/ppss and/cc my/pp$ feelings/nns come/vb up/rp out/in of/in a/at chain/nn of/in events/nns that/wps fan/vb out/rp into/in the/at past/nn into/in sources/nns that/wps are/ber ultimately/rb very/ql unlike/in the/at entity/nn which/wdt I/ppss now/rb am/bem ./.

After/in only/rb eighteen/cd years/nns of/in non-interference/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed already/rb indications/nns of/in melioration/nn ,/, though/cs ``/`` in/in a/at slight/jj degree/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ./.


	There/ex were/bed more/ap indications/nns by/in the/at mid-twentieth/od century/nn ./.
I/ppss leave/vb it/ppo to/in the/at statisticians/nns to/to say/vb what/wdt they/ppss were/bed ,/, but/cc I/ppss noticed/vbd several/ap a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, during/in an/at automobile/nn ride/nn from/in Memphis/np to/in Hattiesburg/np ./.
In/in town/nn after/in town/nn my/pp$ companion/nn pointed/vbd out/rp the/at Negro/np school/nn and/cc the/at White/jj-tl school/nn ,/, and/cc in/in every/at instance/nn the/at former/ap made/vbd a/at better/jjr appearance/nn (/( it/pps was/bedz newer/jjr ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn )/) ./.
It/pps really/rb looked/vbd as/cs if/cs a/at change/nn of/in the/at sort/nn predicted/vbn by/in Booker/np T./np Washington/np had/hvd been/ben going/vbg on/rp ./.
But/cc with/in the/at renewal/nn of/in interference/nn in/in 1954/cd (/( as/cs with/in its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in 1835/cd )/) ,/, the/at improvement/nn was/bedz impaired/vbn ./.


	For/in over/rp a/at hundred/cd years/nns Southerners/nns-tl have/hv felt/vbn that/cs the/at North/nr-tl was/bedz picking/vbg on/in them/ppo ./.
It's/pps+bez infuriating/jj ,/, this/dt feeling/nn that/cs one/pn is/bez being/beg picked/vbn on/in ,/, continually/rb ,/, constantly/rb ./.
By/in what/wdt right/nn of/in superior/jj virtue/nn ,/, Southerners/nns-tl ask/vb ,/, do/do the/at people/nns of/in the/at North/nr-tl do/do this/dt ?/. ?/.
The/at traditional/jj strategy/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben to/to expose/vb the/at vices/nns of/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, to/to demonstrate/vb that/cs the/at North/nr-tl possessed/vbd no/at superior/jj virtue/nn ,/, to/to ``/`` show/vb the/at world/nn that/cs ''/'' as/cs James's/np$ Christopher/np Newman/np said/vbd to/in his/pp$ adversaries/nns )/) ``/`` however/wql bad/jj I/ppss may/md be/be ,/, you're/ppss+ber not/* quite/abl the/at people/nns to/to say/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at pre-Civil/jj War/nn-tl years/nns ,/, the/at South/nr-tl argued/vbd that/cs the/at slave/nn was/bedz not/* less/ql humanely/rb treated/vbn than/cs the/at factory/nn worker/nn of/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
At/in the/at present/jj time/nn ,/, the/at counter-attack/nn takes/vbz the/at line/nn that/cs there's/ex+bez no/at more/ap of/in the/at true/jj spirit/nn of/in ``/`` integration/nn ''/'' in/in the/at North/nr-tl than/cs in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
The/at line/nn is/bez a/at pretty/ql good/jj one/cd ./.


	People/nns talk/vb about/in ``/`` the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at expression/nn has/hvz become/vbn quite/abl a/at cliche/nn ./.
But/cc people/nns can't/md* be/be made/vbn to/to integrate/vb ,/, socialize/vb (/( the/at two/cd are/ber inseparable/jj by/in Southern/jj-tl standards/nns )/) by/in law/nn ./.


	I/ppss was/bedz having/hvg lunch/nn not/* long/rb ago/rb (/( apologies/nns to/in N./np V./np Peale/np )/) with/in three/cd distinguished/vbn historians/nns (/( one/pn specializing/vbg in/in the/at European/jj-tl Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, one/cd in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd in/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl )/) ,/, and/cc I/ppss asked/vbd them/ppo if/cs they/ppss could/md name/vb instances/nns where/wrb the/at general/jj mores/nns had/hvd been/ben radically/rb changed/vbn with/in ``/`` deliberate/jj speed/nn ,/, majestic/jj instancy/nn ''/'' (/( Francis/np Thompson's/np$ words/nns for/in the/at Hound/nn-tl Of/in-tl Heaven's/nn$-tl Pursuit/nn-tl )/) by/in judicial/jj fiat/nn ./.
They/ppss didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to be/be able/jj to/to think/vb of/in any/dti ./.


	A/at Virginia/np judge/nn a/at while/nn back/rb cited/vbd a/at Roman/jj jurist/nn to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs ten/cd years/nns might/md be/be a/at reasonable/jj length/nn of/in time/nn for/in such/abl a/at change/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs the/at old/jj Roman/jj was/bedz referring/vbg to/in change/nn made/vbn under/in military/jj occupation/nn --/-- the/at sort/nn of/in change/nn which/wdt Tacitus/np was/bedz talking/vbg about/in when/wrb he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` They/ppss make/vb a/at desert/nn ,/, and/cc call/vb it/ppo peace/nn ''/'' (/( ``/`` Solitudinem/fw-nn faciunt/fw-vb ,/, pacem/fw-nn appellant/fw-vbg ''/'' ./.
)/) ./.


	Moreover/rb ,/, the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn is/bez not/* irrevocable/jj ;/. ;/.
it/pps can/md be/be changed/vbn ;/. ;/.
it/pps has/hvz been/ben ,/, many/ap times/nns ./.
Mr./np Justice/np Taney's/np$ Dred/np Scott/np decision/nn in/in 1857/cd was/bedz unpopular/jj in/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, and/cc soon/rb became/vbd a/at dead/jj letter/nn ./.
Prohibition/nn was/bedz the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz unpopular/jj (/( how/wql many/ap of/in us/ppo oldsters/nns took/vbd up/rp drinking/vbg in/in prohibition/nn days/nns ,/, drinking/vbg was/bedz so/ql gay/jj ,/, so/ql fashionable/jj ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at sophisticated/jj Northeast/nr-tl !/. !/.
)/) and/cc was/bedz repealed/vbn ./.
The/at cliche/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ talismanic/jj virtue/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in a/at little/ap history/nn ./.


	The/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl says/vbz that/cs ``/`` governments/nns derive/vb their/pp$ just/jj powers/nns from/in the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' ./.
The/at phrase/nn ``/`` consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' needs/vbz a/at hard/jj look/nn ./.
How/wrb do/do we/ppss define/vb it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Is/bez the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn a/at numerical/jj majority/nn ?/. ?/.
Calhoun/np dealt/vbd with/in this/dt question/nn in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Disquisition/nn-tl On/in-tl Government/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	To/to guard/vb against/in the/at tyranny/nn of/in a/at numerical/jj majority/nn ,/, Calhoun/np developed/vbd his/pp$ theory/nn of/in ``/`` concurrent/jj majority/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` by/in giving/vbg to/in each/dt portion/nn of/in the/at community/nn which/wdt may/md be/be unequally/rb affected/vbn by/in the/at action/nn of/in government/nn ,/, a/at negative/nn on/in the/at others/nns ,/, prevents/vbz all/abn partial/jj or/cc local/jj legislation/nn ''/'' ./.
Who/wps will/md say/vb that/cs our/pp$ country/nn is/bez even/ql now/rb a/at homogeneous/jj community/nn ?/. ?/.
That/cs regional/jj peculiarities/nns do/do not/* still/rb exist/vb ?/. ?/.
That/cs the/at Court/nn-tl order/nn does/doz not/* unequally/rb affect/vb the/at Southern/jj-tl region/nn ?/. ?/.
Who/wps will/md deny/vb that/cs in/in a/at vast/jj portion/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl the/at Federal/jj-tl action/nn is/bez incompatible/jj with/in the/at Jeffersonian/jj concept/nn of/in ``/`` the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Circumstances/nns alter/vb cases/nns ./.
A/at friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ in/in New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl said/vbd the/at Court/nn-tl order/nn had/hvd caused/vbn no/at particular/jj trouble/nn out/in there/rb ,/, that/cs all/abn had/hvd gone/vbn as/ql merry/jj as/cs a/at marriage/nn bell/nn ./.
He/pps seemed/vbd a/at little/ql surprised/vbn that/cs it/pps should/md have/hv caused/vbn any/dti particular/jj trouble/nn anywhere/rb ./.
I/ppss murmured/vbd something/pn about/in a/at possible/jj difference/nn between/in New/jj-tl Mexico's/np$-tl history/nn and/cc Mississippi's/np$ ./.


	One/pn can/md meet/vb with/in aloofness/nn almost/rb anywhere/rb :/: the/at THIDIU/np viewpoint/nn ,/, It/pps-tl Doesn't/doz*-tl Affect/vb Us/ppo-tl !/. !/.
Southern/jj-tl Liberals/nns-tl (/( there/ex are/ber a/at good/jj many/ap )/) --/-- especially/rb if/cs they're/ppss+ber rich/jj --/-- often/rb exhibit/vb blithe/jj insouciance/nn ./.
The/at trouble/nn here/rb is/bez that/cs it's/pps+bez almost/rb too/ql easy/jj to/to take/vb the/at high/jj moral/jj ground/nn when/wrb it/pps doesn't/doz* cost/vb you/ppo anything/pn ./.
You've/ppss+hv already/rb sent/vbn your/pp$ daughter/nn to/in Miss/np X's/np$ select/jj academy/nn for/in girls/nns and/cc your/pp$ son/nn to/in Mr./np Y's/np$ select/jj academy/nn for/in boys/nns ,/, and/cc you/ppss can/md be/be as/ql liberal/jj as/cs you/ppss please/vb with/in strict/jj impunity/nn ./.
If/cs there's/ex+bez no/at suitable/jj academy/nn in/in your/pp$ own/jj neighborhood/nn ,/, there's/ex+bez always/rb New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./.
New/jj-tl England/np-tl academies/nns welcome/vb fugitives/nns from/in the/at provinces/nns ,/, South/nr-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs West/nr-tl ./.
They/ppss may/md even/rb enroll/vb a/at colored/vbn student/nn or/cc two/cd for/in show/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps usually/rb turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be from/in Thailand/np ,/, or/cc any/dti place/nn other/ap than/cs the/at American/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./.
It/pps would/md be/be interesting/jj to/to know/vb how/wql much/ap ``/`` integration/nn ''/'' there/ex is/bez in/in the/at famous/jj ,/, fashionable/jj colleges/nns and/cc prep/nn schools/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./.
A/at recent/jj newspaper/nn report/nn said/vbd there/ex were/bed five/cd Negroes/nps in/in the/at 1960/cd graduating/vbg class/nn of/in nearly/rb one/cd thousand/cd at/in Yale/np ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, about/rb one-half/nn of/in one/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, which/wdt looks/vbz pretty/ql ``/`` tokenish/jj ''/'' to/in me/ppo ,/, especially/rb in/in an/at institution/nn which/wdt professes/vbz to/to be/be ``/`` national/jj ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss must/md confess/vb that/cs I/ppss prefer/vb the/at Liberal/nn-tl who/wps is/bez personally/rb affected/vbn ,/, who/wps is/bez willing/jj to/to send/vb his/pp$ own/jj children/nns to/in a/at mixed/vbn school/nn as/cs proof/nn of/in his/pp$ faith/nn ./.
I/ppss leave/vb out/in of/in account/nn the/at question/nn of/in the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in the/at children/nns ,/, the/at question/nn of/in what/wdt their/pp$ best/jjt interests/nns really/rb are/ber ./.
I'm/ppss+bem talking/vbg about/in the/at grand/jj manner/nn of/in the/at Liberal/nn-tl --/-- North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl --/-- who/wps is/bez not/* affected/vbn personally/rb ./.
If/cs these/dts people/nns were/bed denied/vbn a/at voice/nn (/( do/do they/ppss have/hv a/at moral/jj right/nn to/in a/at voice/nn ?/. ?/.
)/) ,/, what/wdt voices/nns would/md be/be left/vbn ?/. ?/.
Who/wps is/bez involved/vbn willy/rb nilly/rb ?/. ?/.
Well/uh ,/, after/cs everybody/pn has/hvz followed/vbn the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl pattern/nn of/in segregating/vbg one's/pn$ children/nns into/in private/jj schools/nns ,/, only/rb the/at poor/jj folks/nns are/ber left/vbn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez precisely/rb in/in this/dt poorer/jjr economic/jj class/nn that/cs one/pn finds/vbz ,/, and/cc has/hvz always/rb found/vbn ,/, the/at most/ql racial/jj friction/nn ./.




A/at dear/jj ,/, respected/vbn friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ,/, who/wps like/cs myself/ppl grew/vbd up/rp in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc has/hvz spent/vbn many/ap years/nns in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, said/vbd to/in me/ppo not/* long/rb ago/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss can't/md* forgive/vb New/jj-tl England/np-tl for/in rejecting/vbg all/abn complicity/nn ''/'' ./.
Being/beg a/at teacher/nn of/in American/jj literature/nn ,/, I/ppss remembered/vbd Whittier's/np$ ``/`` Massachusetts/np-tl To/in-tl Virginia/np-tl ''/'' ,/, where/wrb he/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` But/cc that/dt one/cd dark/jj loathsome/jj burden/nn ye/ppss must/md stagger/vb with/in alone/rb ,/, And/cc reap/vb the/at bitter/jj harvest/nn which/wdt ye/ppss yourselves/ppls have/hv sown/vbn ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at legend/nn (/( Hawthorne/np records/vbz it/ppo in/in his/pp$ ``/`` English/jj-tl Notebooks/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
And/cc one/cd finds/vbz it/ppo again/rb in/in Thomas/np Nelson/np Page/np )/) to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs the/at Mayflower/np on/in its/pp$ second/od voyage/nn brought/vbd a/at cargo/nn of/in Negro/np slaves/nns ./.
Whether/cs historically/rb a/at fact/nn or/cc not/* ,/, the/at legend/nn has/hvz a/at certain/jj symbolic/jj value/nn ./.


	Complicity/nn is/bez an/at embarrassing/vbg word/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez something/pn which/wdt most/ap of/in us/ppo try/vb to/to get/vb out/rp from/in under/in ./.
Like/cs the/at cowboy/nn in/in Stephen/np Crane's/np$ ``/`` Blue/jj-tl Hotel/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, we/ppss run/vb around/rb crying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, I/ppss didn't/dod* do/do anything/pn ,/, did/dod I/ppss ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np puts/vbz it/ppo this/dt way/nn in/in ``/`` Brother/nn-tl To/in-tl Dragons/nns-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` The/at recognition/nn of/in complicity/nn is/bez the/at beginning/nn of/in innocence/nn ''/'' ,/, where/wrb innocence/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, means/vbz about/rb the/at same/ap thing/nn as/cs redemption/nn ./.
A/at man/nn must/md be/be able/jj to/to say/vb ,/, ``/`` Father/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss have/hv sinned/vbn ''/'' ,/, or/cc there/ex is/bez no/at hope/nn for/in him/ppo ./.
Lincoln/np understood/vbd this/dt better/rbr than/cs most/ap when/wrb he/pps said/vbd in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Second/od-tl Inaugural/nn-tl ''/'' that/cs God/np ``/`` gives/vbz to/in both/abx North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl this/dt terrible/jj war/nn ,/, as/cs the/at woe/nn due/jj to/in those/dts by/in whom/wpo the/at offense/nn came/vbd ''/'' ./.
He/pps also/rb spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` the/at wealth/nn piled/vbn by/in the/at bondsman's/nn$ two/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd years/nns in/in unrequited/jj toil/nn ''/'' ./.
Lincoln/np was/bedz historian/nn and/cc economist/nn enough/ap to/to know/vb that/cs a/at substantial/jj portion/nn of/in this/dt wealth/nn had/hvd accumulated/vbn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at descendants/nns of/in New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl engaged/vbn in/in the/at slave/nn trade/nn ./.
After/in how/wql many/ap generations/nns is/bez such/jj wealth/nn (/( mounting/vbg all/abn the/at while/nn through/in the/at manipulations/nns of/in high/jj finance/nn )/) purified/vbn of/in taint/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez a/at question/nn which/wdt New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl long/rb ago/rb put/vbd out/in of/in their/pp$ minds/nns ./.
But/cc didn't/dod* they/ppss get/vb off/rp too/ql easy/rb ?/. ?/.
The/at slaves/nns never/rb shared/vbd in/in their/pp$ profits/nns ,/, while/cs they/ppss did/dod share/vb ,/, in/in a/at very/ql real/jj sense/nn ,/, in/in the/at profits/nns of/in the/at slave-owners/nns :/: they/ppss were/bed fed/vbn ,/, clothed/vbn ,/, doctored/vbn ,/, and/cc so/rb forth/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed the/at beneficiaries/nns of/in responsible/jj ,/, paternalistic/jj care/nn ./.


	Emerson/np --/-- Platonist/np ,/, idealist/nn ,/, doctrinaire/nn --/-- sounded/vbd a/at high/jj Transcendental/jj-tl note/nn in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Boston/np-tl Hymn/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, delivered/vbn in/in 1863/cd in/in the/at Boston/np-tl Music/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl amidst/in thundering/vbg applause/nn :/: ``/`` Pay/vb ransom/nn to/in the/at owner/nn and/cc fill/vb the/at bag/nn to/in the/at brim/nn ./.
Who/wps is/bez the/at owner/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at slave/nn is/bez owner/nn ,/, And/cc ever/rb was/bedz ./.
Pay/vb him/ppo ''/'' !/. !/.
It/pps is/bez the/at abstractionism/nn ,/, the/at unrealism/nn ,/, of/in the/at pure/jj idealist/nn ./.
It/pps ignores/vbz the/at sordid/jj financial/jj aspects/nns (/( quite/ql conveniently/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, for/in his/pp$ audience/nn ,/, who/wps could/md indulge/vb in/in moral/jj indignation/nn without/in visible/jj ,/, or/cc even/ql conscious/jj ,/, discomfort/nn ,/, their/pp$ money/nn from/in the/at transaction/nn having/hvg been/ben put/vbn away/rb long/rb ago/rb in/in a/at good/jj antiseptic/jj brokerage/nn )/) ./.
Like/cs Pilate/np ,/, they/ppss had/hvd washed/vbn their/pp$ hands/nns ./.
But/cc can/md one/pn ,/, really/rb ?/. ?/.
Can/md God/np be/be mocked/vbn ,/, ever/rb ,/, in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ?/. ?/.


	New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl were/bed a/at bit/nn sensitive/jj on/in the/at subject/nn of/in their/pp$ complicity/nn in/in Negro/np slavery/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at drafting/nn of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, as/cs Jefferson/np explained/vbd in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Autobiography/nn-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` 

	The/at clause/nn reprobating/vbg the/at enslaving/nn the/at inhabitants/nns of/in Africa/np was/bedz struck/vbn out/rp in/in complaisance/nn to/in South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl and/cc Georgia/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd never/rb attempted/vbn to/to restrain/vb the/at importation/nn of/in slaves/nns ,/, and/cc who/wps on/in the/at contrary/jj still/rb wished/vbd to/to continue/vb it/ppo ./.
Our/pp$ Northern/jj-tl brethren/nns also/rb I/ppss believe/vb felt/vbd a/at little/ql tender/jj under/in those/dts censures/nns ;/. ;/.
for/cs though/cs their/pp$ people/nns had/hvd very/ql few/ap slaves/nns themselves/ppls ,/, yet/cc they/ppss had/hvd been/ben pretty/ql considerable/jj carriers/nns of/in them/ppo to/in others/nns ''/'' ./.


	But/cc that/dt was/bedz a/at long/jj time/nn ago/rb ./.
The/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl conscience/nn became/vbd desensitized/vbn ./.
George/np W./np Cable/np (/( naturalized/vbn New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl )/) ,/, writing/vbg in/in 1889/cd from/in ``/`` Paradise/nn-tl Road/nn-tl ,/, Northampton/np ''/'' (/( lovely/jj symbolic/jj name/nn )/) ,/, agitated/vbn continuously/rb the/at ``/`` Southern/jj-tl question/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps was/bedz nice/jj to/to be/be able/jj to/to isolate/vb it/ppo ./.




New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, as/cs everyone/pn knows/vbz ,/, has/hvz long/rb been/ben schoolmaster/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./.
There/rb one/pn finds/vbz concentrated/vbn in/in a/at comparatively/ql small/jj area/nn the/at chief/jjs universities/nns ,/, colleges/nns ,/, and/cc preparatory/jj schools/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Why/wrb should/md this/dt be/be so/rb ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, more/ap than/cs any/dti other/ap section/nn ,/, was/bedz dedicated/vbn to/in education/nn from/in the/at start/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss think/vb that/cs something/pn more/ap than/cs this/dt is/bez involved/vbn ./.


	How/wrb did/dod it/ppo happen/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs the/at state/nn university/nn ,/, that/dt great/jj symbol/nn of/in American/jj democracy/nn ,/, failed/vbd to/to flourish/vb in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl as/cs it/pps did/dod in/in other/ap parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ?/. ?/.
Isn't/bez* it/pps a/at bit/nn odd/jj that/cs the/at three/cd states/nns of/in Southern/jj-tl New/jj-tl England/np-tl (/( Massachusetts/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, and/cc Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl )/) have/hv had/hvn state/nn institutions/nns of/in university/nn status/nn only/rb in/in the/at very/ql recent/jj past/nn ,/, these/dts institutions/nns having/hvg previously/rb been/ben A/nn &/cc M/nn colleges/nns ?/. ?/.
Was/bedz it/pps supposed/vbd ,/, perchance/rb ,/, that/cs A/nn &/cc M/nn (/( vocational/jj training/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez )/) was/bedz quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in the/at immigrant/nn class/nn which/wdt flooded/vbd that/dt part/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl world/nn in/in the/at post-Civil/jj War/nn-tl period/nn ,/, the/at immigrants/nns having/hvg been/ben brought/vbn in/rp from/in Southern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, to/to work/vb in/in the/at mills/nns ,/, to/to make/vb up/rp for/in the/at labor/nn shortage/nn caused/vbn by/in migration/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl ?/. ?/.
Is/bez it/pps not/* ironical/jj that/cs Roger/np Williams's/np$ state/nn ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, should/md have/hv been/ben the/at very/ql last/ap of/in the/at forty-eight/cd to/to establish/vb a/at state/nn university/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at state/nn universities/nns of/in Maine/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, And/cc-tl Vermont/np are/ber older/jjr and/cc more/ql ``/`` respectable/jj ''/'' ;/. ;/.
they/ppss had/hvd less/ap immigration/nn to/to contend/vb with/in ./.


	A/at Yale/np historian/nn ,/, writing/vbg a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb in/in The/at Yale/np-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, said/vbd :/: ``/`` We/ppss in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl have/hv long/ql since/rb segregated/vbn our/pp$ children/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz referring/vbg not/* only/rb to/in the/at general/jj college/nn situation/nn but/cc more/ql especially/rb to/in the/at preparatory/jj schools/nns ./.
And/cc what/wdt a/at galaxy/nn of/in those/dts adorns/vbz that/dt fair/jj land/nn !/. !/.
I/ppss don't/do* propose/vb to/to go/vb into/in their/pp$ history/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss have/hv one/cd or/cc two/cd surmises/nns ./.
One/cd is/bez that/cs they/ppss were/bed established/vbn ,/, or/cc gained/vbd eminence/nn ,/, under/in pressure/nn provided/vbn by/in these/dts same/ap immigrants/nns ,/, from/in whom/wpo the/at old/jj families/nns wished/vbd to/to segregate/vb their/pp$ children/nns ./.
In/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in a/at homogeneous/jj population/nn ,/, the/at public/jj school/nn was/bedz quite/ql satisfactory/jj ./.



	Among/in the/at recipients/nns of/in the/at Nobel/np-tl Prize/nn-tl for/in-tl Literature/nn-tl more/ap than/in half/abn are/ber practically/ql unknown/jj to/in readers/nns of/in English/np ./.
Of/in these/dts there/ex are/ber surely/rb few/ap that/wps would/md be/be more/ql rewarding/jj discoveries/nns than/cs Verner/np Von/np Heidenstam/np ,/, the/at Swedish/jj poet/nn and/cc novelist/nn who/wps received/vbd the/at award/nn in/in 1916/cd and/cc whose/wp$ centennial/nn was/bedz celebrated/vbn two/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
Equally/rb a/at master/nn of/in prose/nn and/cc verse/nn ,/, he/pps recreates/vbz the/at glory/nn of/in Sweden/np in/in the/at past/nn and/cc continues/vbz it/ppo into/in the/at present/nn ./.
In/in the/at following/vbg sketch/nn we/ppss shall/md present/vb a/at brief/jj outline/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn and/cc let/vb him/ppo as/ql much/rb as/cs possible/jj speak/vb for/in himself/ppl ./.


	Heidenstam/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in 1859/cd ,/, of/in a/at prosperous/jj family/nn ./.
On/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ side/nn he/pps was/bedz of/in German/jj descent/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ he/pps came/vbd of/in the/at old/jj Swedish/jj nobility/nn ./.
The/at family/nn estate/nn was/bedz situated/vbn near/in Vadstena/np on/in Lake/nn-tl Vattern/np-tl in/in south/jj central/jj Sweden/np ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at lonely/jj ,/, rather/ql desolate/jj region/nn ,/, but/cc full/jj of/in legendary/jj and/cc historic/jj associations/nns ./.
As/cs a/at boy/nn in/in a/at local/jj school/nn he/pps was/bedz shy/jj and/cc solitary/jj ,/, absorbed/vbn in/in his/pp$ fondness/nn for/in nature/nn and/cc his/pp$ visions/nns of/in Sweden's/np$ ancient/jj glory/nn ./.
He/pps liked/vbd to/to fancy/vb himself/ppl as/cs a/at chieftain/nn and/cc to/to dress/vb for/in the/at part/nn ./.
Being/beg somewhat/ql delicate/jj in/in health/nn ,/, at/in the/at age/nn of/in sixteen/cd he/pps was/bedz sent/vbn to/in Southern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, for/in which/wdt he/pps at/in once/rb developed/vbd a/at passion/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs he/pps spent/vbd nearly/ql all/abn of/in the/at following/vbg ten/cd years/nns abroad/rb ,/, at/in first/rb in/in Italy/np ,/, then/rb in/in Greece/np ,/, Egypt/np ,/, Asia/np-tl Minor/jj-tl ,/, and/cc Palestine/np ./.
In/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ summers/nns at/in home/nn he/pps married/vbd ,/, to/in the/at great/jj disapproval/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn ,/, who/wps objected/vbd because/cs of/in his/pp$ extreme/jj youth/nn ./.


	Deciding/vbg to/to become/vb a/at painter/nn ,/, he/pps entered/vbd the/at studio/nn of/in Gerome/np in/in Paris/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at life/nn of/in the/at artists/nns ,/, but/cc soon/rb found/vbd that/cs whatever/wdt talent/nn he/pps might/md have/hv did/dod not/* lie/vb in/in that/dt direction/nn ./.
He/pps gives/vbz us/ppo an/at account/nn of/in this/dt in/in his/pp$ lively/jj and/cc humorous/jj poem/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Happy/jj-tl Artists/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
``/`` I/ppss scanned/vbd the/at world/nn through/in printed/vbn symbol/nn swart/jj ,/, And/cc through/in the/at beggar's/nn$ rags/nns I/ppss strove/vbd to/to see/vb The/at inner/jj man/nn ./.
I/ppss looked/vbd unceasingly/rb With/in my/pp$ cold/jj mind/nn and/cc with/in my/pp$ burning/vbg heart/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in this/dt final/jj line/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv the/at key/nn to/in his/pp$ nature/nn ./.
Few/ap writers/nns have/hv better/rbr understood/vbn their/pp$ deepest/jjt selves/nns ./.
Heidenstam/np could/md never/rb be/be satisfied/vbn by/in surface/nn ./.
It/pps may/md ,/, however/rb ,/, be/be noted/vbn that/cs his/pp$ gift/nn for/in color/nn and/cc imagery/nn must/md have/hv been/ben greatly/rb stimulated/vbn by/in his/pp$ stay/nn in/in Paris/np ./.


	The/at first/od result/nn of/in Heidenstam's/np$ long/jj sojourn/nn abroad/rb was/bedz a/at volume/nn of/in poems/nns ,/, Pilgrimage/nn-tl And/cc-tl Wander-Years/nns-tl (/( Vallfart/fw-nn-tl och/fw-cc-tl Vandringsar/fw-nns-tl )/) ,/, published/vbn in/in 1888/cd ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at brilliant/jj debut/nn ,/, so/ql much/rb so/rb indeed/rb that/cs it/pps aroused/vbd a/at new/jj vitality/nn in/in the/at younger/jjr poets/nns ,/, as/cs did/dod Byron's/np$ Childe/np Harold/np ./.
Professor/nn Fredrik/np Book/np ,/, Sweden's/np$ foremost/jjs critic/nn of/in the/at period/nn ,/, acclaims/vbz it/ppo as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` In/in this/dt we/ppss have/hv the/at verse/nn of/in a/at painter/nn ;/. ;/.
strongly/ql colorful/jj ,/, plastic/jj ,/, racy/jj ,/, vivid/jj ./.
In/in a/at bold/jj ,/, sometimes/rb careless/jj ,/, form/nn there/ex is/bez nothing/pn academic/jj ;/. ;/.
all/abn is/bez seen/vbn and/cc felt/vbn and/cc experienced/vbn ,/, the/at observation/nn is/bez sharp/jj and/cc the/at imagination/nn lively/jj ./.
The/at young/jj poet-painter/nn reproduces/vbz the/at French/jj life/nn of/in the/at streets/nns ;/. ;/.
he/pps tells/vbz stories/nns of/in the/at Thousand/cd-tl and/cc-tl One/cd-tl Nights/nns-tl ,/, and/cc conjures/vbz up/rp before/in us/ppo the/at bazaars/nns of/in Damascus/np ./.
In/in the/at care-free/jj indolence/nn of/in the/at East/nr-tl he/pps sees/vbz the/at last/ap reflection/nn of/in the/at old/jj happy/jj existence/nn ,/, and/cc for/in that/dt reason/nn he/pps loves/vbz it/ppo ./.
And/cc yet/rb amid/in all/abn the/at gay/jj hedonism/nn in/in Pilgrimage/nn-tl And/cc-tl Wander-Years/nns-tl is/bez a/at cycle/nn of/in short/jj poems/nns ,/, ``/`` Thoughts/nns-tl In/in-tl Loneliness/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, filled/vbn with/in brooding/vbg ,/, melancholy/jj ,/, and/cc sombre/jj longing/nn ''/'' ./.


	Of/in the/at longer/jjr pieces/nns of/in the/at volume/nn none/pn is/bez so/ql memorable/jj as/cs ``/`` Nameless/jj-tl And/cc-tl Immortal/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt at/in once/rb took/vbd rank/nn among/in the/at finest/jjt poems/nns ever/rb written/vbn in/in the/at Swedish/jj language/nn ./.
It/pps celebrates/vbz the/at unknown/jj architect/nn who/wps designed/vbd the/at temple/nn of/in Neptune/np at/in Paestum/np ,/, next/rb to/in the/at Parthenon/np the/at noblest/jjt example/nn of/in Grecian/jj classic/jj style/nn now/rb in/in existence/nn ./.
On/in the/at eve/nn of/in his/pp$ return/nn to/in their/pp$ native/jj Naxos/np he/pps speaks/vbz with/in his/pp$ wife/nn of/in the/at masterpiece/nn which/wdt rises/vbz before/in them/ppo in/in its/pp$ completed/vbn perfection/nn ./.
The/at supreme/jj object/nn of/in their/pp$ lives/nns is/bez now/rb fulfilled/vbn ,/, says/vbz the/at wife/nn ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn has/hvz achieved/vbn immortality/nn ./.
Not/* so/rb ,/, he/pps answers/vbz ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* the/at architect/nn but/cc the/at temple/nn that/wps is/bez immortal/jj ./.
``/`` The/at man's/nn$ true/jj reputation/nn is/bez his/pp$ work/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at short/jj poems/nns grouped/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at volume/nn as/cs ``/`` Thoughts/nns-tl in/in-tl Loneliness/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez ,/, as/cs Professor/nn-tl Book/np indicated/vbd ,/, in/in sharp/jj contrast/nn with/in the/at others/nns ./.
It/pps consists/vbz of/in fragmentary/jj personal/jj revelations/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs ``/`` The/at-tl Spark/nn-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` There/ex is/bez a/at spark/nn dwells/vbz deep/rb within/in my/pp$ soul/nn ./.
To/to get/vb it/ppo out/rp into/in the/at daylight's/nn$ glow/nn Is/bez my/pp$ life's/nn$ aim/nn both/abx first/rb and/cc last/rb ,/, the/at whole/nn ./.
It/pps slips/vbz away/rb ,/, it/pps burns/vbz and/cc tortures/vbz me/ppo ./.
That/dt little/jj spark/nn is/bez all/abn the/at wealth/nn I/ppss know/vb ,/, That/dt little/jj spark/nn is/bez my/pp$ life's/nn$ misery/nn ''/'' ./.
A/at dominant/jj motive/nn is/bez the/at poet's/nn$ longing/nn for/in his/pp$ homeland/nn and/cc its/pp$ boyhood/nn associations/nns :/: ``/`` Not/* men-folk/nns ,/, but/cc the/at fields/nns where/wrb I/ppss would/md stray/vb ,/, The/at stones/nns where/wrb as/cs a/at child/nn I/ppss used/vbd to/to play/vb ''/'' ./.
He/pps is/bez utterly/ql disappointed/vbn in/in himself/ppl and/cc in/in the/at desultory/jj life/nn he/pps has/hvz been/ben leading/vbg ./.
What/wdt he/pps really/rb wants/nns is/bez to/to find/vb ``/`` a/at sacred/jj cause/nn ''/'' to/in which/wdt he/pps can/md honestly/rb devote/vb himself/ppl ./.
This/dt restless/jj individualism/nn found/vbd its/pp$ answer/nn when/wrb he/pps returned/vbd to/to live/vb nearly/ql all/abn the/at rest/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn in/in Sweden/np ./.
His/pp$ cause/nn was/bedz to/to commemorate/vb the/at glory/nn of/in her/pp$ past/ap and/cc to/to incite/vb her/pp$ people/nns to/to perpetuate/vb it/ppo in/in the/at present/nn ./.


	He/pps did/dod not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, find/vb himself/ppl at/in once/rb ./.
His/pp$ next/ap major/jj work/nn ,/, completed/vbn in/in 1892/cd ,/, was/bedz a/at long/jj fantastic/jj epic/nn in/in prose/nn ,/, entitled/vbn Hans/np-tl Alienus/np-tl ,/, which/wdt Professor/nn-tl Book/np describes/vbz as/cs a/at monument/nn on/in the/at grave/nn of/in his/pp$ carefree/jj and/cc indolent/jj youth/nn ./.
The/at hero/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez himself/ppl ,/, is/bez represented/vbn as/cs a/at pilgrim/nn in/in the/at storied/jj lands/nns of/in the/at East/nr-tl ,/, a/at sort/nn of/in Faustus/np type/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, to/to quote/vb from/in Professor/nn-tl Book/np again/rb ,/, ``/`` even/rb in/in the/at pleasure/nn gardens/nns of/in Sardanapalus/np can/md not/* cease/vb from/in his/pp$ painful/jj search/nn after/in the/at meaning/nn of/in life/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez driven/vbn back/rb by/in his/pp$ yearning/nn to/in the/at wintry/jj homeland/nn of/in his/pp$ fathers/nns in/in the/at forest/nn of/in Tiveden/np ''/'' ./.


	From/in this/dt time/nn on/rp Heidenstam/np proceeded/vbd to/to find/vb his/pp$ deeper/jjr self/nn ./.
By/in the/at death/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn in/in 1888/cd he/pps had/hvd come/vbn into/in possession/nn of/in the/at family/nn estate/nn and/cc had/hvd re-assumed/vbn its/pp$ traditions/nns ./.
He/pps did/dod not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, settle/vb back/rb into/in acquiescence/nn with/in things/nns as/cs they/ppss were/bed ./.
Like/cs his/pp$ friend/nn and/cc contemporary/nn August/np Strindberg/np he/pps had/hvd little/ap patience/nn with/in collective/jj mediocrity/nn ./.
He/pps saw/vbd Sweden/np as/cs a/at country/nn of/in smug/jj and/cc narrow/jj provincialism/nn ,/, indifferent/jj to/in the/at heroic/jj spirit/nn of/in its/pp$ former/ap glory/nn ./.
Strindberg's/np$ remedy/nn for/in this/dt condition/nn was/bedz to/to tear/vb down/rp the/at old/jj structures/nns and/cc build/vb anew/rb from/in the/at ground/nn up/rp ./.
Heidenstam's/np$ conception/nn ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, was/bedz to/to revive/vb the/at present/nn by/in the/at memories/nns of/in the/at past/nn ./.




Whether/cs in/in prose/nn or/cc poetry/nn ,/, all/abn of/in Heidenstam's/np$ later/jjr work/nn was/bedz concerned/vbn with/in Sweden/np ./.
With/in the/at first/od of/in a/at group/nn of/in historical/jj novels/nns ,/, The/at Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl (/( Karolinerna/np )/) ,/, published/vbn in/in 1897-8/cd ,/, he/pps achieved/vbd the/at masterpiece/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ./.
In/in scope/nn and/cc power/nn it/pps can/md only/rb be/be compared/vbn to/in Tolstoy's/np$ War/nn-tl And/cc-tl Peace/nn-tl ./.
About/rb one-third/nn as/ql long/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez less/ql intimate/jj and/cc detailed/vbn ,/, but/cc better/rbr coordinated/vbn ,/, more/ql concise/jj and/cc more/ql dramatic/jj ./.
Though/cs it/pps centers/vbz around/in the/at brilliant/jj and/cc enigmatic/jj figure/nn of/in Charles/np 12/cd-tl ,/, ,/, the/at true/jj hero/nn is/bez not/* finally/rb the/at king/nn himself/ppl ./.
Hence/rb the/at title/nn of/in the/at book/nn ,/, referring/vbg to/in the/at soldiers/nns and/cc subjects/nns of/in the/at king/nn ;/. ;/.
on/in the/at fatal/jj battlefield/nn of/in Poltava/np ,/, to/to quote/vb from/in the/at novel/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at wreath/nn he/pps twined/vbd for/in himself/ppl slipped/vbd down/rp upon/in his/pp$ people/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl consists/vbz not/* of/in a/at connected/vbn narrative/nn but/cc of/in a/at group/nn of/in short/jj stories/nns ,/, each/dt depicting/vbg a/at special/jj phase/nn of/in the/at general/jj subject/nn ./.
Somewhat/ql uneven/jj in/in interest/nn for/in an/at average/jj reader/nn ,/, eight/cd or/cc ten/cd of/in these/dts are/ber among/in the/at finest/jjt of/in their/pp$ kind/nn in/in literature/nn ./.
They/ppss comprise/vb a/at great/jj variety/nn of/in scene/nn and/cc interest/nn :/: grim/jj episodes/nns of/in war/nn ,/, idyllic/jj interludes/nns ,/, superb/jj canvases/nns of/in world-shaking/jj events/nns ,/, and/cc delightfully/ql humorous/jj sketches/nns of/in odd/jj characters/nns ./.
The/at general/jj effect/nn is/bez tragic/jj ./.
Almost/rb nothing/pn is/bez said/vbn of/in Charles'/np$ spectacular/jj victories/nns ,/, the/at central/jj theme/nn being/beg the/at heroic/jj loyalty/nn of/in the/at Swedish/jj people/nns to/in their/pp$ idolized/vbn king/nn in/in misfortune/nn and/cc defeat/nn ./.


	To/to carry/vb out/rp this/dt exalted/vbn conception/nn the/at author/nn has/hvz combined/vbn the/at vivid/jj realism/nn and/cc imaginative/jj power/nn we/ppss have/hv noticed/vbn in/in his/pp$ early/jj poetry/nn and/cc carried/vbd them/ppo out/rp on/in a/at grand/jj scale/nn ./.
His/pp$ peculiar/jj gift/nn ,/, as/cs had/hvd been/ben suggested/vbn before/rb ,/, is/bez his/pp$ intensity/nn ./.
George/np Meredith/np has/hvz said/vbn that/cs fervor/nn is/bez the/at core/nn of/in style/nn ./.
Of/in few/ap authors/nns is/bez this/dt more/ql true/jj than/cs of/in Heidenstam/np ./.
The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl has/hvz a/at tremendous/jj range/nn of/in characters/nns ,/, of/in common/jj folk/nn even/rb more/ap than/cs of/in major/jj figures/nns ./.
The/at career/nn of/in Charles/np 12/cd-tl ,/, is/bez obviously/rb very/ql similar/jj to/in that/dt of/in Napoleon/np ./.
His/pp$ ideal/nn was/bedz Alexander/np of/in Macedon/np ,/, as/cs Napoleon's/np$ was/bedz Julius/np Caesar/np ./.
His/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz not/* to/to establish/vb an/at empire/nn ,/, but/cc to/to assert/vb the/at principle/nn of/in divine/jj justice/nn ./.
Each/dt aspired/vbd to/to be/be a/at god/nn in/in human/jj form/nn ,/, but/cc with/in each/dt it/pps was/bedz a/at different/jj kind/nn of/in god/nn ./.
Each/dt failed/vbd catastrophically/rb in/in an/at invasion/nn of/in Russia/np and/cc each/dt brought/vbd ruin/nn on/in the/at country/nn that/wps worshipped/vbd him/ppo ./.
Each/dt is/bez still/rb glorified/vbn as/cs a/at national/jj hero/nn ./.


	The/at first/od half/abn of/in The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl ,/, ending/vbg on/in the/at climax/nn of/in the/at battle/nn of/in Poltava/np in/in 1709/cd ,/, is/bez more/ql dramatically/rb coherent/jj than/cs the/at second/od ./.
After/in the/at collapse/nn of/in that/dt desperate/jj and/cc ill-fated/jj campaign/nn the/at character/nn of/in the/at king/nn degenerated/vbd for/in a/at time/nn into/in a/at futility/nn that/wps was/bedz not/* merely/rb pitiable/jj but/cc often/rb ridiculous/jj ./.
Like/cs Napoleon/np ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at worst/jjt of/in losers/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber ,/, however/rb ,/, some/dti wonderful/jj chapters/nns at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at second/od part/nn ,/, concerning/in the/at reactions/nns of/in the/at Swedes/nps in/in adversity/nn ./.
Then/rb more/rbr than/in ever/rb before/rb did/dod they/ppss show/vb their/pp$ fortitude/nn and/cc patient/jj cheerfulness/nn ./.
This/dt comes/vbz out/rp in/in ``/`` When/wrb-tl The/at-tl Bells/nns-tl Ring/vb-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt describes/vbz the/at rallying/nn of/in the/at peasants/nns in/in southern/jj Sweden/np to/to repel/vb an/at invasion/nn by/in the/at Danes/nps ./.


	In/in ``/`` The/at-tl King's/nn$-tl Ride/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Charles/np breaks/vbz out/rp of/in a/at long/jj period/nn of/in petulance/nn and/cc inertia/nn ,/, regains/vbz his/pp$ old/jj self/nn ,/, escapes/vbz from/in Turkey/np ,/, and/cc finally/rb reaches/vbz his/pp$ own/jj land/nn after/in an/at absence/nn of/in eighteen/cd years/nns ./.
He/pps finds/vbz it/ppo in/in utter/jj misery/nn and/cc desolation/nn ./.
All/abn his/pp$ people/nns ask/vb for/in is/bez no/at more/ap war/nn ./.
But/cc he/pps plunges/vbz into/in yet/rb another/dt ,/, this/dt time/nn with/in Norway/np ,/, and/cc is/bez killed/vbn in/in an/at assault/nn on/in the/at fortress/nn of/in Fredrikshall/np ,/, being/beg only/rb thirty-six/cd years/nns of/in age/nn when/wrb he/pps died/vbd ./.
He/pps had/hvd become/vbn king/nn at/in fifteen/cd ./.


	Then/rb suddenly/rb there/ex was/bedz a/at tremendous/jj revulsion/nn of/in popular/jj feeling/nn ./.
From/in being/beg a/at hated/vbn tyrant/nn and/cc madman/nn he/pps was/bedz now/rb the/at symbol/nn of/in all/abn that/wps was/bedz noblest/jjt and/cc best/jjt in/in the/at history/nn of/in Sweden/np ./.
This/dt is/bez brought/vbn out/rp in/in the/at next/ap to/in last/ap chapter/nn of/in the/at book/nn ,/, ``/`` A/at-tl Hero's/nn$-tl Funeral/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, written/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in an/at impassioned/jj prose/nn poem/nn ./.
Slowly/rb the/at procession/nn of/in warriors/nns and/cc statesmen/nns passes/nns through/in the/at snow/nn beside/in the/at black/jj water/nn and/cc into/in the/at brilliantly/ql lighted/vbn cathedral/nn ,/, the/at shrine/nn of/in so/ql many/ap precious/jj memories/nns ./.
The/at guns/nns are/ber fired/vbn ,/, the/at hymns/nns are/ber sung/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at body/nn of/in Charles/np is/bez carried/vbn down/rp to/in the/at vault/nn and/cc laid/vbn beside/in the/at tombs/nns of/in his/pp$ ancestors/nns ./.
As/cs he/pps had/hvd longed/vbn to/to be/be ,/, he/pps became/vbd the/at echo/nn of/in a/at saga/nn ./.


	Heidenstam/np wrote/vbd four/cd other/ap works/nns of/in fiction/nn about/in earlier/jjr figures/nns revered/vbn in/in Swedish/jj memory/nn ./.
Excellent/jj in/in their/pp$ way/nn ,/, they/ppss lack/vb the/at wide/jj appeal/nn of/in The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl ,/, and/cc need/vb not/* detain/vb us/ppo here/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez different/jj with/in his/pp$ volume/nn The/at-tl Swedes/nps And/cc-tl Their/pp$-tl Chieftains/nns-tl (/( Svenskarna/fw-nps-tl och/fw-cc-tl deras/fw-pp$-tl Hovdingar/fw-nns-tl )/) ,/, a/at history/nn intended/vbn for/in the/at general/jj reader/nn and/cc particularly/rb suited/vbn for/in high/jj school/nn students/nns ./.
Admirably/rb written/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at perfect/jj introduction/nn to/in Swedish/jj history/nn for/in readers/nns of/in other/ap countries/nns ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at earlier/jjr episodes/nns have/hv touches/nns of/in the/at supernatural/jj ,/, as/cs suited/vbn to/in the/at legendary/jj background/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber suggestive/jj of/in Selma/np Lagerlof/np ./.
Especially/rb touching/jj is/bez the/at chapter/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Sister/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, about/in a/at king's/nn$ daughter/nn who/wps became/vbd a/at nun/nn in/in the/at convent/nn of/in St./nn-tl Birgitta/np ./.
The/at record/nn teems/vbz with/in romance/nn and/cc adventure/nn ./.
Gustaf/np Vasa/np is/bez a/at superb/jj example/nn ,/, and/cc Charles/np 10/cd-tl ,/, ,/, the/at conqueror/nn of/in Denmark/np ,/, hardly/ql less/ql so/rb ./.
Of/in Gustavus/np Adolphus/np and/cc Charles/np 12/cd-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez unnecessary/jj to/to speak/vb ./.

Today/nr the/at private/jj detective/nn will/md also/rb investigate/vb insurance/nn claims/nns or/cc handle/vb divorce/nn cases/nns ,/, but/cc his/pp$ primary/jj function/nn remains/vbz what/wdt it/pps has/hvz always/rb been/ben ,/, to/to assist/vb those/dts who/wps have/hv money/nn in/in their/pp$ unending/jj struggle/nn with/in those/dts who/wps have/hv not/* ./.
It/pps is/bez from/in this/dt unpromising/jj background/nn that/cs the/at fictional/jj private/jj detective/nn was/bedz recruited/vbn ./.




The/at mythological/jj private/jj eye/nn differs/vbz from/in his/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in real/jj life/nn in/in two/cd essential/jj ways/nns ./.
On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, he/pps does/doz not/* work/vb for/in a/at large/jj agency/nn ,/, but/cc is/bez almost/ql always/rb self-employed/jj ./.
As/cs a/at free-lance/nn investigator/nn ,/, the/at fictional/jj detective/nn is/bez responsible/jj to/in no/at one/pn but/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ client/nn ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, he/pps appears/vbz as/cs an/at independent/jj and/cc self-reliant/jj figure/nn ,/, whose/wp$ rugged/jj individualism/nn need/vb not/* be/be pressed/vbn into/in the/at mold/nn of/in a/at 9/cd to/in 5/cd routine/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at fictional/jj detective/nn does/doz not/* break/vb strikes/nns or/cc handle/vb divorce/nn cases/nns ;/. ;/.
no/at client/nn would/md ever/rb think/vb of/in asking/vbg him/ppo to/to do/do such/jj things/nns ./.
Whatever/wdt his/pp$ original/jj assignment/nn ,/, the/at fictional/jj private/jj eye/nn ends/vbz up/rp by/in investigating/vbg and/cc solving/vbg a/at crime/nn ,/, usually/rb a/at murder/nn ./.
Operating/vbg as/cs a/at one/cd man/nn police/nn force/nn in/in fact/nn if/cs not/* in/in name/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez at/in once/rb more/ql independent/jj and/cc more/ql dedicated/vbn than/cs the/at police/nn themselves/ppls ./.
He/pps catches/vbz criminals/nns not/* merely/rb because/cs he/pps is/bez paid/vbn to/to do/do so/rb (/( frequently/rb he/pps does/doz not/* receive/vb a/at fee/nn at/in all/abn )/) ,/, but/cc because/cs he/pps enjoys/vbz his/pp$ work/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps firmly/rb believes/vbz that/cs murder/nn must/md be/be punished/vbn ./.
Thus/rb the/at fictional/jj detective/nn is/bez much/ql more/ap than/cs a/at simple/jj businessman/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez ,/, first/rb and/cc foremost/rb ,/, a/at defender/nn of/in public/jj morals/nns ,/, a/at servant/nn of/in society/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez this/dt curious/jj blend/nn of/in rugged/jj individualism/nn and/cc public/jj service/nn which/wdt accounts/vbz for/in the/at great/jj appeal/nn of/in the/at mythological/jj detective/nn ./.
By/in virtue/nn of/in his/pp$ self-reliance/nn ,/, his/pp$ individualism/nn and/cc his/pp$ freedom/nn from/in external/jj restraint/nn ,/, the/at private/jj eye/nn is/bez a/at perfect/jj embodiment/nn of/in the/at middle/jj class/nn conception/nn of/in liberty/nn ,/, which/wdt amounts/vbz to/in doing/vbg what/wdt you/ppss please/vb and/cc let/vb the/at devil/nn take/vb the/at hindmost/jjt ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, because/cs the/at personal/jj code/nn of/in the/at detective/nn coincides/vbz with/in the/at legal/jj dictates/nns of/in his/pp$ society/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps likes/vbz to/to catch/vb criminals/nns ,/, he/pps is/bez in/in middle/jj class/nn eyes/nns a/at virtuous/jj man/nn ./.
In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, the/at private/jj detective/nn gets/vbz the/at best/jjt of/in two/cd possible/jj worlds/nns ./.
He/pps is/bez an/at individualist/nn but/cc not/* an/at anarchist/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez a/at public/jj servant/nn but/cc not/* a/at cop/nn ./.
In/in short/jj ,/, the/at fictional/jj private/jj eye/nn is/bez a/at specialized/vbn version/nn of/in Adam/np Smith's/np$ ideal/jj entrepreneur/nn ,/, the/at man/nn whose/wp$ private/jj ambitions/nns must/md always/rb and/cc everywhere/rb promote/vb the/at public/nn welfare/nn ./.
In/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn ,/, as/cs in/in The/at-tl Wealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, individualism/nn and/cc the/at social/jj good/nn are/ber two/cd sides/nns of/in the/at same/ap benevolent/jj coin/nn ./.




There/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd catch/nn to/in this/dt idyllic/jj arrangement/nn :/: Adam/np Smith/np was/bedz wrong/jj ./.
Not/* only/rb did/dod the/at ideal/jj entrepreneur/nn not/* produce/vb the/at greatest/jjt good/nn for/in the/at greatest/jjt number/nn ,/, he/pps ended/vbd by/in destroying/vbg himself/ppl ,/, by/in giving/vbg birth/nn to/in monopoly/nn capitalism/nn ./.
The/at rise/nn of/in the/at giant/jj corporations/nns in/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl and/cc the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dates/vbz from/in the/at period/nn 1880-1900/cd ./.
Now/rb ,/, although/cs the/at roots/nns of/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn in/in serious/jj literature/nn go/vb back/rb as/ql far/rb as/cs Balzac/np ,/, Dickens/np ,/, and/cc Poe/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* until/in the/at closing/vbg decades/nns of/in the/at 19th/od century/nn that/cs the/at private/jj detective/nn became/vbd an/at established/vbn figure/nn in/in popular/jj fiction/nn ./.
Sherlock/np Holmes/np ,/, the/at ancestor/nn of/in all/abn private/jj eyes/nns ,/, was/bedz born/vbn during/in the/at 1890s/nns ./.
Thus/rb the/at transformation/nn of/in Adam/np Smith's/np$ ideal/jj entrepreneur/nn into/in a/at mythological/jj detective/nn coincides/vbz closely/rb with/in the/at decline/nn of/in the/at real/jj entrepreneur/nn in/in economic/jj life/nn ./.
Driven/vbn from/in the/at marketplace/nn by/in the/at course/nn of/in history/nn ,/, our/pp$ hero/nn disguises/vbz himself/ppl as/cs a/at private/jj detective/nn ./.
The/at birth/nn of/in the/at myth/nn compensates/vbz for/in the/at death/nn of/in the/at ideal/nn ./.


	Even/rb on/in the/at fictional/jj level/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at contradictions/nns which/wdt give/vb rise/nn to/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn are/ber not/* fully/rb resolved/vbn ./.
The/at individualism/nn and/cc public/jj service/nn of/in the/at private/jj detective/nn both/abx stem/vb from/in his/pp$ dedication/nn to/in a/at personal/jj code/nn of/in conduct/nn :/: he/pps enforces/vbz the/at law/nn without/in being/beg told/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ./.
The/at private/jj eye/nn is/bez therefore/rb a/at moral/jj man/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc his/pp$ morality/nn rests/vbz upon/in that/dt of/in his/pp$ society/nn ./.
The/at basic/jj premise/nn of/in all/abn mystery/nn stories/nns is/bez that/cs the/at distinction/nn between/in good/nn and/cc bad/nn coincides/vbz with/in the/at distinction/nn between/in legal/jj and/cc illegal/jj ./.
Unfortunately/rb ,/, this/dt assumption/nn does/doz not/* always/rb hold/vb good/jj ./.
As/cs capitalism/nn in/in the/at 20th/od century/nn has/hvz become/vbn increasingly/ql dependent/jj upon/in force/nn and/cc violence/nn for/in its/pp$ survival/nn ,/, the/at private/jj detective/nn is/bez placed/vbn in/in a/at serious/jj dilemma/nn ./.
If/cs he/pps is/bez good/jj ,/, he/pps may/md not/* be/be legal/jj ;/. ;/.
if/cs he/pps is/bez legal/jj ,/, he/pps may/md not/* be/be good/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at gradual/jj unfolding/vbg and/cc deepening/nn of/in this/dt contradiction/nn which/wdt creates/vbz the/at inner/jj dialectic/nn of/in the/at evolution/nn of/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn ./.




With/in the/at advent/nn of/in Sir/np Arthur/np Conan/np Doyle's/np$ Sherlock/np Holmes/np ,/, the/at development/nn of/in the/at modern/jj private/jj detective/nn begins/vbz ./.
Sherlock/np Holmes/np is/bez not/* merely/rb an/at individualist/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez very/ql close/jj to/in being/beg a/at mental/jj case/nn ./.
A/at brief/jj list/nn of/in the/at great/jj detective's/nn$ little/jj idiosyncrasies/nns would/md provide/vb Dr./nn-tl Freud/np with/in ample/jj food/nn for/in thought/nn ./.
Holmes/np is/bez addicted/vbn to/in the/at use/nn of/in cocaine/nn and/cc other/ap refreshing/vbg stimulants/nns ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez prone/jj to/in semi-catatonic/jj trances/nns induced/vbn by/in the/at playing/nn of/in the/at vioiln/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez a/at recluse/nn ,/, an/at incredible/jj egotist/nn ,/, a/at confirmed/vbn misogynist/nn ./.
Holmes/np rebels/nns against/in the/at social/jj conventions/nns of/in his/pp$ day/nn not/* on/in moral/jj but/cc rather/rb on/in aesthetic/jj grounds/nns ./.
His/pp$ eccentricity/nn begins/vbz as/cs a/at defense/nn against/in boredom/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz in/in order/nn to/to avoid/vb the/at stuffy/jj routine/nn of/in middle/jj class/nn life/nn that/cs Holmes/np became/vbd a/at detective/nn in/in the/at first/od place/nn ./.
As/cs he/pps informs/vbz Watson/np ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ life/nn is/bez spent/vbn in/in one/cd long/jj effort/nn to/to escape/vb from/in the/at commonplaces/nns of/in existence/nn ./.
These/dts little/jj problems/nns help/vb me/ppo to/to do/do so/rb ''/'' ./.
Holmes/np is/bez a/at public/jj servant/nn ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at society/nn which/wdt he/pps serves/vbz bores/vbz him/ppo to/in tears/nns ./.


	The/at curious/jj relationship/nn between/in Holmes/np and/cc Scotland/np-tl Yard/nn-tl provides/vbz an/at important/jj clue/nn to/in the/at deeper/jjr significance/nn of/in his/pp$ eccentric/jj behavior/nn ./.
Although/cs he/pps is/bez perfectly/ql willing/jj to/to cooperate/vb with/in Scotland/np-tl Yard/nn-tl ,/, Holmes/np has/hvz nothing/pn but/in contempt/nn for/in the/at intelligence/nn and/cc mentality/nn of/in the/at police/nn ./.
They/ppss for/in their/pp$ part/nn are/ber convinced/vbn that/cs Holmes/np is/bez too/ql ``/`` unorthodox/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` theoretical/jj ''/'' to/to make/vb a/at good/jj detective/nn ./.
Why/wrb do/do the/at police/nn find/vb Holmes/np ``/`` unorthodox/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/.
On/in the/at face/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, it/pps is/bez because/cs he/pps employs/vbz deductive/jj techniques/nns alien/jj to/in official/jj police/nn routine/nn ./.
Another/dt ,/, more/ql interesting/jj explanation/nn ,/, is/bez hinted/vbn at/in by/in Watson/np when/wrb he/pps observes/vbz on/in several/ap occasions/nns that/cs Holmes/np would/md have/hv made/vbn a/at magnificent/jj criminal/nn ./.
The/at great/jj detective/nn modestly/rb agrees/vbz ./.
Watson's/np$ insight/nn is/bez verified/vbn by/in the/at mysterious/jj link/nn between/in Holmes/np and/cc his/pp$ arch-opponent/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Moriarty/np ./.
The/at two/cd men/nns resemble/vb each/dt other/ap closely/rb in/in their/pp$ cunning/nn ,/, their/pp$ egotism/nn ,/, their/pp$ relentlessness/nn ./.
The/at first/od series/nn of/in Sherlock/np Holmes/np adventures/nns ends/vbz with/in Holmes/np and/cc Moriarty/np grappling/vbg together/rb on/in the/at edge/nn of/in a/at cliff/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber presumed/vbn to/to have/hv plunged/vbn to/in a/at common/jj grave/nn in/in this/dt fatal/jj embrace/nn ./.
Linked/vbn to/in Holmes/np even/rb in/in death/nn ,/, Moriarty/np represents/vbz the/at alter-ego/nn of/in the/at great/jj detective/nn ,/, the/at image/nn of/in what/wdt our/pp$ hero/nn might/md have/hv become/vbn were/bed he/pps not/* a/at public/jj servant/nn ./.
Just/rb as/cs Holmes/np the/at eccentric/jj stands/vbz behind/in Holmes/np the/at detective/nn ,/, so/rb Holmes/np the/at potential/jj criminal/nn lurks/vbz behind/in both/abx ./.




In/in the/at modern/jj English/jj ``/`` whodunnit/nn ''/'' ,/, this/dt insinuation/nn of/in latent/jj criminality/nn in/in the/at detective/nn himself/ppl has/hvz almost/ql entirely/rb disappeared/vbn ./.
Hercule/np Poirot/np and/cc Lord/nn-tl Peter/np Whimsey/np (/( the/at respective/jj creations/nns of/in Agatha/np Christie/np and/cc Dorothy/np Sayers/np )/) have/hv retained/vbn Holmes'/np$ egotism/nn but/cc not/* his/pp$ zest/nn for/in life/nn and/cc eccentric/jj habits/nns ./.
Poirot/np and/cc his/pp$ counterparts/nns are/ber perfectly/ql respectable/jj people/nns ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs they/ppss are/ber also/rb extremely/ql dull/jj ./.
Their/pp$ dedication/nn to/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt has/hvz been/ben affirmed/vbn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in the/at fascinating/jj but/cc dangerous/jj individualism/nn of/in a/at Sherlock/np Holmes/np ./.
The/at latter's/nn$ real/jj descendents/nns were/bed unable/jj to/to take/vb root/nn in/in England/np ;/. ;/.
they/ppss fled/vbd from/in the/at Victorian/jj parlor/nn and/cc made/vbd their/pp$ way/nn across/in the/at stormy/jj Atlantic/np ./.
In/in the/at American/jj ``/`` hardboiled/jj ''/'' detective/nn story/nn of/in the/at '20s/nns and/cc '30s/nns ,/, the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at mad/jj genius/nn from/in Baker/np-tl Street/nn-tl lives/vbz on/rp ./.


	Like/cs Holmes/np ,/, the/at American/jj private/jj eye/nn rejects/vbz the/at social/jj conventions/nns of/in his/pp$ time/nn ./.
But/cc unlike/in Holmes/np ,/, he/pps feels/vbz his/pp$ society/nn to/to be/be not/* merely/ql dull/jj but/cc also/rb corrupt/jj ./.
Surrounded/vbn by/in crime/nn and/cc violence/nn everywhere/rb ,/, the/at ``/`` hardboiled/jj ''/'' private/jj eye/nn can/md retain/vb his/pp$ purity/nn only/rb through/in a/at life/nn of/in self-imposed/jj isolation/nn ./.
His/pp$ alienation/nn is/bez far/ql more/ql acute/jj than/cs Holmes'/np$ ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez not/* an/at eccentric/nn but/in rather/rb an/at outcast/nn ./.
With/in Rex/np Stout's/np$ Nero/np Wolfe/np ,/, alienation/nn is/bez represented/vbn on/in a/at purely/ql physical/jj plane/nn ./.
Wolfe/np refuses/vbz to/to ever/rb leave/vb his/pp$ own/jj house/nn ,/, and/cc spends/vbz most/ap of/in his/pp$ time/nn drinking/vbg beer/nn and/cc playing/vbg with/in orchids/nns ./.
More/ql profound/jj and/cc more/ql disturbing/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez the/at moral/jj isolation/nn of/in Raymond/np Chandler's/np$ Philip/np Marlowe/np ./.
In/in a/at society/nn where/wrb everything/pn is/bez for/in sale/nn ,/, Marlowe/np is/bez the/at only/ap man/nn who/wps cannot/md* be/be bought/vbn ./.
His/pp$ tough/jj honesty/nn condemns/vbz him/ppo to/in a/at solitary/jj and/cc difficult/jj existence/nn ./.
Beaten/vbn ,/, bruised/vbn and/cc exhausted/vbn ,/, he/pps pursues/vbz the/at elusive/jj killer/nn through/in the/at demi-monde/nn of/in high/jj society/nn and/cc low/jj morals/nns ,/, always/rb alone/rb ,/, always/rb despised/vbn ./.
In/in the/at end/nn ,/, he/pps gets/vbz his/pp$ man/nn ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn seems/vbz to/to care/vb ;/. ;/.
virtue/nn is/bez its/pp$ own/jj and/cc only/ap reward/nn ./.
A/at similar/jj tone/nn of/in underlying/vbg futility/nn and/cc despair/nn pervades/vbz the/at spy/nn thrillers/nns of/in Eric/np Ambler/np and/cc dominates/vbz the/at most/ql famous/jj of/in all/abn American/jj mystery/nn stories/nns ,/, Dashiell/np Hammett's/np$ The/at-tl Maltese/jj-tl Falcon/nn-tl ./.
Sam/np Spade/np joins/vbz forces/nns with/in a/at band/nn of/in adventurers/nns in/in search/nn of/in a/at priceless/jj jeweled/jj statue/nn of/in a/at falcon/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc when/wrb the/at bird/nn is/bez found/vbn at/in last/ap ,/, it/pps turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be a/at fake/nn ./.
Now/rb the/at detective/nn must/md save/vb his/pp$ own/jj skin/nn by/in informing/vbg on/in the/at girl/nn he/pps loves/vbz ,/, who/wps is/bez also/rb the/at real/jj murderer/nn ./.
For/in Sam/np Spade/np ,/, neither/cc crime/nn nor/cc virtue/nn pays/vbz ;/. ;/.
moreover/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez increasingly/ql difficult/jj to/to distinguish/vb between/in the/at two/cd ./.


	Because/cs the/at private/jj eye/nn intends/vbz to/to save/vb society/nn in/in spite/nn of/in himself/ppl ,/, he/pps invariably/rb finds/vbz himself/ppl in/in trouble/nn with/in the/at police/nns ./.
The/at latter/ap are/ber either/cc too/ql stupid/jj to/to catch/vb the/at killer/nn or/cc too/ql corrupt/jj to/to care/vb ./.
In/in either/dtx case/nn ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* appreciate/vb the/at private/jj detective's/nn$ zeal/nn ./.
Perry/np Mason/np and/cc Hamilton/np Burger/np ,/, Nero/np Wolfe/np and/cc Inspector/nn-tl Cramer/np spend/vb more/ap time/nn fighting/vbg each/dt other/ap than/cs they/ppss do/do in/in looking/vbg for/in the/at criminal/nn ./.
Frequently/rb enough/qlp ,/, the/at police/nn are/ber themselves/ppls in/in league/nn with/in the/at killer/nn ;/. ;/.
Dashiell/np Hammett's/np$ Red/jj-tl Harvest/nn-tl provides/vbz a/at classic/jj example/nn of/in this/dt theme/nn ./.
But/cc even/rb when/wrb the/at police/nns are/ber honest/jj ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* trust/vb the/at private/jj eye/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez ,/, like/cs Phillip/np Marlowe/np ,/, too/ql alienated/vbn to/to be/be reliable/jj ./.
Finally/rb ,/, in/in The/at Maltese/jj-tl Falcon/nn-tl among/in others/nns ,/, the/at clash/nn between/in detective/nn and/cc police/nns is/bez carried/vbn to/in its/pp$ logical/jj conclusion/nn :/: Sam/np Spade/np becomes/vbz the/at chief/jjs murder/nn suspect/nn ./.
In/in order/nn to/to exonerate/vb himself/ppl ,/, he/pps is/bez compelled/vbn to/to find/vb the/at real/jj criminal/nn ,/, who/wps happens/vbz to/to be/be his/pp$ girl/nn friend/nn ./.
What/wdt was/bedz only/rb a/at vague/jj suspicion/nn in/in the/at case/nn of/in Sherlock/np Holmes/np now/rb appears/vbz as/cs a/at direct/jj accusation/nn :/: the/at private/jj eye/nn is/bez in/in danger/nn of/in turning/vbg into/in his/pp$ opposite/nn ./.




It/pps is/bez the/at growing/vbg contradiction/nn between/in individualism/nn and/cc public/jj service/nn in/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn which/wdt creates/vbz this/dt fatal/jj dilemma/nn ./.
By/in upholding/vbg his/pp$ own/jj personal/jj code/nn of/in behavior/nn ,/, the/at private/jj detective/nn has/hvz placed/vbn himself/ppl in/in opposition/nn to/in a/at society/nn whose/wp$ fabric/nn is/bez permeated/vbn with/in crime/nn and/cc corruption/nn ./.
That/dt society/nn responds/vbz by/in condemning/vbg the/at private/jj eye/nn as/cs a/at threat/nn to/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ,/, a/at potential/jj criminal/nn ./.
If/cs the/at detective/nn insists/vbz upon/in retaining/vbg his/pp$ personal/jj standards/nns ,/, he/pps must/md now/rb do/do so/rb in/in conscious/jj defiance/nn of/in his/pp$ society/nn ./.
He/pps must/md ,/, in/in short/jj ,/, cease/vb to/to be/be a/at detective/nn and/cc become/vb a/at rebel/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps wishes/vbz to/to continue/vb in/in his/pp$ chosen/vbn profession/nn ,/, he/pps must/md abandon/vb his/pp$ own/jj code/nn and/cc sacrifice/vb his/pp$ precious/jj individualism/nn ./.
Dashiell/np Hammett/np resolved/vbd this/dt contradiction/nn by/in ceasing/vbg to/to write/vb mystery/nn stories/nns and/cc turning/vbg to/in other/ap pursuits/nns ./.
His/pp$ successors/nns have/hv adopted/vbn the/at opposite/jj alternative/nn ./.
In/in order/nn to/to save/vb the/at mystery/nn story/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv converted/vbn the/at private/jj detective/nn into/in an/at organization/nn man/nn ./.


	The/at first/od of/in two/cd possible/jj variations/nns on/in this/dt theme/nn is/bez symbolized/vbn by/in Mickey/np Spillane's/np$ Mike/np Hammer/np ./.
At/in first/od glance/nn ,/, this/dt hero/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be more/ap rather/in than/in less/ap of/in an/at individualist/nn than/cs any/dti of/in his/pp$ predecessors/nns ./.
For/in Hammer/np ,/, nothing/pn is/bez forbidden/vbn ./.
He/pps kills/vbz when/wrb he/pps pleases/vbz ,/, takes/vbz his/pp$ women/nns where/wrb he/pps finds/vbz them/ppo and/cc always/rb acts/vbz as/cs judge/nn ,/, jury/nn and/cc executioner/nn rolled/vbn into/in one/cd ./.

It/pps will/md be/be shown/vbn that/cs the/at objectives/nns of/in the/at cooperative/jj people/nns in/in an/at organization/nn determine/vb the/at type/nn of/in network/nn required/vbn ,/, because/cs the/at type/nn of/in network/nn functions/vbz according/in to/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at messages/nns enumerated/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./.
Great/jj stress/nn is/bez placed/vbn on/in the/at role/nn that/cs the/at monitoring/nn of/in information/nn sending/vbg plays/vbz in/in maintaining/vbg the/at effectiveness/nn of/in the/at network/nn ./.
By/in monitoring/vbg ,/, we/ppss mean/vb some/dti system/nn of/in control/nn over/in the/at types/nns of/in information/nn sent/vbn from/in the/at various/jj centers/nns ./.


	As/cs a/at word/nn of/in caution/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md be/be aware/jj that/cs in/in actual/jj practice/nn no/at message/nn is/bez purely/rb one/cd of/in the/at four/cd types/nns ,/, question/nn ,/, command/nn ,/, statement/nn ,/, or/cc exclamation/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, suppose/vb a/at man/nn wearing/vbg a/at $200/nns watch/nn ,/, driving/vbg a/at 1959/cd Rolls/np Royce/np ,/, stops/vbz to/to ask/vb a/at man/nn on/in the/at sidewalk/nn ,/, ``/`` What/wdt time/nn is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/.
This/dt sentence/nn would/md have/hv most/ap of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in a/at question/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz some/dti of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in a/at statement/nn because/cs the/at questioner/nn has/hvz conveyed/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps has/hvz no/at faith/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj timepiece/nn or/cc the/at one/cd attached/vbn to/in his/pp$ car/nn ./.
If/cs the/at man/nn on/in the/at sidewalk/nn is/bez surprised/vbn at/in this/dt question/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz served/vbn as/cs an/at exclamation/nn ./.
Also/rb ,/, since/cs the/at man/nn questioned/vbn feels/vbz a/at strong/jj compulsion/nn to/to answer/vb (/( and/cc thereby/rb avoid/vb the/at consequences/nns of/in being/beg thought/vbn queer/jj )/) the/at question/nn has/hvz assumed/vbn some/dti measurable/jj properties/nns of/in a/at command/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, for/in convenience/nn we/ppss will/md stick/vb to/in the/at idea/nn that/cs information/nn can/md be/be classified/vbn according/in to/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./.
On/in this/dt basis/nn ,/, certain/jj extreme/jj kinds/nns of/in networks/nns will/md be/be discussed/vbn for/in illustrative/jj purposes/nns ./.



Networks/nns illustrating/vbg some/dti special/jj types/nns of/in organization/nn 
the/at cocktail/nn party/nn ./.

Presumably/rb a/at cocktail/nn party/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to fulfill/vb the/at host's/nn$ desire/nn to/to get/vb together/rb a/at number/nn of/in people/nns who/wps are/ber inadequately/rb acquainted/vbn and/cc thereby/rb arrange/vb for/in bringing/vbg the/at level/nn of/in acquaintance/nn up/rp to/in adequacy/nn for/in future/jj cooperative/jj endeavors/nns ./.
The/at party/nn is/bez usually/rb in/in a/at room/nn small/jj enough/qlp so/cs that/cs all/abn guests/nns are/ber within/in sight/nn and/cc hearing/nn of/in one/cd another/dt ./.
The/at information/nn is/bez furnished/vbn by/in each/dt of/in the/at guests/nns ,/, is/bez sent/vbn by/in oral/jj broadcasting/nn over/in the/at air/nn waves/nns ,/, and/cc is/bez received/vbn by/in the/at ears/nns ./.
Since/cs the/at air/nn is/bez a/at continuum/nn ,/, the/at network/nn of/in communication/nn remains/vbz intact/jj regardless/rb of/in the/at positions/nns or/cc motions/nns of/in the/at points/nns (/( the/at people/nns )/) in/in the/at net/nn ./.
As/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at connection/nn for/in communication/nn between/in every/at pair/nn of/in points/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, and/cc other/ap qualifications/nns ,/, make/vb the/at cocktail/nn party/nn the/at most/ql complete/jj and/cc most/ql chaotic/jj communication/nn system/nn ever/rb dreamed/vbn up/rp ./.
All/abn four/cd types/nns of/in message/nn listed/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl are/ber permitted/vbn ,/, although/cs decorum/nn and/cc cocktail/nn tradition/nn require/vb holding/vbg the/at commands/nns to/in a/at minimum/nn ,/, while/cs exclamations/nns having/hvg complimentary/jj intonations/nns are/ber more/ap than/in customarily/rb encouraged/vbn ./.
The/at completeness/nn of/in the/at connections/nns provide/vb that/cs ,/, for/in N/nn people/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber Af/nn lines/nns of/in communication/nn between/in the/at pairs/nns ,/, which/wdt can/md become/vb a/at large/jj number/nn (/( 1,225/cd )/) for/in a/at party/nn of/in fifty/cd guests/nns ./.
Looking/vbg at/in the/at diagram/nn ,/, we/ppss see/vb that/cs Af/nn connection/nn lines/nns come/vb in/rp to/in each/dt member/nn ./.
Thus/rb the/at cocktail/nn party/nn would/md appear/vb to/to be/be the/at ideal/jj system/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd weakness/nn ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in the/at dreams/nns of/in the/at host/nn for/in oneness/nn in/in the/at group/nn ,/, the/at Af/nn incoming/jj messages/nns for/in each/dt guest/nn overload/vb his/pp$ receiving/vbg system/nn beyond/in comprehension/nn if/cs N/nn exceeds/vbz about/rb six/cd ./.
The/at crowd/nn consequently/rb breaks/vbz up/rp into/in temporary/jj groups/nns ranging/vbg in/in size/nn from/in two/cd to/in six/cd ,/, with/in a/at half-life/nn for/in the/at cluster/nn ranging/vbg from/in three/cd to/in twenty/cd minutes/nns ./.


	For/in the/at occasion/nn on/in which/wdt everyone/pn already/rb knows/vbz everyone/pn else/rb and/cc the/at host/nn wishes/vbz them/ppo to/to meet/vb one/cd or/cc a/at few/ap honored/vbn newcomers/nns ,/, then/rb the/at ``/`` open/jj house/nn ''/'' system/nn is/bez advantageous/jj because/cs the/at honored/vbn guests/nns are/ber fixed/vbn connective/jj points/nns and/cc the/at drifting/vbg guests/nns make/vb and/cc break/vb connections/nns at/in the/at door/nn ./.
The/at rural/jj community/nn ./.

We/ppss consider/vb a/at rural/jj community/nn as/cs an/at assemblage/nn of/in inhabited/vbn dwellings/nns whose/wp$ configuration/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in the/at location/nn and/cc size/nn of/in the/at arable/jj land/nn sites/nns necessary/jj for/in family/nn subsistence/nn ./.
We/ppss assume/vb for/in this/dt illustration/nn that/cs the/at size/nn of/in the/at land/nn plots/nns is/bez so/ql great/jj that/cs the/at distance/nn between/in dwellings/nns is/bez greater/jjr than/cs the/at voice/nn can/md carry/vb and/cc that/cs most/ap of/in the/at communication/nn is/bez between/in nearest/jjt neighbors/nns only/rb ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./.
Information/nn beyond/in nearest/jjt neighbor/nn is/bez carried/vbn second-/od ,/, third-/od ,/, and/cc fourth-hand/rb as/cs a/at distortable/jj rumor/nn ./.
In/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, the/at points/nns in/in the/at network/nn are/ber designated/vbn by/in a/at letter/nn accompanied/vbn by/in a/at number/nn ./.
The/at numbers/nns indicate/vb the/at number/nn of/in nearest/jjt neighbors/nns ./.
It/pps will/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs point/nn f/nn has/hvz seven/cd nearest/jjt neighbors/nns ,/, h/nn and/cc e/nn have/hv six/cd ,/, and/cc p/nn has/hvz only/rb one/cd ,/, while/cs the/at remaining/vbg points/nns have/hv intermediate/jj numbers/nns ./.
In/in any/dti social/jj system/nn in/in which/wdt communications/nns have/hv an/at importance/nn comparable/jj with/in that/dt of/in production/nn and/cc other/ap human/jj factors/nns ,/, a/at point/nn like/cs f/nn in/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl would/md (/( other/ap things/nns being/beg equal/jj )/) be/be the/at dwelling/vbg place/nn for/in the/at community/nn leader/nn ,/, while/cs e/nn and/cc h/nn would/md house/vb the/at next/ql most/ql important/jj citizens/nns ./.
A/at point/nn like/cs p/nn gets/vbz information/nn directly/rb from/in n/nn ,/, but/cc all/abn information/nn beyond/in n/nn is/bez indirectly/rb relayed/vbn through/in n/nn ./.
The/at dweller/nn at/in p/nn is/bez last/ap to/to hear/vb about/in a/at new/jj cure/nn ,/, the/at slowest/jjt to/to announce/vb to/in his/pp$ neighbors/nns his/pp$ urgent/jj distresses/nns ,/, the/at one/cd who/wps goes/vbz the/at farthest/jjt to/to trade/vb ,/, and/cc the/at one/cd with/in the/at greatest/jjt difficulty/nn of/in all/abn in/in putting/vbg over/rp an/at idea/nn or/cc getting/vbg people/nns to/to join/vb him/ppo in/in a/at cooperative/jj effort/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at hazards/nns of/in poor/jj communication/nn are/ber so/ql great/jj ,/, p/nn can/md be/be justified/vbn as/cs a/at habitable/jj site/nn only/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in unusual/jj productivity/nn such/jj as/cs is/bez made/vbn available/jj by/in a/at waterfall/nn for/in milling/vbg purposes/nns ,/, a/at mine/nn ,/, or/cc a/at sugar/nn maple/nn camp/nn ./.
Location/nn theorists/nns have/hv given/vbn these/dts matters/nns much/ap consideration/nn ./.
Military/jj organizations/nns ./.

The/at networks/nns for/in military/jj communications/nns are/ber one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt examples/nns of/in networks/nns which/wdt not/* only/rb must/md be/be changed/vbn with/in the/at changes/nns in/in objectives/nns but/cc also/rb must/md be/be changed/vbn with/in the/at addition/nn of/in new/jj machines/nns of/in war/nn ./.
They/ppss also/rb furnish/vb proof/nn that/cs ,/, in/in modern/jj war/nn ,/, message/nn sending/nn must/md be/be monitored/vbn ./.
Without/in monitoring/vbg ,/, a/at military/jj hookup/nn becomes/vbz a/at noisy/jj party/nn ./.
The/at need/nn for/in monitoring/vbg became/vbd greater/jjr when/wrb radio/nn was/bedz adopted/vbn for/in military/jj signaling/nn ./.
Alexander/np-tl the/at-tl Great/jj-tl ,/, who/wps used/vbd runners/nns as/cs message/nn carriers/nns ,/, did/dod not/* have/hv to/to worry/vb about/in having/hvg every/at officer/nn in/in his/pp$ command/nn hear/vb what/wdt he/pps said/vbd and/cc having/hvg hundreds/nns of/in them/ppo comment/vb at/in once/rb ./.
As/cs time/nn has/hvz passed/vbn and/cc science/nn has/hvz progressed/vbn ,/, the/at speed/nn of/in military/jj vehicles/nns has/hvz increased/vbn ,/, the/at range/nn of/in missiles/nns has/hvz been/ben extended/vbn ,/, the/at use/nn of/in target-hunting/jj noses/nns on/in the/at projectiles/nns has/hvz been/ben adopted/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at range/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in message/nn sending/vbg has/hvz increased/vbn ./.
Next/in to/in the/at old/jj problem/nn of/in the/at slowness/nn of/in decision/nn making/vbg ,/, network/nn structure/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be paramount/jjs ,/, and/cc without/in monitoring/vbg no/at network/nn has/hvz value/nn ./.


	On/in the/at parade/nn ground/nn the/at net/nn may/md be/be similar/jj to/in that/dt shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./.
The/at monitoring/nn is/bez the/at highest/jjt and/cc most/ql restrictive/jj of/in any/dti organization/nn in/in existence/nn ./.
No/at questions/nns ,/, statements/nns ,/, or/cc explanations/nns are/ber permitted/vbn --/-- only/ap commands/nns ./.
Commands/nns go/vb only/rb from/in an/at officer/nn to/in the/at man/nn of/in nearest/jjt lower/jjr rank/nn ./.
The/at same/ap command/nn is/bez repeated/vbn as/ql many/ap times/nns as/cs there/ex are/ber levels/nns in/in rank/nn from/in general/nn to/in corporal/nn ./.
All/abn orders/nns originate/vb with/in the/at officer/nn of/in highest/jjt rank/nn and/cc terminate/vb with/in action/nn of/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at ranks/nns ./.
Even/rb the/at officer/nn in/in charge/nn ,/, be/be it/pps a/at captain/nn (/( for/in small/jj display/nn )/) or/cc a/at general/nn ,/, is/bez restrained/vbn by/in monitoring/vbg ./.
This/dt is/bez done/vbn for/in simplicity/nn of/in commands/nns and/cc to/to bring/vb the/at hidden/vbn redundancy/nn up/rp to/to where/wrb misunderstanding/vbg has/hvz almost/rb zero/cd possibility/nn ./.
The/at commands/nns are/ber specified/vbn by/in the/at military/jj regulations/nns ;/. ;/.
are/ber few/ap in/in number/nn ,/, briefly/rb worded/vbn ,/, all/abn different/jj in/in sound/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc are/ber combinable/jj into/in sequences/nns which/wdt permit/vb any/dti marching/vbg maneuver/nn that/wps could/md be/be desired/vbn on/in a/at parade/nn ground/nn ./.
This/dt monitoring/nn is/bez necessary/jj because/cs ,/, on/in a/at parade/nn ground/nn ,/, everyone/pn can/md hear/vb too/ql much/ap ,/, and/cc without/in monitoring/vbg a/at confused/vbn social/jj event/nn would/md develop/vb ./.


	With/in troops/nns dispersed/vbn on/in fields/nns of/in battle/nn rather/in than/in on/in the/at parade/nn ground/nn ,/, it/pps may/md seem/vb that/cs a/at certain/jj amount/nn of/in monitoring/vbg is/bez automatically/rb enforced/vbn by/in the/at lines/nns of/in communication/nn ./.
Years/nns ago/rb this/dt was/bedz true/jj ,/, but/cc with/in the/at replacement/nn of/in wires/nns or/cc runners/nns by/in radio/nn and/cc radar/nn (/( and/cc perhaps/rb television/nn )/) ,/, these/dts restrictions/nns have/hv disappeared/vbn and/cc now/rb again/rb too/ql much/ap is/bez heard/vbn ./.


	In/in contrast/nn to/in cocktail/nn parties/nns ,/, military/jj organizations/nns ,/, even/rb in/in the/at field/nn ,/, are/ber more/ql formal/jj ./.
In/in the/at extreme/jj and/cc oversimplified/vbn example/nn suggested/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, the/at organization/nn is/bez more/ql easily/rb understood/vbn and/cc more/ql predictable/jj in/in behavior/nn ./.
A/at military/jj organization/nn has/hvz an/at objective/nn chosen/vbn by/in the/at higher/jjr command/nn ./.
This/dt objective/nn is/bez adhered/vbn to/in throughout/in the/at duration/nn of/in the/at action/nn ./.
The/at connective/nn system/nn ,/, or/cc network/nn ,/, is/bez tailored/vbn to/to meet/vb the/at requirements/nns of/in the/at objective/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez therefore/rb not/* surprising/jj that/cs a/at military/jj body/nn acting/vbg as/cs a/at single/ap coordinated/vbn unit/nn has/hvz a/at different/jj communication/nn network/nn than/cs a/at factory/nn ,/, a/at college/nn ,/, or/cc a/at rural/jj village/nn ./.


	The/at assumptions/nns upon/in which/wdt the/at example/nn shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl is/bez based/vbn are/ber :/: (/( A/at-tl )/) One/cd man/nn can/md direct/vb about/rb six/cd subordinates/nns if/cs the/at subordinates/nns are/ber chosen/vbn carefully/rb so/cs that/cs they/ppss do/do not/* need/vb too/ql much/ap personal/jj coaching/nn ,/, indoctrinating/nn ,/, etc./rb ./.
(/( B/nn-tl )/) A/at message/nn runs/vbz too/ql great/jj a/at risk/nn of/in being/beg distorted/vbn if/cs it/pps is/bez to/to be/be relayed/vbn more/ap than/in about/rb six/cd consecutive/jj times/nns ./.
(/( C/np )/) Decisions/nns of/in a/at general/jj kind/nn are/ber made/vbn by/in the/at central/jj command/nn ./.
And/cc (/( D/np )/) all/abn action/nn of/in a/at physical/jj kind/nn pertinent/jj to/in the/at mission/nn is/bez relegated/vbn to/in the/at line/nn of/in men/nns on/in the/at lower/jjr rank/nn ./.
These/dts assumptions/nns lead/vb to/in an/at organization/nn with/in one/cd man/nn at/in the/at top/nn ,/, six/cd directly/rb under/in him/ppo ,/, six/cd under/in each/dt of/in these/dts ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp until/cs there/ex are/ber six/cd levels/nns of/in personnel/nns ./.
The/at number/nn of/in people/nns acting/vbg as/cs one/cd body/nn by/in this/dt scheme/nn gives/vbz a/at surprisingly/ql large/jj army/nn of/in 55,987/cd men/nns ./.


	This/dt organizational/jj network/nn would/md be/be of/in no/at avail/nn if/cs there/ex were/bed no/at regulations/nns pertaining/vbg to/in the/at types/nns of/in message/nn sent/vbn ./.
Of/in types/nns of/in message/nn listed/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, commands/nns and/cc statements/nns are/ber the/at only/ap ones/nns sent/vbn through/in the/at vertical/jj network/nn shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./.
A/at further/jjr regulation/nn is/bez that/cs commands/nns always/rb go/vb down/rp ,/, unaccompanied/jj by/in statements/nns ,/, and/cc statements/nns always/rb go/vb up/rp ,/, unaccompanied/jj by/in commands/nns ./.
Questions/nns and/cc ,/, particularly/rb ,/, exclamations/nns are/ber usually/rb channeled/vbn along/in informal/jj ,/, horizontal/jj lines/nns not/* indicated/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc seldom/rb are/ber carried/vbn beyond/in the/at nearest/jjt neighbor/nn ./.


	It/pps will/md readily/rb be/be seen/vbn that/cs in/in this/dt suggested/vbn network/nn (/( not/* materially/rb different/jj from/in some/dti of/in the/at networks/nns in/in vogue/nn today/nr )/) greater/jjr emphasis/nn on/in monitoring/vbg is/bez implied/vbn than/cs is/bez usually/rb put/vbn into/in practice/nn ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at network/nn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl is/bez only/rb the/at basic/jj net/nn through/in which/wdt other/ap networks/nns pertaining/vbg to/in logistics/nn and/cc the/at like/jj are/ber interlaced/vbn ./.


	Not/* discussed/vbn here/rb are/ber some/dti military/jj problems/nns of/in modern/jj times/nns such/jj as/cs undersea/jj warfare/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at surveillance/nn ,/, sending/vbg ,/, transmitting/nn ,/, and/cc receiving/vbg are/ber all/abn so/ql inadequate/jj that/cs networks/nns and/cc decision/nn making/vbg are/ber not/* the/at bottlenecks/nns ./.
Such/jj problems/nns are/ber of/in extreme/jj interest/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs importance/nn and/cc are/ber so/ql much/ql like/cs fighting/vbg in/in a/at rain/nn forest/nn or/cc guerrilla/nn warfare/nn at/in night/nn in/in tall/jj grass/nn that/cs we/ppss might/md have/hv to/to re-examine/vb primitive/jj conflicts/nns for/in what/wdt they/ppss could/md teach/vb ./.
A/at team/nn for/in useful/jj research/nn ./.

This/dt is/bez an/at unsolved/jj problem/nn which/wdt probably/rb has/hvz never/rb been/ben seriously/rb investigated/vbn ,/, although/cs one/pn frequently/rb hears/vbz the/at comment/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv insufficient/jj specialists/nns of/in the/at kind/nn who/wps can/md compete/vb with/in the/at Germans/nps or/cc Swiss/nps ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in precision/jj machinery/nn and/cc mathematics/nn ,/, or/cc the/at Finns/nps in/in geochemistry/nn ./.
We/ppss hear/vb equally/ql fervent/jj concern/nn over/in the/at belief/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv not/* enough/ap generalists/nns who/wps can/md see/vb the/at over-all/jj picture/nn and/cc combine/vb our/pp$ national/jj skills/nns and/cc knowledge/nn for/in useful/jj purposes/nns ./.
This/dt problem/nn of/in the/at optimum/jj balance/nn in/in the/at relative/jj numbers/nns of/in generalists/nns and/cc specialists/nns can/md be/be investigated/vbn on/in a/at communicative/jj network/nn basis/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at difficulty/nn of/in drawing/vbg the/at net/nn is/bez great/jj ,/, we/ppss will/md merely/rb discuss/vb it/ppo ./.


	First/rb ,/, we/ppss realize/vb that/cs a/at pure/jj specialist/nn does/doz not/* exist/vb ./.
But/cc ,/, for/in practical/jj purposes/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv people/nns who/wps can/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs such/jj ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber persons/nns who/wps are/ber in/in physical/jj science/nn ,/, in/in the/at field/nn of/in mineralogy/nn ,/, trained/vbn in/in crystallography/nn ,/, who/wps use/vb only/ap X-rays/nns-tl ,/, applying/vbg only/rb the/at powder/nn technique/nn of/in X-ray/nn-tl diffraction/nn ,/, to/in clay/nn minerals/nns only/rb ,/, and/cc who/wps have/hv spent/vbn the/at last/ap fifteen/cd years/nns concentrating/vbg on/in the/at montmorillonites/nns ;/. ;/.
or/cc persons/nns in/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns in/in the/at field/nn of/in anthropology/nn ,/, studying/vbg the/at lung/nn capacity/nn of/in seven/cd Andean/jj Indians/nps ./.
So/rb we/ppss see/vb that/cs a/at specialist/nn is/bez a/at man/nn who/wps knows/vbz more/ap and/cc more/ap about/in less/ap and/cc less/ap as/cs he/pps develops/vbz ,/, as/cs contrasted/vbn to/in the/at generalist/nn ,/, who/wps knows/vbz less/ap and/cc less/ap about/in more/ap and/cc more/ap ./.

American/jj democratic/jj thought/nn ,/, pointed/vbd up/rp the/at relation/nn between/in the/at Protestant/jj movement/nn in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc the/at development/nn of/in a/at social/jj religion/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps called/vbd the/at American/jj Democratic/jj-tl Faith/nn-tl ./.
Those/dts familiar/jj with/in his/pp$ work/nn will/md remember/vb that/cs he/pps placed/vbd the/at incipience/nn of/in the/at democratic/jj faith/nn at/in around/rb 1850/cd ./.
And/cc he/pps describes/vbz it/ppo as/cs a/at balanced/vbn polarity/nn between/in the/at notions/nns of/in the/at free/jj individual/nn and/cc what/wdt he/pps called/vbd the/at fundamental/jj law/nn ./.
I/ppss want/vb to/to say/vb more/ap about/in Gabriel's/np$ so-called/jj fundamental/jj law/nn ./.
But/cc first/rb I/ppss want/vb to/to quote/vb him/ppo on/in the/at relationship/nn that/wpo he/pps found/vbd between/in religion/nn and/cc politics/nn in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc what/wdt happened/vbd to/in it/ppo ./.
He/pps points/vbz out/rp that/cs from/in the/at time/nn of/in Jackson/np on/rp through/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, evangelical/jj Protestantism/np was/bedz a/at dominant/jj influence/nn in/in the/at social/jj and/cc political/jj life/nn of/in America/np ./.
He/pps terms/vbz this/dt early/jj enthusiasm/nn ``/`` Romantic/jj-tl Christianity/np-tl ''/'' and/cc concludes/vbz that/cs its/pp$ similarity/nn to/in democratic/jj beliefs/nns of/in that/dt day/nn is/bez so/ql great/jj that/cs ``/`` the/at doctrine/nn of/in liberty/nn seems/vbz but/rb a/at secular/jj version/nn of/in its/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in evangelical/jj Protestantism/np ''/'' ./.
Let/vb me/ppo quote/vb him/ppo even/ql more/ql fully/rb ,/, for/cs his/pp$ analysis/nn is/bez important/jj to/in my/pp$ theme/nn ./.
He/pps says/vbz :/: ``/`` beside/in the/at Protestant/jj philosophy/nn of/in Progress/nn-tl ,/, as/cs expressed/vbn in/in radical/jj or/cc conservative/jj millenarianism/nn ,/, should/md be/be placed/vbn the/at doctrine/nn of/in the/at democratic/jj faith/nn which/wdt affirmed/vbd it/ppo to/to be/be the/at duty/nn of/in the/at destiny/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to assist/vb in/in the/at creation/nn of/in a/at better/jjr world/nn by/in keeping/vbg lighted/vbn the/at beacon/nn of/in democracy/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps specifies/vbz ,/, ``/`` in/in the/at middle/jj period/nn of/in the/at Nineteenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl it/pps was/bedz colored/vbn by/in Christian/jj supernaturalism/nn ,/, in/in the/at Twentieth/od-tl Century/nn-tl it/pps was/bedz affected/vbn by/in naturalism/nn ./.
But/cc in/in every/at period/nn it/pps has/hvz been/ben humanism/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc let/vb me/ppo add/vb ,/, utopianism/nn ,/, also/rb ./.
Some/rb fourteen/cd or/cc fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, in/in an/at essay/nn I/ppss called/vbd The/at-tl Leader/nn-tl Follows/vbz-tl --/-- Where/wrb-tl ?/. ?/.
I/ppss used/vbd his/pp$ polarity/nn to/to illustrate/vb what/wdt I/ppss thought/vbd had/hvd happened/vbn to/in us/ppo in/in that/dt form/nn of/in liberalism/nn we/ppss call/vb Progressivism/nn-tl ./.
It/pps seemed/vbd to/in me/ppo that/cs the/at liberals/nns had/hvd scrapped/vbn the/at balanced/vbn polarity/nn and/cc reposed/vbn both/abx liberty/nn and/cc the/at fundamental/jj law/nn in/in the/at common/jj man/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez to/to say/vb Gabriel's/np$ fundamental/jj law/nn had/hvd been/ben so/ql much/rb modified/vbn by/in this/dt time/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz neither/cc fundamental/jj nor/cc law/nn any/ql more/rbr ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at weakness/nn of/in Gabriel's/np$ analysis/nn that/cs he/pps never/rb seems/vbz to/to realize/vb that/cs his/pp$ so-called/jj fundamental/jj law/nn had/hvd already/rb been/ben cut/vbn loose/rb from/in its/pp$ foundations/nns when/wrb it/pps was/bedz adapted/vbn to/in democracy/nn ./.
And/cc with/in Progressivism/nn-tl the/at Religion/nn-tl of/in-tl Humanity/nn-tl was/bedz replacing/vbg what/wdt Gabriel/np called/vbd Christian/jj supernaturalism/nn ./.
And/cc the/at common/jj man/nn was/bedz developing/vbg mythic/jj power/nn ,/, or/cc charisma/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ own/jj ./.
During/in the/at decade/nn that/wps followed/vbd ,/, the/at common/jj man/nn ,/, as/cs that/dt piece/nn put/vbd it/ppo ,/, grew/vbd uncomfortable/jj as/cs the/at Voice/nn-tl of/in God/np and/cc fled/vbd from/in behind/in Saint/nn-tl Woodrow/np (/( Wilson/np )/) only/rb to/to learn/vb from/in Science/nn-tl ,/, to/in his/pp$ shocked/vbn relief/nn that/cs after/in all/abn there/ex was/bedz no/at God/np he/pps had/hvd to/to speak/vb for/in and/cc that/cs he/pps was/bedz just/rb an/at animal/nn anyhow/rb --/-- that/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at chemical/nn formula/nn for/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc that/cs too/ql much/ap couldn't/md* be/be expected/vbn of/in him/ppo ./.
The/at socialism/nn implicit/jj in/in the/at slogan/nn of/in the/at Roosevelt/np-tl Revolution/nn-tl ,/, freedom/nn from/in want/nn and/cc fear/nn ,/, seems/vbz a/at far/jj cry/nn from/in the/at individualism/nn of/in the/at First/od-tl Amendment/nn-tl to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ,/, or/cc of/in the/at Jacksonian/jj frontier/nn ./.
What/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn to/in the/at common/jj man/nn ?/. ?/.
French/jj-tl Egalitarianism/nn-tl had/hvd had/hvn only/ap nominal/jj influence/nn in/in this/dt country/nn before/in the/at days/nns of/in Popularism/np ./.
The/at riotous/jj onrush/nn of/in industrialism/nn after/in the/at War/nn-tl for/in-tl Southern/jj-tl Independence/nn-tl and/cc the/at general/jj secular/jj drift/nn to/in the/at Religion/nn-tl of/in-tl Humanity/nn-tl ,/, however/rb ,/, prepared/vbd the/at way/nn for/in a/at reception/nn of/in the/at French/jj-tl Revolution's/nn$-tl socialistic/jj offspring/nn of/in one/cd sort/nn of/in another/dt ./.
The/at first/od of/in which/wdt to/to find/vb important/jj place/nn in/in our/pp$ federal/jj government/nn was/bedz the/at graduated/vbn income/nn tax/nn under/in Wilson/np ./.
Moreover/rb the/at centralization/nn of/in our/pp$ economy/nn during/in the/at 1920s/nns ,/, the/at dislocations/nns of/in the/at Depression/nn-tl ,/, the/at common/jj ethos/nn of/in Materialism/nn-tl everywhere/rb ,/, all/abn contributed/vbd in/in various/jj ways/nns to/in the/at face-lifting/nn that/wps replaced/vbd Mike/np Fink/np and/cc the/at Great/jj-tl Gatsby/np-tl with/in the/at anonymous/jj physiognomy/nn of/in the/at Little/jj-tl People/nns-tl ./.
However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj to/to trace/vb the/at philosophy/nn of/in the/at French/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl to/in its/pp$ sources/nns to/to understand/vb the/at common/jj democratic/jj origin/nn of/in individualism/nn and/cc socialism/nn and/cc the/at influence/nn of/in the/at latter/ap on/in the/at former/ap ./.
That/cs John/np Locke's/np$ philosophy/nn of/in the/at social/jj contract/nn fathered/vbd the/at American/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl with/in its/pp$ Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, we/ppss generally/rb accept/vb ./.
Yet/cc ,/, after/cs Rousseau/np had/hvd given/vbn the/at social/jj contract/nn a/at new/jj twist/nn with/in his/pp$ notion/nn of/in the/at General/jj-tl Will/nn-tl ,/, the/at same/ap philosophy/nn ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn ,/, became/vbd the/at idea/nn source/nn of/in the/at French/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl also/rb ./.
The/at importance/nn of/in Rousseau's/np$ twist/nn has/hvz not/* always/rb been/ben clear/jj to/in us/ppo ,/, however/rb ./.
This/dt notion/nn of/in the/at General/jj-tl Will/nn-tl gave/vbd rise/nn to/in the/at Commune/nn-tl of/in-tl Paris/np-tl in/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl and/cc later/rbr brought/vbd Napoleon/np to/in dictatorship/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez clearly/rb argued/vbn by/in Lord/nn-tl Percy/np of/in-tl Newcastle/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ remarkable/jj long/jj essay/nn ,/, The/at-tl Heresy/nn-tl Of/in-tl Democracy/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in a/at more/ql general/jj way/nn by/in Voegelin/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ New/jj-tl Science/nn-tl Of/in-tl Politics/nn-tl ,/, that/cs this/dt same/ap Rousseauan/jj idea/nn ,/, descending/vbg through/in European/jj democracy/nn ,/, is/bez the/at source/nn of/in Marx's/np$ theory/nn of/in the/at dictatorship/nn of/in the/at proletariat/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez important/jj to/in understanding/vbg the/at position/nn that/wpo doctrinaire/jj liberals/nns found/vbd themselves/ppls in/in after/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, and/cc our/pp$ great/jj democratic/jj victory/nn that/wps brought/vbd no/at peace/nn ./.
The/at long/jj road/nn that/wps had/hvd taken/vbn liberals/nns in/in this/dt country/nn into/in the/at social/jj religion/nn of/in democracy/nn ,/, into/in a/at worship/nn of/in man/nn ,/, led/vbd logically/rb to/in the/at Marxist/np dream/nn of/in a/at classless/jj society/nn under/in a/at Socialist/jj-tl State/nn-tl ./.
And/cc the/at ussr/nn existed/vbd as/cs the/at revolutionary/jj experiment/nn in/in radical/jj socialism/nn ,/, the/at ultimate/jj exemplar/nn ./.
And/cc by/in the/at time/nn the/at war/nn ended/vbd ,/, liberal/jj leadership/nn in/in this/dt country/nn was/bedz spiritually/rb Marxist/np ./.
We/ppss will/md recall/vb that/cs the/at still/rb confident/jj liberals/nns of/in the/at Truman/np administration/nn gathered/vbd with/in other/ap Western/jj-tl utopians/nns in/in San/np Francisco/np to/to set/vb up/rp the/at legal/jj framework/nn ,/, finally/rb and/cc at/in last/ap ,/, to/to rationalize/vb war/nn --/-- to/to rationalize/vb want/nn and/cc fear/nn --/-- out/in of/in the/at world/nn :/: the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./.
We/ppss of/in the/at liberal-led/jj world/nn got/vbd all/ql set/vbn for/in peace/nn and/cc rehabilitation/nn ./.
Then/rb suddenly/rb we/ppss found/vbd ourselves/ppls in/in the/at middle/nn of/in another/dt fight/nn ,/, an/at irrational/jj ,/, an/at indecent/jj ,/, an/at undeclared/jj and/cc immoral/jj war/nn with/in our/pp$ strongest/jjt (/( and/cc some/dti had/hvd thought/vbn noblest/jjt )/) ally/nn ./.
During/in the/at next/ap five/cd years/nns the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at Fair/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl reluctantly/rb backed/vbd down/rp from/in the/at optimistic/jj expectations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl ./.
During/in the/at next/ap five/cd years/nns liberal/jj leaders/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl sank/vbd in/in the/at cumulative/jj confusion/nn attendant/jj upon/in and/cc manifested/vbn in/in a/at negative/jj policy/nn of/in Containment/nn-tl --/-- and/cc the/at bitterest/jjt irony/nn --/-- enforced/vbn and/cc enforceable/jj only/rb by/in threat/nn of/in a/at weapon/nn that/wps we/ppss felt/vbd the/at greatest/jjt distaste/nn for/in but/cc could/md not/* abandon/vb :/: the/at atom/nn bomb/nn ./.
In/in 1952/cd ,/, it/pps will/md be/be remembered/vbn ,/, the/at G.O.P./np without/in positive/jj program/nn campaigned/vbd on/in the/at popular/jj disillusionment/nn with/in liberal/jj leadership/nn and/cc won/vbd overwhelmingly/rb ./.
All/abn of/in this/dt ,/, I/ppss know/vb ,/, is/bez recent/jj history/nn familiar/jj to/in you/ppo ./.
But/cc I/ppss have/hv been/ben at/in some/dti pains/nns to/to review/vb it/ppo as/cs the/at drama/nn of/in the/at common/jj man/nn ,/, to/to point/vb up/rp what/wdt happened/vbd to/in him/ppo under/in Eisenhower's/np$ leadership/nn ./.
A/at perceptive/jj journalist/nn ,/, Sam/np Lubell/np ,/, has/hvz phrased/vbn it/ppo in/in the/at title/nn of/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ books/nns as/cs the/at revolt/nn of/in the/at moderates/nns ./.
He/pps opens/vbz his/pp$ discourse/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, with/in a/at review/nn of/in the/at Eisenhower/np inaugural/nn festivities/nns at/in which/wdt a/at sympathetic/jj press/nn had/hvd assembled/vbn its/pp$ massive/jj talents/nns ,/, all/abn primed/vbn to/to catch/vb some/dti revelation/nn of/in the/at emerging/vbg new/jj age/nn ./.
The/at show/nn was/bedz colorful/jj ,/, indeed/rb ,/, exuberant/jj ,/, but/cc the/at press/nn for/in all/abn its/pp$ assiduity/nn could/md detect/vb no/at note/nn of/in a/at fateful/jj rendezvous/nn with/in destiny/nn ./.
Lubell/np offers/vbz his/pp$ book/nn as/cs an/at explanation/nn of/in why/wrb there/ex was/bedz no/at clue/nn ./.
And/cc I/ppss select/vb this/dt sentence/nn as/cs its/pp$ pertinent/jj summation/nn :/: ``/`` in/in essence/nn the/at drama/nn of/in his/pp$ (/( Eisenhower's/np$ )/) Presidency/nn-tl can/md be/be described/vbn as/cs the/at ordeal/nn of/in a/at nation/nn turned/vbn conservative/jj and/cc struggling/vbg --/-- thus/ql far/rb with/in but/rb limited/vbn and/cc precarious/jj success/nn --/-- to/to give/vb effective/jj voice/nn and/cc force/nn to/in that/dt conservatism/nn ''/'' ./.
I/ppss will/md assume/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber all/abn aware/jj of/in the/at continuing/vbg struggle/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ limited/vbn and/cc precarious/jj success/nn ,/, toward/in conservatism/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz moved/vbn on/in various/jj levels/nns ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben clamorous/jj and/cc confused/vbn ./.
Obviously/rb there/ex has/hvz been/ben no/at agreement/nn on/in what/wdt American/jj conservatism/nn is/bez ,/, or/cc rather/rb ,/, what/wdt it/pps should/md be/be ./.
For/cs it/pps was/bedz neglected/vbn ,/, not/* to/to say/vb nascent/jj ,/, when/wrb the/at struggle/nn began/vbd ./.
I/ppss saw/vbd a/at piece/nn the/at other/ap day/nn assailing/vbg William/np Buckley/np ,/, author/nn of/in Man/nn-tl And/cc-tl God/np-tl at/in-tl Yale/np-tl and/cc publisher/nn of/in The/at-tl National/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, as/cs no/at conservative/nn at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc an/at old/jj liberal/nn ./.
I/ppss would/md agree/vb with/in this/dt view/nn ./.
But/cc I'm/ppss+bem not/* here/rb to/to define/vb conservatism/nn ./.
What/wdt I/ppss am/bem here/rb to/to do/do is/bez to/to report/vb on/in the/at gyrations/nns of/in the/at struggle/nn --/-- a/at struggle/nn that/wps amounts/vbz to/in self-redefinition/nn --/-- to/to see/vb if/cs we/ppss can/md predict/vb its/pp$ future/jj course/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at obvious/jj conclusions/nns we/ppss can/md make/vb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at last/ap election/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, is/bez that/cs we/ppss ,/, the/at majority/nn ,/, were/bed dissatisfied/vbn with/in Eisenhower/np conservatism/nn ./.
Though/cs ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, we/ppss gave/vbd Kennedy/np no/at very/ql positive/jj approval/nn in/in the/at margin/nn of/in his/pp$ preferment/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, symptomatic/jj of/in our/pp$ national/jj malaise/nn ./.
But/cc before/cs I/ppss try/vb to/to diagnose/vb it/ppo ,/, I/ppss would/md offer/vb other/ap evidence/nn ./.
I/ppss will/md mention/vb two/cd volumes/nns of/in specific/jj comment/nn on/in this/dt malaise/nn that/wps appeared/vbd last/ap year/nn ./.
The/at earlier/jjr of/in them/ppo was/bedz an/at unofficial/jj enterprise/nn ,/, sponsored/vbn by/in Life/nn-tl magazine/nn ,/, under/in the/at title/nn of/in The/at-tl National/jj-tl Purpose/nn-tl ./.
The/at contributors/nns to/in this/dt testament/nn were/bed all/abn well-known/jj :/: a/at former/ap Democratic/jj-tl candidate/nn for/in President/nn-tl ,/, a/at New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl poet/nn ,/, the/at magazine's/nn$ chief/jjs editorial/nn writer/nn ,/, two/cd newspaper/nn columnists/nns ,/, head/nn of/in a/at national/jj broadcasting/vbg company/nn ,/, a/at popular/jj Protestant/jj evangelist/nn ,/, etc./rb ./.
What/wdt I/ppss want/vb to/to point/vb out/rp here/rb is/bez that/cs all/abn of/in them/ppo are/ber ex-liberals/nns ,/, or/cc modified/vbn liberals/nns ,/, with/in perhaps/rb one/cd exception/nn ./.
I/ppss suppose/vb we/ppss might/md classify/vb Billy/np Graham/np as/cs an/at old/jj liberal/nn ./.
And/cc I/ppss would/md further/rbr note/vb that/cs they/ppss all/abn --/-- with/in one/cd exception/nn again/rb --/-- sang/vbd in/in one/cd key/nn or/cc another/dt the/at same/ap song/nn ./.
Its/pp$ refrain/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` let/vb us/ppo return/vb to/in the/at individualistic/jj democracy/nn of/in our/pp$ forefathers/nns for/in our/pp$ salvation/nn ''/'' ./.

Adlai/np Stevenson/np expressed/vbd some/dti reservations/nns about/in this/dt return/nn ./.
Others/nns invoked/vbd technology/nn and/cc common/jj sense/nn ./.
Only/rb Walter/np Lippman/np envisioned/vbd the/at possibility/nn of/in our/pp$ having/hvg ``/`` outlived/vbn most/ap of/in what/wdt we/ppss used/vbd to/to regard/vb as/cs the/at program/nn of/in our/pp$ national/jj purposes/nns ''/'' ./.

But/cc the/at most/ql notable/jj thing/nn about/in the/at incantation/nn of/in these/dts ex-liberals/nns was/bedz that/cs the/at one-time/jj shibboleth/nn of/in socialism/nn was/bedz conspicuously/rb absent/jj ./.

The/at second/od specific/jj comment/nn was/bedz the/at report/nn of/in Eisenhower's/np$ Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl National/jj-tl Goals/nns-tl ,/, titled/vbn Goals/nns-tl For/in-tl Americans/nps-tl ./.
They/ppss ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, gave/vbd the/at pitch/nn of/in their/pp$ position/nn in/in the/at preface/nn where/wrb it/pps was/bedz said/vbn that/cs Eisenhower/np requested/vbd that/cs the/at Commission/nn-tl be/be administered/vbn by/in the/at American/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl of/in Columbia/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, because/cs it/pps was/bedz non-partisan/jj ./.
The/at Commission/nn-tl seems/vbz to/to represent/vb the/at viewpoint/nn of/in what/wdt I/ppss would/md call/vb the/at unconscious/jj liberal/jj ,/, but/cc not/* unconscious/jj enough/qlp ,/, to/to invoke/vb the/at now/rb taboo/jj symbolism/nn of/in socialism/nn ./.
And/cc here/rb again/rb we/ppss hear/vb the/at same/ap refrain/nn mentioned/vbn above/rb :/: ``/`` the/at paramount/jjs goal/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl set/vbn long/ql ago/rb was/bedz to/to guard/vb the/at rights/nns of/in the/at individual/nn ,/, ensure/vb his/pp$ development/nn ,/, enlarge/vb his/pp$ opportunity/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt group/nn is/bez secularist/jj and/cc their/pp$ program/nn tends/vbz to/to be/be technological/jj ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez the/at need/nn to/to undertake/vb these/dts testaments/nns that/wpo I/ppss would/md submit/vb here/rb as/cs symptom/nn of/in the/at common/jj man's/nn$ malaise/nn ./.
And/cc let/vb me/ppo add/vb Murray's/np$ new/jj book/nn as/cs another/dt symptom/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, particularly/rb so/rb in/in view/nn of/in the/at attention/nn Time/nn-tl magazine/nn gave/vbd it/ppo when/wrb it/pps came/vbd out/rp recently/rb ./.
Father/nn-tl Murray/np goes/vbz back/rb to/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, too/rb ,/, though/cs I/ppss may/md add/vb ,/, with/in considerably/ql more/ap historical/jj perception/nn ./.
I/ppss will/md reserve/vb discussion/nn of/in it/ppo for/in a/at moment/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to return/vb to/in President/nn-tl Kennedy/np ./.
As/cs symptomatic/jj of/in the/at common/jj man's/nn$ malaise/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez most/ql significant/jj :/: a/at liberal/jj and/cc a/at Catholic/jj ,/, elected/vbn by/in the/at skin/nn of/in his/pp$ teeth/nns ./.
Does/doz that/dt not/* suggest/vb to/in you/ppo an/at uncertain/jj and/cc uneasy/jj ,/, not/* to/to say/vb confused/vbn ,/, state/nn of/in the/at public/jj mind/nn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez the/at common/jj man's/nn$ complaint/nn ?/. ?/.
Let's/vb+ppo take/vb a/at panoramic/jj look/nn back/rb over/in the/at course/nn we/ppss have/hv come/vbn ./.
Has/hvz not/* that/dt way/nn been/ben lit/vbn always/rb by/in the/at lamp/nn of/in liberalism/nn up/rp until/in the/at turning/nn back/rb under/in Eisenhower/np ?/. ?/.
And/cc the/at basic/jj character/nn of/in that/dt liberalism/nn has/hvz been/ben spiritual/jj rather/in than/in economic/jj ./.
Ralph/np Gabriel/np gave/vbd it/ppo the/at name/nn of/in Protestant/jj philosophy/nn of/in Progress/nn-tl ./.
But/cc there's/ex+bez a/at subjective/jj side/nn to/in that/dt utopian/jj outlook/nn ./.



	Does/doz our/pp$ society/nn have/hv a/at runaway/jj ,/, uncontrollable/jj growth/nn of/in technology/nn which/wdt may/md end/vb our/pp$ civilization/nn ,/, or/cc a/at normal/jj ,/, healthy/jj growth/nn ?/. ?/.
Here/rb there/ex may/md be/be an/at analogy/nn with/in cancer/nn :/: we/ppss can/md detect/vb cancers/nns by/in their/pp$ rapidly/rb accelerating/vbg growth/nn ,/, determinable/jj only/rb when/wrb related/vbn to/in the/at more/ql normal/jj rate/nn of/in healthy/jj growth/nn ./.
Should/md the/at accelerating/vbg growth/nn of/in technology/nn then/rb warn/vb us/ppo ?/. ?/.
Noting/vbg such/jj evidence/nn is/bez the/at first/od step/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc almost/rb the/at only/ap ``/`` cure/nn ''/'' is/bez early/jj detection/nn and/cc removal/nn ./.
One/cd way/nn to/to determine/vb whether/cs we/ppss have/hv so/ql dangerous/jj a/at technology/nn would/md be/be to/to check/vb the/at strength/nn of/in our/pp$ society's/nn$ organs/nns to/to see/vb if/cs their/pp$ functioning/nn is/bez as/ql healthy/jj as/cs before/rb ./.
So/rb an/at objective/jj look/nn at/in our/pp$ present/jj procedures/nns may/md move/vb us/ppo to/to consider/vb seriously/rb this/dt possibly/rb analogous/jj situation/nn ./.
In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, whether/cs society/nn may/md have/hv cancer/nn ,/, or/cc merely/rb a/at virus/nn infection/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` disease/nn ''/'' ,/, we/ppss shall/md find/vb ,/, is/bez political/jj ,/, economical/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, and/cc even/rb medical/jj ./.
Have/hv not/* our/pp$ physical/jj abilities/nns already/rb deteriorated/vbn because/rb of/in the/at more/ql sedentary/jj lives/nns we/ppss are/ber now/rb living/vbg ?/. ?/.
Hence/rb the/at prime/jj issue/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, is/bez whether/cs a/at democratic/jj or/cc free/jj society/nn can/md master/vb technology/nn for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in mankind/nn ,/, or/cc whether/cs technology/nn will/md rule/vb and/cc develop/vb its/pp$ own/jj society/nn compatible/jj with/in its/pp$ own/jj needs/nns as/cs a/at force/nn of/in nature/nn ./.


	We/ppss are/ber already/rb committed/vbn to/in establishing/vbg man's/nn$ supremacy/nn over/in nature/nn and/cc everywhere/rb on/in earth/nn ,/, not/* merely/rb in/in the/at limited/vbn social-political-economical/jj context/nn we/ppss are/ber fond/jj of/in today/nr ./.
Otherwise/rb ,/, we/ppss go/vb on/rp endlessly/rb trying/vbg to/to draw/vb the/at line/nn ,/, color/nn and/cc other/ap ,/, as/in to/in which/wdt kind/nn of/in man/nn we/ppss wish/vb to/to see/vb dominate/vb ./.
We/ppss have/hv proved/vbn so/ql able/jj to/to solve/vb technological/jj problems/nns that/cs to/to contend/vb we/ppss cannot/md* realize/vb a/at universal/jj goal/nn in/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn is/bez to/to be/be extremely/ql shortsighted/jj ,/, if/cs nothing/pn else/rb ./.
We/ppss must/md believe/vb we/ppss have/hv the/at ability/nn to/to affect/vb our/pp$ own/jj destinies/nns :/: otherwise/rb why/wrb try/vb anything/pn ?/. ?/.
So/rb in/in these/dts pages/nns the/at term/nn ``/`` technology/nn-nc ''/'' is/bez used/vbn to/to include/vb any/dti and/cc all/abn means/nns which/wdt could/md amplify/vb ,/, project/vb ,/, or/cc augment/vb man's/nn$ control/nn over/in himself/ppl and/cc over/in other/ap men/nns ./.
Naturally/rb this/dt includes/vbz all/abn communication/nn forms/nns ,/, e.g./rb languages/nns ,/, or/cc any/dti social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, economic/jj or/cc religious/jj structures/nns employed/vbn for/in such/jj control/nn ./.
Properly/rb mindful/jj of/in all/abn the/at cultures/nns in/in existence/nn today/nr throughout/in the/at world/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md employ/vb these/dts resources/nns without/in war/nn or/cc violent/jj revolution/nn ./.


	If/cs we/ppss were/bed creating/vbg a/at wholly/ql new/jj society/nn ,/, we/ppss could/md insist/vb that/cs our/pp$ social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, economic/jj and/cc philosophic/jj institutions/nns foster/vb rather/in than/in hamper/vb man/nn ;/. ;/.
best/jjt growth/nn ./.
But/cc we/ppss cannot/md* start/vb off/rp with/in a/at clean/jj slate/nn ./.
So/rb we/ppss must/md first/rb analyze/vb our/pp$ present/jj institutions/nns with/in respect/nn to/in the/at effect/nn of/in each/dt on/in man's/nn$ major/jj needs/nns ./.
Asked/vbn which/wdt institution/nn most/rbt needs/vbz correction/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md say/vb the/at corporation/nn as/cs it/pps exists/vbz in/in America/np today/nr ./.
At/in first/od glance/nn this/dt appears/vbz strange/jj :/: of/in all/abn people/nns ,/, was/bedz not/* America/np founded/vbn by/in rugged/jj individualists/nns who/wps established/vbd a/at new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn still/rb inspiring/vbg ``/`` undeveloped/jj ''/'' societies/nns abroad/rb ?/. ?/.
But/cc hear/vb Harrison/np E./np Salisbury/np ,/, former/ap Moscow/np correspondent/nn of/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, and/cc author/nn of/in ``/`` To/in-tl Moscow/np-tl --/-- And/cc-tl Beyond/rb-tl ''/'' ./.
In/in a/at book/nn review/nn of/in ``/`` The/at-tl Soviet/nn-tl Cultural/jj-tl Offensive/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` Long/rb before/cs the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl organized/vbd its/pp$ bureaucracy/nn into/in an/at East-West/jj-tl Contacts/nns-tl Staff/nn-tl in/in order/nn to/to wage/vb a/at cultural/jj counter-offensive/nn within/in Soviet/nn-tl borders/nns ,/, the/at sharp/jj cutting-edge/nn of/in American/jj culture/nn had/hvd carved/vbn its/pp$ mark/nn across/in the/at Russian/jj steppes/nns ,/, as/cs when/wrb the/at enterprising/jj promoters/nns of/in '/' Porgy/np-tl And/cc-tl Bess/np-tl '/' overrode/vbd the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl to/to carry/vb the/at contemporary/jj '/' cultural/jj warfare/nn '/' behind/in the/at enemy/nn lines/nns ./.
They/ppss were/bed not/* diplomats/nns or/cc jazz/nn musicians/nns ,/, or/cc even/rb organizers/nns of/in reading-rooms/nns and/cc photo-montage/nn displays/nns ,/, but/cc rugged/jj capitalist/nn entrepreneurs/nns like/cs Henry/np Ford/np ,/, Hugh/np Cooper/np ,/, Thomas/np Campbell/np ,/, the/at International/jj-tl Harvester/np-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, and/cc David/np W./np Griffith/np ./.
Their/pp$ kind/nn created/vbd an/at American/jj culture/nn superior/jj to/in any/dti in/in the/at world/nn ,/, an/at industrial/jj and/cc technological/jj culture/nn which/wdt penetrated/vbd Russia/np as/cs it/pps did/dod almost/rb every/at corner/nn of/in the/at earth/nn without/in a/at nickel/nn from/in the/at Federal/jj-tl treasury/nn or/cc a/at single/ap governmental/jj specialist/nn to/to contrive/vb directives/nns or/cc program/vb a/at series/nn of/in consultations/nns of/in interested/vbn agencies/nns ./.
This/dt favorable/jj image/nn of/in America/np in/in the/at minds/nns of/in Russian/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns is/bez still/rb there/rb despite/in years/nns of/in energetic/jj anti-American/jj propaganda/nn ''/'' 


corporations/nns now/rb outmoded/jj 
./.
Perhaps/rb the/at public's/nn$ present/jj attitude/nn toward/in business/nn stems/vbz from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at ``/`` rugged/jj capitalist/nn entrepreneur/nn ''/'' no/ql more/rbr exists/vbz in/in America/np ./.
In/in his/pp$ stead/nn is/bez a/at milquetoast/nn version/nn known/vbn as/cs ``/`` the/at corporation/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc even/rb if/cs we/ppss cannot/md* see/vb the/at repulsive/jj characteristics/nns in/in this/dt new/jj image/nn of/in America/np ,/, foreigners/nns can/md ;/. ;/.
and/cc our/pp$ loss/nn of/in ``/`` prestige/nn ''/'' abroad/rb is/bez the/at direct/jj result/nn ./.
No/at amount/nn of/in ballyhoo/nn will/md cover/vb up/rp the/at sordid/jj facts/nns ./.
If/cs we/ppss want/vb respect/nn from/in ourselves/ppls or/cc others/nns ,/, we/ppss will/md have/hv to/to earn/vb it/ppo ./.
First/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo realize/vb that/cs whatever/wdt good/nn this/dt set-up/nn achieved/vbd in/in earlier/jjr times/nns ,/, now/rb the/at corporation/nn per/in se/fw-ppl cannot/md* take/vb economic/jj leadership/nn ./.
Businesses/nns must/md develop/vb as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at ideas/nns ,/, energies/nns and/cc ambitions/nns of/in an/at individual/nn having/hvg purpose/nn and/cc comprehensive/jj ability/nn within/in one/cd mind/nn ./.
When/wrb we/ppss ``/`` forced/vbd ''/'' individuals/nns to/to assume/vb the/at corporate/jj structure/nn by/in means/nn of/in taxes/nns and/cc other/ap legal/jj statutes/nns ,/, we/ppss adopted/vbd what/wdt I/ppss would/md term/vb ``/`` pseudo-capitalism/nn ''/'' and/cc so/rb took/vbd a/at major/jj step/nn toward/in socialism/nn ./.
The/at biggest/jjt loss/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at individual's/nn$ lessened/vbn desire/nn and/cc ability/nn to/to give/vb his/pp$ services/nns to/in the/at growth/nn of/in his/pp$ company/nn and/cc our/pp$ economy/nn ./.
Socialism/nn ,/, I/ppss grant/vb ,/, has/hvz a/at definite/jj place/nn in/in our/pp$ society/nn ./.
But/cc let/vb us/ppo not/* complain/vb of/in the/at evils/nns of/in capitalism/nn by/in referring/vbg to/in a/at form/nn that/wps is/bez not/* truly/ql capitalistic/jj ./.
Some/dti forms/nns of/in capitalism/nn do/do indeed/rb work/vb --/-- superb/jj organizations/nns ,/, a/at credit/nn to/in any/dti society/nn ./.
But/cc the/at pseudo-capitalism/nn which/wdt dictates/vbz our/pp$ whole/jj economy/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs our/pp$ politics/nn and/cc social/jj life/nn ,/, will/md not/* stand/vb close/jj scrutiny/nn ./.
Its/pp$ pretense/nn to/to operate/vb in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn is/bez little/ap more/ap than/cs a/at sham/nn ./.
It/pps serves/vbz only/rb its/pp$ own/jj stockholders/nns and/cc poorly/rb at/in that/dt ./.
As/cs a/at creative/jj enterprise/nn ,/, its/pp$ abilities/nns are/ber primarily/rb in/in ``/`` swallowing/vbg ''/'' creative/jj enterprises/nns developed/vbn outside/in its/pp$ own/jj organization/nn (/( an/at ability/nn made/vbn possible/jj by/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc almost/ql mandatory/jj )/) ./.
As/in to/in benefits/nns to/in employees/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez notorious/jj for/in its/pp$ callous/jj disregard/nn except/in where/wrb it/pps depends/vbz on/in them/ppo for/in services/nns ./.


	The/at corporation/nn in/in America/np is/bez in/in reality/nn our/pp$ form/nn of/in socialism/nn ,/, vying/vbg in/in a/at sense/nn with/in the/at other/ap socialistic/jj form/nn that/wps has/hvz emerged/vbn within/in governmental/jj bureaucracy/nn ./.
But/cc while/cs the/at corporation/nn has/hvz all/abn the/at disadvantages/nns of/in the/at socialist/jj form/nn of/in organization/nn (/( so/ql cumbersome/jj it/pps cannot/md* constructively/rb do/do much/ap of/in anything/pn not/* compatible/jj with/in its/pp$ need/nn to/to perpetuate/vb itself/ppl and/cc maintain/vb its/pp$ status/nn quo/fw-wdt )/) ,/, unluckily/rb it/pps does/doz not/* have/hv the/at desirable/jj aspect/nn of/in socialism/nn ,/, the/at motivation/nn to/to operate/vb for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in society/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./.
So/rb we/ppss are/ber faced/vbn with/in a/at vast/jj network/nn of/in amorphous/jj entities/nns perpetuating/vbg themselves/ppls in/in whatever/wdt manner/nn they/ppss can/md ,/, without/in regard/nn to/in the/at needs/nns of/in society/nn ,/, controlling/vbg society/nn and/cc forcing/vbg upon/in it/ppo a/at regime/nn representing/vbg only/rb the/at corporation's/nn$ needs/nns for/in survival/nn ./.


	The/at corporation/nn has/hvz a/at limited/vbn ,/, specific/jj place/nn in/in our/pp$ society/nn ./.
Ideally/rb speaking/vbg ,/, it/pps should/md be/be allowed/vbn to/to operate/vb only/rb where/wrb the/at public/nn has/hvz a/at great/jj stake/nn in/in the/at continuity/nn of/in supply/nn or/cc services/nns ,/, and/cc where/wrb the/at actions/nns of/in a/at single/ap proprietor/nn are/ber secondary/jj to/in the/at needs/nns of/in society/nn ./.
Examples/nns are/ber in/in public/jj utilities/nns ,/, making/vbg military/jj aircraft/nns and/cc accessories/nns ,/, or/cc where/wrb the/at investment/nn and/cc risk/nn for/in a/at proprietorship/nn would/md be/be too/ql great/jj for/in a/at much/ql needed/vbn project/nn impossible/jj to/to achieve/vb by/in any/dti means/nn other/ap than/cs the/at corporate/jj form/nn ,/, e.g./rb constructing/vbg major/jj airports/nns or/cc dams/nns ./.
Thus/rb ,/, if/cs corporations/nns are/ber not/* to/to run/vb away/rb with/in us/ppo ,/, they/ppss must/md become/vb quasi-governmental/jj institutions/nns ,/, subject/jj to/in public/jj control/nn and/cc needs/nns ./.
In/in all/abn other/ap areas/nns ,/, private/jj initiative/nn of/in the/at ``/`` proprietorship/nn ''/'' type/nn should/md be/be urged/vbn to/to produce/vb the/at desired/vbn goods/nns and/cc services/nns ./.



Proprietorship/nn 
Avoiding/vbg runaway/jj technology/nn can/md be/be done/vbn only/rb by/in assuring/vbg a/at humane/jj society/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc for/in this/dt human/jj beings/nns must/md be/be firmly/rb in/in control/nn of/in the/at economics/nn on/in which/wdt our/pp$ society/nn rests/vbz ./.
Such/jj genuine/jj human/jj leadership/nn the/at proprietorship/nn can/md offer/vb ,/, corporations/nns cannot/md* ./.
It/pps can/md project/vb long-range/nn goals/nns for/in itself/ppl ./.
Corporations/nns react/vb violently/rb to/in short-range/nn stimuli/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, quarterly/jj and/cc annual/jj dividend/nn reports/nns ./.
Proprietorships/nns can/md establish/vb a/at unity/nn and/cc integrity/nn of/in control/nn ;/. ;/.
corporations/nns ,/, being/beg more/ql amorphous/jj ,/, cannot/md* ./.
Proprietorships/nns can/md establish/vb a/at meaningful/jj identity/nn ,/, representing/vbg a/at human/jj personality/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb establish/vb sincere/jj relationships/nns with/in customers/nns and/cc community/nn ./.
Corporations/nns are/ber apt/jj by/in nature/nn to/to be/be impersonal/jj ,/, inhumane/jj ,/, shortsighted/jj and/cc almost/ql exclusively/ql profit-motivated/jj ,/, a/at picture/nn they/ppss could/md scarcely/rb afford/vb to/to present/vb to/in the/at public/nn ./.
The/at proprietor/nn is/bez able/jj to/to create/vb a/at leadership/nn impossible/jj in/in the/at corporate/jj structure/nn with/in its/pp$ board/nn of/in directors/nns and/cc stockholders/nns ./.
Leadership/nn is/bez lacking/vbg in/in our/pp$ society/nn because/cs it/pps has/hvz no/at legitimate/jj place/nn to/to develop/vb ./.
Men/nns continuously/rb at/in the/at head/nn of/in growing/vbg enterprises/nns can/md acquire/vb experiences/nns of/in the/at most/ql varied/vbn ,/, complicated/vbn and/cc trying/jj type/nn so/cs that/cs at/in maturation/nn they/ppss have/hv developed/vbn the/at competence/nn and/cc willingness/nn to/to accept/vb the/at personal/jj responsibility/nn so/ql sorely/rb needed/vbn now/rb ./.


	Hence/rb government/nn must/md establish/vb greater/jjr controls/nns upon/in corporations/nns so/cs that/cs their/pp$ activities/nns promote/vb what/wdt is/bez deemed/vbn essential/jj to/in the/at national/jj interest/nn ./.
Proprietorships/nns should/md get/vb the/at tax/nn advantages/nns now/rb accruing/vbg to/in corporations/nns ,/, e.g./rb the/at chance/nn to/to accumulate/vb capital/nn so/ql vital/jj for/in growth/nn ./.
Corporations/nns should/md pay/vb added/vbn taxes/nns ,/, to/to be/be used/vbn for/in educational/jj purposes/nns (/( not/* necessarily/rb of/in the/at formal/jj type/nn )/) ./.
The/at right/nn to/to leave/vb legacies/nns should/md be/be substantially/rb reduced/vbn and/cc ultimately/rb eliminated/vbn ./.
To/to perpetuate/vb wealth/nn control/nn led/vbn by/in small/jj groups/nns of/in individuals/nns who/wps played/vbd no/at role/nn in/in its/pp$ creation/nn prevents/vbz those/dts with/in real/jj initiative/nn from/in coming/vbg to/in the/at fore/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez basically/rb anti-democratic/jj ./.
When/wrb the/at proprietor/nn dies/vbz ,/, the/at establishment/nn should/md become/vb a/at corporation/nn until/cs it/pps is/bez either/cc acquired/vbn by/in another/dt proprietor/nn or/cc the/at government/nn decides/vbz to/to drop/vb it/ppo ./.
Strikes/nns should/md be/be declared/vbn illegal/jj against/in corporations/nns because/cs disagreements/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be settled/vbn by/in government/nn representatives/nns acting/vbg as/cs controllers/nns of/in the/at corporation/nn whose/wp$ responsibility/nn to/in the/at state/nn would/md now/rb be/be defined/vbn against/in proprietorship/nn because/cs employees/nns and/cc proprietors/nns must/md be/be completely/ql interdependent/jj ,/, as/cs they/ppss are/ber each/dt a/at part/nn of/in the/at whole/nn ./.
Strikes/nns threatening/vbg the/at security/nn of/in the/at proprietorship/nn ,/, if/cs internally/rb motivated/vbn ,/, prevent/vb a/at healthy/jj relationship/nn ./.
Certainly/rb external/jj forces/nns should/md not/* be/be applied/vbn arbitrarily/rb out/in of/in mere/jj power/nn available/jj to/to do/do so/rb ./.
If/cs we/ppss cannot/md* stop/vb warfare/nn in/in our/pp$ own/jj economic/jj system/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss expect/vb to/to abolish/vb it/ppo internationally/rb ?/. ?/.



One/cd kind/nn of/in proprietorship/nn 
These/dts proposals/nns would/md go/vb far/rb toward/in creating/vbg the/at economic/jj atmosphere/nn favoring/vbg growth/nn of/in the/at individual/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, would/md help/vb us/ppo to/to cope/vb with/in runaway/jj technology/nn ./.
Individual/jj human/jj strength/nn is/bez needed/vbn to/to pit/vb against/in an/at inhuman/jj condition/nn ./.
The/at battle/nn is/bez not/* easy/jj ./.
We/ppss are/ber tempted/vbn to/to blame/vb others/nns for/in our/pp$ problems/nns rather/in than/in look/vb them/ppo straight/rb in/in the/at face/nn and/cc realize/vb they/ppss are/ber of/in our/pp$ own/jj making/nn and/cc possible/jj of/in solution/nn only/rb by/in ourselves/ppls with/in the/at help/nn of/in desperately/rb needed/vbn ,/, enlightened/vbn ,/, competent/jj leaders/nns ./.
Persons/nns developed/vbn in/in today's/nr$ corporations/nns cannot/md* hope/vb to/to serve/vb here/rb --/-- a/at judgment/nn based/vbn on/in experiences/nns of/in my/pp$ own/jj in/in business/nn and/cc in/in activities/nns outside/rb ./.
In/in my/pp$ own/jj company/nn ,/, in/in effect/nn a/at partnership/nn ,/, although/cs legally/rb a/at corporation/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to do/do many/ap things/nns for/in my/pp$ employees/nns which/wdt ``/`` normal/jj ''/'' corporations/nns of/in comparable/jj size/nn and/cc nature/nn would/md have/hv been/ben unable/jj to/to do/do ./.
Also/rb ,/, I/ppss am/bem convinced/vbn that/cs if/cs my/pp$ company/nn were/bed a/at sole/jj proprietorship/nn instead/rb of/in a/at partnership/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md have/hv been/ben even/ql abler/jjr to/to solve/vb long-range/nn problems/nns for/in myself/ppl and/cc my/pp$ fellow-employees/nns ./.
Any/dti abilities/nns I/ppss may/md have/hv were/bed achieved/vbn in/in their/pp$ present/jj shape/nn from/in experience/nn in/in sharing/vbg in/in the/at growth/nn and/cc control/nn of/in my/pp$ business/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in raising/vbg my/pp$ family/nn ./.
This/dt combined/vbn experience/nn ,/, on/in a/at foundation/nn of/in very/ql average/jj ,/, I/ppss assure/vb you/ppo ,/, intelligence/nn and/cc background/nn ,/, has/hvz helped/vbn me/ppo do/do things/nns many/ap well-informed/jj people/nns would/md bet/vb heavily/rb against/in ./.
Perhaps/rb a/at list/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at ``/`` practices/nns ''/'' of/in my/pp$ company/nn will/md help/vb here/rb ./.


	The/at company/nn grew/vbd out/in of/in efforts/nns by/in two/cd completely/ql inexperienced/jj men/nns in/in their/pp$ late/jj twenties/nns ,/, neither/dtx having/hvg a/at formal/jj education/nn applicable/jj to/in ,/, or/cc experience/nn in/in ,/, manufacturing/vbg or/cc selling/vbg our/pp$ type/nn of/in articles/nns ./.
From/in an/at initial/jj investment/nn of/in $1,200/nns in/in 1943/cd ,/, it/pps has/hvz grown/vbn ,/, with/in no/at additional/jj capital/nn investment/nn ,/, to/in a/at present/jj value/nn estimated/vbn by/in some/dti as/cs exceeding/vbg $10,000,000/nns (/( we/ppss don't/do* disclose/vb financial/jj figures/nns to/in the/at public/nn )/) ./.
Its/pp$ growth/nn continues/vbz steadily/rb on/in a/at par/nn with/in past/ap growth/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc no/at limitation/nn is/bez in/in evidence/nn ./.
Our/pp$ pin-curl/nn clips/nns and/cc self-locking/jj nuts/nns achieved/vbd dominance/nn in/in just/rb a/at few/ap years/nns time/nn ,/, despite/in substantial/jj ,/, well/ql established/vbn competition/nn ./.



	During/in the/at last/ap years/nns of/in Woodrow/np Wilson's/np$ administration/nn ,/, a/at red/jj scare/nn developed/vbd in/in our/pp$ country/nn ./.
Many/ap Americans/nps reacted/vbd irrationally/rb to/in the/at challenge/nn of/in Russia/np and/cc turned/vbd to/in the/at repression/nn of/in ideas/nns by/in force/nn ./.
Postmaster/nn-tl General/jj-tl Burleson/np set/vbd about/rb to/to protect/vb the/at American/jj people/nns against/in radical/jj propaganda/nn that/wps might/md be/be spread/vbn through/in the/at mails/nns ./.
Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Palmer/np made/vbd a/at series/nn of/in raids/nns that/wps sent/vbd more/ap than/in 4,000/cd so-called/jj radicals/nns to/in the/at jails/nns ,/, in/in direct/jj violation/nn of/in their/pp$ constitutional/jj rights/nns ./.
Then/rb ,/, not/* many/ap years/nns later/rbr ,/, the/at Un-American/jj-tl Activities/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in Martin/np Dies/np ,/, pilloried/vbd hundreds/nns of/in decent/jj ,/, patriotic/jj citizens/nns ./.
Anyone/pn who/wps tried/vbd to/to remedy/vb some/dti of/in the/at most/ql glaring/vbg defects/nns in/in our/pp$ form/nn of/in democracy/nn was/bedz denounced/vbn as/cs a/at traitorous/jj red/nn whose/wp$ real/jj purpose/nn was/bedz the/at destruction/nn of/in our/pp$ government/nn ./.
This/dt hysteria/nn reached/vbd its/pp$ height/nn under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy/np ./.
Demagogues/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn found/vbd communist/nn bogeys/nns lurking/vbg behind/in any/dti new/jj idea/nn that/wps would/md run/vb counter/rb to/in stereotyped/vbn notions/nns ./.
New/jj ideas/nns were/bed dangerous/jj and/cc must/md be/be repressed/vbn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wrb ./.


	Those/dts who/wps would/md suppress/vb dangerous/jj thoughts/nns ,/, credit/vb ideas/nns with/in high/jj potency/nn ./.
They/ppss give/vb strict/jj interpretation/nn to/in William/np James'/np$ statement/nn that/cs ``/`` Every/at idea/nn that/wps enters/vbz the/at mind/nn tends/vbz to/to express/vb itself/ppl ''/'' ./.
They/ppss seem/vb to/to believe/vb that/cs a/at person/nn will/md act/vb automatically/rb as/ql soon/rb as/cs he/pps contacts/vbz something/pn new/jj ./.
Hence/rb ,/, the/at only/ap defensible/jj procedure/nn is/bez to/to repress/vb any/dti and/cc every/at notion/nn ,/, unless/cs it/pps gives/vbz evidence/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez perfectly/ql safe/jj ./.


	Despite/in this/dt danger/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss are/ber informed/vbn on/in every/at hand/nn that/cs ideas/nns ,/, not/* machines/nns ,/, are/ber our/pp$ finest/jjt tools/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber priceless/jj even/rb though/cs they/ppss cannot/md* be/be recorded/vbn on/in a/at ledger/nn page/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber the/at most/ql valuable/jj of/in commodities/nns --/-- and/cc the/at most/ql salable/jj ,/, for/cs their/pp$ demand/nn far/rb exceeds/vbz supply/nn ./.
So/ql all-important/jj are/ber ideas/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber told/vbn ,/, that/cs persons/nns successful/jj in/in business/nn and/cc happy/jj in/in social/jj life/nn usually/rb fall/vb into/in two/cd classes/nns :/: those/dts who/wps invent/vb new/jj ideas/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj ,/, and/cc those/dts who/wps borrow/vb ,/, beg/vb ,/, or/cc steal/vb from/in others/nns ./.


	Seemingly/rb ,/, with/in an/at unrestricted/jj flow/nn of/in ideas/nns ,/, all/abn will/md be/be well/jj ,/, and/cc we/ppss are/ber even/rb assured/vbn that/cs ``/`` an/at idea/nn a/at day/nn will/md keep/vb the/at sheriff/nn away/rb ''/'' ./.
That/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, may/md also/rb bring/vb the/at police/nns ,/, if/cs the/at thinking/nn does/doz not/* meet/vb with/in social/jj approval/nn ./.
Criminals/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs model/jj citizens/nns ,/, exercise/vb their/pp$ minds/nns ./.
Merely/rb having/hvg a/at mental/jj image/nn of/in some/dti sort/nn is/bez not/* the/at all-important/jj consideration/nn ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex must/md be/be clarity/nn :/: a/at single/ap distinct/jj impression/nn is/bez more/ql valuable/jj than/cs many/ap fuzzy/jj ones/nns ./.
But/cc clarity/nn is/bez not/* enough/ap ./.
The/at writer/nn took/vbd a/at class/nn of/in college/nn students/nns to/in the/at state/nn hospital/nn for/in the/at mentally/rb ill/jj in/in St./np Joseph/np ,/, Missouri/np ./.
An/at inmate/nn ,/, a/at former/ap university/nn professor/nn ,/, expounded/vbd to/in us/ppo ,/, logically/rb and/cc clearly/rb ,/, that/cs someone/pn was/bedz pilfering/vbg his/pp$ thoughts/nns ./.
He/pps appealed/vbd to/in us/ppo to/to bring/vb his/pp$ case/nn to/in the/at attention/nn of/in the/at authorities/nns that/cs justice/nn might/md be/be done/vbn ./.
Despite/in the/at clarity/nn of/in his/pp$ presentation/nn ,/, his/pp$ idea/nn was/bedz not/* of/in Einsteinian/jj calibre/nn ./.


	True/jj ,/, ideas/nns are/ber important/jj ,/, perhaps/rb life's/nn$ most/ql precious/jj treasures/nns ./.
But/cc have/hv we/ppss not/* gone/vbn overboard/rb in/in stressing/vbg their/pp$ significance/nn ?/. ?/.
Have/hv we/ppss not/* actually/rb developed/vbn idea/nn worship/nn ?/. ?/.


	Ideas/nns we/ppss must/md have/hv ,/, and/cc we/ppss seek/vb them/ppo everywhere/rb ./.
We/ppss scour/vb literature/nn for/in them/ppo ;/. ;/.
here/rb we/ppss find/vb stored/vbn the/at wisdom/nn of/in great/jj minds/nns ./.
But/cc are/ber all/abn these/dts works/nns worthy/jj of/in consideration/nn ?/. ?/.
Can/md they/ppss stand/vb rigid/jj scrutiny/nn ?/. ?/.


	Shakespeare's/np$ wit/nn and/cc wisdom/nn ,/, his/pp$ profound/jj insight/nn into/in human/jj nature/nn ,/, have/hv stood/vbn the/at test/nn of/in centuries/nns ./.
But/cc was/bedz he/pps infallible/jj in/in all/abn things/nns ?/. ?/.
What/wdt of/in his/pp$ treatment/nn of/in the/at Jew/np in/in The/at-tl Merchant/nn-tl Of/in-tl Venice/np-tl ?/. ?/.


	Shakespeare/np gives/vbz us/ppo a/at vivid/jj picture/nn of/in Shylock/np ,/, but/cc probably/rb he/pps never/rb saw/vbd a/at Jew/np ,/, unless/cs in/in some/dti of/in his/pp$ travels/nns ./.
The/at Jews/nps had/hvd been/ben banished/vbn from/in England/np in/in 1290/cd and/cc were/bed not/* permitted/vbn to/to return/vb before/in 1655/cd ,/, when/wrb Shakespeare/np had/hvd been/ben dead/jj for/in thirty-nine/cd years/nns ./.
If/cs any/dti had/hvd escaped/vbn expulsion/nn by/in hiding/vbg ,/, they/ppss certainly/rb would/md not/* frequent/vb the/at market-place/nn ./.


	Shakespeare/np did/dod not/* usually/rb invent/vb the/at incidents/nns in/in his/pp$ plays/nns ,/, but/cc borrowed/vbd them/ppo from/in old/jj stories/nns ,/, ballads/nns ,/, and/cc plays/nns ,/, wove/vbd them/ppo together/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb breathed/vbd into/in them/ppo his/pp$ spark/nn of/in life/nn ./.
Rather/in than/in from/in a/at first-hand/jj study/nn of/in Jewish/jj people/nns ,/, his/pp$ delineation/nn of/in Shylock/np stems/vbz from/in a/at collection/nn of/in Italian/jj stories/nns ,/, Il/np-tl Pecorone/np-tl ,/, published/vbn in/in 1558/cd ,/, although/cs written/vbn almost/rb two/cd centuries/nns earlier/rbr ./.
He/pps could/md learn/vb at/in second/od hand/nn from/in books/nns ,/, but/cc could/md not/* thus/rb capture/vb the/at real/jj Jewish/jj spirit/nn ./.
Harris/np J./np Griston/np ,/, in/in Shaking/vbg The/at-tl Dust/nn-tl From/in-tl Shakespeare/np-tl (/( 216/cd )/) ,/, writes/vbz :/: ``/`` There/ex is/bez not/* a/at word/nn spoken/vbn by/in Shylock/np which/wdt one/pn would/md expect/vb from/in a/at real/jj Jew/np ''/'' ./.


	He/pps took/vbd the/at story/nn of/in the/at pound/nn of/in flesh/nn and/cc had/hvd to/to fasten/vb it/ppo on/in someone/pn ./.
The/at Jew/np was/bedz the/at safest/jjt victim/nn ./.
No/at Jew/np was/bedz on/in hand/nn to/to boycott/vb his/pp$ financially/rb struggling/vbg theater/nn ./.
It/pps would/md have/hv been/ben unwise/jj policy/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, to/to apply/vb the/at pound-of-flesh/nn characterization/nn to/in the/at thrifty/jj Scotchman/np ./.
Just/rb as/cs now/rb anyone/pn may/md hurl/vb insults/nns at/in a/at citizen/nn of/in Mars/np ,/, or/cc even/rb of/in Tikopia/np ,/, and/cc no/at senatorial/jj investigation/nn will/md result/vb ./.
Who/wps cares/vbz about/in them/ppo !/. !/.


	Shakespeare/np does/doz not/* tell/vb us/ppo that/cs Shylock/np was/bedz an/at aberrant/jj individual/nn ./.
He/pps sets/vbz him/ppo forth/rb as/cs being/beg typical/jj of/in the/at group/nn ./.
He/pps tells/vbz of/in his/pp$ ``/`` Jewish/jj heart/nn ''/'' --/-- not/* a/at Shylockian/jj heart/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc a/at Jewish/jj heart/nn ./.
This/dt would/md make/vb anyone/pn crafty/jj and/cc cruel/jj ,/, capable/jj of/in fiendish/jj revenge/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez no/at justification/nn for/in such/jj misrepresentation/nn ./.
If/cs living/vbg Jews/nps were/bed unavailable/jj for/in study/nn ,/, the/at Bible/np was/bedz at/in hand/nn ./.
Reading/vbg the/at Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl would/md have/hv shown/vbn the/at dramatist/nn that/cs the/at ideas/nns attributed/vbn to/in Shylock/np were/bed abhorrent/jj to/in the/at Jews/nps ./.


	Are/ber we/ppss better/rbr off/rp for/in having/hvg Shakespeare's/np$ idea/nn of/in Shylock/np ?/. ?/.
Studying/vbg The/at-tl Merchant/nn-tl Of/in-tl Venice/np-tl in/in high/jj school/nn and/cc college/nn has/hvz given/vbn many/ap young/jj people/nns their/pp$ notions/nns about/in Jews/nps ./.
Does/doz this/dt help/vb the/at non-Jew/np to/to understand/vb this/dt group/nn ?/. ?/.


	Thomas/np De/np Torquemada/np ,/, Inquisitor-General/np of/in the/at Spanish/jj-tl Inquisition/nn-tl ,/, put/vbd many/ap persons/nns to/in death/nn ./.
His/pp$ name/nn became/vbd synonymous/jj with/in cold-blooded/jj cruelty/nn ./.
Would/md we/ppss gain/vb by/in keeping/vbg alive/jj his/pp$ memory/nn and/cc besmirching/vbg today's/nr$ Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps by/in saying/vbg he/pps had/hvd a/at Catholic/jj heart/nn ?/. ?/.
Let/vb his/pp$ bones/nns and/cc his/pp$ memory/nn rest/vb in/in the/at fifteenth/od century/nn where/wrb they/ppss belong/vb ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez out/in of/in place/nn in/in our/pp$ times/nns ./.
Shakespeare's/np$ Shylock/np ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez of/in dubious/jj value/nn in/in the/at modern/jj world/nn ./.


	Ideas/nns ,/, in/in and/cc of/in themselves/ppls ,/, are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at greatest/jjt good/nn ./.
A/at successful/jj businessman/nn recently/rb prefaced/vbd his/pp$ address/nn to/in a/at luncheon/nn group/nn with/in the/at statement/nn that/cs all/abn economists/nns should/md be/be sent/vbn to/in the/at hospitals/nns for/in the/at mentally/rb deranged/vbn where/wrb they/ppss and/cc their/pp$ theories/nns might/md rot/vb together/rb ./.
Will/md his/pp$ words/nns come/vb to/to be/be treasured/vbn and/cc quoted/vbn through/in the/at years/nns ?/. ?/.


	Frequently/rb we/ppss are/ber given/vbn assurance/nn that/cs automatically/rb all/abn ideas/nns will/md be/be sifted/vbn and/cc resifted/vbn and/cc in/in the/at end/nn only/rb the/at good/jj ones/nns will/md survive/vb ./.
But/cc is/bez that/dt not/* like/jj going/vbg to/in a/at chemistry/nn laboratory/nn and/cc blindly/rb pouring/vbg out/rp liquids/nns and/cc powders/nns from/in an/at array/nn of/in bottles/nns and/cc then/rb ,/, after/cs stirring/vbg ,/, expecting/vbg a/at new/jj wonder/jj drug/nn inevitably/rb to/to result/vb ?/. ?/.


	What/wdt of/in the/at efficiency/nn of/in this/dt natural/jj instrument/nn of/in free/jj discussion/nn ?/. ?/.
Is/bez there/ex some/dti magic/nn in/in it/ppo that/wps assures/vbz results/nns ?/. ?/.


	When/wrb Peter/np B./np Kyne/np (/( Pride/nn-tl Of/in-tl Palomar/np-tl ,/, 43/cd )/) informed/vbd us/ppo in/in 1921/cd that/cs we/ppss had/hvd an/at instinctive/jj dislike/nn for/in the/at Japanese/nps ,/, did/dod the/at heated/vbn debates/nns of/in the/at Californians/nps settle/vb the/at truth/nn or/cc falsity/nn of/in the/at proposition/nn ?/. ?/.


	The/at-tl Leopard's/nn$-tl Spots/nns-tl came/vbd from/in the/at pen/nn of/in Thomas/np Dixon/np in/in 1902/cd ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt he/pps announced/vbd an/at ``/`` unchangeable/jj ''/'' law/nn ./.
If/cs a/at child/nn had/hvd a/at single/ap drop/nn of/in Negro/np blood/nn ,/, he/pps would/md revert/vb to/in the/at ancestral/jj line/nn which/wdt ,/, except/in as/cs slaves/nns under/in a/at superior/jj race/nn ,/, had/hvd not/* made/vbn one/cd step/nn of/in progress/nn in/in 3,000/cd years/nns ./.
That/dt doctrine/nn has/hvz been/ben accepted/vbn by/in many/ap ,/, but/cc has/hvz it/pps produced/vbn good/jj results/nns ?/. ?/.


	In/in the/at same/ap vein/nn ,/, a/at certain/jj short-story/nn plot/nn has/hvz been/ben overworked/vbn ./.
The/at son/nn and/cc heir/nn of/in a/at prominent/jj family/nn marries/vbz a/at girl/nn who/wps has/hvz tell-tale/jj shadows/nns on/in the/at half-moons/nns of/in her/pp$ finger/nn nails/nns ./.
In/in time/nn she/pps presents/vbz her/ppo aristocratic/jj husband/nn with/in a/at coal-black/jj child/nn ./.
Is/bez the/at world/nn better/jjr for/cs having/hvg this/dt idea/nn thrust/vb upon/in it/ppo ?/. ?/.
Will/md argument/nn and/cc debate/nn decide/vb its/pp$ truth/nn or/cc falsity/nn ?/. ?/.


	For/in answers/nns to/in such/jj questions/nns we/ppss must/md turn/vb to/in the/at anthropologists/nns ,/, the/at biologists/nns ,/, the/at historians/nns ,/, the/at psychologists/nns ,/, and/cc the/at sociologists/nns ./.
Long/ql ago/rb they/ppss consigned/vbd the/at notions/nns of/in Kyne/np and/cc Dixon/np to/in the/at scrap/nn heap/nn ./.


	False/jj ideas/nns surfeit/vb another/dt sector/nn of/in our/pp$ life/nn ./.
For/in several/ap generations/nns much/ap fiction/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn dealing/vbg with/in the/at steprelationship/nn ./.
The/at stepmother/nn ,/, almost/rb without/in exception/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben presented/vbn as/cs a/at cruel/jj ogress/nn ./.
Children/nns ,/, conditioned/vbn by/in this/dt mistaken/vbn notion/nn ,/, have/hv feared/vbn stepmothers/nns ,/, while/cs adults/nns ,/, by/in their/pp$ antagonistic/jj attitudes/nns ,/, have/hv made/vbn the/at role/nn of/in the/at substitute/jj parents/nns a/at difficult/jj one/cd ./.
Debate/nn is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to resolve/vb the/at tensions/nns and/cc make/vb the/at lot/nn of/in the/at stepchild/nn a/at happier/jjr one/cd ./.
Research/nn ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, has/hvz shown/vbn many/ap stepmothers/nns to/to be/be eminently/ql successful/jj ,/, some/dti far/ql better/jjr than/cs the/at real/jj mothers/nns ./.


	Helen/np Deutsch/np informed/vbd us/ppo (/( The/at-tl Psychology/nn-tl Of/in-tl Women/nns-tl ,/, Vol./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, 434/cd )/) that/cs in/in all/abn cultures/nns ``/`` the/at term/nn '/' stepmother/nn '/' automatically/rb evokes/vbz deprecatory/jj implications/nns ''/'' ,/, a/at conclusion/nn accepted/vbn by/in many/ap ./.
Will/md mere/jj debate/nn on/in that/dt proposition/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs it/pps be/be free/jj and/cc untrammeled/jj ,/, remove/vb the/at dross/nn and/cc leave/vb a/at residue/nn of/in refined/vbn gold/nn ?/. ?/.
That/dt is/bez questionable/jj ,/, to/to say/vb the/at least/ap ./.
Research/nn into/in several/ap cultures/nns has/hvz proven/vbn her/pp$ position/nn to/to be/be a/at mistaken/vbn one/cd ./.


	Most/ql assuredly/rb ideas/nns are/ber invaluable/jj ./.
But/cc ideas/nns ,/, just/rb for/in the/at sake/nn of/in having/hvg them/ppo ,/, are/ber not/* enough/ap ./.
In/in the/at 1930's/nns ,/, cures/nns for/in the/at depression/nn literally/rb flooded/vbd Washington/np ./.
For/in a/at time/nn the/at President/nn-tl received/vbd hundreds/nns of/in them/ppo every/at day/nn ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo worthless/jj ./.


	Ideas/nns need/vb to/to be/be tested/vbn ,/, and/cc not/* merely/rb by/in argument/nn and/cc debate/nn ./.
When/wrb some/dti question/nn arises/vbz in/in the/at medical/jj field/nn concerning/in cancer/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* turn/vb to/in free/jj and/cc open/jj discussion/nn as/cs in/in a/at political/jj campaign/nn ./.
We/ppss have/hv recourse/nn to/in the/at scientifically-trained/jj specialist/nn in/in the/at laboratory/nn ./.
The/at merits/nns of/in the/at Salk/np anti-polio/jj vaccine/nn were/bed not/* established/vbn on/in the/at forensic/jj platform/nn or/cc in/in newspaper/nn editorials/nns ,/, but/cc in/in the/at laboratory/nn and/cc by/in tests/nns in/in the/at field/nn on/in thousands/nns of/in children/nns ./.


	Our/pp$ presidential/jj campaigns/nns provide/vb much/ap debate/nn and/cc argument/nn ./.
But/cc is/bez the/at result/nn new/jj barnsful/nns of/in tested/vbn knowledge/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md with/in confidence/nn solve/vb our/pp$ domestic/jj and/cc international/jj problems/nns ?/. ?/.
Man/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber told/vbn ,/, is/bez endowed/vbn with/in reason/nn and/cc is/bez capable/jj of/in distinguishing/vbg good/nn from/in bad/nn ./.
But/cc what/wdt a/at super-Herculean/jj task/nn it/pps is/bez to/to winnow/vb anything/pn of/in value/nn from/in the/at mud-beplastered/jj arguments/nns used/vbn so/ql freely/rb ,/, particularly/rb since/cs such/jj common/jj use/nn is/bez made/vbn of/in cliches/nns and/cc stereotypes/nns ,/, in/in themselves/ppls declarations/nns of/in intellectual/jj bankruptcy/nn ./.


	We/ppss are/ber reminded/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs freedom/nn of/in thought/nn and/cc discussion/nn ,/, the/at unfettered/jj exchange/nn of/in ideas/nns ,/, is/bez basic/jj under/in our/pp$ form/nn of/in government/nn ./.


	Assuredly/rb in/in our/pp$ political/jj campaigns/nns there/ex is/bez freedom/nn to/to think/vb ,/, to/to examine/vb any/dti and/cc all/abn issues/nns ,/, and/cc to/to speak/vb without/in restraint/nn ./.
No/at holds/nns are/ber barred/vbn ./.
But/cc have/hv the/at results/nns been/ben heartening/jj ?/. ?/.
May/md we/ppss state/vb with/in confidence/nn that/cs in/in such/abl an/at exhibition/nn a/at republic/nn will/md find/vb its/pp$ greatest/jjt security/nn ?/. ?/.


	We/ppss must/md not/* forget/vb ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, that/cs free/jj discussion/nn and/cc debate/nn have/hv produced/vbn beneficial/jj results/nns ./.
In/in truth/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md say/vb that/cs this/dt broke/vbd the/at power/nn of/in Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz finally/rb exposed/vbn in/in full/jj light/nn to/in the/at American/jj people/nns ./.
If/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` liquidated/vbn ''/'' in/in some/dti way/nn ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv become/vbn a/at martyr/nn ,/, a/at rallying/vbg point/nn for/in people/nns who/wps shared/vbd his/pp$ ideas/nns ./.
Debate/nn in/in the/at political/jj arena/nn can/md be/be productive/jj of/in good/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez a/at clumsy/jj and/cc wasteful/jj process/nn :/: it/pps can/md produce/vb negative/jj results/nns but/cc not/* much/ap that/wps is/bez positive/jj ./.
Debate/nn rid/vbd us/ppo of/in McCarthy/np but/cc did/dod not/* give/vb us/ppo much/ap that/wps is/bez positive/jj ./.
It/pps did/dod something/pn to/to clear/vb the/at ground/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps erected/vbd no/at striking/jj new/jj structure/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps did/dod not/* even/rb provide/vb the/at architect's/nn$ plan/nn for/in anything/pn new/jj ./.


	In/in the/at field/nn of/in the/at natural/jj sciences/nns ,/, scientifically/rb verified/vbn data/nns are/ber quite/ql readily/rb available/jj and/cc any/dti discussion/nn can/md be/be shortened/vbn with/in good/jj results/nns ./.
In/in the/at field/nn of/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns a/at considerable/jj fund/nn of/in tested/vbn knowledge/nn has/hvz been/ben accumulated/vbn that/wps can/md be/be used/vbn to/in good/jj advantage/nn ./.


	By/in no/at means/nns would/md we/ppss discourage/vb the/at production/nn of/in ideas/nns :/: they/ppss provide/vb raw/jj materials/nns with/in which/wdt to/to work/vb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss provide/vb stimulations/nns that/wps lead/vb to/in further/jjr production/nn ./.
We/ppss would/md establish/vb no/at censorship/nn ./.

The/at President's/nn$-tl personality/nn would/md have/hv opened/vbn that/dt office/nn to/in him/ppo ./.
And/cc for/in the/at first/od time/nn a/at representative/nn of/in the/at highest/jjt office/nn in/in the/at land/nn would/md have/hv been/ben liable/jj to/in the/at charge/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd attempted/vbn to/to make/vb it/ppo a/at successorship/nn by/in inheritance/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez testimony/nn to/in the/at deep/jj respect/nn in/in which/wdt Mr./np Eisenhower/np was/bedz held/vbn by/in members/nns of/in all/abn parties/nns that/cs the/at moral/jj considerations/nns raised/vbn by/in his/pp$ approach/nn to/in the/at matter/nn were/bed not/* explicitly/rb to/to be/be broached/vbn ./.


	These/dts began/vbd to/to be/be apparent/jj in/in a/at press/nn conference/nn held/vbn during/in the/at second/od illness/nn in/in order/nn that/cs the/at consulting/vbg specialists/nns might/md clarify/vb the/at President's/nn$-tl condition/nn for/in the/at nation/nn ./.
And/cc if/cs Howard/np Rutstein/np felt/vbd impelled/vbn thereafter/rb to/to formulate/vb the/at ethics/nns of/in the/at medical/jj profession/nn ,/, his/pp$ article/nn in/in the/at Atlantic/jj-tl Monthly/nn-tl accomplished/vbd a/at good/jj deal/nn more/ap ./.
It/pps forced/vbd us/ppo to/to fix/vb the/at responsibility/nn for/in the/at position/nn in/in which/wdt all/abn medical/jj commentators/nns had/hvd been/ben placed/vbn ./.
The/at discussion/nn of/in professional/jj ethics/nns inevitably/rb reminded/vbd us/ppo that/cs in/in the/at historical/jj perspective/nn the/at President's/nn$-tl decision/nn will/md finally/rb clarify/vb itself/ppl as/cs a/at moral/jj ,/, rather/in than/in a/at medical/jj ,/, problem/nn ./.
Because/cs the/at responsibility/nn for/in resolving/vbg the/at issue/nn lay/vbd with/in the/at President/nn-tl ,/, rather/in than/in with/in his/pp$ doctors/nns ,/, nothing/pn raises/vbz more/ql surely/rb for/in us/ppo the/at difficulties/nns simple/jj goodness/nn faces/vbz in/in dealing/vbg with/in complex/jj moral/jj problems/nns under/in political/jj pressure/nn ./.
For/cs the/at President/nn-tl had/hvd dealt/vbn with/in the/at matter/nn humbly/rb ,/, in/in what/wdt he/pps conceived/vbd as/cs the/at democratic/jj way/nn ./.
But/cc the/at problem/nn is/bez one/cd which/wdt gives/vbz us/ppo the/at measure/nn of/in a/at man/nn ,/, rather/in than/in a/at group/nn of/in men/nns ,/, whether/cs a/at group/nn of/in doctors/nns ,/, a/at group/nn of/in party/nn members/nns assembled/vbn at/in a/at dinner/nn to/to give/vb their/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, or/cc the/at masses/nns of/in the/at voters/nns ./.


	Any/dti attempt/nn to/to reconcile/vb this/dt statement/nn of/in the/at central/jj issue/nn in/in the/at campaign/nn of/in 1956/cd with/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at man/nn who/wps could/md not/* conceive/vb it/ppo as/cs the/at central/jj issue/nn will/md at/in least/ap resolve/vb our/pp$ confusions/nns about/in the/at chaotic/jj and/cc misleading/vbg results/nns of/in the/at earnestness/nn of/in both/abx doctors/nns and/cc President/nn-tl in/in a/at situation/nn which/wdt should/md never/rb have/hv arisen/vbn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at response/nn to/in the/at conflict/nn between/in political/jj pressure/nn and/cc the/at moral/jj intuition/nn which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in attempts/nns at/in prediction/nn ./.
In/in no/at other/ap situation/nn would/md a/at group/nn of/in doctors/nns ,/, struggling/vbg competently/rb to/to improve/vb the/at life/nn expectancy/nn of/in a/at man/nn beloved/jj by/in the/at world/nn ,/, be/be subjected/vbn to/in such/jj merciless/jj and/cc persistent/jj questioning/nn ,/, and/cc before/cs they/ppss were/bed prepared/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb the/at kind/nn of/in verbal/jj precision/nn which/wdt alone/rb can/md clarify/vb for/in mankind/nn the/at problems/nns it/pps faces/vbz ./.
And/cc though/cs we/ppss can/md look/vb back/rb now/rb and/cc see/vb their/pp$ errors/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md look/vb back/rb also/rb to/in the/at ultimate/jj error/nn ./.


	It/pps recurred/vbd in/in the/at press/nn conferences/nns :/: the/at President's/nn$-tl remarks/nns about/in his/pp$ running/vbg developed/vbd a/at singular/jj tone/nn ,/, one/cd which/wdt we/ppss find/vb in/in few/ap statements/nns made/vbn by/in public/jj individuals/nns on/in such/abl a/at matter/nn ./.
The/at press/nn conference/nn became/vbd a/at stage/nn which/wdt betrayed/vbd the/at drift/nn of/in his/pp$ private/jj thinking/nn ,/, rather/in than/in his/pp$ convictions/nns ./.
He/pps commented/vbd --/-- thoughtfully/rb ,/, a/at reporter/nn told/vbd us/ppo --/-- that/cs it/pps was/bedz ``/`` not/* too/ql important/jj for/in the/at individual/nn how/wrb he/pps ends/vbz up/rp ''/'' ./.
He/pps gave/vbd us/ppo a/at simile/nn to/to explain/vb his/pp$ admission/nn that/cs even/rb at/in the/at worst/jjt period/nn of/in his/pp$ second/od illness/nn it/pps never/rb occurred/vbd to/in him/ppo there/ex was/bedz any/dti renewed/vbn question/nn about/in his/pp$ running/vbg :/: as/cs in/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Bulge/nn-tl ,/, he/pps had/hvd no/at fears/nns about/in the/at outcome/nn until/cs he/pps read/vbd the/at American/jj newspapers/nns ./.
Yet/cc the/at attitude/nn that/wpo the/at fate/nn of/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl demands/vbz in/in such/abl a/at situation/nn is/bez quite/ql distinct/jj from/in the/at simple/jj courage/nn that/wps can/md proceed/vb with/in battles/nns to/to be/be fought/vbn ,/, regardless/rb of/in the/at consequences/nns ./.
In/in this/dt case/nn others/nns should/md not/* have/hv had/hvn to/to raise/vb the/at doubts/nns and/cc fears/nns ./.
The/at Presidency/nn-tl demands/vbz an/at incisive/jj awareness/nn of/in the/at larger/jjr implications/nns of/in the/at death/nn of/in any/dti incumbent/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez of/in the/at utmost/jjs importance/nn to/in the/at people/nns of/in America/np and/cc of/in the/at world/nn how/wrb their/pp$ governing/vbg President/nn-tl ``/`` ends/vbz up/rp ''/'' during/in the/at four/cd years/nns of/in his/pp$ term/nn ./.
Only/rb when/wrb that/dt term/nn is/bez ended/vbn and/cc he/pps is/bez a/at private/jj citizen/nn again/rb can/md he/pps be/be permitted/vbn the/at freedom/nn and/cc the/at courage/nn to/to discount/vb the/at dangers/nns of/in his/pp$ death/nn ./.
Ironically/rb enough/qlp ,/, in/in this/dt instance/nn such/jj personal/jj virtues/nns were/bed a/at luxury/nn ./.


	At/in the/at national/jj and/cc international/jj level/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez the/at highest/jjt kind/nn of/in morality/nn for/in the/at private/jj citizen/nn represents/vbz an/at instance/nn of/in political/jj immorality/nn ./.
And/cc we/ppss had/hvd the/at uneasy/jj sense/nn that/cs the/at cleavage/nn between/in the/at moral/jj and/cc the/at political/jj progressed/vbd amid/in the/at events/nns which/wdt concern/vb us/ppo ./.
For/cs the/at tone/nn of/in the/at editorials/nns which/wdt greeted/vbd Mr./np Eisenhower's/np$ original/jj announcement/nn of/in his/pp$ running/vbg had/hvd been/ben strangely/rb disquieting/jj ./.
Neither/cc the/at vibrant/jj enthusiasm/nn which/wdt bespeaks/vbz a/at people's/nns$ intuitive/jj sense/nn of/in the/at fitness/nn of/in things/nns at/in climactic/jj moments/nns nor/cc the/at vital/jj argumentation/nn betraying/vbg its/pp$ sense/nn that/cs something/pn significant/jj has/hvz transpired/vbn was/bedz in/in evidence/nn ./.
Nothing/pn testifies/vbz more/ql clearly/rb to/in that/dt cleavage/nn than/cs the/at peculiar/jj editorial/nn page/nn appearing/vbg in/in a/at July/np issue/nn of/in Life/nn-tl Magazine/nn-tl ,/, the/at issue/nn which/wdt also/rb carried/vbd the/at second/od announcement/nn of/in the/at candidacy/nn ./.
The/at double/jj editorial/nn on/in Two/cd-tl Aspects/nns-tl Of/in-tl ``/`` The/at-tl U.S./np-tl Spirit/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz subtly/rb calculated/vbn to/to suggest/vb a/at moral/jj sanction/nn for/in gambles/nns great/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs small/jj ,/, reflecting/vbg popular/jj approval/nn of/in this/dt questionable/jj attitude/nn toward/in the/at highest/jjt office/nn in/in the/at land/nn ./.
``/`` The/at-tl Moral/jj-tl Creed/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` The/at-tl Will/nn-tl To/to-tl Risk/vb-tl ''/'' live/vb happily/rb together/rb ,/, if/cs we/ppss do/do not/* examine/vb where/wrb the/at line/nn is/bez to/to be/be drawn/vbn ./.
``/`` I/ppss may/md possibly/rb be/be a/at greater/jjr risk/nn than/cs is/bez the/at normal/jj person/nn of/in my/pp$ age/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at President/nn-tl had/hvd said/vbn on/in February/np 29th/od of/in the/at election/nn year/nn ,/, ignoring/vbg the/at fact/nn that/cs no/at one/pn of/in his/pp$ age/nn had/hvd ever/rb lived/vbn out/rp another/dt term/nn ./.
``/`` My/pp$ doctors/nns assure/vb me/ppo that/cs this/dt increased/vbn percentage/nn of/in risk/nn is/bez not/* great/jj ''/'' ./.
But/cc by/in the/at time/nn the/at risk/nn was/bedz doubled/vbn ,/, events/nns had/hvd dismissed/vbn from/in his/pp$ mind/nn both/abx increased/vbn percentages/nns and/cc a/at previously/rb stated/vbn intention/nn of/in considering/vbg carefully/rb anything/pn more/ql serious/jj than/cs a/at bout/nn of/in influenza/nn ./.
Only/rb infrequently/rb did/dod the/at situation/nn color/vb his/pp$ thinking/nn ./.
Ironically/rb no/at president/nn we/ppss have/hv had/hvn would/md have/hv regretted/vbn more/rbr than/cs President/nn-tl Eisenhower/np the/at possibility/nn to/in which/wdt his/pp$ own/jj words/nns ,/, in/in the/at press/nn conference/nn held/vbn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in August/np ,/, testified/vbd :/: that/cs unable/jj as/cs he/pps was/bedz himself/ppl to/to say/vb his/pp$ running/vbg was/bedz best/jjt for/in the/at country/nn ,/, unconsciously/rb he/pps had/hvd placed/vbn his/pp$ party/nn before/in his/pp$ nation/nn ./.


	So/rb it/pps is/bez that/cs we/ppss relive/vb his/pp$ opening/vbg statement/nn in/in the/at first/od television/nn address/nn with/in the/at dramatic/jj immediacy/nn of/in the/at present/nn ./.
No/at consideration/nn of/in risk/nn urges/vbz itself/ppl upon/in him/ppo now/rb :/: for/cs this/dt is/bez what/wdt the/at mind/nn does/doz with/in the/at ideas/nns on/in which/wdt it/pps has/hvz not/* properly/rb focussed/vbn ./.
Yet/cc with/in a/at mind/nn less/ql shallow/jj ,/, if/cs less/ql sharp/jj ,/, than/cs some/dti of/in the/at fortune-happy/jj syndicates/nns which/wdt back/vb him/ppo ,/, he/pps feels/vbz what/wdt he/pps cannot/md* formulate/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc we/ppss watch/vb him/ppo amid/in the/at overtones/nns which/wdt suggest/vb he/pps could/md never/rb in/in any/dti conscience/nn urge/vb a/at risk/nn upon/in the/at voters/nns ./.
Moving/vbg as/cs he/pps is/bez into/in the/at phase/nn of/in the/at campaign/nn which/wdt demands/vbz conviction/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps adopts/vbz a/at position/nn that/wps is/bez morally/rb indefensible/jj ./.
He/pps ascribes/vbz to/in the/at mercy/nn of/in God/np the/at peace/nn which/wdt this/dt personal/jj matter/nn --/-- the/at assurance/nn that/cs he/pps can/md physically/rb sustain/vb the/at burden/nn of/in the/at office/nn longer/rbr than/cs any/dti individual/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in our/pp$ nation/nn has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to do/do --/-- has/hvz brought/vbn him/ppo ./.
What/wdt is/bez simply/rb an/at opinion/nn formed/vbn in/in defiance/nn of/in the/at laws/nns of/in human/jj probability/nn ,/, whether/cs or/cc not/* it/pps is/bez later/rbr confirmed/vbn ,/, has/hvz become/vbn by/in September/np of/in the/at election/nn year/nn ``/`` a/at firm/jj conviction/nn ''/'' ./.
As/cs a/at means/nn of/in silencing/vbg a/at discussion/nn which/wdt ought/md to/to have/hv taken/vbn place/nn ,/, the/at statement/nn is/bez an/at effective/jj one/cd :/: we/ppss sympathize/vb with/in the/at universal/jj confusion/nn which/wdt gives/vbz rise/nn to/in such/jj convictions/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez also/rb the/at climax/nn to/in one/cd of/in the/at absorbing/vbg chapters/nns in/in our/pp$ current/jj political/jj history/nn ./.


	In/in assigning/vbg to/in God/np the/at responsibility/nn which/wdt he/pps learned/vbd could/md not/* rest/vb with/in his/pp$ doctors/nns ,/, Eisenhower/np gave/vbd evidence/nn of/in that/dt weakening/nn of/in the/at moral/jj intuition/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to characterize/vb his/pp$ administration/nn in/in the/at years/nns to/to follow/vb ./.
In/in any/dti other/ap man/nn this/dt reassurance/nn to/in the/at electorate/nn would/md have/hv caused/vbn us/ppo a/at profound/jj moral/jj shock/nn ./.
About/in this/dt man/nn we/ppss had/hvd to/to think/vb twice/rb ./.
We/ppss knew/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz ,/, as/cs reassurance/nn ,/, the/at ironic/jj fruit/nn of/in a/at deeply/ql moral/jj nature/nn ./.
But/cc the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs even/rb the/at unconscious/jj acceptance/nn of/in himself/ppl as/cs a/at man/nn of/in destiny/nn divinely/rb protected/vbn must/md be/be censored/vbn in/in any/dti man/nn who/wps evades/vbz the/at responsibility/nn for/in his/pp$ major/jj decisions/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb for/in imposing/vbg his/pp$ will/nn on/in the/at people/nns ./.
And/cc in/in the/at context/nn of/in drifting/vbg personal/jj utterances/nns we/ppss have/hv examined/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz occasional/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at origin/nn of/in all/abn such/jj evasions/nns ./.
When/wrb the/at possibility/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd not/* given/vbn reconsideration/nn to/in so/ql weighty/jj a/at decision/nn seemed/vbd to/to disconcert/vb his/pp$ questioners/nns ,/, Mr./np Eisenhower/np was/bedz known/vbn to/to make/vb his/pp$ characteristic/jj statement/nn to/in the/at press/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* going/vbg to/to talk/vb about/in the/at matter/nn any/ql more/rbr ./.
Thinking/vbg had/hvd stopped/vbn ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz not/* to/to be/be resumed/vbn ./.


	The/at portrait/nn that/wps had/hvd developed/vbn ,/, fragmentarily/rb but/cc consistently/rb ,/, was/bedz the/at portrait/nn of/in a/at man/nn to/in whom/wpo serious/jj thinking/nn is/bez alien/jj enough/qlp that/cs the/at making/nn of/in a/at decision/nn inhibits/vbz ,/, when/wrb it/pps does/doz not/* forestall/vb ,/, any/dti ability/nn to/to review/vb the/at decision/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in new/jj evidence/nn ./.
This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs the/at decision/nn to/to run/vb for/in office/nn should/md inevitably/rb have/hv been/ben revoked/vbn ./.
Instead/rb it/pps means/vbz that/cs the/at thinking/nn in/in which/wdt decision/nn issues/vbz has/hvz the/at power/nn to/to determine/vb the/at morality/nn of/in the/at decision/nn ,/, as/cs in/in this/dt instance/nn the/at pressure/nn for/in renewed/vbn practical/jj or/cc legislative/jj attention/nn to/in the/at constitutional/jj problems/nns the/at decision/nn had/hvd uncovered/vbn might/md have/hv done/vbn ./.
Drifting/vbg through/in a/at third/od illness/nn ,/, apparently/rb without/in any/dti provision/nn for/in the/at handling/nn of/in a/at major/jj national/jj emergency/nn other/ap than/in a/at talk/nn with/in the/at vice-president/nn ,/, Eisenhower/np revealed/vbd the/at singularly/rb static/jj quality/nn of/in his/pp$ thinking/nn ./.
Despite/in three/cd warnings/nns ,/, no/at sense/nn of/in moral/jj urgency/nn impelled/vbd him/ppo to/to distinguish/vb his/pp$ situation/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb his/pp$ responsibilities/nns ,/, from/in Wilson's/np$ ./.




By/in contrast/nn ,/, the/at energetic/jj reaction/nn of/in the/at leader/nn to/in the/at full/jj demands/nns his/pp$ decision/nn imposes/vbz upon/in him/ppo strengthens/vbz the/at moral/jj intuition/nn and/cc gives/vbz us/ppo the/at measure/nn of/in the/at man/nn ./.
Only/rb by/in means/nn of/in an/at intensive/jj preoccupation/nn with/in the/at detailed/vbn considerations/nns following/vbg from/in any/dti decision/nn can/md he/pps ensure/vb attention/nn to/in the/at practical/jj details/nns to/to be/be dealt/vbn with/in if/cs the/at implications/nns of/in immorality/nn in/in the/at major/jj decision/nn are/ber effectively/rb to/to be/be checked/vbn ./.
In/in the/at incessant/jj struggle/nn with/in recalcitrant/jj political/jj fact/nn he/pps learns/vbz to/to focus/vb the/at essence/nn of/in a/at problem/nn in/in the/at significant/jj detail/nn ,/, and/cc to/to articulate/vb the/at distinctions/nns which/wdt clarify/vb the/at detail/nn as/cs significant/jj ,/, with/in what/wdt is/bez sometimes/rb astounding/jj rapidity/nn ./.
Like/cs Lincoln/np ,/, he/pps can/md distinguish/vb his/pp$ relation/nn to/in God/np from/in the/at constitutional/jj responsibilities/nns a/at questionable/jj decision/nn exacts/vbz of/in him/ppo ./.
Like/cs Roosevelt/np ,/, he/pps can/md distinguish/vb an/at attitude/nn toward/in a/at Russian/jj leader/nn he/pps may/md share/vb with/in a/at host/nn of/in Americans/nps from/in the/at responsibilities/nns diplomatic/jj convention/nn may/md impose/vb upon/in him/ppo ./.
He/pps chooses/vbz to/to subordinate/vb one/cd to/in the/at other/ap ,/, sometimes/rb reluctantly/rb ,/, accepting/vbg criticism/nn for/in the/at lesser/jjr immoralities/nns facts/nns breed/vb ./.
The/at very/ap nature/nn of/in a/at choice/nn so/ql grounded/vbn in/in distinction/nn and/cc fact/nn leads/vbz to/in the/at valid/jj convictions/nns which/wdt become/vb force/nn of/in will/nn in/in the/at manifest/jj leader/nn ./.
The/at capacity/nn for/in making/vbg the/at distinctions/nns of/in which/wdt diplomacy/nn is/bez compact/jj ,/, and/cc the/at facility/nn with/in language/nn which/wdt can/md render/vb them/ppo into/in validity/nn in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in other/ap men/nns are/ber the/at leader's/nn$ means/nns for/in transforming/vbg the/at moral/jj intuition/nn into/in moral/jj leadership/nn ./.


	The/at making/nn of/in distinctions/nns ,/, like/cs the/at perception/nn of/in the/at great/jj distinctions/nns made/vbn ,/, is/bez an/at inordinately/ql difficult/jj business/nn ./.
Lincoln's/np$ slow/jj progress/nn towards/in the/at several/ap marking/vbg his/pp$ achievement/nn is/bez even/ql now/rb unrecognizable/jj as/cs such/jj ,/, and/cc loosely/ql interpreted/vbn as/cs the/at alternation/nn of/in inconsistency/nn with/in vision/nn ./.
But/cc because/cs it/pps is/bez the/at function/nn of/in the/at mind/nn to/to turn/vb the/at one/cd into/in the/at other/ap by/in means/nn of/in the/at capacities/nns with/in which/wdt words/nns endow/vb it/ppo ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* unwisely/rb examine/vb the/at type/nn of/in distinction/nn ,/, in/in the/at sphere/nn of/in politics/nn ,/, on/in which/wdt decisions/nns hang/vb ./.
Only/ql recently/rb ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb because/cs a/at television/nn debate/nn can/md so/ql effectively/rb dramatize/vb President/nn-tl Kennedy's/np$ extraordinary/jj mastery/nn of/in detail/nn ,/, have/hv the/at abilities/nns on/in which/wdt the/at capacity/nn for/in making/vbg distinctions/nns depend/vb begun/vbn to/to be/be clearly/ql discernible/jj at/in the/at level/nn of/in politics/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ recent/jj evaluation/nn of/in Kennedy's/np$ potentialities/nns for/in leadership/nn ,/, Walter/np Lippmann/np has/hvz cited/vbn the/at ``/`` precision/nn ''/'' of/in his/pp$ mind/nn ,/, his/pp$ ``/`` immense/jj command/nn ''/'' of/in factual/jj detail/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ ``/`` instinct/nn for/in the/at crucial/jj point/nn ''/'' as/cs impressive/jj in/in the/at extreme/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps is/bez surely/ql clear/jj that/cs the/at first/od of/in these/dts is/bez the/at result/nn of/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt the/at individual's/nn$ command/nn of/in language/nn interacts/vbz with/in the/at other/ap two/cd ./.

For/cs this/dt change/nn is/bez not/* a/at change/nn from/in one/cd positive/jj position/nn to/in another/dt ,/, but/cc a/at change/nn from/in order/nn and/cc truth/nn to/in disorder/nn and/cc negation/nn ./.
The/at liberal-conservative/jj division/nn ,/, we/ppss might/md observe/vb in/in passing/vbg ,/, is/bez not/* of/in itself/ppl directly/rb involved/vbn in/in a/at private/jj interest/nn conflict/nn nor/cc even/rb in/in struggle/nn between/in ruling/vbg groups/nns ./.
Rather/rb it/pps is/bez rooted/vbn in/in a/at difference/nn of/in response/nn to/in the/at threat/nn of/in social/jj disintegration/nn ./.
The/at division/nn is/bez not/* between/in those/dts who/wps wish/vb to/to preserve/vb what/wdt they/ppss have/hv and/cc those/dts who/wps want/vb change/nn ./.
Rather/rb it/pps is/bez a/at division/nn established/vbn by/in two/cd absolutely/ql different/jj ways/nns of/in thought/nn with/in regard/nn to/in man's/nn$ life/nn in/in society/nn ./.
These/dts ways/nns are/ber absolutely/ql irreconcilable/jj because/cs they/ppss offer/vb two/cd different/jj recipes/nns for/in man's/nn$ redemption/nn from/in chaos/nn ./.


	The/at civilizational/jj crisis/nn ,/, the/at third/od type/nn of/in change/nn raises/vbz the/at question/nn ``/`` what/wdt are/ber we/ppss to/to do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/.
On/in the/at most/ql primitive/jj level/nn ./.
For/cs the/at answer/nn cannot/md* be/be derived/vbn from/in any/dti socially/rb cohesive/jj element/nn in/in the/at disrupting/vbg community/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at socially/rb existential/jj answer/nn to/in the/at question/nn ./.
For/cs the/at truth/nn formerly/rb experienced/vbn by/in the/at community/nn no/ql longer/rbr has/hvz existential/jj status/nn in/in the/at community/nn ,/, nor/cc does/doz any/dti answer/nn elaborated/vbn by/in philosophers/nns or/cc theoriticians/nns ./.
In/in this/dt phase/nn of/in change/nn ,/, no/at idea/nn has/hvz social/jj acceptance/nn and/cc so/rb none/pn has/hvz ontological/jj status/nn in/in the/at community/nn ./.
An/at interregnum/nn ensues/vbz in/in which/wdt not/* men/nns but/cc ideas/nns compete/vb for/in existence/nn ./.


	If/cs we/ppss examine/vb the/at three/cd types/nns of/in change/nn from/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in their/pp$ internal/jj structure/nn we/ppss find/vb an/at additional/jj profound/jj difference/nn between/in the/at third/od and/cc the/at first/od two/cd ,/, one/cd that/wps accounts/vbz for/in the/at notable/jj difference/nn between/in the/at responses/nns they/ppss evoke/vb ./.
The/at first/od two/cd types/nns of/in change/nn occur/vb within/in the/at inward/rb and/cc immanent/jj structure/nn of/in the/at society/nn ./.
The/at first/od involves/vbz a/at simple/jj shift/nn of/in interests/nns in/in the/at society/nn ./.
The/at second/od involves/vbz something/pn deeper/jjr ,/, but/cc its/pp$ characteristic/jj form/nn focuses/vbz on/in a/at shift/nn in/in policy/nn for/in the/at community/nn ,/, not/* in/in the/at truth/nn on/in which/wdt the/at community/nn rests/vbz ./.
Thus/rb in/in both/abx types/nns attention/nn is/bez focused/vbn on/in the/at community/nn itself/ppl ,/, and/cc its/pp$ phenomenological/jj life/nn ./.
The/at third/od type/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, wrenches/vbz attention/nn from/in the/at life/nn of/in action/nn and/cc interests/nns in/in the/at community/nn and/cc focuses/vbz it/ppo on/in the/at ground/nn of/in being/beg on/in which/wdt the/at community/nn depends/vbz for/in its/pp$ existence/nn ./.
Voegelin/np has/hvz analyzed/vbn this/dt experience/nn in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at stable/jj ,/, healthy/jj community/nn ./.
There/rb the/at community/nn ,/, faced/vbn with/in the/at need/nn to/to formulate/vb policy/nn on/in the/at level/nn of/in absolute/jj justice/nn ,/, can/md find/vb the/at answer/nn to/in its/pp$ problem/nn in/in the/at absolute/jj truth/nn which/wdt it/pps holds/vbz as/cs partially/ql experienced/vbn ./.
This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, cannot/md* be/be done/vbn by/in a/at community/nn whose/wp$ very/ap experience/nn of/in truth/nn is/bez confused/vbn and/cc incoherent/jj :/: it/pps has/hvz no/at absolute/jj standard/nn ,/, and/cc consequently/rb cannot/md* distinguish/vb the/at absolute/nn from/in the/at contingent/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz lost/vbn its/pp$ ground/nn of/in being/beg and/cc floats/vbz in/in a/at mist/nn of/in appearances/nns ./.
Relativism/nn and/cc equality/nn are/ber its/pp$ characteristic/jj diseases/nns ./.
Precisely/rb at/in the/at moment/nn when/wrb it/pps has/hvz lost/vbn its/pp$ vision/nn the/at mind/nn of/in the/at community/nn turns/vbz out/rp from/in itself/ppl in/in a/at search/nn for/in the/at ontological/jj standard/nn whereby/wrb it/pps can/md measure/vb itself/ppl ./.
For/cs paradigmatic/jj history/nn ``/`` breaks/vbz ''/'' rather/in than/in unfolds/vbz precisely/rb when/wrb the/at movement/nn is/bez from/in order/nn to/in disorder/nn ,/, and/cc not/* from/in one/cd order/nn to/in a/at new/jj order/nn ./.
The/at liberal-conservative/jj split/nn ,/, to/to define/vb it/ppo further/rbr ,/, derives/vbz from/in a/at basic/jj difference/nn concerning/in the/at existential/jj status/nn of/in standard/nn sought/vbn and/cc about/in the/at spiritual/jj experience/nn that/wps leads/vbz to/in its/pp$ identification/nn ./.


	When/wrb disruptive/jj change/nn has/hvz penetrated/vbn to/in the/at third/od level/nn of/in social/jj order/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in disruption/nn rapidly/rb reaches/vbz a/at point/nn of/in no/at return/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez probable/jj that/cs this/dt point/nn is/bez reached/vbn the/at moment/nn the/at third/od level/nn of/in change/nn begins/vbz ./.
At/in that/dt point/nn we/ppss reach/vb the/at ``/`` closed/vbn ''/'' historical/jj situation/nn :/: the/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt man/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr free/jj to/to return/vb to/in a/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ante/nn ./.
At/in that/dt point/nn men/nns become/vb aware/jj of/in the/at mystery/nn of/in history/nn called/vbn variously/rb ``/`` fate/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` destiny/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` providence/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc feel/vb themselves/ppls caught/vbn helplessly/rb in/in the/at writhing/nn of/in a/at disrupted/vbn society/nn ./.
The/at reasons/nns for/in this/dt experience/nn are/ber rooted/vbn in/in the/at metaphysical/jj characteristics/nns of/in such/abl a/at change/nn ./.


	Of/in all/abn forms/nns of/in being/beg ,/, society/nn ,/, or/cc community/nn ,/, has/hvz the/at greatest/jjt element/nn of/in determinability/nn ./.
Its/pp$ ontological/jj status/nn is/bez itself/ppl most/ql tenuous/jj because/cs apart/rb from/in individual/jj men/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber its/pp$ ``/`` matter/nn ''/'' ,/, tradition/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` form/nn ''/'' of/in society/nn exists/vbz only/rb as/cs a/at shared/vbn perception/nn of/in truth/nn ./.
The/at ontological/jj status/nn of/in society/nn thus/rb is/bez constituted/vbn by/in the/at psychological/jj status/nn of/in society's/nn$ members/nns ./.
The/at content/nn of/in that/dt psychological/jj status/nn determines/vbz ,/, ultimately/rb ,/, the/at content/nn of/in civilization/nn ./.
Those/dts social/jj ,/, civilizational/jj factors/nns not/* rooted/vbn in/in the/at human/jj spirit/nn of/in the/at group/nn ,/, ultimately/rb cease/vb to/to exist/vb ./.
Civilization/nn itself/ppl --/-- tradition/nn --/-- falls/vbz out/in of/in existence/nn when/wrb the/at human/jj spirit/nn itself/ppl becomes/vbz confused/vbn ./.
Civilization/nn is/bez what/wdt man/nn has/hvz made/vbn of/in himself/ppl ./.
Its/pp$ massive/jj contours/nns are/ber rooted/vbn in/in the/at simple/jj need/nn of/in man/nn ,/, since/cs he/pps is/bez always/rb incomplete/jj ,/, to/to complete/vb himself/ppl ./.


	It/pps is/bez not/* enough/ap for/in man/nn to/to be/be an/at ontological/jj esse/fw-vb ./.
He/pps needs/vbz existential/jj completion/nn ,/, he/pps needs/vbz ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, to/to move/vb in/in the/at direction/nn of/in completion/nn ./.
And/cc the/at direction/nn of/in that/dt movement/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in his/pp$ perception/nn of/in the/at truth/nn about/in himself/ppl ./.
He/pps must/md ,/, consequently/rb ,/, exist/vb as/cs a/at self-perceived/jj substantive/jj ,/, developing/vbg agent/nn ,/, or/cc he/pps does/doz not/* exist/vb as/cs man/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez no/at mystical/jj intuition/nn ,/, but/cc an/at analyzable/jj conception/nn to/to say/vb that/cs man/nn and/cc his/pp$ tradition/nn can/md ``/`` fall/vb out/in of/in existence/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt happens/vbz at/in the/at moment/nn man/nn loses/vbz the/at perception/nn of/in moral/jj substance/nn in/in himself/ppl ,/, of/in a/at nature/nn that/cs ,/, in/in Maritain's/np$ words/nns ,/, is/bez perceived/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` locus/nn of/in intelligible/jj necessities/nns ''/'' ./.
An/at existentialist/nn is/bez a/at man/nn who/wps perceives/vbz himself/ppl only/rb as/cs ``/`` esse/fw-vb-nc ''/'' ,/, as/cs existence/nn without/in substance/nn ./.


	Thus/rb human/jj perception/nn and/cc human/jj volition/nn is/bez the/at immanent/jj cause/nn of/in all/abn social/jj change/nn and/cc this/dt most/ql truly/rb when/wrb the/at change/nn reaches/vbz the/at civilizational/jj level/nn ./.
Thus/rb with/in regard/nn to/in the/at loss/nn of/in tradition/nn ,/, in/in the/at change/nn from/in order/nn to/in disorder/nn the/at metaphysics/nn of/in change/nn works/vbz itself/ppl out/rp as/cs a/at disruption/nn of/in the/at individual/jj soul/nn ,/, a/at change/nn in/in which/wdt man/nn continues/vbz as/cs an/at objective/jj ontological/jj existent/nn ,/, but/cc no/ql longer/rbr as/cs a/at man/nn ./.


	Further/rbr ,/, change/nn is/bez a/at form/nn of/in motion/nn ,/, it/pps occurs/vbz as/cs the/at act/nn of/in a/at being/nn in/in potency/nn insofar/rb as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in potency/nn and/cc has/hvz not/* yet/rb reached/vbn the/at terminus/nn of/in the/at change/nn ./.
With/in regard/nn to/in the/at change/nn we/ppss are/ber examining/vbg ,/, the/at question/nn is/bez ,/, at/in what/wdt point/nn does/doz the/at change/nn become/vb irreversible/jj ?/. ?/.
A/at number/nn of/in considerations/nns suggest/vb that/cs this/dt occurs/vbz early/rb in/in the/at process/nn ./.
Change/nn involves/vbz the/at displacement/nn of/in form/nn ./.
This/dt means/vbz that/cs the/at inception/nn of/in change/nn itself/ppl can/md begin/vb only/rb when/wrb the/at factors/nns conducive/jj to/in change/nn have/hv already/rb become/vbn more/ql powerful/jj than/cs those/dts anchoring/vbg the/at existent/jj form/nn in/in being/beg ./.
If/cs the/at existent/jj form/nn is/bez to/to be/be retained/vbn new/jj factors/nns that/wps reinforce/vb it/ppo must/md be/be introduced/vbn into/in the/at situation/nn ./.
In/in the/at case/nn of/in social/jj decay/nn ,/, form/nn is/bez displaced/vbn simply/rb by/in the/at process/nn of/in dissolution/nn with/in no/at form/nn at/in the/at terminus/nn of/in the/at process/nn ./.
Now/rb in/in the/at mere/jj fact/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn of/in such/jj displacement/nn we/ppss have/hv prima-facie/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at ontological/jj weakness/nn of/in the/at fading/vbg form/nn ./.
And/cc when/wrb we/ppss consider/vb the/at tenuous/jj hold/nn tradition/nn has/hvz on/in existence/nn ,/, any/dti weakening/nn of/in that/dt hold/nn constitutes/vbz a/at crisis/nn of/in existence/nn ./.
The/at retention/nn of/in a/at tradition/nn confronted/vbn with/in such/abl a/at crisis/nn necessitates/vbz the/at introduction/nn of/in new/jj spiritual/jj forces/nns into/in the/at situation/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at crisis/nn occurs/vbz precisely/rb as/cs a/at weakening/nn of/in spiritual/jj forces/nns ./.
It/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs in/in a/at civilizational/jj crisis/nn man/nn cannot/md* save/vb himself/ppl ./.
The/at emergence/nn of/in the/at crisis/nn itself/ppl would/md seem/vb to/to constitute/vb a/at warranty/nn for/in the/at victory/nn of/in disorder/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs history/nn is/bez a/at witness/nn to/in this/dt truth/nn ./.


	As/cs a/at further/jjr characterization/nn of/in the/at liberal/jj conservative/jj split/nn we/ppss may/md observe/vb that/cs it/pps involves/vbz differences/nns in/in the/at formula/nn for/in escaping/vbg inevitabilities/nns in/in history/nn ./.
These/dts differences/nns ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, derive/vb from/in prior/jj differences/nns concerning/in the/at friendly/jj or/cc hostile/jj character/nn of/in change/nn ./.



Unanalyzed/jj responses/nns 
anxiety/nn and/cc deep/jj insecurity/nn are/ber the/at characteristic/jj responses/nns evoked/vbn by/in the/at crisis/nn in/in tradition/nn ./.
To/to experience/vb them/ppo ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj for/in a/at people/nns to/to be/be actively/ql aware/jj of/in what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg to/in it/ppo ./.
The/at process/nn of/in erosion/nn need/md only/rb undermine/vb the/at tradition/nn and/cc a/at series/nns of/in consequences/nns begin/vb unfolding/vbg within/in the/at individual/nn ,/, while/cs in/in institutions/nns a/at quiet/jj but/cc deep/jj transformation/nn of/in processes/nns occurs/vbz ./.
Within/in the/at individual/nn the/at reaction/nn has/hvz been/ben called/vbn various/jj names/nns ,/, all/abn ,/, however/rb ,/, pointing/vbg to/in the/at same/ap basic/jj experience/nn ./.
Weil/np identifies/vbz it/ppo as/cs being/beg ``/`` rootless/jj ''/'' ,/, Guardini/np as/cs being/beg ``/`` placeless/jj ''/'' ,/, Riesman/np as/cs being/beg ``/`` lonely/jj ''/'' ./.
Others/nns call/vb it/ppo ``/`` alienation/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc mean/vb by/in that/dt no/at simple/jj economic/jj experience/nn (/( as/cs Marx/np does/doz )/) but/cc a/at deep/jj spiritual/jj sense/nn of/in dislocation/nn ./.
Within/in institutions/nns there/ex is/bez a/at marked/vbn decline/nn of/in the/at process/nn of/in persuasion/nn and/cc the/at substitution/nn of/in a/at force-fear/jj process/nn which/wdt masquerades/vbz as/cs the/at earlier/jjr one/cd of/in persuasion/nn ./.
We/ppss note/vb the/at use/nn of/in rhetoric/nn as/cs a/at weapon/nn ,/, the/at manipulation/nn of/in the/at masses/nns by/in propaganda/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` mobilization/nn ''/'' of/in effort/nn and/cc resources/nns ./.


	Within/in this/dt context/nn of/in spontaneous/jj and/cc unanalyzed/jj responses/nns to/in the/at experience/nn of/in civilizational/jj crisis/nn ,/, two/cd basic/jj organizations/nns of/in response/nn are/ber observable/jj :/: reaction/nn and/cc ideological/jj progressivism/nn ./.
These/dts responses/nns are/ber explicable/jj in/in terms/nns of/in characteristics/nns inherent/jj in/in the/at crisis/nn ./.
Both/abx are/ber predictably/rb destined/vbn to/to fail/vb ./.


	The/at response/nn of/in reaction/nn is/bez dominated/vbn by/in a/at concern/nn for/in what/wdt is/bez vanishing/vbg ./.
Its/pp$ essence/nn lies/vbz in/in its/pp$ attempt/nn to/to recover/vb previous/jj order/nn through/in the/at repression/nn of/in disruptive/jj forces/nns ./.
To/in this/dt end/nn political/jj authority/nn is/bez called/vbn upon/rb to/to exercise/vb its/pp$ negative/jj and/cc coercive/jj powers/nns ./.
The/at implicit/jj assumption/nn of/in this/dt response/nn is/bez that/cs history/nn is/bez reversible/jj ./.
Seemingly/rb ,/, order/nn is/bez perceived/vbn as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in subsistent/jj entity/nn now/rb covered/vbn by/in adventitious/jj accretions/nns ./.
The/at problem/nn is/bez to/to remove/vb the/at accretions/nns and/cc thereby/rb uncover/vb the/at order/nn that/wps was/bedz always/rb there/rb ./.
Such/jj a/at response/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, misses/vbz the/at point/nn that/cs in/in crisis/nn order/nn is/bez going/vbg out/in of/in existence/nn ./.
Moreover/rb its/pp$ posture/nn of/in stubborn/jj but/cc simple/jj resistance/nn is/bez doomed/vbn to/in failure/nn because/rb of/in the/at metaphysical/jj weakness/nn of/in the/at existent/jj form/nn of/in order/nn ,/, once/cs the/at activation/nn of/in change/nn has/hvz reached/vbn visible/jj proportions/nns ./.
The/at most/ap reaction/nn can/md achieve/vb is/bez stasis/nn ,/, and/cc a/at stasis/nn that/wps can/md be/be maintained/vbn only/rb by/in the/at expenditure/nn of/in an/at effort/nn which/wdt ultimately/rb exhausts/vbz itself/ppl ./.


	Despite/in the/at hopelessness/nn of/in the/at response/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez explicable/jj in/in terms/nns of/in the/at crisis/nn of/in tradition/nn itself/ppl ./.
Since/cs a/at civilizational/jj crisis/nn involves/vbz also/rb a/at crisis/nn in/in private/jj interests/nns and/cc in/in the/at ruling/vbg class/nn ,/, reaction/nn is/bez normally/rb found/vbn among/in those/dts who/wps feel/vb themselves/ppls to/to be/be among/in the/at ruling/vbg class/nn ./.
Their/pp$ great/jj error/nn is/bez to/to mingle/vb the/at responses/nns typical/jj of/in each/dt of/in the/at three/cd types/nns of/in change/nn ./.
Since/cs civilizational/jj change/nn is/bez the/at most/ql difficult/jj to/to perceive/vb and/cc analyze/vb ,/, it/pps seldom/rb is/bez given/vbn adequate/jj attention/nn ./.
And/cc the/at anxiety/nn it/pps generates/vbz is/bez misinterpreted/vbn as/cs anxiety/nn over/in private/jj interest/nn and/cc threatened/vbn social/jj status/nn ./.


	The/at basic/jj truth/nn in/in the/at reactionary/jj response/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in its/pp$ realistic/jj assumption/nn of/in the/at primacy/nn of/in the/at real/jj over/in the/at ideational/jj ./.
But/cc this/dt truth/nn is/bez distorted/vbn by/in its/pp$ extreme/jj application/nn :/: the/at assumption/nn of/in the/at separate/jj existence/nn of/in tradition/nn ./.
The/at reactionary/jj misses/vbz the/at point/nn that/dt tradition/nn exists/vbz ontologically/rb only/rb in/in the/at form/nn of/in psychological-intellectual/jj relations/nns ./.
Reactionary/jj theories/nns ,/, for/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, usually/rb assume/vb some/dti form/nn of/in organismic/jj theory/nn ./.
In/in its/pp$ defensive/jj formulations/nns ,/, the/at theory/nn will/md attack/vb conscious/jj change/nn on/in the/at grounds/nns of/in the/at independent/jj existence/nn of/in the/at community/nn ./.
In/in its/pp$ dynamic/jj form/nn ,/, it/pps visualizes/vbz the/at community/nn as/cs the/at embodiment/nn of/in an/at ontological/jj force/nn --/-- the/at race/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, which/wdt unfolds/vbz in/in history/nn ./.
In/in both/abx cases/nns the/at individual/nn tends/vbz to/to be/be treated/vbn as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in the/at organic/jj reality/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at reactionary/jj response/nn is/bez thus/rb bolstered/vbn by/in an/at intellectual/jj defense/nn ,/, the/at characteristics/nns of/in that/dt defense/nn are/ber explicable/jj only/rb in/in terms/nns of/in the/at basic/jj attitudes/nns of/in unanalyzed/jj reaction/nn ./.
Reaction/nn is/bez rooted/vbn in/in a/at perception/nn of/in tradition/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at total/nn situation/nn that/wps is/bez defended/vbn :/: the/at ``/`` good/jj old/jj days/nns ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at selectivity/nn ;/. ;/.
even/rb the/at questionable/jj features/nns of/in the/at past/nn are/ber defended/vbn ./.
The/at point/nn is/bez that/cs the/at reactionary/jj ,/, for/in whatever/wdt motive/nn ,/, perceives/vbz himself/ppl to/to have/hv been/ben part/nn or/cc a/at partner/nn of/in something/pn that/wps extended/vbd beyond/in himself/ppl ,/, something/pn which/wdt ,/, consequently/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz not/* able/jj to/to accept/vb or/cc reject/vb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in subjective/jj preference/nn ./.
The/at reactionary/nn is/bez confused/vbn about/in the/at existential/jj status/nn of/in a/at decaying/vbg tradition/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps does/doz perceive/vb the/at unity/nn tradition/nn had/hvd when/wrb it/pps was/bedz healthy/jj ./.



	All/abn of/in which/wdt brings/vbz up/rp another/dt problem/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in psychoanalytic/jj insight/nn in/in a/at literary/jj work/nn ./.
Is/bez the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn ,/, the/at clinical/jj syndrome/nn ,/, material/nn for/in a/at tragedy/nn ?/. ?/.
If/cs we/ppss remove/vb ourselves/ppls for/in a/at moment/nn from/in our/pp$ time/nn and/cc our/pp$ infatuation/nn with/in mental/jj disease/nn ,/, isn't/bez* there/ex something/pn absurd/jj about/in a/at hero/nn in/in a/at novel/nn who/wps is/bez defeated/vbn by/in his/pp$ infantile/jj neurosis/nn ?/. ?/.
I/ppss am/bem not/* making/vbg a/at clinical/jj judgment/nn here/rb ,/, for/cs such/jj personal/jj tragedies/nns are/ber real/jj and/cc are/ber commonplace/jj in/in the/at analyst's/nn$ consulting/vbg room/nn ,/, but/cc literature/nn makes/vbz a/at different/jj claim/nn upon/in our/pp$ sympathies/nns than/cs tragedy/nn in/in life/nn ./.
A/at man/nn in/in a/at novel/nn who/wps is/bez defeated/vbn in/in his/pp$ childhood/nn and/cc condemned/vbn by/in unconscious/jj forces/nns within/in him/ppo to/in tiredly/rb repeat/vb his/pp$ earliest/jjt failure/nn in/in love/nn ,/, only/rb makes/vbz us/ppo a/at little/ql weary/jj of/in man/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ tragedy/nn seems/vbz unworthy/jj and/cc trivial/jj ./.


	Now/rb we/ppss can/md argue/vb that/cs the/at irresistible/jj fate/nn of/in Oedipus/np Rex/np was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs the/at irresistible/jj unconscious/jj longings/nns of/in Oedipus/np projected/vbn outward/rb ,/, but/cc this/dt externalization/nn of/in unconscious/jj conflict/nn makes/vbz all/abn the/at difference/nn between/in a/at story/nn and/cc a/at clinical/jj case/nn history/nn ./.
We/ppss can/md also/rb argue/vb that/cs the/at three/cd brothers/nns Karamazov/np and/cc Smerdyakov/np were/bed the/at external/jj representatives/nns of/in an/at internal/jj conflict/nn within/in one/cd man/nn ,/, Dostoevsky/np ,/, a/at conflict/nn having/hvg to/to do/do with/in father-murder/nn and/cc the/at wish/nn to/to possess/vb the/at father's/nn$ woman/nn ./.
But/cc a/at novel/nn in/in which/wdt one/cd man/nn Karamazov/np explored/vbd the/at divisions/nns within/in his/pp$ personality/nn would/md scarcely/rb merit/vb publication/nn in/in the/at Psychoanalytic/jj-tl Quarterly/nn-tl ./.


	It/pps is/bez a/at mistake/nn to/to look/vb upon/rb the/at Oedipus/np of/in Oedipus/np-tl Complex/nn-tl as/cs a/at literary/jj descendant/nn of/in Oedipus/np Rex/np ./.
Whatever/wdt the/at psychological/jj truth/nn in/in the/at Oedipus/np myth/nn ,/, an/at Oedipus/np who/wps is/bez drawn/vbn to/in his/pp$ fate/nn by/in irresistible/jj external/jj forces/nns can/md carry/vb the/at symbol/nn of/in humanity/nn and/cc its/pp$ archaic/jj crime/nn ,/, and/cc the/at incest/nn that/wps is/bez unknowing/jj renews/vbz the/at mystery/nn of/in the/at eternal/jj dream/nn of/in childhood/nn and/cc absorbs/vbz us/ppo in/in the/at secret/nn ./.
But/cc a/at modern/jj Oedipus/np who/wps is/bez doomed/vbn because/cs he/pps cannot/md* oppose/vb his/pp$ own/jj childhood/nn is/bez only/rb pathetic/jj ,/, and/cc for/in renouncing/vbg the/at mystery/nn in/in favor/nn of/in psychological/jj truth/nn he/pps gives/vbz up/rp the/at claim/nn on/in our/pp$ sympathies/nns ./.


	I/ppss am/bem suggesting/vbg that/cs a/at case-history/nn approach/nn to/in the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn is/bez a/at blind/jj alley/nn for/in a/at storyteller/nn ./.
The/at best/jjt gifts/nns of/in the/at novelist/nn will/md be/be wasted/vbn on/in the/at reader/nn who/wps is/bez insulated/vbn against/in any/dti surprises/nns the/at novelist/nn may/md have/hv in/in store/nn for/in him/ppo ./.
Incest/nn is/bez still/rb a/at durable/jj theme/nn ,/, but/cc if/cs it/pps wants/vbz to/to get/vb written/vbn about/rb it/pps will/md have/hv to/to find/vb ways/nns to/to surprise/vb the/at emotions/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at better/jjr way/nn to/to do/do this/dt than/cs that/dt of/in concealment/nn and/cc symbolic/jj representation/nn ./.
And/cc the/at best/jjt way/nn to/to conceal/vb and/cc disguise/vb the/at elements/nns of/in an/at incest/nn story/nn is/bez not/* to/to set/vb out/rp to/to write/vb an/at incest/nn story/nn ./.
Which/wdt brings/vbz to/in mind/nn another/dt Lawrence/np story/nn and/cc some/dti interesting/jj comparisons/nns in/in the/at treatment/nn of/in the/at Oedipal/jj-tl theme/nn ./.


	``/`` The/at-tl Rocking/vbg-tl Horse/nn-tl Winner/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez also/rb a/at story/nn about/in a/at boy's/nn$ love/nn for/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./.
If/cs I/ppss now/rb risk/vb some/dti comparisons/nns with/in Sons/nns-tl And/cc-tl Lovers/nns-tl let/vb it/ppo be/be clear/jj that/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* comparing/vbg the/at two/cd works/nns or/cc judging/vbg their/pp$ merits/nns ;/. ;/.
I/ppss am/bem only/rb singling/vbg out/rp differences/nns in/in treatment/nn of/in a/at theme/nn and/cc the/at resultant/jj effects/nns ./.
``/`` The/at-tl Rocking/vbg-tl Horse/nn-tl Winner/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez a/at fantasy/nn with/in extraordinary/jj power/nn to/to disturb/vb the/at reader/nn --/-- but/cc we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb why/wrb ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at story/nn of/in the/at hopeless/jj love/nn of/in a/at little/jj boy/nn for/in his/pp$ cold/jj and/cc vain/jj mother/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber ghostly/jj scenes/nns in/in which/wdt the/at little/jj boy/nn on/in his/pp$ rocking/vbg horse/nn rocks/vbz madly/rb toward/in the/at climax/nn that/wps will/md magically/rb give/vb him/ppo the/at name/nn of/in the/at winning/vbg horse/nn ./.
The/at child/nn grows/vbz rich/jj on/in his/pp$ winnings/nns and/cc conspires/vbz with/in his/pp$ uncle/nn to/to make/vb secret/jj gifts/nns of/in his/pp$ money/nn to/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./.
The/at story/nn ends/vbz in/in the/at child's/nn$ illness/nn and/cc delirium/nn brought/vbn on/rp by/in the/at feverish/jj compulsion/nn to/to ride/vb his/pp$ horse/nn to/to win/vb for/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./.
The/at child/nn dies/vbz with/in his/pp$ mourning/vbg mother/nn at/in his/pp$ bedside/nn ./.


	I/ppss had/hvd read/vbn the/at story/nn many/ap times/nns without/in asking/vbg myself/ppl why/wrb it/pps affected/vbd me/ppo or/cc caring/vbg why/wrb it/pps did/dod ./.
But/cc on/in one/cd occasion/nn when/wrb I/ppss encountered/vbd a/at similar/jj fantasy/nn in/in a/at little/jj boy/nn who/wps was/bedz my/pp$ patient/nn I/ppss began/vbd to/to understand/vb the/at uncanny/jj effects/nns of/in this/dt story/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, a/at little/jj boy's/nn$ fantasy/nn of/in winning/vbg his/pp$ mother/nn to/in himself/ppl ,/, and/cc replacing/vbg the/at father/nn who/wps could/md not/* give/vb her/ppo the/at things/nns she/pps wanted/vbd --/-- a/at classical/jj oedipal/jj fantasy/nn if/cs you/ppss like/vb --/-- but/cc if/cs it/pps were/bed only/rb this/dt the/at story/nn would/md be/be banal/jj ./.
Why/wrb does/doz the/at story/nn affect/vb us/ppo ?/. ?/.
How/wrb does/doz the/at rocking/nn exert/vb its/pp$ uncanny/jj effect/nn upon/in the/at reader/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at rocking/nn is/bez actually/rb felt/vbn in/in the/at story/nn ,/, a/at terrible/jj and/cc ominous/jj rhythm/nn that/wps prophesies/vbz the/at tragedy/nn ./.
The/at rocking/nn ,/, I/ppss realized/vbd ,/, is/bez the/at single/ap element/nn in/in the/at story/nn that/wps carries/vbz the/at erotic/jj message/nn ,/, the/at unspoken/jj and/cc unconscious/jj undercurrent/nn that/wps would/md mar/vb the/at innocence/nn of/in a/at child's/nn$ fantasy/nn and/cc disturb/vb the/at effects/nns of/in the/at work/nn if/cs it/pps were/bed made/vbn explicit/jj ./.
The/at rocking/nn has/hvz the/at ambiguous/jj function/nn of/in keeping/vbg the/at erotic/jj undercurrent/nn silent/jj and/cc making/vbg it/ppo present/rb ;/. ;/.
it/pps conceals/vbz and/cc yet/rb is/bez suggestive/jj ;/. ;/.
a/at perfect/jj symbol/nn ./.
And/cc if/cs we/ppss understand/vb the/at rocking/nn as/cs an/at erotic/jj symbol/nn we/ppss can/md also/rb see/vb how/wql well/rb it/pps serves/vbz as/cs the/at symbol/nn of/in impending/vbg tragedy/nn ./.
For/cs this/dt love/nn of/in the/at boy/nn for/in his/pp$ mother/nn is/bez a/at hopeless/jj and/cc forbidden/vbn love/nn ,/, doomed/vbn by/in its/pp$ nature/nn ./.


	We/ppss are/ber also/rb struck/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs this/dt story/nn of/in a/at boy's/nn$ love/nn for/in his/pp$ mother/nn does/doz not/* offend/vb ,/, while/cs the/at incestuous/jj love/nn of/in the/at man/nn ,/, Paul/np Morel/np ,/, sometimes/rb repels/vbz ./.
It's/pps+bez easy/jj to/to see/vb why/wrb ./.
This/dt love/nn belongs/vbz to/in childhood/nn ;/. ;/.
we/ppss accord/vb it/ppo its/pp$ place/nn there/rb ,/, and/cc in/in Lawrence's/np$ treatment/nn we/ppss are/ber given/vbn the/at innocent/jj fantasy/nn of/in a/at child/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, the/at form/nn in/in which/wdt oedipal/jj love/nn is/bez expressed/vbn in/in childhood/nn ./.
And/cc when/wrb the/at child/nn dies/vbz in/in Lawrence's/np$ story/nn in/in a/at delirium/nn that/wps is/bez somehow/rb brought/vbn on/rp by/in his/pp$ mania/nn to/to win/vb and/cc to/to make/vb his/pp$ mother/nn rich/jj ,/, the/at manifest/jj absurdity/nn of/in such/abl a/at disease/nn and/cc such/abl a/at death/nn does/doz not/* enter/vb into/in our/pp$ thoughts/nns at/in all/abn ./.
We/ppss have/hv so/ql completely/rb entered/vbn the/at child's/nn$ fantasy/nn that/cs his/pp$ illness/nn and/cc his/pp$ death/nn are/ber the/at plausible/jj and/cc the/at necessary/jj conclusion/nn ./.


	I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs none/pn of/in the/at effects/nns of/in this/dt story/nn were/bed consciously/rb employed/vbn by/in Lawrence/np to/to describe/vb an/at oedipal/jj fantasy/nn in/in childhood/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez most/ql probable/jj that/cs Freud/np and/cc the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn never/rb entered/vbd his/pp$ head/nn in/in the/at writing/nn of/in this/dt story/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz simply/rb writing/vbg a/at story/nn that/wps wanted/vbd to/to be/be told/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at writing/nn a/at childhood/nn fantasy/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj emerged/vbd ./.
He/pps would/md not/* have/hv cared/vbn why/wrb it/pps emerged/vbd ,/, he/pps only/rb wanted/vbd to/to capture/vb a/at memory/nn to/to play/vb with/in it/ppo again/rb in/in his/pp$ imagination/nn and/cc somehow/rb to/to fix/vb and/cc hold/vb in/in the/at story/nn the/at disturbing/jj emotions/nns that/wps accompanied/vbd the/at fantasy/nn ./.


	In/in our/pp$ own/jj time/nn we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn that/cs the/at novelist's/nn$ debt/nn to/in psychoanalysis/nn has/hvz increased/vbn but/cc that/cs the/at novel/nn itself/ppl has/hvz not/* profited/vbn much/rb from/in this/dt marriage/nn ./.
Ortega's/np$ hope/nn that/cs modern/jj psychology/nn might/md yet/rb bring/vb forth/rb a/at last/ap flowering/nn of/in the/at novel/nn has/hvz only/rb been/ben partially/ql fulfilled/vbn ./.
The/at young/jj writer/nn seems/vbz intimidated/vbn by/in psychological/jj knowledge/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps has/hvz lost/vbn confidence/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj eyes/nns and/cc in/in the/at validity/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj psychological/jj insights/nns ./.
He/pps borrows/vbz the/at insights/nns of/in psychology/nn to/to improve/vb his/pp$ impaired/vbn vision/nn but/cc cannot/md* bring/vb to/in his/pp$ work/nn the/at distinctive/jj vision/nn that/wps should/md be/be a/at novelist's/nn$ own/jj ./.
He/pps has/hvz been/ben seduced/vbn by/in the/at marvels/nns of/in the/at unconscious/jj and/cc has/hvz lost/vbn interest/nn in/in studying/vbg the/at surfaces/nns of/in character/nn ./.
If/cs many/ap of/in the/at characters/nns in/in contemporary/jj novels/nns appear/vb to/to be/be the/at bloodless/jj relations/nns of/in characters/nns in/in a/at case/nn history/nn it/pps is/bez because/cs the/at novelist/nn is/bez often/rb forgetful/jj today/nr that/cs those/dts things/nns that/wpo we/ppss call/vb character/nn manifest/vb themselves/ppls in/in surface/jj behavior/nn ,/, that/cs the/at ego/nn is/bez still/rb the/at executive/jj agency/nn of/in personality/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs all/abn we/ppss know/vb of/in personality/nn must/md be/be discerned/vbn through/in the/at ego/nn ./.
The/at novelist/nn who/wps has/hvz been/ben badly/rb baptized/vbn in/in psychoanalysis/nn often/rb gives/vbz us/ppo the/at impression/nn that/cs since/cs all/abn men/nns must/md have/hv an/at Oedipus/np complex/nn all/abn men/nns must/md have/hv the/at same/ap faces/nns ./.



2/cd ./.

I/ppss have/hv argued/vbn that/cs Oedipus/np of/in the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn has/hvz a/at doubtful/jj future/nn as/cs a/at tragic/jj figure/nn in/in literature/nn ./.
But/cc a/at writer/nn who/wps has/hvz a/at taste/nn for/in irony/nn and/cc who/wps sees/vbz incest/nn in/in all/abn its/pp$ modern/jj dimensions/nns can/md let/vb his/pp$ imagination/nn work/vb on/in the/at disturbing/jj joke/nn in/in the/at incest/nn myth/nn ,/, the/at joke/nn that/wps strikes/vbz right/ql at/in the/at center/nn of/in man's/nn$ humanness/nn ./.
Moral/jj dread/nn is/bez seen/vbn as/cs the/at other/ap face/nn of/in desire/nn ,/, and/cc here/rb psychoanalysis/nn delivers/vbz to/in the/at writer/nn a/at magnificent/jj irony/nn and/cc a/at moral/jj problem/nn of/in great/jj complexity/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez probably/rb some/dti significance/nn in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs two/cd of/in the/at best/jjt incest/nn stories/nns I/ppss have/hv encountered/vbn in/in recent/jj years/nns are/ber burlesques/nns of/in the/at incest/nn myth/nn ./.
The/at ancient/jj types/nns are/ber reassembled/vbn in/in gloom/nn and/cc foreboding/nn to/to be/be irresistibly/rb drawn/vbn to/in their/pp$ destinies/nns ,/, but/cc the/at myth/nn fails/vbz before/in the/at modern/jj truth/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at oracle/nn speaks/vbz false/rb and/cc the/at dream/nn speaks/vbz true/rb ./.
In/in both/abx the/at farmer's/nn$ tale/nn in/in Ralph/np Ellison's/np$ Invisible/jj-tl Man/nn-tl and/cc in/in Thomas/np Mann's/np$ The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Sinner/nn-tl ,/, the/at incest/nn hero/nn rises/vbz above/in the/at myth/nn by/in accepting/vbg the/at wish/nn as/cs motive/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at heroic/jj act/nn is/bez the/at casting/nn off/rp of/in pretense/nn ./.


	Thomas/np Mann/np wrote/vbd The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Sinner/nn-tl in/in 1951/cd ./.
It/pps was/bedz conceived/vbn as/cs a/at leave-taking/nn ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in melancholy/jj gathering-in/nn of/in the/at myths/nns of/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, ``/`` bevor/fw-cs die/fw-at Nacht/fw-nn sinkt/fw-vbz ,/, eine/fw-at lange/fw-jj Nacht/fw-nn vielleicht/fw-rb und/fw-cc ein/fw-at tiefes/fw-jj Vergessen/fw-nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps chose/vbd a/at medieval/jj legend/nn of/in incest/nn ,/, Gregorius/np Vom/np Stein/np ,/, and/cc freely/rb borrowed/vbd and/cc parodied/vbd other/ap myths/nns of/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, mixing/vbg themes/nns ,/, language/nn ,/, peoples/nns and/cc times/nns in/in a/at master/nn myth/nn in/in which/wdt the/at old/jj forms/nns continually/rb renew/vb themselves/ppls ,/, as/cs in/in his/pp$ previous/jj treatment/nn of/in Joseph/np ./.


	But/cc The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Sinner/nn-tl is/bez not/* simply/rb a/at retelling/nn of/in old/jj stories/nns for/in an/at old/jj man's/nn$ entertainment/nn ./.
Mann/np understood/vbd better/rbr than/cs most/ap men/nns the/at incest/nn comedy/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at myth/nn and/cc the/at psychological/jj truth/nn in/in which/wdt dread/nn is/bez shown/vbn as/cs the/at other/ap face/nn as/cs longing/vbg was/bedz for/in him/ppo just/rb the/at kind/nn of/in deep/jj and/cc complicated/vbn joke/nn he/pps liked/vbd to/to tell/vb ./.
And/cc when/wrb he/pps retold/vbd the/at legend/nn of/in Gregorius/np he/pps interpolated/vbd a/at modern/jj version/nn in/in which/wdt the/at medieval/jj players/nns speak/vb contemporary/jj thoughts/nns in/in archaic/jj language/nn ;/. ;/.
while/cs they/ppss move/vb through/in the/at pageantry/nn of/in the/at ancient/jj incest/nn myth/nn and/cc cover/vb themselves/ppls through/in not-knowing/nn ,/, they/ppss reveal/vb the/at unconscious/jj motive/nn in/in seeking/vbg each/dt other/ap and/cc in/in the/at last/ap scene/nn make/vb an/at extraordinary/jj confession/nn of/in guilt/nn in/in the/at twentieth-century/nn manner/nn ./.


	Grigorss/np is/bez the/at child/nn of/in an/at incestuous/jj union/nn between/in a/at royal/jj brother/nn and/cc sister/nn ,/, the/at twins/nns Sibylla/np and/cc Wiligis/np ./.
He/pps is/bez born/vbn in/in secrecy/nn after/in the/at death/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn and/cc cast/vb adrift/rb soon/rb after/in birth/nn ./.
The/at infant/nn is/bez discovered/vbn by/in a/at fisherman/nn who/wps brings/vbz him/ppo home/nr to/to rear/vb him/ppo ./.
An/at ivory/nn tablet/nn in/in the/at infant's/nn$ cask/nn recounts/vbz the/at story/nn of/in his/pp$ sinful/jj origins/nns and/cc is/bez preserved/vbn for/in the/at child/nn by/in the/at monks/nns of/in a/at monastery/nn in/in the/at fishing/vbg village/nn ./.
Grigorss/np ,/, at/in seventeen/cd ,/, learns/vbz his/pp$ story/nn and/cc goes/vbz forth/rb as/cs a/at knight/nn to/to uncover/vb his/pp$ origins/nns ./.
His/pp$ sailing/vbg vessel/nn is/bez guided/vbn by/in fate/nn to/in the/at shores/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj country/nn at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb Sibylla's/np$ domain/nn is/bez overrun/vbn by/in the/at armies/nns of/in one/cd of/in her/ppo rejected/vbn suitors/nns ./.
Grigorss/np overcomes/vbz the/at suitor/nn in/in battle/nn ,/, delivers/vbz the/at city/nn from/in its/pp$ oppressors/nns and/cc marries/vbz Sibylla/np who/wps had/hvd fallen/vbn in/in love/nn with/in the/at beautiful/jj knight/nn the/at moment/nn she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo ./.


	Sibylla/np is/bez pregnant/jj with/in their/pp$ second/od child/nn when/wrb she/pps finds/vbz the/at ivory/nn tablet/nn concealed/vbn by/in her/pp$ husband/nn ,/, and/cc the/at identities/nns of/in mother/nn and/cc son/nn are/ber revealed/vbn ./.
Grigorss/np goes/vbz off/rp to/to do/do penance/nn on/in a/at rock/nn for/in seventeen/cd years/nns ./.
At/in the/at end/nn of/in this/dt period/nn two/cd pious/jj Christians/nps in/in Rome/np receive/vb the/at revelation/nn which/wdt leads/vbz them/ppo to/to seek/vb the/at next/ap Pope/nn-tl on/in the/at rock/nn ./.
Grigorss/np comes/vbz to/in Rome/np and/cc becomes/vbz a/at great/jj and/cc beloved/jj Pope/nn-tl ./.
In/in the/at last/ap pages/nns of/in the/at book/nn Sibylla/np comes/vbz to/in Rome/np to/to seek/vb an/at audience/nn with/in the/at great/jj Pope/nn-tl and/cc to/to give/vb her/pp$ confession/nn ./.
Mother/nn and/cc son/nn recognize/vb each/dt other/ap and/cc ,/, in/in Mann's/np$ version/nn of/in this/dt legend/nn ,/, make/vb a/at remarkable/jj confession/nn of/in guilt/nn to/in each/dt other/ap ,/, the/at confession/nn of/in unconscious/jj motive/nn and/cc unconscious/jj knowledge/nn of/in their/pp$ true/jj identities/nns from/in the/at time/nn they/ppss had/hvd first/rb set/vbn eyes/nns on/in each/dt other/ap ./.

In/in recollection/nn he/pps has/hvz said/vbn :/: ``/`` Natural/jj or/cc man-made/jj objects/nns kept/vbd coming/vbg into/in my/pp$ head/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss would/md suppress/vb them/ppo sternly/rb ''/'' ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps organized/vbd the/at movement/nn of/in his/pp$ forms/nns ,/, within/in his/pp$ rigorously/rb shaped/vbn space/nn ,/, into/in highly/ql complex/jj equilibriums/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc used/vbn gradations/nns of/in color/nn value/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs sharply/rb contrasting/vbg elementary/jj colors/nns ./.


	The/at worthy/jj Mondrian/np ,/, seeing/vbg these/dts pictures/nns ,/, said/vbd in/in a/at tone/nn of/in kindly/jj reproof/nn :/: ``/`` But/cc you/ppss are/ber really/rb an/at artist/nn of/in the/at naturalistic/jj tradition/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
Helion/np did/dod not/* realize/vb it/ppo at/in the/at time/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz true/jj ./.


	His/pp$ ``/`` monumental/jj ''/'' abstraction/nn ,/, made/vbn up/rp of/in smooth/jj ,/, metallic/jj ``/`` non-objects/nns ''/'' acting/vbg upon/in each/dt other/ap with/in great/jj tension/nn ,/, won/vbd Helion/np much/ap acclaim/nn during/in the/at 'thirties/nns ./.
The/at play/nn of/in novel/jj lighting/vbg effects/nns also/rb entered/vbd into/in these/dts compositions/nns ,/, whose/wp$ controlled/vbn power/nn and/cc varied/vbn activity/nn made/vbd them/ppo well/ql worth/jj meditating/vbg ./.


	As/cs Helion's/np$ work/nn showed/vbd more/ap and/cc more/ap nostalgia/nn for/in the/at world/nn of/in man/nn and/cc nature/nn ,/, the/at pure/jj abstractionists/nns expressed/vbd some/dti disapproval/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc Leger/np ,/, Arp/np ,/, Lipchitz/np and/cc Alexander/np Calder/np ,/, at/in the/at time/nn ,/, gave/vbd him/ppo their/pp$ blessing/nn ./.
His/pp$ canvases/nns nowadays/rb bore/vb titles/nns frankly/rb declaring/vbg them/ppo to/to be/be ``/`` Figures/nns-tl In/in-tl Space/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` Blue/jj-tl Figure/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` Pink/jj-tl Figure/nn-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/.
and/cc they/ppss had/hvd (/( vaguely/rb )/) heads/nns and/cc feet/nns ./.
Exhibited/vbn in/in shows/nns in/in London/np in/in 1935/cd ,/, and/cc in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl the/at following/vbg year/nn ,/, the/at new/jj ,/, more/ql elaborated/vbn abstracts/nns were/bed much/rb favored/vbn in/in the/at circles/nns of/in the/at modernists/nns as/cs three-dimentional/jj dramas/nns of/in great/jj intellectual/jj coherence/nn ./.
At/in this/dt period/nn the/at thirty-year/jj old/jj Helion/np was/bedz ranked/vbn ``/`` as/cs one/cd of/in the/at mature/jj leaders/nns of/in the/at modern/jj movement/nn ''/'' ,/, according/in to/in Herbert/np Read/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc in/in the/at direct/jj line/nn of/in descent/nn from/in Cezanne/np ,/, Seurat/np ,/, Gris/np and/cc Leger/np ''/'' ./.
In/in America/np ,/, Meyer/np Schapiro/np observed/vbd that/cs ,/, unlike/in the/at Mondrian/np school/nn ,/, Helion/np ``/`` sought/vbd a/at return/nn path/nn to/in the/at fullness/nn of/in nature/nn within/in the/at framework/nn of/in abstract/jj art/nn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez notable/jj that/cs at/in this/dt time/nn he/pps was/bedz writing/vbg with/in admiration/nn of/in Cimabue's/np$ and/cc Poussin's/np$ way/nn of/in filling/vbg space/nn ./.
Abstract/jj art/nn was/bedz still/rb the/at right/jj path/nn for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
but/cc ,/, he/pps held/vbd ,/, instead/rb of/in continuing/vbg as/cs an/at ``/`` art/nn of/in reduction/nn ''/'' ,/, it/pps must/md grow/vb ,/, must/md make/vb a/at place/nn for/in the/at contributions/nns of/in the/at Raphaels/nps and/cc Poussins/nps as/ql well/rb as/cs for/in those/dts of/in the/at early/jj cubists/nns and/cc Mondrian/np ./.


	Later/rbr Helion/np wrote/vbd of/in this/dt phase/nn :/: ``/`` For/in years/nns I/ppss built/vbd for/in myself/ppl a/at subtle/jj instrument/nn of/in relationships/nns --/-- colors/nns and/cc forms/nns without/in a/at name/nn ./.
I/ppss played/vbd on/in it/ppo my/pp$ secret/jj songs/nns ,/, unexplained/jj ,/, passionate/jj and/cc peaceful/jj ''/'' ./.


	But/cc his/pp$ own/jj work/nn was/bedz evolving/vbg further/rbr ./.
The/at extreme/jj limitations/nns he/pps sensed/vbd in/in all/abn current/jj abstract/jj art/nn made/vbd that/dt seem/vb to/in him/ppo increasingly/ql arid/jj and/cc cold/jj ./.
He/pps was/bedz engaged/vbn in/in constant/jj experiments/nns that/wps searched/vbd for/in new/jj directions/nns ./.
Where/wrb would/md it/pps all/abn lead/vb ?/. ?/.
He/pps himself/ppl did/dod not/* know/vb ,/, as/cs he/pps said/vbd in/in 1935/cd ./.
But/cc he/pps was/bedz ``/`` afraid/jj of/in the/at future/nn --/-- he/pps would/md in/in fact/nn welcome/vb a/at way/nn back/rb to/in social/jj integration/nn ,/, a/at functional/jj art/nn of/in some/dti kind/nn ''/'' ./.


	During/in the/at 1920's/nns the/at Abstractionists/nns-tl ,/, the/at German/jj Bauhaus/np group/nn of/in industrial/jj designers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at new/jj architects/nns all/abn had/hvd the/at dream/nn of/in some/dti well/ql ordered/vbn utopia/nn ,/, or/cc welfare/nn state/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt their/pp$ neat/jj and/cc logical/jj constructions/nns might/md find/vb their/pp$ proper/jj place/nn ./.
But/cc whereas/cs the/at postwar/jj American/jj abstractionists/nns seem/vb to/in Helion/np to/to be/be determined/vbn to/to ``/`` escape/vb ''/'' from/in the/at real/jj world/nn ,/, or/cc simply/rb to/to rebel/vb against/in it/ppo ,/, the/at ordered/vbn abstractions/nns which/wdt he/pps and/cc his/pp$ associates/nns of/in the/at 1930's/nns were/bed painting/vbg embodied/vbd the/at hope/nn of/in ``/`` improving/vbg ''/'' things/nns ./.
``/`` We/ppss were/bed possessed/vbn by/in visions/nns of/in a/at new/jj civilization/nn to/to come/vb ,/, very/ql pure/jj and/cc elevated/vbn ''/'' ,/, he/pps has/hvz said/vbn ,/, ``/`` in/in fact/nn some/dti ideal/jj form/nn of/in socialism/nn such/jj as/cs we/ppss had/hvd dreamed/vbn of/in since/in the/at war/nn of/in 1914-1918/cd ''/'' ./.


	Instead/rb of/in this/dt the/at 1930's/nns witnessed/vbd a/at tragic/jj economic/jj depression/nn ,/, the/at rise/nn of/in Fascist/jj dictators/nns in/in Europe/np ,/, the/at wasting/vbg Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl in/in Spain/np ./.
Very/ql much/rb the/at political/jj man/nn ,/, Helion/np felt/vbd himself/ppl deeply/ql affected/vbn by/in the/at increasingly/ql pessimistic/jj atmosphere/nn of/in France/np and/cc all/abn Europe/np ,/, whose/wp$ foundations/nns seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo more/ql and/cc more/ql shaky/jj ./.
In/in 1936/cd he/pps decided/vbd to/to migrate/vb to/in America/np ./.
The/at Rooseveltian/jj America/np was/bedz a/at haven/nn of/in liberalism/nn and/cc progress/nn and/cc seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo to/to constitute/vb the/at last/ap best/jjt hope/nn for/in civilization/nn ./.
Helion/np also/rb hoped/vbd that/cs America's/np$ mastery/nn of/in technology/nn and/cc industrial/jj efficiency/nn would/md be/be accompanied/vbn by/in the/at production/nn of/in new/jj and/cc beautiful/jj art/nn works/nns ./.
``/`` I/ppss arrived/vbd in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in the/at idea/nn of/in establishing/vbg myself/ppl there/rb more/ql or/cc less/ql permanently/rb and/cc finding/vbg inspiration/nn for/in new/jj compositions/nns ''/'' ./.


	In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl he/pps was/bedz well/rb received/vbn by/in what/wdt was/bedz then/rb only/rb a/at small/jj brave/jj band/nn of/in non-figurative/jj artists/nns ,/, including/in Alexander/np Calder/np ,/, George/np K./np L./np Morris/np ,/, De/np Kooning/np ,/, Holty/np and/cc a/at few/ap others/nns ./.
After/in a/at year/nn in/in a/at studio/nn on/in Sheridan/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, having/hvg married/vbn an/at American/jj girl/nn who/wps was/bedz a/at native/nn of/in Virginia/np ,/, Helion/np moved/vbd to/in a/at village/nn in/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Ridge/nn-tl mountains/nns ,/, where/wrb he/pps produced/vbd some/dti of/in the/at most/ql imposing/vbg of/in his/pp$ abstract/jj canvases/nns ./.


	The/at darkening/vbg world/nn scene/nn ,/, at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at Munich/np-tl Pact/nn-tl ,/, continued/vbd to/to trouble/vb his/pp$ mind/nn even/rb in/in his/pp$ remote/jj Virginia/np studio/nn ./.
``/`` Fear/nn possessed/vbn me/ppo ,/, and/cc the/at certainty/nn of/in war/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps has/hvz related/vbn ./.
``/`` I/ppss truly/rb smelled/vbd blood/nn ,/, death/nn ,/, heaps/nns of/in corpses/nns everywhere/rb ''/'' ./.
In/in haste/nn he/pps labored/vbd to/to finish/vb some/dti last/ap abstract/jj paintings/nns :/: a/at three-panel/jj frieze/nn ,/, with/in a/at flying/vbg figure/nn and/cc a/at fallen/vbn figure/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at ``/`` Double-Figure/np ''/'' ,/, which/wdt went/vbd to/in the/at Chicago/np-tl Art/nn-tl Institute/nn-tl ,/, and/cc is/bez considered/vbn by/in him/ppo the/at most/ql successful/jj of/in his/pp$ abstracts/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in early/jj 1939/cd ,/, a/at ``/`` Fallen/vbn-tl Figure/nn-tl ''/'' of/in very/ql ominous/jj character/nn ,/, which/wdt concluded/vbd his/pp$ abstract/jj phase/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss knew/vbd I/ppss was/bedz carrying/vbg on/rp with/in abstraction/nn to/in its/pp$ very/ap end/nn --/-- for/in me/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd of/in the/at two/cd years'/nns$ output/nn in/in Virginia/np ./.
With/in those/dts paintings/nns of/in big/jj constructions/nns crashing/vbg down/rp ,/, he/pps felt/vbd he/pps could/md stop/vb ./.
They/ppss were/bed ,/, in/in effect/nn his/pp$ last/ap testament/nn to/in non-objective/jj art/nn ./.


	He/pps had/hvd taken/vbn out/rp first/od papers/nns for/in American/jj citizenship/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc after/cs war/nn came/vbd to/in Europe/np ,/, he/pps decided/vbd to/to return/vb to/in France/np ,/, arriving/vbg there/rb in/in January/np ,/, 1940/cd ./.
``/`` I/ppss hated/vbd the/at war/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` but/cc thought/vbd I/ppss ought/md to/to go/vb because/cs I/ppss was/bedz ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, one/cd of/in those/dts who/wps hadn't/hvd* done/vbn enough/ap to/to prevent/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.




In/in June/np ,/, 1940/cd ,/, Sergeant/nn-tl Helion/np ,/, with/in a/at company/nn of/in reserve/nn troops/nns waiting/vbg to/to go/vb into/in battle/nn ,/, was/bedz sketching/vbg the/at hills/nns south/nr of/in the/at Loire/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb the/at war/nn suddenly/rb rolled/vbd in/rp upon/in him/ppo ./.
Its/pp$ first/od apparition/nn was/bedz a/at long/jj ,/, gloomy/jj column/nn of/in refugees/nns riding/vbg in/in farm/nn wagons/nns ,/, or/cc pushing/vbg prams/nns ./.
His/pp$ company/nn then/rb carried/vbd out/rp a/at confused/vbn retreating/vbg movement/nn until/cs it/pps was/bedz surrounded/vbn by/in the/at Germans/nps ,/, a/at few/ap days/nns before/cs France/np capitulated/vbd ./.
After/in a/at sort/nn of/in death/nn march/nn during/in four/cd days/nns without/in food/nn ,/, Helion/np and/cc his/pp$ comrades/nns were/bed shipped/vbn by/in cattle-car/nn to/in a/at labor/nn camp/nn at/in an/at estate/nn farm/nn in/in East/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ./.
A/at year/nn later/rbr they/ppss were/bed removed/vbn to/in a/at Stalag/np in/in the/at harbor/nn of/in Stettin/np ./.
At/in the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ capture/nn Helion/np had/hvd on/in his/pp$ person/nn a/at sketchbook/nn he/pps had/hvd bought/vbn at/in Woolworth's/np$ in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
When/wrb he/pps was/bedz stripped/vbn ,/, deloused/vbn and/cc numbered/vbn by/in his/pp$ guards/nns ,/, his/pp$ much-thumbed/jj sketchbook/nn was/bedz seized/vbn and/cc thrown/vbn on/in a/at pile/nn of/in prisoners'/nns$ goods/nns to/to be/be confiscated/vbn ./.
``/`` It/pps was/bedz then/rb I/ppss knew/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed making/vbg war/nn against/in Man/nn-tl ,/, the/at individual/nn within/rb !/. !/.
--/-- who/wps questioned/vbd things/nns when/wrb given/vbn orders/nns ''/'' ./.


	At/in Stettin/np the/at university-educated/jj artist/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd studied/vbn German/np ,/, was/bedz chosen/vbn to/to serve/vb as/cs interpreter/nn and/cc clerk/nn in/in the/at office/nn of/in the/at Stalag/np commander/nn ./.
In/in secret/nn he/pps also/rb acted/vbd as/cs a/at member/nn of/in the/at prisoners'/nns$ Central/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt plotted/vbd sabotage/nn ,/, planned/vbd a/at few/ap escapes/nns ,/, and/cc maintained/vbd a/at hidden/vbn control/nn over/in the/at wretched/jj French/jj slave-laborers/nns ./.


	In/in the/at Stalag/np ,/, Helion/np came/vbd to/to know/vb and/cc love/vb his/pp$ comrades/nns ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo plain/jj folk/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in their/pp$ extremity/nn ,/, showed/vbd true/jj courage/nn and/cc ran/vbd great/jj risks/nns to/to help/vb each/dt other/ap ./.
How/wql much/ap they/ppss esteemed/vbd him/ppo is/bez shown/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs their/pp$ underground/jj committee/nn selected/vbd him/ppo as/cs one/cd of/in the/at few/ap who/wps would/md be/be helped/vbn to/to escape/vb ./.
In/in the/at prison/nn camp's/nn$ Black/jj-tl Market/nn-tl civilian/jj clothes/nns were/bed quietly/rb bought/vbn and/cc forged/vbn papers/nns were/bed devised/vbn for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/.
during/in long/jj weeks/nns the/at plan/nn for/in his/pp$ flight/nn was/bedz rehearsed/vbn ./.


	Every/at morning/nn contingents/nns of/in prisoners/nns would/md be/be sent/vbn out/rp to/to labor/vb in/in nearby/jj factories/nns ./.
One/cd evening/nn ,/, while/cs a/at volley-ball/nn game/nn was/bedz being/beg played/vbn in/in the/at yard/nn among/in the/at prisoners/nns remaining/vbg there/rb ,/, a/at simulated/vbn melee/nn was/bedz staged/vbn --/-- just/rb as/cs the/at gates/nns were/bed opened/vbn to/to admit/vb other/ap prisoners/nns returning/vbg from/in work/nn ./.
As/cs Helion/np wrote/vbd afterward/rb :/: ``/`` 

	Their/pp$ sentry/nn followed/vbd ./.
Four/cd hands/nns were/bed stretched/vbn toward/in me/ppo by/in my/pp$ comrades/nns behind/in me/ppo ./.
Marquet/np held/vbd my/pp$ briefcase/nn ;/. ;/.
Finot/np held/vbd a/at wallet/nn with/in my/pp$ money/nn and/cc papers/nns ;/. ;/.
Moineau/np and/cc David/np held/vbd nothing/pn but/in their/pp$ fingers/nns ./.
They/ppss felt/vbd rough/jj and/cc kind/jj and/cc warm/jj ./.
At/in this/dt moment/nn the/at volley-ball/nn hit/vbd the/at ground/nn ./.
Duclos/np ran/vbd toward/in Desprez/np with/in fists/nns raised/vbn ./.
The/at guards/nns all/abn rushed/vbd up/rp to/to intervene/vb ''/'' 

	Shedding/vbg his/pp$ prison/nn cloak/nn ,/, Helion/np shot/vbd through/in the/at gates/nns ,/, now/rb clad/vbn in/in civilian/jj garments/nns and/cc with/in the/at passport/nn of/in a/at Flemish/jj worker/nn ./.
Riding/vbg trains/nns ,/, hitching/vbg hikes/nns on/in trucks/nns across/in Germany/np ,/, slipping/vbg through/in guarded/vbn frontiers/nns with/in the/at help/nn of/in secret/jj guides/nns ,/, he/pps eventually/rb reached/vbd Vichy/np France/np ,/, and/cc ,/, by/in the/at winter/nn of/in 1943/cd ,/, was/bedz back/rb in/in Virginia/np ./.
He/pps wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` 

	To/in escape/vb from/in a/at prison/nn camp/nn required/vbd a/at very/ql special/jj state/nn of/in mind/nn ;/. ;/.
not/* only/rb loathing/nn of/in captivity/nn ,/, but/cc a/at faith/nn ,/, a/at hope/nn that/wps is/bez even/ql stronger/jjr ./.
I/ppss left/vbd behind/in me/ppo brave/jj men/nns ,/, whom/wpo captivity/nn had/hvd robbed/vbn of/in all/abn hope/nn ./.
They/ppss too/rb loved/vbd their/pp$ families/nns ,/, longed/vbd for/in their/pp$ villages/nns :/: yet/cc lacked/vbd the/at faith/nn that/wps drove/vbd one/cd to/to dare/vb the/at fearful/jj chance/nn of/in escape/nn ''/'' ./.


	It/pps was/bedz a/at time/nn of/in revelations/nns for/in him/ppo ./.
Even/rb the/at most/ql rational/jj of/in men/nns ,/, under/in great/jj stress/nn ,/, may/md be/be transported/vbn by/in a/at new/jj faith/nn and/cc behave/vb like/cs mystics/nns ./.
Helion/np knew/vbd that/cs he/pps owed/vbd his/pp$ freedom/nn as/ql much/rb to/in the/at self-sacrifice/nn of/in his/pp$ fellow-men/nns in/in Arbeitskommando/np-tl 13/cd-tl ,/, ,/, Stettin/np ,/, as/cs to/to his/pp$ own/jj fierce/jj will/nn and/cc love/nn of/in life/nn ./.
After/in that/dt ,/, he/pps declared/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to return/vb to/in freedom/nn was/bedz to/to fall/vb to/in one's/pn$ knees/nns before/in the/at real/jj world/nn and/cc adore/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.
In/in prison/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben able/jj to/to sketch/vb nothing/pn but/in figures/nns from/in life/nn ,/, his/pp$ guards/nns ,/, his/pp$ companions/nns in/in misery/nn ./.
Now/rb all/abn his/pp$ desires/nns centered/vbd on/in ``/`` rediscovering/vbg and/cc singing/vbg of/in the/at prosaic/jj and/cc yet/rb beautiful/jj world/nn of/in men/nns and/cc objects/nns so/ql long/rb barred/vbn from/in me/ppo by/in a/at barbed/vbn wire/nn fence/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc ,/, he/pps added/vbd :/: ``/`` During/in the/at many/ap months/nns in/in prison/nn camp/nn ,/, all/abn abstract/jj images/nns vanished/vbd from/in my/pp$ mind/nn ''/'' ./.


	Before/in leaving/vbg for/in America/np ,/, he/pps happened/vbd to/to see/vb his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn Jean/np Arp/np and/cc confided/vbd to/in him/ppo his/pp$ new/jj resolutions/nns ./.
Arp/np protested/vbd :/: ``/`` But/cc it/pps is/bez impossible/jj !/. !/.
Everything/pn in/in the/at way/nn of/in representation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben done/vbn by/in the/at old/jj masters/nns ''/'' ./.
Helion/np ,/, however/rb ,/, clung/vbd to/in the/at belief/nn that/cs ``/`` in/in escaping/vbg from/in the/at Stalag/np I/ppss had/hvd also/rb escaped/vbn from/in Abstraction/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	While/cs convalescing/vbg in/in his/pp$ Virginia/np home/nn he/pps wrote/vbd a/at book/nn recording/vbg his/pp$ prison/nn experiences/nns and/cc escape/nn ,/, entitled/vbn :/: They/ppss-tl Shall/md-tl Not/*-tl Have/hv-tl Me/ppo-tl Published/vbn originally/rb in/in (/( Helion's/np$ )/) English/np by/in Dutton/np-tl &/cc-tl Co./nn-tl of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, in/in 1943/cd ,/, the/at book/nn was/bedz received/vbn by/in the/at press/nn as/cs a/at work/nn of/in astonishing/jj literary/jj power/nn and/cc one/cd of/in the/at most/ql realistic/jj accounts/nns of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, from/in the/at French/jj side/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz very/ql widely/rb read/vbn ,/, too/rb ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at author/nn ,/, who/wps seemed/vbd the/at embodiment/nn of/in France's/np$ rising/vbg spirit/nn of/in resistance/nn to/in her/pp$ conquerors/nns ,/, was/bedz much/rb complimented/vbn for/in his/pp$ daring/vbg military/jj action/nn ./.
But/cc when/wrb he/pps showed/vbd his/pp$ new/jj figurative/jj pictures/nns to/in his/pp$ artist/nn friends/nns of/in the/at abstract/jj camp/nn ,/, they/ppss paid/vbd him/ppo no/at compliments/nns and/cc drew/vbd long/jj faces/nns ./.


	Between/in 1944/cd and/cc 1947/cd Helion/np had/hvd a/at series/nn of/in one-man/jj shows/nns --/-- at/in the/at Paul/np-tl Rosenberg/np-tl Gallery/nn-tl in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl and/cc in/in Paris/np --/-- of/in his/pp$ new/jj realistic/jj pictures/nns ./.
They/ppss reincarnated/vbd the/at figures/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns banished/vbn from/in his/pp$ canvases/nns since/in the/at 1920's/nns ./.
These/dts new/jj pictures/nns focussed/vbd on/in the/at familiar/jj and/cc commonplace/jj objects/nns that/cs he/pps had/hvd heard/vbn the/at men/nns in/in his/pp$ prison/nn camp/nn talking/vbg about/in as/cs the/at things/nns they/ppss missed/vbd most/rbt ,/, hence/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at sense/nn of/in lost/vbn freedom/nn :/: the/at cafe/nn at/in the/at corner/nn ,/, the/at newspaper/nn kiosk/nn ,/, the/at girls/nns in/in doorways/nns and/cc windows/nns along/in the/at street/nn ,/, the/at golden-crusted/jj French/jj bread/nn they/ppss lacked/vbd ,/, the/at cigarettes/nns denied/vbn them/ppo ./.
One/cd of/in the/at pictures/nns was/bedz of/in a/at man/nn with/in hat/nn drawn/vbn over/in his/pp$ face/nn ceremoniously/rb lighting/vbg a/at cigarette/nn ;/. ;/.
others/nns were/bed of/in men/nns doffing/vbg their/pp$ hats/nns to/in each/dt other/ap ,/, carrying/vbg umbrellas/nns with/in pomp/nn ,/, reading/vbg newspapers/nns ,/, or/cc simply/rb showing/vbg loaves/nns of/in bread/nn spread/vbn out/rp ./.



	Important/jj as/cs was/bedz Mr./np O'Donnell's/np$ essay/nn ,/, his/pp$ thesis/nn is/bez so/ql restricting/jj as/cs to/to deny/vb Faulkner/np the/at stature/nn which/wdt he/pps obviously/rb has/hvz ./.
He/pps and/cc also/rb Mr./np Cowley/np and/cc Mr./np Warren/np have/hv fallen/vbn to/in the/at temptation/nn which/wdt besets/vbz many/ap of/in us/ppo to/to read/vb into/in our/pp$ authors/nns --/-- Nathaniel/np Hawthorne/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, and/cc Herman/np Melville/np --/-- protests/vbz against/in modernism/nn ,/, material/jj progress/nn ,/, and/cc science/nn which/wdt are/ber genuine/jj protests/nns of/in our/pp$ own/jj but/cc may/md not/* have/hv been/ben theirs/pp$$ ./.
Faulkner's/np$ total/nn works/nns today/nr ,/, and/cc in/in fact/nn those/dts of/in his/pp$ works/nns which/wdt existed/vbd in/in 1946/cd when/wrb Mr./np Cowley/np made/vbd his/pp$ comment/nn ,/, or/cc in/in 1939/cd ,/, when/wrb Mr./np O'Donnell/np wrote/vbd his/pp$ essay/nn ,/, reveal/vb no/at such/jj simple/jj attitude/nn toward/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
If/cs he/pps is/bez a/at traditionalist/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez an/at eclectic/jj traditionalist/nn ./.
If/cs he/pps condemns/vbz the/at recent/jj or/cc the/at present/nn ,/, he/pps condemns/vbz the/at past/nn with/in no/ql less/ap force/nn ./.
If/cs he/pps sees/vbz the/at heroic/jj in/in a/at Sartoris/np or/cc a/at Sutpen/np ,/, he/pps sees/vbz also/rb --/-- and/cc he/pps shows/vbz --/-- the/at blind/jj and/cc the/at mean/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps sees/vbz the/at Compson/np family/nn disintegrating/vbg from/in within/rb ./.
If/cs the/at barn-burner's/nn$ family/nn produces/vbz a/at Flem/np Snopes/np ,/, who/wps personifies/vbz commercialism/nn and/cc materialism/nn in/in hyperbolic/jj crassness/nn ,/, the/at Compson/np family/nn produces/vbz a/at Jason/np Compson/np 4/cd ./.
Faulkner/np is/bez a/at most/ql untraditional/jj traditionalist/nn ./.


	Others/nns writing/vbg on/in Faulkner/np have/hv found/vbn the/at phrase/nn ``/`` traditional/jj moralist/nn ''/'' either/cc inadequate/jj or/cc misleading/vbg ./.
Among/in them/ppo are/ber Frederick/np J./np Hoffman/np ,/, William/np Van/np O'Connor/np ,/, and/cc Mrs./np Olga/np Vickery/np ./.
They/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn the/at direction/nn but/cc they/ppss have/hv not/* been/ben explicit/jj enough/qlp ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, in/in pointing/vbg out/rp Faulkner's/np$ independence/nn ,/, his/pp$ questioning/vbg if/cs not/* indeed/rb challenging/vbg the/at Southern/jj-tl tradition/nn ./.
Faulkner's/np$ is/bez not/* the/at mind/nn of/in the/at apologist/nn which/wdt Mr./np O'Donnell/np implies/vbz that/wps it/pps is/bez ./.
He/pps is/bez not/* one/cd to/to remain/vb more/ql comfortably/rb and/cc unquestioningly/rb within/in a/at body/nn of/in social/jj ,/, cultural/jj ,/, or/cc literary/jj traditions/nns than/cs he/pps was/bedz within/in the/at traditions/nns --/-- or/cc possibly/rb the/at regulations/nns --/-- governing/vbg his/pp$ tenure/nn in/in the/at post/nn office/nn at/in Oxford/np ,/, Mississippi/np ,/, thirty-five/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.


	That/dt is/bez not/* to/to deny/vb that/cs he/pps has/hvz been/ben aware/jj of/in traditions/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps is/bez steeped/vbn in/in them/ppo ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, or/cc that/cs he/pps has/hvz dealt/vbn with/in them/ppo ,/, in/in his/pp$ books/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez to/to say/vb rather/rb ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, that/cs he/pps has/hvz brought/vbn to/to bear/vb on/in the/at history/nn ,/, the/at traditions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at lore/nn of/in his/pp$ region/nn a/at critical/jj ,/, skeptical/jj mind/nn --/-- the/at same/ap mind/nn which/wdt has/hvz made/vbn of/in him/ppo an/at inveterate/jj experimenter/nn in/in literary/jj form/nn and/cc technique/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz employed/vbn from/in his/pp$ section/nn rich/jj immediate/jj materials/nns which/wdt in/in a/at loose/jj sense/nn can/md be/be termed/vbn Southern/jj-tl ./.
The/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps has/hvz cast/vbn over/in those/dts materials/nns the/at light/nn of/in a/at skeptical/jj mind/nn does/doz not/* make/vb him/ppo any/dti the/at less/ql Southern/jj-tl ,/, I/ppss rather/rb think/vb ,/, for/cs the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben no/ql more/ql solid/jj than/cs other/ap regions/nns except/in in/in the/at political/jj and/cc related/vbn areas/nns where/wrb patronage/nn and/cc force/nn and/cc intimidation/nn and/cc fear/nn may/md produce/vb a/at surface/nn uniformity/nn ./.
Some/dti of/in us/ppo might/md be/be inclined/vbn to/to argue/vb ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs an/at independence/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc action/nn and/cc an/at intolerance/nn of/in regimentation/nn ,/, either/cc mental/jj or/cc physical/jj ,/, are/ber particularly/rb Southern/jj-tl traits/nns ./.


	There/ex is/bez no/at necessity/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, to/to assert/vb that/cs Mr./np Faulkner/np is/bez Southern/jj-tl ./.
It/pps would/md not/* be/be easy/jj to/to discover/vb a/at more/ql thoroughly/ql Southern/jj-tl pedigree/nn than/cs that/dt of/in his/pp$ family/nn ./.
And/cc ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, he/pps has/hvz lived/vbn comfortably/rb at/in both/abx Oxford/np ,/, Mississippi/np ,/, and/cc Charlottesville/np ,/, Virginia/np ./.
The/at young/jj William/np Faulkner/np in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl in/in the/at 1920's/nns impressed/vbd the/at novelist/nn Hamilton/np Basso/np as/cs obviously/ql conscious/jj of/in being/beg a/at Southerner/nn-tl ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at evidence/nn that/cs since/in then/rb he/pps has/hvz ever/rb considered/vbn himself/ppl any/dti less/ap so/rb ./.
Besides/in showing/vbg no/at inclination/nn ,/, apparently/rb ,/, to/to absent/vb himself/ppl from/in his/pp$ native/jj region/nn even/rb for/in short/jj periods/nns ,/, and/cc in/in addition/nn writing/vbg a/at shelf/nn of/in books/nns set/vbn in/in the/at region/nn ,/, he/pps has/hvz handled/vbn in/in those/dts books/nns an/at astonishingly/ql complete/jj list/nn of/in matters/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben important/jj in/in the/at South/nr-tl during/in the/at past/ap hundred/cd years/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez more/ql difficult/jj with/in Faulkner/np than/cs with/in most/ap authors/nns to/to say/vb what/wdt is/bez the/at extent/nn and/cc what/wdt is/bez the/at source/nn of/in his/pp$ knowledge/nn ./.
His/pp$ own/jj testimony/nn is/bez that/cs he/pps has/hvz read/vbn very/ql little/ap in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, implying/vbg that/cs what/wdt he/pps knows/vbz of/in that/dt history/nn has/hvz come/vbn to/in him/ppo orally/rb and/cc that/cs he/pps knows/vbz the/at world/nn around/in him/ppo primarily/rb from/in his/pp$ own/jj unassisted/jj observation/nn ./.
His/pp$ denials/nns of/in extensive/jj reading/nn notwithstanding/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez no/at doubt/nn safe/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs he/pps has/hvz spent/vbn time/nn schooling/vbg himself/ppl in/in Southern/jj-tl history/nn and/cc that/cs he/pps has/hvz gained/vbn some/dti acquaintance/nn with/in the/at chief/jjs literary/jj authors/nns who/wps have/hv lived/vbn in/in the/at South/nr-tl or/cc have/hv written/vbn about/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
To/to believe/vb otherwise/rb would/md be/be unrealistic/jj ./.


	But/cc in/in looking/vbg at/in Faulkner/np against/in his/pp$ background/nn in/in Mississippi/np and/cc the/at South/nr-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj not/* to/to lose/vb the/at broader/jjr perspective/nn ./.
His/pp$ earliest/jjt work/nn reflected/vbd heavy/jj influences/nns from/in English/np and/cc continental/jj writers/nns ./.
Evidence/nn is/bez plentiful/jj that/cs early/rb and/cc later/rbr also/rb he/pps has/hvz been/ben indebted/jj to/in the/at Gothic/jj-tl romancers/nns ,/, who/wps deal/vb in/in extravagant/jj horror/nn ,/, to/in the/at symbolists/nns writing/vbg at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at preceding/vbg century/nn ,/, and/cc in/in particular/jj to/in the/at stream-of-consciousness/nn novelists/nns ,/, Henry/np James/np and/cc James/np Joyce/np among/in them/ppo ./.
His/pp$ repeated/vbn experimentation/nn with/in the/at techniques/nns of/in fiction/nn testifies/vbz to/in an/at independence/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc an/at originality/nn of/in approach/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps also/rb shows/vbz him/ppo touching/vbg at/in many/ap points/nns the/at stream/nn of/in literary/jj development/nn back/rb of/in him/ppo ./.
My/pp$ intention/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez not/* to/to say/vb that/cs Faulkner's/np$ awareness/nn has/hvz been/ben confined/vbn within/in the/at borders/nns of/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, but/cc rather/rb that/cs he/pps has/hvz looked/vbn at/in his/pp$ world/nn as/cs a/at Southerner/nn-tl and/cc that/cs presumably/rb his/pp$ outlook/nn is/bez Southern/jj-tl ./.


	The/at ingredients/nns of/in Faulkner's/np$ novels/nns and/cc stories/nns are/ber by/in no/at means/nns new/jj with/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at problems/nns he/pps takes/vbz up/rp have/hv had/hvn the/at attention/nn of/in authors/nns before/in him/ppo ./.
A/at useful/jj comment/nn on/in his/pp$ relation/nn to/in his/pp$ region/nn may/md be/be made/vbn ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, by/in noting/vbg briefly/rb how/wrb in/in handling/vbg Southern/jj-tl materials/nns and/cc Southern/jj-tl problems/nns he/pps has/hvz deviated/vbn from/in the/at pattern/nn set/vbn by/in other/ap Southern/jj-tl authors/nns while/cs remaining/vbg faithful/jj to/in the/at essential/jj character/nn of/in the/at region/nn ./.


	The/at planter/nn aristocracy/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn in/in literature/nn at/in least/ap since/cs John/np Pendleton/np Kennedy/np published/vbd Swallow-Barn/np in/in 1832/cd and/cc in/in his/pp$ genial/jj portrait/nn of/in Frank/np Meriwether/np presiding/vbg over/in his/pp$ plantation/nn dominion/nn initiated/vbd the/at most/ql persistent/jj tradition/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl literature/nn ./.
The/at thoroughgoing/jj idealization/nn of/in the/at planter/nn society/nn did/dod not/* come/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, until/in after/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl when/wrb Southern/jj-tl writers/nns were/bed eager/jj to/to defend/vb a/at way/nn of/in life/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben destroyed/vbn ./.
As/cs they/ppss looked/vbd with/in nostalgia/nn to/in a/at society/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben swept/vbn away/rb ,/, they/ppss were/bed probably/rb no/ql more/rbr than/cs half-conscious/jj that/cs they/ppss painted/vbd in/in colors/nns which/wdt had/hvd never/rb existed/vbn ./.
Their/pp$ books/nns found/vbd no/ql less/ql willing/jj readers/nns outside/rb than/cs inside/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, even/rb while/cs memories/nns of/in the/at war/nn were/bed still/rb sharp/jj ./.
The/at tradition/nn reached/vbd its/pp$ apex/nn ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, in/in the/at works/nns of/in Thomas/np Nelson/np Page/np toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, and/cc reappeared/vbd undiminished/jj as/ql late/rb as/cs 1934/cd in/in the/at best-selling/jj novel/nn So/ql-tl Red/jj-tl The/at-tl Rose/nn-tl ,/, by/in Stark/np Young/np ./.
Although/cs Faulkner/np was/bedz the/at heir/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj family/nn to/in this/dt tradition/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* have/hv Stark/np Young's/np$ inclination/nn to/to romanticize/vb and/cc sentimentalize/vb the/at planter/nn society/nn ./.


	The/at myth/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl plantation/nn has/hvz had/hvn only/rb a/at tangential/jj relation/nn with/in actuality/nn ,/, as/cs Francis/np Pendleton/np Gaines/np showed/vbd forty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, and/cc I/ppss suspect/vb it/pps has/hvz had/hvn a/at far/ql narrower/jjr acceptance/nn as/cs something/pn real/jj than/cs has/hvz generally/rb been/ben supposed/vbn ./.
Faulkner/np has/hvz found/vbn it/ppo useful/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz employed/vbn it/ppo with/in his/pp$ habitual/jj independence/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc skeptical/jj outlook/nn ./.
Without/in saying/vbg or/cc seeming/vbg to/to say/vb that/cs in/in portraying/vbg the/at Sartoris/np and/cc the/at Compson/np families/nns Faulkner's/np$ chief/jjs concern/nn is/bez social/jj criticism/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md say/vb nevertheless/rb that/cs through/in those/dts families/nns he/pps dramatizes/vbz his/pp$ comment/nn on/in the/at planter/nn dynasties/nns as/cs they/ppss have/hv existed/vbn since/in the/at decades/nns before/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.
It/pps may/md be/be that/cs in/in this/dt comment/nn he/pps has/hvz broken/vbn from/in the/at conventional/jj pattern/nn more/ql violently/rb than/cs in/in any/dti other/ap regard/nn ,/, for/cs the/at treatment/nn in/in his/pp$ books/nns is/bez far/ql removed/vbn from/in even/rb the/at genial/jj irony/nn of/in Ellen/np Glasgow/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz the/at only/rb important/jj novelist/nn before/in him/ppo to/to challenge/vb the/at conventional/jj picture/nn of/in planter/nn society/nn ./.


	Faulkner's/np$ low-class/nn characters/nns had/hvd but/rb few/ap counterparts/nns in/in earlier/jjr Southern/jj-tl novels/nns dealing/vbg with/in plantation/nn life/nn ./.
They/ppss have/hv an/at ancestry/nn extending/vbg back/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, at/in least/ap to/in 1728/cd ,/, when/wrb William/np Byrd/np described/vbd the/at Lubberlanders/nps he/pps encountered/vbd in/in the/at back/jj country/nn of/in Virginia/np and/cc North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ./.
The/at chief/jjs literary/jj antecedents/nns of/in the/at Snopes/np clan/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at realistic/jj ,/, humorous/jj writing/nn which/wdt originated/vbd in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc the/at Southwest/nr-tl in/in the/at three/cd decades/nns before/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.
These/dts narratives/nns of/in coarse/jj action/nn and/cc crude/jj language/nn appeared/vbd first/rb in/in local/jj newspapers/nns ,/, as/cs a/at rule/nn ,/, and/cc later/rbr found/vbd their/pp$ way/nn between/in book/nn covers/nns ,/, though/cs rarely/rb into/in the/at planters'/nns$ libraries/nns beside/in the/at morocco-bound/jj volumes/nns of/in Horace/np ,/, Mr./np Addison/np ,/, Mr./np Pope/np ,/, and/cc Sir/np Walter/np Scott/np ./.
There/ex is/bez evidence/nn to/to suggest/vb ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs many/ap authors/nns of/in the/at humorous/jj sketches/nns were/bed prompted/vbn to/to write/vb them/ppo --/-- or/cc to/to make/vb them/ppo as/ql indelicate/jj as/cs they/ppss are/ber --/-- by/in way/nn of/in protesting/vbg against/in the/at artificial/jj refinements/nns which/wdt had/hvd come/vbn to/to dominate/vb the/at polite/jj letters/nns of/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
William/np Gilmore/np Simms/np ,/, sturdy/jj realist/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz ,/, pleaded/vbd for/in a/at natural/jj robustness/nn such/jj as/cs he/pps found/vbd in/in his/pp$ favorites/nns the/at great/jj Elizabethans/nps ,/, to/to vivify/vb the/at pale/jj writings/nns being/beg produced/vbn around/in him/ppo ./.
Simms/np admired/vbd the/at raucous/jj tales/nns emanating/vbg from/in the/at backwoods/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd himself/ppl social/jj affiliations/nns which/wdt would/md not/* allow/vb him/ppo to/to approve/vb them/ppo fully/rb ./.
Augustus/np Baldwin/np Longstreet/np ,/, a/at preacher/nn and/cc a/at college/nn and/cc university/nn president/nn in/in four/cd Southern/jj-tl states/nns ,/, published/vbd the/at earliest/jjt of/in these/dts backwoods/nns sketches/nns and/cc in/in the/at character/nn Ransy/np Sniffle/np ,/, in/in the/at accounts/nns of/in sharp/jj horse-trading/nn and/cc eye-gouging/jj physical/jj combat/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at shockingly/ql unliterary/jj speech/nn of/in his/pp$ characters/nns ,/, he/pps set/vbd an/at example/nn followed/vbn by/in many/ap after/in him/ppo ./.


	Others/nns who/wps wrote/vbd of/in low/jj characters/nns and/cc low/jj life/nn included/vbd Thomas/np Bangs/np Thorpe/np ,/, creator/nn of/in the/at Big/jj-tl Bear/nn-tl Of/in-tl Arkansas/np-tl and/cc Tom/np Owen/np ,/, the/at Bee-Hunter/np ;/. ;/.
Johnson/np Jones/np Hooper/np ,/, whose/wp$ character/nn Simon/np Suggs/np bears/vbz a/at close/jj kinship/nn to/in Flem/np Snopes/np in/in both/abx his/pp$ willingness/nn to/to take/vb cruel/jj advantage/nn of/in all/abn and/cc sundry/jj and/cc the/at sharpness/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps habitually/rb carried/vbd out/rp his/pp$ will/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc George/np Washington/np Harris/np ,/, whose/wp$ Tennessee/np hillbilly/nn character/nn Sut/np Lovingood/np perpetrated/vbd more/ap unmalicious/jj mischief/nn and/cc more/ap unintended/jj pain/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap character/nn in/in literature/nn ./.
It/pps would/md be/be profitable/jj ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, to/to read/vb these/dts realistic/jj humorists/nns alongside/in Faulkner's/np$ works/nns ,/, the/at thought/nn being/beg not/* that/cs he/pps necessarily/rb read/vbd them/ppo and/cc owed/vbd anything/pn to/in them/ppo directly/rb ,/, but/cc rather/rb that/cs they/ppss dealt/vbd a/at hundred/cd years/nns ago/rb with/in a/at class/nn of/in people/nns and/cc a/at type/nn of/in life/nn which/wdt have/hv continued/vbn down/rp to/in our/pp$ time/nn ,/, to/in Faulkner's/np$ time/nn ./.
Such/abl a/at comparison/nn reminds/vbz us/ppo that/cs in/in employing/vbg low/jj characters/nns in/in his/pp$ works/nns Faulkner/np is/bez recording/vbg actuality/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc moreover/rb is/bez following/vbg a/at long-established/jj literary/jj precedent/nn ./.
Such/jj characters/nns ,/, with/in their/pp$ low/jj existence/nn and/cc often/rb low/jj morality/nn ,/, produce/vb humorous/jj effects/nns in/in his/pp$ novels/nns and/cc tales/nns ,/, as/cs they/ppss did/dod in/in the/at writing/nn of/in Longstreet/np and/cc Hooper/np and/cc Harris/np ,/, but/cc it/pps need/md not/* be/be added/vbn that/cs he/pps gives/vbz them/ppo far/ql subtler/jjr and/cc more/ql intricate/jj functions/nns than/cs they/ppss had/hvd in/in the/at earlier/jjr writers/nns ;/. ;/.
nor/cc is/bez there/ex need/nn to/to add/vb that/cs among/in them/ppo are/ber some/dti of/in the/at most/ql highly/ql individualized/vbn and/cc most/ql successful/jj of/in his/pp$ characters/nns ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at early/jj humorists/nns already/rb mentioned/vbn ,/, Thomas/np Bangs/np Thorpe/np ,/, can/md be/be used/vbn to/to illustrate/vb another/dt point/nn where/wrb Faulkner/np touches/vbz authentic/jj Southern/jj-tl materials/nns and/cc also/rb earlier/jjr literary/jj treatment/nn of/in those/dts materials/nns ./.
Thorpe/np came/vbd to/in Louisiana/np from/in the/at East/nr-tl as/cs a/at young/jj man/nn prepared/vbn to/to find/vb in/in the/at new/jj country/nn the/at setting/nn of/in romantic/jj adventure/nn and/cc idealized/vbn beauty/nn ./.
But/cc Thorpe/np saw/vbd also/rb the/at hardships/nns of/in pioneer/nn existence/nn ,/, the/at cultural/jj poverty/nn of/in the/at frontier/nn settlements/nns ,/, and/cc the/at slack/jj morality/nn which/wdt abounded/vbd in/in the/at new/jj regions/nns ./.
As/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in the/at tensions/nns thus/rb produced/vbn in/in his/pp$ thoughts/nns and/cc feelings/nns ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn sketches/nns of/in idealized/vbn hunting/vbg trips/nns and/cc on/in the/at other/ap an/at anecdote/nn of/in the/at village/nn of/in Hardscrabble/np ,/, Arkansas/np ,/, where/wrb no/at one/pn had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn a/at piano/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc he/pps wrote/vbd also/rb the/at masterpiece/nn of/in frontier/nn humor/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Big/jj-tl Bear/nn-tl Of/in-tl Arkansas/np-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in which/wdt earthy/jj realism/nn is/bez placed/vbn alongside/rb the/at exaggeration/nn of/in the/at backwoods/nns tall-tale/nn and/cc the/at awe/nn with/in which/wdt man/nn contemplates/vbz the/at grandeur/nn and/cc the/at mysteries/nns of/in nature/nn ./.



	Some/dti years/nns ago/rb Julian/np Huxley/np proposed/vbd to/in an/at audience/nn made/vbn up/rp of/in members/nns of/in the/at British/jj-tl Association/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Advancement/nn-tl of/in-tl Science/nn-tl that/cs ``/`` man's/nn$ supernormal/jj or/cc extra-sensory/jj faculties/nns are/ber (/( now/rb )/) in/in the/at same/ap case/nn as/cs were/bed his/pp$ mathematical/jj faculties/nns during/in the/at ice/nn age/nn ''/'' ./.
As/cs a/at Humanist/nn-tl ,/, Dr./nn-tl Huxley/np interests/vbz himself/ppl in/in the/at possibilities/nns of/in human/jj development/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd thing/nn we/ppss can/md say/vb about/in this/dt suggestion/nn ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz from/in a/at leading/vbg zoologist/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs he/pps is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, the/at scientific/jj outlook/nn places/vbz no/at rigid/jj limitation/nn upon/in the/at idea/nn of/in future/jj human/jj evolution/nn ./.


	This/dt text/nn from/in Dr./nn-tl Huxley/np is/bez sometimes/rb used/vbn by/in enthusiasts/nns to/to indicate/vb that/cs they/ppss have/hv the/at permission/nn of/in the/at scientists/nns to/to press/vb the/at case/nn for/in a/at wonderful/jj unfoldment/nn of/in psychic/jj powers/nns in/in human/jj beings/nns ./.
There/ex may/md be/be a/at case/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez not/* one/cd we/ppss wish/vb to/to argue/vb ,/, here/rb ./.
Even/rb if/cs people/nns do/do ,/, in/in a/at not/* far/ql distant/jj future/nn ,/, begin/vb to/to read/vb one/cd another's/dt$ minds/nns ,/, there/ex will/md still/rb be/be the/at question/nn of/in whether/cs what/wdt you/ppss find/vb in/in another/dt man's/nn$ mind/nn is/bez especially/ql worth/jj reading/vbg --/-- worth/jj more/rbr ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, than/cs what/wdt you/ppss can/md read/vb in/in good/jj books/nns ./.
Even/rb if/cs men/nns eventually/rb find/vb themselves/ppls able/jj to/to look/vb through/in walls/nns and/cc around/in corners/nns ,/, one/pn may/md question/vb whether/cs this/dt will/nn help/vb them/ppo to/to live/vb better/jjr lives/nns ./.
There/ex would/md be/be side-conclusions/nns to/to be/be drawn/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ;/. ;/.
such/jj capacities/nns are/ber impressive/jj evidence/nn pointing/vbg to/in a/at conception/nn of/in the/at human/jj being/beg which/wdt does/doz not/* appear/vb in/in the/at accounts/nns of/in biologists/nns and/cc organic/jj evolutionists/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at basic/jj puzzles/nns of/in existence/nn would/md still/rb be/be puzzling/jj ,/, and/cc we/ppss should/md still/rb have/hv to/to work/vb out/rp the/at sort/nn of/in problems/nns we/ppss plan/vb to/to discuss/vb in/in this/dt article/nn ./.


	All/abn we/ppss want/vb from/in Dr./nn-tl Huxley's/np$ statement/nn is/bez the/at feeling/nn that/cs this/dt is/bez an/at open/jj world/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in the/at best/jjt scientific/jj opinion/nn ,/, with/in practically/ql no/at directional/jj commitments/nns as/in to/in what/wdt may/md happen/vb next/rb ,/, and/cc no/at important/jj confinements/nns with/in respect/nn to/in what/wdt may/md be/be possible/jj ./.


	It/pps seems/vbz quite/ql obvious/jj that/cs all/abn the/at really/ql difficult/jj tasks/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns arise/vb from/in the/at fact/nn that/dt man/nn is/bez not/* one/cd ,/, but/cc many/ap ./.
Each/dt man/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, is/bez both/abx one/cd and/cc many/ap ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at dreamer/nn of/in the/at good/jj society/nn with/in a/at plan/nn to/to put/vb into/in effect/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez an/at individual/jj craftsman/nn with/in something/pn to/to make/vb for/in himself/ppl and/cc the/at people/nns of/in his/pp$ time/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at parent/nn with/in a/at child/nn to/to nurture/vb ,/, here/rb and/cc now/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez an/at educator/nn who/wps worries/vbz about/in the/at children/nns half/abn way/nn round/in the/at world/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at utopian/nn with/in a/at stake/nn in/in tomorrow/nr and/cc he/pps is/bez a/at vulnerable/jj human/jj made/vbn captive/jj by/in the/at circumstances/nns of/in today/nr ./.
He/pps can/md sacrifice/vb himself/ppl for/in tomorrow/nr and/cc he/pps can/md sacrifice/vb tomorrow/nr for/in himself/ppl ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at Craig's/np$ wife/nn who/wps agonizes/vbz about/in tobacco/nn ash/nn on/in the/at living/vbg room/nn rug/nn and/cc he/pps is/bez a/at forgetful/jj genius/nn who/wps goes/vbz boating/vbg with/in the/at town/nn baker/nn when/wrb dignitaries/nns from/in the/at local/jj university/nn have/hv come/vbn to/to call/vb ./.
He/pps is/bez the/at stern/jj guardian/nn of/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt who/wps has/hvz raised/vbn the/at utilitarian/jj structures/nns of/in the/at age/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez the/at revolutionary/jj poet/nn with/in a/at gun/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn who/wps writes/vbz a/at tragic/jj apologetic/nn to/in posterity/nn for/in the/at men/nns he/pps has/hvz killed/vbn ./.


	What/wdt will/md be/be the/at final/jj symmetry/nn of/in the/at good/jj society/nn ?/. ?/.
For/in what/wdt do/do the/at utopians/nns labor/vb ?/. ?/.
Here/rb ,/, on/in a/at desk/nn ,/, is/bez a/at stack/nn of/in pamphlets/nns representing/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt men/nns of/in the/at day/nn to/to penetrate/vb these/dts questions/nns ./.
The/at pamphlets/nns are/ber about/in law/nn ,/, the/at corporation/nn ,/, forms/nns of/in government/nn ,/, the/at idea/nn of/in freedom/nn ,/, the/at defense/nn of/in liberty/nn ,/, the/at various/jj lethargies/nns which/wdt overtake/vb our/pp$ major/jj institutions/nns ,/, the/at gap/nn between/in traditional/jj social/jj ideals/nns and/cc the/at working/vbg mechanisms/nns that/wps have/hv been/ben set/vbn in/in motion/nn for/in their/pp$ realization/nn ./.
The/at thing/nn that/wps is/bez notable/jj in/in all/abn these/dts discussions/nns is/bez the/at lack/nn of/in ideological/jj ardor/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez another/dt kind/nn of/in ardor/nn ,/, a/at quiet/jj ,/, sure/jj devotion/nn to/in the/at fundamental/jj decencies/nns of/in human/jj life/nn ,/, but/cc no/at angry/jj utopian/jj contentions/nns ./.
Actually/rb ,/, you/ppss could/md wish/vb for/in some/dti passion/nn ,/, now/rb and/cc then/rb ,/, but/cc when/wrb you/ppss look/vb around/in the/at world/nn and/cc see/vb the/at little/jj volcanos/nns of/in current/jj history/nn which/wdt partisan/jj social/jj passions/nns have/hv wrought/vbn ,/, you/ppss are/ber glad/jj that/cs in/in these/dts pamphlets/nns there/ex is/bez at/in least/ap some/dti civilized/vbn calm/nn ./.


	You/ppss could/md also/rb say/vb that/cs in/in these/dts pamphlets/nns is/bez a/at relieving/vbg quality/nn of/in maturity/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez essential/jj pleasantness/nn in/in reading/vbg the/at writing/nn of/in men/nns who/wps are/ber not/* angry/jj ,/, who/wps can/md contend/vb without/in quarreling/vbg ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at good/jj kind/nn of/in sophistication/nn ,/, and/cc with/in all/abn our/pp$ problems/nns and/cc crises/nns this/dt kind/nn of/in sophistication/nn has/hvz flowered/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl during/in recent/jj years/nns ./.
A/at characteristic/jj expression/nn of/in such/jj concern/nn and/cc inquiry/nn is/bez found/vbn in/in Joseph/np P./np Lyford's/np$ Introduction/nn-tl To/in-tl The/at-tl Agreeable/jj-tl Autocracies/nns-tl ,/, a/at recent/jj paperback/nn study/nn of/in the/at institutions/nns of/in modern/jj democratic/jj society/nn ./.
Mr./np Lyford/np gives/vbz voice/nn to/in a/at temper/nn that/wps represents/vbz ,/, we/ppss think/vb ,/, an/at achieved/vbn plateau/nn of/in reflective/jj thinking/nn ./.
After/in casting/vbg about/rb for/in a/at way/nn of/in describing/vbg this/dt spirit/nn ,/, we/ppss decided/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md be/be better/jjr to/to use/vb Mr./np Lyford's/np$ introduction/nn as/cs an/at illustration/nn ./.
He/pps begins/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	At/in one/cd time/nn it/pps seemed/vbd as/cs if/cs the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl had/hvd done/vbn us/ppo a/at favor/nn by/in providing/vbg a/at striking/jj example/nn of/in how/wrb not/* to/to behave/vb towards/in other/ap peoples/nns and/cc other/ap nations/nns ./.
As/cs things/nns turned/vbd out/rp ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss have/hv not/* profited/vbn greatly/rb from/in the/at lesson/nn :/: instead/rb of/in persistently/rb following/vbg a/at national/jj program/nn of/in our/pp$ own/jj we/ppss have/hv often/rb been/ben satisfied/vbn to/to be/be against/in whatever/wdt Soviet/np-tl policy/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be at/in the/at moment/nn ./.
Such/jj activity/nn may/md or/cc may/md not/* have/hv irritated/vbn the/at Kremlin/np ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz frequently/rb condemned/vbn America/np to/in an/at unnatural/jj defensiveness/nn that/wps has/hvz undermined/vbn our/pp$ effort/nn to/to give/vb leadership/nn to/in the/at free/jj world/nn ./.


	The/at defensiveness/nn has/hvz been/ben exaggerated/vbn by/in another/dt bad/jj habit/nn ,/, our/pp$ tendency/nn to/to rate/vb the/at ``/`` goodness/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` badness/nn ''/'' of/in other/ap nations/nns by/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss applaud/vb the/at slogans/nns we/ppss circulate/vb about/in ourselves/ppls ./.
Since/cs the/at slogans/nns have/hv little/ap application/nn to/in reality/nn and/cc are/ber sanctimonious/jj to/to boot/vb ,/, the/at applause/nn is/bez faint/jj even/rb in/in areas/nns of/in the/at world/nn where/wrb we/ppss should/md expect/vb to/to find/vb the/at greatest/jjt affection/nn for/in free/jj government/nn ./.
Shocked/vbn at/in the/at response/nn to/in our/pp$ proclamations/nns ,/, we/ppss grow/vb more/ql defensive/jj ,/, and/cc worse/jjr ,/, we/ppss lose/vb our/pp$ sense/nn of/in humor/nn and/cc proportion/nn ./.
Mr./np Nehru/np is/bez subjected/vbn to/in stern/jj lectures/nns on/in neutralism/nn by/in our/pp$ Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc an/at American/jj-tl President/nn-tl observes/vbz sourly/rb that/cs Sweden/np would/md be/be a/at little/ql less/ql neurotic/jj if/cs it/pps were/bed a/at little/ql more/ql capitalistic/jj ''/'' ./.


	One/cd thing/nn you/ppss can/md say/vb about/in Mr./np Lyford/np is/bez that/cs he/pps does/doz not/* suffer/vb from/in any/dti insecurity/nn as/cs an/at American/np ./.
Those/dts who/wps are/ber insecure/jj fear/vb to/to be/be candid/jj in/in self-examination/nn ./.
Only/rb the/at strong/jj look/nn squarely/rb at/in weakness/nn ./.
The/at maturity/nn in/in this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn lies/vbz in/in its/pp$ recognition/nn that/cs no/at basic/jj problem/nn is/bez ever/rb solved/vbn without/in being/beg clearly/rb understood/vbn ./.
Mr./np Lyford/np continues/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	Even/rb if/cs the/at self/nn portrait/nn we/ppss distribute/vb for/in popular/jj consumption/nn were/bed accurate/jj it/pps would/md be/be dangerous/jj to/to present/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at picture/nn of/in the/at ideal/jj society/nn ./.
We/ppss would/md be/be ignoring/vbg the/at special/jj circumstances/nns of/in other/ap countries/nns ./.
The/at picture/nn is/bez the/at more/ql treacherous/jj when/wrb it/pps misrepresents/vbz the/at facts/nns of/in American/jj life/nn ./.
The/at discrepancy/nn between/in what/wdt we/ppss commonly/rb profess/vb and/cc what/wdt we/ppss practice/vb or/cc tolerate/vb is/bez great/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps does/doz not/* escape/vb the/at notice/nn of/in others/nns ./.
If/cs our/pp$ sincerity/nn is/bez granted/vbn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez granted/vbn ,/, the/at discrepancy/nn can/md only/rb be/be explained/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv come/vbn to/to believe/vb hearsay/nn and/cc legend/nn about/in ourselves/ppls in/in preference/nn to/in an/at understanding/nn gained/vbn by/in earnest/jj self-examination/nn ./.
What/wdt is/bez more/ap ,/, the/at legends/nns have/hv become/vbn so/ql sacrosanct/jj that/cs the/at very/ap habit/nn of/in self-examination/nn or/cc self-criticism/nn smells/vbz of/in low/jj treason/nn ,/, and/cc men/nns who/wps practice/vb it/ppo are/ber defeatists/nns and/cc unpatriotic/jj scoundrels/nns ./.


	Although/cs we/ppss continue/vb to/to pay/vb our/pp$ conversational/jj devotions/nns to/to ``/`` free/vb private/jj enterprise/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` individual/jj initiative/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` the/at democratic/jj way/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` government/nn of/in the/at people/nns ''/'' ,/, ``/`` competition/nn of/in the/at marketplace/nn ''/'' ,/, etc./rb ,/, we/ppss live/vb rather/ql comfortably/rb in/in a/at society/nn in/in which/wdt economic/jj competition/nn is/bez diminishing/vbg in/in large/jj areas/nns ,/, bureaucracy/nn is/bez corroding/vbg representative/jj government/nn ,/, technology/nn is/bez weakening/vbg the/at citizen's/nn$ confidence/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj power/nn to/to make/vb decisions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at threat/nn of/in war/nn is/bez driving/vbg him/ppo economically/rb and/cc physically/rb into/in the/at ground/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at interesting/jj thing/nn about/in Mr./np Lyford's/np$ approach/nn ,/, and/cc the/at approach/nn of/in the/at contributors/nns to/in The/at-tl Agreeable/jj-tl Autocracies/nns-tl (/( Oceana/np-tl Publications/nns-tl ,/, 1961/cd )/) to/in the/at situation/nn of/in American/jj civilization/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez concerned/vbn with/in comprehending/vbg the/at psychological/jj relationships/nns which/wdt are/ber having/hvg a/at decisive/jj effect/nn on/in American/jj life/nn ./.
In/in an/at ideological/jj argument/nn ,/, the/at participants/nns tend/vb to/to thump/vb the/at table/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber determined/vbn to/to prove/vb something/pn ./.
The/at new/jj spirit/nn ,/, so/ql well/rb illustrated/vbn by/in Mr./np Lyford's/np$ work/nn ,/, is/bez wholly/ql free/jj of/in this/dt anxiety/nn ./.
The/at problem/nn is/bez rather/rb to/to find/vb out/rp what/wdt is/bez actually/rb happening/vbg ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez especially/ql difficult/jj for/in the/at reason/nn that/cs ``/`` we/ppss are/ber busily/rb being/beg defended/vbn from/in a/at knowledge/nn of/in the/at present/nn ,/, sometimes/rb by/in the/at very/ap agencies/nns --/-- our/pp$ educational/jj system/nn ,/, our/pp$ mass/nn media/nns ,/, our/pp$ statesmen/nns --/-- on/in which/wdt we/ppss have/hv had/hvn to/to rely/vb most/ql heavily/rb for/in understanding/vbg of/in ourselves/ppls ''/'' ./.
The/at Introduction/nn-tl continues/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	We/ppss experience/vb a/at vague/jj uneasiness/nn about/in events/nns ,/, a/at suspicion/nn that/cs our/pp$ political/jj and/cc economic/jj institutions/nns ,/, like/cs the/at genie/nn in/in the/at bottle/nn ,/, have/hv escaped/vbn confinement/nn and/cc that/cs we/ppss have/hv lost/vbn the/at power/nn to/to recall/vb them/ppo ./.
We/ppss feel/vb uncomfortable/jj at/in being/beg bossed/vbn by/in a/at corporation/nn or/cc a/at union/nn or/cc a/at television/nn set/nn ,/, but/cc until/cs we/ppss have/hv some/dti knowledge/nn about/in these/dts phenomena/nns and/cc what/wdt they/ppss are/ber doing/vbg to/in us/ppo ,/, we/ppss can/md hardly/rb learn/vb to/to control/vb them/ppo ./.
It/pps does/doz not/* appear/vb that/cs we/ppss will/md be/be delivered/vbn from/in our/pp$ situation/nn by/in articles/nns on/in The/at-tl National/jj-tl Purpose/nn-tl ./.


	The/at-tl Agreeable/jj-tl Autocracies/nns-tl is/bez an/at attempt/nn to/to explore/vb some/dti of/in the/at institutions/nns which/wdt both/abx reflect/vb and/cc determine/vb the/at character/nn of/in the/at free/jj society/nn today/nr ./.
The/at men/nns who/wps speculate/vb on/in these/dts institutions/nns have/hv ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, come/vbn to/in at/in least/ap one/cd common/jj conclusion/nn :/: that/cs many/ap of/in the/at great/jj enterprises/nns and/cc associations/nns around/in which/wdt our/pp$ democracy/nn is/bez formed/vbn are/ber in/in themselves/ppls autocratic/jj in/in nature/nn ,/, and/cc possessed/vbn of/in power/nn which/wdt can/md be/be used/vbn to/to frustrate/vb the/at citizen/nn who/wps is/bez trying/vbg to/to assert/vb his/pp$ individuality/nn in/in the/at modern/jj world/nn ''/'' ./.


	These/dts institutions/nns which/wdt Mr./np Lyford/np names/vbz ``/`` agreeable/jj autocracies/nns ''/'' --/-- where/wrb did/dod they/ppss come/vb from/in ?/. ?/.
Of/in one/cd thing/nn we/ppss can/md be/be sure/jj :/: they/ppss were/bed not/* sketched/vbn out/rp by/in the/at revolutionary/jj theorists/nns of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn who/wps formulated/vbd the/at political/jj principles/nns and/cc originally/rb shaped/vbn the/at political/jj institutions/nns of/in what/wdt we/ppss term/vb the/at ``/`` free/jj society/nn ''/'' ./.
No/at doubt/nn there/ex are/ber historians/nns who/wps can/md explain/vb to/in a/at great/jj extent/nn what/wdt happened/vbd to/in the/at plans/nns and/cc projects/nns of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ./.
Going/vbg back/rb over/in this/dt ground/nn and/cc analyzing/vbg the/at composition/nn of/in forces/nns which/wdt have/hv created/vbn the/at present/jj scene/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at tasks/nns undertaken/vbn by/in the/at Center/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Study/nn-tl of/in-tl Democratic/jj-tl Institutions/nns-tl ,/, in/in Santa/np Barbara/np ./.
But/cc however/wrb we/ppss come/vb ,/, finally/rb ,/, to/to explain/vb and/cc account/vb for/in the/at present/nn ,/, the/at truth/nn we/ppss are/ber trying/vbg to/to expose/vb ,/, right/ql now/rb ,/, is/bez that/cs the/at makers/nns of/in constitutions/nns and/cc the/at designers/nns of/in institutions/nns find/vb it/ppo difficult/jj if/cs not/* impossible/jj to/to anticipate/vb the/at behavior/nn of/in the/at host/nn of/in all/abn their/pp$ enterprises/nns ./.
The/at host/nn is/bez the/at flowing/vbg life/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn ./.
This/dt life/nn has/hvz its/pp$ own/jj currents/nns and/cc rhythms/nns ,/, its/pp$ own/jj multiple/jj cycles/nns and/cc adaptations/nns ./.
On/in occasion/nn it/pps produces/vbz extraordinary/jj novelties/nns ./.
Should/md Rousseau/np have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to leave/vb room/nn in/in his/pp$ social/jj theory/nn for/in the/at advent/nn of/in television/nn ,/, atomic/jj energy/nn ,/, and/cc IBM/nn machines/nns ?/. ?/.
How/wrb would/md Thomas/np Jefferson/np feel/vb after/cs reading/vbg Factories/nns-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Field/nn-tl ?/. ?/.
They/ppss tell/vb us/ppo ,/, sir/nn ,/, that/cs we/ppss are/ber free/jj ,/, because/cs we/ppss have/hv in/in one/cd hand/nn a/at ballot/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at other/ap a/at stock/nn certificate/nn ./.
With/in these/dts we/ppss shape/vb our/pp$ destiny/nn and/cc own/vb private/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt ,/, sir/nn ,/, makes/vbz ours/pp$$ the/at best/jjt of/in all/abn possible/jj societies/nns ./.
The/at reality/nn of/in the/at situation/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez described/vbn by/in Mr./np Lyford/np :/: ``/`` 

	Many/ap of/in us/ppo may/md even/rb be/be secretly/rb relieved/vbn at/in having/hvg a/at plausible/jj excuse/nn to/to delegate/vb ancient/jj civic/jj responsibilities/nns to/in a/at new/jj bureaucracy/nn of/in experts/nns ./.
Thus/rb the/at member/nn of/in an/at industrial/jj union/nn comes/vbz to/to regard/vb his/pp$ officers/nns as/cs business/nn agents/nns who/wps may/md proceed/vb without/in interference/nn or/cc recall/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at stockholder/nn delivers/vbz his/pp$ proxy/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at citizen/nn narrows/vbz his/pp$ political/jj participation/nn to/in the/at mere/jj act/nn of/in voting/vbg --/-- if/cs he/pps votes/vbz at/in all/abn ''/'' ./.

Copernicus/np did/dod not/* question/vb it/ppo ,/, Ptolemy/np could/md not/* ./.
Given/vbn the/at conceptual/jj context/nn within/in which/wdt ancient/jj thought/nn thrived/vbd ,/, how/wrb could/md anyone/pn have/hv questioned/vbn this/dt principle/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at reasons/nns for/in this/dt are/ber partly/ql observational/jj ,/, partly/ql philosophical/jj ,/, and/cc reinforced/vbn by/in other/ap aesthetic/jj and/cc cultural/jj factors/nns ./.


	First/od ,/, the/at observational/jj reasons/nns ./.
The/at obvious/jj natural/jj fact/nn to/in ancient/jj thinkers/nns was/bedz the/at diurnal/jj rotation/nn of/in the/at heavens/nns ./.
Not/* only/rb did/dod constellations/nns like/cs Draco/np ,/, Cepheus/np ,/, and/cc Cassiopeia/np spin/vb circles/nns around/in the/at pole/nn ,/, but/cc stars/nns which/wdt were/bed not/* circumpolar/jj rose/vbd and/cc set/vbd at/in the/at same/ap place/nn on/in the/at horizon/nn each/dt night/nn ./.
Nor/cc did/dod a/at constellation's/nn$ stars/nns vary/vb in/in brightness/nn during/in the/at course/nn of/in their/pp$ nocturnal/jj flights/nns ./.
The/at conclusion/nn --/-- the/at distances/nns of/in the/at constellations/nns did/dod not/* vary/vb and/cc their/pp$ paths/nns were/bed circular/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, the/at sun's/nn$ path/nn over/in earth/nn described/vbd a/at segment/nn of/in a/at great/jj circle/nn ;/. ;/.
this/dt was/bedz clear/jj from/in the/at contour/nn of/in the/at shadow/nn traced/vbn by/in a/at gnomon/nn before/in and/cc after/in noon/nn ./.


	As/ql early/rb as/cs the/at 6th/od century/nn B.C./np the/at earth/nn was/bedz seen/vbn to/to be/be spherical/jj ./.
Ships/nns disappear/vb hull-first/rb over/in the/at horizon/nn ;/. ;/.
approaching/vbg shore/nn their/pp$ masts/nns appeared/vbd first/rb ./.
Earth/nn ,/, being/beg at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, would/md have/hv the/at same/ap shape/nn as/cs the/at latter/ap ;/. ;/.
so/rb ,/, e.g./rb did/dod Aristotle/np argue/vb ,/, although/cs this/dt may/md not/* be/be an/at observational/jj reason/nn in/in favor/nn of/in circularity/nn ./.
The/at discoid/jj shapes/nns of/in sun/nn and/cc moon/nn were/bed also/rb felt/vbn to/to indicate/vb the/at shape/nn of/in celestial/jj things/nns ./.


	In/in light/nn of/in all/abn this/dt ,/, one/cd would/md require/vb special/jj reasons/nns for/in saying/vbg that/cs the/at paths/nns of/in the/at heavenly/jj bodies/nns were/bed other/ap than/cs circular/jj ./.
Why/wrb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, should/md the/at ancients/nns have/hv supposed/vbn the/at diurnal/jj rotation/nn of/in the/at heavens/nns to/to be/be elliptical/jj ?/. ?/.
Or/cc oviform/jj ?/. ?/.
Or/cc angular/jj ?/. ?/.
There/ex were/bed no/at reasons/nns for/in such/jj suppositions/nns then/rb ./.
This/dt ,/, conjoined/vbn with/in the/at considerations/nns above/rb ,/, made/vbd the/at circular/jj motions/nns of/in heavenly/jj bodies/nns appear/vb an/at almost/ql directly/rb observed/vbn fact/nn ./.


	Additional/jj philosophical/jj considerations/nns ,/, advanced/vbn notably/rb by/in Aristotle/np ,/, supported/vbd further/rbr the/at circularity/nn principle/nn ./.
By/in distinguishing/vbg superlunary/jj (/( celestial/jj )/) and/cc sublunary/jj (/( terrestrial/jj )/) existence/nn ,/, and/cc reinforcing/vbg this/dt with/in the/at four-element/jj physics/nn of/in Empedocles/np ,/, Aristotle/np came/vbd to/to speak/vb of/in the/at stars/nns as/cs perfect/jj bodies/nns ,/, which/wdt moved/vbd in/in only/rb a/at perfect/jj way/nn ,/, viz./rb in/in a/at perfect/jj circle/nn ./.


	Now/rb what/wdt is/bez perfect/jj motion/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps must/md ,/, apparently/rb ,/, be/be motion/nn without/in termini/nns ./.
Because/cs motion/nn which/wdt begins/vbz and/cc ends/vbz at/in discrete/jj places/nns would/md (/( e.g./rb for/in Aristotle/np )/) be/be incomplete/jj ./.
Circular/jj motion/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez eternal/jj and/cc perfectly/ql continuous/jj ,/, lacks/vbz termini/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez never/rb motion/nn towards/in something/pn ./.
Only/rb imcomplete/jj ,/, imperfect/jj things/nns move/vb towards/in what/wdt they/ppss lack/vb ./.
Perfect/jj ,/, complete/jj entities/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss move/vb at/in all/abn ,/, do/do not/* move/vb towards/in what/wdt they/ppss lack/vb ./.
They/ppss move/vb only/rb in/in accordance/nn with/in what/wdt is/bez in/in their/pp$ natures/nns ./.
Thus/rb ,/, circular/jj motion/nn is/bez itself/ppl one/cd of/in the/at essential/jj characteristics/nns of/in completely/ql perfect/jj celestial/jj existence/nn ./.


	To/to return/vb now/rb to/in the/at four-element/jj physics/nn ,/, a/at mixture/nn of/in muddy/jj ,/, frothy/jj water/nn will/md ,/, when/wrb standing/vbg in/in a/at jar/nn ,/, separate/vb out/rp with/in earth/nn at/in the/at bottom/nn ,/, water/nn on/in top/nn ,/, and/cc the/at air/nn on/in top/nn of/in that/dt ./.
A/at candle/nn alight/jj in/in the/at air/nn directs/vbz its/pp$ flame/nn and/cc smoke/vb upwards/rb ./.
This/dt gives/vbz a/at clue/nn to/in the/at cosmical/jj order/nn of/in elements/nns ./.
Thus/rb earth/nn has/hvz fallen/vbn to/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez covered/vbn (/( partly/rb )/) with/in water/nn ,/, air/nn is/bez atop/rb of/in that/dt ./.
Pure/jj fire/nn (/( the/at stars/nns )/) is/bez in/in the/at heavens/nns ./.
When/wrb combined/vbn with/in the/at metaphysical/jj notion/nn that/ql pure/jj forms/nns of/in this/dt universe/nn are/ber best/ql appreciated/vbn when/wrb least/ql embodied/vbn in/in a/at material/jj substratum/nn ,/, it/pps becomes/vbz clear/jj that/cs while/cs earth/nn will/md be/be dross/nn on/in a/at scale/nn of/in material-formal/jj ratios/nns ,/, celestial/jj bodies/nns will/md be/be of/in a/at subtle/jj ,/, quickened/vbn ,/, ethereal/jj existence/nn ,/, in/in whose/wp$ embodiment/nn pure/jj form/nn will/md be/be the/at dominant/jj component/nn and/cc matter/nn will/md be/be absent/jj or/cc remain/vb subsidiary/jj ./.


	The/at stars/nns constitute/vb an/at order/nn of/in existence/nn different/jj from/in what/wdt we/ppss encounter/vb on/in earth/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez clear/jj when/wrb one/pn distinguishes/vbz the/at types/nns of/in motion/nn appropriate/jj to/in both/abx regions/nns ./.
A/at projectile/nn shot/vbn up/rp from/in earth/nn returns/vbz rectlinearly/rb to/in its/pp$ '/' natural/jj '/' place/nn of/in rest/nn ./.
But/cc the/at natural/jj condition/nn for/in the/at heavenly/jj bodies/nns is/bez neither/cc rest/nn ,/, nor/cc rectilinear/jj motion/nn ./.
Being/beg less/ql encumbered/vbn by/in material/nn embodiments/nns they/ppss partake/vb more/rbr of/in what/wdt is/bez divine/jj ./.
Their/pp$ motion/nn will/md be/be eternal/jj and/cc perfect/jj ./.


	Let/vb us/ppo re-examine/vb the/at publicized/vbn contrasts/nns between/in Ptolemaic/jj and/cc Copernican/jj astronomy/nn ./.
Bluntly/rb ,/, there/ex never/rb was/bedz a/at Ptolemaic/jj system/nn of/in astronomy/nn ./.
Copernicus'/np$ achievement/nn was/bedz to/to have/hv invented/vbn systematic/jj astronomy/nn ./.
The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Hypotheses/nns-tl outline/vb Ptolemy's/np$ conception/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj task/nn as/cs the/at provision/nn of/in computational/jj tables/nns ,/, independent/jj calculating/vbg devices/nns for/in the/at prediction/nn of/in future/jj planetary/jj perturbations/nns ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, in/in the/at Halma/np edition/nn of/in Theon's/np$ presentation/nn of/in The/at-tl Hypotheses/nns-tl there/ex is/bez a/at chart/nn setting/vbg out/rp (/( under/in six/cd distinct/jj headings/nns )/) otherwise/rb unrelated/jj diagrams/nns for/in describing/vbg the/at planetary/jj motions/nns ./.
No/at attempt/nn is/bez made/vbn by/in Ptolemy/np to/to weld/vb into/in a/at single/ap scheme/nn (/( a-la-Aristotle/rb )/) ,/, these/dts independent/jj predicting-machines/nns ./.
They/ppss all/abn have/hv this/dt in/in common/jj :/: the/at earth/nn is/bez situated/vbn near/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at deferent/nn ./.
But/cc that/cs one/pn should/md superimpose/vb all/abn these/dts charts/nns ,/, run/vb a/at pin/nn through/in the/at common/jj point/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb scale/vb each/dt planetary/jj deferent/nn larger/jjr and/cc smaller/jjr (/( to/to keep/vb the/at epicycles/nns from/in '/' bumping/vbg '/' )/) ,/, this/dt is/bez contrary/jj to/in any/dti intention/nn Ptolemy/np ever/rb expresses/vbz ./.
He/pps might/md even/rb suppose/vb the/at planets/nns to/to move/vb at/in infinity/nn ./.
Ptolemy's/np$ problem/nn is/bez to/to forecast/vb where/wrb ,/, against/in the/at inverted/vbn bowl/nn of/in night/nn ,/, some/dti particular/jj light/nn will/md be/be found/vbn at/in future/jj times/nns ./.
His/pp$ problem/nn concerns/vbz longitudes/nns ,/, latitudes/nns ,/, and/cc angular/jj velocities/nns ./.
The/at distances/nns of/in these/dts points/nns of/in light/nn is/bez a/at problem/nn he/pps cannot/md* master/vb ,/, beyond/in crude/jj conjectures/nns as/in to/in the/at orderings/nns of/in the/at planetary/jj orbits/nns viewed/vbn outward/rb from/in earth/nn ./.
But/cc none/pn of/in this/dt has/hvz prevented/vbn scientists/nns ,/, philosophers/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb historians/nns of/in science/nn ,/, from/in speaking/vbg of/in the/at Ptolemaic/jj system/nn ,/, in/in contrast/nn to/in the/at Copernican/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at mistake/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez engendered/vbn by/in confounding/vbg the/at Aristotelian/jj cosmology/nn in/in The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl with/in the/at geocentric/jj astronomy/nn ./.


	Ptolemy/np recurrently/rb denies/vbz that/cs he/pps could/md ever/rb explain/vb planetary/jj motion/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez what/wdt necessitates/vbz the/at nonsystematic/jj character/nn of/in his/pp$ astronomy/nn ./.
So/rb when/wrb textbooks/nns ,/, like/cs that/dt of/in Baker/np set/vb out/rp drawings/nns of/in the/at '/' Ptolemaic/jj System/nn-tl '/' ,/, complete/jj with/in earth/nn in/in-tl the/at center/nn and/cc the/at-tl seven/cd heavenly/jj bodies/nns epicyclically/rb arranged/vbn on/in their/pp$ several/ap deferents/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv nothing/pn but/in a/at misleading/vbg 20th-century/nn idea/nn of/in what/wdt never/rb existed/vbd historically/rb ./.


	It/pps is/bez the/at chief/jjs merit/nn in/in Copernicus'/np$ work/nn that/cs all/abn his/pp$ planetary/jj calculations/nns are/ber interdependent/jj ./.
He/pps cannot/md* ,/, e.g./rb compute/vb the/at retrograde/jj arc/nn traveled/vbn by/in Mars/np ,/, without/in also/rb making/vbg suppositions/nns about/in the/at earth's/nn$ own/jj motion/nn ./.
He/pps cannot/md* describe/vb eclipses/nns without/in entertaining/vbg some/dti form/nn of/in a/at three-body/jj problem/nn ./.
In/in Ptolemaic/jj terms/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, eclipses/nns and/cc retrograde/jj motion/nn were/bed phenomena/nns simpliciter/fw-rb ,/, to/to be/be explained/vbn directly/rb as/cs possible/jj resultants/nns of/in epicyclical/jj combinations/nns ./.
In/in a/at systematic/jj astronomy/nn ,/, like/cs that/dt of/in Copernicus/np ,/, retrogradations/nns become/vb part/nn of/in the/at conceptual/jj structure/nn of/in the/at system/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber no/ql longer/rbr a/at puzzling/jj aspect/nn of/in intricately/ql variable/jj ,/, local/jj planetary/jj motions/nns ./.


	Another/dt contrast/nn stressed/vbn when/wrb discussing/vbg Ptolemaic/jj vs./in Copernican/jj astronomy/nn ,/, turns/vbz on/in the/at idea/nn of/in simplicity/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez often/rb stated/vbn that/cs Copernican/jj astronomy/nn is/bez '/' simpler/jjr '/' than/cs Ptolemaic/jj ./.
Some/dti even/rb say/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez the/at reason/nn for/in the/at ultimate/jj acceptance/nn of/in the/at former/ap ./.
Thus/rb ,/, Margenau/np remarks/vbz :/: ``/`` A/at large/jj number/nn of/in unrelated/jj epicycles/nns was/bedz needed/vbn to/to explain/vb the/at observations/nns ,/, but/cc otherwise/rb the/at (/( Ptolemaic/jj )/) system/nn served/vbd well/rb and/cc with/in quantitative/jj precision/nn ./.
Copernicus/np ,/, by/in placing/vbg the/at sun/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at planetary/jj universe/nn ,/, was/bedz able/jj to/to reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in epicycles/nns from/in eighty-three/cd to/in seventeen/cd ./.
Historical/jj records/nns indicate/vb that/cs Copernicus/np was/bedz unaware/jj of/in the/at fundamental/jj aspects/nns of/in his/pp$ so-called/jj '/' revolution/nn '/' ,/, unaware/jj perhaps/rb of/in its/pp$ historical/jj importance/nn ,/, he/pps rested/vbd content/jj with/in having/hvg produced/vbn a/at simpler/jjr scheme/nn for/in prediction/nn ./.
As/cs an/at illustration/nn of/in the/at principle/nn of/in simplicity/nn the/at heliocentric/jj discovery/nn has/hvz a/at peculiar/jj appeal/nn because/cs it/pps allows/vbz simplicity/nn to/to be/be arithmetized/vbn ;/. ;/.
it/pps involves/vbz a/at reduction/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in epicycles/nns from/in eighty-three/cd to/in seventeen/cd ''/'' ./.


	Without/in careful/jj qualification/nn this/dt can/md be/be misleading/vbg ./.
If/cs in/in any/dti one/cd calculation/nn Ptolemy/np had/hvd had/hvn to/to invoke/vb 83/cd epicycles/nns all/abn at/in once/rb ,/, while/cs Copernicus/np never/rb required/vbd more/ap than/in one/cd third/od this/dt number/nn ,/, then/rb (/( in/in the/at sense/nn obvious/jj to/in Margenau/np )/) Ptolemaic/jj astronomy/nn would/md be/be simpler/jjr than/cs Copernican/jj ./.
But/cc no/at single/ap planetary/jj problem/nn ever/rb required/vbd of/in Ptolemy/np more/ap than/in six/cd epicycles/nns at/in one/cd time/nn ./.
This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, results/vbz from/in the/at non-systematic/jj ,/, '/' cellular/jj '/' character/nn of/in Ptolemaic/jj theory/nn ./.
Calculations/nns within/in the/at Copernican/jj framework/nn always/rb raised/vbd questions/nns about/in planetary/jj configurations/nns ./.
These/dts could/md be/be met/vbn only/rb by/in considering/in the/at dynamical/jj elements/nns of/in several/ap planets/nns at/in one/cd time/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez more/ql ambitious/jj than/cs Ptolemy/np is/bez ever/rb required/vbn to/to be/be when/wrb he/pps faces/vbz his/pp$ isolated/vbn problems/nns ./.
Thus/rb ,/, in/in no/at ordinary/jj sense/nn of/in '/' simplicity/nn '/' is/bez the/at Ptolemaic/jj theory/nn simpler/jjr than/cs the/at Copernican/jj ./.
The/at latter/ap required/vbd juggling/vbg several/ap elements/nns simultaneously/rb ./.
This/dt was/bedz not/* simpler/jjr but/cc much/ql more/ql difficult/jj than/cs exercises/nns within/in Ptolemy's/np$ astronomy/nn ./.


	Analogously/rb ,/, anyone/pn who/wps argues/vbz that/cs Einstein's/np$ theory/nn of/in gravitation/nn is/bez simpler/jjr than/cs Newton's/np$ ,/, must/md say/vb rather/ql more/ap to/to explain/vb how/wrb it/pps is/bez that/cs the/at latter/ap is/bez mastered/vbn by/in student-physicists/nns ,/, while/cs the/at former/ap can/md be/be managed/vbn (/( with/in difficulty/nn )/) only/rb by/in accomplished/vbn experts/nns ./.


	In/in a/at sense/nn ,/, Einstein's/np$ theory/nn is/bez simpler/jjr than/cs Newton's/np$ ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at corresponding/jj sense/nn in/in which/wdt Copernicus'/np$ theory/nn is/bez simpler/jjr than/cs Ptolemy's/np$ ./.
But/cc '/' simplicity/nn '/' here/rb refers/vbz to/in systematic/jj simplicity/nn ./.
The/at number/nn of/in primitive/jj ideas/nns in/in systematically-simple/jj theories/nns is/bez reduced/vbn to/in a/at minimum/nn ./.
The/at Axioms/nns-tl required/vbn to/to make/vb the/at theoretical/jj machinery/nn operate/vb are/ber set/vbn out/rp tersely/rb and/cc powerfully/rb ,/, so/cs that/cs all/abn permissible/jj operations/nns within/in the/at theory/nn can/md be/be traced/vbn rigorously/rb back/rb to/in these/dts axioms/nns ,/, rules/nns ,/, and/cc primitive/jj notions/nns ./.
This/dt characterizes/vbz Euclid's/np$ formulation/nn of/in geometry/nn ,/, but/cc not/* Ptolemy's/np$ astronomy/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber in/in The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl no/at rules/nns for/in determining/vbg in/in advance/nn whether/cs a/at new/jj epicycle/nn will/md be/be required/vbn for/in dealing/vbg with/in abberations/nns in/in lunar/jj ,/, solar/jj ,/, or/cc planetary/jj behavior/nn ./.
The/at strongest/jjt appeal/nn of/in the/at Copernican/jj formulation/nn consisted/vbd in/in just/rb this/dt :/: ideally/rb ,/, the/at justification/nn for/in dealing/vbg with/in special/jj problems/nns in/in particular/jj ways/nns is/bez completely/rb set/vbn out/rp in/in the/at basic/jj '/' rules/nns '/' of/in the/at theory/nn ./.
The/at lower-level/nn hypotheses/nns are/ber never/rb '/' ad/fw-in hoc/fw-pn '/' ,/, never/rb introduced/vbn ex/fw-in post/fw-in facto/fw-nn just/rb to/to sweep/vb up/rp within/in the/at theory/nn some/dti recalcitrant/jj datum/nn ./.
Copernicus/np ,/, to/in an/at extent/nn unachieved/jj by/in Ptolemy/np ,/, approximated/vbd to/in Euclid's/np$ vision/nn ./.
De/fw-in-tl Revolutionibus/fw-nns-tl is/bez not/* just/rb a/at collection/nn of/in facts/nns and/cc techniques/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez an/at organized/vbn system/nn of/in these/dts things/nns ./.
Solving/vbg astronomical/jj problems/nns requires/vbz ,/, for/in Copernicus/np ,/, not/* a/at random/jj search/nn of/in unrelated/jj tables/nns ,/, but/cc a/at regular/jj employment/nn of/in the/at rules/nns defining/vbg the/at entire/jj discipline/nn ./.


	Hence/rb ,/, noting/vbg the/at simplicity/nn achieved/vbn in/in Copernicus'/np$ formulation/nn does/doz not/* provide/vb another/dt reason/nn for/in the/at acceptance/nn of/in De/fw-in-tl Revolutionibus/fw-nns-tl ,/, another/dt reason/nn beyond/in its/pp$ systematic/jj superiority/nn ./.
It/pps provides/vbz exactly/rb the/at same/ap reason/nn ./.


	1543/cd A.D./rb is/bez often/rb venerated/vbn as/cs the/at birthday/nn of/in the/at scientific/jj revolution/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez really/rb the/at funeral/nn day/nn of/in scholastic/jj science/nn ./.
Granted/vbn ,/, the/at cosmological/jj ,/, philosophical/jj ,/, and/cc cultural/jj reverberations/nns initiated/vbn by/in the/at De/fw-in-tl Revolutionibus/fw-nns-tl were/bed felt/vbn with/in increasing/vbg violence/nn during/in the/at 300/cd years/nns to/to follow/vb ./.
But/cc ,/, considered/vbn within/in technical/jj astronomy/nn ,/, a/at different/jj pattern/nn can/md be/be traced/vbn ./.


	In/in what/wdt does/doz the/at dissatisfaction/nn of/in Copernicus-the-astronomer/np consist/vb ?/. ?/.
What/wdt in/in The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl draws/vbz his/pp$ fire/nn ?/. ?/.
Geocentricism/nn per/in se/fw-ppl ?/. ?/.
No/rb ./.
The/at formal/jj displacement/nn of/in the/at geocentric/jj principle/nn far/ql from/in being/beg Copernicus'/np$ primary/jj concern/nn ,/, was/bedz introduced/vbn only/rb to/to resolve/vb what/wdt seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo intolerable/jj in/in orthodox/jj astronomy/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at '/' unphysical/jj '/' triplication/nn of/in centric/jj reference-points/nns :/: one/cd center/nn from/in which/wdt the/at planet's/nn$ distances/nns were/bed calculated/vbn ,/, another/dt around/in which/wdt planetary/jj velocities/nns were/bed computed/vbn ,/, and/cc still/rb a/at third/od center/nn (/( the/at earth/nn )/) from/in which/wdt the/at observations/nns originated/vbd ./.
This/dt arrangement/nn was/bedz for/in Copernicus/np literally/ql monstrous/jj :/: ``/`` With/in (/( the/at Ptolemaists/nps )/) it/pps is/bez as/ql though/cs an/at artist/nn were/bed to/to gather/vb the/at hands/nns ,/, feet/nns ,/, head/nn and/cc other/ap members/nns for/in his/pp$ images/nns from/in divers/jj models/nns ,/, each/dt part/nn excellently/ql drawn/vbn ,/, but/cc not/* related/vbn to/in a/at single/ap body/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc since/cs they/ppss in/in no/at way/nn match/vb each/dt other/ap ,/, the/at result/nn would/md be/be a/at monster/nn rather/in than/in a/at man/nn ''/'' ./.


	Copernicus/np required/vbd a/at systematically/ql integrated/vbn ,/, physically/ql intelligible/jj astronomy/nn ./.
His/pp$ objective/nn was/bedz ,/, essentially/rb ,/, to/to repair/vb those/dts aspects/nns of/in orthodox/jj astronomy/nn responsible/jj for/in its/pp$ deficiencies/nns in/in achieving/vbg these/dts ends/nns ./.
That/cs such/jj deficiencies/nns existed/vbd within/in Ptolemy's/np$ theory/nn was/bedz not/* discovered/vbn de/fw-in novo/fw-nn by/in Copernicus/np ./.
The/at critical/jj ,/, rigorous/jj examinations/nns of/in Nicholas/np-tl of/in-tl Cusa/np-tl and/cc Nicholas/np-tl of/in-tl Oresme/np-tl provided/vbd the/at context/nn (/( a/at late/jj medieval/jj context/nn )/) for/in Nicholas/np Copernicus'/np$ own/jj work/nn ./.
The/at latter/ap looked/vbd backward/rb upon/in inherited/vbn deficiencies/nns ./.
Without/in abandoning/vbg too/ql much/ap ,/, Copernicus/np sought/vbd to/to make/vb orthodox/jj astronomy/nn systematically/rb and/cc mechanically/rb acceptable/jj ./.
He/pps did/dod not/* think/vb himself/ppl to/to be/be firing/vbg the/at first/od shot/nn of/in an/at intellectual/jj revolution/nn ./.

Henrietta's/np$ feeling/nn of/in identity/nn with/in Sara/np Sullam/np was/bedz crowned/vbn by/in her/pp$ discovery/nn of/in the/at coincidence/nn that/cs Sara's/np$ epitaph/nn in/in the/at Jewish/jj cemetery/nn in/in Venice/np referred/vbd to/in her/ppo as/cs ``/`` the/at Sulamite/np ''/'' ./.


	Into/in the/at texture/nn of/in this/dt tapestry/nn of/in history/nn and/cc human/jj drama/nn Henrietta/np ,/, as/cs every/at artist/nn delights/vbz to/to do/do ,/, wove/vbd strands/nns of/in her/pp$ own/jj intuitive/jj insights/nns into/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc --/-- especially/rb in/in the/at remarkable/jj story/nn of/in the/at attraction/nn and/cc conflict/nn between/in two/cd so/ql disparate/jj and/cc fervent/jj characters/nns as/cs this/dt pair/nn --/-- into/in the/at relations/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns :/: ``/`` In/in their/pp$ relations/nns ,/, she/pps was/bedz the/at giver/nn and/cc he/pps the/at receiver/nn ,/, nay/rb the/at demander/nn ./.
His/pp$ feeling/nn always/rb exacted/vbd sacrifices/nns from/in her/ppo ./.
One/cd is/bez so/ql accustomed/vbn to/to think/vb of/in men/nns as/cs the/at privileged/jj who/wps need/vb but/in ask/vb and/cc receive/vb ,/, and/cc women/nns as/cs submissive/jj and/cc yielding/vbg ,/, that/cs our/pp$ sympathies/nns are/ber usually/rb enlisted/vbn on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at man/nn whose/wp$ love/nn is/bez not/* returned/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss condemn/vb the/at woman/nn as/cs a/at coquette/nn ./.
The/at very/ap firmness/nn of/in her/pp$ convictions/nns and/cc logical/jj clearness/nn of/in her/pp$ arguments/nns captivated/vbd and/cc stimulated/vbd him/ppo to/to make/vb greater/jjr efforts/nns ;/. ;/.
usually/rb ,/, this/dt is/bez most/ql exasperating/jj to/in men/nns ,/, who/wps expect/vb every/at woman/nn to/to verify/vb their/pp$ preconceived/vbn notions/nns concerning/in her/pp$ sex/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb she/pps does/doz not/* ,/, immediately/rb condemn/vb her/ppo as/cs eccentric/jj and/cc unwomanly/jj ./.
She/pps had/hvd the/at opportunity/nn that/cs few/ap clever/jj women/nns can/md resist/vb ,/, of/in showing/vbg her/pp$ superiority/nn in/in argument/nn over/in a/at man/nn ./.
Women/nns themselves/ppls have/hv come/vbn to/to look/vb upon/rb matters/nns in/in the/at same/ap light/nn as/cs the/at outside/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc scarcely/rb find/vb any/dti wrong/jj in/in submitting/vbg to/in the/at importunities/nns of/in a/at stronger/jjr will/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb their/pp$ affections/nns are/ber withheld/vbn ./.
She/pps was/bedz exposing/vbg herself/ppl to/in temptation/nn which/wdt it/pps is/bez best/jjt to/to avoid/vb where/wrb it/pps can/md consistently/rb be/be done/vbn ./.
One/pn who/wps invites/vbz such/jj trials/nns of/in character/nn is/bez either/cc foolhardy/jj ,/, overconfident/jj or/cc too/ql simple/jj and/cc childlike/jj in/in faith/nn in/in mankind/nn to/to see/vb the/at danger/nn ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn but/cc the/at last/ap ,/, such/abl a/at course/nn is/bez sure/jj to/to avenge/vb itself/ppl upon/in the/at individual/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at moral/jj powers/nns no/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at physical/jj and/cc mental/jj ,/, can/md bear/vb overstraining/vbg ./.
And/cc ,/, in/in the/at last/ap case/nn ,/, a/at bitter/jj disappointment/nn but/in too/ql often/rb meets/vbz the/at confiding/vbg nature/nn ./.
''/'' 

	Henrietta/np was/bedz discovering/vbg in/in the/at process/nn of/in writing/vbg ,/, as/cs the/at born/vbn writer/nn does/doz ,/, not/* merely/rb a/at channel/nn for/in the/at discharge/nn of/in accumulated/vbn information/nn but/cc a/at stimulus/nn to/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at creative/jj powers/nns of/in observation/nn ,/, insight/nn and/cc intuition/nn ./.


	Dr./nn-tl Isaacs/np was/bedz so/ql pleased/vbn with/in the/at quality/nn of/in her/pp$ biographical/jj study/nn of/in Sara/np Sullam/np that/cs he/pps considered/vbd submitting/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at Century/nn-tl Magazine/nn-tl or/cc Harper's/np$-tl but/cc he/pps decided/vbd that/cs its/pp$ Jewish/jj subject/nn probably/rb would/md not/* interest/vb them/ppo and/cc published/vbd it/ppo in/in The/at-tl Messenger/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` so/rb our/pp$ readers/nns will/md be/be benefited/vbn instead/rb ''/'' ./.
Under/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ influence/nn it/pps did/dod not/* occur/vb to/in Henrietta/np that/cs she/pps might/md write/vb on/in subjects/nns outside/in the/at Jewish/jj field/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps did/dod begin/vb writing/vbg for/in other/ap Anglo-Jewish/jj papers/nns and/cc thus/rb increased/vbd her/pp$ output/nn and/cc her/pp$ audience/nn ./.
And/cc she/pps wrote/vbd the/at libretto/nn for/in an/at oratorio/nn on/in the/at subject/nn of/in Judas/np Maccabeus/np performed/vbn at/in the/at Hanukkah/np festival/nn which/wdt came/vbd in/in December/np ./.
By/in her/pp$ eighteenth/od birthday/nn her/pp$ bent/nn for/in writing/vbg was/bedz so/ql evident/jj that/cs Papa/np and/cc Mamma/nn-tl gave/vbd her/ppo a/at Life/nn-tl Of/in-tl Dickens/np-tl as/cs a/at spur/nn to/in her/pp$ aspiration/nn ./.


	Another/dt source/nn of/in intellectual/jj stimulus/nn was/bedz opened/vbn to/in her/ppo at/in that/dt time/nn by/in the/at founding/nn of/in Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl University/nn-tl within/in walking/vbg distance/nn of/in home/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz established/vbn in/in a/at couple/nn of/in buildings/nns in/in the/at shopping/vbg district/nn ,/, with/in only/rb a/at few/ap professors/nns ,/, but/cc all/abn eminent/jj men/nns ,/, and/cc a/at few/ap hundred/cd eager/jj students/nns housed/vbn in/in nearby/jj dwellings/nns ./.
In/in September/np '76/cd Thomas/np Huxley/np ,/, Darwin's/np$ famous/jj disciple/nn ,/, came/vbd from/in England/np to/to speak/vb in/in a/at crowded/vbn auditorium/nn at/in the/at formal/jj opening/nn of/in the/at University/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc although/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at school/nn for/in men/nns only/rb ,/, it/pps afforded/vbd Henrietta/np an/at opportunity/nn to/to attend/vb its/pp$ public/jj lectures/nns ./.


	In/in the/at following/vbg year/nn her/pp$ father/nn undertook/vbd to/to give/vb a/at course/nn in/in Hebrew/jj theology/nn to/in Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl students/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt brought/vbd to/in the/at Szold/np house/nn a/at group/nn of/in bright/jj young/jj Jews/nps who/wps had/hvd come/vbn to/in Baltimore/np to/to study/vb ,/, and/cc who/wps enjoyed/vbd being/beg fed/vbn and/cc mothered/vbn by/in Mamma/nn-tl and/cc entertained/vbn by/in Henrietta/np and/cc Rachel/np ,/, who/wps played/vbd and/cc sang/vbd for/in them/ppo in/in the/at upstairs/jj sitting/vbg room/nn on/in Sunday/nr evenings/nns ./.
From/in Philadelphia/np came/vbd Cyrus/np Adler/np and/cc Joseph/np Jastrow/np ./.
Adler/np ,/, Judge/nn-tl Sulzberger's/np$ nephew/nn ,/, came/vbd to/to study/vb Assyriology/np ./.
A/at smart/jj ,/, shrewd/jj and/cc ambitious/jj young/jj man/nn ,/, well/ql connected/vbn ,/, and/cc with/in a/at knack/nn for/in getting/vbg in/in the/at good/jj graces/nns of/in important/jj people/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz bound/vbn to/to go/vb far/rb ./.
Joseph/np Jastrow/np ,/, the/at younger/jjr son/nn of/in the/at distinguished/vbn rabbi/nn ,/, Marcus/np Jastrow/np ,/, was/bedz a/at friendly/jj ,/, round-faced/jj fellow/nn with/in a/at little/jj mustache/nn ,/, whose/wp$ field/nn was/bedz psychology/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps was/bedz also/rb a/at punster/nn and/cc a/at jolly/jj tease/nn ./.
His/pp$ father/nn was/bedz a/at good/jj friend/nn of/in Rabbi/nn-tl Szold/np ,/, and/cc Joe/np lived/vbd with/in the/at Szolds/nps for/in a/at while/nn ./.
Both/abx these/dts youths/nns ,/, who/wps greatly/rb admired/vbn Henrietta/np ,/, were/bed somewhat/ql younger/jjr than/cs she/pps ,/, as/cs were/bed also/rb the/at neighboring/vbg Friedenwald/np boys/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed then/rb studying/vbg medicine/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc bright/jj though/cs they/ppss all/abn were/bed ,/, they/ppss could/md not/* possibly/rb compete/vb for/in her/pp$ interest/nn with/in Papa/np ,/, whose/wp$ mind/nn --/-- although/cs he/pps never/rb tried/vbd to/to dazzle/vb or/cc patronize/vb lesser/ap lights/nns with/in it/ppo --/-- naturally/rb eclipsed/vbd theirs/pp$$ and/cc made/vbd them/ppo seem/vb to/in her/ppo even/ql younger/jjr than/cs they/ppss were/bed ./.
Besides/rb ,/, Miss/np Henrietta/np --/-- as/cs she/pps was/bedz generally/rb known/vbn since/cs she/pps had/hvd put/vbn up/rp her/pp$ hair/nn with/in a/at chignon/nn in/in the/at back/nn --/-- had/hvd little/ap time/nn to/to spare/vb them/ppo from/in her/pp$ teaching/nn and/cc writing/vbg ;/. ;/.
so/rb Cyrus/np Adler/np became/vbd interested/vbn in/in her/pp$ friend/nn Racie/np Friedenwald/np ,/, and/cc Joe/np Jastrow/np --/-- the/at only/rb young/jj man/nn who/wps when/wrb he/pps wrote/vbd had/hvd the/at temerity/nn to/to address/vb her/ppo as/cs Henrietta/np ,/, and/cc signed/vbd himself/ppl Joe/np --/-- fell/vbd in/in love/nn with/in pretty/jj sister/nn Rachel/np ./.


	Henrietta/np ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz at/in that/dt time/nn engaged/vbn in/in a/at lengthy/jj correspondence/nn with/in Joe's/np$ older/jjr and/cc more/ql serious/jj brother/nn ,/, Morris/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz just/ql about/rb her/pp$ own/jj age/nn and/cc whom/wpo she/pps had/hvd got/vbn to/to know/vb well/rb during/in trips/nns to/in Philadelphia/np with/in Papa/np ,/, when/wrb he/pps substituted/vbd for/in Rabbi/nn-tl Jastrow/np at/in Rodeph/np-tl Shalom/np-tl Temple/nn-tl there/rb during/in its/pp$ Rabbi's/nn$-tl absence/nn in/in Europe/np ./.
Young/jj Morris/np ,/, who/wps ,/, while/cs attending/vbg the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Pennsylvania/np-tl ,/, also/rb taught/vbd and/cc edited/vbd a/at paper/nn ,/, found/vbd time/nn to/to write/vb Henrietta/np twenty-page/jj letters/nns on/in everything/pn that/wps engaged/vbd his/pp$ interest/nn ,/, from/in the/at acting/nn of/in Sarah/np Bernhardt/np in/in Philadelphia/np to/in his/pp$ reactions/nns to/in the/at comments/nns of/in ``/`` Sulamith/np ''/'' on/in the/at Jewish/jj reform/nn movement/nn being/beg promulgated/vbn by/in the/at Hebrew/jj-tl Union/nn-tl College/nn-tl in/in Cincinnati/np ./.
Unlike/in his/pp$ younger/jjr brother/nn ,/, Joe/np ,/, he/pps never/rb presumed/vbd to/to address/vb her/ppo more/ql familiarly/rb than/cs as/cs ``/`` My/pp$ dear/jj friend/nn ''/'' ,/, although/cs he/pps praised/vbd and/cc envied/vbd the/at elegance/nn and/cc purity/nn of/in her/pp$ style/nn ./.
And/cc when/wrb he/pps complained/vbd of/in the/at lack/nn of/in time/nn for/in all/abn he/pps wanted/vbd to/to do/do ,/, Henrietta/np advised/vbd him/ppo to/to rise/vb at/in five/cd in/in the/at morning/nn as/cs she/pps and/cc Papa/np did/dod ./.


	One/cd thing/nn Papa/np had/hvd not/* taught/vbn Henrietta/np was/bedz how/wrb to/to handle/vb a/at young/jj man/nn as/ql high-spirited/jj and/cc opinionated/jj as/cs herself/ppl ./.
She/pps could/md not/* resist/vb the/at opportunity/nn ``/`` of/in showing/vbg her/pp$ superiority/nn in/in argument/nn over/in a/at man/nn ''/'' which/wdt she/pps had/hvd remarked/vbn as/cs one/cd of/in the/at ``/`` feminine/jj follies/nns ''/'' of/in Sara/np Sullam/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in her/pp$ forthright/jj way/nn ,/, Henrietta/np ,/, who/wps in/in her/pp$ story/nn of/in Sara/np had/hvd indicated/vbn her/pp$ own/jj unwillingness/nn ``/`` to/to think/vb of/in men/nns as/cs the/at privileged/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` women/nns as/cs submissive/jj and/cc yielding/vbg ''/'' ,/, felt/vbd obliged/vbn to/to defend/vb vigorously/rb any/dti statement/nn of/in hers/pp$$ to/in which/wdt Morris/np Jastrow/np took/vbd the/at slightest/jjt exception/nn --/-- he/pps objected/vbd to/in her/pp$ stand/nn on/in the/at Corbin/np affair/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs on/in the/at radical/jj reforms/nns of/in Dr./nn-tl Wise/np of/in Hebrew/jj-tl Union/nn-tl College/nn-tl --/-- until/in once/rb ,/, in/in sheer/jj desperation/nn ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd given/vbn up/rp hope/nn they/ppss would/md ever/rb agree/vb on/in anything/pn ./.
But/cc that/dt did/dod not/* prevent/vb him/ppo from/in writing/vbg more/ap long/jj letters/nns ,/, or/cc from/in coming/vbg to/to spend/vb his/pp$ Christmas/np vacations/nns with/in the/at hospitable/jj ,/, lively/jj Szolds/nps in/in their/pp$ pleasant/jj house/nn on/in Lombard/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./.



1880s/nns :/: ``/`` little/jj women/nns ''/'' 
``/`` we've/ppss+hv got/vbn Father/nn-tl and/cc Mother/nn-tl and/cc each/dt other/ap ''/'' said/vbd Beth/np on/in the/at first/od page/nn of/in Louisa/np Alcott's/np$ Little/jj-tl Women/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, ``/`` I/ppss do/do think/vb that/cs families/nns are/ber the/at most/ql beautiful/jj things/nns in/in all/abn the/at world/nn ''/'' ,/, burst/vbd out/rp Jo/np some/dti five/cd hundred/cd pages/nns later/rbr in/in that/dt popular/jj story/nn of/in the/at March/np family/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd first/rb appeared/vbn when/wrb Henrietta/np was/bedz eight/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at Szold/np family/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps developed/vbd ,/, bore/vbd a/at striking/jj resemblance/nn to/in the/at Marches/nps ./.


	Mr./np March/np ,/, like/cs Benjamin/np Szold/np ,/, was/bedz a/at clergyman/nn ,/, although/cs of/in an/at indeterminate/jj denomination/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc ``/`` Marmee/np ''/'' March/np ,/, like/cs Sophie/np Szold/np ,/, was/bedz the/at competent/jj manager/nn of/in her/pp$ brood/nn of/in girls/nns ,/, of/in whom/wpo the/at Marches/nps had/hvd only/rb four/cd to/in the/at Szolds'/nps$ five/cd ./.
But/cc the/at March/np girls/nns had/hvd their/pp$ counterparts/nns in/in the/at Szold/np girls/nns ./.
Henrietta/np could/md easily/rb identify/vb herself/ppl with/in Jo/np March/np ,/, although/cs Jo/np was/bedz not/* the/at eldest/jjt sister/nn ./.
Neither/cc was/bedz Henrietta/np hoydenish/jj like/cs Jo/np ,/, who/wps frankly/rb wished/vbd she/pps were/bed a/at boy/nn and/cc had/hvd deliberately/rb shortened/vbn her/pp$ name/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, like/cs Henrietta's/np$ ,/, was/bedz the/at feminine/jj form/nn of/in a/at boy's/nn$ name/nn ./.
But/cc both/abx were/bed high-spirited/jj and/cc vivacious/jj ,/, both/abx had/hvd tempers/nns to/to control/vb ,/, both/abx loved/vbd languages/nns ,/, especially/rb English/np and/cc German/np ,/, both/abx were/bed good/jj teachers/nns and/cc wrote/vbd for/in publication/nn ./.
Each/dt was/bedz her/pp$ mother's/nn$ assistant/nn and/cc confidante/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc each/dt stood/vbd out/rp conspicuously/rb in/in the/at family/nn picture/nn ./.


	Bertha/np Szold/np was/bedz more/rbr like/cs Meg/np ,/, the/at eldest/jjt March/np girl/nn ,/, who/wps ``/`` learned/vbd that/cs a/at woman's/nn$ happiest/jjt kingdom/nn is/bez home/nn ,/, her/pp$ highest/jjt honor/nn the/at art/nn of/in ruling/vbg it/ppo ,/, not/* as/cs a/at queen/nn ,/, but/cc a/at wise/jj wife/nn and/cc mother/nn ''/'' ./.
Bertha/np ,/, blue-eyed/jj like/cs Mamma/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz from/in the/at start/nn her/pp$ mother's/nn$ daughter/nn ,/, destined/vbn for/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ role/nn in/in life/nn ./.
Sadie/np ,/, like/cs Beth/np March/np ,/, suffered/vbd ill/jj health/nn --/-- got/vbd rheumatic/jj fever/nn and/cc had/hvd to/to be/be careful/jj of/in her/pp$ heart/nn --/-- but/cc that/dt never/rb dampened/vbd her/pp$ spirits/nns ./.
When/wrb her/pp$ right/jj hand/nn was/bedz incapacitated/vbn by/in the/at rheumatism/nn ,/, Sadie/np learned/vbd to/to write/vb with/in her/pp$ left/jj hand/nn ./.
She/pps wrote/vbd gay/jj plays/nns about/in the/at girls/nns for/in family/nn entertainments/nns ,/, like/cs ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, What/wps-tl Fun/nn-tl !/. !/.
A/at-tl Comedy/nn-tl In/in-tl Three/cd-tl Acts/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, under/in ``/`` Personages/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, Henrietta/np appeared/vbd as/cs ``/`` A/at Schoolmarm/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc Bertha/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz only/rb a/at trifle/nn less/ql brilliant/jj in/in high/jj school/nn than/cs Henrietta/np had/hvd been/ben ,/, appeared/vbd as/cs ``/`` Dummkopf/fw-nn ''/'' ./.
Sadie/np studied/vbd piano/nn ;/. ;/.
played/vbd Chopin/np in/in the/at ``/`` Soiree/fw-nn-tl Musicale/fw-jj-tl of/in Mr./np Guthrie's/np$ Pupils/nns-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/.
and/cc she/pps recited/vbd ``/`` Hector's/np$-tl Farewell/nn-tl To/in-tl Andromache/np-tl ''/'' most/ql movingly/rb ,/, to/in the/at special/jj delight/nn of/in Rabbi/nn-tl Jastrow/np at/in his/pp$ home/nn in/in Germantown/np near/in Philadelphia/np ,/, where/wrb the/at Szold/np girls/nns took/vbd turns/nns visiting/vbg between/in the/at visits/nns of/in the/at Jastrow/np boys/nns at/in the/at Szolds'/nps$ in/in Baltimore/np ./.
Adele/np ,/, like/cs Amy/np ,/, the/at youngest/jjt of/in the/at Marches/nps ,/, was/bedz the/at rebellious/jj ,/, mischievous/jj ,/, rather/ql calculating/vbg and/cc ambitious/jj one/cd ./.
For/in Rachel/np ,/, conceded/vbn to/to be/be the/at prettiest/jjt of/in the/at Szold/np girls/nns --/-- and/cc she/pps did/dod make/vb a/at pretty/jj picture/nn sitting/vbg in/in the/at grape-arbor/nn strumming/vbg her/pp$ guitar/nn and/cc singing/vbg in/in her/pp$ silvery/jj tones/nns --/-- there/ex was/bedz no/at particular/jj March/np counterpart/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc both/abx groups/nns were/bed so/ql closely/rb knit/vbn that/cs despite/in individual/jj differences/nns the/at family/nn life/nn in/in both/abx cases/nns was/bedz remarkably/rb similar/jj in/in atmosphere/nn if/cs not/* entirely/rb in/in content/nn --/-- the/at one/cd being/beg definitely/rb Jewish/jj and/cc the/at other/ap vaguely/rb Christian/jj ./.


	The/at Szolds/nps ,/, like/cs the/at Marches/nps ,/, enjoyed/vbd and/cc loved/vbd living/vbg together/rb ,/, even/rb in/in troubled/vbn times/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, as/cs in/in the/at March/np home/nn ,/, any/dti young/jj man/nn who/wps called/vbd on/in the/at Szolds/nps found/vbd himself/ppl confronted/vbn with/in a/at phalanx/nn of/in femininity/nn which/wdt made/vbd it/ppo rather/ql difficult/jj to/to direct/vb his/pp$ particular/jj attention/nn to/in any/dti one/cd of/in them/ppo ./.
This/dt included/vbd Mamma/nn-tl ,/, jolly/jj ,/, generous/jj ,/, and/cc pretty/jj ,/, with/in whom/wpo they/ppss all/abn fell/vbd in/in love/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs Papa/np had/hvd first/rb fallen/vbn in/in love/nn with/in her/pp$ Mamma/nn-tl before/cs he/pps chose/vbd her/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc when/wrb a/at young/jj man/nn like/cs Morris/np Jastrow/np had/hvd enjoyed/vbn the/at Szold/np hospitality/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd obliged/vbn to/to send/vb his/pp$ respects/nns and/cc his/pp$ gifts/nns not/* merely/rb to/in Henrietta/np ,/, in/in whom/wpo he/pps was/bedz really/rb interested/vbn ,/, but/cc to/in all/abn the/at Szold/np girls/nns and/cc Mamma/nn-tl ./.
And/cc just/rb as/cs ``/`` Laurie/np ''/'' Lawrence/np was/bedz first/rb attracted/vbn to/in bright/jj Jo/np March/np ,/, who/wps found/vbd him/ppo immature/jj by/in her/pp$ high/jj standards/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb had/hvd to/to content/vb himself/ppl with/in her/pp$ younger/jjr sister/nn Amy/np ,/, so/rb Joe/np Jastrow/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd also/rb been/ben writing/vbg Henrietta/np before/cs he/pps came/vbd to/in Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl ,/, had/hvd to/to content/vb himself/ppl with/in her/pp$ younger/jjr sister/nn ,/, pretty/jj Rachel/np ./.
And/cc like/cs Jo/np March/np ,/, who/wps saw/vbd her/pp$ sisters/nns Meg/np and/cc Amy/np involved/vbn in/in ``/`` lovering/nn ''/'' before/in herself/ppl ,/, Henrietta/np saw/vbd her/pp$ sisters/nns Rachel/np and/cc Sadie/np drawn/vbn outside/in their/pp$ family/nn circle/nn by/in the/at attraction/nn of/in suitors/nns ,/, Rachel/np by/in Joe/np Jastrow/np ,/, and/cc Sadie/np by/in Max/np Lobl/np ,/, a/at young/jj businessman/nn who/wps would/md write/vb her/ppo romantic/jj descriptions/nns of/in his/pp$ trips/nns by/in steamboat/nn down/in the/at Mississippi/np ./.



	This/dt time/nn he/pps was/bedz making/vbg no/at mistake/nn ./.
Olgivanna/np --/-- in/in her/pp$ country/nn the/at nickname/nn was/bedz a/at respectful/jj form/nn of/in address/nn --/-- was/bedz not/* only/rb attractive/jj but/cc shrewd/jj ,/, durable/jj ,/, sensible/jj ,/, and/cc smart/jj ./.
No/at wonder/nn Wright/np was/bedz enchanted/vbn --/-- no/at two/cd better/rbr suited/vbn people/nns ever/rb met/vbd ./.
Almost/rb from/in that/dt day/nn ,/, until/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Olgivanna/np was/bedz to/to stay/vb at/in his/pp$ side/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at years/nns that/wps immediately/rb followed/vbn were/bed to/to be/be extraordinarily/rb trying/jj ,/, both/abx for/in Wright/np and/cc his/pp$ Montenegrin/jj lady/nn ./.


	It/pps must/md be/be granted/vbn that/cs the/at flouting/nn of/in convention/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wql well/ql intentioned/jj one/pn may/md be/be ,/, is/bez sure/jj to/to lead/vb to/in trouble/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap to/in the/at discomfort/nn that/wps goes/vbz with/in social/jj disapproval/nn ./.
Even/rb so/rb ,/, many/ap of/in the/at things/nns that/wps happened/vbd to/in Wright/np and/cc Olgivanna/np seem/vb inordinately/ql severe/jj ./.
Their/pp$ afflictions/nns centered/vbd on/in one/cd maddening/vbg difficulty/nn :/: Miriam/np held/vbd up/rp the/at divorce/nn proceedings/nns that/wpo she/pps herself/ppl had/hvd asked/vbn for/in ./.
Reporters/nns began/vbd to/to trail/vb Miriam/np everywhere/rb ,/, and/cc to/to encourage/vb her/ppo to/to make/vb appalling/jj statements/nns about/in Wright/np and/cc his/pp$ doings/nns ./.
Flocks/nns of/in writs/nns ,/, attachments/nns ,/, and/cc unpleasant/jj legal/jj papers/nns of/in every/at sort/nn began/vbd to/to fly/vb through/in the/at air/nn ./.
The/at distracted/vbn Miriam/np would/md agree/vb to/in a/at settlement/nn through/in her/pp$ legal/jj representative/nn ,/, then/rb change/vb her/pp$ mind/nn and/cc make/vb another/dt attack/nn on/in Wright/np as/cs a/at person/nn ./.
At/in last/rb her/pp$ lawyer/nn ,/, Arthur/np D./np Cloud/np ,/, gave/vbd up/rp the/at case/nn because/cs she/pps turned/vbd down/rp three/cd successive/jj settlements/nns he/pps arranged/vbd ./.
Cloud/nn-tl made/vbd an/at interesting/jj statement/nn in/in parting/vbg from/in his/pp$ client/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to be/be a/at lawyer/nn ,/, and/cc Mrs./np Wright/np wanted/vbd me/ppo to/to be/be an/at avenging/vbg angel/nn ./.
So/cs I/ppss got/vbd out/rp ./.
Mrs./np Wright/np is/bez without/in funds/nns ./.
The/at first/od thing/nn to/to do/do is/bez get/vb her/ppo some/dti money/nn by/in a/at temporary/jj but/cc definite/jj adjustment/nn pending/in a/at final/jj disposition/nn of/in the/at case/nn ./.
But/cc every/at time/nn I/ppss suggested/vbd this/dt to/in her/ppo ,/, Mrs./np Wright/np turned/vbd it/ppo down/rp and/cc demanded/vbd that/cs I/ppss go/vb out/rp and/cc punish/vb Mr./np Wright/np ./.
I/ppss am/bem an/at attorney/nn ,/, not/* an/at instrument/nn of/in vengeance/nn ''/'' ./.
Miriam/np Noel/np disregarded/vbd the/at free/jj advice/nn of/in her/pp$ departing/vbg counselor/nn ,/, and/cc appointed/vbd a/at heavy-faced/jj young/jj man/nn named/vbn Harold/np Jackson/np to/to take/vb his/pp$ place/nn ./.


	There/ex were/bed three/cd years/nns of/in this/dt strange/jj warfare/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc during/in the/at unhappy/jj time/nn ,/, Miriam/np often/rb would/md charge/vb that/cs Wright/np and/cc Olgivanna/np were/bed misdemeanants/nns against/in the/at public/jj order/nn of/in Wisconsin/np ./.
Yet/cc somehow/rb ,/, when/wrb officers/nns were/bed prodded/vbn into/in visiting/vbg Taliesin/np to/to execute/vb the/at warrants/nns ,/, they/ppss would/md find/vb neither/cc Wright/np nor/cc Olgivanna/np at/in home/nn ./.
This/dt showed/vbd that/cs common/jj sense/nn had/hvd not/* died/vbn out/rp at/in the/at county/nn and/cc village/nn level/nn --/-- though/cs why/wrb the/at unhappy/jj and/cc obviously/ql unbalanced/vbn woman/nn was/bedz not/* restrained/vbn remains/vbz a/at puzzle/nn ./.
The/at misery/nn of/in Miriam's/np$ bitterness/nn can/md be/be felt/vbn today/nr by/in anyone/pn who/wps studies/vbz the/at case/nn --/-- it/pps was/bedz hopeless/jj ,/, agonizing/jj ,/, and/cc destructive/jj ,/, with/in Miriam/np herself/ppl bearing/vbg the/at heaviest/jjt burden/nn of/in shame/nn and/cc pain/nn ./.


	To/to get/vb an/at idea/nn of/in the/at embarrassment/nn and/cc chagrin/nn that/wps was/bedz heaped/vbn upon/in Wright/np and/cc Olgivanna/np ,/, we/ppss should/md bear/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs the/at raids/nns were/bed sometimes/rb led/vbn by/in Miriam/np in/in person/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at most/ql distressing/jj of/in these/dts scenes/nns occurred/vbd at/in Spring/nn-tl Green/nn-tl toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at open/jj warfare/nn ,/, on/in a/at beautiful/jj day/nn in/in June/np ./.
At/in this/dt time/nn Miriam/np Noel/np appeared/vbd ,/, urging/vbg on/rp Constable/nn-tl Henry/np Pengally/np ,/, whose/wp$ name/nn showed/vbd him/ppo to/to be/be a/at descendant/nn of/in the/at Welsh/jj settlers/nns in/in the/at neighborhood/nn ./.
A/at troop/nn of/in reporters/nns brought/vbd up/rp the/at rear/nn ./.
Miriam/np was/bedz stopped/vbn at/in the/at Taliesin/np gate/nn ,/, and/cc William/np Weston/np ,/, now/rb the/at estate/nn foreman/nn ,/, came/vbd out/rp to/in parley/vb ./.
He/pps said/vbd that/cs Mr./np Wright/np was/bedz not/* in/rp ,/, and/cc so/rb could/md not/* be/be arrested/vbn on/in something/pn called/vbn a/at peace/nn warrant/nn that/wpo Miriam/np was/bedz waving/vbg in/in the/at air/nn ./.
Miriam/np now/rb ordered/vbd Pengally/np to/to break/vb down/rp the/at gate/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps said/vbd he/pps really/rb couldn't/md* go/vb that/ql far/rb ./.
At/in this/dt point/nn Mrs./np Frances/np Cupply/np ,/, one/cd of/in Wright's/np$ handsome/jj daughters/nns by/in his/pp$ first/od wife/nn ,/, came/vbd from/in the/at house/nn and/cc tried/vbd to/to calm/vb Miriam/np as/cs she/pps tore/vbd down/rp a/at no/at visitors/nns sign/vb and/cc smashed/vbd the/at glass/nn pane/nn on/in another/dt sign/nn with/in a/at rock/nn ./.


	Miriam/np Noel/np Wright/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Here/rb I/ppss am/bem at/in my/pp$ own/jj home/nr ,/, locked/vbn out/rp so/cs I/ppss must/md stand/vb in/in the/at road/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
Then/rb she/pps rounded/vbd on/in Weston/np and/cc cried/vbd ,/, ``/`` You/ppss always/rb did/dod Wright's/np$ dirty/jj work/nn !/. !/.
When/wrb I/ppss take/vb over/rp Taliesin/np ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn I'll/ppss+md do/do is/bez fire/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Madame/np Noel/np ,/, I/ppss think/vb you/ppo had/hvn better/rbr go/vb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mrs./np Cupply/np ./.


	``/`` And/cc I/ppss think/vb you/ppss had/hvd better/rbr leave/vb ''/'' ,/, replied/vbd Miriam/np ./.
Turning/vbg to/in the/at reporters/nns ,/, she/pps asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` Did/dod you/ppss hear/vb her/ppo ?/. ?/.
'/' I/ppss think/vb you/ppss had/hvd better/rbr leave/vb '/' !/. !/.
And/cc this/dt is/bez my/pp$ own/jj home/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in the/at silence/nn that/wps followed/vbd ,/, Miriam/np walked/vbd close/rb to/in Mrs./np Cupply/np ,/, who/wps drew/vbd back/rb a/at step/nn on/in her/pp$ side/nn of/in the/at gate/nn ./.
Then/rb ,/, with/in staring/vbg eyes/nns and/cc lips/nns drawn/vbn thin/jj ,/, Miriam/np said/vbd to/in the/at young/jj woman/nn ,/, ``/`` You/ppss are/ber ugly/jj --/-- uglier/jjr than/cs you/ppss used/vbd to/to be/be ,/, and/cc you/ppss were/bed always/rb very/ql ugly/jj ./.
You/ppss are/ber even/ql uglier/jjr than/cs Mr./np Wright/np ''/'' ./.


	The/at animosity/nn expressed/vbn by/in such/abl a/at scene/nn had/hvd the/at penetrating/jj quality/nn of/in a/at natural/jj force/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps gave/vbd Miriam/np Noel/np a/at fund/nn of/in energy/nn like/cs that/dt of/in a/at person/nn inspired/vbn to/to complete/vb some/dti great/jj and/cc universal/jj work/nn of/in art/nn ./.
As/cs if/cs to/to make/vb certain/jj that/cs Wright/np would/md be/be unable/jj to/to pay/vb any/dti settlement/nn at/in all/abn ,/, Miriam/np wrote/vbd to/in prospective/jj clients/nns denouncing/vbg him/ppo ;/. ;/.
she/pps also/rb went/vbd to/in Washington/np and/cc appealed/vbd to/in Senator/nn-tl George/np William/np Norris/np of/in Nebraska/np ,/, the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Liberal/nn-tl ,/, from/in whose/wp$ office/nn a/at sympathetic/jj but/cc cautious/jj harrumphing/nn was/bedz heard/vbn ./.
Then/rb ,/, after/in overtures/nns to/to accept/vb a/at settlement/nn and/cc go/vb through/rp with/in a/at divorce/nn ,/, Miriam/np gave/vbd a/at ghastly/jj echo/nn of/in Mrs./np Micawber/np by/in suddenly/rb stating/vbg ,/, ``/`` I/ppss will/md never/rb leave/vb Mr./np Wright/np ''/'' ./.


	Under/in this/dt kind/nn of/in pressure/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs Wright/np would/md make/vb sweeping/vbg statements/nns to/in the/at newspapers/nns ./.
Miriam/np had/hvd not/* yet/rb goaded/vbn him/ppo into/in mentioning/vbg her/ppo directly/rb ,/, but/cc one/pn can/md feel/vb the/at generalized/vbn anger/nn in/in Wright's/np$ remarks/nns to/in reporters/nns when/wrb he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn ,/, one/cd morning/nn on/in arrival/nn in/in Chicago/np ,/, what/wdt he/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at city/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./.
First/rb ,/, Wright/np said/vbd ,/, he/pps was/bedz choked/vbn by/in the/at smoke/nn ,/, which/wdt fortunately/rb kept/vbd him/ppo from/in seeing/vbg the/at dreadful/jj town/nn ./.
But/cc surely/rb Michigan/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl was/bedz handsome/jj ?/. ?/.
``/`` That/dt isn't/bez* a/at boulevard/nn ,/, it's/pps+bez a/at racetrack/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
Cried/vbd Wright/np ,/, showing/vbg that/cs automobiles/nns were/bed considered/vbn to/to be/be a/at danger/nn as/ql early/rb as/cs the/at 1920's/nns ./.
``/`` This/dt is/bez a/at horrible/jj way/nn to/to live/vb ''/'' ,/, Wright/np went/vbd on/rp ./.
``/`` You/ppss are/ber being/beg strangled/vbn by/in traffic/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz then/rb asked/vbn for/in a/at solution/nn of/in the/at difficulty/nn ,/, and/cc began/vbd to/to talk/vb trenchant/jj sense/nn ,/, though/cs private/jj anguish/nn showed/vbd through/rp in/in the/at vehemence/nn of/in his/pp$ manner/nn ./.
``/`` Take/vb a/at gigantic/jj knife/nn and/cc sweep/vb it/ppo over/in the/at Loop/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Wright/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` Cut/vb off/rp every/at building/nn at/in the/at seventh/od floor/nn ./.
Spread/vb everything/pn out/rp ./.
You/ppss don't/do* need/vb concentration/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss cut/vb down/rp these/dts horrible/jj buildings/nns you'll/ppss+md have/hv no/ql more/ap traffic/nn jams/nns ./.
You'll/ppss+md have/hv trees/nns again/rb ./.
You'll/ppss+md have/hv some/dti joy/nn in/in the/at life/nn of/in this/dt city/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, that's/dt+bez the/at job/nn of/in the/at architect/nn --/-- to/to give/vb the/at world/nn a/at little/ap joy/nn ''/'' ./.


	Little/ap enough/qlp joy/nn was/bedz afforded/vbn Wright/np in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1925/cd ,/, when/wrb another/dt destructive/jj fire/nn broke/vbd out/rp at/in Taliesin/np ./.
The/at first/od news/nn stories/nns had/hvd it/ppo that/cs this/dt blaze/nn was/bedz started/vbn by/in a/at bolt/nn of/in lightning/nn ,/, as/cs though/cs Miriam/np could/md call/vb down/rp fire/nn from/in heaven/nn like/cs a/at prophet/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ./.
A/at storm/nn did/dod take/vb place/nn that/dt night/nn ,/, and/cc fortunately/rb enough/qlp ,/, it/pps included/vbd a/at cloudburst/nn that/wps helped/vbd put/vb out/rp the/at flames/nns ./.
Later/jjr accounts/nns blamed/vbd defective/jj wiring/nn for/in starting/vbg the/at fire/nn ;/. ;/.
at/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, heat/nn grew/vbd so/ql intense/jj in/in the/at main/jjs part/nn of/in the/at house/nn that/cs it/pps melted/vbd the/at window/nn panes/nns ,/, and/cc fused/vbd the/at K'ang-si/np pottery/nn to/in cinders/nns ./.
Wright/np set/vbd his/pp$ loss/nn at/in $200,000/nns ,/, a/at figure/nn perhaps/rb justified/vbn by/in the/at unique/jj character/nn of/in the/at house/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben ruined/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at faultless/jj taste/nn that/wps had/hvd gone/vbn into/in the/at selection/nn of/in the/at prints/nns and/cc other/ap things/nns that/wps were/bed destroyed/vbn ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in the/at disaster/nn ,/, Wright/np completed/vbd during/in this/dt period/nn plans/nns for/in the/at Lake/nn-tl Tahoe/np-tl resort/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt he/pps suggested/vbd the/at shapes/nns of/in American/jj-tl Indian/jj-tl tepees/nns --/-- a/at project/nn of/in great/jj and/cc appropriate/jj charm/nn ,/, that/dt came/vbd to/in nothing/pn ./.
Amid/in a/at shortage/nn of/in profitable/jj work/nn ,/, the/at memory/nn of/in Albert/np Johnson's/np$ $20,000/nns stood/vbd out/rp in/in lonely/jj grandeur/nn --/-- the/at money/nn had/hvd quickly/rb melted/vbn away/rb ./.
A/at series/nn of/in conferences/nns with/in friends/nns and/cc bankers/nns began/vbd about/rb this/dt time/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at question/nn before/in these/dts meetings/nns was/bedz ,/, here/rb is/bez a/at man/nn of/in international/jj reputation/nn and/cc proved/vbn earning/vbg power/nn ;/. ;/.
how/wrb can/md he/pps be/be financed/vbn so/cs that/cs he/pps can/md find/vb the/at work/nn he/pps ought/md to/to do/do ?/. ?/.
While/cs this/dt was/bedz under/in consideration/nn ,/, dauntless/jj as/cs ever/rb Wright/np set/vbd about/in the/at building/nn of/in Taliesin/np 3/cd ./.


	As/cs he/pps made/vbd plans/nns for/in the/at new/jj Taliesin/np ,/, Wright/np also/rb got/vbd on/in paper/nn his/pp$ conception/nn of/in a/at cathedral/nn of/in steel/nn and/cc glass/nn to/to house/vb a/at congregation/nn of/in all/abn faiths/nns ,/, and/cc the/at idea/nn for/in a/at planetarium/nn with/in a/at sloping/vbg ramp/nn ./.
Years/nns were/bed to/to pass/vb before/cs these/dts plans/nns came/vbd off/in the/at paper/nn ,/, and/cc Wright/np was/bedz justified/vbn in/in thinking/vbg ,/, as/cs the/at projects/nns failed/vbd ,/, that/cs much/ap of/in what/wdt he/pps had/hvd to/to show/vb his/pp$ country/nn and/cc the/at world/nn would/md never/rb be/be seen/vbn except/rb by/in visitors/nns to/in Taliesin/np ./.
And/cc now/rb there/ex was/bedz some/dti question/nn as/in to/in his/pp$ continued/vbn residence/nn there/rb ./.
Billy/np Koch/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb worked/vbn for/in Wright/np as/cs a/at chauffeur/nn ,/, gave/vbd a/at deposition/nn for/in Miriam's/np$ use/nn that/wpo he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn Olgivanna/np living/vbg at/in Taliesin/np ./.
This/dt might/md put/vb Wright/np in/in such/abl a/at bad/jj light/nn before/in a/at court/nn that/cs Miriam/np would/md be/be awarded/vbn Taliesin/np ;/. ;/.
nor/cc was/bedz she/pps moved/vbd by/in a/at letter/nn from/in Wright/np pointing/vbg out/rp that/cs if/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* ``/`` compelled/vbn to/to spend/vb money/nn on/in useless/jj lawyer's/nn$ bills/nns ,/, useless/jj hotel/nn bills/nns ,/, and/cc useless/jj doctor's/nn$ bills/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps could/md more/ql quickly/rb provide/vb Miriam/np with/in a/at suitable/jj home/nn either/cc in/in Los/np Angeles/np or/cc Paris/np ,/, as/cs she/pps preferred/vbd ./.
Miriam/np sniffed/vbd at/in this/dt ,/, and/cc complained/vbd that/cs Wright/np had/hvd said/vbn unkind/jj things/nns about/in her/ppo to/in reporters/nns ./.
His/pp$ reply/nn was/bedz ,/, ``/`` Everything/pn that/wps has/hvz been/ben printed/vbn derogatory/jj to/in you/ppo ,/, purporting/vbg to/to have/hv come/vbn from/in me/ppo ,/, was/bedz a/at betrayal/nn ,/, and/cc nothing/pn yet/rb has/hvz been/ben printed/vbn which/wdt I/ppss have/hv sanctioned/vbn ''/'' ./.
What/wdt irritated/vbd Miriam/np was/bedz that/cs Wright/np had/hvd told/vbn the/at papers/nns about/in a/at reasonable/jj offer/nn he/pps had/hvd made/vbn ,/, which/wdt he/pps considered/vbd she/pps would/md accept/vb ``/`` when/wrb she/pps tires/vbz of/in publicity/nn ''/'' ./.
From/in her/pp$ California/np headquarters/nn ,/, Miriam/np fired/vbd back/rb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss shall/md never/rb divorce/vb Mr./np Wright/np ,/, to/to permit/vb him/ppo to/to marry/vb Olga/np Milanoff/np ''/'' ./.


	Then/rb Miriam/np varied/vbd the/at senseless/jj psychological/jj warfare/nn by/in suddenly/rb withdrawing/vbg a/at suit/nn for/in separate/jj maintenance/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben pending/jj ,/, and/cc asking/vbg for/in divorce/nn on/in the/at grounds/nns of/in cruelty/nn ,/, with/in the/at understanding/nn that/cs Wright/np would/md not/* contest/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Wisconsin/np-tl sent/vbd a/at representative/nn to/in the/at judge's/nn$ chambers/nns in/in Madison/np to/to give/vb information/nn on/in Wright's/np$ ability/nn to/to meet/vb the/at terms/nns ./.
He/pps said/vbd that/cs the/at architect/nn might/md reasonably/rb be/be expected/vbn to/to carry/vb his/pp$ financial/jj burdens/nns if/cs all/abn harrassment/nn could/md be/be brought/vbn to/in an/at end/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at bank/nn would/md accept/vb a/at mortgage/nn on/in Taliesin/np to/to help/vb bring/vb this/dt about/rp ./.
Miriam/np said/vbd that/cs she/pps must/md be/be assured/vbn that/cs ``/`` that/dt other/ap woman/nn ,/, Olga/np ,/, will/md not/* be/be in/in luxury/nn while/cs I/ppss am/bem scraping/vbg along/rb ''/'' ./.
This/dt exhausted/vbd Wright's/np$ patience/nn ,/, and/cc in/in consequence/nn he/pps talked/vbd freely/rb to/in reporters/nns in/in a/at Madison/np hotel/nn suite/nn ./.
``/`` Volstead/np laws/nns ,/, speed/nn laws/nns ,/, divorce/nn laws/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` as/cs they/ppss now/rb stand/vb ,/, demoralize/vb the/at individual/nn ,/, make/vb liars/nns and/cc law/nn breakers/nns of/in us/ppo in/in one/cd way/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, and/cc tend/vb to/to make/vb our/pp$ experiment/nn in/in democracy/nn absurd/jj ./.
If/cs Mrs./np Wright/np doesn't/doz* accept/vb the/at terms/nns in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, I'll/ppss+md go/vb either/cc to/in Tokyo/np or/cc to/in Holland/np ,/, to/to do/do what/wdt I/ppss can/md ./.
I/ppss realize/vb ,/, in/in taking/vbg this/dt stand/nn ,/, just/rb what/wdt it/pps means/vbz to/in me/ppo and/cc mine/pp$$ ''/'' ./.
Here/rb Wright/np gave/vbd a/at slight/jj sigh/nn of/in weariness/nn ,/, and/cc continued/vbd ,/, ``/`` It/pps means/vbz more/ap long/jj years/nns lived/vbn across/in the/at social/jj grain/nn of/in the/at life/nn of/in our/pp$ people/nns ,/, making/vbg shift/nn to/to live/vb in/in the/at face/nn of/in popular/jj disrespect/nn and/cc misunderstanding/vbg as/cs I/ppss best/rbt can/md for/in myself/ppl and/cc those/dts dependent/jj upon/in me/ppo ''/'' ./.
Next/ap day/nn ,/, word/nn came/vbd that/cs Miriam/np was/bedz not/* going/vbg through/rp with/in the/at divorce/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc Wright/np stayed/vbd in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
His/pp$ mentioning/nn of/in Japan/np and/cc Holland/np had/hvd been/ben merely/rb the/at expression/nn of/in wishful/jj thinking/nn ./.
No/at matter/nn what/wdt troubles/nns might/md betide/vb him/ppo ,/, this/dt most/ql American/jj of/in artists/nns knew/vbd in/in his/pp$ heart/nn he/pps could/md not/* function/vb properly/rb outside/in his/pp$ native/jj land/nn ./.


	In/in a/at few/ap weeks/nns Miriam/np made/vbd another/dt sortie/nn at/in Taliesin/np ,/, but/cc was/bedz repulsed/vbn at/in the/at locked/vbn and/cc guarded/vbn gates/nns ./.

More/ql likely/rb ,/, you/ppss simply/rb told/vbd yourself/ppl ,/, as/cs you/ppss handed/vbd us/ppo the/at book/nn ,/, that/cs it/pps mattered/vbd little/rb what/wdt we/ppss incanted/vbd providing/cs we/ppss underwent/vbd the/at discipline/nn of/in incantation/nn ./.


	For/in pride's/nn$ sake/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md not/* say/vb that/cs the/at coy/jj and/cc leering/vbg vade/fw-vb mecum/fw-ppo+in of/in those/dts verses/nns insinuated/vbd itself/ppl into/in my/pp$ soul/nn ./.
Besides/rb ,/, that/dt particular/jj message/nn does/doz no/ql more/ap than/cs weakly/rb echo/vb the/at roar/nn in/in all/abn fresh/jj blood/nn ./.
But/cc what/wdt you/ppss could/md not/* know/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz how/wql smoothly/rb the/at Victorian/jj Fitzgerald/np was/bedz to/to lead/vb into/in an/at American/jj Fitzgerald/np of/in my/pp$ own/jj vintage/nn under/in whose/wp$ banner/nn we/ppss adolescents/nns were/bed to/to come/vb ,/, if/cs not/* of/in age/nn ,/, then/rb into/in a/at bright/jj ,/, taut/jj semblance/nn of/in it/ppo ./.
I/ppss do/do not/* suppose/vb you/ppo ever/rb heard/vbd of/in F./np Scott/np Fitzgerald/np ,/, living/vbg or/cc dead/jj ,/, and/cc moreover/rb I/ppss do/do not/* suppose/vb that/cs ,/, even/rb if/cs you/ppss had/hvd ,/, his/pp$ legend/nn would/md have/hv seemed/vbn to/in you/ppo to/to warrant/vb more/ap than/cs a/at cluck/nn of/in disapproval/nn ./.
Neither/cc his/pp$ appetites/nns ,/, his/pp$ exacerbations/nns ,/, nor/cc his/pp$ despair/nn were/bed kin/nn to/in yours/pp$$ ./.
He/pps might/md have/hv been/ben the/at man/nn in/in the/at moon/nn for/in all/abn you/ppss could/md have/hv understood/vbn him/ppo ./.
But/cc he/pps was/bedz no/at man/nn in/in the/at moon/nn to/in me/ppo ./.
Although/cs his/pp$ tender/jj nights/nns were/bed not/* the/at ones/nns I/ppss dreamed/vbd of/in ,/, nor/cc was/bedz it/pps for/in yachts/nns ,/, sports/nns cars/nns ,/, tall/jj drinks/nns ,/, and/cc swimming/vbg pools/nns ,/, nor/cc yet/rb for/in money/nn or/cc what/wdt money/nn buys/vbz that/cs I/ppss burned/vbd ,/, I/ppss too/rb was/bedz burning/vbg and/cc watching/vbg myself/ppl burn/vb ./.
The/at flame/nn was/bedz simply/rb of/in a/at different/jj kind/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz symbolized/vbn (/( at/in least/ap for/in those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps recognized/vbd ourselves/ppls in/in the/at image/nn )/) by/in that/dt self-consuming/jj ,/, elegiac/jj candle/nn of/in Edna/np St./np Vincent/np Millay's/np$ ,/, that/dt candle/nn which/wdt from/in the/at quatrain/nn where/wrb she/pps ensconced/vbd it/ppo became/vbd a/at beacon/nn to/in us/ppo ,/, but/cc which/wdt in/in point/nn of/in fact/nn would/md have/hv had/hvn to/to be/be as/ql tall/jj as/cs a/at funeral/nn taper/nn to/to last/vb even/rb the/at evening/nn ,/, let/vb alone/rb the/at night/nn ./.
One/pn should/md not/* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, pluck/vb the/at head/nn off/in a/at flower/nn and/cc expect/vb its/pp$ perfume/nn to/to linger/vb on/rp ./.
Yet/cc this/dt passion/nn for/in passion/nn ,/, now/rb that/cs I/ppss look/vb back/rb on/in it/ppo with/in passion/nn spent/vbn ,/, seems/vbz somewhat/ql overblown/jj and/cc operatic/jj ,/, though/cs as/cs a/at diva/nn Miss/np Millay/np perfectly/rb controlled/vbd her/pp$ notes/nns ./.
Only/rb what/wdt else/rb was/bedz she/pps singing/vbg but/cc the/at old/jj Song/nn-tl of/in-tl Songs/nns-tl ,/, that/dt most/ql ancient/jj of/in tunes/nns that/wpo nature/nn plays/vbz with/in such/jj unfailing/jj response/nn upon/in young/jj nerves/nns ?/. ?/.
Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez not/* so/ql little/ap ./.
Perhaps/rb the/at mere/jj fact/nn that/cs by/in plucking/vbg on/in the/at nerves/nns nature/nn can/md awaken/vb in/in the/at most/ql ordinary/jj of/in us/ppo ,/, temporarily/rb anyway/rb ,/, the/at sleeping/vbg poet/nn ,/, and/cc in/in poets/nns can/md discover/vb their/pp$ immortality/nn ,/, is/bez the/at most/ql remarkable/jj of/in all/abn the/at remarkable/jj phenomena/nns to/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md attest/vb ?/. ?/.
One/pn can/md see/vb it/ppo as/cs humiliating/jj that/cs an/at extra/jj hormone/nn casually/rb fed/vbn into/in our/pp$ chemistry/nn may/md induce/vb us/ppo to/to lay/vb down/rp our/pp$ lives/nns for/in a/at lover/nn or/cc a/at friend/nn ;/. ;/.
one/pn can/md take/vb it/ppo as/cs no/ql more/ap than/cs another/dt veil/nn torn/vbn from/in the/at mystery/nn of/in the/at soul/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps could/md also/rb be/be looked/vbn at/in from/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at spectrum/nn ./.
One/pn could/md see/vb this/dt chemical/nn determinant/nn as/cs in/in itself/ppl a/at miracle/nn ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, Miss/np Millay's/np$ sweet-throated/jj bitterness/nn ,/, her/pp$ variations/nns on/in the/at theme/nn that/cs the/at world/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb well/ql lost/vbn for/in love/nn but/cc even/rb well/ql lost/vbn for/in lost/vbn love/nn ,/, her/pp$ constant/jj and/cc wonderfully/ql tragic/jj posture/nn ,/, so/ql unlike/in that/dt of/in Fitzgerald/np since/cs it/pps required/vbd no/at scenery/nn or/cc props/nns ,/, drew/vbd from/in the/at me/ppo that/cs I/ppss was/bedz when/wrb I/ppss fell/vbd upon/in her/pp$ verses/nns an/at overwhelming/jj yea/rb ./.


	But/cc all/abn this/dt ,/, I/ppss am/bem well/ql aware/jj ,/, is/bez the/at bel/fw-jj canto/fw-nn of/in love/nn ,/, and/cc although/cs I/ppss have/hv always/rb liked/vbn to/to think/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz to/in the/at bel/fw-jj canto/fw-nn and/cc to/in that/dt alone/rb that/cs I/ppss listened/vbd ,/, I/ppss know/vb well/rb enough/qlp that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* ./.
If/cs I/ppss am/bem to/to speak/vb the/at whole/jj truth/nn about/in my/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in love/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md have/hv to/to stop/vb trying/vbg to/to emulate/vb the/at transcendant/jj nightingale/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez another/dt side/nn of/in love/nn ,/, more/ql nearly/rb symbolized/vbn by/in the/at croak/nn of/in the/at mating/vbg capercailzie/nn ,/, or/cc better/rbr still/rb perhaps/rb by/in the/at mute/jj antics/nns of/in the/at slug/nn ./.


	Whether/cs you/ppss experienced/vbd the/at passion/nn of/in desire/nn I/ppss have/hv ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/at way/nn of/in knowing/vbg ,/, nor/cc indeed/rb have/hv I/ppss wished/vbn with/in even/rb the/at most/ql fleeting/jj fragment/nn of/in a/at wish/nn to/to know/vb ,/, for/in the/at fact/nn that/cs one/pn constitutes/vbz by/in one's/pn$ mere/jj existence/nn so/rb to/to speak/vb the/at proof/nn of/in some/dti sort/nn of/in passion/nn makes/vbz any/dti speculation/nn upon/in this/dt part/nn of/in one's/pn$ parents'/nns$ experience/nn more/ql immodest/jj ,/, more/ql scandalizing/jj ,/, more/ql deeply/ql unwelcome/jj than/cs an/at obscenity/nn from/in a/at stranger/nn ./.
I/ppss recoil/vb from/in the/at very/ap thought/nn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem aware/jj that/cs my/pp$ recoil/nn could/md be/be interpreted/vbn by/in readers/nns of/in the/at tea/nn leaves/nns at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in my/pp$ psyche/nn as/cs an/at incestuous/jj sign/nn ,/, since/cs theirs/pp$$ is/bez a/at science/nn of/in paradox/nn :/: if/cs one/pn hates/vbz ,/, they/ppss say/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs one/pn loves/vbz ;/. ;/.
if/cs one/pn bullies/vbz ,/, they/ppss say/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs one/pn is/bez afraid/jj ;/. ;/.
if/cs one/pn shuns/vbz ,/, they/ppss say/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs one/pn desires/vbz ;/. ;/.
and/cc according/in to/in them/ppo ,/, whatever/wdt one/pn fancies/vbz one/pn feels/vbz ,/, what/wdt one/pn feels/vbz in/in fact/nn is/bez the/at opposite/nn ./.
Well/rb ,/, normally/ql abnormal/jj or/cc normally/ql normal/jj ,/, neurotic/jj or/cc merely/rb fastidious/jj (/( do/do the/at tea-leaf/nn readers/nns ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, allow/vb psyches/nns to/to have/hv moral/jj taste/nn ?/. ?/.
)/) ,/, I/ppss have/hv never/rb wanted/vbn to/to know/vb what/wdt you/ppss knew/vbd of/in passion/nn ./.




You/ppss probably/rb would/md not/* remember/vb ,/, since/cs you/ppss never/rb seemed/vbd to/to remember/vb even/rb the/at same/ap moments/nns as/cs I/ppss ,/, much/ql less/rbr their/pp$ intensity/nn ,/, one/cd sunny/jj midday/nn on/in Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl when/wrb you/ppss had/hvd set/vbn out/rp with/in me/ppo for/in some/dti final/jj shopping/nn less/ap than/cs a/at week/nn before/in the/at wedding/nn you/ppss staged/vbd for/in me/ppo with/in such/jj reluctance/nn at/in the/at Farm/nn-tl ./.
I/ppss can/md see/vb us/ppo now/rb ./.
We/ppss had/hvd been/ben walking/vbg quite/ql briskly/rb ,/, for/cs despite/in your/pp$ being/beg so/ql small/jj and/cc me/ppo so/ql tall/jj ,/, your/pp$ stride/nn in/in those/dts days/nns could/md easily/rb match/vb mine/pp$$ ./.
We/ppss had/hvd stopped/vbn before/in a/at shop/nn window/nn to/to assess/vb its/pp$ autumnal/jj display/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss suddenly/rb turned/vbd to/in me/ppo ,/, looking/vbg up/rp from/in beneath/in one/cd of/in your/pp$ wrong/jj hats/nns ,/, and/cc with/in your/pp$ nervous/jj ``/`` ahem/uh ''/'' !/. !/.
Said/vbd :/: ``/`` There/ex are/ber things/nns I/ppss must/md tell/vb you/ppo about/in this/dt man/nn you/ppss are/ber marrying/vbg which/wdt he/pps does/doz not/* know/vb himself/ppl ''/'' ./.
If/cs you/ppss had/hvd screamed/vbn right/ql there/rb in/in the/at street/nn where/wrb we/ppss stood/vbd ,/, I/ppss could/md not/* have/hv felt/vbn more/ap fear/nn ./.
With/in scarcely/rb a/at mumble/nn of/in excuse/nn ,/, I/ppss fled/vbd ./.
I/ppss fled/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, not/* from/in what/wdt might/md have/hv been/ben the/at natural/jj fear/nn of/in being/beg unable/jj to/to disguise/vb from/in you/ppo that/cs the/at things/nns about/in my/pp$ bridegroom/nn --/-- in/in the/at sense/nn you/ppss meant/vbd the/at word/nn ``/`` things/nns ''/'' --/-- which/wdt you/ppss had/hvd been/ben galvanizing/vbg yourself/ppl to/to tell/vb me/ppo as/cs a/at painful/jj part/nn of/in your/pp$ maternal/jj duty/nn were/bed things/nns which/wdt I/ppss had/hvd already/rb insisted/vbn upon/in finding/vbg out/rp for/in myself/ppl (/( despite/in ,/, I/ppss may/md now/rb say/vb ,/, the/at unspeakable/jj awkwardness/nn of/in making/vbg the/at discovery/nn on/in principle/nn ,/, yes/rb ,/, on/in principle/nn ,/, and/cc in/in cold/jj blood/nn )/) because/cs I/ppss was/bedz resolved/vbn ,/, as/cs a/at modern/jj woman/nn ,/, not/* to/to be/be a/at mollycoddle/nn waiting/vbg for/in Life/nn-tl but/cc to/to seize/vb Life/nn-tl by/in the/at throat/nn ./.
I/ppss had/hvd developed/vbn too/ql foolproof/jj a/at facade/nn to/to be/be afraid/jj of/in self-betrayal/nn ./.
What/wdt I/ppss fled/vbd from/in was/bedz my/pp$ fear/nn of/in what/wdt ,/, unwittingly/rb ,/, you/ppss might/md betray/vb ,/, without/in meaning/vbg to/to ,/, about/in my/pp$ father/nn and/cc yourself/ppl ./.


	But/cc I/ppss can/md see/vb from/in this/dt latest/jjt trick/nn of/in memory/nn how/wql much/ql more/ql arbitrary/jj and/cc influential/jj it/pps is/bez than/cs the/at will/nn ./.
While/cs my/pp$ memory/nn holds/vbz with/in relentless/jj tenacity/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss cannot/md* too/ql often/rb stress/vb ,/, to/in my/pp$ wrongs/nns ,/, when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in my/pp$ shames/nns ,/, it/pps gestures/vbz and/cc jokes/vbz and/cc toys/vbz with/in chronology/nn like/cs a/at prestidigitator/nn in/in the/at hope/nn of/in distracting/vbg me/ppo from/in them/ppo ./.
Just/rb as/cs I/ppss was/bedz about/rb to/to enlarge/vb upon/in my/pp$ discovery/nn of/in the/at underside/nn of/in the/at leaf/nn of/in love/nn ,/, memory/nn ,/, displeased/vbn at/in being/beg asked/vbn to/to yield/vb its/pp$ unsavory/jj secrets/nns ,/, dashed/vbd ahead/rb of/in me/ppo ,/, calling/vbg back/rb over/in its/pp$ shoulder/nn :/: ``/`` Skip/vb it/ppo ./.
Cut/vb it/ppo out/rp ''/'' ./.
But/cc I/ppss will/md not/* skip/vb it/ppo or/cc cut/vb it/ppo out/rp ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* my/pp$ intention/nn in/in this/dt narrative/nn to/to picture/vb myself/ppl as/cs a/at helpless/jj victim/nn moored/vbn to/in the/at rock/nn of/in experience/nn and/cc left/vbn to/in the/at buffetings/nns of/in chance/nn ./.
If/cs to/to be/be innocent/jj is/bez to/to be/be helpless/jj ,/, then/rb I/ppss had/hvd been/ben --/-- as/cs are/ber we/ppss all/abn --/-- helpless/jj at/in the/at start/nn ./.
But/cc the/at time/nn came/vbd when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr innocent/jj and/cc therefore/rb no/ql longer/rbr helpless/jj ./.
Helpless/jj in/in that/dt sense/nn I/ppss can/md never/rb be/be again/rb ./.
However/rb ,/, I/ppss confess/vb my/pp$ hope/nn that/cs I/ppss will/md be/be innocent/jj again/rb ,/, not/* with/in a/at pristine/jj ,/, accidental/jj innocence/nn ,/, but/cc rather/rb with/in an/at innocence/nn achieved/vbn by/in the/at slow/jj cutting/nn away/rb of/in the/at flesh/nn to/to reach/vb the/at bone/nn ./.


	For/cs innocence/nn ,/, of/in all/abn the/at graces/nns of/in the/at spirit/nn ,/, is/bez I/ppss believe/vb the/at one/cd most/rbt to/to be/be prayed/vbn for/in ./.
Although/cs it/pps is/bez constantly/rb made/vbn to/to look/vb foolish/jj (/( too/ql simple/jj to/to come/vb in/rp out/in of/in the/at rain/nn ,/, people/nns say/vb ,/, who/wps have/hv found/vbn in/in the/at innocent/jj an/at impediment/nn )/) ,/, it/pps does/doz not/* mind/vb looking/vbg foolish/jj because/cs it/pps is/bez not/* concerned/vbn with/in how/wrb it/pps looks/vbz ./.
It/pps assumes/vbz that/cs things/nns are/ber as/cs they/ppss seem/vb when/wrb they/ppss seem/vb best/jjt ,/, and/cc when/wrb they/ppss seem/vb worst/jjt it/pps overlooks/vbz them/ppo ./.
To/in innocence/nn ,/, a/at word/nn given/vbn is/bez a/at word/nn that/wps will/md be/be kept/vbn ./.
Instinctively/rb ,/, innocence/nn does/doz unto/in others/nns as/cs it/pps expects/vbz to/to be/be done/vbn by/in ./.
But/cc when/wrb these/dts expectations/nns are/ber once/rb too/ql often/rb ground/vbn into/in the/at dust/nn ,/, innocence/nn can/md falter/vb ,/, since/cs its/pp$ strength/nn is/bez according/in to/in the/at strength/nn of/in him/ppo who/wps possesses/vbz it/ppo ./.
The/at innocence/nn of/in which/wdt I/ppss speak/vb is/bez ,/, I/ppss know/vb ,/, not/* incorruptible/jj ./.
But/cc I/ppss insist/vb upon/in believing/vbg that/cs even/rb when/wrb it/pps is/bez lost/vbn ,/, it/pps may/md ,/, like/cs paradise/nn ,/, be/be regained/vbn ./.


	However/rb ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* of/in innocence/nn in/in general/jj that/cs I/ppss was/bedz speaking/vbg ,/, but/cc of/in perhaps/rb the/at frailest/jjt and/cc surely/rb the/at least/ql important/jj side/nn of/in it/ppo which/wdt is/bez innocence/nn in/in romantic/jj love/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, if/cs anywhere/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* wholly/ql incontrovertible/jj ./.
To/in you/ppo ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, the/at word/nn innocence/nn ,/, in/in this/dt connotation/nn ,/, probably/rb retained/vbd its/pp$ Biblical/jj ,/, or/cc should/md I/ppss say/vb technical/jj sense/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb I/ppss suppose/vb I/ppss must/md make/vb myself/ppl quite/ql clear/jj by/in saying/vbg that/cs I/ppss lost/vbd --/-- or/cc rather/rb handed/vbd over/rp --/-- what/wdt you/ppss would/md have/hv considered/vbn to/to be/be my/pp$ innocence/nn two/cd weeks/nns before/cs I/ppss was/bedz legally/rb entitled/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in fact/nn by/in oath/nn required/vbn ,/, to/to hand/vb it/ppo over/rp along/rb with/in what/wdt other/ap goods/nns and/cc bads/nns I/ppss had/hvd ./.
But/cc to/in me/ppo innocence/nn is/bez far/ql less/ql tangible/jj ./.
I/ppss had/hvd long/rb since/rb begun/vbn to/to lose/vb my/pp$ general/jj innocence/nn when/wrb I/ppss lost/vbd my/pp$ trust/nn in/in you/ppo ,/, but/cc this/dt special/nn innocence/nn I/ppss lost/vbd before/in ever/rb I/ppss loved/vbd ,/, through/in my/pp$ discovery/nn that/cs one/pn could/md tremble/vb with/in desire/nn and/cc even/rb experience/vb a/at flaming/vbg delight/nn that/wps had/hvd nothing/pn ,/, nothing/pn whatever/wdt to/to do/do with/in friendship/nn or/cc liking/vbg ,/, let/vb alone/rb with/in love/nn ./.
I/ppss knew/vbd this/dt knowledge/nn to/to be/be corrupting/vbg at/in the/at time/nn I/ppss acquired/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/.
today/nr ,/, these/dts many/ap years/nns later/rbr ,/, after/in all/abn the/at temptations/nns resisted/vbn or/cc yielded/vbn to/in ,/, the/at weasel/nn satisfactions/nns and/cc the/at engulfing/vbg dissatisfactions/nns since/in endured/vbn ,/, I/ppss call/vb it/ppo corrupting/vbg still/rb ./.


	You/ppss ,/, I/ppss could/md swear/vb to/in it/ppo ,/, remained/vbd innocent/jj in/in this/dt sense/nn until/in the/at end/nn ./.
Yours/pp$$ ,/, but/cc not/* mine/pp$$ ,/, was/bedz an/at age/nn in/in which/wdt innocence/nn was/bedz fostered/vbn and/cc carefully/rb --/-- if/cs not/* perhaps/rb altogether/ql innocently/rb --/-- preserved/vbn ./.
You/ppss had/hvd grown/vbn up/rp at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb the/at most/ql distinguishing/vbg mark/nn of/in a/at lady/nn was/bedz the/at noli/fw-vb me/fw-ppo tangere/fw-vb writ/vbn plain/rb across/in her/pp$ face/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, because/rb of/in the/at particular/jj blot/nn on/in your/pp$ family/nn escutcheon/nn through/in what/wdt may/md only/rb have/hv been/ben one/cd unbridled/vbn moment/nn on/in your/pp$ grandmother's/nn$ part/nn ,/, and/cc because/cs you/ppss had/hvd the/at lean-to/nn kitchen/nn and/cc trundle/nn bed/nn of/in your/pp$ childhood/nn to/to outgrow/vb ,/, what/wdt you/ppss obviously/rb most/ql desired/vbn with/in both/abx your/pp$ conscious/jj and/cc unconscious/jj person/nn ,/, what/wdt you/ppss bent/vbd your/pp$ whole/jj will/nn ,/, sensibility/nn ,/, and/cc intelligence/nn upon/in ,/, was/bedz to/to be/be a/at lady/nn ./.
Before/cs being/beg daughter/nn ,/, wife/nn ,/, or/cc mother/nn ,/, before/cs being/beg cultured/vbn (/( a/at word/nn now/rb bereft/jj both/abx socially/rb and/cc politically/rb of/in the/at sheen/nn you/ppss children/nns of/in frontiersmen/nns bestowed/vbd on/in it/ppo )/) ,/, before/cs being/beg sorry/jj for/in the/at poor/jj ,/, progressive/jj about/in public/jj health/nn ,/, and/cc prettily/rb if/cs somewhat/ql imprecisely/ql humanitarian/jj ,/, indeed/rb first/od and/cc foremost/rb ,/, you/ppss were/bed a/at lady/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, more/ap to/in the/at portrait/nn of/in a/at lady/nn you/ppss carried/vbd in/in your/pp$ mind's/nn$ eye/nn than/cs the/at sine/fw-in qua/fw-wdt non/fw-* of/in her/pp$ virtue/nn ./.
A/at lady/nn ,/, you/ppss made/vbd clear/jj to/in me/ppo both/abx by/in precept/nn and/cc example/nn ,/, never/rb raised/vbd her/pp$ voice/nn or/cc slumped/vbd in/in her/pp$ chair/nn ,/, never/rb failed/vbd in/in social/jj tact/nn (/( in/in heaven/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, would/md not/* mention/vb St./nn-tl John/np-tl the/at-tl Baptist's/np$-tl head/nn )/) ,/, never/rb pouted/vbd or/cc withdrew/vbd or/cc scandalized/vbd in/in company/nn ,/, never/rb reminded/vbd others/nns of/in her/pp$ physical/jj presence/nn by/in unseemly/jj sound/nn or/cc gesture/nn ,/, never/rb indulged/vbd in/in public/jj scenes/nns or/cc private/jj confidences/nns ,/, never/rb spoke/vbd of/in money/nn save/in in/in terms/nns of/in alleviating/vbg suffering/vbg ,/, never/rb gossiped/vbd or/cc maligned/vbd ,/, never/rb stressed/vbd but/cc always/rb minimized/vbd the/at hopelessness/nn of/in anything/pn from/in sin/nn to/in death/nn itself/ppl ./.

With/in each/dt song/nn he/pps gave/vbd verbal/jj footnotes/nns ./.
The/at songs/nns Sandburg/np sang/vbd often/rb reminded/vbn listeners/nns of/in songs/nns of/in a/at kindred/nn character/nn they/ppss knew/vbd entirely/rb or/cc in/in fragments/nns ./.
Often/rb these/dts listeners/nns would/md refer/vb Sandburg/np to/in persons/nns who/wps had/hvd similar/jj ballads/nns or/cc ditties/nns ./.
In/in due/jj time/nn Sandburg/np was/bedz a/at walking/vbg thesaurus/nn of/in American/jj folk/nn music/nn ./.


	After/cs he/pps had/hvd finished/vbn the/at first/od two/cd volumes/nns of/in his/pp$ Lincoln/np ,/, Sandburg/np went/vbd to/in work/nn assembling/vbg a/at book/nn of/in songs/nns out/in of/in hobo/nn and/cc childhood/nn days/nns and/cc from/in the/at memory/nn of/in songs/nns others/nns had/hvd taught/vbn him/ppo ./.
He/pps rummaged/vbd ,/, found/vbd composers/nns and/cc arrangers/nns ,/, collaborated/vbd on/in the/at main/jjs design/nn and/cc outline/nn of/in harmonization/nn with/in musicians/nns ,/, ballad/nn singers/nns ,/, and/cc musicologists/nns ./.


	The/at result/nn was/bedz a/at collection/nn of/in 280/cd songs/nns ,/, ballads/nns ,/, ditties/nns ,/, brought/vbn together/rb from/in all/abn regions/nns of/in America/np ,/, more/ap than/in one/cd hundred/cd never/rb before/rb published/vbn :/: The/at American/jj-tl Songbag/nn-tl ./.
Each/dt song/nn or/cc ditty/nn was/bedz prefaced/vbn by/in an/at author's/nn$ note/nn which/wdt indicated/vbd the/at origin/nn and/cc meaning/nn of/in the/at song/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs special/jj interest/nn the/at song/nn had/hvd ,/, musical/jj arrangement/nn ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at chorus/nn and/cc verses/nns ./.


	The/at book/nn ,/, published/vbn in/in 1927/cd ,/, has/hvz been/ben selling/vbg steadily/rb ever/ql since/rb ./.
As/cs Sandburg/np said/vbd at/in the/at time/nn :/: ``/`` It/pps is/bez as/ql ancient/jj as/cs the/at medieval/jj European/jj ballads/nns brought/vbn to/in the/at Appalachian/np-tl Mountains/nns-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez as/ql modern/jj as/cs skyscrapers/nns ,/, the/at Volstead/np-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at latest/jjt oil/nn well/nn gusher/nn ''/'' ./.



Schopenhauer/np never/rb learned/vbd 
Sandburg/np is/bez in/in constant/jj demand/nn as/cs an/at entertainer/nn ./.
Two/cd things/nns contribute/vb to/in his/pp$ popularity/nn ./.
First/od ,/, Carl/np respects/vbz his/pp$ audience/nn and/cc prepares/vbz his/pp$ speeches/nns carefully/rb ./.
Even/rb when/wrb he/pps is/bez called/vbn upon/rb for/in impromptu/jj remarks/nns ,/, he/pps has/hvz notes/nns written/vbn on/in the/at back/nn of/in handy/jj envelopes/nns ./.
He/pps has/hvz his/pp$ own/jj system/nn of/in shorthand/nn ,/, devised/vbn by/in abbreviations/nns :/: ``/`` humility/nn ''/'' will/md be/be ``/`` humly/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` with/in-nc ''/'' will/md be/be ``/`` w/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` that/dt-nc ''/'' will/md be/be ``/`` tt/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at second/od reason/nn for/in his/pp$ popularity/nn is/bez his/pp$ complete/jj spontaneity/nn with/in the/at guitar/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at mistake/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to imagine/vb that/cs Sandburg/np uses/vbz the/at guitar/nn as/cs a/at prop/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez no/rb dextrous-fingered/jj college/nn boy/nn but/cc rather/rb a/at dedicated/vbn ,/, humble/jj ,/, and/cc bashful/jj apostle/nn of/in this/dt instrument/nn ./.
At/in age/nn seventy-four/cd ,/, he/pps became/vbd what/wdt he/pps shyly/rb terms/vbz a/at ``/`` pupil/nn ''/'' of/in Andres/np Segovia/np ,/, the/at great/jj guitarist/nn of/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez not/* easy/jj to/to become/vb Segovia's/np$ pupil/nn ./.
One/pn needs/vbz high/jj talent/nn ./.
Segovia/np has/hvz written/vbn about/in Carl/np :/: 

	``/`` His/pp$ fingers/nns labor/vb heavily/rb on/in the/at strings/nns and/cc he/pps asked/vbd for/in my/pp$ help/nn in/in disciplining/vbg them/ppo ./.
I/ppss found/vbd that/cs this/dt precocious/jj ,/, grown-up/jj boy/nn of/in 74/cd deserved/vbd to/to be/be taught/vbn ./.
There/ex has/hvz long/rb existed/vbn a/at brotherly/jj affection/nn between/in us/ppo ,/, thus/rb I/ppss accepted/vbd him/ppo as/cs my/pp$ pupil/nn ./.
Just/rb as/cs in/in the/at case/nn of/in every/at prodigy/nn child/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md watch/vb for/in the/at efficacy/nn of/in my/pp$ teaching/nn to/to show/vb up/rp in/in the/at future/nn --/-- if/cs he/pps should/md master/vb all/abn the/at strenuous/jj exercises/nns I/ppss inflicted/vbd on/in him/ppo ./.


	To/to play/vb the/at guitar/nn as/cs he/pps aspires/vbz will/md devour/vb his/pp$ three-fold/jj energy/nn as/cs a/at historian/nn ,/, a/at poet/nn and/cc a/at singer/nn ./.
One/cd cause/nn of/in Schopenhauer's/np$ pessimism/nn was/bedz the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps failed/vbd to/to learn/vb the/at guitar/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem certain/jj that/cs Carl/np Sandburg/np will/md not/* fall/vb into/in the/at same/ap sad/jj philosophy/nn ./.
The/at heart/nn of/in this/dt great/jj poet/nn constantly/rb bubbles/vbz forth/rb a/at generous/jj joy/nn of/in life/nn --/-- with/in or/cc without/in the/at guitar/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at public's/nn$ identification/nn of/in Carl/np Sandburg/np and/cc the/at guitar/nn is/bez no/at happenstance/nn ./.
Nor/cc does/doz Carl/np reject/vb this/dt identity/nn ./.


	He/pps is/bez proud/jj of/in having/hvg Segovia/np for/in a/at friend/nn and/cc dedicated/vbd a/at poem/nn to/in him/ppo titled/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Guitar/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Carl/np says/vbz it/pps is/bez the/at greatest/jjt poem/nn ever/rb written/vbn to/in the/at guitar/nn because/cs he/pps has/hvz never/rb heard/vbn of/in any/dti other/ap poem/nn to/in that/dt subtle/jj instrument/nn ./.
``/`` A/at portable/jj companion/nn always/rb ready/jj to/to go/vb where/wrb you/ppss go/vb --/-- a/at small/jj friend/nn weighing/vbg less/ap than/cs a/at freshborn/jj infant/nn --/-- to/to be/be shared/vbn with/in few/ap or/cc many/ap --/-- just/rb two/cd of/in you/ppo in/in sweet/jj meditation/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Herald/nn-tl Tribune's/nn$-tl photographer/nn ,/, Ira/np Rosenberg/np ,/, tells/vbz an/at anecdote/nn about/in the/at time/nn he/pps wanted/vbd to/to take/vb a/at picture/nn of/in Carl/np playing/vbg a/at guitar/nn ./.
Carl/np hadn't/hvd* brought/vbn his/pp$$ along/rb ./.
Mr./np Rosenberg/np suggested/vbd that/cs they/ppss go/vb out/rp and/cc find/vb one/cd ./.


	``/`` Preferably/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Carl/np ,/, ``/`` one/cd battered/vbn and/cc worn/vbn ,/, such/jj as/cs might/md be/be found/vbn in/in a/at pawnshop/nn ''/'' ./.


	They/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at pawnshop/nn of/in Joseph/np Miller/np of/in 1162/cd-tl Sixth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl ./.


	``/`` Mr./np Miller/np was/bedz in/in the/at shop/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl story/nn related/vbd ,/, ``/`` but/cc was/bedz reluctant/jj to/to have/hv anybody's/pn$ picture/nn taken/vbn inside/rb ,/, because/cs his/pp$ business/nn was/bedz too/ql '/' confidential/jj '/' for/in pictures/nns ./.


	``/`` But/cc after/in introductions/nns he/pps asked/vbd :/: '/' Carl/np Sandburg/np ?/. ?/.
Well/rb you/ppss can/md pose/vb inside/rb ./.


	``/`` He/pps wanted/vbd Mr./np Sandburg/np to/to pose/vb with/in one/cd of/in the/at guitars/nns he/pps had/hvd displayed/vbn behind/in glass/nn in/in the/at center/nn of/in his/pp$ shop/nn ,/, but/cc the/at poet/nn eyed/vbd this/dt somewhat/ql distastefully/rb ./.
'/' Kalamazoo/np guitars/nns '/' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, '/' used/vbn by/in radio/nn hillbilly/nn singers/nns ./.


	``/`` He/pps chose/vbd one/cd from/in Mr./np Miller's/np$ window/nn ,/, a/at plain/jj guitar/nn with/in no/at fancy/jj polish/nn ./.
While/cs the/at picture/nn was/bedz taken/vbn ,/, Mr./np Miller's/np$ disposition/nn to/to be/be generous/jj to/in Mr./np Sandburg/np increased/vbd to/in the/at point/nn where/wrb he/pps advised/vbd ,/, '/' I/ppss won't/md* even/vb charge/vb you/ppo the/at one/cd dollar/nn rental/nn fee/nn '/' ''/'' ./.



A/at knowledgeable/jj celebrity/nn 
When/wrb someone/pn in/in the/at audience/nn rose/vbd and/cc asked/vbd how/wrb does/doz it/pps feel/vb to/to be/be a/at celebrity/nn ,/, Carl/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` A/at celebrity/nn is/bez a/at fellow/nn who/wps eats/vbz celery/nn with/in celerity/nn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt has/hvz always/rb been/ben Carl's/np$ attitude/nn ./.
Lloyd/np Lewis/np wrote/vbd that/cs when/wrb he/pps first/rb knew/vbd Carl/np in/in 1916/cd ,/, Sandburg/np was/bedz making/vbg $27.50/nns a/at week/nn writing/vbg features/nns for/in the/at Day/nn-tl Book/nn-tl and/cc eating/vbg sparse/jj luncheons/nns in/in one-arm/nn restaurants/nns ./.
He/pps walked/vbd home/nr at/in night/nn for/in two/cd miles/nns beyond/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at suburban/jj trolley/nn ./.


	When/wrb fame/nn came/vbd it/pps changed/vbd Sandburg/np only/ql slightly/rb ./.
Lewis/np remembered/vbd another/dt newspaperman/nn asking/vbg ,/, ``/`` Carl/np ,/, have/hv your/pp$ ideas/nns changed/vbn any/dti since/cs you/ppss got/vbd all/abn these/dts comforts/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Carl/np thought/vbd the/at question/nn over/rp slowly/rb and/cc answered/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss know/vb a/at starving/vbg man/nn who/wps is/bez fed/vbn never/rb remembers/vbz all/abn the/at pangs/nns of/in his/pp$ starvation/nn ,/, I/ppss know/vb that/dt ''/'' ./.


	That/dt was/bedz all/abn he/pps said/vbd ,/, Lewis/np reports/vbz ./.
That/dt was/bedz all/abn he/pps had/hvd to/to say/vb ./.


	In/in answer/nn to/in a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl query/nn on/in what/wdt is/bez fame/nn (/( ``/`` Thoughts/nns-tl On/in-tl Fame/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, October/np 23/cd ,/, 1960/cd )/) ,/, Carl/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` Fame/nn is/bez a/at figment/nn of/in a/at pigment/nn ./.
It/pps comes/vbz and/cc goes/vbz ./.
It/pps changes/vbz with/in every/at generation/nn ./.
There/ex never/rb were/bed two/cd fames/nns alike/jj ./.
One/cd fame/nn is/bez precious/jj and/cc luminous/jj ;/. ;/.
another/dt is/bez a/at bubble/nn of/in a/at bauble/nn ''/'' ./.



``/`` Ah/uh ,/, did/dod you/ppss once/rb see/vb Shelley/np plain/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at impression/nn you/ppss get/vb from/in Carl/np Sandburg's/np$ home/nn is/bez one/cd of/in laughter/nn and/cc happiness/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at laughter/nn and/cc the/at happiness/nn are/ber even/ql more/rbr pronounced/vbn when/wrb no/at company/nn is/bez present/rb ./.


	Carl/np has/hvz been/ben married/vbn to/in Paula/np for/in fifty-three/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz not/* made/vbn a/at single/ap major/jj decision/nn without/in careful/jj consideration/nn and/cc thorough/jj discussion/nn with/in his/pp$ wife/nn ./.
Through/in all/abn these/dts years/nns ,/, Mrs./np Sandburg/np has/hvz pointedly/rb avoided/vbn the/at limelight/nn ./.
She/pps has/hvz shared/vbn her/pp$ husband's/nn$ greatness/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb within/in the/at confines/nns of/in their/pp$ home/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez a/at dedication/nn which/wdt began/vbd the/at moment/nn she/pps met/vbd Carl/np ./.


	Mrs./np Sandburg/np received/vbd a/at Phi/np Beta/np Kappa/np key/nn from/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl and/cc she/pps was/bedz busy/jj writing/vbg and/cc teaching/vbg when/wrb she/pps met/vbd Sandburg/np ./.
``/`` You/ppss are/ber the/at '/' Peoples'/nns$-tl Poet/nn-tl '/' ''/'' was/bedz her/pp$ appraisal/nn in/in 1908/cd ,/, and/cc she/pps stopped/vbd teaching/vbg and/cc writing/vbg to/to devote/vb herself/ppl to/in the/at fulfillment/nn of/in her/pp$ husband's/nn$ career/nn ./.


	She/pps has/hvz rarely/rb been/ben photographed/vbn with/in him/ppo and/cc ,/, except/in for/in Carl's/np$ seventy-fifth/od anniversary/nn celebration/nn in/in Chicago/np in/in 1953/cd ,/, she/pps has/hvz not/* attended/vbn the/at dozens/nns of/in banquets/nns ,/, functions/nns ,/, public/jj appearances/nns ,/, and/cc dinners/nns honoring/vbg him/ppo --/-- all/abn of/in this/dt upon/in her/pp$ insistence/nn ./.
Even/ql now/rb I/ppss will/md not/* intrude/vb upon/in her/ppo except/in to/to state/vb a/at few/ap bare/jj facts/nns ./.


	The/at only/ap way/nn to/to describe/vb Paula/np Sandburg/np is/bez to/to say/vb she/pps is/bez beautiful/jj in/in a/at Grecian/jj sense/nn ./.
Her/pp$ clothes/nns ,/, her/pp$ hair/nn ,/, everything/pn about/in her/ppo is/bez both/abx graceful/jj and/cc simple/jj ./.
She/pps has/hvz small/jj ,/, broad/jj ,/, capable/jj hands/nns and/cc an/at enormous/jj energy/nn ./.


	She/pps is/bez not/* only/rb a/at trained/vbn mathematician/nn and/cc Classicist/np ,/, but/cc a/at good/jj architect/nn ./.
She/pps designed/vbd and/cc supervised/vbd the/at building/nn of/in the/at Harbert/np ,/, Michigan/np ,/, house/nn ,/, most/ap of/in which/wdt was/bedz constructed/vbn by/in one/cd local/jj carpenter/nn who/wps carried/vbd the/at heavy/jj beams/nns singly/rb upon/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn ./.
As/cs the/at Sandburg/np goat/nn herd/nn increased/vbd ,/, she/pps also/rb designed/vbd the/at barn/nn alterations/nns to/to accommodate/vb them/ppo ./.
When/wrb erosion/nn threatened/vbd the/at foundation/nn of/in their/pp$ home/nn in/in Harbert/np ,/, Paula/np Sandburg/np planted/vbd grapevines/nns and/cc arranged/vbd the/at snow/nn fences/nns which/wdt helped/vbd hold/nn the/at sands/nns away/rb ./.


	She/pps was/bedz born/vbn Lilian/np Steichen/np ,/, her/pp$ parents/nns immigrants/nns from/in Luxemburg/np ./.
Her/pp$ mother/nn called/vbd her/ppo Paus'l/np ,/, a/at Luxemburg/np endearment/nn meaning/vbg ``/`` pussycat/nn ''/'' ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at children/nns of/in the/at family/nn could/md not/* pronounce/vb this/dt name/nn and/cc called/vbd her/ppo Paula/np ,/, a/at soubriquet/nn Carl/np liked/vbd so/ql much/rb she/pps has/hvz been/ben Paula/np ever/ql since/rb ./.


	But/cc neither/cc was/bedz Lilian/np her/pp$ baptismal/jj name/nn ./.
Her/pp$ parents/nns ,/, pious/jj Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps-tl ,/, christened/vbd her/ppo Mary/np Anne/np Elizabeth/np Magdalene/np Steichen/np ./.
``/`` My/pp$ mother/nn read/vbd a/at book/nn right/ql after/cs I/ppss was/bedz born/vbn and/cc there/ex was/bedz a/at Lilian/np in/in the/at book/nn she/pps loved/vbd and/cc I/ppss became/vbd Lilian/np --/-- and/cc eventually/rb I/ppss became/vbd Paula/np ''/'' ./.


	Lilian/np Steichen/np was/bedz an/at exceptional/jj student/nn ./.
This/dt family/nn of/in Luxemburg/np immigrants/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, produced/vbd two/cd exceptional/jj children/nns ./.
Paula's/np$ older/jjr brother/nn is/bez Edward/np Steichen/np ,/, a/at talented/jj artist/nn and/cc ,/, for/in the/at past/ap half-century/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ eminent/jj photographers/nns ./.
(/( Two/cd years/nns ago/rb the/at photography/nn editor/nn of/in Vogue/nn-tl Magazine/nn-tl titled/vbd his/pp$ article/nn about/in Steichen/np ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl World's/nn$-tl Greatest/jjt-tl Photographer/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
)/) 

	By/in the/at time/nn Lilian/np had/hvd been/ben graduated/vbn from/in public/jj school/nn ,/, her/pp$ parents/nns were/bed doing/vbg quite/ql well/rb ./.
Her/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz a/at good/jj manager/nn and/cc established/vbd a/at millinery/nn business/nn in/in Milwaukee/np ./.
But/cc her/pp$ father/nn was/bedz not/* enthusiastic/jj about/in sending/vbg young/jj Paula/np to/in high/jj school/nn ./.
``/`` This/dt is/bez no/at place/nn for/in a/at young/jj girl/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
The/at parents/nns compromised/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, on/in a/at convent/nn school/nn and/cc Paula/np went/vbd to/in Ursuline/np-tl Academy/nn-tl in/in London/np ,/, Ontario/np ./.


	She/pps was/bedz pious/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, once/rb kneeling/vbg through/in the/at night/nn from/in Holy/jj-tl Thursday/nr-tl to/in Good/jj-tl Friday/nr-tl ,/, despite/in the/at protest/nn of/in the/at nuns/nns that/cs this/dt was/bedz too/ql much/rb for/in a/at young/jj girl/nn ./.
She/pps knelt/vbd out/in of/in reverence/nn for/in having/hvg read/vbn the/at Meditations/nns-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Augustine/np-tl ./.


	She/pps read/vbd everything/pn else/rb she/pps could/md get/vb her/pp$ hands/nns on/in ,/, including/in an/at article/nn (/( she/pps thinks/vbz it/pps was/bedz in/in the/at Atlantic/jj-tl Monthly/nn-tl )/) by/in Mark/np Twain/np on/in ``/`` White/jj-tl Slavery/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Paula/np was/bedz saddened/vbn about/in what/wdt was/bedz happening/vbg to/in little/jj girls/nns and/cc vowed/vbd to/to kneel/vb no/ql more/rbr in/in Chapel/nn-tl ./.
She/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/in a/at decision/nn ./.
If/cs there/ex was/bedz ever/rb a/at thought/nn in/in her/pp$ mind/nn she/pps might/md devote/vb her/pp$ life/nn to/in religion/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz now/rb dispelled/vbn ./.
``/`` I/ppss felt/vbd that/cs I/ppss must/md devote/vb myself/ppl to/in the/at '/' outside/jj '/' world/nn ''/'' ./.


	She/pps passed/vbd the/at entrance/nn examinations/nns to/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Illinois/np-tl ,/, but/cc during/in the/at year/nn at/in Urbana/np felt/vbd more/ql important/jj events/nns transpired/vbd at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl ./.


	``/`` And/cc besides/rb ,/, Thorstein/np Veblen/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at Chicago/np professors/nns ''/'' ./.


	At/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl she/pps studied/vbd Whitman/np and/cc Shelley/np ,/, and/cc became/vbd a/at Socialist/nn-tl ./.
Socialist/jj-tl leaders/nns in/in Milwaukee/np recognized/vbd her/pp$ worth/nn ,/, not/* only/rb because/rb of/in her/pp$ dedication/nn but/cc because/cs of/in her/pp$ fluency/nn in/in German/np ,/, French/np ,/, and/cc Luxemburg/np ./.
She/pps once/rb gave/vbd a/at German/np recitation/nn before/in a/at convention/nn of/in German-language/jj teachers/nns in/in Milwaukee/np ./.


	Carl/np and/cc Paula/np met/vbd in/in Milwaukee/np in/in 1907/cd during/in Paula's/np$ Christmas/np holiday/nn visit/nn to/in her/pp$ parents/nns ./.
Carl/np was/bedz still/rb Charles/np A./np Sandburg/np ./.
He/pps ``/`` legitimized/vbd ''/'' Paula/np for/in Lilian/np Steichen/np ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz Paula/np who/wps insisted/vbd on/in Carl/np for/in Charles/np ./.


	Victor/np Berger/np ,/, the/at panjandrum/nn of/in Wisconsin/np-tl Socialism/nn-tl and/cc member/nn of/in Congress/np ,/, had/hvd asked/vbn Paula/np Steichen/np to/to translate/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ German/np editorials/nns into/in English/np ./.
Carl/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz stationed/vbn in/in Appleton/np ,/, Wisconsin/np ,/, organizing/vbg for/in the/at Social/jj-tl Democrats/nps-tl ,/, was/bedz in/in Berger's/np$ office/nn and/cc made/vbd it/ppo his/pp$ business/nn to/to escort/vb Paula/np to/in the/at streetcar/nn ./.
She/pps left/vbd the/at next/ap day/nn for/in her/pp$ teaching/vbg job/nn at/in Princeton/np ,/, Illinois/np ./.
(/( After/in graduation/nn from/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl ,/, Paula/np taught/vbd for/in two/cd years/nns in/in the/at normal/jj school/nn at/in Valley/nn-tl City/nn-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, then/rb two/cd years/nns at/in Princeton/np-tl (/( Illinois/np )/) Township/nn-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl ./.
)/) By/in the/at time/nn the/at streetcar/nn pulled/vbd away/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd fallen/vbn in/in love/nn with/in Paula/np ./.


	A/at letter/nn awaited/vbd her/ppo at/in Princeton/np ./.
Paula/np says/vbz that/cs even/rb though/cs Carl's/np$ letters/nns usually/rb began/vbd ,/, ``/`` Dear/jj Miss/np Steichen/np ''/'' ,/, there/ex was/bedz an/at understanding/nn from/in the/at beginning/nn that/cs they/ppss would/md become/vb husband/nn and/cc wife/nn ./.


	Paula/np generously/rb lent/vbd me/ppo one/cd of/in Carl's/np$ love/nn letters/nns ,/, dated/vbn February/np 21/cd ,/, 1908/cd ,/, Hotel/nn-tl Athearn/np-tl ,/, Oshkosh/np ,/, Wisconsin/np :/: 

	``/`` Dear/jj Miss/np Steichen/np :/: It/pps is/bez a/at very/ql good/jj letter/nn you/ppss send/vb me/ppo --/-- softens/vbz the/at intensity/nn of/in this/dt guerilla/nn warfare/nn I/ppss am/bem carrying/vbg on/rp up/in here/rb ./.
Never/rb until/in in/in this/dt work/nn of/in S-D/nn organization/nn have/hv I/ppss realized/vbn and/cc felt/vbd the/at attitude/nn and/cc experience/nn of/in a/at Teacher/nn ./.



	The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez always/rb ready/jj to/to participate/vb with/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl in/in serious/jj discussion/nn of/in these/dts or/cc any/dti other/ap subjects/nns that/wps may/md lead/vb to/in peace/nn with/in justice/nn ./.


	Certainly/rb it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj to/to repeat/vb that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl has/hvz no/at intention/nn of/in interfering/vbg in/in the/at internal/jj affairs/nns of/in any/dti nation/nn ;/. ;/.
by/in the/at same/ap token/nn ,/, we/ppss reject/vb any/dti Soviet/np attempt/nn to/to impose/vb its/pp$ system/nn on/in us/ppo or/cc other/ap peoples/nns by/in force/nn or/cc subversion/nn ./.


	Now/rb this/dt concern/nn for/in the/at freedom/nn of/in other/ap peoples/nns is/bez the/at intellectual/jj and/cc spiritual/jj cement/nn which/wdt has/hvz allied/vbn us/ppo with/in more/ap than/in forty/cd other/ap nations/nns in/in a/at common/jj defense/nn effort/nn ./.
Not/* for/in a/at moment/nn do/do we/ppss forget/vb that/cs our/pp$ own/jj fate/nn is/bez firmly/rb fastened/vbn to/in that/dt of/in these/dts countries/nns ;/. ;/.
we/ppss will/md not/* act/vb in/in any/dti way/nn which/wdt would/md jeopardize/vb our/pp$ solemn/jj commitments/nns to/in them/ppo ./.




We/ppss and/cc our/pp$ friends/nns are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, concerned/vbn with/in self-defense/nn ./.
Growing/vbg out/in of/in this/dt concern/nn is/bez the/at realization/nn that/cs all/abn people/nns of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl have/hv a/at great/jj stake/nn in/in the/at progress/nn ,/, in/in freedom/nn ,/, of/in the/at uncommitted/jj and/cc newly/rb emerging/vbg nations/nns ./.
These/dts peoples/nns ,/, desperately/rb hoping/vbg to/to lift/vb themselves/ppls to/in decent/jj levels/nns of/in living/vbg must/md not/* ,/, by/in our/pp$ neglect/nn ,/, be/be forced/vbn to/to seek/vb help/nn from/in ,/, and/cc finally/rb become/vb virtual/jj satellites/nns of/in ,/, those/dts who/wps proclaim/vb their/pp$ hostility/nn to/in freedom/nn ./.


	But/cc they/ppss must/md have/hv technical/jj and/cc investment/nn assistance/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at problem/nn to/to be/be solved/vbn not/* by/in America/np alone/rb ,/, but/cc also/rb by/in every/at nation/nn cherishing/vbg the/at same/ap ideals/nns and/cc in/in position/nn to/to provide/vb help/nn ./.


	In/in recent/jj years/nns America's/np$ partners/nns and/cc friends/nns in/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl and/cc Japan/np have/hv made/vbn great/jj economic/jj progress/nn ./.


	The/at international/jj economy/nn of/in 1960/cd is/bez markedly/ql different/jj from/in that/dt of/in the/at early/jj postwar/jj years/nns ./.
No/ql longer/rbr is/bez the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at only/ap major/jj industrial/jj country/nn capable/jj of/in providing/vbg substantial/jj amounts/nns of/in the/at resources/nns so/ql urgently/rb needed/vbn in/in the/at newly/rb developed/vbn countries/nns ./.


	To/to remain/vb secure/jj and/cc prosperous/jj themselves/ppls ,/, wealthy/jj nations/nns must/md extend/vb the/at kind/nn of/in co-operation/nn to/in the/at less/ql fortunate/jj members/nns that/wps will/md inspire/vb hope/nn ,/, confidence/nn ,/, and/cc progress/nn ./.
A/at rich/jj nation/nn can/md for/in a/at time/nn ,/, without/in noticeable/jj damage/nn to/in itself/ppl ,/, pursue/vb a/at course/nn of/in self-indulgence/nn ,/, making/vbg its/pp$ single/ap goal/nn the/at material/nn ease/nn and/cc comfort/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj citizens/nns --/-- thus/rb repudiating/vbg its/pp$ own/jj spiritual/jj and/cc material/nn stake/nn in/in a/at peaceful/jj and/cc prosperous/jj society/nn of/in nations/nns ./.
But/cc the/at enmities/nns it/pps will/md incur/vb ,/, the/at isolation/nn into/in which/wdt it/pps will/md descend/vb ,/, and/cc the/at internal/jj moral/jj and/cc spiritual/jj softness/nn that/wps will/md be/be engendered/vbn ,/, will/md ,/, in/in the/at long/jj term/nn ,/, bring/vb it/ppo to/in economic/jj and/cc political/jj disaster/nn ./.


	America/np did/dod not/* become/vb great/jj through/in softness/nn and/cc self-indulgence/nn ./.
Her/pp$ miraculous/jj progress/nn in/in material/nn achievements/nns flows/vbz from/in other/ap qualities/nns far/ql more/ql worthy/jj and/cc substantial/jj :/: adherence/nn to/in principles/nns and/cc methods/nns consonant/jj with/in our/pp$ religious/jj philosophy/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at satisfaction/nn in/in hard/jj work/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at readiness/nn to/to sacrifice/vb for/in worthwhile/jj causes/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at courage/nn to/to meet/vb every/at challenge/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at intellectual/jj honesty/nn and/cc capacity/nn to/to recognize/vb the/at true/jj path/nn of/in her/pp$ own/jj best/jjt interests/nns ./.


	To/in us/ppo and/cc to/in every/at nation/nn of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, rich/jj or/cc poor/jj ,/, these/dts qualities/nns are/ber necessary/jj today/nr as/cs never/ql before/rb if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to march/vb together/rb to/in greater/jjr security/nn ,/, prosperity/nn and/cc peace/nn ./.


	I/ppss believe/vb that/cs the/at industrial/jj countries/nns are/ber ready/jj to/to participate/vb actively/rb in/in supplementing/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in the/at developing/vbg nations/nns to/to achieve/vb progress/nn ./.


	The/at immediate/jj need/nn for/in this/dt kind/nn of/in co-operation/nn is/bez underscored/vbn by/in the/at strain/nn in/in this/dt nation's/nn$ international/jj balance/nn of/in payments/nns ./.
Our/pp$ surplus/nn from/in foreign/jj business/nn transactions/nns has/hvz in/in recent/jj years/nns fallen/vbn substantially/rb short/jj of/in the/at expenditures/nns we/ppss make/vb abroad/rb to/to maintain/vb our/pp$ military/jj establishments/nns overseas/rb ,/, to/to finance/vb private/jj investment/nn ,/, and/cc to/to provide/vb assistance/nn to/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn nations/nns ./.
In/in 1959/cd our/pp$ deficit/nn in/in balance/nn of/in payments/nns approached/vbd four/cd billion/cd dollars/nns ./.


	Continuing/vbg deficits/nns of/in anything/pn like/cs this/dt magnitude/nn would/md ,/, over/in time/nn ,/, impair/vb our/pp$ own/jj economic/jj growth/nn and/cc check/vb the/at forward/jj progress/nn of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl ./.


	We/ppss must/md meet/vb this/dt situation/nn by/in promoting/vbg a/at rising/vbg volume/nn of/in exports/nns and/cc world/nn trade/nn ./.
Further/rbr ,/, we/ppss must/md induce/vb all/abn industrialized/vbn nations/nns of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl to/to work/vb together/rb to/to help/vb lift/vb the/at scourge/nn of/in poverty/nn from/in less/ql fortunate/jj ./.
This/dt co-operation/nn in/in this/dt matter/nn will/md provide/vb both/abx for/in the/at necessary/jj sharing/nn of/in this/dt burden/nn and/cc in/in bringing/vbg about/rp still/ql further/jjr increases/nns in/in mutually/ql profitable/jj trade/nn ./.


	New/jj Nations/nns-tl ,/, and/cc others/nns struggling/vbg with/in the/at problems/nns of/in development/nn ,/, will/md progress/vb only/rb --/-- regardless/rb of/in any/dti outside/jj help/nn --/-- if/cs they/ppss demonstrate/vb faith/nn in/in their/pp$ own/jj destiny/nn and/cc use/vb their/pp$ own/jj resources/nns to/to fulfill/vb it/ppo ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, progress/nn in/in a/at national/jj transformation/nn can/md be/be only/ql gradually/rb earned/vbn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez no/at easy/jj and/cc quick/jj way/nn to/to follow/vb from/in the/at oxcart/nn to/in the/at jet/nn plane/nn ./.
But/cc ,/, just/rb as/cs we/ppss drew/vbd on/in Europe/np for/in assistance/nn in/in our/pp$ earlier/jjr years/nns ,/, so/rb now/rb do/do these/dts new/jj and/cc emerging/vbg nations/nns that/wps do/do have/hv this/dt faith/nn and/cc determination/nn deserve/vb help/nn ./.


	Respecting/in their/pp$ need/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at major/jj focal/jj points/nns of/in our/pp$ concern/nn is/bez the/at South-Asian/jj region/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, in/in two/cd nations/nns alone/rb ,/, are/ber almost/rb five/cd hundred/cd million/cd people/nns ,/, all/abn working/vbg ,/, and/cc working/vbg hard/rb ,/, to/to raise/vb their/pp$ standards/nns ,/, and/cc in/in doing/vbg so/rb ,/, to/to make/vb of/in themselves/ppls a/at strong/jj bulwark/nn against/in the/at spread/nn of/in an/at ideology/nn that/wps would/md destroy/vb liberty/nn ./.


	I/ppss cannot/md* express/vb to/in you/ppo the/at depth/nn of/in my/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs ,/, in/in our/pp$ own/jj and/cc free/jj world/nn interest/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md co-operate/vb with/in others/nns to/to help/vb these/dts people/nns achieve/vb their/pp$ legitimate/jj ambitions/nns ,/, as/cs expressed/vbn in/in their/pp$ different/jj multi-year/jj plans/nns ./.
Through/in the/at World/nn-tl Bank/nn-tl and/cc other/ap instrumentalities/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs through/in individual/jj action/nn by/in every/at nation/nn in/in position/nn to/to help/vb ,/, we/ppss must/md squarely/rb face/vb this/dt titanic/jj challenge/nn ./.


	I/ppss shall/md continue/vb to/to urge/vb the/at American/jj people/nns ,/, in/in the/at interests/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj security/nn ,/, prosperity/nn and/cc peace/nn ,/, to/to make/vb sure/jj that/cs their/pp$ own/jj part/nn of/in this/dt great/jj project/nn be/be amply/rb and/cc cheerfully/rb supported/vbn ./.
Free/jj world/nn decisions/nns in/in this/dt matter/nn may/md spell/vb the/at difference/nn between/in world/nn disaster/nn and/cc world/nn progress/nn in/in freedom/nn ./.


	Other/ap countries/nns ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt I/ppss visited/vbd last/ap month/nn ,/, have/hv similar/jj needs/nns ./.


	A/at common/jj meeting/vbg ground/nn is/bez desirable/jj for/in those/dts nations/nns which/wdt are/ber prepared/vbn to/to assist/vb in/in the/at development/nn effort/nn ./.
During/in the/at past/ap year/nn I/ppss have/hv discussed/vbn this/dt matter/nn with/in the/at leaders/nns of/in several/ap Western/jj-tl nations/nns ./.


	Because/rb of/in its/pp$ wealth/nn of/in experience/nn ,/, the/at Organization/nn-tl for/in-tl European/jj-tl Economic/jj-tl Cooperation/nn-tl could/md help/vb with/in the/at initial/jj studies/nns needed/vbn ./.
The/at goal/nn is/bez to/to enlist/vb all/abn available/jj economic/jj resources/nns in/in the/at industrialized/vbn Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb private/jj investment/nn capital/nn ./.


	By/in extending/vbg this/dt help/nn ,/, we/ppss hope/vb to/to make/vb possible/jj the/at enthusiastic/jj enrollment/nn of/in these/dts nations/nns under/in freedom's/nn$ banner/nn ./.
No/at more/ql startling/jj contrast/nn to/in a/at system/nn of/in sullen/jj satellites/nns could/md be/be imagined/vbn ./.


	If/cs we/ppss grasp/vb this/dt opportunity/nn to/to build/vb an/at age/nn of/in productive/jj partnership/nn between/in the/at less/ql fortunate/jj nations/nns and/cc those/dts that/wps have/hv already/rb achieved/vbn a/at high/jj state/nn of/in economic/jj advancement/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md make/vb brighter/jjr the/at outlook/nn for/in a/at world/nn order/nn based/vbn upon/in security/nn and/cc freedom/nn ./.
Otherwise/rb ,/, the/at outlook/nn could/md be/be dark/jj indeed/qlp ./.
We/ppss face/vb ,/, indeed/rb ,/, what/wdt may/md be/be a/at turning/vbg point/nn in/in history/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss must/md act/vb decisively/rb and/cc wisely/rb ./.




As/cs a/at nation/nn we/ppss can/md successfully/rb pursue/vb these/dts objectives/nns only/rb from/in a/at position/nn of/in broadly/ql based/vbn strength/nn ./.


	No/at matter/nn how/wql earnest/jj is/bez our/pp$ quest/nn for/in guaranteed/vbn peace/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md maintain/vb a/at high/jj degree/nn of/in military/jj effectiveness/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn we/ppss are/ber engaged/vbn in/in negotiating/vbg the/at issue/nn of/in arms/nns reduction/nn ./.
Until/cs tangible/jj and/cc mutually/ql enforceable/jj arms/nns reduction/nn measures/nns are/ber worked/vbn out/rp we/ppss will/md not/* weaken/vb the/at means/nns of/in defending/vbg our/pp$ institutions/nns ./.


	America/np possesses/vbz an/at enormous/jj defense/nn power/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez my/pp$ studied/vbn conviction/nn that/cs no/at nation/nn will/md ever/rb risk/vb general/jj war/nn against/in us/ppo unless/cs we/ppss should/md become/vb so/ql foolish/jj as/cs to/to neglect/vb the/at defense/nn forces/nns we/ppss now/rb so/ql powerfully/rb support/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez world-wide/jj knowledge/nn that/cs any/dti power/nn which/wdt might/md be/be tempted/vbn today/nr to/to attack/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl by/in surprise/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs we/ppss might/md sustain/vb great/jj losses/nns ,/, would/md itself/ppl promptly/rb suffer/vb a/at terrible/jj destruction/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss once/rb again/rb assure/vb all/abn peoples/nns and/cc all/abn nations/nns that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, except/rb in/in defense/nn ,/, will/md never/rb turn/vb loose/rb this/dt destructive/jj power/nn ./.


	During/in the/at past/ap year/nn ,/, our/pp$ long-range/nn striking/vbg power/nn ,/, unmatched/jj today/nr in/in manned/vbn bombers/nns ,/, has/hvz taken/vbn on/rp new/jj strength/nn as/cs the/at Atlas/np intercontinental/jj ballistic/jj missile/nn has/hvz entered/vbn the/at operational/jj inventory/nn ./.
In/in fourteen/cd recent/jj test/nn launchings/nns ,/, at/in ranges/nns of/in five/cd thousand/cd miles/nns ,/, Atlas/np has/hvz been/ben striking/vbg on/in an/at average/nn within/in two/cd miles/nns of/in the/at target/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez less/ap than/cs the/at length/nn of/in a/at jet/nn runway/nn --/-- well/ql within/in the/at circle/nn of/in destruction/nn ./.
Incidentally/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz an/at Atlas/np firing/nn last/ap night/nn ./.
From/in all/abn reports/nns so/ql far/rb received/vbn ,/, its/pp$ performance/nn conformed/vbd to/in the/at high/jj standards/nns I/ppss have/hv just/rb described/vbn ./.
Such/jj performance/nn is/bez a/at great/jj tribute/nn to/in American/jj scientists/nns and/cc engineers/nns ,/, who/wps in/in the/at past/ap five/cd years/nns have/hv had/hvn to/to telescope/vb time/nn and/cc technology/nn to/to develop/vb these/dts long-range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns ,/, where/wrb America/np had/hvd none/pn before/rb ./.


	This/dt year/nn ,/, moreover/rb ,/, growing/vbg numbers/nns of/in nuclear/jj powered/vbn submarines/nns will/md enter/vb our/pp$ active/jj forces/nns ,/, some/dti to/to be/be armed/vbn with/in Polaris/np missiles/nns ./.
These/dts remarkable/jj ships/nns and/cc weapons/nns ,/, ranging/vbg the/at oceans/nns ,/, will/md be/be capable/jj of/in accurate/jj fire/nn on/in targets/nns virtually/rb anywhere/rb on/in earth/nn ./.


	To/to meet/vb situations/nns of/in less/ap than/cs general/jj nuclear/jj war/nn ,/, we/ppss continue/vb to/to maintain/vb our/pp$ carrier/nn forces/nns ,/, our/pp$ many/ap service/nn units/nns abroad/rb ,/, our/pp$ always/ql ready/jj Army/nn-tl strategic/jj forces/nns and/cc Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl divisions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at civilian/jj components/nns ./.
The/at continuing/vbg modernization/nn of/in these/dts forces/nns is/bez a/at costly/jj but/cc necessary/jj process/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez scheduled/vbn to/to go/vb forward/rb at/in a/at rate/nn which/wdt will/md steadily/rb add/vb to/in our/pp$ strength/nn ./.


	The/at deployment/nn of/in a/at portion/nn of/in these/dts forces/nns beyond/in our/pp$ shores/nns ,/, on/in land/nn and/cc sea/nn ,/, is/bez persuasive/jj demonstration/nn of/in our/pp$ determination/nn to/to stand/vb shoulder-to-shoulder/rb with/in our/pp$ allies/nns for/in collective/jj security/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, I/ppss have/hv directed/vbn that/cs steps/nns be/be taken/vbn to/to program/vb on/in a/at longer/jjr range/nn basis/nn our/pp$ military/jj assistance/nn to/in these/dts allies/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez necessary/jj for/in a/at sounder/jjr collective/jj defense/nn system/nn ./.


	Next/rb I/ppss refer/vb to/in our/pp$ program/nn in/in space/nn exploration/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez often/rb mistakenly/rb supposed/vbn to/to be/be an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in defense/nn research/nn and/cc development/nn ./.


	We/ppss note/vb that/cs ,/, first/od ,/, America/np has/hvz already/rb made/vbn great/jj contributions/nns in/in the/at past/ap two/cd years/nns to/in the/at world's/nn$ fund/nn of/in knowledge/nn of/in astrophysics/nn and/cc space/nn science/nn ./.
These/dts discoveries/nns are/ber of/in present/jj interest/nn chiefly/rb to/in the/at scientific/jj community/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc they/ppss are/ber important/jj foundation/nn stones/nns for/in more/ql extensive/jj exploration/nn of/in outer/jj space/nn for/in the/at ultimate/jj benefit/nn of/in all/abn mankind/nn ./.


	Second/od ,/, our/pp$ military/jj missile/nn program/nn ,/, going/vbg forward/rb so/ql successfully/rb ,/, does/doz not/* suffer/vb from/in our/pp$ present/jj lack/nn of/in very/ql large/jj rocket/nn engines/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber necessary/jj in/in distant/jj space/nn exploration/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem assured/vbn by/in experts/nns that/cs the/at thrust/nn of/in our/pp$ present/jj missiles/nns is/bez fully/ql adequate/jj for/in defense/nn requirements/nns ./.


	Third/od ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez pressing/vbg forward/rb in/in the/at development/nn of/in large/jj rocket/nn engines/nns to/to place/vb vehicles/nns of/in many/ap tons/nns into/in space/nn for/in exploration/nn purposes/nns ./.


	Fourth/od ,/, in/in the/at meantime/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez necessary/jj to/to remember/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv only/rb begun/vbn to/to probe/vb the/at environment/nn immediately/rb surrounding/vbg the/at earth/nn ./.
Using/vbg launch/nn systems/nns presently/rb available/jj ,/, we/ppss are/ber developing/vbg satellites/nns to/to scout/vb the/at world's/nn$ weather/nn ;/. ;/.
satellite/nn relay/nn stations/nns to/to facilitate/vb and/cc extend/vb communications/nns over/in the/at globe/nn ;/. ;/.
for/in navigation/nn aids/nns to/to give/vb accurate/jj bearings/nns to/in ships/nns and/cc aircraft/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc for/in perfecting/vbg instruments/nns to/to collect/vb and/cc transmit/vb the/at data/nns we/ppss seek/vb ./.


	Fifth/od ,/, we/ppss have/hv just/rb completed/vbn a/at year's/nn$ experience/nn with/in our/pp$ new/jj space/nn law/nn ./.
I/ppss believe/vb it/ppo deficient/jj in/in certain/jj particulars/nns ./.
Suggested/vbn improvements/nns will/md be/be submitted/vbn to/in the/at Congress/np shortly/rb ./.




The/at accomplishment/nn of/in the/at many/ap tasks/nns I/ppss have/hv alluded/vbn to/in requires/vbz the/at continuous/jj strengthening/nn of/in the/at spiritual/jj ,/, intellectual/jj ,/, and/cc economic/jj sinews/nns of/in American/jj life/nn ./.
The/at steady/jj purpose/nn of/in our/pp$ society/nn is/bez to/to assure/vb justice/nn ,/, before/in God/np ,/, for/in every/at individual/nn ./.
We/ppss must/md be/be ever/rb alert/jj that/cs freedom/nn does/doz not/* wither/vb through/in the/at careless/jj amassing/nn of/in restrictive/jj controls/nns or/cc the/at lack/nn of/in courage/nn to/to deal/vb boldly/rb with/in the/at issues/nns of/in the/at day/nn ./.


	A/at year/nn ago/rb ,/, when/wrb I/ppss met/vbd with/in you/ppo ,/, the/at nation/nn was/bedz emerging/vbg from/in an/at economic/jj downturn/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at signs/nns of/in resurgent/jj prosperity/nn were/bed not/* then/rb sufficiently/ql convincing/jj to/in the/at doubtful/jj ./.
Today/nr our/pp$ surging/vbg strength/nn is/bez apparent/jj to/in everyone/pn ./.
1960/cd promises/vbz to/to be/be the/at most/ql prosperous/jj year/nn in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./.


	Yet/cc we/ppss continue/vb to/to be/be afflicted/vbn by/in nagging/vbg disorders/nns ./.
Among/in current/jj problems/nns that/wps require/vb solutions/nns ,/, participated/vbn in/in by/in citizens/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs government/nn ,/, are/ber :/: 

	the/at need/nn to/to protect/vb the/at public/jj interest/nn in/in situations/nns of/in prolonged/vbn labor-management/nn stalemate/nn ;/. ;/.


	the/at persistent/jj refusal/nn to/to come/vb to/in grips/nns with/in a/at critical/jj problem/nn in/in one/cd sector/nn of/in American/jj agriculture/nn ;/. ;/.


	the/at continuing/vbg threat/nn of/in inflation/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at persisting/vbg tendency/nn toward/in fiscal/jj irresponsibility/nn ;/. ;/.


	in/in certain/jj instances/nns the/at denial/nn to/in some/dti of/in our/pp$ citizens/nns of/in equal/jj protection/nn of/in the/at law/nn ./.



	The/at group/nn ,/, upon/in the/at issuance/nn of/in its/pp$ first/od press/nn release/nn on/in December/np 21/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, designated/vbd itself/ppl a/at ``/`` Committee/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
In/in the/at course/nn of/in its/pp$ inquiry/nn ,/, it/pps took/vbd testimony/nn from/in only/rb seven/cd witnesses/nns ./.
It/pps heard/vbd Bang-Jensen/np twice/rb and/cc his/pp$ lawyer/nn ,/, Adolf/np A./np Berle/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, once/rb ./.


	Its/pp$ second/od press/nn release/nn was/bedz on/in January/np 15/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps recommended/vbd that/cs the/at secret/jj papers/nns be/be destroyed/vbn ./.
It/pps also/rb implied/vbd that/cs Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd been/ben irresponsible/jj ./.


	On/in January/np 18/cd ,/, Ernest/np Gross/np conducted/vbd a/at press/nn conference/nn at/in the/at U.N./np lasting/vbg an/at hour/nn ./.
Here/rb ,/, he/pps openly/rb attacked/vbd Bang-Jensen/np and/cc referred/vbd to/in his/pp$ ``/`` aberrant/jj conduct/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt conference/nn was/bedz held/vbn despite/in Stavropoulos'/np$ assurance/nn to/in Adolf/np Berle/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz leaving/vbg the/at same/ap day/nn for/in Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, that/cs nothing/pn would/md be/be done/vbn until/in his/pp$ return/nn on/in January/np 22/cd ,/, except/in that/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl would/md probably/rb order/vb the/at list/nn destroyed/vbn ./.


	On/in January/np 24/cd Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np ,/, accompanied/vbn by/in Adolf/np Berle/np ,/, was/bedz met/vbn by/in Dragoslav/np Protitch/np and/cc Colonel/nn-tl Frank/np Begley/np ,/, former/ap Police/nns-tl Chief/nn-tl of/in Farmington/np ,/, Conn./np ,/, and/cc now/rb head/nn of/in U.N./np special/jj police/nn ./.


	The/at four/cd ,/, bundled/vbn in/in overcoats/nns ,/, mounted/vbd to/in the/at wind-swept/jj roof/nn of/in the/at U.N./np 

	There/rb ,/, Begley/np lit/vbd a/at fire/nn in/in a/at wire/nn basket/nn ,/, and/cc Bang-Jensen/np dropped/vbd four/cd sealed/vbn envelopes/nns into/in the/at flames/nns ./.
In/in one/cd of/in these/dts he/pps said/vbd were/bed notes/nns on/in the/at identities/nns of/in the/at eighty-one/cd refugees/nns ./.


	The/at method/nn of/in destroying/vbg the/at evidence/nn embarrassed/vbd Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np ./.
He/pps knew/vbd it/pps would/md be/be implied/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz done/vbn in/in this/dt way/nn at/in his/pp$ insistence/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz right/jj ,/, and/cc Peter/np Marshall/np could/md not/* help/vb but/cc recall/vb Andrew/np Cordier's/np$ words/nns on/in the/at subject/nn ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd as/ql good/jj a/at place/nn as/cs any/dti to/to do/do the/at job/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at Gross/np group/nn had/hvd been/ben formed/vbn for/in the/at express/jj purpose/nn of/in advising/vbg the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./.
Hammarskjold's/np$ supposed/vbn desire/nn to/to seek/vb outside/jj legal/jj advice/nn in/in the/at guise/nn of/in Ernest/np Gross/np is/bez illusion/nn ,/, at/in best/jjt ./.
Gross's/np$ ,/, being/beg ``/`` outside/in ''/'' the/at U.N./np applied/vbd only/rb to/in a/at physical/jj state/nn ,/, not/* an/at objective/jj one/cd ./.
But/cc by/in the/at time/nn the/at papers/nns were/bed finally/rb disposed/vbn of/in ,/, the/at group/nn had/hvd informed/vbn the/at world/nn of/in its/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, its/pp$ recommendations/nns ,/, and/cc its/pp$ belief/nn that/cs Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz not/* of/in sound/jj mind/nn ./.


	Shortly/rb the/at group/nn would/md issue/vb its/pp$ report/nn to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, recommending/vbg Paul/np Bang-Jensen's/np$ dismissal/nn from/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./.
The/at contents/nns of/in this/dt 195-page/jj document/nn would/md become/vb known/vbn to/in many/ap before/cs it/pps would/md become/vb known/vbn to/in the/at man/nn it/pps was/bedz written/vbn about/in ./.




``/`` Until/cs this/dt Hungarian/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl matter/nn came/vbd up/rp ,/, Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz a/at fine/jj and/cc devoted/vbn individual/nn ./.
I/ppss had/hvd known/vbn him/ppo for/in some/dti years/nns ,/, when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz a/at delegate/nn and/cc before/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt manner/nn had/hvd never/rb been/ben his/pp$$ ''/'' ./.


	Ernest/np A./np Gross/np leaned/vbd back/rb in/in his/pp$ chair/nn and/cc told/vbd Peter/np Marshall/np how/wrb Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl Dag/np Hammarskjold/np had/hvd ,/, on/in December/np 4/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, called/vbn him/ppo in/rp as/cs a/at private/jj lawyer/nn to/to review/vb Bang-Jensen's/np$ conduct/nn ``/`` relating/vbg to/in his/pp$ association/nn with/in the/at Special/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl on/in the/at problem/nn of/in Hungary/np ''/'' ./.
The/at result/nn was/bedz the/at ``/`` Gross/np-tl Report/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, prepared/vbn by/in Gross/np ,/, as/cs chairman/nn ,/, with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in two/cd U.N./np-tl Under/jj-tl Secretaries/nns-tl ,/, Constantin/np Stavropoulos/np and/cc Philippe/np De/np Seynes/np ./.


	``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' ,/, Gross/np went/vbd on/rp ,/, ``/`` Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz an/at up-and-coming/jj young/jj man/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd always/rb done/vbn well/rb ./.
Never/rb well/ql known/vbn ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd done/vbn his/pp$ work/nn competently/rb ./.
''/'' 

	Gross/np had/hvd received/vbn Marshall/np courteously/rb and/cc they/ppss were/bed discussing/vbg the/at case/nn ./.
``/`` You/ppss know/vb ''/'' ,/, the/at lawyer/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` it's/pps+bez difficult/jj to/to talk/vb like/cs this/dt about/in a/at man/nn who/wps can't/md* answer/vb back/rb ''/'' ./.


	Gross/np was/bedz behind/in a/at clean-top/jj desk/nn ,/, only/rb a/at manila/nn folder/nn before/in him/ppo ./.
Marshall/np sat/vbd in/in one/cd of/in the/at several/ap leather/nn chairs/nns ./.
Outside/in the/at office/nn windows/nns ,/, twenty-four/cd stories/nns above/in Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, a/at light/jj rain/nn was/bedz falling/vbg ./.


	``/`` Mr./np Gross/np ,/, your/pp$ report/nn says/vbz that/cs '/' our/pp$ function/nn is/bez investigative/jj and/cc advisory/jj and/cc does/doz not/* in/in any/dti way/nn derogate/vb from/in or/cc prejudice/vb Mr./np Bang-Jensen's/np$ rights/nns as/cs a/at staff/nn member/nn ./.
You/ppss know/vb ,/, Bang-Jensen/np characterized/vbd your/pp$ Committee/nn-tl as/cs having/hvg prejudged/vbn his/pp$ case/nn ''/'' ./.


	Gross/np swung/vbd his/pp$ swivel/nn chair/nn ./.
``/`` Well/rb ,/, how/wrb could/md that/dt have/hv been/ben ?/. ?/.
I/ppss don't/do* consider/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz prejudged/vbn ./.
We/ppss were/bed given/vbn a/at job/nn and/cc we/ppss carried/vbd it/ppo out/rp ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, his/pp$ case/nn was/bedz taken/vbn up/rp by/in the/at Disciplinary/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl ./.


	``/`` We/ppss have/hv nothing/pn to/to hide/vb under/in a/at bushel/nn ./.
We/ppss did/dod our/pp$ job/nn ,/, Mr./np Stavropoulos/np and/cc Mr./np De/np Seynes/np and/cc myself/ppl ,/, taking/vbg evidence/nn from/in a/at number/nn of/in people/nns ''/'' ./.


	``/`` What/wdt did/dod you/ppss think/vb about/in his/pp$ mental/jj state/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` I/ppss think/vb our/pp$ report/nn sums/vbz up/rp our/pp$ finding/nn ''/'' ,/, Gross/np answered/vbd ./.
``/`` Don't/do* forget/vb ,/, here/rb was/bedz a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben accusing/vbg his/pp$ colleagues/nns for/in almost/rb a/at year/nn of/in willfully/rb attempting/vbg to/to present/vb an/at incorrect/jj report/nn ./.


	``/`` This/dt was/bedz not/* merely/rb alleging/vbg errors/nns ,/, but/cc was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp by/in day-after-day/jj allegations/nns in/in memos/nns ,/, written/vbn charges/nns of/in serious/jj consequence/nn ./.


	``/`` This/dt is/bez a/at distressing/jj thing/nn ./.
Supposing/cs you/ppss or/cc I/ppss were/bed being/beg accused/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn ,/, and/cc yet/rb we/ppss were/bed doing/vbg our/pp$ level/jj best/jjt to/to carry/vb on/rp our/pp$ work/nn ./.
No/at organization/nn can/md carry/vb on/rp like/cs that/dt ./.


	``/`` I've/ppss+hv been/ben in/in government/nn and/cc I/ppss can/md tell/vb some/dti pretty/ql hairy/jj stories/nns about/in personnel/nns difficulties/nns ,/, so/rb I/ppss know/vb what/wdt a/at problem/nn he/pps was/bedz ''/'' ./.


	``/`` What/wdt I'd/ppss+md like/vb you/ppss to/to comment/vb on/in is/bez the/at criticism/nn leveled/vbn at/in your/pp$ Committee/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	``/`` What/wdt do/do you/ppss mean/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` For/in instance/nn ,/, regarding/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Gross/np-tl Committee/nn-tl issued/vbd two/cd interim/jj announcements/nns to/in the/at press/nn during/in its/pp$ investigation/nn ./.
You/ppss know/vb Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz told/vbn the/at Committee/nn-tl was/bedz '/' to/to convey/vb its/pp$ views/nns ,/, suggestions/nns and/cc recommendations/nns to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./.
In/in his/pp$ own/jj words/nns ,/, Bang-Jensen/np '/' took/vbd it/ppo for/in granted/vbn that/cs the/at Group/nn-tl would/md report/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl privately/rb and/cc not/* in/in public/nn ./.
He/pps claimed/vbd that/cs the/at release/nn of/in the/at preliminary/jj findings/nns was/bedz '/' prejudicial/jj to/in his/pp$ position/nn '/' ''/'' ./.


	Gross/np bristled/vbd ./.
For/in an/at instant/nn he/pps glared/vbd speechless/jj at/in Marshall/np ./.
``/`` Listen/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` I/ppss thought/vbd the/at entire/jj report/nn was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be confidential/jj from/in beginning/nn to/in end/nn ./.
But/cc you/ppss know/vb Bang-Jensen/np launched/vbd an/at active/jj campaign/nn against/in us/ppo in/in the/at press/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz getting/vbg so/rb that/cs we/ppss ,/, the/at Committee/nn-tl ,/, were/bed being/beg tried/vbn ./.
You/ppss can/md find/vb it/ppo in/in the/at papers/nns ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Well/uh ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, I've/ppss+hv looked/vbn through/in back-issue/nn files/nns of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl papers/nns for/in December/np ,/, 1957/cd ,/, and/cc haven't/hv* found/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn ''/'' --/-- 

	Gross/np shot/vbd another/dt look/nn at/in Marshall/np ./.
``/`` It/pps wasn't/bedz* necessarily/rb all/abn here/rb in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
Don't/do* forget/vb the/at foreign/jj press/nn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Then/rb what/wdt about/in the/at second/od interim/jj public/jj announcement/nn ?/. ?/.
This/dt cited/vbd Bang-Jensen's/np$ '/' aberrant/jj conduct/nn '/' ''/'' ./.


	``/`` The/at reason/nn for/in that/dt report/nn was/bedz to/to settle/vb the/at matter/nn of/in the/at list/nn ./.
As/ql far/rb as/cs I'm/ppss+bem concerned/vbn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at separate/jj matter/nn from/in the/at general/jj Committee/nn-tl study/nn of/in Bang-Jensen's/np$ conduct/nn ./.
The/at January/np fifteen/cd report/nn recommended/vbd that/cs Bang-Jensen/np be/be instructed/vbn to/to burn/vb the/at list/nn --/-- the/at papers/nns --/-- in/in the/at presence/nn of/in a/at U.N./np-tl Security/nn-tl Officer/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	``/`` How/wrb about/in your/pp$ press/nn conference/nn three/cd days/nns later/rbr --/-- what/wdt was/bedz the/at reason/nn for/in that/dt ?/. ?/.
Bang-Jensen/np said/vbd you/ppss told/vbd correspondents/nns that/cs you/ppss had/hvd checked/vbn in/in advance/nn to/to make/vb sure/jj the/at term/nn '/' aberrant/jj conduct/nn '/' was/bedz not/* libelous/jj ./.
He/pps claimed/vbd you/ppss made/vbn other/ap slanderous/jj allegations/nns ''/'' ./.


	Gross/np paused/vbd and/cc repeated/vbd himself/ppl ./.
``/`` The/at entire/jj object/nn of/in the/at press/nn conference/nn was/bedz to/to clarify/vb the/at problem/nn of/in the/at list/nn ,/, since/cs many/ap in/in the/at press/nn were/bed querying/vbg the/at U.N./np about/in it/ppo ./.
What/wdt was/bedz the/at list/nn ?/. ?/.
I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./.
Bang-Jensen/np never/rb explained/vbd what/wdt the/at documents/nns or/cc papers/nns were/bed that/wpo he/pps had/hvd in/in his/pp$ possession/nn ./.


	``/`` It/pps was/bedz foolish/jj of/in him/ppo to/to keep/vb them/ppo ,/, whatever/wdt they/ppss were/bed ./.
He/pps could/md have/hv been/ben blackmailed/vbn ,/, or/cc his/pp$ family/nn might/md have/hv been/ben threatened/vbn ./.
Of/in course/nn the/at matter/nn caught/vbd the/at public's/nn$ attention/nn ./.
We/ppss attempted/vbd to/to conclude/vb this/dt ,/, and/cc did/dod so/rb by/in having/hvg the/at papers/nns burned/vbn ./.


	Hammarskjold/np didn't/dod* like/vb the/at way/nn it/pps was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at sort/nn of/in Gotterdammerung/np affair/nn ./.
Hammarskjold/np believes/vbz the/at U.N./np is/bez an/at organization/nn that/wps settles/vbz matters/nns in/in a/at procedural/jj way/nn ./.
''/'' 

	Peter/np Marshall/np reflected/vbd ./.
If/cs Hammarskjold/np had/hvd not/* wanted/vbn the/at list/nn disposed/vbn of/in in/in this/dt manner/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd not/* wanted/vbn it/ppo --/-- who/wps had/hvd ordered/vbn it/ppo ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Mr./np Gross/np ,/, concerning/in the/at formation/nn of/in your/pp$ Committee/nn-tl ,/, there's/ex+bez the/at fact/nn that/cs you/ppss have/hv been/ben a/at legal/jj adviser/nn to/in the/at U.N./np in/in the/at past/nn ;/. ;/.
as/cs I/ppss understand/vb it/ppo ,/, Mr./np Hammarskjold/np wanted/vbd outside/jj advice/nn ./.
Could/md you/ppss comment/vb on/in that/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` I've/ppss+hv served/vbn as/cs a/at counsel/nn for/in the/at U.N./np for/in some/dti years/nns ,/, specializing/vbg particularly/rb in/in real/jj estate/nn matters/nns or/cc other/ap problems/nns that/cs the/at regular/jj U.N./np legal/jj staff/nn might/md not/* be/be equipped/vbn to/to handle/vb ./.
Mr./np Stavropoulos/np is/bez the/at U.N./np legal/jj chief/nn and/cc a/at very/ql good/jj man/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps is/bez not/* fully/rb versed/jj on/in some/dti technical/jj points/nns of/in American/jj law/nn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` What/wdt did/dod you/ppo think/vb about/in Bang-Jensen's/np$ contention/nn of/in errors/nns and/cc omissions/nns in/in the/at Hungarian/jj report/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Marshall/np asked/vbd ./.


	``/`` Those/dts ''/'' !/. !/.
Gross/np answered/vbd ./.
``/`` Why/wrb ,/, Mick/np Shann/np went/vbd over/in and/cc over/in the/at report/nn with/in Alsing/np Andersen/np ,/, trying/vbg to/to check/vb them/ppo out/rp ./.
Even/rb after/in the/at incident/nn between/in Bang-Jensen/np and/cc Shann/np in/in the/at Delegates'/nns$-tl Lounge/nn-tl and/cc this/dt was/bedz not/* the/at way/nn the/at Chicago/np-tl Tribune/nn-tl presented/vbd it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Gross/np reached/vbd in/in his/pp$ desk/nn and/cc pulled/vbd out/rp two/cd newspaper/nn clippings/nns ./.
One/cd was/bedz an/at article/nn on/in the/at U.N./np by/in Alice/np Widener/np from/in the/at Cincinnati/np Enquirer/np ./.
The/at other/ap was/bedz by/in Chesly/np Manley/np in/in the/at Chicago/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Tribune/nn-tl ./.


	Gross/np pointed/vbd to/in the/at Manley/np story/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss know/vb Ches/np ,/, he's/pps+bez a/at friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ./.
He/pps probably/rb didn't/dod* mean/vb to/to write/vb it/ppo this/dt way/nn ,/, or/cc maybe/rb he/pps did/dod ./.
There/ex wasn't/bedz* any/dti '/' violent/jj argument/nn '/' between/in Bang-Jensen/np and/cc Shann/np ,/, as/cs the/at Tribune/nn-tl puts/vbz it/ppo ./.
That/dt implies/vbz that/cs Shann/np was/bedz on/in the/at enemy/nn side/nn ./.
You/ppss see/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ?/. ?/.
How/wrb it's/pps+bez phrased/vbn there/rb --/-- the/at word/nn violent/jj-nc ./.


	``/`` The/at case/nn was/bedz that/cs Bang-Jensen/np came/vbd up/in to/in Shann/np claiming/vbg he/pps had/hvd found/vbn further/jjr errors/nns in/in the/at report/nn ./.
'/' I've/ppss+hv found/vbn errors/nns and/cc I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to look/vb them/ppo over/rp ./.
So/rb once/rb again/rb Shann/np had/hvd to/to argue/vb with/in him/ppo about/in this/dt ./.
But/cc it/pps wasn't/bedz* a/at violent/jj discussion/nn ./.
And/cc after/in all/abn this/dt ,/, Shann/np went/vbd over/rp all/abn that/wpo Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd brought/vbn up/rp ''/'' ./.


	(/( Shann's/np$ own/jj report/nn ,/, Peter/np Marshall/np reflected/vbd ,/, describes/vbz the/at encounter/nn as/cs ``/`` immoderate/jj ''/'' ./.
Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz in/in ``/`` hysterical/jj condition/nn ''/'' ./.
)/) 

	Gross/np stopped/vbd briefly/rb ,/, then/rb went/vbd on/rp ./.
``/`` Shann/np was/bedz responsible/jj for/in the/at report/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz felt/vbn terrible/jj about/in all/abn this/dt ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj report/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod all/abn he/pps could/md to/to make/vb it/ppo a/at good/jj report/nn ./.
When/wrb I/ppss speak/vb of/in how/wrb Shann/np felt/vbd ,/, I/ppss know/vb well/rb ./.
Don't/do* forget/vb ,/, I/ppss am/bem an/at old/jj member/nn of/in the/at club/nn ,/, a/at former/ap delegate/nn ./.
I/ppss think/vb you/ppss are/ber being/beg unfair/jj to/to take/vb these/dts things/nns up/rp now/rb ./.


	``/`` You/ppss know/vb ,/, this/dt hits/vbz in/in many/ap areas/nns ./.
It/pps appeals/vbz to/in those/dts who/wps were/bed frustrated/vbn in/in the/at outcome/nn of/in the/at Hungarian/jj situation/nn ./.
Don't/do* forget/vb ,/, the/at U.N./np did/dod no/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl did/dod ./.
It/pps takes/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in sophisticated/jj thought/nn to/to get/vb the/at impact/nn of/in this/dt fact/nn ''/'' ./.



Chapter/nn 22/cd 
from/in the/at home/nn of/in his/pp$ friend/nn ,/, Henrik/np Kauffmann/np ,/, in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np sent/vbd a/at telegram/nn dated/vbn December/np 9/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, to/in Ernest/np Gross/np ./.
It/pps said/vbd in/in part/nn :/: 

	``/`` the/at matters/nns to/to be/be considered/vbn are/ber obviously/rb of/in a/at grave/jj character/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss therefore/rb respectfully/rb request/vb that/cs the/at hearing/nn be/be postponed/vbn for/in two/cd weeks/nns in/in order/nn that/cs I/ppss might/md make/vb adequate/jj preparation/nn ''/'' ./.


	Ernest/np Gross/np replied/vbd the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, putting/vbg the/at suspended/vbn diplomat's/nn$ fears/nns to/in rest/nn ./.
``/`` This/dt reveals/vbz some/dti misunderstanding/nn on/in your/pp$ part/nn ./.
The/at group/nn conducting/vbg the/at review/nn is/bez not/* holding/vbg formal/jj hearings/nns ./.
It/pps wished/vbd to/to pursue/vb ,/, in/in the/at course/nn of/in this/dt review/nn ,/, questions/nns arising/vbg from/in the/at body/nn of/in material/nn already/rb in/in its/pp$ possession/nn ./.
''/'' 

	It/pps sounded/vbd like/cs a/at fair/jj enough/qlp invitation/nn ,/, Peter/np Marshall/np reflected/vbd ,/, and/cc Bang-Jensen/np must/md have/hv thought/vbn so/rb too/rb ,/, because/cs on/in the/at thirteenth/od ,/, he/pps met/vbd the/at group/nn of/in three/cd on/in the/at thirty-sixth/od floor/nn of/in the/at U.N./np ./.
There/rb ,/, Ernest/np Gross/np further/rbr assured/vbd him/ppo :/: 

	``/`` We/ppss were/bed requested/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, as/cs I/ppss understand/vb it/ppo ,/, to/to discuss/vb with/in you/ppo such/jj matters/nns as/cs appear/vb to/in us/ppo to/to be/be relevant/jj ,/, and/cc we/ppss are/ber not/* of/in course/nn either/cc a/at formal/jj group/nn or/cc a/at committee/nn in/in the/at sense/nn of/in being/beg guided/vbn by/in any/dti rules/nns or/cc regulations/nns of/in the/at Secretariat/nn-tl ./.
The/at only/ap rules/nns which/wdt I/ppss think/vb we/ppss shall/md follow/vb will/md be/be those/dts of/in common/jj sense/nn ,/, justice/nn ,/, and/cc fairness/nn ''/'' ./.


	Peter/np Marshall/np noted/vbd that/cs Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd later/rbr referred/vbn to/in his/pp$ two/cd interviews/nns with/in the/at Gross/np group/nn as/cs ``/`` unfortunate/jj experiences/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc after/in his/pp$ second/od meeting/nn on/in the/at sixteenth/od the/at Dane/np refused/vbd to/to attend/vb further/jjr hearings/nns without/in legal/jj counsel/nn ./.
Marshall/np pondered/vbd the/at reason/nn for/in this/dt ,/, and/cc pondered/vbd too/rb the/at replacement/nn of/in one/cd member/nn of/in the/at three-man/jj group/nn ./.


	J./np A./np C./np Robertson/np ,/, after/cs serving/vbg Gross/np one/cd week/nn ,/, left/vbd for/in England/np ./.

Fortunately/rb the/at hole/nn was/bedz found/vbn at/in last/rb and/cc plugged/vbn ./.
Another/dt week/nn passed/vbd and/cc even/rb the/at missionaries/nns were/bed enjoying/vbg the/at voyage/nn ./.
The/at sickness/nn was/bedz gone/vbn and/cc ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, the/at two/cd young/jj couples/nns were/bed on/in their/pp$ honeymoon/nn ./.


	The/at only/ap lasting/vbg difficulty/nn was/bedz the/at food/nn ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in Pickering/np Dodge's/np$ explicit/jj instructions/nns regarding/in variation/nn of/in meals/nns ,/, the/at food/nn did/dod not/* seem/vb the/at same/ap as/cs at/in home/nn ./.
``/`` Everything/pn tasted/vbd differently/rb from/in what/wdt it/pps does/doz on/in land/nn and/cc those/dts things/nns I/ppss was/bedz most/ql fond/jj of/in at/in home/nn ,/, I/ppss loathed/vbd the/at most/rbt here/rb ''/'' ,/, Ann/np noted/vbd ./.
At/in last/rb they/ppss concluded/vbd that/cs the/at heavy/jj ,/, full/jj feeling/nn in/in their/pp$ stomachs/nns was/bedz due/jj to/in lack/nn of/in exercise/nn ./.
Walking/vbg was/bedz the/at remedy/nn ,/, they/ppss decided/vbd ,/, but/cc a/at deck/nn full/jj of/in chicken/nn coops/nns and/cc pigpens/nns was/bedz hardly/ql suitable/jj ./.
Skipping/vbg was/bedz the/at alternative/nn ./.
A/at rope/nn was/bedz found/vbn and/cc ,/, like/cs children/nns in/in school/nn ,/, the/at missionaries/nns skipped/vbd for/in hours/nns at/in a/at time/nn ./.
Finally/rb ,/, tiring/vbg of/in so/ql monotonous/jj a/at form/nn of/in exercise/nn ,/, they/ppss decided/vbd to/to dance/vb instead/rb ./.
It/pps was/bedz much/ql more/ql fun/nn ,/, reminding/vbg the/at girls/nns of/in their/pp$ old/jj carefree/jj days/nns in/in the/at Hasseltine/np frolics/nns room/nn at/in Bradford/np ./.
The/at weather/nn turned/vbd warmer/jjr and/cc with/in it/ppo came/vbd better/jjr appetites/nns ,/, although/cs Harriet/np was/bedz still/rb a/at little/ql off-color/jj ./.
She/pps could/md not/* face/vb coffee/nn or/cc tea/nn without/in milk/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz always/rb craving/vbg types/nns of/in food/nn that/wps were/bed not/* available/jj aboard/rb a/at sailing/vbg ship/nn ./.
By/in now/rb she/pps was/bedz sure/jj she/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to have/hv a/at baby/nn ,/, deciding/vbg it/pps would/md be/be born/vbn in/in India/np or/cc Burma/np that/dt November/np ./.
She/pps was/bedz more/ql excited/vbn than/cs frightened/vbn at/in the/at prospect/nn of/in having/hvg her/pp$ first/od child/nn in/in a/at foreign/jj land/nn ./.


	The/at crew/nn of/in the/at Caravan/np never/rb failed/vbn to/to amaze/vb Ann/np ,/, who/wps during/in her/pp$ stay/nn in/in Salem/np must/md frequently/rb have/hv overheard/vbn strong/jj sailorly/jj language/nn ./.
She/pps wrote/vbd in/in her/pp$ journal/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss have/hv not/* heard/vbn the/at least/ql profane/jj language/nn since/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben on/in board/nn the/at vessel/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez very/ql uncommon/jj ''/'' ./.


	She/pps was/bedz now/rb enjoying/vbg the/at voyage/nn very/ql much/rb ./.
Even/rb the/at first/od wave/nn of/in homesickness/nn had/hvd passed/vbn ,/, although/cs there/ex were/bed moments/nns when/wrb Captain/nn-tl Heard/np pointed/vbd out/rp on/in his/pp$ compass/nn the/at direction/nn of/in Bradford/np that/cs she/pps felt/vbd a/at little/jj twinge/nn at/in her/pp$ heart/nn ./.
As/cs for/in Adoniram/np ,/, she/pps found/vbd him/ppo to/to be/be ``/`` the/at kindest/jjt ''/'' of/in husbands/nns ./.


	On/in Sundays/nrs ,/, with/in the/at permission/nn of/in Captain/nn-tl Heard/np ,/, who/wps usually/rb attended/vbd with/in two/cd of/in his/pp$ officers/nns ,/, services/nns were/bed held/vbn in/in the/at double/jj cabin/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb a/at ship/nn would/md be/be sighted/vbn and/cc the/at Caravan/np pass/vb so/ql close/rb that/cs people/nns could/md easily/rb be/be seen/vbn on/in the/at distant/jj deck/nn ./.
Captain/nn-tl Heard/np did/dod not/* communicate/vb with/in any/dti strange/jj vessels/nns because/rb of/in the/at possibility/nn of/in war/nn between/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Britain/np ./.
As/cs warmer/jjr temperatures/nns were/bed encountered/vbn Ann/np and/cc Harriet/np were/bed introduced/vbn to/in the/at pleasures/nns of/in bathing/vbg daily/rb in/in salt/nn water/nn ./.


	When/wrb May/np came/vbd the/at Caravan/np had/hvd already/rb crossed/vbn the/at Equator/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss were/bed sailing/vbg round/in the/at Cape/nn-tl of/in-tl Good/jj-tl Hope/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
the/at weather/nn had/hvd turned/vbn wet/jj and/cc cold/jj ./.
At/in this/dt time/nn Harriet/np wrote/vbd in/in a/at letter/nn which/wdt after/cs their/pp$ finally/rb landing/vbg in/in India/np was/bedz sent/vbn to/in her/pp$ mother/nn :/: 

	``/`` I/ppss care/vb not/* how/wql soon/rb we/ppss reach/vb Calcutta/np ,/, and/cc are/ber placed/vbn in/in a/at still/jj room/nn ,/, with/in a/at bowl/nn of/in milk/nn and/cc a/at loaf/nn of/in Indian/jj bread/nn ./.
I/ppss can/md hardly/rb think/vb of/in this/dt simple/jj fare/nn without/in exclaiming/vbg ,/, oh/uh ,/, what/wdt a/at luxury/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv been/ben so/ql weary/jj of/in the/at excessive/jj rocking/nn of/in the/at vessel/nn ,/, and/cc the/at almost/ql intolerable/jj smell/nn after/in the/at rain/nn ,/, that/cs I/ppss have/hv done/vbn little/ql more/ap than/cs lounge/vb on/in the/at bed/nn for/in several/ap days/nns ./.
But/cc I/ppss have/hv been/ben blest/vbn with/in excellent/jj spirits/nns ,/, and/cc to-day/nr have/hv been/ben running/vbg about/in the/at deck/nn ,/, and/cc dancing/vbg in/in our/pp$ room/nn for/in exercise/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs ever/rb ''/'' ./.


	While/cs studying/vbg at/in the/at seminary/nn in/in Andover/np ,/, Adoniram/np had/hvd been/ben working/vbg on/in a/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl translation/nn from/in the/at original/jj Greek/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd brought/vbn it/ppo along/rb to/to continue/vb during/in the/at voyage/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz one/cd particular/jj word/nn that/wps troubled/vbd his/pp$ conscience/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz the/at Greek/jj word/nn most/ql often/rb translated/vbn as/cs ``/`` baptism/nn ''/'' ./.


	Born/vbn a/at Congregationalist/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd been/ben baptized/vbn as/cs a/at tiny/jj baby/nn in/in the/at usual/jj manner/nn by/in having/hvg a/at few/ap drops/nns of/in water/nn sprinkled/vbn on/in his/pp$ head/nn ,/, yet/cc nowhere/rb in/in the/at whole/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl could/md he/pps find/vb a/at description/nn of/in anybody/pn being/beg baptized/vbn by/in sprinkling/vbg ./.
John/np-tl the/at-tl Baptist/np-tl used/vbd total/jj immersion/nn in/in the/at River/nn-tl Jordan/np for/in believers/nns ;/. ;/.
even/rb Christ/np was/bedz baptized/vbn by/in this/dt method/nn ./.
The/at more/rbr Adoniram/np looked/vbd at/in the/at Greek/jj word/nn for/in baptism/nn ,/, the/at more/ql unhappy/jj he/pps became/vbd over/in its/pp$ true/jj meaning/nn ./.


	As/cs was/bedz only/rb natural/jj he/pps confided/vbd his/pp$ searchings/nns to/in Ann/np ,/, conceding/vbg ruefully/rb that/cs it/pps certainly/rb looked/vbd as/cs if/cs their/pp$ own/jj Congregationalists/nps were/bed wrong/jj and/cc the/at Baptists/nps right/jj ./.


	Ann/np was/bedz very/ql troubled/vbn ./.
By/in this/dt time/nn she/pps had/hvd learned/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz futile/jj to/to argue/vb with/in her/pp$ young/jj husband/nn ,/, yet/cc the/at uncomfortable/jj fact/nn remained/vbd :/: the/at American/jj-tl Congregationalists/nps were/bed sending/vbg them/ppo as/cs missionaries/nns to/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl and/cc paying/vbg their/pp$ salaries/nns ./.
What/wdt would/md happen/vb if/cs Adoniram/np ``/`` changed/vbd horses/nns in/in midstream/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Baptists/nps and/cc Congregationalists/nps in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl were/bed on/in friendly/jj terms/nns ./.
How/wql embarrassing/vbg it/pps would/md be/be if/cs the/at newly/rb appointed/vbn Congregationalist/np missionaries/nns should/md suddenly/rb switch/vb their/pp$ own/jj beliefs/nns in/in order/nn to/to embrace/vb Baptist/np teachings/nns !/. !/.


	``/`` If/cs you/ppss become/vb a/at Baptist/np ,/, I/ppss will/md not/* ''/'' ,/, Ann/np informed/vbd her/pp$ husband/nn ,/, but/cc sweeping/vbg her/pp$ threat/nn aside/rb Adoniram/np continued/vbd to/to search/vb for/in an/at answer/nn to/in the/at personal/jj dilemma/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps found/vbd himself/ppl ./.


	By/in early/jj June/np they/ppss were/bed a/at hundred/cd miles/nns off/in the/at coast/nn of/in Ceylon/np ,/, by/in which/wdt time/nn all/abn four/cd missionaries/nns were/bed hardened/vbn seafarers/nns ./.
Even/rb Harriet/np could/md boldly/rb write/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss know/vb not/* how/wrb it/pps is/bez ;/. ;/.
but/cc I/ppss hear/vb the/at thunder/nn roll/vb ;/. ;/.
see/vb the/at lightning/nn flash/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at waves/nns threatening/vbg to/to swallow/vb up/rp the/at vessel/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc yet/rb remain/vb unmoved/jj ''/'' ./.


	Ann/np thrilled/vbd to/in the/at sight/nn of/in a/at delicate/jj butterfly/nn and/cc two/cd strange/jj tropical/jj birds/nns ./.
Land/nn was/bedz near/rb ,/, and/cc on/in June/np 12/cd ,/, one/cd hundred/cd and/cc fourteen/cd days/nns after/cs leaving/vbg America/np ,/, they/ppss actually/rb saw/vbd ,/, twenty/cd miles/nns away/rb ,/, the/at coast/nn of/in Orissa/np ./.


	Captain/nn-tl Heard/np gave/vbd orders/nns for/cs the/at ship/nn to/to be/be anchored/vbn in/in the/at Bay/nn-tl of/in-tl Bengal/np-tl until/cs he/pps could/md obtain/vb the/at services/nns of/in a/at reputable/jj pilot/nn to/to steer/vb her/ppo through/in the/at shallow/jj waters/nns ./.


	Sometimes/rb ships/nns waited/vbd for/in days/nns for/in such/abl a/at man/nn ,/, but/cc Captain/nn-tl Heard/np was/bedz lucky/jj ./.
Next/ap day/nn a/at ship/nn arrived/vbd with/in an/at English/jj pilot/nn ,/, his/pp$ leadsman/nn ,/, an/at English/jj youth/nn ,/, and/cc the/at first/od Hindu/np the/at Judsons/nps and/cc Newells/nps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./.
A/at little/jj man/nn with/in a/at ``/`` a/at dark/jj copper/jj color/nn ''/'' skin/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz wearing/vbg ``/`` calico/nn trousers/nns and/cc a/at white/jj cotton/nn short/jj gown/nn ''/'' ./.
Ann/np was/bedz plainly/rb disappointed/vbn in/in his/pp$ appearance/nn ./.
``/`` He/pps looks/vbz as/ql feminine/jj as/cs you/ppss can/md imagine/vb ''/'' ,/, she/pps decided/vbd ./.


	The/at pilot/nn possessed/vbd excellent/jj skill/nn at/in his/pp$ calling/nn ;/. ;/.
all/abn day/nn long/rb the/at Caravan/np slowly/rb made/vbd her/pp$ way/nn through/in the/at difficult/jj passages/nns ./.
Alas/uh ,/, to/in Ann's/np$ consternation/nn ,/, his/pp$ language/nn while/cs thus/rb employed/vbn left/vbd much/ap to/to be/be desired/vbn ./.
He/pps swore/vbd so/ql loudly/rb at/in the/at top/nn of/in his/pp$ voice/nn ,/, that/cs she/pps didn't/dod* get/vb any/dti sleep/nn all/abn the/at next/ap night/nn ./.


	Next/ap morning/nn the/at Caravan/np was/bedz out/in of/in the/at treacherous/jj Bay/nn-tl ./.
Relieved/vbn of/in the/at major/jj part/nn of/in his/pp$ responsibility/nn for/in the/at safety/nn of/in the/at ship/nn ,/, the/at pilot's/nn$ oaths/nns became/vbd fewer/ap ./.
Slowly/rb she/pps moved/vbd up/in the/at Hooghli/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, a/at mouth/nn of/in the/at mighty/jj Ganges/np ,/, toward/in Calcutta/np ./.


	Ann/np was/bedz entranced/vbn with/in the/at view/nn ,/, as/cs were/bed her/pp$ husband/nn and/cc friends/nns ./.
Running/vbg across/in the/at deck/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz empty/jj now/rb that/cs the/at livestock/nn had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn and/cc eaten/vbn ,/, they/ppss sniffed/vbd the/at spice-laden/jj breezes/nns that/wps came/vbd from/in the/at shore/nn ,/, each/dt pointing/vbg out/rp new/jj and/cc exciting/jj wonders/nns to/in the/at other/ap ./.


	Out/rp came/vbd the/at journal/nn and/cc in/in it/ppo went/vbd Ann's/np$ own/jj description/nn of/in the/at scene/nn :/: 

	``/`` On/in each/dt side/nn of/in the/at Hoogli/np ,/, where/wrb we/ppss are/ber now/rb sailing/vbg ,/, are/ber the/at Hindoo/np cottages/nns ,/, as/ql thick/rb together/rb as/cs the/at houses/nns in/in our/pp$ seaports/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber very/ql small/jj ,/, and/cc in/in the/at form/nn of/in haystacks/nns ,/, without/in either/cc chimney/nn or/cc windows/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber situated/vbn in/in the/at midst/nn of/in trees/nns ,/, which/wdt hang/vb over/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc appear/vb truly/ql romantick/jj ./.
The/at grass/nn and/cc fields/nns of/in rice/nn are/ber perfectly/ql green/jj ,/, and/cc herds/nns of/in cattle/nns are/ber everywhere/rb feeding/vbg on/in the/at banks/nns of/in the/at river/nn ,/, and/cc the/at natives/nns are/ber scattered/vbn about/in differently/rb employed/vbn ./.
Some/dti are/ber fishing/vbg ,/, some/dti driving/vbg the/at team/nn ,/, and/cc many/ap are/ber sitting/vbg indolently/rb on/in the/at banks/nns of/in the/at river/nn ./.
The/at pagodas/nns we/ppss have/hv passed/vbn are/ber much/ql larger/jjr than/cs the/at houses/nns ''/'' ./.


	Harriet/np was/bedz just/rb as/ql delighted/vbn ./.
Where/wrb were/bed the/at hardships/nns she/pps had/hvd expected/vbn ?/. ?/.
She/pps was/bedz certain/jj now/rb that/cs it/pps would/md be/be no/ql harder/rbr to/to bear/vb her/pp$ child/nn here/rb in/in such/ql pleasant/jj surroundings/nns than/cs at/in home/nn in/in the/at big/jj white/jj house/nn in/in Haverhill/np ./.
With/in childlike/jj innocence/nn she/pps wrote/vbd of/in the/at Indians/nps as/cs ``/`` walking/vbg with/in fruit/nn and/cc umbrellas/nns in/in their/pp$ hands/nns ,/, with/in the/at tawny/jj children/nns around/in them/ppo ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at most/ql delightful/jj trial/nn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb had/hvn ''/'' ,/, she/pps decided/vbd ./.


	The/at Indians/nps who/wps came/vbd aboard/rb ship/nn to/to collect/vb the/at mail/nn also/rb interested/vbd her/ppo greatly/rb ,/, even/rb if/cs she/pps was/bedz suitably/rb shocked/vbn ,/, according/in to/in the/at customs/nns of/in the/at society/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps had/hvd been/ben reared/vbn ,/, to/to find/vb them/ppo ``/`` naked/jj ,/, except/in a/at piece/nn of/in cotton/nn cloth/nn wrapped/vbn around/in their/pp$ middle/nn ''/'' ./.


	At/in last/ap they/ppss saw/vbd Calcutta/np ,/, largest/jjt city/nn of/in Bengal/np and/cc the/at Caravan's/np$ destination/nn ./.
Founded/vbn August/np 24/cd ,/, 1690/cd by/in Job/np Charnock/np of/in the/at East/jj-tl India/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, and/cc commonly/rb called/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl City/nn-tl of/in-tl Palaces/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd a/at vast/jj and/cc elegant/jj place/nn to/in Ann/np Hasseltine/np Judson/np ./.
Solid/jj brick/nn buildings/nns painted/vbn dazzling/vbg white/jj ,/, large/jj domes/nns and/cc tall/jj ,/, picturesque/jj palms/nns stretched/vbd as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at eye/nn could/md see/vb ,/, while/cs the/at wharves/nns and/cc harbor/nn were/bed filled/vbn with/in tall-masted/jj sailing/vbg ships/nns ./.
The/at noise/nn stunned/vbd her/ppo ./.
Crowds/nns flocked/vbd through/in the/at waterfront/nn streets/nns chattering/vbg loudly/rb in/in their/pp$ strange-sounding/jj Bengali/jj tongue/nn ./.


	Harriet's/np$ mouth/nn watered/vbd with/in anticipation/nn when/wrb after/in months/nns of/in dreaming/vbg she/pps sat/vbd down/rp at/in last/ap to/in her/pp$ much-craved/jj milk/nn and/cc fresh/jj bread/nn ./.
Ann/np ,/, pleased/vbn to/to see/vb her/pp$ friend/nn happy/jj ,/, was/bedz intrigued/vbn by/in the/at new/jj fruits/nns a/at friend/nn of/in Captain/nn-tl Heard/np had/hvd sent/vbn on/in board/nn for/in their/pp$ enjoyment/nn ./.
Cautiously/rb she/pps sampled/vbd her/pp$ first/od pineapple/nn and/cc another/dt fruit/nn whose/wp$ taste/nn she/pps likened/vbd to/in that/dt of/in ``/`` a/at rich/jj pear/nn ''/'' ./.
Though/cs she/pps did/dod not/* then/rb know/vb its/pp$ name/nn ,/, this/dt strange/jj new/jj fruit/nn was/bedz a/at banana/nn ./.



Six/cd 
The/at first/od act/nn of/in Adoniram/np and/cc Samuel/np on/in reaching/vbg Calcutta/np was/bedz to/to report/vb at/in the/at police/nn station/nn ,/, a/at necessity/nn when/wrb landing/vbg in/in East/jj-tl India/np-tl Company/nn-tl territory/nn ./.
On/in the/at way/nn they/ppss tried/vbd to/to discover/vb all/abn they/ppss could/md about/in Burma/np ,/, and/cc they/ppss were/bed disturbed/vbn to/to find/vb that/cs Michael/np Symes's/np$ book/nn had/hvd not/* presented/vbn an/at altogether/ql true/jj picture/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd failed/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at Burmese/nps were/bed not/* really/rb treating/vbg him/ppo as/cs the/at important/jj visitor/nn he/pps considered/vbd himself/ppl ./.
They/ppss were/bed in/in fact/nn quietly/rb laughing/vbg at/in him/ppo ,/, for/cs their/pp$ King/nn-tl wished/vbd to/to have/hv nothing/pn to/to do/do with/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ./.
When/wrb Captain/nn-tl John/np Gibault/np of/in Salem/np had/hvd visited/vbn Burma/np in/in 1793/cd his/pp$ ship/nn ,/, the/at Astra/np ,/, had/hvd been/ben promptly/rb commandeered/vbn and/cc taken/vbn by/in her/pp$ captors/nns up/in the/at Irrawaddy/np-tl River/nn-tl ./.
Although/cs after/in much/ap trouble/nn he/pps did/dod manage/vb to/to get/vb it/ppo back/rb ,/, he/pps discovered/vbd there/ex was/bedz no/at trade/nn to/to be/be had/hvn ./.
All/abn Captain/nn-tl Gibault/np took/vbd back/rb to/in Salem/np were/bed a/at few/ap items/nns for/in the/at town's/nn$ East/jj-tl India/np-tl Museum/nn-tl ./.
A/at year/nn later/rbr another/dt Salem/np ship/nn returned/vbd from/in Burma/np with/in a/at cargo/nn of/in gum/nn lacquer/nn which/wdt nobody/pn wanted/vbd to/to buy/vb ./.
After/in that/dt Salem/np ships/nns decided/vbd to/to bypass/vb unfriendly/jj Burma/np ./.


	The/at Burmese/nps appeared/vbd to/to have/hv little/ap knowledge/nn of/in British/jj power/nn or/cc any/dti idea/nn of/in trade/nn ./.
They/ppss despised/vbd foreigners/nns ./.
Cruel/jj Burmese/jj governors/nns could/md ,/, on/in the/at slightest/jjt whim/nn ,/, take/vb a/at man's/nn$ life/nn ./.
As/in for/in missionaries/nns ,/, even/rb if/cs they/ppss succeeded/vbd in/in getting/vbg into/in the/at country/nn they/ppss probably/rb would/md not/* be/be allowed/vbn to/to preach/vb the/at Christian/jj faith/nn to/in the/at Burmans/nps ./.
Unspeakable/jj tortures/nns or/cc even/rb execution/nn might/md well/rb be/be their/pp$ fate/nn ./.


	``/`` Go/vb back/rb to/in America/np or/cc any/dti other/ap place/nn ''/'' ,/, well-meaning/jj friends/nns of/in Captain/nn-tl Heard/np advised/vbd them/ppo ,/, ``/`` but/cc put/vbd thoughts/nns of/in going/vbg to/in Burma/np out/in of/in your/pp$ heads/nns ''/'' ./.


	Somewhat/ql daunted/vbn ,/, the/at two/cd American/jj missionaries/nns reached/vbd the/at police/nn station/nn where/wrb they/ppss were/bed questioned/vbn by/in a/at most/ql unfriendly/jj clerk/nn ./.
When/wrb he/pps discovered/vbd they/ppss had/hvd received/vbn from/in the/at Company's/nn$-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Directors/nns-tl no/at permission/nn to/to live/vb in/in India/np ,/, coupled/vbn with/in the/at fact/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed Americans/nps who/wps had/hvd been/ben sent/vbn to/in Asia/np to/to convert/vb ``/`` the/at heathen/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps became/vbd more/ql belligerent/jj than/cs ever/rb ./.


	They/ppss explained/vbd that/cs they/ppss desired/vbd only/rb to/to stop/vb in/in India/np until/cs a/at ship/nn traveling/vbg on/rp to/in Burma/np could/md be/be found/vbn ./.

She/pps describes/vbz ,/, first/rb ,/, the/at imaginary/jj reaction/nn of/in a/at foreigner/nn puzzled/vbn by/in this/dt ``/`` unseasonable/jj exultation/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez answered/vbn by/in a/at confused/vbn ,/, honest/jj Englishman/np ./.
The/at reasons/nns for/in the/at Whig/np joy/nn on/in this/dt occasion/nn are/ber found/vbn to/to be/be their/pp$ expectation/nn of/in regaining/vbg control/nn of/in the/at government/nn ,/, their/pp$ delight/nn at/in the/at prospect/nn of/in a/at new/jj war/nn ,/, their/pp$ hopes/nns of/in having/hvg the/at Tories/nps hanged/vbn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./.
As/in for/in the/at author/nn of/in the/at Englishman/np ,/, Mrs./np Manley/np sarcastically/rb deplores/vbz that/cs the/at sole/jj defense/nn of/in the/at Protestant/jj cause/nn should/md be/be left/vbn to/in ``/`` Ridpath/np ,/, Dick/np Steele/np ,/, and/cc their/pp$ Associates/nns ,/, with/in the/at Apostles/nns-tl of/in Young/jj-tl Man's/nn$-tl Coffee-House/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Another/dt controversy/nn typical/jj of/in the/at war/nn between/in the/at Englishman/np and/cc the/at Examiner/nn-tl centered/vbd on/in Robert/np (/( later/rbr Viscount/np )/) Molesworth/np ,/, a/at Whig/np leader/nn in/in Ireland/np and/cc a/at member/nn of/in the/at Irish/jj-tl Privy/jj-tl Council/nn-tl ./.
On/in December/np 21/cd ,/, the/at day/nn that/cs the/at Irish/jj-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Commons/nns-tl petitioned/vbd for/in removal/nn of/in Sir/np Constantine/np Phipps/np ,/, their/pp$ Tory/np-tl Lord/nn-tl Chancellor/nn-tl ,/, Molesworth/np reportedly/rb made/vbd this/dt remark/nn on/in the/at defense/nn of/in Phipps/np by/in Convocation/nn-tl :/: ``/`` They/ppss that/wps have/hv turned/vbn the/at world/nn upside/rb down/rp ,/, are/ber come/vbn hither/rb also/rb ''/'' ./.
Upon/in complaints/nns from/in the/at Lower/jjr-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Convocation/nn-tl to/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Lords/nns-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz removed/vbn from/in the/at Privy/jj-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ remark/nn having/hvg been/ben represented/vbn as/cs a/at blasphemous/jj affront/nn to/in the/at clergy/nn ./.
Steele/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd earlier/rbr praised/vbn Molesworth/np in/in Tatler/np-tl No./nn-tl 189/cd-tl ,/, now/rb defended/vbd him/ppo in/in Englishman/np-tl No./nn-tl 46/cd-tl ,/, depicting/vbg his/pp$ removal/nn as/cs a/at setback/nn to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Molesworth/np was/bedz naturally/rb assailed/vbn in/in the/at Tory/np press/nn ./.
Swift/np ,/, in/in the/at Dublin/np edition/nn of/in A/at-tl Preface/nn-tl to/in-tl the/at-tl Bishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Sarum's/np$-tl Introduction/nn-tl ,/, indicated/vbd his/pp$ feelings/nns by/in including/vbg Molesworth/np ,/, along/rb with/in Toland/np ,/, Tindal/np ,/, and/cc Collins/np ,/, in/in the/at group/nn of/in those/dts who/wps ,/, like/cs Burnet/np ,/, are/ber engaged/vbn in/in attacking/vbg all/abn Convocations/nns-tl of/in the/at clergy/nn ./.
In/in the/at same/ap way/nn he/pps coupled/vbd Molesworth/np and/cc Wharton/np in/in a/at letter/nn to/in Archbishop/nn-tl King/np ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd earlier/rbr described/vbn him/ppo as/cs ``/`` the/at worst/jjt of/in them/ppo ''/'' in/in some/dti ``/`` Observations/nns-tl ''/'' on/in-tl the/at-tl Irish/jj-tl Privy/jj-tl Council/nn-tl submitted/vbn to/in Oxford/np ./.
A/at month/nn later/rbr ,/, in/in The/at-tl Publick/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Whigs/nps-tl ,/, he/pps used/vbd Steele's/np$ defense/nn of/in Molesworth/np as/cs evidence/nn of/in his/pp$ disrespect/nn for/in the/at clergy/nn ,/, calling/vbg Steele's/np$ position/nn an/at affront/nn to/in the/at ``/`` whole/jj Convocation/nn-tl of/in-tl Ireland/np-tl ''/'' ./.
On/in this/dt issue/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, as/cs on/in so/ql many/ap in/in these/dts months/nns ,/, Steele/np and/cc Swift/np took/vbd rigidly/rb opposed/vbn points/nns of/in view/nn ./.


	In/in the/at early/jj months/nns of/in 1714/cd ,/, the/at battle/nn between/in Swift/np and/cc Steele/np over/in the/at issue/nn of/in the/at Succession/nn-tl entered/vbd its/pp$ major/jj phase/nn ./.
The/at preliminaries/nns ended/vbd with/in the/at publication/nn of/in Steele's/np$ Crisis/nn-tl on/in January/np 19/cd ,/, and/cc from/in that/dt point/nn on/rp the/at fight/nn proceeded/vbd at/in a/at rapid/jj pace/nn ./.
In/in answer/nn to/in The/at-tl Crisis/nn-tl ,/, Swift/np produced/vbd The/at-tl Publick/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Whigs/nps-tl ,/, his/pp$ most/ql extensive/jj and/cc bitter/jj attack/nn on/in his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn ./.
By/in this/dt time/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb ,/, the/at Tories/nps were/bed already/rb planning/vbg to/to ``/`` punish/vb ''/'' Steele/np for/in his/pp$ political/jj writing/nn by/in expelling/vbg him/ppo from/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Commons/nns-tl ./.
Despite/in his/pp$ defense/nn of/in himself/ppl in/in the/at final/jj paper/nn of/in the/at Englishman/np and/cc in/in his/pp$ speech/nn before/in the/at House/nn-tl ,/, their/pp$ efforts/nns were/bed successful/jj ./.
Steele/np lost/vbd his/pp$ seat/nn in/in Parliament/nn-tl ,/, and/cc his/pp$ personal/jj quarrel/nn with/in Swift/np ,/, by/in now/rb a/at public/jj issue/nn ,/, thus/rb reached/vbd its/pp$ climax/nn ./.


	Of/in all/abn the/at Whig/np tracts/nns written/vbn in/in support/nn of/in the/at Succession/nn-tl ,/, The/at-tl Crisis/nn-tl is/bez perhaps/rb the/at most/ql significant/jj ./.
Certainly/rb it/pps is/bez the/at most/ql pretentious/jj and/cc elaborate/jj ./.
Hanoverian/jj agents/nns assisted/vbd in/in promoting/vbg circulation/nn ,/, said/vbn to/to have/hv reached/vbn 40,000/cd ,/, and/cc if/cs one/pn may/md judge/vb by/in the/at reaction/nn of/in Swift/np and/cc other/ap government/nn writers/nns ,/, the/at work/nn must/md have/hv had/hvn considerable/jj impact/nn ./.
Steele's/np$ main/jjs business/nn here/rb is/bez to/to arouse/vb public/jj opinion/nn to/in the/at immediate/jj danger/nn of/in a/at Stuart/np-tl Restoration/nn-tl ./.
To/in this/dt end/nn ,/, the/at first/od and/cc longest/jjt section/nn of/in the/at tract/nn cites/vbz all/abn the/at laws/nns enacted/vbn since/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl to/to defend/vb England/np against/in the/at ``/`` Arbitrary/jj Power/nn of/in a/at Popish/jj Prince/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in his/pp$ comment/nn on/in these/dts laws/nns Steele/np sounds/vbz all/abn the/at usual/jj notes/nns of/in current/jj Whig/np propaganda/nn ,/, ranging/vbg from/in a/at criticism/nn of/in the/at Tory/np peace/nn to/in an/at attack/nn on/in the/at dismissal/nn of/in Marlborough/np ;/. ;/.
but/cc his/pp$ principal/jjs theme/nn is/bez that/cs the/at intrigues/nns of/in the/at Tories/nps ,/, ``/`` our/pp$ Popish/jj-tl or/cc Jacobite/jj-tl Party/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, pose/vb an/at immediate/jj threat/nn to/in Church/nn-tl and/cc State/nn-tl ./.
Like/in Burnet/np ,/, he/pps deplores/vbz the/at indifference/nn of/in the/at people/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at crisis/nn ./.
Treasonable/jj books/nns striking/vbg at/in the/at Hanoverian/jj-tl Succession/nn-tl ,/, he/pps complains/vbz ,/, are/ber allowed/vbn to/to pass/vb unnoticed/jj ./.
In/in this/dt connection/nn ,/, Swift/np ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez drawn/vbn in/rp for/in attack/nn :/: ``/`` The/at Author/nn of/in The/at-tl Conduct/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Allies/nns-tl has/hvz dared/vbn to/to drop/vb Insinuations/nns about/in altering/vbg the/at Succession/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in his/pp$ effort/nn to/to stir/vb the/at public/nn from/in its/pp$ lethargy/nn ,/, Steele/np goes/vbz so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to list/vb Catholic/jj atrocities/nns of/in the/at sort/nn to/to be/be expected/vbn in/in the/at event/nn of/in a/at Stuart/np-tl Restoration/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, with/in rousing/jj rhetoric/nn ,/, he/pps asserts/vbz that/cs the/at only/ap preservation/nn from/in these/dts ``/`` Terrours/nns ''/'' is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at laws/nns he/pps has/hvz so/ql tediously/rb cited/vbn ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez no/at time/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps writes/vbz ,/, ``/`` to/to talk/vb with/in Hints/nns and/cc Innuendos/nns ,/, but/cc openly/rb and/cc honestly/rb to/to profess/vb our/pp$ Sentiments/nns before/cs our/pp$ Enemies/nns have/hv compleated/vbn and/cc put/vbn their/pp$ Designs/nns in/in Execution/nn against/in us/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Steele/np apparently/rb professed/vbd his/pp$ sentiments/nns in/in this/dt book/nn too/ql openly/rb and/cc honestly/rb for/in his/pp$ own/jj good/nn ,/, since/cs the/at government/nn was/bedz soon/rb to/to use/vb it/ppo as/cs evidence/nn against/in him/ppo in/in his/pp$ trial/nn before/in the/at House/nn-tl ./.
In/in the/at final/jj issues/nns of/in the/at Englishman/np ,/, which/wdt ended/vbd just/rb as/cs the/at new/jj session/nn of/in Parliament/nn-tl began/vbd ,/, he/pps provided/vbd his/pp$ enemies/nns with/in still/ql more/ap ammunition/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, No./nn-tl 56/cd-tl printed/vbd the/at patent/nn giving/vbg the/at Electoral/jj-tl Prince/nn-tl the/at title/nn of/in Duke/nn-tl of/in-tl Cambridge/np-tl ./.
In/in a/at few/ap months/nns the/at Duke/nn-tl was/bedz to/to be/be the/at center/nn of/in a/at controversy/nn of/in some/dti significance/nn on/in the/at touchy/jj question/nn of/in the/at Protestant/jj-tl Succession/nn-tl ./.
At/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at Dowager/nn-tl Electress/nn-tl ,/, the/at Hanoverian/jj agents/nns ,/, supported/vbn by/in the/at Whig/np leaders/nns ,/, demanded/vbd that/cs a/at writ/nn of/in summons/nn be/be issued/vbn which/wdt would/md call/vb the/at Duke/nn-tl to/in England/np to/to sit/vb in/in Parliament/nn-tl ,/, thus/rb further/rbr insuring/vbg the/at Succession/nn by/in establishing/vbg a/at Hanoverian/jj-tl Prince/nn-tl in/in England/np before/in the/at Queen's/nn$-tl death/nn ./.
Anne/np was/bedz furious/jj ,/, and/cc Bolingbroke/np advised/vbd that/cs the/at request/nn be/be refused/vbn ./.
Oxford/np ,/, realizing/vbg that/cs the/at law/nn required/vbd the/at issuance/nn of/in the/at writ/nn ,/, took/vbd the/at opposite/jj view/nn ,/, for/in which/wdt the/at Queen/nn-tl never/rb forgave/vbd him/ppo ./.
Accordingly/rb the/at request/nn was/bedz granted/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at Elector/nn-tl himself/ppl ,/, who/wps had/hvd not/* been/ben consulted/vbn by/in his/pp$ mother/nn ,/, rejected/vbd the/at proposal/nn and/cc recalled/vbd his/pp$ agent/nn Schutz/np ,/, whose/wp$ impolitic/jj handling/nn of/in the/at affair/nn had/hvd caused/vbn the/at Hanoverian/jj interest/nn to/to suffer/vb and/cc had/hvd made/vbn Oxford's/np$ dismissal/nn more/ql likely/rb than/cs ever/rb ./.
Steele/np in/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez indicating/vbg his/pp$ sympathy/nn for/in such/abl a/at plan/nn ./.
A/at few/ap days/nns after/cs this/dt Englishman/np-tl appeared/vbd ,/, Defoe/np reported/vbd to/in Oxford/np that/cs Steele/np was/bedz expected/vbn to/to move/vb in/in Parliament/nn-tl that/cs the/at Duke/nn-tl be/be called/vbn over/rp ;/. ;/.
Defoe/np then/rb commented/vbd ,/, ``/`` If/cs they/ppss Could/md Draw/vb that/dt young/jj Gentleman/nn into/in Their/pp$ Measures/nns They/ppss would/md show/vb themselves/ppls quickly/rb ,/, for/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* asham'd/jj to/to Say/vb They/ppss want/vb only/rb a/at head/nn to/in Make/vb a/at beginning/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at final/jj issue/nn of/in the/at Englishman/np-tl ,/, No./nn-tl 57/cd-tl for/in February/np 15/cd ,/, ran/vbd to/in some/dti length/nn and/cc was/bedz printed/vbn as/cs a/at separate/jj pamphlet/nn ,/, entitled/vbn The/at-tl Englishman/np-tl :/: Being/beg the/at Close/nn of/in the/at Paper/nn So-called/jj ./.
Steele's/np$ purpose/nn is/bez to/to present/vb a/at general/jj defense/nn of/in his/pp$ political/jj writing/nn and/cc a/at resume/nn of/in the/at themes/nns which/wdt had/hvd occupied/vbn him/ppo in/in the/at Englishman/np-tl ;/. ;/.
but/cc there/ex is/bez much/ap here/rb also/rb which/wdt bears/vbz directly/rb on/in his/pp$ personal/jj quarrel/nn with/in Swift/np ./.
Thus/rb he/pps complains/vbz ,/, with/in considerable/jj justice/nn ,/, that/cs the/at Tory/np writers/nns have/hv resorted/vbn to/in libel/nn instead/rb of/in answering/vbg his/pp$ arguments/nns ./.
His/pp$ birth/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, and/cc fortune/nn ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, have/hv all/abn been/ben ridiculed/vbn simply/rb because/cs he/pps has/hvz spoken/vbn with/in the/at freedom/nn of/in an/at Englishman/np ,/, and/cc he/pps assures/vbz the/at reader/nn that/cs ``/`` whoever/wps talks/vbz with/in me/ppo ,/, is/bez speaking/vbg to/in a/at Gentleman/nn born/vbn ''/'' ./.
As/cs notable/jj examples/nns of/in this/dt abuse/nn ,/, he/pps quotes/vbz passages/nns from/in the/at Examiner/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` that/dt Destroyer/nn of/in all/abn things/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc The/at-tl Character/nn-tl of/in-tl Richard/np-tl Steele/np-tl ,/, which/wdt he/pps here/rb attributes/vbz to/in Swift/np ./.
Though/cs put/vbn in/in rather/ql maudlin/jj terms/nns ,/, Steele's/np$ defense/nn of/in himself/ppl has/hvz a/at reasonable/jj basis/nn ./.
His/pp$ point/nn is/bez simply/rb that/cs the/at Tories/nps have/hv showered/vbn him/ppo with/in personal/jj satire/nn ,/, despite/in the/at fact/nn that/cs as/cs a/at private/jj subject/nn he/pps has/hvz a/at right/nn to/to speak/vb on/in political/jj matters/nns without/in affronting/vbg the/at prerogative/nn of/in the/at Sovereign/nn-tl ./.
He/pps claims/vbz ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs his/pp$ political/jj convictions/nns are/ber simply/rb those/dts which/wdt are/ber called/vbn ``/`` Revolution/nn-tl Principles/nns-tl ''/'' and/cc which/wdt are/ber accepted/vbn by/in moderate/jj men/nns in/in both/abx parties/nns ./.


	The/at final/jj section/nn of/in this/dt pamphlet/nn is/bez of/in special/jj interest/nn in/in a/at consideration/nn of/in Steele's/np$ relations/nns with/in Swift/np ./.
It/pps purports/vbz to/to be/be a/at letter/nn from/in Steele/np to/in a/at friend/nn at/in court/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in Miss/np Blanchard's/np$ opinion/nn ,/, could/md only/rb be/be meant/vbn as/cs Swift/np ./.
Steele/np first/rb answers/vbz briefly/rb the/at charges/nns which/wdt his/pp$ ``/`` dear/jj old/jj Friend/nn ''/'' has/nil made/nil about/nil his/nil pamphlet/nil on/nil Dunkirk/nil and/nil his/nil Crisis/nil ./.
Then/nil he/nil launches/nil into/nil an/nil attack/nil on/nil the/nil Tory/nil ministers/nil ,/, whom/nil he/nil calls/nil the/nil ``/`` New/jj Converts/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/.
by/in this/dt term/nn he/pps means/vbz to/to ridicule/vb their/pp$ professions/nns of/in acting/vbg in/in the/at interest/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl despite/in their/pp$ own/jj education/nn and/cc manner/nn of/in life/nn --/-- a/at gibe/nn ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, at/in the/at ``/`` Presbyterianism/np ''/'' in/in Harley's/np$ family/nn and/cc at/in Bolingbroke's/np$ reputed/vbn impiety/nn ./.
The/at Tory/np leaders/nns ,/, he/pps insinuates/vbz ,/, are/ber cynically/rb using/vbg the/at Church/nn-tl as/cs a/at political/jj ``/`` By-word/nn ''/'' to/to increase/vb party/nn friction/nn and/cc keep/vb themselves/ppls in/in power/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez the/at principal/jjs point/nn made/vbn in/in this/dt final/jj section/nn of/in Englishman/np-tl No./nn-tl 57/cd-tl ,/, and/cc it/pps caps/vbz Steele's/np$ efforts/nns in/in his/pp$ other/ap writing/nn of/in these/dts months/nns to/to counteract/vb the/at notion/nn of/in the/at Tories/nps as/cs a/at ``/`` Church/nn-tl Party/nn-tl ''/'' supported/vbn by/in the/at body/nn of/in the/at clergy/nn ./.


	Next/rb ,/, Steele/np turns/vbz his/pp$ attention/nn to/in the/at ``/`` Courtier/nn-tl ''/'' he/pps is/bez addressing/vbg ./.
He/pps explains/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber sometimes/rb honorable/jj courtiers/nns ,/, but/cc that/cs too/ql often/rb a/at man/nn who/wps succeeds/vbz at/in court/nn does/doz not/* hesitate/vb to/to sacrifice/vb his/pp$ Sovereign/nn-tl and/cc nation/nn to/in his/pp$ own/jj avarice/nn and/cc ambition/nn ./.
Such/jj ,/, he/pps implies/vbz ,/, is/bez the/at case/nn with/in his/pp$ friend/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez not/* really/rb a/at new/jj convert/nn himself/ppl but/cc merely/rb a/at favorer/nn of/in new/jj converts/nns ./.
If/cs ``/`` Jack/np-tl the/at-tl Courtier/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez really/rb to/to be/be taken/vbn as/cs Swift/np ,/, the/at following/vbg remark/nn is/bez obviously/rb Steele's/np$ comment/nn on/in Swift's/np$ change/nn of/in parties/nns and/cc its/pp$ effect/nn on/in their/pp$ friendship/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss assure/vb you/ppo ,/, dear/jj Jack/np ,/, when/wrb I/ppss first/rb found/vbd out/rp such/abl an/at Allay/nn in/in you/ppo ,/, as/cs makes/vbz you/ppo of/in so/ql malleable/jj a/at Constitution/nn ,/, that/cs you/ppss may/md be/be worked/vbn into/in any/dti Form/nn an/at Artificer/nn pleases/vbz ,/, I/ppss foresaw/vbd I/ppss should/md not/* enjoy/vb your/pp$ Favour/nn much/ql longer/rbr ''/'' ./.
He/pps closes/vbz his/pp$ ``/`` letter/nn ''/'' by/in demanding/vbg that/cs Dunkirk/np be/be demolished/vbn ,/, that/cs the/at Pretender/nn-tl be/be forced/vbn to/to move/vb farther/ql away/rb from/in the/at coast/nn of/in England/np ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at Queen/nn-tl and/cc the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Hanover/np-tl come/vb to/in a/at better/jjr understanding/nn ./.
The/at last/ap point/nn was/bedz soon/rb to/to be/be included/vbn in/in the/at ``/`` seditious/jj ''/'' remarks/nns used/vbn against/in him/ppo in/in Parliament/nn-tl ./.


	The/at Examiner/nn-tl ,/, during/in Steele's/np$ trial/nn a/at month/nn later/rbr ,/, printed/vbd an/at answer/nn from/in the/at ``/`` Courtier/nn-tl ''/'' addressed/vbn to/in ``/`` R./np S./np ''/'' at/in Button's/np$ coffee-house/nn ./.
He/pps reviews/vbz Steele's/np$ entrance/nn into/in politics/nn and/cc finds/vbz that/cs his/pp$ present/jj difficulties/nns are/ber due/jj to/in his/pp$ habit/nn of/in attributing/vbg to/in his/pp$ own/jj abilities/nns and/cc talents/nns achievements/nns which/wdt more/ql properly/rb should/md be/be credited/vbn to/in the/at indulgence/nn of/in his/pp$ friends/nns ./.
Once/rb more/ql ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, Steele/np is/bez said/vbn to/to be/be indebted/jj to/in Swift/np for/in his/pp$ ``/`` wit/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
this/dt was/bedz the/at form/nn in/in which/wdt their/pp$ private/jj feud/nn most/ql often/rb appeared/vbd in/in the/at Tory/np press/nn ,/, especially/rb the/at Examiner/nn-tl ./.
In/in The/at Publick/jj Spirit/nn of/in the/at Whigs/nps ,/, it/pps may/md be/be noted/vbn ,/, Swift/np himself/ppl contemptuously/rb dismissed/vbd Steele's/np$ reference/nn to/in his/pp$ friend/nn at/in court/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb by/in the/at Style/nn of/in old/jj Friend/nn ,/, and/cc the/at like/in ,/, it/pps must/md be/be some/dti Body/nn there/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj Level/nn ;/. ;/.
among/in whom/wpo ,/, his/pp$ Party/nn have/hv indeed/rb more/ap Friends/nns-tl than/cs I/ppss could/md wish/vb ''/'' ./.


	On/in February/np 16/cd ,/, Steele/np took/vbd his/pp$ seat/nn in/in Parliament/nn-tl ./.
By/in now/rb he/pps was/bedz undergoing/vbg a/at fresh/jj torrent/nn of/in abuse/nn from/in Tory/np papers/nns and/cc pamphlets/nns ,/, and/cc action/nn was/bedz being/beg taken/vbn to/to effect/vb his/pp$ punishment/nn by/in expulsion/nn from/in Parliament/nn-tl ./.
On/in the/at very/ap day/nn that/cs the/at parliamentary/jj session/nn began/vbd ,/, another/dt ``/`` Infamous/jj Libel/nn ''/'' appeared/vbd ,/, entitled/vbn A/at-tl Letter/nn-tl From/in-tl The/at-tl Facetious/jj-tl Dr./nn-tl Andrew/np Tripe/np ,/, At/in-tl Bath/np-tl ,/, To/in-tl The/at-tl Venerable/jj-tl Nestor/np Ironside/np ./.
It/pps is/bez filled/vbn with/in the/at usual/jj personal/jj abuse/nn of/in Steele/np ,/, especially/rb of/in his/pp$ physical/jj appearance/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at opening/vbg paragraph/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, Steele/np is/bez accused/vbn of/in extreme/jj egotism/nn ,/, of/in giving/vbg ``/`` himself/ppl the/at preference/nn to/in all/abn the/at learned/vbn ,/, his/pp$ contemporaries/nns ,/, from/in Dr./nn-tl Swift/np himself/ppl ,/, even/ql down/rp to/in Poet/nn-tl Cr--spe/np-tl of/in the/at Customhouse/nn-tl ''/'' ./.

When/wrb Harold/np Arlen/np returned/vbd to/in California/np in/in the/at winter/nn of/in 1944/cd ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to take/vb up/rp again/rb a/at collaboration/nn with/in Johnny/np Mercer/np ,/, begun/vbn some/dti years/nns before/rb ./.
The/at film/nn they/ppss did/dod after/in his/pp$ return/nn was/bedz an/at inconsequential/jj bit/nn of/in nothing/pn titled/vbn Out/rb-tl Of/in-tl This/dt-tl World/nn-tl ,/, a/at satire/nn on/in the/at Sinatra/np bobby-soxer/nn craze/nn ./.
The/at twist/nn lay/vbd in/in using/vbg Bing/np Crosby's/np$ voice/nn on/in the/at sound/nn track/nn while/cs leading/vbg man/nn Eddie/np Bracken/np mouthed/vbd the/at words/nns ./.
If/cs nothing/pn else/rb ,/, at/in least/ap two/cd good/jj songs/nns came/vbd out/in of/in the/at project/nn ,/, ``/`` Out/rb-tl Of/in-tl This/dt-tl World/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` June/np-tl Comes/vbz-tl Around/rb-tl Every/at-tl Year/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Though/cs they/ppss would/md produce/vb some/dti very/ql memorable/jj and/cc lasting/vbg songs/nns ,/, Arlen/np and/cc Mercer/np were/bed not/* given/vbn strong/jj material/nn to/to work/vb on/in ./.
Their/pp$ first/od collaboration/nn came/vbd close/rb ./.
Early/rb in/in 1941/cd they/ppss were/bed assigned/vbn to/in a/at script/nn titled/vbn Hot/jj-tl Nocturne/nn-tl ./.
It/pps purported/vbd to/to be/be a/at reasonably/ql serious/jj attempt/nn at/in a/at treatment/nn of/in jazz/nn musicians/nns ,/, their/pp$ aims/nns ,/, their/pp$ problems/nns --/-- the/at tug-of-war/nn between/in the/at ``/`` pure/jj ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` commercial/jj ''/'' --/-- and/cc seemed/vbd a/at promising/jj vehicle/nn ,/, for/cs the/at two/cd men/nns shared/vbd a/at common/jj interest/nn in/in jazz/nn ./.


	Johnny/np Mercer/np practically/rb grew/vbd up/rp with/in the/at sound/nn of/in jazz/nn and/cc the/at blues/nns in/in his/pp$ ears/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz born/vbn in/in Savannah/np ,/, Georgia/np ,/, in/in 1909/cd ./.
His/pp$ father/nn ,/, George/np A./np Mercer/np ,/, was/bedz descended/vbn from/in an/at honored/vbn Southern/jj-tl family/nn that/wps could/md trace/vb its/pp$ ancestry/nn back/rb to/in one/cd Hugh/np Mercer/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd emigrated/vbn from/in Scotland/np in/in 1747/cd ./.


	The/at lyricist's/nn$ father/nn was/bedz a/at lawyer/nn who/wps had/hvd branched/vbn out/rp into/in real/jj estate/nn ./.
His/pp$ second/od wife/nn ,/, Lillian/np ,/, was/bedz the/at mother/nn of/in John/np H./np Mercer/np ./.
By/in the/at age/nn of/in six/cd young/jj Johnny/np indicated/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd the/at call/nn ./.
One/cd day/nn he/pps followed/vbd the/at Irish/jj-tl Jasper/np Greens/nps ,/, the/at town/nn band/nn ,/, to/in a/at picnic/nn and/cc spent/vbd the/at entire/jj day/nn listening/vbg ,/, while/cs his/pp$ family/nn spent/vbd the/at day/nn looking/vbg ./.
The/at disappearance/nn caused/vbd his/pp$ family/nn to/to assign/vb a/at full-time/jj maid/nn to/in keeping/vbg an/at eye/nn on/in the/at boy/nn ./.
But/cc one/cd afternoon/nn Mrs./np Mercer/np met/vbd her/ppo ;/. ;/.
both/abx were/bed obviously/rb on/in the/at way/nn to/in the/at Mercer/np home/nn ./.
The/at mother/nn inquired/vbd ,/, ``/`` Where's/wrb+bez Johnny/np ,/, and/cc why/wrb did/dod you/ppo leave/vb him/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` There/ex was/bedz nothing/pn else/rb I/ppss could/md do/do ''/'' ,/, the/at maid/nn answered/vbd ,/, satisfied/vbn with/in a/at rather/ql vague/jj explanation/nn ./.
But/cc Mrs./np Mercer/np demanded/vbd more/ap ./.
The/at maid/nn then/rb told/vbd her/ppo ,/, ``/`` Because/cs he/pps fired/vbd me/ppo ''/'' ./.


	With/in her/pp$ son/nn evidencing/vbg so/ql strong/jj a/at musical/jj bent/nn his/pp$ mother/nn could/md do/do little/ap else/rb but/cc get/vb him/ppo started/vbn on/in the/at study/nn of/in music/nn --/-- though/cs she/pps waited/vbd until/cs he/pps was/bedz ten/cd --/-- beginning/vbg with/in the/at piano/nn and/cc following/vbg that/dt with/in the/at trumpet/nn ./.
Young/jj Mercer/np showed/vbd a/at remarkable/jj lack/nn of/in aptitude/nn for/in both/abx instruments/nns ./.
Still/rb ,/, he/pps did/dod like/vb music/nn making/nn and/cc even/rb sang/vbd in/in the/at chapel/nn choir/nn of/in the/at Woodberry/np-tl Forest/nn-tl School/nn-tl ,/, near/in Orange/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps sounded/vbd fine/rb but/cc did/dod not/* matriculate/vb too/ql well/rb ./.


	When/wrb he/pps was/bedz fifteen/cd John/np H./np Mercer/np turned/vbd out/rp his/pp$ first/od song/nn ,/, a/at jazzy/jj little/jj thing/nn he/pps called/vbd ``/`` Sister/nn-tl Susie/np-tl ,/, Strut/vb-tl Your/pp$-tl Stuff/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
If/cs his/pp$ scholarship/nn and/cc formal/jj musicianship/nn were/bed not/* all/abn they/ppss might/md have/hv been/ben ,/, Mercer/np demonstrated/vbd at/in an/at early/jj age/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz gifted/jj with/in a/at remarkable/jj ear/nn for/in rhythm/nn and/cc dialect/nn ./.
From/in his/pp$ playmates/nns in/in Savannah/np ,/, Mercer/np had/hvd picked/vbn up/rp ,/, along/rb with/in a/at soft/jj Southern/jj-tl dialect/nn ,/, traces/nns also/rb of/in the/at Gullah/np dialects/nns of/in Africa/np ./.
Such/jj speech/nn differences/nns made/vbd him/ppo acutely/ql aware/jj of/in the/at richness/nn and/cc expressivness/nn of/in language/nn ./.


	During/in the/at summers/nns ,/, while/cs he/pps was/bedz still/rb in/in school/nn ,/, Mercer/np worked/vbd for/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ firm/nn as/cs a/at messenger/nn boy/nn ./.
It/pps generally/rb took/vbd well/ql into/in the/at autumn/nn for/in the/at firm/nn to/to recover/vb from/in the/at summer's/nn$ help/nn ./.
``/`` We'd/ppss+md give/vb him/ppo things/nns to/to deliver/vb ,/, letters/nns ,/, checks/nns ,/, deeds/nns and/cc things/nns like/cs that/dt ''/'' ,/, remembers/vbz his/pp$ half-brother/nn Walter/np ,/, still/rb in/in the/at real/jj estate/nn business/nn in/in Savannah/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc learn/vb days/nns later/rbr that/cs he'd/pps+hvd absent-mindedly/rb stuffed/vbn them/ppo into/in his/pp$ pocket/nn ./.
There/rb they/ppss stayed/vbd ''/'' ./.


	This/dt rather/ql detached/vbn attitude/nn toward/in life's/nn$ encumbrances/nns has/hvz seemed/vbn to/to be/be the/at dominant/jj trait/nn in/in Mercer's/np$ personality/nn ever/ql since/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at disarming/vbg disguise/nn ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb a/at shield/nn ,/, for/cs not/* only/rb has/hvz Mercer/np proved/vbn himself/ppl to/to be/be one/cd of/in the/at few/ap great/jj lyricists/nns over/in the/at years/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb one/cd who/wps can/md function/vb remarkably/rb under/in pressure/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz also/rb enjoyed/vbn a/at successful/jj career/nn as/cs an/at entertainer/nn (/( his/pp$ records/nns have/hv sold/vbn in/in the/at millions/nns )/) and/cc is/bez a/at sharp/jj businessman/nn ./.


	He/pps has/hvz also/rb an/at extraordinary/jj conscience/nn ./.
In/in 1927/cd his/pp$ father's/nn$ business/nn collapsed/vbd ,/, and/cc ,/, rather/in than/cs go/vb bankrupt/jj ,/, Mercer/np senior/jj turned/vbd his/pp$ firm/nn over/rp to/in a/at bank/nn for/in liquidation/nn ./.
He/pps died/vbd before/cs he/pps could/md completely/rb pay/vb off/rp his/pp$ debts/nns ./.
Some/dti years/nns later/rbr the/at bank/nn handling/vbg the/at Mercer/np liquidation/nn received/vbd a/at check/nn for/in $300,000/nns ,/, enough/ap to/to clear/vb up/rp the/at debt/nn ./.
The/at check/nn had/hvd been/ben mailed/vbn from/in Chicago/np ,/, the/at envelope/nn bore/vbd no/at return/nn address/nn ,/, and/cc the/at check/nn was/bedz not/* signed/vbn ./.


	``/`` That's/dt+bez Johnny/np ''/'' ,/, sighed/vbd the/at bank/nn president/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at best-hearted/jjt boy/nn in/in the/at world/nn ,/, but/cc absent-minded/jj ''/'' ./.
But/cc Mercer's/np$ explanation/nn was/bedz simple/jj :/: ``/`` I/ppss made/vbd out/rp the/at check/nn and/cc carried/vbd it/ppo around/rb a/at few/ap days/nns unsigned/jj --/-- in/in case/nn I/ppss lost/vbd it/ppo ''/'' ./.
When/wrb he/pps remembered/vbd that/cs he/pps might/md have/hv not/* signed/vbn the/at check/nn ,/, Mercer/np made/vbd out/rp another/dt for/in the/at same/ap amount/nn ,/, instructing/vbg the/at bank/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at other/ap --/-- especially/rb if/cs he/pps had/hvd happened/vbn to/to have/hv absent-mindedly/rb signed/vbn both/abx of/in them/ppo ./.


	When/wrb the/at family/nn business/nn failed/vbd ,/, Mercer/np left/vbd school/nn and/cc on/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ urging/vbg --/-- for/cs she/pps hoped/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md become/vb an/at actor/nn --/-- he/pps joined/vbd a/at local/jj little/jj theater/nn group/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at troupe/nn traveled/vbd to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to participate/vb in/in a/at one-act-play/nn competition/nn --/-- and/cc won/vbd --/-- Mercer/np ,/, instead/rb of/in returning/vbg with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at company/nn in/in triumph/nn ,/, remained/vbd in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
He/pps had/hvd talked/vbn one/cd other/ap member/nn of/in the/at group/nn to/to stay/vb with/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc that/dt friend/nn had/hvd tired/vbn of/in not/* eating/vbg regularly/rb and/cc returned/vbd to/in Savannah/np ./.
But/cc Mercer/np hung/vbd on/rp ,/, living/vbg ,/, after/in a/at fashion/nn ,/, in/in a/at Greenwich/np-tl Village/nn-tl fourth-flight/nn walk-up/nn ./.
``/`` The/at place/nn had/hvd no/at sink/nn or/cc washbasin/nn ,/, only/rb a/at bathtub/nn ''/'' ,/, his/pp$ mother/nn discovered/vbd when/wrb she/pps visited/vbd him/ppo ./.
``/`` Johnny/np insisted/vbd on/in cooking/vbg a/at chicken/nn dinner/nn in/in my/pp$ honor/nn --/-- he's/pps+hvz always/rb been/ben a/at good/jj cook/nn --/-- and/cc I'll/ppss+md never/rb forget/vb him/ppo cleaning/vbg the/at chicken/nn in/in the/at tub/nn ''/'' ./.


	A/at story/nn ,/, no/at doubt/nn apocryphal/jj ,/, for/cs Mercer/np himself/ppl denies/vbz it/ppo ,/, has/hvz him/ppo sporting/vbg a/at monacle/nn in/in those/dts Village/nn-tl days/nns ./.
Though/cs merely/rb clear/jj glass/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at distinctive/jj trade/nn mark/nn for/in an/at aspiring/vbg actor/nn who/wps hoped/vbd to/to imprint/vb himself/ppl upon/in the/at memories/nns of/in producers/nns ./.
One/cd day/nn in/in a/at bar/nn ,/, so/rb the/at legend/nn goes/vbz ,/, someone/pn put/vbd a/at beer/nn stein/nn with/in too/ql much/ap force/nn on/in the/at monacle/nn and/cc broke/vbd it/ppo ./.
The/at innocent/jj malfeasant/nn ,/, filled/vbd with/in that/dt supreme/jj sense/nn of/in honor/nn found/vbn in/in bars/nns ,/, insisted/vbd upon/in replacing/vbg the/at destroyed/vbn monacle/nn --/-- and/cc did/dod ,/, over/in the/at protests/nns of/in the/at former/ap owner/nn --/-- with/in a/at square/jj monacle/nn ./.
Mercer/np is/bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv refused/vbn it/ppo with/in ,/, ``/`` Anyone/pn who/wps wears/vbz a/at square/jj monacle/nn must/md be/be affected/vbn ''/'' !/. !/.


	Everett/np Miller/np ,/, then/rb assistant/jj director/nn for/in the/at Garrick/np-tl Gaieties/nns-tl ,/, a/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl production/nn ,/, needed/vbd a/at lyricist/nn for/in a/at song/nn he/pps had/hvd written/vbn ;/. ;/.
he/pps just/rb happened/vbd not/* to/to need/vb any/dti actor/nn at/in the/at moment/nn ,/, however/rb ./.
For/in him/ppo Mercer/np produced/vbd the/at lyric/nn to/in ``/`` Out/rb-tl Of/in-tl Breath/nn-tl Scared/vbn-tl To/in-tl Death/nn-tl Of/in-tl You/ppo-tl ''/'' ,/, introduced/vbn in/in that/dt most/ql successful/jj of/in all/abn the/at Gaieties/nns-tl ,/, by/in Sterling/np Holloway/np ./.
This/dt 1930/cd edition/nn also/rb had/hvd songs/nns in/in it/ppo by/in Vernon/np Duke/np and/cc Ira/np Gershwin/np ,/, by/in E./np Y./np Harburg/np and/cc Duke/np ,/, and/cc by/in Harry/np Myers/np ./.
Entrance/nn into/in such/jj stellar/jj song/nn writing/vbg company/nn encouraged/vbd the/at burgeoning/vbg song/nn writer/nn to/to take/vb a/at wife/nn ,/, Elizabeth/np Meehan/np ,/, a/at dancer/nn in/in the/at Gaieties/nns-tl ./.
The/at Mercers/nps took/vbd up/rp residence/nn in/in Brooklyn/np ,/, and/cc Mercer/np found/vbd a/at regular/jj job/nn in/in Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ``/`` misplacing/vbg stocks/nns and/cc bonds/nns ''/'' ./.


	When/wrb he/pps heard/vbd that/cs Paul/np Whiteman/np was/bedz looking/vbg for/in singers/nns to/to replace/vb the/at Rhythm/nn-tl Boys/nns-tl ,/, Mercer/np applied/vbd and/cc got/vbd the/at job/nn ,/, ``/`` not/* for/in my/pp$ voice/nn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem sure/jj ,/, but/cc because/cs I/ppss could/md write/vb songs/nns and/cc material/nn generally/rb ''/'' ./.
While/cs with/in the/at Whiteman/np band/nn Mercer/np met/vbd Jerry/np Arlen/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd yet/rb to/to meet/vb Harold/np Arlen/np ,/, for/cs although/cs they/ppss had/hvd ``/`` collaborated/vbn ''/'' on/in ``/`` Satan's/np$-tl Li'l/jj-tl Lamb/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Mercer/np and/cc Harburg/np had/hvd worked/vbn from/in a/at lead/nn sheet/nn the/at composer/nn had/hvd furnished/vbn them/ppo ./.
The/at lyric/nn ,/, Mercer/np remembers/vbz ,/, was/bedz tailored/vbn to/to fit/vb the/at unusual/jj melody/nn ./.


	Mercer's/np$ Whiteman/np association/nn brought/vbd him/ppo into/in contact/nn with/in Hoagy/np Carmichael/np ,/, whose/wp$ ``/`` Snowball/nn-tl ''/'' Mercer/np relyriced/vbd as/cs ``/`` Lazybones/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in which/wdt form/nn it/pps became/vbd a/at hit/nn and/cc marked/vbd the/at real/jj beginning/nn of/in Mercer's/np$ song-writing/jj career/nn ./.
After/cs leaving/vbg Whiteman/np ,/, Mercer/np joined/vbd the/at Benny/np Goodman/np band/nn as/cs a/at vocalist/nn ./.
With/in the/at help/nn of/in Ziggy/np Elman/np ,/, also/rb in/in the/at band/nn ,/, he/pps transformed/vbd a/at traditional/jj Jewish/jj melody/nn into/in a/at popular/jj song/nn ,/, ``/`` And/cc-tl The/at-tl Angels/nns-tl Sing/vb-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at countrywide/jj success/nn of/in ``/`` Lazybones/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` And/cc-tl The/at-tl Angels/nns-tl Sing/vb-tl ''/'' could/md only/rb lead/vb to/in Hollywood/np ,/, where/wrb ,/, besides/in Harold/np Arlen/np ,/, Mercer/np collaborated/vbd with/in Harry/np Warren/np ,/, Jimmy/np Van/np Heusen/np ,/, Richard/np Whiting/np ,/, Walter/np Donaldson/np ,/, Jerome/np Kern/np ,/, and/cc Arthur/np Schwartz/np ./.
Mercer/np has/hvz also/rb written/vbn both/abx music/nn and/cc lyrics/nns for/in several/ap songs/nns ./.
He/pps may/md be/be the/at only/ap song/nn writer/nn ever/rb to/to have/hv collaborated/vbn with/in a/at secretary/nn of/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Treasury/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
he/pps collaborated/vbd on/in a/at song/nn with/in William/np Hartman/np Woodin/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, 1932-33/cd ./.


	When/wrb Johnny/np Mercer/np and/cc Harold/np Arlen/np began/vbd their/pp$ collaboration/nn in/in 1940/cd ,/, Mercer/np ,/, like/cs Arlen/np ,/, had/hvd several/ap substantial/jj film/nn songs/nns to/in his/pp$ credit/nn ,/, among/in them/ppo ``/`` Hooray/uh-tl For/in-tl Hollywood/np-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Ride/vb-tl ,/, Tenderfoot/nn-tl ,/, Ride/vb-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Have/hv-tl You/ppss-tl Got/vbn-tl Any/dti-tl Castles/nns-tl ,/, Baby/nn-tl ?/.-tl ?/.-tl
''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Too/ql-tl Marvelous/jj-tl For/in-tl Words/nns-tl ''/'' (/( all/abn with/in Richard/np Whiting/np )/) ;/. ;/.
with/in Harry/np Warren/np he/pps did/dod ``/`` The/at-tl Girl/nn-tl Friend/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Whirling/vbg-tl Dervish/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Jeepers/uh-tl Creepers/uh-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` You/ppss-tl Must/md-tl Have/hv-tl Been/ben-tl A/at-tl Beautiful/jj-tl Baby/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Mercer's/np$ lyrics/nns are/ber characterized/vbn by/in an/at unerring/jj ear/nn for/in rhythmic/jj nuances/nns ,/, a/at puckish/jj sense/nn of/in humor/nn expressed/vbn in/in language/nn with/in a/at colloquial/jj flair/nn ./.
Though/cs versatile/jj and/cc capable/jj of/in turning/vbg out/rp a/at ballad/nn lyric/nn with/in the/at best/jjt of/in them/ppo ,/, Mercer's/np$ forte/nn is/bez a/at highly/ql polished/vbn quasi-folk/jj wit/nn ./.


	His/pp$ casual/jj ,/, dreamlike/jj working/vbg methods/nns ,/, often/rb as/cs not/* in/in absentia/nn ,/, were/bed an/at abrupt/jj change/nn from/in Harburg's/np$ ,/, so/cs that/cs Arlen/np had/hvd to/to adjust/vb again/rb to/in another/dt approach/nn to/in collaboration/nn ./.
There/ex were/bed times/nns that/cs he/pps worked/vbd with/in both/abx lyricists/nns simultaneously/rb ./.


	Speaking/vbg of/in his/pp$ work/nn with/in Johnny/np Mercer/np ,/, Arlen/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` Our/pp$ working/vbg habits/nns were/bed strange/jj ./.
After/cs we/ppss got/vbd a/at script/nn and/cc the/at spots/nns for/in the/at songs/nns were/bed blocked/vbn out/rp ,/, we'd/ppss+md get/vb together/rb for/in an/at hour/nn or/cc so/cs every/at day/nn ./.
While/cs Johnny/np made/vbd himself/ppl comfortable/jj on/in the/at couch/nn ,/, I'd/ppss+md play/vb the/at tunes/nns for/in him/ppo ./.
He/pps has/hvz a/at wonderfully/ql retentive/jj memory/nn ./.
After/cs I/ppss would/md finish/vb playing/vbg the/at songs/nns ,/, he'd/pps+md just/rb go/vb away/rb without/in a/at comment/nn ./.
I/ppss wouldn't/md* hear/vb from/in him/ppo for/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ,/, then/rb he'd/pps+md come/vb around/rb with/in the/at completed/vbn lyric/nn ''/'' ./.


	Arlen/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at few/ap (/( possibly/rb the/at only/ap )/) composer/nn Mercer/np has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to work/vb with/in so/ql closely/rb ,/, for/cs they/ppss held/vbd their/pp$ meetings/nns in/in Arlen's/np$ study/nn ./.
``/`` Some/dti guys/nns bothered/vbd me/ppo ''/'' ,/, Mercer/np has/hvz said/vbn ./.
``/`` I/ppss couldn't/md* write/vb with/in them/ppo in/in the/at same/ap room/nn with/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc I/ppss could/md with/in Harold/np ./.
He/pps is/bez probably/rb our/pp$ most/ql original/jj composer/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps often/rb uses/vbz very/ql odd/jj rhythms/nns ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz it/ppo difficult/jj ,/, and/cc challenging/jj ,/, for/in the/at lyric/nn writer/nn ''/'' ./.


	While/cs Arlen/np and/cc Mercer/np collaborated/vbd on/in Hot/jj-tl Nocturne/nn-tl ,/, Mercer/np worked/vbd also/rb with/in Arthur/np Schwartz/np on/in another/dt film/nn ,/, Navy/nn-tl Blues/nns-tl ./.
Arlen/np ,/, too/rb ,/, worked/vbd on/in other/ap projects/nns at/in the/at same/ap time/nn with/in old/jj friend/nn Ted/np Koehler/np ./.
Besides/in doing/vbg a/at single/ap song/nn ,/, ``/`` When/wrb-tl The/at-tl Sun/nn-tl Comes/vbz-tl Out/rb-tl ''/'' ,/, they/ppss worked/vbd on/in the/at ambitious/jj American-Negro/np-tl Suite/nn-tl ,/, for/in voices/nns and/cc piano/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs songs/nns for/in films/nns ./.


	The/at American-Negro/np-tl Suite/nn-tl is/bez in/in a/at sense/nn an/at extension/nn of/in the/at Cotton/nn-tl Club/nn-tl songs/nns in/in that/dt it/pps is/bez a/at collection/nn of/in Negro/np songs/nns ,/, not/* for/in a/at night/nn club/nn ,/, but/cc for/in the/at concert/nn stage/nn ./.
The/at work/nn had/hvd its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in 1938/cd with/in an/at eight-bar/jj musical/jj strain/nn to/in which/wdt Koehler/np set/vbd the/at words/nns ``/`` There'll/ex+md be/be no/ql more/ap work/nn ;/. ;/.
there'll/ex+md be/be no/ql more/ap worry/nn ''/'' ,/, matching/vbg the/at spiritual/jj feeling/nn of/in the/at jot/nn ./.
This/dt grew/vbd into/in the/at song/nn ``/`` Big/jj-tl Time/nn-tl Comin'/vbg-tl ''/'' ./.
By/in September/np 1940/cd the/at Suite/nn-tl had/hvd developed/vbn into/in a/at collection/nn of/in six/cd songs/nns ,/, ``/`` four/cd spirituals/nns ,/, a/at dream/nn ,/, and/cc a/at lullaby/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at Negro/np composer/nn Hall/np Johnson/np studied/vbd the/at American-Negro/np-tl Suite/nn-tl and/cc said/vbd of/in it/ppo ,/, ``/`` Of/in all/abn the/at many/ap songs/nns written/vbn by/in white/jj composers/nns and/cc employing/vbg what/wdt claims/vbz to/to be/be a/at Negroid/jj idiom/nn in/in both/abx words/nns and/cc music/nn ,/, these/dts six/cd songs/nns by/in Harold/np Arlen/np and/cc Ted/np Koehler/np easily/rb stand/vb far/ql out/rp above/in the/at rest/nn ./.
Thoroughly/ql modern/jj in/in treatment/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, full/jj of/in simple/jj sincerity/nn which/wdt invariably/rb characterizes/vbz genuine/jj Negro/np folk-music/nn and/cc are/ber by/in no/at means/nns to/to be/be confused/vbn with/in the/at average/jj '/' Broadway/np-tl Spirituals/nns-tl '/' which/wdt depend/vb for/in their/pp$ racial/jj flavor/nn upon/in sundry/jj allusions/nns to/in the/at '/' Amen/jj-tl Corner/nn-tl '/' ,/, '/' judgement/nn-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, '/' Gabriel's/np$ Horn/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at frustrated/vbn devil/nn --/-- with/in a/at few/ap random/jj hallelujahs/nns thrown/vbn in/rp for/in good/jj measure/nn ./.



	I/ppss feel/vb obliged/vbn to/to describe/vb this/dt cubbyhole/nn ./.
It/pps had/hvd a/at single/ap porcelain/nn stall/nn and/cc but/rb one/cd cabinet/nn for/in the/at chairing/nn of/in the/at bards/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz here/rb that/cs the/at terror-stricken/jj Dennis/np Moon/np played/vbd an/at unrehearsed/jj role/nn during/in the/at children's/nns$ party/nn ./.
A/at much/ql larger/jjr room/nn ,/, adjacent/jj to/in the/at lavatory/nn ,/, served/vbd as/cs a/at passageway/nn to/in and/cc from/in the/at skimpy/jj toilet/nn ./.
That/dt unused/jj room/nn was/bedz large/jj enough/qlp for/in --/-- well/uh ,/, say/vb an/at elephant/nn could/md get/vb into/in it/ppo and/cc ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, an/at elephant/nn did/dod ./.


	Something/pn occurred/vbd on/in the/at morning/nn of/in the/at children's/nns$ party/nn which/wdt may/md illustrate/vb the/at kind/nn of/in trouble/nn our/pp$ restricted/vbn toilet/nn facilities/nns caused/vbd us/ppo ./.
It/pps so/rb happened/vbd that/cs sports/nns writer/nn Arthur/np Robinson/np got/vbd out/in of/in the/at hospital/nn that/dt morning/nn after/cs promising/vbg his/pp$ doctor/nn that/cs he/pps be/be back/rb in/in an/at hour/nn or/cc two/cd to/to continue/vb his/pp$ convalescence/nn ./.
Arthur/np Robinson/np traveled/vbd with/in the/at baseball/nn clubs/nns as/cs staff/nn correspondent/nn for/in the/at American/jj ./.
He/pps was/bedz ghost/nn writer/nn for/in Babe/np Ruth/np ,/, whose/wp$ main/jjs talent/nn for/in literary/jj composition/nn was/bedz the/at signing/nn of/in his/pp$ autograph/nn ./.
Robbie/np was/bedz a/at war/nn veteran/nn with/in battle-shattered/jj knees/nns ./.


	He/pps arrived/vbd on/in crutches/nns at/in the/at Newspaper/nn-tl Club/nn-tl with/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ great/jj pals/nns ,/, Oliver/np Herford/np ,/, artist/nn ,/, author/nn ,/, and/cc foe/nn of/in stupidity/nn ./.
Mr./np Herford's/np$ appearance/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in a/at frustrated/vbn gnome/nn ./.
He/pps seemed/vbd timid/jj (/( at/in first/rb ,/, )/) wore/vbd nose/nn glasses/nns from/in which/wdt a/at black/jj ribbon/nn dangled/vbd ,/, and/cc was/bedz no/ql bigger/jjr than/cs a/at jockey/nn ./.
Robinson/np asked/vbd Herford/np to/to escort/vb him/ppo to/in the/at club's/nn$ lavatory/nn before/cs they/ppss sat/vbd down/rp for/in a/at highball/nn and/cc a/at game/nn of/in cards/nns ./.
In/in the/at jakes/nn ,/, after/cs Robbie/np and/cc his/pp$ crutches/nns were/bed properly/rb stowed/vbn ,/, Mr./np Herford/np went/vbd to/in the/at adjoining/vbg facility/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd barely/rb assumed/vbn his/pp$ stance/nn there/rb when/wrb a/at fat/jj fellow/nn charged/vbd through/in the/at doorway/nn ./.
Without/in any/dti regard/nn for/in rest-room/nn protocol/nn ,/, the/at hulking/vbg stranger/nn almost/rb knocked/vbd Herford/np off/in his/pp$ pins/nns ./.
The/at artist-author/nn said/vbd nothing/pn ,/, but/cc stood/vbd to/in one/cd side/nn ./.
He/pps waited/vbd a/at long/jj time/nn ./.
Nothing/pn was/bedz said/vbn ,/, nothing/pn accomplished/vbn ./.
The/at unrelieved/jj stranger/nn eventually/rb turned/vbd away/rb from/in the/at place/nn of/in his/pp$ --/-- shall/md we/ppss dare/md say/vb his/pp$ Waterloo/np ?/. ?/.
--/-- to/to go/vb to/in the/at door/nn ./.


	Mr./np Herford/np touched/vbd the/at fat/jj man's/nn$ arm/nn ./.
``/`` Pardon/vb me/ppo ,/, sir/nn ./.
May/md I/ppss say/vb that/cs you/ppss have/hv just/rb demonstrated/vbn the/at truth/nn of/in an/at old/jj proverb/nn --/-- the/at younger/jjr Pliny's/np$ ,/, if/cs memory/nn serves/vbz me/ppo --/-- which/wdt ,/, translated/vbn freely/rb from/in the/at archaic/jj Latin/np ,/, says/vbz ,/, '/' The/at more/ap haste/nn ,/, the/at less/ap peed/vbn '/' ''/'' ./.


	Governor/nn-tl Alfred/np E./np Smith/np was/bedz the/at official/jj host/nn at/in the/at children's/nns$ party/nn ./.
United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Senator/nn-tl Royal/np S./np Copeland/np was/bedz wearing/vbg the/at robes/nns of/in Santa/np Claus/np and/cc a/at great/jj white/jj beard/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at Honorable/jj-tl Robert/np Wagner/np ,/, Sr./np ,/, at/in that/dt time/nn a/at justice/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz on/in the/at reception/nn committee/nn ./.
I/ppss was/bedz in/in charge/nn of/in the/at arrangements/nns --/-- which/wdt were/bed soon/rb enough/qlp disarranged/vbn ./.


	I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn difficulties/nns from/in the/at very/ql first/od day/nn ./.
When/wrb ,/, in/in my/pp$ enthusiasm/nn ,/, I/ppss proposed/vbd the/at party/nn ,/, my/pp$ city/nn editor/nn (/( who/wps disliked/vbd the/at club/nn and/cc many/ap of/in its/pp$ members/nns )/) tried/vbd to/to block/vb my/pp$ participation/nn in/in the/at gala/jj event/nn ./.
Even/ql earlier/rbr than/cs that/dt he/pps had/hvd resented/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs I/ppss had/hvd been/ben chosen/vbn to/to edit/vb the/at club's/nn$ Reporter/nn-tl ./.


	City/nn editor/nn Victor/np Watson/np of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl American/np-tl was/bedz a/at man/nn of/in brooding/vbg suspicions/nns and/cc mysterious/jj shifts/nns of/in mood/nn ./.
Mr./np Hearst's/np$ telegraphic/jj code/nn word/nn for/in Victor/np Watson/np was/bedz ``/`` fatboy/nn-nc ''/'' ./.
The/at staff/nn saw/vbd in/in him/ppo the/at qualities/nns of/in a/at Don/np Cossack/np ,/, hence/rb ,/, as/cs mentioned/vbn before/rb ,/, his/pp$ nickname/nn ``/`` the/at Hetman/np ''/'' ./.


	The/at Hetman's/np$ physical/jj aspects/nns were/bed not/* those/dts of/in a/at savage/jj rider/nn of/in the/at steppes/nns ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, he/pps looked/vbd more/rbr like/cs a/at well-fleshed/jj lay/jj brother/nn of/in the/at Hospice/nn-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Bernard/np-tl ./.
Nor/cc were/bed his/pp$ manners/nns barbaric/jj ./.
He/pps had/hvd a/at purring/vbg voice/nn and/cc poker/nn player's/nn$ immobility/nn of/in features/nns which/wdt somehow/rb conveyed/vbd the/at feeling/nn that/cs he/pps knew/vbd where/wrb all/abn the/at bodies/nns were/bed buried/vbn ./.
He/pps was/bedz the/at son/nn of/in a/at Scottish/jj father/nn and/cc an/at American/jj Jewish/jj mother/nn ,/, long/rb widowed/vbn ,/, with/in whom/wpo he/pps lived/vbd in/in a/at comfortable/jj home/nn in/in Flushing/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd worked/vbn in/in the/at newspaper/nn business/nn since/cs he/pps was/bedz nineteen/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, always/rb for/in the/at Hearst/np service/nn ./.
From/in the/at very/ql first/od he/pps regarded/vbd himself/ppl as/cs Mr./np Hearst's/np$ disciple/nn ,/, defender/nn ,/, and/cc afterward/rb his/pp$ prime/jj minister/nn ,/, self-ordained/jj ./.


	It/pps was/bedz said/vbn that/cs the/at Hetman/np plotted/vbd to/to take/vb over/rp the/at entire/jj Hearst/np newspaper/nn empire/nn one/cd day/nn by/in means/nns of/in various/jj coups/nns :/: the/at destruction/nn of/in editors/nns who/wps tried/vbd to/to halt/vb his/pp$ course/nn ,/, the/at unfrocking/nn of/in publishers/nns whose/wp$ mistakes/nns of/in judgment/nn might/md be/be magnified/vbn in/in secret/jj reports/nns to/in Mr./np Hearst/np ./.
Whatever/wdt the/at Hetman's/np$ ambitions/nns ,/, his/pp$ colleagues/nns were/bed kept/vbn ill/jj at/in ease/nn ./.
Among/in the/at outstanding/jj members/nns of/in the/at Hearst/np cabinet/nn whom/wpo he/pps successfully/rb opposed/vbd for/in a/at time/nn were/bed the/at great/jj Arthur/np Brisbane/np ,/, Bradford/np Merrill/np ,/, S.S./np Carvalho/np ,/, and/cc Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np ./.
He/pps also/rb disliked/vbd Runyon/np ,/, for/in no/at good/jj reason/nn other/ap than/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Demon's/nn$-tl talent/nn was/bedz so/ql marked/vbn as/cs to/to put/vb him/ppo well/ql beyond/in the/at Hetman's/np$ say-so/nn or/cc his/pp$ supervision/nn ./.


	Runyon/np ,/, for/in his/pp$ part/nn ,/, had/hvd a/at contemptuous/jj regard/nn for/in Mr./np Watson/np ./.
``/`` He's/pps+bez a/at wrong-o/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Runyon/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc I/ppss wouldn't/md* trust/vb him/ppo as/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss could/md throw/vb the/at Statue/nn-tl of/in-tl Liberty/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Arthur/np ``/`` Bugs/np ''/'' Baer/np wrote/vbd to/in me/ppo just/ql recently/rb ,/, ``/`` Vic/np wanted/vbd to/to die/vb in/in harness/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ head/nn towards/in the/at wagon/nn ./.
He/pps supported/vbd his/pp$ mother/nn and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ,/, who/wps afterwards/rb committed/vbd suicide/nn ./.
Watson/np told/vbd me/ppo that/cs his/pp$ brother/nn always/rb sent/vbd roses/nns to/in his/pp$ mother/nn ,/, blossoms/nns bought/vbn with/in Vic's/np$ allowance/nn to/in him/ppo ./.
'/' And/cc would/md you/ppo believe/vb it/ppo '/' ,/, Vic/np added/vbd ,/, '/' she/pps likes/vbz him/ppo better/rbr than/cs she/pps does/doz me/ppo ./.
Why/wrb '/' ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	About/rb the/at only/ap time/nn the/at Hetman/np seemed/vbd excited/vbn was/bedz when/wrb one/cd of/in his/pp$ own/jj pet/nn ideas/nns was/bedz born/vbn ./.
Then/rb he/pps would/md get/vb to/in his/pp$ feet/nns ,/, as/cs though/cs rising/vbg in/in honor/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj remarkable/jj powers/nns ,/, and/cc say/vb almost/ql invariably/rb ,/, ``/`` Gentlemen/nns-tl ,/, this/dt is/bez an/at amazing/jj story/nn !/. !/.
It's/pps+bez bigger/jjr than/cs the/at Armistice/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Some/dti of/in the/at Hetman's/np$ ``/`` ideas/nns ''/'' were/bed dream-ridden/jj ,/, vaguely/rb imparted/vbn ,/, and/cc at/in times/nns preposterous/jj ./.
One/cd day/nn he/pps assigned/vbd me/ppo to/to lay/vb bare/jj a/at ``/`` plot/nn ''/'' by/in the/at Duponts/nps to/to supply/vb munitions/nns to/in a/at wholly/ql fictitious/jj revolution/nn he/pps said/vbd was/bedz about/rb to/to occur/vb in/in Cuba/np ./.
He/pps said/vbd that/cs his/pp$ information/nn was/bedz so/ql secret/jj that/cs he/pps would/md not/* be/be able/jj to/to confide/vb in/in me/ppo the/at origin/nn of/in his/pp$ pipeline/nn tip/nn ./.


	``/`` I/ppss can/md tell/vb you/ppo this/dt much/ap ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
It's/pps+bez bigger/jjr than/cs the/at Armistice/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss worked/vbd for/in a/at day/nn on/in this/dt plainly/ql ridiculous/jj assignment/nn and/cc consulted/vbd several/ap of/in my/pp$ own/jj well-informed/jj sources/nns ./.
Then/rb I/ppss spent/vbd the/at next/ap two/cd days/nns at/in the/at baseball/nn park/nn and/cc at/in Jack/np Doyle's/np$ pool/nn parlors/nns ./.
When/wrb I/ppss returned/vbd to/to make/vb my/pp$ report/nn ,/, the/at Hetman/np did/dod not/* remember/vb having/hvg sent/vbn me/ppo on/in the/at secret/jj mission/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz busy/jj ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, in/in having/hvg someone/pn submit/vb to/in a/at monkey-gland/nn operation/nn ./.
And/cc I/ppss was/bedz to/to go/vb to/in work/nn on/in that/dt odd/jj matter/nn ./.
I/ppss shall/md tell/vb of/in it/ppo later/rbr on/rp ./.


	The/at Hetman/np had/hvd a/at strong/jj liking/nn for/in a/at story/nn ,/, any/dti story/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to be/be had/hvn by/in means/nn of/in much/ap sleuthing/nn or/cc by/in roundabout/jj methods/nns ./.
Most/ap of/in my/pp$ stories/nns were/bed obtained/vbn by/in simply/rb seeking/vbg out/rp the/at person/nn who/wps could/md give/vb me/ppo the/at facts/nns ,/, and/cc not/* as/cs a/at rule/nn by/in playing/vbg clever/jj tricks/nns ./.


	One/cd day/nn I/ppss tired/vbd of/in following/vbg the/at Hetman's/np$ advice/nn of/in ``/`` shadowing/vbg ''/'' and/cc of/in the/at ``/`` ring-around-the-rosie/nn ''/'' approach/nn to/in a/at report/nn that/cs Enrico/np Caruso/np had/hvd pinched/vbn a/at lady's/nn$ hip/nn while/cs visiting/vbg the/at Central/jj-tl Park/nn-tl monkey/nn house/nn ./.
I/ppss explained/vbd my/pp$ state/nn of/in mind/nn to/in artist/nn Winsor/np McCay/np and/cc to/in ``/`` Bugs/np ''/'' Baer/np ./.
Mr./np Baer/np obtained/vbd a/at supply/nn of/in crepe/nn hair/nn and/cc spirit-gum/nn from/in an/at actor/nn at/in the/at Friars/nns-tl ./.
We/ppss fashioned/vbd beards/nns ,/, put/vbd them/ppo on/rp ,/, and/cc reported/vbd to/in the/at Hetman/np at/in the/at city/nn desk/nn ./.


	Mr./np Baer/np had/hvd an/at auburn/jj beard/nn ,/, like/cs Longfellow's/np$ ./.
Mr./np McCay/np had/hvd on/rp a/at sort/nn of/in Emperor/nn-tl Maximilian/np beard/nn and/cc mustache/nn ./.
As/cs for/in myself/ppl ,/, I/ppss had/hvd on/rp an/at enormous/jj black/jj ``/`` muff/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt ,/, together/rb with/in a/at derby/nn hat/nn and/cc horn-rim/jj eyeglasses/nns ,/, gave/vbd me/ppo the/at appearance/nn of/in a/at Russian/jj nihilist/nn ./.


	``/`` We/ppss are/ber ready/jj for/in your/pp$ next/rb mysterious/jj assignment/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mr./np Baer/np to/in the/at Hetman/np ./.
``/`` Where/wrb to/in ,/, sir/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Mr./np Watson/np did/dod not/* have/hv much/ap humor/nn in/in his/pp$ make-up/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps managed/vbd a/at mirthless/jj smile/nn ./.
Just/ql then/rb a/at reporter/nn telephoned/vbd in/rp from/in the/at Bronx/np to/to give/vb the/at rewrite/nn desk/nn an/at account/nn of/in a/at murder/nn ./.
The/at Hetman/np told/vbd me/ppo to/to take/vb the/at story/nn over/in the/at phone/nn and/cc to/to write/vb it/ppo ./.
While/cs I/ppss was/bedz sitting/vbg at/in one/cd of/in the/at rewrite/nn telephones/nns with/in my/pp$ derby/nn and/cc my/pp$ great/jj beard/nn ,/, Arthur/np Brisbane/np whizzed/vbd in/rp with/in some/dti editorial/nn copy/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn ./.
He/pps paused/vbd for/in a/at moment/nn to/to look/vb at/in me/ppo ,/, then/rb went/vbd on/rp to/in the/at city/nn desk/nn to/to deliver/vb his/pp$ ``/`` Today/nr-tl ''/'' column/nn ./.


	I/ppss thought/vbd it/ppo expedient/jj to/to take/vb off/rp my/pp$ derby/nn ,/, my/pp$ glasses/nns ,/, and/cc the/at beard/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc also/rb to/to change/vb telephones/nns ./.
I/ppss managed/vbd to/to do/do this/dt by/in the/at time/nn the/at great/jj A.B./np returned/vbd to/in the/at place/nn where/wrb he/pps last/rb had/hvd seen/vbn the/at fierce/jj nihilist/nn ./.
He/pps stood/vbd there/rb staring/vbg with/in disbelief/nn at/in the/at vacant/jj desk/nn ./.
Then/rb he/pps wrinkled/vbd his/pp$ huge/jj brow/nn and/cc went/vbd slowly/rb out/in of/in the/at room/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd a/at somewhat/ql goggle-eyed/jj expression/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` seeing/vbg things/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at Hetman's/np$ ``/`` ideas/nns ''/'' for/in news/nn stories/nns or/cc editorial/nn campaigns/nns were/bed by/in no/at means/nns always/rb fruitless/jj or/cc lacking/vbg in/in merit/nn ./.
He/pps campaigned/vbd successfully/rb for/in the/at riddance/nn of/in ``/`` Death/nn-tl Avenue/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc also/rb brought/vbd about/rb the/at ending/nn of/in pollution/nn of/in metropolitan/jj beaches/nns by/in sewage/nn ./.
He/pps exposed/vbd the/at bucket-shop/nn racket/nn with/in the/at able/jj assistance/nn of/in two/cd excellent/jj reporters/nns ,/, Nat/np Ferber/np and/cc Carl/np Helm/np ./.
In/in the/at conduct/nn of/in these/dts and/cc many/ap other/ap campaigns/nns ,/, the/at Hetman/np proved/vbd to/to be/be a/at much/ql abler/jjr journalist/nn than/cs his/pp$ critics/nns allowed/vbd ./.


	It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo now/rb ,/, in/in a/at long/jj backward/jj glance/nn ,/, that/cs many/ap of/in the/at Hetman's/np$ conceits/nns and/cc odd/jj actions/nns --/-- together/rb with/in his/pp$ grim/jj posture/nn when/wrb brandishing/vbg the/at hatchet/nn in/in the/at name/nn of/in Mr./np Hearst/np --/-- were/bed keyed/vbn with/in the/at tragedy/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to close/vb over/in him/ppo one/cd day/nn ./.
Alone/rb ,/, rejected/vbn on/in every/at hand/nn ,/, divorced/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in financial/jj trouble/nn ,/, he/pps leaped/vbd from/in an/at eleventh-floor/nn window/nn of/in the/at Abbey/nn-tl Hotel/nn-tl in/in 1937/cd ./.


	One/pn finds/vbz it/ppo difficult/jj to/to pass/vb censure/nn on/in the/at lonely/jj figure/nn who/wps waited/vbd for/in days/nns for/in a/at saving/vbg word/nn from/in his/pp$ zealously/ql served/vbn idol/nn ,/, W.R./np Hearst/np ./.
That/dt word/nn was/bedz withheld/vbn when/wrb the/at need/nn of/in it/ppo seemed/vbd the/at measure/nn of/in his/pp$ despair/nn ./.
The/at unfinished/jj note/nn ,/, written/vbn in/in pencil/nn upon/in the/at back/nn of/in a/at used/vbn envelope/nn ,/, and/cc addressed/vbn to/in the/at coroner/nn ,/, makes/vbz one/pn wonder/vb about/in many/ap things/nns :/: ``/`` God/np forgive/vb me/ppo for/in everything/pn ./.
I/ppss cannot/md* ''/'' 

	Much/ap to/in Damon/np Runyon's/np$ amazement/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs my/pp$ own/jj ,/, I/ppss got/vbd along/rb splendidly/rb with/in the/at Hetman/np ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, until/cs I/ppss became/vbd an/at editor/nn ,/, hence/rb ,/, in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, a/at rival/nn ./.
Not/* long/rb after/cs Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np had/hvd foisted/vbn me/ppo on/in the/at Watson/np staff/nn I/ppss received/vbd a/at salary/nn raise/nn and/cc a/at contract/nn on/in the/at Hetman's/np$ recommendation/nn ./.
During/in the/at next/ap years/nns he/pps gave/vbd me/ppo the/at second/od of/in the/at five/cd contracts/nns I/ppss would/md sign/vb with/in the/at Hearst/np-tl Service/nn-tl ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at somewhat/ql unusual/jj thing/nn for/in a/at reporter/nn to/to have/hv a/at contract/nn in/in those/dts days/nns before/in the/at epidemic/nn of/in syndicated/vbn columnists/nns ./.
I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to believe/vb that/cs my/pp$ ability/nn warranted/vbd this/dt advancement/nn ./.
Somehow/rb I/ppss think/vb that/cs Watson/np paid/vbd more/ap attention/nn to/in me/ppo than/cs he/pps otherwise/rb might/md have/hv because/cs his/pp$ foe/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np ,/, wouldn't/md* touch/vb me/ppo with/in a/at ten-foot/jj blue/jj pencil/nn ./.


	I/ppss remember/vb one/cd day/nn when/wrb Mr./np Hearst/np (/( and/cc I/ppss never/rb knew/vbd why/wrb he/pps liked/vbd me/ppo ,/, either/rb )/) sent/vbd the/at Hetman/np a/at telegram/nn :/: ``/`` Please/vb find/vb some/dti more/ap reporters/nns like/cs that/dt young/jj man/nn from/in Denver/np ''/'' ./.
Watson/np showed/vbd this/dt wire/nn to/in Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np ./.
The/at colonel/nn grunted/vbd ,/, then/rb made/vbd a/at remark/nn which/wdt might/md be/be construed/vbn in/in either/dtx of/in two/cd ways/nns ./.
``/`` Don't/do* bother/vb to/to look/vb any/dti further/rbr ./.
We/ppss already/rb have/hv the/at only/ap one/cd of/in its/pp$ kind/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at Hetman/np did/dod have/hv friends/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed mostly/rb outside/in the/at newspaper/nn profession/nn ./.
Sergeant/nn-tl Mike/np Donaldson/np ,/, Congressional/jj-tl Medal/nn-tl of/in-tl Honor/nn-tl soldier/nn ,/, was/bedz one/cd of/in them/ppo ./.
Dr./nn-tl Menas/np S./np Gregory/np was/bedz another/dt ./.
I/ppss used/vbd to/to go/vb with/in Watson/np to/to call/vb on/in the/at eminent/jj neurologist/nn at/in his/pp$ apartment/nn ,/, to/to sit/vb among/in the/at doctor's/nn$ excellent/jj collection/nn of/in statues/nns ,/, paintings/nns ,/, and/cc books/nns and/cc drink/vb Oriental/jj-tl coffee/nn while/cs Watson/np seemed/vbd to/to thaw/vb out/rp and/cc become/vb almost/ql affable/jj ./.


	There/ex was/bedz one/cd time/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ face/nn clouded/vbd and/cc he/pps suddenly/rb blurted/vbd ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb did/dod my/pp$ brother/nn commit/vb suicide/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss cannot/md* remember/vb Dr./nn-tl Gregory's/np$ reply/nn ,/, if/cs ,/, indeed/rb ,/, he/pps made/vbd one/cd ./.

If/cs she/pps were/bed not/* at/in home/nn ,/, Mama/nn-tl would/md see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs a/at fresh/jj white/jj rose/nn was/bedz there/rb ./.
Sometimes/rb ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np would/md close/vb herself/ppl in/in the/at Green/jj-tl Suite/nn-tl on/in the/at second/od floor/nn ,/, and/cc play/vb the/at piano/nn she/pps had/hvd brought/vbn to/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
Mama/nn-tl knew/vbd she/pps was/bedz playing/vbg her/pp$ son's/nn$ favorite/jj pieces/nns and/cc feeling/nn close/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc did/dod not/* disturb/vb her/ppo ./.


	All/ql the/at rest/nn of/in the/at days/nns in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl would/md be/be shadowed/vbn by/in the/at tragic/jj loss/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at President/nn-tl tried/vbd harder/rbr than/cs ever/rb to/to make/vb his/pp$ little/jj dry/jj jokes/nns and/cc to/to tease/vb the/at people/nns around/in him/ppo ./.


	A/at little/jj boy/nn came/vbd to/to give/vb the/at President/nn-tl his/pp$ personal/jj condolences/nns ,/, and/cc the/at President/nn-tl gave/vbd word/nn that/cs any/dti little/jj boy/nn who/wps wanted/vbd to/to see/vb him/ppo was/bedz to/to be/be shown/vbn in/rp ./.
Backstairs/rb ,/, the/at maids/nns cried/vbd a/at little/jj over/in that/dt ,/, and/cc the/at standing/vbg invitation/nn was/bedz not/* mentioned/vbn to/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np ./.


	The/at President/nn-tl was/bedz even/ql more/ql generous/jj with/in the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl than/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben before/in the/at tragedy/nn ./.
He/pps would/md bring/vb her/ppo boxes/nns of/in candy/nn and/cc other/ap presents/nns to/to coax/vb a/at smile/nn to/in her/pp$ lips/nns ./.


	He/pps brought/vbd her/ppo shawls/nns ./.
Dresses/nns were/bed short/jj in/in the/at days/nns of/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np ,/, and/cc Spanish/jj shawls/nns were/bed thrown/vbn over/in them/ppo ./.
He/pps got/vbd her/ppo dozens/nns of/in them/ppo ./.
One/cd shawl/nn was/bedz so/ql tremendous/jj that/cs she/pps could/md not/* wear/vb it/ppo ,/, so/cs she/pps draped/vbd it/ppo over/in the/at banister/nn on/in the/at second/od floor/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps hung/vbd over/in the/at stairway/nn ./.
The/at President/nn-tl used/vbd to/to look/vb at/in it/ppo with/in a/at ghost/nn of/in a/at smile/nn ./.


	Mrs./np Coolidge/np spent/vbd more/ap time/nn in/in her/pp$ bedroom/nn among/in her/pp$ doll/nn collection/nn ./.
She/pps kept/vbd the/at dolls/nns on/in the/at Lincoln/np bed/nn ./.
At/in night/nn ,/, when/wrb Mama/nn-tl would/md turn/vb back/rb the/at covers/nns ,/, she/pps would/md have/hv to/to take/vb all/abn the/at dolls/nns off/in the/at bed/nn and/cc place/vb them/ppo elsewhere/rb for/in the/at night/nn ./.
Mama/nn-tl always/rb felt/vbd that/cs the/at collection/nn symbolized/vbd Mrs./np Coolidge's/np$ wish/nn for/in a/at little/jj girl/nn ./.


	Among/in the/at dolls/nns was/bedz one/cd that/wps meant/vbd very/ql much/rb to/in the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl ,/, who/wps would/md pick/vb it/ppo up/rp and/cc look/vb at/in it/ppo often/rb ./.
It/pps had/hvd a/at tiny/jj envelope/nn tied/vbn to/in its/pp$ wrist/nn ./.
An/at accompanying/vbg sympathetic/jj letter/nn explained/vbd that/cs inside/in the/at envelope/nn was/bedz a/at name/nn for/in Mrs./np Coolidge's/np$ first/od granddaughter/nn ./.
Mama/nn-tl knew/vbd this/dt doll/nn was/bedz meant/vbn to/to help/vb Mrs./np Coolidge/np overcome/vb her/ppo grief/nn by/in turning/vbg her/pp$ eyes/nns to/in the/at future/nn ./.
The/at name/nn inside/in the/at envelope/nn was/bedz ``/`` Cynthia/np ''/'' ./.


	The/at Coolidges'/nps$ life/nn ,/, after/in the/at death/nn of/in their/pp$ son/nn ,/, was/bedz quieter/jjr than/cs ever/rb ./.
John/np was/bedz away/rb at/in school/nn most/ap of/in the/at time/nn ./.
Mrs./np Coolidge/np would/md knit/vb ,/, and/cc the/at President/nn-tl would/md sit/vb reading/vbg ,/, or/cc playing/vbg with/in the/at many/ap pets/nns around/in them/ppo ./.


	Now/rb and/cc then/rb ,/, the/at President/nn-tl would/md call/vb for/in ``/`` Little/jj-tl Jack/np-tl ,/, Master/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Hounds/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt was/bedz his/pp$ nickname/nn for/in a/at messenger/nn who/wps had/hvd worked/vbn in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl since/in Teddy/np Roosevelt's/np$ administration/nn ,/, and/cc discuss/vb the/at welfare/nn of/in some/dti one/cd of/in the/at animals/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz part/nn of/in Little/jj-tl Jack's/np$-tl work/nn to/to look/vb after/in the/at dogs/nns ./.


	One/cd White/jj-tl House/nn-tl dog/nn was/bedz immortalized/vbn in/in a/at painting/nn ./.
That/dt was/bedz Rob/np Roy/np ,/, who/wps posed/vbd with/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np for/in the/at portrait/nn by/in Howard/np Chandler/np Christy/np ./.
To/to get/vb him/ppo to/to pose/vb ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np would/md feed/vb him/ppo candy/nn ,/, so/cs he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at portrait/nn sessions/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs she/pps did/dod ./.


	I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to straighten/vb out/rp a/at misconception/nn about/in the/at dress/nn Mrs./np Coolidge/np is/bez wearing/vbg in/in this/dt painting/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* the/at same/ap dress/nn as/cs the/at one/cd on/in her/pp$ manikin/nn in/in the/at Smithsonian/np ./.
People/nns think/vb the/at dress/nn in/in the/at picture/nn was/bedz lengthened/vbn by/in an/at artist/nn much/ql later/rbr on/rp ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* true/jj ./.
The/at dress/nn in/in the/at painting/nn is/bez a/at bright/jj red/jj ,/, with/in rhinestones/nns forming/vbg a/at spray/nn on/in the/at right/jj side/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at long/jj train/nn flowing/vbg from/in the/at shoulders/nns ./.


	Mrs./np Coolidge/np gave/vbd Mama/nn-tl this/dt dress/nn for/in me/ppo ,/, and/cc I/ppss wore/vbd it/ppo many/ap times/nns ./.
I/ppss still/rb have/hv the/at dress/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss hope/vb to/to give/vb it/ppo to/in the/at Smithsonian/np-tl Institution/nn-tl as/cs a/at memento/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs I/ppss more/ql fondly/rb hope/vb ,/, to/to present/vb it/ppo to/in a/at museum/nn containing/vbg articles/nns showing/vbg the/at daily/jj lives/nns of/in the/at Presidents/nns-tl --/-- if/cs I/ppss can/md get/vb it/ppo organized/vbn ./.


	But/cc to/to get/vb back/rb to/in the/at Coolidge/np household/nn ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np so/ql obviously/rb loved/vbd dogs/nns ,/, that/cs the/at public/nn sent/vbd her/ppo more/ap dogs/nns --/-- Calamity/nn-tl Jane/np ,/, Timmy/np ,/, and/cc Blackberry/np ./.
The/at last/ap two/cd were/bed a/at red/jj and/cc a/at black/jj chow/nn ./.
Rob/np Roy/np remained/vbd boss/nn of/in all/abn the/at dogs/nns ./.
He/pps showed/vbd them/ppo what/wdt to/to do/do ,/, and/cc taught/vbd them/ppo how/wrb to/to keep/vb the/at maids/nns around/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl in/in a/at state/nn of/in terror/nn ./.


	The/at dogs/nns would/md run/vb through/in the/at halls/nns after/in him/ppo like/cs a/at burst/nn of/in bullets/nns ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at maids/nns would/md run/vb for/in cover/nn ./.
Mama/nn-tl didn't/dod* know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do --/-- whether/cs to/to tell/vb on/in Rob/np Roy/np or/cc not/* --/-- since/cs she/pps had/hvd the/at ear/nn of/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np more/rbr than/cs the/at other/ap maids/nns ./.
But/cc she/pps was/bedz afraid/jj the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl would/md not/* understand/vb ,/, because/cs Rob/np Roy/np was/bedz a/at perfect/jj angel/nn with/in the/at First/od-tl Family/nn-tl ./.


	Every/at day/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at President/nn-tl took/vbd his/pp$ nap/nn ,/, Rob/np Roy/np would/md stretch/vb out/rp on/in the/at window/nn seat/nn near/in him/ppo ,/, like/cs a/at perfect/jj gentleman/nn ,/, and/cc stare/vb thoughtfully/rb out/in the/at window/nn ,/, or/cc he/pps would/md take/vb a/at little/jj nap/nn himself/ppl ./.
He/pps would/md not/* make/vb a/at sound/nn until/cs the/at President/nn-tl had/hvd wakened/vbn and/cc left/vbn for/in the/at office/nn ;/. ;/.
then/rb he/pps would/md bark/vb to/to let/vb everyone/pn know/vb the/at coast/nn was/bedz clear/jj ./.
His/pp$ signal/nn was/bedz for/in the/at other/ap dogs/nns to/to come/vb running/vbg ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz also/rb the/at signal/nn for/in Mama/nn-tl and/cc the/at other/ap maids/nns to/to watch/vb out/rp ./.


	Rob/np Roy/np was/bedz self-appointed/jj to/to accompany/vb the/at President/nn-tl to/in his/pp$ office/nn every/at morning/nn ./.
Rob/np Roy/np was/bedz well/ql aware/jj of/in the/at importance/nn of/in this/dt mission/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps would/md walk/vb in/in front/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl ,/, looking/vbg neither/cc to/in the/at right/nr nor/cc to/in the/at left/nr ./.


	At/in dinner/nn ,/, lunch/nn ,/, or/cc breakfast/nn ,/, the/at President/nn-tl would/md call/vb out/rp ,/, ``/`` Supper/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
--/-- he/pps called/vbd all/abn meals/nns supper/nn --/-- after/cs the/at butler/nn had/hvd announced/vbn the/at meal/nn ./.
All/ql the/at dogs/nns would/md dash/vb to/to get/vb on/in the/at elevator/nn with/in the/at President/nn-tl and/cc go/vb to/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ./.
They/ppss would/md all/abn lie/vb around/rb on/in the/at rug/nn during/in the/at meal/nn ,/, a/at very/ql pretty/jj sight/nn as/cs Rob/np Roy/np ,/, Prudence/np ,/, and/cc Calamity/nn-tl Jane/np were/bed all/abn snow-white/jj ./.


	When/wrb Prudence/np and/cc Blackberry/np were/bed too/ql young/jj to/to be/be trusted/vbn in/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed tied/vbn to/in the/at radiator/nn with/in their/pp$ leashes/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss would/md cry/vb ./.
Mama/nn-tl tried/vbd to/to talk/vb to/in them/ppo and/cc keep/vb them/ppo quiet/jj while/cs she/pps tidied/vbd up/rp the/at sitting/vbg room/nn before/cs the/at First/od-tl Family/nn-tl returned/vbd ./.


	Finally/rb ,/, Mama/nn-tl did/dod mention/vb to/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np that/cs she/pps felt/vbd sorry/jj for/in the/at little/jj dogs/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb Mrs./np Coolidge/np decided/vbd to/to leave/vb the/at radio/nn on/rp for/in them/ppo while/cs she/pps was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, even/rb though/cs her/pp$ husband/nn disapproved/vbd of/in the/at waste/nn of/in electricity/nn ./.


	Mama/nn-tl was/bedz now/rb the/at first/od maid/nn to/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np ,/, because/cs Catherine/np ,/, the/at previous/jj first/od maid/nn ,/, had/hvd become/vbn ill/jj and/cc died/vbn ./.
Mrs./np Coolidge/np chose/vbd Mama/nn-tl in/in her/pp$ place/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at high/jj mark/nn for/in Mama/nn-tl ./.


	Every/at First/od-tl Family/nn-tl seems/vbz to/to have/hv one/cd couple/nn upon/in whom/wpo it/pps relies/vbz for/in true/jj friendship/nn ./.
For/in the/at Coolidges/nps ,/, it/pps was/bedz Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np Frank/np W./np Stearns/np of/in Boston/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, owners/nns of/in a/at large/jj department/nn store/nn ./.
They/ppss seemed/vbd to/to be/be at/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl half/abn the/at time/nn ./.
The/at butlers/nns were/bed amused/vbn because/cs when/wrb the/at Stearns/nps were/bed there/rb ,/, the/at President/nn-tl would/md say/vb grace/nn at/in breakfast/nn ./.
If/cs the/at Stearns/nps were/bed not/* there/rb ,/, grace/nn would/md be/be omitted/vbn ./.


	Speaking/vbg of/in breakfast/nn ,/, the/at President/nn-tl inaugurated/vbd a/at new/jj custom/nn --/-- that/dt of/in conducting/vbg business/nn at/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn ./.
The/at word/nn was/bedz that/cs this/dt too/rb was/bedz part/nn of/in an/at economy/nn move/nn on/in his/pp$ part/nn ./.
A/at new/jj bill/nn had/hvd been/ben passed/vbn under/in Harding/np that/wps designated/vbd the/at Government/nn-tl ,/, rather/in than/in the/at President/nn-tl ,/, as/cs the/at tab-lifter/nn for/in official/jj meals/nns ./.
So/cs the/at President/nn-tl would/md make/vb a/at hearty/jj breakfast/nn official/jj by/in inviting/vbg Government/nn-tl officials/nns to/to attend/vb ./.


	He/pps caused/vbd a/at lot/nn of/in talk/nn when/wrb he/pps also/rb chose/vbd the/at breakfast/nn hour/nn to/to have/hv the/at barber/nn come/vb in/rp and/cc trim/vb his/pp$ hair/nn while/cs he/pps ate/vbd ./.
Mama/nn-tl said/vbd that/cs if/cs Presidents/nns-tl were/bed supposed/vbn to/to be/be colorful/jj ,/, Mr./np Coolidge/np certainly/rb made/vbd a/at good/jj president/nn ./.
He/pps knew/vbd exactly/rb how/wrb to/to be/be colorful/jj !/. !/.


	The/at favorite/jj guest/nn of/in the/at house/nn ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at staff/nn was/bedz concerned/vbn ,/, was/bedz Mr./np Wrigley/np ,/, the/at chewing/vbg gum/nn king/nn ./.
The/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl had/hvd chewing/vbg gum/nn until/cs it/pps could/md chew/vb no/ql more/rbr ,/, and/cc every/at Christmas/np ,/, Mr./np Wrigley/np sent/vbd the/at President/nn-tl a/at check/nn for/in $100/nns ,/, to/to be/be divided/vbn among/in all/abn the/at help/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md imagine/vb that/cs he/pps got/vbd pretty/ql good/jj service/nn ./.


	Another/dt good/nn friend/nn of/in the/at Coolidges'/nps$ was/bedz George/np B./np Harvey/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz the/at Ambassador/nn-tl to/in-tl Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl from/in 1921/cd to/in 1923/cd ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at friend/nn of/in the/at Hardings/nps ,/, and/cc continued/vbd to/to be/be invited/vbn by/in the/at Coolidges/nps ./.


	The/at first/od royalty/nn whom/wpo Mama/nn-tl ever/rb waited/vbd on/in in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl was/bedz Queen/nn-tl Marie/np of/in Rumania/np ,/, who/wps came/vbd to/in a/at State/nn-tl dinner/nn given/vbn in/in her/pp$ honor/nn on/in October/np 21/cd ,/, 1926/cd ./.
She/pps was/bedz not/* an/at overnight/jj guest/nn in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, but/cc Mr./np Ike/np Hoover/np ,/, the/at chief/jjs usher/nn ,/, had/hvd Mama/nn-tl check/vb her/pp$ fur/nn coat/nn when/wrb she/pps came/vbd in/rp ,/, and/cc take/vb care/nn of/in her/pp$ needs/nns ./.
Mama/nn-tl said/vbd she/pps was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at prettiest/jjt ladies/nns she/pps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./.


	Mama/nn-tl was/bedz very/ql patriotic/jj ,/, and/cc one/cd of/in the/at duties/nns she/pps was/bedz proudest/jjt of/in was/bedz repairing/vbg the/at edges/nns of/in the/at flag/nn that/wps flew/vbd above/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
Actually/rb ,/, two/cd flags/nns were/bed used/vbn at/in the/at mansion/nn --/-- a/at small/jj one/cd on/in rainy/jj days/nns ,/, and/cc a/at big/jj one/cd on/in bright/jj days/nns ./.
The/at wool/nn would/md become/vb frazzled/vbn around/in the/at edges/nns from/in blowing/vbg in/in the/at wind/nn ,/, and/cc Mama/nn-tl would/md mend/vb it/ppo ./.
She/pps would/md often/rb go/vb up/rp on/in the/at roof/nn to/to see/vb the/at attendant/nn take/vb down/rp the/at flag/nn in/in the/at evening/nn ./.
She/pps used/vbd to/to tell/vb me/ppo ,/, ``/`` When/wrb I/ppss stand/vb there/rb and/cc look/vb at/in the/at flag/nn blowing/vbg this/dt way/nn and/cc that/dt way/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv the/at wonderful/jj ,/, safe/jj feeling/nn that/cs Americans/nps are/ber protected/vbn no/at matter/nn which/wdt way/nn the/at wind/nn blows/vbz ''/'' ./.


	Even/rb when/wrb Mrs./np Coolidge/np was/bedz in/in mourning/vbg for/in her/pp$ son/nn ,/, she/pps reached/vbd out/rp to/to help/vb other/ap people/nns in/in trouble/nn ./.
One/cd person/nn she/pps helped/vbd was/bedz my/pp$ brother/nn ./.
Mama/nn-tl had/hvd told/vbn her/ppo how/wrb Emmett's/np$ lungs/nns had/hvd been/ben affected/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz gassed/vbn in/in the/at war/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz in/in and/cc out/in of/in Mount/nn-tl Alto/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl for/in veterans/nns any/dti number/nn of/in times/nns ./.


	Taking/vbg a/at personal/jj interest/nn ,/, she/pps had/hvd the/at doctor/nn assigned/vbn to/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, Dr./nn-tl James/np Coupal/np ,/, look/vb Emmett/np over/rp ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz sent/vbn to/in a/at hospital/nn in/in Arizona/np until/cs his/pp$ health/nn improved/vbd enough/rb for/in him/ppo to/to come/vb back/rb to/in Washington/np to/to work/vb in/in the/at Government/nn-tl service/nn ./.
But/cc again/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz danger/nn that/cs his/pp$ lungs/nns would/md suffer/vb in/in the/at muggy/jj Washington/np weather/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd to/to return/vb to/in the/at dry/jj climate/nn of/in the/at West/nr-tl to/to live/vb and/cc work/nn ./.


	When/wrb Mrs./np Coolidge/np was/bedz in/in mourning/vbg ,/, she/pps did/dod not/* wear/vb black/jj ./.
She/pps wore/vbd grey/jj every/at day/nn ,/, and/cc white/jj every/at evening/nn ./.
Mama/nn-tl knew/vbd that/cs she/pps was/bedz out/in of/in mourning/vbg when/wrb she/pps finally/rb wore/vbd bright/jj colors/nns ./.
The/at President/nn-tl helped/vbd her/ppo a/at lot/nn by/in selecting/vbg some/dti lovely/jj colored/vbn dresses/nns to/to get/vb her/ppo started/vbn ./.
She/pps opened/vbd the/at boxes/nns with/in a/at tear/nn in/in her/pp$ eye/nn and/cc a/at sad/jj smile/nn on/in her/pp$ face/nn ./.


	On/in the/at social/jj side/nn ,/, the/at chore/nn Mama/nn-tl had/hvd at/in the/at formal/jj receptions/nns at/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl thrilled/vbd her/ppo the/at most/rbt ./.
It/pps was/bedz her/pp$ job/nn to/to stand/vb at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at stairs/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl stepped/vbd off/in the/at last/ap tread/nn ,/, Mama/nn-tl would/md straighten/vb out/rp her/pp$ long/jj train/nn before/cs she/pps marched/vbd to/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Room/nn-tl to/to greet/vb her/pp$ guests/nns with/in the/at President/nn-tl ./.
Mama/nn-tl would/md enjoy/vb the/at sight/nn of/in the/at famous/jj guests/nns as/ql much/rb as/cs anyone/pn ,/, and/cc would/md note/vb a/at gown/nn here/rb and/cc there/rb to/to tell/vb me/ppo about/in that/dt night/nn ./.


	One/cd night/nn ,/, Mama/nn-tl came/vbd home/nr practically/rb in/in a/at state/nn of/in shock/nn ./.
She/pps had/hvd stood/vbn at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at stairs/nns ,/, as/cs usual/jj ,/, when/wrb Mrs./np Coolidge/np came/vbd down/rp ,/, in/in the/at same/ap dress/nn that/wps is/bez now/rb in/in the/at Smithsonian/np ,/, to/to greet/vb her/pp$ guests/nns ./.
Mama/nn-tl stooped/vbd down/rp to/to fix/vb the/at train/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at train/nn there/rb !/. !/.
She/pps reached/vbd and/cc reached/vbd around/in the/at dress/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn there/rb ./.
She/pps looked/vbd up/rp and/cc saw/vbd that/cs ,/, without/in knowing/vbg it/ppo ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np was/bedz holding/vbg it/ppo aloft/rb ./.
Mrs./np Coolidge/np looked/vbd down/rp ,/, saw/vbd Mama's/nn$-tl horrified/vbn expression/nn and/cc quickly/rb let/vb the/at whole/jj thing/nn fall/vb to/in the/at floor/nn ./.
Mama/nn-tl swirled/vbd the/at train/nn in/in place/nn ,/, and/cc not/* a/at step/nn was/bedz lost/vbn ./.


	The/at Coolidges/nps did/dod not/* always/rb live/vb at/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl during/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl ./.



	Impressive/jj as/cs this/dt enumeration/nn is/bez ,/, it/pps barely/rb hints/vbz at/in the/at diverse/jj perceptions/nns of/in Jews/nps ,/, collectively/rb or/cc individually/rb ,/, that/wps have/hv been/ben attested/vbn by/in their/pp$ Gentile/np environment/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez reasonable/jj to/to affirm/vb two/cd propositions/nns :/: Jews/nps have/hv been/ben perceived/vbn by/in non-Jews/nps as/cs all/abn things/nns to/in all/abn men/nns ;/. ;/.
some/dti Jews/nps have/hv in/in fact/nn been/ben all/abn things/nns to/in all/abn men/nns ./.
In/in the/at arena/nn of/in power/nn Jews/nps have/hv at/in one/cd time/nn or/cc another/dt been/ben somebody's/pn$ ally/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss have/hv observed/vbn correct/jj neutrality/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss have/hv been/ben someone's/pn$ enemy/nn ./.
In/in the/at market/nn place/nn Jews/nps have/hv in/in fact/nn under/in various/jj circumstances/nns been/ben valued/vbn customers/nns and/cc suppliers/nns ,/, or/cc clannish/jj monopolists/nns and/cc cutthroat/nn competitors/nns ./.
And/cc so/rb on/rp through/in the/at roles/nns referred/vbn to/in in/in the/at previous/jj paragraph/nn ./.
Diversity/nn of/in perception/nn ,/, yes/rb ;/. ;/.
diversity/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, yes/rb ./.


	But/cc the/at two/cd do/do not/* invariably/rb or/cc even/ql typically/rb coincide/vb ./.
The/at ``/`` conventional/jj ''/'' image/nn of/in a/at particular/jj time/nn and/cc place/nn is/bez not/* necessarily/rb congruent/jj with/in the/at image/nn of/in the/at facts/nns as/cs established/vbn over/in the/at years/nns by/in scholarly/jj and/cc scientific/jj research/nn ./.
Conventional/jj images/nns of/in Jews/nps have/hv this/dt in/in common/jj with/in all/abn perceptions/nns of/in a/at configuration/nn in/in which/wdt one/cd feature/nn is/bez held/vbn constant/jj :/: images/nns can/md be/be both/abx true/jj and/cc false/jj ./.


	The/at genuinely/ql interesting/jj question/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, becomes/vbz :/: What/wdt factors/nns determine/vb the/at degree/nn of/in realism/nn or/cc distortion/nn in/in conventional/jj images/nns of/in Jews/nps ?/. ?/.
The/at working/vbg test/nn of/in ``/`` the/at facts/nns ''/'' must/md always/rb be/be the/at best/jjt available/jj description/nn obtainable/jj from/in scholars/nns and/cc scientists/nns who/wps have/hv applied/vbn their/pp$ methods/nns of/in investigation/nn to/in relevant/jj situations/nns ./.
Granted/vbn ,/, such/jj ``/`` functional/jj ''/'' images/nns are/ber subject/jj to/in human/jj error/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss are/ber self-correcting/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber subject/jj to/in disciplined/vbn procedures/nns that/wps check/vb and/cc recheck/vb against/in error/nn ./.


	In/in accounting/vbg for/in realism/nn or/cc distortion/nn two/cd sets/nns of/in factors/nns can/md be/be usefully/rb distinguished/vbn :/: current/jj intelligence/nn ;/. ;/.
predispositions/nns regarding/in intelligence/nn ./.
General/nn-tl Grant/np may/md have/hv been/ben the/at victim/nn of/in false/jj information/nn in/in the/at instance/nn reported/vbn in/in this/dt book/nn ;/. ;/.
if/cs so/rb ,/, he/pps would/md not/* be/be the/at first/od or/cc last/ap commanding/vbg officer/nn who/wps has/hvz succumbed/vbn to/in bad/jj information/nn and/cc dubious/jj estimates/nns of/in the/at future/nn ./.
But/cc General/nn-tl Grant/np may/md have/hv been/ben self-victimized/jj ./.
He/pps may/md have/hv entered/vbn the/at situation/nn with/in predispositions/nns that/wps prepared/vbd him/ppo to/to act/vb uncritically/rb in/in the/at press/nn of/in affairs/nns ./.


	Predispositions/nns ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, fall/vb conveniently/rb into/in two/cd categories/nns for/in purposes/nns of/in analysis/nn ./.
To/in some/dti extent/nn predispositions/nns are/ber shaped/vbn by/in exposure/nn to/to group/nn environments/nns ./.
In/in some/dti measure/nn they/ppss depend/vb upon/in the/at structure/nn of/in individual/jj personality/nn ./.
The/at anti-Semitism/nn of/in Hitler/np owed/vbd something/pn to/in his/pp$ exposure/nn to/in the/at ideology/nn of/in Lueger's/np$ politically/rb successful/jj Christian/jj socialist/nn movement/nn in/in Vienna/np ./.
But/cc millions/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns were/bed exposed/vbn to/in Lueger's/np$ propaganda/nn and/cc record/nn ./.
After/cs allowing/vbg for/in group/nn exposures/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez apparent/jj that/cs other/ap factors/nns must/md be/be considered/vbn if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to comprehend/vb fanaticism/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber personality/nn factors/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss include/vb harmonies/nns and/cc conflicts/nns within/in the/at whole/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc mechanisms/nns whereby/wrb inner/jj components/nns are/ber more/ql or/cc less/ql smoothly/rb met/vbn ./.
Modern/jj psychiatric/jj knowledge/nn provides/vbz us/ppo with/in many/ap keys/nns to/to unlock/vb the/at significance/nn of/in behavior/nn of/in the/at kind/nn ./.


	The/at foregoing/vbg factors/nns are/ber pertinent/jj to/in the/at analysis/nn of/in perceptual/jj images/nns and/cc the/at broad/jj conditions/nns under/in which/wdt they/ppss achieve/vb realism/nn or/cc fall/vb short/rb of/in it/ppo ./.
Undoubtedly/rb one/cd merit/nn of/in the/at vast/jj panorama/nn of/in Gentile/np conceptions/nns of/in the/at Jew/np unfolded/vbn in/in the/at present/jj anthology/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps provides/vbz a/at formidable/jj body/nn of/in material/nn that/wps invites/vbz critical/jj examination/nn in/in terms/nns of/in reality/nn ./.
Many/ap selections/nns are/ber themselves/ppls convincing/jj contributions/nns to/in this/dt appraisal/nn ./.


	Undoubtedly/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at significance/nn of/in the/at volume/nn is/bez greater/jjr than/cs the/at foregoing/vbg paragraphs/nns suggest/vb ./.
Speaking/vbg as/cs a/at non-Jew/np I/ppss believe/vb that/cs its/pp$ primary/jj contribution/nn is/bez in/in the/at realm/nn of/in future/jj policy/nn ./.
Since/cs we/ppss can/md neither/cc undo/vb nor/cc redo/vb the/at past/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber limited/vbn to/in the/at events/nns of/in today/nr and/cc tomorrow/nr ./.
In/in this/dt domain/nn the/at simple/jj fact/nn of/in coexistence/nn in/in the/at same/ap local/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc world/nn community/nn is/bez enough/ap to/to guarantee/vb that/cs we/ppss cannot/md* refrain/vb from/in having/hvg some/dti effect/nn ,/, large/jj or/cc small/jj ,/, upon/in Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns ./.
What/wdt shall/md these/dts effects/nns be/be ?/. ?/.


	I/ppss am/bem deliberately/rb raising/vbg the/at policy/nn problems/nns involved/vbn in/in Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns ./.
Comprehensive/jj examination/nn of/in any/dti policy/nn question/nn calls/vbz for/in the/at performance/nn of/in the/at intellectual/jj tasks/nns inseparable/jj from/in any/dti problem-solving/jj method/nn ./.
The/at tasks/nns are/ber briefly/rb indicated/vbn by/in these/dts questions/nns :/: What/wdt are/ber my/pp$ goals/nns in/in Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns ?/. ?/.
What/wdt are/ber the/at historical/jj trends/nns in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc abroad/rb in/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt these/dts goals/nns are/ber effectively/rb realized/vbn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt factors/nns condition/vb the/at degree/nn of/in realization/nn at/in various/jj times/nns and/cc places/nns ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez the/at probable/jj course/nn of/in future/jj developments/nns ?/. ?/.
What/wdt policies/nns if/cs adopted/vbn and/cc applied/vbn in/in various/jj circumstances/nns will/md increase/vb the/at likelihood/nn that/cs future/jj events/nns will/md coincide/vb with/in desired/vbn events/nns and/cc do/do so/rb at/in least/ap cost/nn in/in terms/nns of/in all/abn human/jj values/nns ?/. ?/.


	It/pps is/bez beyond/in the/at province/nn of/in this/dt epilogue/nn to/to cover/vb policy/nn questions/nns of/in such/jj depth/nn and/cc range/nn ./.
The/at discussion/nn is/bez therefore/rb limited/vbn to/in a/at suggested/vbn procedure/nn for/in realizing/vbg at/in least/ap some/dti of/in the/at potential/jj importance/nn of/in this/dt volume/nn for/in future/jj policy/nn ./.
As/cs a/at groundwork/nn for/in the/at proposal/nn I/ppss give/vb some/dti attention/nn to/in the/at first/od task/nn enumerated/vbn above/rb ,/, the/at clarification/nn of/in goal/nn ./.


	My/pp$ reply/nn is/bez that/cs I/ppss associate/vb myself/ppl with/in all/abn those/dts who/wps affirm/vb that/cs Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns should/md contribute/vb to/in the/at theory/nn and/cc practice/nn of/in human/jj dignity/nn ./.
The/at basic/jj goal/nn finds/vbz partial/jj expression/nn in/in the/at Universal/jj-tl Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Human/jj-tl Rights/nns-tl ,/, a/at statement/nn initiated/vbn and/cc endorsed/vbn by/in individuals/nns and/cc organizations/nns of/in many/ap religious/jj and/cc philosophical/jj traditions/nns ./.


	Within/in this/dt frame/nn of/in reference/nn policies/nns appropriate/jj to/in claims/nns advanced/vbn in/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at Jews/nps depend/vb upon/in which/wdt Jewish/jj identity/nn is/bez involved/vbn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs upon/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at claim/nn ,/, the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at claimant/nn ,/, the/at justifications/nns proposed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at predispositions/nns of/in the/at community/nn decision/nn makers/nns who/wps are/ber called/vbn upon/rb to/to act/vb ./.
If/cs Jews/nps are/ber identified/vbn as/cs a/at religious/jj body/nn in/in a/at controversy/nn that/dt comes/vbz before/in a/at national/jj or/cc international/jj tribunal/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez obviously/rb compatible/jj with/in the/at goal/nn of/in human/jj dignity/nn to/to protect/vb freedom/nn of/in worship/nn ./.
When/wrb decision/nn makers/nns act/vb within/in this/dt frame/nn they/ppss determine/vb whether/cs a/at claim/nn put/vbn forward/rb in/in the/at name/nn of/in religion/nn is/bez to/to be/be accepted/vbn by/in the/at larger/jjr community/nn as/cs appropriate/jj to/in religion/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at recognition/nn of/in Israel/np as/cs a/at nation/nn state/nn ,/, claims/nns are/ber made/vbn in/in many/ap cases/nns which/wdt identify/vb the/at claimant/nn as/cs a/at member/nn of/in the/at new/jj body/nn politic/jj ./.
Community/nn decision/nn makers/nns must/md make/vb up/rp their/pp$ minds/nns whether/cs a/at claim/nn is/bez acceptable/jj to/in the/at larger/jjr community/nn in/in terms/nns of/in prevailing/vbg expectations/nns regarding/in members/nns of/in nation/nn states/nns ./.
In/in free/jj countries/nns many/ap controversies/nns involve/vb self-styled/jj Jews/nps who/wps use/vb the/at symbol/nn in/in asserting/vbg a/at vaguely/ql ``/`` cultural/jj ''/'' rather/in than/in religious/jj or/cc political/jj identity/nn ./.
The/at decision/nn maker/nn who/wps acts/vbz for/in the/at community/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn must/md decide/vb whether/cs the/at objectives/nns pursued/vbn and/cc the/at methods/nns used/vbn are/ber appropriate/jj to/in public/jj policy/nn regarding/in cultural/jj groups/nns ./.


	We/ppss know/vb that/cs much/ap is/bez made/vbn of/in the/at multiplicity/nn and/cc ambiguity/nn of/in the/at identities/nns that/wps cluster/vb around/in the/at key/jjs symbol/nn of/in the/at Jew/np ./.
Many/ap public/jj and/cc private/jj controversies/nns will/md undoubtedly/rb continue/vb to/to reflect/vb these/dts confusions/nns in/in the/at mind/nn and/cc usage/nn of/in Gentile/np and/cc Jew/np ./.
However/rb ,/, in/in the/at context/nn of/in legal/jj and/cc civic/jj policy/nn ,/, these/dts controversies/nns are/ber less/ap than/cs novel/jj ./.
They/ppss involve/vb similar/jj uncertainties/nns regarding/in the/at multiple/jj identities/nns of/in any/dti number/nn of/in non-Jewish/jj groups/nns ./.
So/ql far/rb as/cs the/at existing/vbg body/nn of/in formal/jj principle/nn and/cc procedure/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, categorical/jj novelties/nns are/ber not/* to/to be/be anticipated/vbn in/in Jewish-Gentile/jj relationships/nns ;/. ;/.
claims/nns are/ber properly/rb disposed/vbn of/in according/in to/in norms/nns common/jj to/in all/abn parties/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez not/* implied/vbn that/cs formal/jj principles/nns and/cc procedures/nns are/ber so/ql firmly/rb entrenched/vbn within/in the/at public/jj order/nn of/in the/at world/nn community/nn or/cc even/rb of/in free/jj commonwealths/nns that/cs they/ppss will/md control/vb in/in all/abn circumstances/nns involving/vbg Jews/nps and/cc Gentiles/nps during/in coming/vbg years/nns ./.
Social/jj process/nn is/bez always/rb anchored/vbn in/in past/ap predisposition/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc it/pps is/bez perennially/rb restructured/vbn in/in situations/nns where/wrb anchors/nns are/ber dragged/vbn or/cc lost/vbn ./.
In/in conformance/nn with/in the/at maximization/nn principle/nn we/ppss affirm/vb that/cs Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns will/md be/be harmonious/jj or/cc inharmonious/jj to/in the/at degree/nn that/cs one/cd relation/nn or/cc the/at other/ap is/bez expected/vbn by/in the/at active/jj participants/nns to/to yield/vb the/at greatest/jjt net/nn advantage/nn ,/, taking/vbg all/abn value/nn outcomes/nns and/cc effects/nns into/in consideration/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* difficult/jj to/to anticipate/vb circumstances/nns in/in which/wdt negative/jj tensions/nns will/md cumulate/vb ;/. ;/.
for/in instance/nn ,/, imagine/vb the/at situation/nn if/cs Israel/np ever/rb joins/vbz an/at enemy/nn coalition/nn ./.
The/at formal/jj position/nn of/in Americans/nps who/wps identify/vb themselves/ppls with/in one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at several/ap identities/nns of/in the/at Jewish/jj symbol/nn is/bez already/rb clear/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at future/jj weight/nn of/in informal/jj factors/nns cannot/md* be/be so/ql easily/rb assessed/vbn ./.


	When/wrb we/ppss consider/vb the/at disorganized/vbn state/nn of/in the/at world/nn community/nn ,/, and/cc the/at legacy/nn of/in predispositions/nns adversely/rb directed/vbn against/in all/abn who/wps are/ber identified/vbn as/cs Jews/nps ,/, it/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs the/at struggle/nn for/in the/at minds/nns and/cc muscles/nns of/in men/nns needs/vbz to/to be/be prosecuted/vbn with/in increasing/vbg vigor/nn and/cc skill/nn ./.
During/in moments/nns of/in intense/jj crisis/nn the/at responsibility/nn of/in political/jj leaders/nns is/bez overwhelming/jj ./.
But/cc their/pp$ freedom/nn of/in policy/nn is/bez limited/vbn by/in the/at pattern/nn of/in predisposition/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss and/cc the/at people/nns around/in them/ppo enter/vb the/at crisis/nn ./.
At/in such/jj critical/jj moments/nns predispositions/nns favorable/jj to/in human/jj dignity/nn most/ql obviously/rb ``/`` pay/vb off/rp ''/'' ./.
By/in the/at same/ap test/nn predispositions/nns destructive/jj of/in human/jj personality/nn exercise/vb their/pp$ most/ql sinister/jj impact/nn ,/, with/in the/at result/nn that/cs men/nns of/in good/jj will/nn are/ber often/rb trapped/vbn and/cc nullified/vbn ./.


	Among/in measures/nns in/in anticipation/nn of/in crisis/nn are/ber plans/nns to/to inject/vb into/in the/at turmoil/nn as/cs assistants/nns of/in key/jjs decision/nn makers/nns qualified/vbn persons/nns who/wps are/ber cognizant/jj of/in the/at corrosive/jj effect/nn of/in crisis/nn upon/in personal/jj relationships/nns and/cc are/ber also/rb able/jj to/to raise/vb calm/jj and/cc realistic/jj voices/nns when/wrb overburdened/vbn leaders/nns near/vb the/at limit/nn of/in self-control/nn ./.
We/ppss are/ber learning/vbg how/wrb to/to do/do these/dts things/nns in/in some/dti of/in the/at vast/jj organized/vbn structures/nns of/in modern/jj society/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at process/nn can/md be/be accelerated/vbn ./.


	A/at truism/nn is/bez that/cs the/at time/nn to/to prepare/vb for/in the/at worst/jjt is/bez when/wrb times/nns are/ber best/jjt ./.
During/in intercrisis/nn periods/nns the/at educational/jj facilities/nns of/in the/at community/nn have/hv the/at possibility/nn of/in remolding/vbg the/at perspectives/nns and/cc altering/vbg the/at behavior/nn of/in vast/jj numbers/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns of/in every/at age/nn and/cc condition/nn ./.
As/cs more/ap men/nns and/cc women/nns are/ber made/vbn capable/jj of/in living/vbg up/rp to/in the/at challenge/nn of/in decency/nn the/at chances/nns are/ber improved/vbn that/cs the/at pattern/nn of/in predisposition/nn prevailing/vbg in/in positions/nns of/in strength/nn in/in future/jj crises/nns can/md be/be favorably/ql affected/vbn ./.


	Now/rb an/at abiding/vbg difficulty/nn of/in paragraphs/nns like/cs the/at foregoing/nn is/bez that/cs they/ppss appear/vb to/to preach/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in contemporary/jj society/nn we/ppss often/rb complain/vb of/in too/ql much/ap reaffirmation/nn of/in the/at goodness/nn of/in the/at good/nn ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn I/ppss do/do not/* intend/vb to/to let/vb the/at present/jj occasion/nn pass/vb without/in dealing/vbg more/ql directly/rb with/in the/at problem/nn of/in implementing/vbg good/jj intentions/nns ./.
I/ppss assume/vb that/cs the/at number/nn of/in readers/nns of/in this/dt anthology/nn who/wps regard/vb themselves/ppls as/ql morally/rb perfect/jj is/bez small/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs most/ap readers/nns are/ber willing/jj to/to consider/vb procedures/nns by/in which/wdt they/ppss may/md gain/vb more/ap insight/nn into/in themselves/ppls and/cc better/jjr understanding/nn of/in others/nns ./.
Properly/rb used/vbn ,/, the/at present/jj book/nn is/bez an/at excellent/jj instrument/nn of/in enlightenment/nn ./.


	Let/vb us/ppo not/* confuse/vb the/at issue/nn by/in labeling/vbg the/at objective/nn or/cc the/at method/nn ``/`` psychoanalytic/jj ''/'' ,/, for/cs this/dt is/bez a/at well/ql established/vbn term/nn of/in art/nn for/in the/at specific/jj ideas/nns and/cc procedures/nns initiated/vbn by/in Sigmund/np Freud/np and/cc his/pp$ followers/nns for/in the/at study/nn and/cc treatment/nn of/in disordered/vbn personalities/nns ./.
The/at traditional/jj method/nn proceeds/vbz by/in the/at technique/nn of/in free/jj association/nn ,/, punctuated/vbn by/in interpretations/nns proposed/vbn by/in the/at psychoanalytic/jj interviewer/nn ./.


	What/wdt we/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn does/doz have/hv something/pn in/in common/jj with/in the/at goals/nns of/in psychoanalysis/nn and/cc with/in the/at methods/nns by/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber sought/vbn ./.
For/in what/wdt we/ppss propose/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at psychoanalyst/nn is/bez not/* necessary/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs one/cd aim/nn is/bez to/to enable/vb the/at reader/nn to/to get/vb beneath/in his/pp$ own/jj defenses/nns --/-- his/pp$ defenses/nns of/in himself/ppl to/in himself/ppl ./.
For/in this/dt purpose/nn a/at degree/nn of/in intellectual/jj and/cc emotional/jj involvement/nn is/bez necessary/jj ;/. ;/.
but/cc involvement/nn needs/vbz to/to be/be accompanied/vbn by/in a/at special/jj frame/nn of/in mind/nn ./.


	The/at relatively/ql long/jj and/cc often/rb colorful/jj selections/nns in/in this/dt anthology/nn enable/vb the/at reader/nn to/to become/vb genuinely/ql absorbed/vbn in/in what/wdt is/bez said/vbn ,/, whether/cs he/pps responds/vbz with/in anger/nn or/cc applause/nn ./.
But/cc simple/jj involvement/nn is/bez not/* enough/ap ;/. ;/.
self-discovery/nn calls/vbz for/in an/at open/jj ,/, permissive/jj ,/, inquiring/vbg posture/nn of/in self-observation/nn ./.


	The/at symposium/nn provides/vbz an/at opportunity/nn to/to confront/vb the/at self/nn with/in specific/jj statements/nns which/wdt were/bed made/vbn at/in particular/jj times/nns by/in identifiable/jj communicators/nns who/wps were/bed addressing/vbg definite/jj audiences/nns --/-- and/cc throughout/in several/ap hundred/cd pages/nns everyone/pn is/bez talking/vbg about/in the/at same/ap key/jjs symbol/nn of/in identification/nn ./.


	An/at advantage/nn of/in being/beg exposed/vbn to/in such/jj specificity/nn about/in an/at important/jj and/cc recurring/vbg feature/nn of/in social/jj reality/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps can/md be/be taken/vbn advantage/nn of/in by/in the/at reader/nn to/to examine/vb covert/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs overt/jj resonances/nns within/in himself/ppl ,/, resonances/nns triggered/vbn by/in explicit/jj symbols/nns clustering/vbg around/in the/at central/jj figure/nn of/in the/at Jew/np ./.



	Two/cd facets/nns of/in this/dt aspect/nn of/in the/at literary/jj process/nn have/hv special/jj significance/nn for/in our/pp$ time/nn ./.
One/cd ,/, a/at reservation/nn on/in the/at point/nn I/ppss have/hv just/rb made/vbn ,/, is/bez the/at phenomenon/nn of/in pseudo-thinking/nn ,/, pseudo-feeling/nn ,/, and/cc pseudo-willing/nn ,/, which/wdt Fromm/np discussed/vbd in/in The/at-tl Escape/nn-tl From/in-tl Freedom/nn-tl ./.
In/in essence/nn this/dt involves/vbz grounding/vbg one's/pn$ thought/nn and/cc emotion/nn in/in the/at values/nns and/cc experience/nn of/in others/nns ,/, rather/in than/in in/in one's/pn$ own/jj values/nns and/cc experience/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at risk/nn that/cs instead/rb of/in teaching/vbg a/at person/nn how/wrb to/to be/be himself/ppl ,/, reading/vbg fiction/nn and/cc drama/nn may/md teach/vb him/ppo how/wrb to/to be/be somebody/pn else/rb ./.
Clearly/rb what/wdt the/at person/nn brings/vbz to/in the/at reading/nn is/bez important/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, if/cs the/at critic/nn instructs/vbz his/pp$ audience/nn in/in what/wdt to/to see/vb in/in a/at work/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez contributing/vbg to/in this/dt pseudo-thinking/nn ;/. ;/.
if/cs he/pps instructs/vbz them/ppo in/in how/wrb to/to evaluate/vb a/at work/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez helping/vbg them/ppo to/to achieve/vb their/pp$ own/jj identity/nn ./.


	The/at second/od timely/jj part/nn of/in this/dt sketch/nn of/in literature/nn and/cc the/at search/nn for/in identity/nn has/hvz to/to do/do with/in the/at difference/nn between/in good/jj and/cc enduring/vbg literary/jj works/nns and/cc the/at ephemeral/jj mass/nn culture/nn products/nns of/in today/nr ./.
In/in the/at range/nn and/cc variety/nn of/in characters/nns who/wps ,/, in/in their/pp$ literary/jj lives/nns ,/, get/vb along/rb all/ql right/rb with/in life/nn styles/nns one/pn never/rb imagined/vbd possible/jj ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at implicit/jj lesson/nn in/in differentiation/nn ./.
The/at reader/nn ,/, observing/vbg this/dt process/nn ,/, might/md ask/vb ``/`` why/wrb not/* be/be different/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/.
And/cc find/vb in/in the/at answer/nn a/at license/nn to/to be/be a/at variant/nn of/in the/at human/jj species/nn ./.
The/at observer/nn of/in television/nn or/cc other/ap products/nns for/in a/at mass/nn audience/nn has/hvz only/rb a/at permit/nn to/to be/be ,/, like/cs the/at models/nns he/pps sees/vbz ,/, even/ql more/rbr like/cs everybody/pn else/rb ./.
And/cc this/dt ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, holds/vbz for/in values/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs life/nn styles/nns ./.
One/pn would/md need/vb to/to test/vb this/dt proposition/nn carefully/rb ;/. ;/.
after/in all/abn ,/, the/at large/jj (/( and/cc probably/rb unreliable/jj )/) Reader's/nn$-tl Digest/nn-tl literature/nn on/in the/at ``/`` most/ql unforgettable/jj character/nn I/ppss ever/rb met/vbd ''/'' deals/vbz with/in village/nn grocers/nns ,/, country/nn doctors/nns ,/, favorite/jj if/cs illiterate/jj aunts/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb forth/rb ./.
Scientists/nns often/rb turn/vb out/rp to/to be/be idiosyncratic/jj ,/, too/rb ./.
But/cc still/rb ,/, the/at proposition/nn is/bez worth/jj examination/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs the/at study/nn of/in literature/nn affects/vbz the/at conscience/nn ,/, the/at morality/nn ,/, the/at sensitivity/nn to/in some/dti code/nn of/in ``/`` right/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` wrong/nn ''/'' ./.
I/ppss do/do not/* know/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez true/jj ;/. ;/.
both/abx Flugel/np and/cc Ranyard/np West/np deal/vb with/in the/at development/nn and/cc nature/nn of/in conscience/nn ,/, as/cs do/do such/jj theologians/nns as/cs Niebuhr/np and/cc Buber/np ./.
It/pps forms/vbz the/at core/nn of/in many/ap ,/, perhaps/rb most/ap ,/, problems/nns of/in psychotherapy/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem not/* aware/jj of/in great/jj attention/nn by/in any/dti of/in these/dts authors/nns or/cc by/in the/at psychotherapeutic/jj profession/nn to/in the/at role/nn of/in literary/jj study/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in conscience/nn --/-- most/ap of/in their/pp$ attention/nn is/bez to/in a/at pre-literate/jj period/nn of/in life/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, for/in the/at theologians/nns of/in course/nn ,/, to/in the/at influence/nn of/in religion/nn ./.


	Still/rb ,/, it/pps would/md be/be surprising/vbg if/cs what/wdt one/pn reads/vbz did/dod not/* contribute/vb to/in one's/pn$ ideas/nns of/in right/nn and/cc wrong/nn ;/. ;/.
certainly/rb the/at awakened/vbn alarm/nn over/in the/at comic/jj books/nns and/cc the/at continuous/jj concern/nn over/in prurient/jj literature/nn indicate/vb some/dti peripheral/jj aspects/nns of/in this/dt influence/nn ./.
Probably/rb the/at most/ql important/jj thing/nn to/to focus/vb on/in is/bez not/* the/at development/nn of/in conscience/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md well/rb be/be almost/rb beyond/in the/at reach/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, but/cc the/at contents/nns of/in conscience/nn ,/, the/at code/nn which/wdt is/bez imparted/vbn to/in the/at developed/vbn or/cc immature/jj conscience/nn available/jj ./.
This/dt is/bez in/in large/jj part/nn a/at code/nn of/in behavior/nn and/cc a/at glossary/nn of/in values/nns :/: what/wdt is/bez it/pps that/wpo people/nns do/do and/cc should/md do/do and/cc how/wrb one/pn should/md regard/vb it/ppo ./.
In/in a/at small/jj way/nn this/dt is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn novelist/nn who/wps argued/vbd for/in the/at powerful/jj influence/nn of/in literature/nn as/cs a/at teacher/nn of/in society/nn and/cc who/wps illustrated/vbd this/dt with/in the/at way/nn a/at girl/nn learned/vbd to/to meet/vb her/pp$ lover/nn ,/, how/wrb to/to behave/vb ,/, how/wrb to/to think/vb about/in this/dt new/jj experience/nn ,/, how/wrb to/to exercise/vb restraint/nn ./.


	Literature/nn may/md be/be said/vbn to/to give/vb people/nns a/at sense/nn of/in purpose/nn ,/, dedication/nn ,/, mission/nn ,/, significance/nn ./.
This/dt ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, is/bez part/nn of/in what/wdt Gilbert/np Seldes/np implies/vbz when/wrb he/pps says/vbz of/in the/at arts/nns ,/, ``/`` They/ppss give/vb form/nn and/cc meaning/nn to/in life/nn which/wdt might/md otherwise/rb seem/vb shapeless/jj and/cc without/in sense/nn ''/'' ./.
Men/nns seem/vb almost/ql universally/rb to/to want/vb a/at sense/nn of/in function/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, a/at feeling/nn that/cs their/pp$ existence/nn makes/vbz a/at difference/nn to/in someone/pn ,/, living/vbg or/cc unborn/jj ,/, close/jj and/cc immediate/jj or/cc generalized/vbn ./.
Feeling/vbg useless/jj seems/vbz generally/rb to/to be/be an/at unpleasant/jj sensation/nn ./.
A/at need/nn so/ql deeply/rb planted/vbn ,/, asking/vbg for/in direction/nn ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be gratified/vbn by/in the/at vivid/jj examples/nns and/cc heroic/jj proportions/nns of/in literature/nn ./.
The/at terms/nns ``/`` renewal/nn-nc ''/'' and/cc ``/`` refreshed/vbn-nc ''/'' ,/, which/wdt often/rb come/vb up/rp in/in aesthetic/jj discussion/nn ,/, seem/vb partly/rb to/to derive/vb their/pp$ import/nn from/in the/at ``/`` renewal/nn ''/'' of/in purpose/nn and/cc a/at ``/`` refreshed/vbn ''/'' sense/nn of/in significance/nn a/at person/nn may/md receive/vb from/in poetry/nn ,/, drama/nn ,/, and/cc fiction/nn ./.
The/at notion/nn of/in ``/`` inspiration/nn ''/'' is/bez somehow/rb cognate/jj to/in this/dt feeling/nn ./.
How/wrb literature/nn does/doz this/dt ,/, or/cc for/in whom/wpo ,/, is/bez certainly/rb not/* clear/jj ,/, but/cc the/at content/nn ,/, form/nn ,/, and/cc language/nn of/in the/at ``/`` message/nn ''/'' ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at source/nn ,/, would/md all/abn play/vb differentiated/vbn parts/nns in/in giving/vbg and/cc molding/vbg a/at sense/nn of/in purpose/nn ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql salient/jj features/nns of/in literary/jj value/nn has/hvz been/ben deemed/vbn to/to be/be its/pp$ influence/nn upon/in and/cc organization/nn of/in emotion/nn ./.
Let/vb us/ppo differentiate/vb a/at few/ap of/in these/dts ideas/nns ./.
The/at Aristotelian/jj notion/nn of/in catharsis/nn ,/, the/at purging/nn of/in emotion/nn ,/, is/bez a/at persistent/jj and/cc viable/jj one/cd ./.
The/at idea/nn here/rb is/bez one/cd of/in discharge/nn but/cc this/dt must/md stand/vb in/in opposition/nn to/in a/at second/od view/nn ,/, Plato's/np$ notion/nn of/in the/at arousal/nn of/in emotion/nn ./.
A/at third/od idea/nn is/bez that/cs artistic/jj literature/nn serves/vbz to/to reduce/vb emotional/jj conflicts/nns ,/, giving/vbg a/at sense/nn of/in serenity/nn and/cc calm/nn to/in individuals/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez given/vbn some/dti expression/nn in/in Beardsley's/np$ notion/nn of/in harmony/nn and/cc the/at resolution/nn of/in indecision/nn ./.
A/at fourth/od view/nn is/bez the/at transformation/nn of/in emotion/nn ,/, as/cs in/in Housman's/np$ fine/jj phrase/nn on/in the/at arts/nns :/: they/ppss ``/`` transform/vb and/cc beautify/vb our/pp$ inner/jj nature/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs the/at idea/nn of/in enrichment/nn of/in emotion/nn is/bez a/at fifth/od idea/nn ./.
F.S.C./np Northrop/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ discussion/nn of/in The/at-tl ``/`` Functions/nns-tl And/cc-tl Future/nn-tl Of/in-tl Poetry/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, suggests/vbz this/dt :/: ``/`` One/cd of/in the/at things/nns which/wdt makes/vbz our/pp$ lives/nns drab/jj and/cc empty/jj and/cc which/wdt leaves/vbz us/ppo ,/, at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at day/nn ,/, fatigued/vbn and/cc deflated/vbn spiritually/rb is/bez the/at pressure/nn of/in the/at taxing/vbg ,/, practical/jj ,/, utilitarian/jj concern/nn of/in common-sense/jj objects/nns ./.
If/cs art/nn is/bez to/to release/vb us/ppo from/in these/dts postulated/vbn things/nns (/( things/nns we/ppss must/md think/vb symbolically/rb about/in )/) and/cc bring/vb us/ppo back/rb to/in the/at ineffable/jj beauty/nn and/cc richness/nn of/in the/at aesthetic/jj component/nn of/in reality/nn in/in its/pp$ immediacy/nn ,/, it/pps must/md sever/vb its/pp$ connection/nn with/in these/dts common/jj sense/nn entities/nns ''/'' ./.
I/ppss take/vb the/at central/jj meaning/nn here/rb to/to be/be the/at contrast/nn between/in the/at drab/jj empty/jj quality/nn of/in life/nn without/in literature/nn and/cc a/at life/nn enriched/vbn by/in it/ppo ./.
Richards'/np$ view/nn of/in the/at aesthetic/jj experience/nn might/md constitute/vb a/at sixth/od variety/nn :/: for/in him/ppo it/pps constitutes/vbz ,/, in/in part/nn ,/, the/at organization/nn of/in impulses/nns ./.


	A/at sketch/nn of/in the/at emotional/jj value/nn of/in the/at study/nn of/in literature/nn would/md have/hv to/to take/vb account/nn of/in all/abn of/in these/dts ./.
But/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd in/in particular/jj which/wdt ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, deserves/vbz special/jj attention/nn ./.
In/in the/at wide/jj range/nn of/in experiences/nns common/jj to/in our/pp$ earth-bound/jj race/nn none/pn is/bez more/ql difficult/jj to/to manage/vb ,/, more/ql troublesome/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql enduring/vbg in/in its/pp$ effects/nns than/cs the/at control/nn of/in love/nn and/cc hate/nn ./.
The/at study/nn of/in literature/nn contributes/vbz to/in this/dt control/nn in/in a/at curious/jj way/nn ./.
William/np Wimsatt/np and/cc Cleanth/np Brooks/np ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, have/hv a/at penetrating/jj insight/nn into/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt this/dt control/nn is/bez effected/vbn :/: ``/`` For/cs if/cs we/ppss say/vb poetry/nn is/bez to/to talk/vb of/in beauty/nn and/cc love/nn (/( and/cc yet/rb not/* aim/vb at/in exciting/vbg erotic/jj emotion/nn or/cc even/rb an/at emotion/nn of/in Platonic/jj esteem/nn )/) and/cc if/cs it/pps is/bez to/to talk/vb of/in anger/nn and/cc murder/nn (/( and/cc yet/rb not/* aim/vb at/in arousing/vbg anger/nn and/cc indignation/nn )/) --/-- then/rb it/pps may/md be/be that/cs the/at poetic/jj way/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in these/dts emotions/nns will/md not/* be/be any/dti kind/nn of/in intensification/nn ,/, compounding/vbg ,/, or/cc magnification/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti direct/jj assault/nn upon/in the/at affections/nns at/in all/abn ./.
Something/pn indirect/jj ,/, mixed/vbn ,/, reconciling/vbg ,/, tensional/jj might/md well/rb be/be the/at stratagem/nn ,/, the/at devious/jj technique/nn by/in which/wdt a/at poet/nn indulged/vbd in/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in talk/nn about/in love/nn and/cc anger/nn and/cc even/rb in/in something/pn like/cs ``/`` expressions/nns ''/'' of/in these/dts emotions/nns ,/, without/in aiming/vbg at/in their/pp$ incitement/nn or/cc even/rb uttering/vbg anything/pn that/cs essentially/rb involves/vbz their/pp$ incitement/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at rehearsal/nn through/in literature/nn of/in emotional/jj life/nn under/in controlled/vbn conditions/nns may/md be/be a/at most/ql valuable/jj human/jj experience/nn ./.
Here/rb I/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb catharsis/nn ,/, the/at discharge/nn of/in emotion/nn ./.
I/ppss mean/vb something/pn more/rbr like/cs Freud's/np$ concept/nn of/in the/at utility/nn of/in ``/`` play/nn ''/'' to/in a/at small/jj child/nn :/: he/pps plays/vbz ``/`` house/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` doctor/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` fireman/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at way/nn of/in mastering/vbg slightly/rb frightening/vbg experiences/nns ,/, reliving/vbg them/ppo imaginatively/rb until/cs they/ppss are/ber under/in control/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez a/at second/od feature/nn of/in the/at influences/nns of/in literature/nn ,/, good/jj literature/nn ,/, on/in emotional/jj life/nn which/wdt may/md have/hv some/dti special/jj value/nn for/in our/pp$ time/nn ./.
In/in B./np M./np Spinley's/np$ portrayal/nn of/in the/at underprivileged/jj and/cc undereducated/jj youth/nns of/in London/np ,/, a/at salient/jj finding/nn was/bedz the/at inability/nn to/to postpone/vb gratification/nn ,/, a/at need/nn to/to satisfy/vb impulses/nns immediately/rb without/in the/at pleasure/nn of/in anticipation/nn or/cc of/in savoring/vbg the/at experience/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb it/pps is/bez only/rb an/at analogy/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd of/in the/at most/ql obvious/jj differences/nns between/in cheap/jj fiction/nn and/cc fiction/nn of/in an/at enduring/vbg quality/nn is/bez the/at development/nn of/in a/at theme/nn or/cc story/nn with/in leisure/nn and/cc anticipation/nn ./.
Anyone/pn who/wps has/hvz watched/vbn children/nns develop/vb a/at taste/nn for/in literature/nn will/md understand/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ./.
It/pps is/bez at/in least/ap possible/jj that/cs the/at capacity/nn to/to postpone/vb gratification/nn is/bez developed/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs expressed/vbn in/in a/at continuous/jj and/cc guided/vbn exposure/nn to/in great/jj literature/nn ./.


	In/in any/dti inquiry/nn into/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt great/jj literature/nn affects/vbz the/at emotions/nns ,/, particularly/rb with/in respect/nn to/in the/at sense/nn of/in harmony/nn ,/, or/cc relief/nn of/in tension/nn ,/, or/cc sense/nn of/in ``/`` a/at transformed/vbn inner/jj nature/nn ''/'' which/wdt may/md occur/vb ,/, a/at most/ql careful/jj exploration/nn of/in the/at particular/jj feature/nn of/in the/at experience/nn which/wdt produces/vbz the/at effect/nn would/md be/be required/vbn ./.
In/in the/at calm/nn which/wdt follows/vbz the/at reading/nn of/in a/at poem/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, is/bez the/at effect/nn produced/vbn by/in the/at enforced/vbn quiet/nn ,/, by/in the/at musical/jj quality/nn of/in words/nns and/cc rhythm/nn ,/, by/in the/at sentiments/nns or/cc sense/nn of/in the/at poem/nn ,/, by/in the/at associations/nns with/in earlier/jjr readings/nns ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez familiar/jj ,/, by/in the/at boost/nn to/in the/at self-esteem/nn for/in the/at semi-literate/jj ,/, by/in the/at diversion/nn of/in attention/nn ,/, by/in the/at sense/nn of/in security/nn in/in a/at legitimized/vbn withdrawal/nn ,/, by/in a/at kind/jj license/nn for/in some/dti variety/nn of/in fantasy/nn life/nn regarded/vbn as/cs forbidden/vbn ,/, or/cc by/in half-conscious/jj ideas/nns about/in the/at magical/jj power/nn of/in words/nns ?/. ?/.
These/dts are/ber ,/, if/cs the/at research/nn is/bez done/vbn with/in subtlety/nn and/cc skill/nn ,/, researchable/jj topics/nns ,/, but/cc the/at research/nn is/bez missing/vbg ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at most/ql frequent/jj views/nns of/in the/at value/nn of/in literature/nn is/bez the/at education/nn of/in sensibility/nn that/wpo it/pps is/bez thought/vbn to/to provide/vb ./.
Sensibility/nn is/bez a/at vague/jj word/nn ,/, covering/vbg an/at area/nn of/in meaning/nn rather/in than/in any/dti precise/jj talent/nn ,/, quality/nn ,/, or/cc skill/nn ./.
Among/in other/ap things/nns it/pps means/vbz perception/nn ,/, discrimination/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn to/in subtle/jj differences/nns ./.
Both/abx the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt this/dt is/bez true/jj and/cc the/at limits/nns of/in the/at field/nn of/in perceptual/jj skill/nn involved/vbn should/md be/be acknowledged/vbn ./.
Its/pp$ truth/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in the/at skill/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn ,/, and/cc general/jj expertise/nn of/in the/at English/jj professor/nn with/in whom/wpo one/pn attends/vbz the/at theatre/nn ./.
The/at limits/nns are/ber suggested/vbn by/in an/at imaginary/jj experiment/nn :/: contrast/vb the/at perceptual/jj skill/nn of/in English/jj professors/nns with/in that/dt of/in their/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in discriminating/vbg among/in motor/nn cars/nns ,/, political/jj candidates/nns ,/, or/cc female/jj beauty/nn ./.
Along/in these/dts lines/nns ,/, the/at particular/jj point/nn that/cs sensitivity/nn in/in literature/nn leads/vbz to/in sensitivity/nn in/in human/jj relations/nns would/md require/vb more/ap proof/nn than/cs I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ./.
In/in a/at symposium/nn and/cc general/jj exploration/nn of/in the/at field/nn of/in Personal/jj-tl Perception/nn-tl and/cc-tl Interpersonal/jj-tl Behavior/nn-tl the/at discussion/nn does/doz not/* touch/vb upon/in this/dt aspect/nn of/in the/at subject/nn ,/, with/in one/cd possible/jj exception/nn ;/. ;/.
Solomon/np Asch/np shows/vbz the/at transcultural/jj stability/nn of/in metaphors/nns based/vbn on/in sensation/nn (/( hot/jj ,/, sweet/jj ,/, bitter/jj ,/, etc./rb )/) dealing/vbg with/in personal/jj qualities/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns and/cc events/nns ./.
But/cc to/to go/vb from/in here/rb to/in the/at belief/nn that/cs those/dts more/ql sensitive/jj to/in metaphor/nn and/cc language/nn will/md also/rb be/be more/ql sensitive/jj to/in personal/jj differences/nns is/bez too/ql great/jj an/at inferential/jj leap/nn ./.


	I/ppss would/md say/vb ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs the/at study/nn of/in literature/nn tends/vbz to/to give/vb a/at person/nn what/wdt I/ppss shall/md call/vb depth/nn ./.
I/ppss use/vb this/dt term/nn to/to mean/vb three/cd things/nns :/: a/at search/nn for/in the/at human/jj significance/nn of/in an/at event/nn or/cc state/nn of/in affairs/nns ,/, a/at tendency/nn to/to look/vb at/in wholes/nns rather/in than/in parts/nns ,/, and/cc a/at tendency/nn to/to respond/vb to/in these/dts events/nns and/cc wholes/nns with/in feeling/vbg ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at obverse/nn of/in triviality/nn ,/, shallowness/nn ,/, emotional/jj anaesthesia/nn ./.
I/ppss think/vb these/dts attributes/nns cluster/vb ,/, but/cc I/ppss have/hv no/at evidence/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, I/ppss can/md only/rb say/vb this/dt seems/vbz to/in me/ppo to/to follow/vb from/in a/at wide/jj ,/, continuous/jj ,/, and/cc properly/rb guided/vbn exposure/nn to/in literary/jj art/nn ./.



	The/at late/jj R./np G./np Collingwood/np ,/, a/at philosopher/nn whose/wp$ work/nn has/hvz proved/vbn helpful/jj to/in many/ap students/nns of/in literature/nn ,/, once/rb wrote/vbd ``/`` :/. :/.
We/ppss are/ber all/abn ,/, though/cs many/ap of/in us/ppo are/ber snobbish/jj enough/qlp to/to wish/vb to/to deny/vb it/ppo ,/, in/in far/ql closer/jjr sympathy/nn with/in the/at art/nn of/in the/at music-hall/nn and/cc picture-palace/nn than/cs with/in Chaucer/np and/cc Cimabue/np ,/, or/cc even/rb Shakespeare/np and/cc Titian/np ./.
By/in an/at effort/nn of/in historical/jj sympathy/nn we/ppss can/md cast/vb our/pp$ minds/nns back/rb into/in the/at art/nn of/in a/at remote/jj past/nn or/cc an/at alien/jj present/nn ,/, and/cc enjoy/vb the/at carvings/nns of/in cavemen/nns and/cc Japanese/jj colour-prints/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc the/at possibility/nn of/in this/dt effort/nn is/bez bound/vbn up/rp with/in that/dt development/nn of/in historical/jj thought/nn which/wdt is/bez the/at greatest/jjt achievement/nn of/in our/pp$ civilization/nn in/in the/at last/ap two/cd centuries/nns ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez utterly/ql impossible/jj to/in people/nns in/in whom/wpo this/dt development/nn has/hvz not/* taken/vbn place/nn ./.
The/at natural/jj and/cc primary/jj aesthetic/jj attitude/nn is/bez to/to enjoy/vb contemporary/jj art/nn ,/, to/to despise/vb and/cc dislike/vb the/at art/nn of/in the/at recent/jj past/nn ,/, and/cc wholly/rb to/to ignore/vb everything/pn else/rb ''/'' ./.


	One/pn might/md argue/vb that/cs the/at ultimate/jj purpose/nn of/in literary/jj scholarship/nn is/bez to/to correct/vb this/dt spontaneous/jj provincialism/nn that/wps is/bez likely/rb to/to obscure/vb the/at horizons/nns of/in the/at general/jj public/nn ,/, of/in the/at newspaper/nn critic/nn ,/, and/cc of/in the/at creative/jj artist/nn himself/ppl ./.
There/ex results/vbz a/at study/nn of/in literature/nn freed/vbn from/in the/at tyranny/nn of/in the/at contemporary/nn ./.
Such/jj study/nn may/md take/vb many/ap forms/nns ./.
The/at study/nn of/in ideas/nns in/in literature/nn is/bez one/cd of/in these/dts ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, it/pps goes/vbz without/in saying/vbg that/cs no/at student/nn of/in ideas/nns can/md justifiably/rb ignore/vb the/at contemporary/jj scene/nn ./.
He/pps will/md frequently/rb return/vb to/in it/ppo ./.
The/at continuities/nns ,/, contrasts/nns ,/, and/cc similarities/nns discernible/jj when/wrb past/nn and/cc present/nn are/ber surveyed/vbn together/rb are/ber inexhaustible/jj and/cc the/at one/cd is/bez often/rb understood/vbn through/in the/at other/ap ./.


	When/wrb we/ppss assert/vb the/at value/nn of/in such/jj study/nn ,/, we/ppss find/vb ourselves/ppls committed/vbn to/in an/at important/jj assumption/nn ./.
Most/ap students/nns of/in literature/nn ,/, whether/cs they/ppss call/vb themselves/ppls scholars/nns or/cc critics/nns ,/, are/ber ready/jj to/to argue/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to understand/vb literary/jj works/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/to enjoy/vb them/ppo ./.
Many/ap will/md add/vb that/cs we/ppss may/md find/vb our/pp$ enjoyment/nn heightened/vbn by/in our/pp$ understanding/nn ./.
This/dt understanding/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, may/md in/in its/pp$ turn/nn take/vb many/ap forms/nns and/cc some/dti of/in these/dts --/-- especially/rb those/dts most/ql interesting/jj to/in the/at student/nn of/in comparative/jj literature/nn --/-- are/ber essentially/rb historical/jj ./.
But/cc the/at historian/nn of/in literature/nn need/md not/* confine/vb his/pp$ attention/nn to/in biography/nn or/cc to/in stylistic/jj questions/nns of/in form/nn ,/, ``/`` texture/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc technique/nn ./.
He/pps may/md also/rb consider/vb ideas/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs this/dt distinction/nn between/in style/nn and/cc idea/nn often/rb approaches/vbz the/at arbitrary/jj since/cs in/in the/at end/nn we/ppss must/md admit/vb that/cs style/nn and/cc content/nn frequently/rb influence/vb or/cc interpenetrate/vb one/cd another/dt and/cc sometimes/rb appear/vb as/cs expressions/nns of/in the/at same/ap insight/nn ./.
But/cc ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, we/ppss may/md argue/vb that/cs the/at student/nn can/md direct/vb the/at primary/jj emphasis/nn of/in his/pp$ attention/nn toward/in one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap ./.


	At/in this/dt point/nn a/at working/vbg definition/nn of/in idea/nn-nc is/bez in/in order/nn ,/, although/cs our/pp$ first/od definition/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be qualified/vbn somewhat/rb as/cs we/ppss proceed/vb ./.
The/at term/nn idea/nn-nc refers/vbz to/in our/pp$ more/ql reflective/jj or/cc thoughtful/jj consciousness/nn as/cs opposed/vbn to/in the/at immediacies/nns of/in sensuous/jj or/cc emotional/jj experience/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez through/in such/jj reflection/nn that/cs literature/nn approaches/vbz philosophy/nn ./.
An/at idea/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo say/vb ,/, may/md be/be roughly/rb defined/vbn as/cs a/at theme/nn or/cc topic/nn with/in which/wdt our/pp$ reflection/nn may/md be/be concerned/vbn ./.
In/in this/dt essay/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber ,/, along/rb with/in most/ap historians/nns ,/, interested/vbn in/in the/at more/ql general/jj or/cc more/ql inclusive/jj ideas/nns ,/, that/wps are/ber so/rb to/to speak/vb ``/`` writ/vbn large/jj ''/'' in/in history/nn of/in literature/nn where/wrb they/ppss recur/vb continually/rb ./.
Outstanding/jj among/in these/dts is/bez the/at idea/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn itself/ppl ,/, including/in the/at many/ap definitions/nns that/wps have/hv been/ben advanced/vbn over/in the/at centuries/nns ;/. ;/.
also/rb secondary/jj notions/nns such/jj as/cs the/at perfectibility/nn of/in man/nn ,/, the/at depravity/nn of/in man/nn ,/, and/cc the/at dignity/nn of/in man/nn ./.
One/pn might/md ,/, indeed/rb ,/, argue/vb that/cs the/at history/nn of/in ideas/nns ,/, in/in so/ql far/rb as/cs it/pps includes/vbz the/at literatures/nns ,/, must/md center/vb on/in characterizations/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc that/cs the/at great/jj periods/nns of/in literary/jj achievement/nn may/md be/be distinguished/vbn from/in one/cd another/dt by/in reference/nn to/in the/at images/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn that/wpo they/ppss succeed/vb in/in fashioning/vbg ./.


	We/ppss need/md not/* ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, expect/vb to/to find/vb such/jj ideas/nns in/in every/at piece/nn of/in literature/nn ./.
An/at idea/nn ,/, of/in the/at sort/nn that/wpo we/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn ,/, although/cs of/in necessity/nn readily/rb available/jj to/in imagination/nn ,/, is/bez more/ql general/jj in/in connotation/nn than/cs most/ap poetic/jj or/cc literary/jj images/nns ,/, especially/rb those/dts appearing/vbg in/in lyric/nn poems/nns that/wps seek/vb to/to capture/vb a/at moment/nn of/in personal/jj experience/nn ./.
Thus/rb Burns's/np$ ``/`` My/pp$ love/nn is/bez like/cs a/at red/jj ,/, red/jj rose/nn ''/'' and/cc Hopkins'/np$ ``/`` The/at thunder-purple/jj sea-beach/nn ,/, plumed/vbn purple/nn of/in Thunder/nn-tl ''/'' although/cs clearly/rb intelligible/jj in/in content/nn ,/, hardly/rb present/vb ideas/nns of/in the/at sort/nn with/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber here/rb concerned/vbn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Arnold's/np$ ``/`` The/at unplumbed/jj ,/, salt/nn ,/, estranging/vbg sea/nn ''/'' ,/, taken/vbn in/in its/pp$ context/nn ,/, certainly/rb does/doz so/rb ./.


	Understanding/vbg a/at work/nn of/in art/nn involves/vbz recognition/nn of/in the/at ideas/nns that/wpo it/pps reflects/vbz or/cc embodies/vbz ./.
Thus/rb the/at student/nn of/in literature/nn may/md sometimes/rb find/vb it/ppo helpful/jj to/to classify/vb a/at poem/nn or/cc an/at essay/nn as/cs being/beg in/in idea/nn or/cc in/in ideal/jj content/nn or/cc subject/nn matter/nn typical/jj or/cc atypical/jj of/in its/pp$ period/nn ./.
Again/rb ,/, he/pps may/md discover/vb embodied/vbn within/in its/pp$ texture/nn a/at theme/nn or/cc idea/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben presented/vbn elsewhere/rb and/cc at/in other/ap times/nns in/in various/jj ways/nns ./.
Our/pp$ understanding/vbg will/md very/ql probably/rb require/vb both/abx these/dts commentaries/nns ./.
Very/ql likely/jj it/pps will/md also/rb include/vb a/at recognition/nn that/cs the/at work/nn we/ppss are/ber reading/vbg reflects/vbz or/cc ``/`` belongs/vbz to/in ''/'' some/dti way/nn of/in thought/nn labelled/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` school/nn ''/'' or/cc an/at ``/`` -ism/nn ''/'' ,/, i.e./rb a/at complex/nn or/cc ``/`` syndrome/nn ''/'' of/in ideas/nns occurring/vbg together/rb with/in sufficient/jj prominence/nn to/to warrant/vb identification/nn ./.
Thus/rb ideas/nns like/cs ``/`` grace/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` salvation/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` providence/nn ''/'' cluster/vb together/rb in/in traditional/jj Christianity/np ./.
Usually/rb the/at work/nn studied/vbn offers/vbz us/ppo a/at special/jj or/cc even/rb an/at individualized/vbn rendering/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in the/at ideas/nns in/in question/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at student/nn finds/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to distinguish/vb carefully/rb between/in the/at several/ap expressions/nns of/in an/at ``/`` -ism/nn ''/'' or/cc mode/nn of/in thought/nn ./.
Accordingly/rb we/ppss may/md speak/vb of/in the/at Platonism/np peculiar/jj to/in Shelley's/np$ poems/nns or/cc the/at type/nn of/in Stoicism/nn-tl present/rb in/in Henley's/np$ ``/`` Invictus/fw-jj-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc we/ppss may/md find/vb that/cs describing/vbg such/jj Platonism/np or/cc such/jj Stoicism/nn-tl and/cc contrasting/vbg each/dt with/in other/ap expressions/nns of/in the/at same/ap attitude/nn or/cc mode/nn of/in thought/nn is/bez a/at difficult/jj and/cc challenging/jj enterprise/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, Shelley/np is/bez no/at ``/`` orthodox/jj ''/'' or/cc Hellenic/jj Platonist/np ,/, and/cc even/rb his/pp$ ``/`` romantic/jj ''/'' Platonism/np can/md be/be distinguished/vbn from/in that/dt of/in his/pp$ contemporaries/nns ./.
Again/rb ,/, Henley's/np$ attitude/nn of/in defiance/nn which/wdt colors/vbz his/pp$ ideal/nn of/in self-mastery/nn is/bez far/rb from/in characteristic/jj of/in a/at Stoic/np thinker/nn like/cs Marcus/np Aurelius/np ,/, whose/wp$ gentle/jj acquiescence/nn is/bez almost/rb Christian/jj ,/, comparable/jj to/in the/at patience/nn expressed/vbn in/in Milton's/np$ sonnet/nn on/in his/pp$ own/jj blindness/nn ./.


	In/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv come/vbn increasingly/rb to/to recognize/vb that/cs ideas/nns have/hv a/at history/nn and/cc that/cs not/* the/at least/ql important/jj chapters/nns of/in this/dt history/nn have/hv to/to do/do with/in thematic/jj or/cc conceptual/jj aspects/nns of/in literature/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns ,/, although/cs these/dts aspects/nns should/md be/be studied/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at history/nn of/in philosophy/nn ,/, of/in religion/nn ,/, and/cc of/in the/at sciences/nns ./.
When/wrb these/dts fields/nns are/ber surveyed/vbn together/rb ,/, important/jj patterns/nns of/in relationship/nn emerge/vb indicating/vbg a/at vast/jj community/nn of/in reciprocal/jj influence/nn ,/, a/at continuity/nn of/in thought/nn and/cc expression/nn including/in many/ap traditions/nns ,/, primarily/rb literary/jj ,/, religious/jj ,/, and/cc philosophical/jj ,/, but/cc frequently/rb including/in contact/nn with/in the/at fine/jj arts/nns and/cc even/rb ,/, to/in some/dti extent/nn ,/, with/in science/nn ./.


	Here/rb we/ppss may/md observe/vb that/cs at/in least/ap one/cd modern/jj philosophy/nn of/in history/nn is/bez built/vbn on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs ideas/nns are/ber the/at primary/jj objectives/nns of/in the/at historian's/nn$ research/nn ./.
Let/vb us/ppo quote/vb once/rb more/rbr from/in R./np G./np Collingwood/np :/: ``/`` History/nn is/bez properly/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at actions/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns Regarded/vbn from/in the/at outside/nn ,/, an/at action/nn is/bez an/at event/nn or/cc series/nn of/in events/nns occurring/vbg in/in the/at physical/jj world/nn ;/. ;/.
regarded/vbn from/in the/at inside/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at carrying/nn into/in action/nn of/in a/at certain/jj thought/nn The/at historian's/nn$ business/nn is/bez to/to penetrate/vb to/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at actions/nns with/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez dealing/vbg and/cc reconstruct/vb or/cc rather/rb rethink/vb the/at thoughts/nns which/wdt constituted/vbd them/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at characteristic/nn of/in thoughts/nns that/cs in/in re-thinking/vbg them/ppo we/ppss come/vb ,/, ipso/fw-jj facto/fw-nn ,/, to/to understand/vb why/wrb they/ppss were/bed thought/vbn ''/'' ./.
Such/abl an/at understanding/nn ,/, although/cs it/pps must/md seek/vb to/to be/be sympathetic/jj ,/, is/bez not/* a/at matter/nn of/in intuition/nn ./.
``/`` History/nn has/hvz this/dt in/in common/jj with/in every/at other/ap science/nn :/: that/cs the/at historian/nn is/bez not/* allowed/vbn to/to claim/vb any/dti single/ap piece/nn of/in knowledge/nn ,/, except/in where/wrb he/pps can/md justify/vb his/pp$ claim/nn by/in exhibiting/vbg to/in himself/ppl in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, and/cc secondly/rb to/in any/dti one/pn else/rb who/wps is/bez both/abx able/jj and/cc willing/jj to/to follow/vb his/pp$ demonstration/nn ,/, the/at grounds/nns upon/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez based/vbn ./.
This/dt is/bez what/wdt was/bedz meant/vbn ,/, above/rb ,/, by/in describing/vbg history/nn as/cs inferential/jj ./.
The/at knowledge/nn in/in virtue/nn of/in which/wdt a/at man/nn is/bez an/at historian/nn is/bez a/at knowledge/nn of/in what/wdt the/at evidence/nn at/in his/pp$ disposal/nn proves/vbz about/in certain/jj events/nns ''/'' ./.
It/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs the/at historian/nn who/wps seeks/vbz to/to recapture/vb the/at ideas/nns that/wps have/hv motivated/vbn human/jj behavior/nn throughout/in a/at given/vbn period/nn will/md find/vb the/at art/nn and/cc literature/nn of/in that/dt age/nn one/cd of/in his/pp$ central/jj and/cc major/jj concerns/nns ,/, by/in no/at means/nn a/at mere/jj supplement/nn or/cc adjunct/nn of/in significant/jj historical/jj research/nn ./.


	The/at student/nn of/in ideas/nns and/cc their/pp$ place/nn in/in history/nn will/md always/rb be/be concerned/vbn with/in the/at patterns/nns of/in transition/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber at/in the/at same/ap time/nn patterns/nns of/in transformation/nn ,/, whereby/wrb ideas/nns pass/vb from/in one/cd area/nn of/in activity/nn to/in another/dt ./.
Let/vb us/ppo survey/vb for/in a/at moment/nn the/at development/nn of/in modern/jj thought/nn --/-- turning/vbg our/pp$ attention/nn from/in the/at Reformation/nn-tl toward/in the/at revolutionary/jj and/cc romantic/jj movements/nns that/wps follow/vb and/cc dwelling/vbg finally/rb on/in more/ql recent/jj decades/nns ./.
We/ppss may/md thus/rb trace/vb the/at notion/nn of/in individual/jj autonomy/nn from/in its/pp$ manifestation/nn in/in religious/jj practice/nn and/cc theological/jj reflection/nn through/in practical/jj politics/nn and/cc political/jj theory/nn into/in literature/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns ./.
Finally/rb we/ppss may/md note/vb that/cs the/at idea/nn appears/vbz in/in educational/jj theory/nn where/wrb its/pp$ influence/nn is/bez at/in present/nn widespread/rb ./.
No/at one/pn will/md deny/vb that/cs such/jj broad/jj developments/nns and/cc transitions/nns are/ber of/in great/jj intrinsic/jj interest/nn and/cc the/at study/nn of/in ideas/nns in/in literature/nn would/md be/be woefully/ql incomplete/jj without/in frequent/jj reference/nn to/in them/ppo ./.
Still/rb ,/, we/ppss must/md remember/vb that/cs we/ppss cannot/md* construct/vb and/cc justify/vb generalizations/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn unless/cs we/ppss are/ber ready/jj to/to consider/vb many/ap special/jj instances/nns of/in influence/nn moving/vbg between/in such/jj areas/nns as/cs theology/nn ,/, philosophy/nn ,/, political/jj thought/nn ,/, and/cc literature/nn ./.
The/at actual/jj moments/nns of/in contact/nn are/ber vitally/ql important/jj ./.
These/dts moments/nns are/ber historical/jj events/nns in/in the/at lives/nns of/in individual/jj authors/nns with/in which/wdt the/at student/nn of/in comparative/jj literature/nn must/md be/be frequently/rb concerned/vbn ./.


	Perhaps/rb the/at most/ql powerful/jj and/cc most/ql frequently/rb recurring/vbg literary/jj influence/nn on/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn has/hvz been/ben that/dt of/in the/at Old/jj-tl and/cc New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ./.
Certainly/rb one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj comments/nns that/wpo can/md be/be made/vbn upon/in the/at spiritual/jj and/cc cultural/jj life/nn of/in any/dti period/nn of/in Western/jj-tl civilization/nn during/in the/at past/ap sixteen/cd or/cc seventeen/cd centuries/nns has/hvz to/to do/do with/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt its/pp$ leaders/nns have/hv read/vbn and/cc interpreted/vbn the/at Bible/np ./.
This/dt reading/nn and/cc the/at comments/nns that/wpo it/pps evoked/vbd constitute/vb the/at influence/nn ./.
A/at contrast/nn of/in the/at scripture/nn reading/nn of/in ,/, let/vb us/ppo say/vb ,/, St./nn-tl Augustine/np ,/, John/np Bunyan/np ,/, and/cc Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, all/abn three/cd of/in whom/wpo found/vbd in/in such/jj study/nn a/at real/jj source/nn of/in enlightenment/nn ,/, can/md tell/vb us/ppo a/at great/jj deal/nn about/in these/dts three/cd men/nns and/cc the/at age/nn that/wpo each/dt represented/vbd and/cc helped/vbd bring/vb to/in conscious/jj expression/nn ./.
In/in much/rb the/at same/ap way/nn ,/, we/ppss recognize/vb the/at importance/nn of/in Shakespeare's/np$ familarity/nn with/in Plutarch/np and/cc Montaigne/np ,/, of/in Shelley's/np$ study/nn of/in Plato's/np$ dialogues/nns ,/, and/cc of/in Coleridge's/np$ enthusiastic/jj plundering/nn of/in the/at writings/nns of/in many/ap philosophers/nns and/cc theologians/nns from/in Plato/np to/in Schelling/np and/cc William/np Godwin/np ,/, through/in which/wdt so/ql many/ap abstract/jj ideas/nns were/bed brought/vbn to/in the/at attention/nn of/in English/jj men/nns of/in letters/nns ./.


	We/ppss may/md also/rb recognize/vb cases/nns in/in which/wdt the/at poets/nns have/hv influenced/vbn the/at philosophers/nns and/cc even/rb indirectly/rb the/at scientists/nns ./.
English/jj philosopher/nn Samuel/np Alexander's/np$ debt/nn to/in Wordsworth/np and/cc Meredith/np is/bez a/at recent/jj interesting/jj example/nn ,/, as/cs also/rb A./np N./np Whitehead's/np$ understanding/nn of/in the/at English/jj romantics/nns ,/, chiefly/rb Shelley/np and/cc Wordsworth/np ./.
Hegel's/np$ profound/jj admiration/nn for/in the/at insights/nns of/in the/at Greek/jj tragedians/nns indicates/vbz a/at broad/jj channel/nn of/in classical/jj influence/nn upon/in nineteenth-century/nn philosophy/nn ./.
Again/rb the/at student/nn of/in evolutionary/jj biology/nn will/md find/vb a/at fascinating/jj ,/, if/cs to/in our/pp$ minds/nns grotesque/jj ,/, anticipation/nn of/in the/at theory/nn of/in chance/nn variations/nns and/cc the/at natural/jj elimination/nn of/in the/at unfit/jj in/in Lucretius/np ,/, who/wps in/in turn/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv borrowed/vbn the/at concept/nn from/in the/at philosopher/nn Empedocles/np ./.


	Here/rb an/at important/jj caveat/nn is/bez in/in order/nn ./.
We/ppss must/md avoid/vb the/at notion/nn ,/, suggested/vbn to/in some/dti people/nns by/in examples/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts just/rb mentioned/vbn ,/, that/cs ideas/nns are/ber ``/`` units/nns ''/'' in/in some/dti way/nn comparable/jj to/in coins/nns or/cc counters/nns that/wps can/md be/be passed/vbn intact/jj from/in one/cd group/nn of/in people/nns to/in another/dt or/cc even/rb ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, from/in one/cd individual/nn to/in another/dt ./.



	``/`` Suppose/vb you/ppss take/vb Mr./np Hearst's/np$ morning/nn American/np at/in $10,000/nns a/at year/nn ''/'' ,/, Brisbane/np proposed/vbd ./.
``/`` You/ppss could/md come/vb down/rp to/in the/at office/nn once/rb a/at day/nn ,/, look/vb over/in a/at few/ap exchanges/nns ,/, dictate/vb an/at editorial/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb have/hv the/at remainder/nn of/in your/pp$ time/nn for/in your/pp$ more/ql serious/jj literary/jj labors/nns ./.
If/cs within/in one/cd year/nn you/ppss can/md make/vb a/at success/nn out/in of/in the/at American/np ,/, you/ppss can/md practically/rb name/vb your/pp$ own/jj salary/nn thereafter/rb ./.
Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss don't/do* make/vb the/at American/np a/at success/nn ,/, Hearst/np will/md have/hv no/at further/ap use/nn for/in you/ppo ''/'' ./.


	The/at blue-eyed/jj Watson/np decided/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md dislike/vb living/vbg in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at deal/nn fell/vbd through/rp ./.
Hearst's/np$ luck/nn was/bedz even/ql poorer/jjr when/wrb he/pps had/hvd a/at chat/nn with/in Franklin/np K./np Lane/np ,/, a/at prominent/jj California/np journalist/nn and/cc reform/nn politician/nn ,/, whom/wpo he/pps asked/vbd for/in his/pp$ support/nn ./.
Lane/np was/bedz still/rb burning/vbg because/cs he/pps had/hvd narrowly/rb missed/vbn election/nn as/cs governor/nn of/in California/np in/in 1902/cd and/cc laid/vbd his/pp$ defeat/nn to/in the/at antagonism/nn of/in Hearst's/np$ San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Examiner/nn-tl ./.
Hearst/np disclaimed/vbd blame/nn for/in this/dt ,/, but/cc the/at conversation/nn ,/, according/in to/in Lane/np ,/, ended/vbd on/in a/at tart/jj note/nn ./.


	``/`` Mr./np Lane/np ''/'' ,/, Hearst/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` if/cs you/ppss ever/rb wish/vb anything/pn that/wpo I/ppss can/md do/do ,/, all/abn you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to do/do will/md be/be to/to send/vb me/ppo a/at telegram/nn asking/vbg ,/, and/cc it/pps will/md be/be done/vbn ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Mr./np Hearst/np ''/'' ,/, Lane/np replied/vbd as/cs he/pps left/vbd ,/, ``/`` if/cs you/ppss ever/rb get/vb a/at telegram/nn from/in me/ppo asking/vbg you/ppo to/to do/do anything/pn ,/, you/ppss can/md put/vb the/at telegram/nn down/rp as/cs a/at forgery/nn ''/'' ./.


	Hearst/np took/vbd a/at brief/jj respite/nn to/to hurry/nn home/nr to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to become/vb a/at father/nn ./.
On/in April/np 10/cd ,/, 1904/cd ,/, his/pp$ first/od child/nn was/bedz born/vbn ,/, a/at son/nn named/vbn George/np after/in the/at late/jj Senator/nn-tl ./.
Hearst/np saw/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc child/nn ,/, sent/vbd a/at joyful/jj message/nn to/in his/pp$ mother/nn in/in California/np ,/, and/cc soon/rb returned/vbd to/in Washington/np ,/, where/wrb on/in April/np 22/cd ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, he/pps opened/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn in/in Congress/np ./.


	This/dt was/bedz not/* before/in the/at House/nn-tl but/cc before/in the/at Judiciary/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps asked/vbd for/in action/nn on/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ pet/nn bills/nns ,/, that/dt calling/vbg for/in an/at investigation/nn of/in the/at coal-railroad/nn monopoly/nn ./.
Attorney/nn-tl Shearn/np had/hvd worked/vbn on/in this/dt for/in two/cd years/nns and/cc had/hvd succeeded/vbn in/in getting/vbg a/at report/nn supporting/vbg his/pp$ stand/nn from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Attorney/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl District/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
Hearst/np had/hvd spent/vbn more/ap than/in $60,000/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj money/nn in/in the/at probe/nn ,/, but/cc still/rb Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Knox/np was/bedz quiescent/jj ./.


	Six/cd of/in the/at railroads/nns carrying/vbg coal/nn to/in Tidewater/nn-tl from/in the/at Pennsylvania/np fields/nns ,/, Hearst/np said/vbd ,/, not/* only/rb had/hvd illegal/jj agreements/nns with/in coal/nn operators/nns but/cc owned/vbd outright/rb at/in least/ap eleven/cd mines/nns ./.
They/ppss had/hvd watered/vbn their/pp$ stock/nn at/in immense/jj profit/nn ,/, then/rb had/hvd raised/vbn the/at price/nn of/in coal/nn fifty/cd cents/nns a/at ton/nn ,/, netting/vbg themselves/ppls another/dt $20,000,000/nns in/in annual/jj profit/nn ./.


	``/`` The/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl has/hvz been/ben brooding/vbg over/in that/dt evidence/nn like/cs an/at old/jj hen/nn on/in a/at doorknob/nn for/in eighteen/cd months/nns ''/'' ,/, Hearst/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` He/pps has/hvz not/* acted/vbn in/in any/dti way/nn ,/, and/cc won't/md* let/vb anyone/pn take/vb it/ppo away/rb from/in him/ppo ./.
What/wdt I/ppss want/vb is/bez to/to have/hv this/dt evidence/nn come/vb before/in Congress/np and/cc if/cs the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl does/doz not/* report/vb it/ppo ,/, as/cs I/ppss am/bem very/ql sure/jj he/pps won't/md* ,/, as/cs he/pps has/hvz refused/vbn to/to do/do anything/pn of/in the/at kind/nn ,/, I/ppss then/rb wish/vb that/cs a/at committee/nn of/in seven/cd Representatives/nns-tl be/be appointed/vbn with/in power/nn to/to take/vb the/at evidence/nn ./.
''/'' 

	The/at Congressman/nn-tl tried/vbd hard/rb ,/, but/cc failed/vbd ./.
This/dt was/bedz the/at very/ap sort/nn of/in legislation/nn that/wpo Roosevelt/np himself/ppl had/hvd in/in mind/nn ./.
There/ex can/md be/be little/ap doubt/nn that/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at conspiracy/nn in/in Washington/np ,/, overt/jj or/cc implied/vbn ,/, to/to block/vb anything/pn Hearst/np wanted/vbd ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps was/bedz something/pn good/jj ./.
Hatred/nn tied/vbd his/pp$ hands/nns in/in Congress/np ./.
Roosevelt/np and/cc others/nns considered/vbd him/ppo partly/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at murder/nn of/in McKinley/np ./.
They/ppss were/bed repelled/vbn by/in his/pp$ noisy/jj newspapers/nns ,/, his/pp$ personal/jj publicity/nn ,/, his/pp$ presumptuous/jj campaign/nn for/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl nomination/nn ,/, and/cc by/in the/at swelling/vbg cloud/nn of/in rumor/nn about/in his/pp$ moral/jj lapses/nns ./.
He/pps might/md get/vb votes/nns from/in his/pp$ constituents/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps would/md never/rb get/vb a/at helping/vbg hand/nn in/in Congress/np ./.
He/pps was/bedz the/at House/nn-tl pariah/nn ./.
Even/rb the/at regular/jj Democrats/nps disowned/vbd him/ppo ./.
Inherently/rb incapable/jj of/in cooperating/vbg with/in others/nns ,/, he/pps ran/vbd his/pp$ own/jj show/nn regardless/rb of/in how/wql many/ap party-line/nn Democratic/jj-tl toes/nns he/pps stepped/vbd on/in ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at political/jj maverick/nn ,/, a/at reformer/nn with/in his/pp$ own/jj program/nn ,/, determined/vbn to/to bulldoze/vb it/ppo through/rp or/cc to/to blazon/vb the/at infamy/nn of/in those/dts who/wps balked/vbd him/ppo ./.
He/pps showed/vbd little/ap interest/nn in/in measures/nns put/vb forward/rb by/in the/at regular/jj Democrats/nps ./.
He/pps sought/vbd to/to run/vb Congress/np as/cs he/pps ran/vbd his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl American/np-tl or/cc Journal/nn-tl ,/, a/at scheme/nn veteran/jj legislators/nns resisted/vbd ./.
For/cs a/at freshman/nn Congressman/nn-tl to/to read/vb political/jj Lessons/nns-tl to/in graybeard/nn Democrats/nps was/bedz poor/jj policy/nn for/in one/cd who/wps needed/vbd to/to make/vb friends/nns ./.
He/pps soon/rb quarreled/vbd with/in all/abn the/at party/nn leaders/nns in/in the/at House/nn-tl ,/, and/cc came/vbd to/to be/be regarded/vbn with/in detestation/nn by/in regular/jj Democrats/nps as/cs a/at professional/jj radical/jj leading/vbg a/at small/jj pack/nn of/in obedient/jj terriers/nns whose/wp$ constant/jj snapping/nn was/bedz demoralizing/vbg to/in party/nn discipline/nn ./.


	To/in old-line/nn Democrats/nps ,/, the/at Hearst/np Presidential/jj-tl boom/nn ,/, now/rb in/in full/jj cry/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at joke/nn of/in the/at new/jj century/nn ./.
Yet/cc no/at leader/nn had/hvd come/vbn to/in the/at fore/nn who/wps seemed/vbd likely/jj to/to give/vb the/at puissant/jj T./np R./np a/at semblance/nn of/in a/at race/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz talk/nn of/in dragging/vbg old/jj ex-President/nn Cleveland/np out/in of/in retirement/nn for/in another/dt try/nn ./.
Some/dti preferred/vbd Judge/nn-tl Alton/np B./np Parker/np of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at host/nn of/in dark/jj horses/nns ./.
The/at sneers/nns at/in Hearst/np changed/vbd to/in concern/nn when/wrb it/pps was/bedz seen/vbn that/cs he/pps had/hvd strong/jj support/nn in/in many/ap parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ./.
Platoons/nns of/in Hearst/np agents/nns were/bed traveling/vbg from/in state/nn to/in state/nn in/in a/at surprisingly/ql successful/jj search/nn for/in delegates/nns at/in the/at coming/vbg convention/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed charges/nns that/cs money/nn was/bedz doing/vbg a/at large/jj part/nn of/in the/at persuading/nn ./.
Just/rb when/wrb it/pps was/bedz needed/vbn for/in the/at campaign/nn ,/, Hearst/np-tl Paper/nn-tl No./nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, the/at Boston/np-tl American/np-tl ,/, began/vbd publication/nn ./.
A/at Bay/nn-tl State/nn-tl supporter/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Mr./np Hearst's/np$ fight/nn has/hvz been/ben helped/vbn along/rb greatly/rb by/in the/at starting/nn of/in his/pp$ paper/nn in/in Boston/np ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ candidacy/nn affected/vbd his/pp$ journalism/nn somewhat/rb ./.
He/pps ordered/vbd his/pp$ editors/nns to/to tone/vb down/rp on/in sensationalism/nn and/cc to/to refrain/vb from/in using/vbg such/jj words/nns as/cs ``/`` seduction/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` rape/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` abortion/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` criminal/jj-nc assault/nn-nc ''/'' and/cc ``/`` born/vbn-nc out/rb-nc of/in-nc wedlock/nn-nc ''/'' ./.


	In/in a/at story/nn headed/vbn ,/, ``/`` Hearst/np-hl Offers/vbz-hl Cash/nn-hl ''/'' ,/, the/at Republican/np New/jj-tl York/np-tl Tribune/nn-tl spread/vbd the/at money/nn rumor/nn ,/, quoting/vbg an/at unnamed/jj ``/`` Hearst/np supporter/nn ''/'' as/cs saying/vbg :/: 

	``/`` The/at argument/nn that/wps is/bez cutting/vbg most/ap ice/nn is/bez that/cs Hearst/np is/bez the/at only/ap candidate/nn who/wps is/bez fighting/vbg the/at trusts/nns fearlessly/rb and/cc who/wps would/md use/vb all/abn the/at powers/nns of/in government/nn to/to disrupt/vb them/ppo if/cs he/pps were/bed elected/vbn ./.
The/at Hearst/np men/nns say/vb that/cs if/cs Hearst/np is/bez nominated/vbn ,/, he/pps and/cc his/pp$ immediate/jj friends/nns will/md contribute/vb to/in the/at Democratic/jj-tl National/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl the/at sum/nn of/in $1,500,000/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, it/pps is/bez urged/vbn ,/, would/md relieve/vb the/at national/jj committee/nn from/in the/at necessity/nn of/in appealing/vbg to/in the/at trust/nn magnates/nns ./.
The/at alternative/nn to/in this/dt is/bez that/cs if/cs a/at conservative/jj candidate/nn is/bez nominated/vbn the/at national/jj committee/nn will/md have/hv to/to appeal/vb to/in the/at trusts/nns for/in their/pp$ campaign/nn funds/nns ,/, and/cc in/in doing/vbg this/dt will/md incur/vb obligations/nns which/wdt would/md make/vb a/at Democratic/jj-tl victory/nn absolutely/ql fruitless/jj ./.
The/at average/jj Democratic/jj-tl politician/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at country/nn districts/nns ,/, is/bez hungry/jj for/in the/at spoils/nns of/in office/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz been/ben a/at long/jj time/nn since/cs he/pps has/hvz seen/vbn any/dti campaign/nn money/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at proposition/nn is/bez laid/vbn down/rp to/in him/ppo as/cs the/at friends/nns of/in Mr./np Hearst/np are/ber laying/vbg it/ppo down/rp these/dts days/nns he/pps is/bez quite/ql likely/jj to/to get/vb aboard/in the/at Hearst/np bandwagon/nn ''/'' ./.


	If/cs anything/pn ,/, the/at conservative/jj Democrats/nps were/bed more/ql opposed/vbn to/in Hearst/np than/cs the/at Republicans/nps ./.
In/in his/pp$ own/jj state/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, the/at two/cd Democratic/jj-tl bellwethers/nns ,/, State/nn-tl Leader/nn-tl Hill/np and/cc Tammany/np-tl Boss/nn-tl Murphy/np ,/, were/bed saying/vbg nothing/pn openly/rb against/in Hearst/np but/cc industriously/rb boosting/vbg their/pp$ own/jj favorites/nns ,/, Murphy/np being/beg for/in Cleveland/np and/cc Hill/np for/in Parker/np ./.
They/ppss had/hvd lost/vbn twice/rb with/in the/at radical/jj Bryan/np ,/, and/cc were/bed having/hvg no/at part/nn of/in Hearst/np ,/, whom/wpo they/ppss considered/vbd more/ql radical/jj than/cs Bryan/np ./.
But/cc his/pp$ increasing/vbg strength/nn in/in the/at West/nr-tl looked/vbd menacing/vbg ./.
It/pps caused/vbd Henry/np Watterson/np to/to sound/vb a/at blast/nn in/in his/pp$ Louisville/np-tl Courier-Journal/np-tl :/: 

	``/`` Does/doz any/dti sane/jj Democrat/np believe/vb that/cs Mr./np Hearst/np ,/, a/at person/nn unknown/jj even/rb to/in his/pp$ constituency/nn and/cc his/pp$ colleagues/nns ,/, without/in a/at word/nn or/cc act/nn in/in the/at public/jj life/nn of/in his/pp$ country/nn ,/, past/ap or/cc present/jj ,/, that/dt can/md be/be shown/vbn to/to be/be his/pp$ to/to commend/vb him/ppo ,/, could/md by/in any/dti possibility/nn be/be elected/vbn President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ?/. ?/.
But/cc there/ex is/bez a/at Hearst/np barrel/nn ./.
''/'' 

	More/ql splenetic/jj was/bedz Senator/nn-tl Edward/np Carmack/np of/in Tennessee/np ,/, a/at Parker/np man/nn ./.
``/`` The/at nomination/nn of/in Hearst/np would/md compass/vb the/at ruin/nn of/in the/at party/nn ''/'' ,/, Carmack/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` It/pps would/md be/be a/at disgrace/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs I/ppss have/hv already/rb said/vbn to/in the/at people/nns of/in Tennessee/np ,/, if/cs Hearst/np is/bez nominated/vbn ,/, we/ppss may/md as/ql well/rb pen/vb a/at dispatch/nn ,/, and/cc send/vb it/ppo back/rb from/in the/at field/nn of/in battle/nn :/: '/' All/abn is/bez lost/vbn ,/, including/in our/pp$ honor/nn '/' ''/'' ./.


	A/at lone/jj pro-Hearst/jj voice/nn from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl was/bedz that/dt of/in William/np Devery/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben expelled/vbn as/cs a/at Tammany/np leader/nn but/cc still/rb claimed/vbd strong/jj influence/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj district/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss understand/vb [/( Hearst/np ]/) is/bez a/at candidate/nn for/in Presidential/jj-tl honors/nns ''/'' ,/, Devery/np said/vbd without/in cracking/vbg a/at smile/nn ./.
``/`` There's/ex+bez nothing/pn like/cs buildin'/vbg from/in the/at bottom/nn up/rp ./.
If/cs he's/pps+bez going/vbg to/in the/at St./np Louis/np convention/nn as/cs a/at delegate/nn we/ppss ought/md to/to know/vb it/ppo ./.
He's/pps+bez got/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in friends/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps ought/md to/to come/vb along/rb and/cc let/vb us/ppo know/vb if/cs he/pps wants/vbz our/pp$ help/nn ''/'' ./.


	Hearst/np won/vbd the/at Iowa/np state/nn convention/nn ,/, but/cc ran/vbd into/in a/at bitter/jj battle/nn in/in Indiana/np before/cs losing/vbg to/in Parker/np ,/, drawing/vbg an/at angry/jj statement/nn from/in Indiana's/np$ John/np W./np Kern/np :/: 

	``/`` We/ppss are/ber menaced/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at Republic/nn-tl by/in the/at open/jj and/cc unblushing/jj effort/nn of/in a/at multi-millionaire/nn to/to purchase/vb the/at Presidential/jj-tl nomination/nn ./.
Our/pp$ state/nn has/hvz been/ben overrun/vbn with/in a/at gang/nn of/in paid/vbn agents/nns and/cc retainers/nns ./.
As/in for/in the/at paid/vbn Hessians/nps from/in other/ap states/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber here/rb to/to instruct/vb the/at Indiana/np Democracy/nn-tl in/in their/pp$ duty/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv nothing/pn but/in contempt/nn ./.
The/at Hearst/np dollar/nn mark/nn is/bez all/ql over/in them/ppo ./.
''/'' 

	The/at talk/nn of/in a/at Hearst/np ``/`` barrel/nn ''/'' was/bedz increasing/vbg ./.
Another/dt Indiana/np observer/nn later/rbr commented/vbd ,/, ``/`` Perhaps/rb we/ppss shall/md never/rb know/vb how/wql much/ap was/bedz spent/vbn (/( by/in Hearst/np )/) ,/, but/cc if/cs as/ql much/ap money/nn was/bedz expended/vbn elsewhere/rb as/cs in/in Indiana/np a/at liberal/jj fortune/nn was/bedz squandered/vbn ''/'' ./.


	In/in his/pp$ fight/nn for/in the/at Illinois/np and/cc Indiana/np delegations/nns ,/, Hearst/np made/vbd several/ap trips/nns to/in Chicago/np to/to confer/vb with/in Andrew/np Lawrence/np ,/, the/at former/ap San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Examiner/nn-tl man/nn who/wps was/bedz now/rb his/pp$ Chicago/np kingpin/nn ,/, and/cc once/rb to/to meet/vb with/in Bryan/np ./.
On/in one/cd visit/nn he/pps stopped/vbd at/in the/at office/nn of/in the/at American/jj ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz known/vbn surreptitiously/rb as/cs ``/`` the/at Great/jj-tl White/jj-tl Chief/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc for/in the/at first/od time/nn met/vbd his/pp$ managing/vbg editor/nn ,/, fat/jj Moses/np Koenigsberg/np ./.
Koenigsberg/np never/rb did/dod learn/vb what/wdt Hearst/np wanted/vbd ,/, for/cs the/at latter/ap shook/vbd hands/nns and/cc moved/vbd toward/in the/at door/nn ./.


	``/`` Never/rb mind/vb ,/, thank/vb you/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` I/ppss must/md hurry/vb to/to catch/vb my/pp$ train/nn ''/'' ./.


	Another/dt editor/nn pointed/vbd despairingly/rb at/in a/at bundle/nn of/in letters/nns that/wps had/hvd accumulated/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` But/cc Mr./np Hearst/np ,/, what/wdt shall/md I/ppss do/do with/in this/dt correspondence/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` I'll/ppss+md show/vb you/ppo ''/'' ,/, Hearst/np replied/vbd ,/, grinning/vbg ./.
He/pps took/vbd the/at stack/nn of/in mail/nn and/cc tossed/vbd it/ppo into/in the/at waste/nn basket/nn ./.
``/`` Don't/do* bother/vb ./.
Every/at letter/nn answers/vbz itself/ppl in/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ''/'' ./.



2/cd ./.
The/at Hearst/np ``/`` barrel/nn ''/'' 
Hearst/np hopped/vbd into/in a/at private/jj railroad/nn car/nn with/in Max/np Ihmsen/np and/cc made/vbd an/at arduous/jj personal/jj canvass/nn for/in delegates/nns in/in the/at western/jj and/cc southern/jj states/nns ,/, always/rb wearing/vbg a/at frock/nn coat/nn ,/, listening/vbg intently/rb to/in local/jj politicians/nns ,/, and/cc generally/rb making/vbg a/at good/jj impression/nn ./.
He/pps laughed/vbd at/in a/at story/nn that/cs he/pps planned/vbd to/to bolt/vb the/at party/nn if/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* nominated/vbn ./.


	``/`` I/ppss should/md ,/, of/in course/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` like/cs any/dti other/ap man/nn ,/, be/be honored/vbn and/cc gratified/vbn should/md the/at Democrats/nps see/vb fit/vbn to/to nominate/vb me/ppo ./.
But/cc I/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to be/be bribed/vbn by/in office/nn to/to be/be a/at Democrat/np ./.
I/ppss have/hv supported/vbn the/at Democratic/jj-tl party/nn in/in the/at last/ap five/cd campaigns/nns ./.
I/ppss supported/vbd Cleveland/np three/cd times/nns and/cc Bryan/np twice/rb ./.
I/ppss intend/vb to/to support/vb the/at nominee/nn of/in the/at party/nn at/in St./np Louis/np ,/, whoever/wps he/pps may/md be/be ''/'' ./.


	The/at Hearst/np press/nn followed/vbd the/at Chief's/nn$-tl progress/nn at/in the/at various/jj state/nn conventions/nns with/in its/pp$ usual/jj admiring/vbg attention/nn ,/, stressing/vbg the/at ``/`` enthusiasm/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` loyalty/nn ''/'' he/pps inspired/vbd ./.
This/dt was/bedz historic/jj in/in its/pp$ way/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps marked/vbd the/at first/od time/nn an/at American/jj Presidential/jj-tl aspirant/nn had/hvd advertised/vbn his/pp$ own/jj virtues/nns in/in his/pp$ own/jj string/nn of/in newspapers/nns spanning/vbg the/at land/nn ./.


	Yet/cc his/pp$ editors/nns did/dod not/* abandon/vb their/pp$ sense/nn of/in story/nn value/nn ./.
When/wrb Nan/np Patterson/np ,/, a/at stunning/jj and/cc money-minded/jj chorus/nn girl/nn who/wps had/hvd appeared/vbn in/in a/at Floradora/np road/nn show/nn ,/, rode/vbd down/in Broadway/np in/in a/at hansom/nn cab/nn with/in her/pp$ married/vbn lover/nn ,/, Frank/np Young/np ,/, she/pps stopped/vbd the/at cab/nn to/to disclose/vb that/cs Young/np had/hvd been/ben shot/vbn dead/jj ,/, tearfully/rb insisting/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd shot/vbn himself/ppl although/cs experts/nns said/vbd he/pps could/md not/* have/hv done/vbn so/rb ./.

Trevelyan's/np$ Liberalism/nn-tl was/bedz above/in all/abn a/at liberalism/nn of/in the/at spirit/nn ,/, a/at deep/jj feeling/nn of/in communion/nn with/in men/nns fighting/vbg for/in country/nn and/cc for/in liberty/nn ./.
His/pp$ passion/nn and/cc enthusiasm/nn convey/vb the/at courage/nn and/cc high/jj adventure/nn of/in Garibaldi's/np$ exploits/nns and/cc give/vb the/at reader/nn a/at unique/jj sense/nn of/in participation/nn in/in the/at events/nns described/vbn ./.


	The/at three/cd volumes/nns brought/vbd to/in the/at fore/nn a/at characteristic/nn of/in Trevelyan's/np$ prose/nn which/wdt remained/vbd conspicuous/jj through/in his/pp$ later/jjr works/nns --/-- a/at genius/nn for/in describing/vbg military/jj action/nn with/in clarity/nn and/cc with/in authority/nn ./.
The/at confused/vbn rambling/nn of/in guerrilla/nn warfare/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs most/ap of/in Garibaldi's/np$ campaigns/nns were/bed ,/, was/bedz brought/vbn to/in life/nn by/in Trevelyan's/np$ pen/nn in/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt passages/nns in/in the/at books/nns ./.
His/pp$ personal/jj familiarity/nn with/in the/at scenes/nns of/in action/nn undoubtedly/rb contributed/vbd much/ap to/in the/at final/jj result/nn ,/, but/cc familiarity/nn alone/rb would/md not/* have/hv been/ben enough/ap without/in other/ap qualities/nns ./.
Military/jj knowledge/nn ,/, love/nn of/in detail/nn ,/, and/cc a/at sure/jj feeling/nn for/in the/at portrayal/nn of/in action/nn were/bed the/at added/vbn ingredients/nns ./.


	But/cc the/at Garibaldi/np volumes/nns were/bed more/ap than/cs a/at romantic/jj story/nn ./.
Trevelyan/np contributed/vbd considerable/jj new/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at issues/nns connected/vbn with/in his/pp$ subject/nn ./.
The/at outstanding/jj example/nn was/bedz in/in Garibaldi/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Thousand/cd-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps made/vbd use/nn of/in unpublished/jj papers/nns of/in Lord/nn-tl John/np Russell/np and/cc English/jj consular/jj materials/nns to/to reveal/vb the/at motives/nns which/wdt led/vbd the/at British/jj government/nn to/to permit/vb Garibaldi/np to/to cross/vb the/at Straits/nps of/in-tl Messina/np-tl ./.


	In/in looking/vbg back/rb over/in the/at volumes/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to find/vb errors/nns of/in interpretation/nn ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt were/bed not/* so/ql evident/jj at/in the/at time/nn of/in writing/vbg ./.
Thus/rb Trevelyan/np repeats/vbz the/at story/nn which/wdt pictured/vbd Victor/np Emmanuel/np as/cs refusing/vbg to/to abandon/vb the/at famous/jj Statuto/fw-nn-tl at/in the/at insistence/nn of/in General/nn-tl Radetzky/np ./.
Later/jjr research/nn has/hvz shown/vbn this/dt part/nn of/in the/at legend/nn of/in the/at Re/fw-nn-tl Galantuomo/fw-nn-tl to/to be/be false/jj ./.
Trevelyan/np accepts/vbz Italian/jj nationalism/nn with/in little/ap analysis/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez unduly/ql critical/jj of/in papal/jj and/cc French/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs generous/jj in/in assessing/vbg British/jj policy/nn ./.
But/cc fifty/cd years/nns later/rbr the/at trilogy/nn still/rb maintains/vbz a/at firm/jj place/nn in/in the/at list/nn of/in standard/jj works/nns on/in the/at unification/nn of/in Italy/np ,/, a/at position/nn cautiously/rb prophesied/vbn by/in the/at reviewers/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in publication/nn ./.


	Trevelyan's/np$ Manin/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Venetian/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl Of/in-tl 1848/cd-tl ,/, his/pp$ last/ap major/jj volume/nn on/in an/at Italian/jj theme/nn ,/, was/bedz written/vbn in/in a/at minor/jj key/nn ./.
Published/vbn in/in 1923/cd ,/, it/pps did/dod not/* gain/vb the/at popular/jj acclaim/nn of/in the/at Garibaldi/np volumes/nns ,/, probably/rb because/cs Trevelyan/np felt/vbd less/rbr at/in home/nr with/in Manin/np ,/, the/at bourgeois/nn lawyer/nn ,/, than/cs with/in Garibaldi/np ,/, the/at filibuster/nn ./.
The/at complexities/nns of/in Venetian/jj politics/nn eluded/vbd him/ppo ,/, but/cc the/at story/nn of/in the/at revolution/nn itself/ppl is/bez told/vbn in/in restrained/vbn measures/nns ,/, with/in no/at superfluous/jj passages/nns and/cc only/rb an/at occasional/jj overemphasis/nn of/in the/at part/nn played/vbn by/in its/pp$ leading/vbg figure/nn ./.
If/cs it/pps is/bez not/* one/cd of/in his/pp$ best/jjt books/nns ,/, it/pps can/md only/rb be/be considered/vbn unsatisfactory/jj when/wrb compared/vbn with/in his/pp$ own/jj Garibaldi/np ./.


	Already/rb Trevelyan/np had/hvd begun/vbn to/to parallel/vb his/pp$ nineteenth-century/nn Italian/jj studies/nns with/in several/ap works/nns on/in English/jj figures/nns of/in the/at same/ap period/nn ./.
First/rb The/at-tl Life/nn-tl Of/in-tl John/np-tl Bright/np-tl appeared/vbd and/cc seven/cd years/nns later/rbr Lord/nn-tl Grey/np-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Reform/nn-tl Bill/nn-tl ./.
Of/in the/at two/cd ,/, The/at-tl Life/nn-tl Of/in-tl Bright/np-tl is/bez incomparably/rb the/at better/jjr biography/nn ./.
Trevelyan/np centers/vbz too/ql exclusively/rb on/in Bright/np ,/, is/bez insufficiently/ql appreciative/jj of/in the/at views/nns of/in Bright's/np$ opponents/nns and/cc critics/nns ,/, and/cc makes/vbz light/jj of/in the/at genuine/jj difficulties/nns faced/vbn by/in Peel/np ./.
Yet/cc he/pps is/bez right/jj when/wrb he/pps claims/vbz in/in his/pp$ autobiography/nn that/cs he/pps drew/vbd the/at real/jj features/nns of/in the/at man/nn ,/, his/pp$ tender/jj and/cc selfless/jj motives/nns and/cc his/pp$ rugged/jj fearless/jj strength/nn ./.
In/in the/at story/nn of/in Bright/np and/cc the/at Corn/nn-tl Law/nn-tl agitation/nn ,/, the/at Crimean/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at franchise/nn struggle/nn Trevelyan/np reflects/vbz something/pn of/in the/at moral/jj power/nn which/wdt enabled/vbd this/dt independent/jj man/nn to/to exercise/vb so/ql immense/jj an/at influence/nn over/in his/pp$ fellow/nn countrymen/nns for/in so/ql long/rb ./.
Because/cs Bright's/np$ speeches/nns were/bed so/ql much/ap a/at part/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, there/ex are/ber long/jj and/cc numerous/jj quotations/nns ,/, which/wdt ,/, far/rb from/in making/vbg the/at biography/nn diffuse/jj ,/, help/vb to/to give/vb us/ppo the/at feel/nn of/in the/at man/nn ./.
Associated/vbn in/in a/at sense/nn with/in the/at Manchester/np-tl School/nn-tl through/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ family/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np conveys/vbz in/in this/dt biography/nn something/pn of/in its/pp$ moral/jj conviction/nn and/cc drive/nn ./.
Nineteenth-century/nn virtues/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, seem/vb somehow/rb to/to have/hv gone/vbn out/in of/in fashion/nn and/cc the/at Bright/np book/nn has/hvz never/rb been/ben particularly/ql popular/jj ./.


	The/at biography/nn of/in Lord/nn-tl Grey/np is/bez strictly/rb speaking/vbg not/* a/at biography/nn at/in all/abn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at Whig/np history/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Tory/np reaction/nn ''/'' which/wdt preceded/vbd the/at Reform/nn-tl Bill/nn-tl of/in 1832/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps uses/vbz the/at figure/nn of/in Grey/np to/to give/vb some/dti unity/nn to/in the/at narrative/nn ./.
The/at volume/nn is/bez a/at piece/nn of/in passionate/jj special/jj pleading/nn ,/, written/vbn with/in the/at heat/nn --/-- and/cc often/rb with/in the/at wisdom/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be said/vbn --/-- of/in a/at Liberal/nn-tl damning/vbg the/at shortsightedness/nn of/in politicians/nns from/in 1782/cd to/in 1832/cd ./.
Characteristically/rb ,/, Trevelyan/np enjoyed/vbd writing/vbg the/at work/nn ./.
The/at theme/nn of/in glorious/jj summer/nn coming/vbg after/in a/at long/jj winter/nn of/in discontent/nn and/cc repression/nn was/bedz ,/, he/pps has/hvz told/vbn us/ppo ,/, congenial/jj to/in his/pp$ artistic/jj sense/nn ./.
And/cc Grey's/np$ Northumberland/np background/nn was/bedz close/rb to/in Trevelyan's/np$ own/jj ./.
But/cc his/pp$ concentration/nn on/in personalities/nns and/cc his/pp$ categorical/jj assessment/nn of/in their/pp$ actions/nns fail/vb to/to convey/vb the/at political/jj complexities/nns of/in a/at long/jj generation/nn harassed/vbn by/in world-wide/jj war/nn and/cc confronted/vbn with/in the/at problem/nn of/in adjustment/nn to/in an/at unprecedented/jj industrial/jj and/cc social/jj transformation/nn ./.
Some/dti historians/nns have/hv found/vbn his/pp$ point/nn of/in view/nn not/* to/in their/pp$ taste/nn ,/, others/nns have/hv complained/vbn that/cs he/pps makes/vbz the/at Tory/np tradition/nn appear/vb ``/`` contemptible/jj rather/in than/in intelligible/jj ''/'' ,/, while/cs a/at sympathetic/jj critic/nn has/hvz remarked/vbn that/cs the/at ``/`` intricate/jj interplay/nn of/in social/jj dynamics/nns and/cc political/jj activity/nn of/in which/wdt ,/, at/in times/nns ,/, politicians/nns are/ber the/at ignorant/jj marionettes/nns is/bez not/* a/at field/nn for/in the/at exercise/nn of/in his/pp$ talents/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at Liberal-Radical/np heritage/nn which/wdt informs/vbz all/abn of/in Trevelyan's/np$ interpretations/nns of/in history/nn here/rb seems/vbz clearly/rb to/to have/hv distorted/vbn the/at issues/nns and/cc oversimplified/vbn the/at period/nn ./.
For/in once/rb his/pp$ touch/nn deserted/vbd him/ppo ./.


	Research/nn in/in the/at period/nn of/in Grey/np and/cc Bright/np led/vbd naturally/rb to/in a/at more/ql ambitious/jj work/nn ./.
Britain/np in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn is/bez a/at textbook/nn designed/vbn ``/`` to/to give/vb the/at sense/nn of/in continuous/jj growth/nn ,/, to/to show/vb how/wrb economic/jj led/vbd to/in social/jj ,/, and/cc social/jj to/in political/jj change/nn ,/, how/wrb the/at political/jj events/nns reacted/vbd on/in the/at economic/jj and/cc social/jj ,/, and/cc how/wrb new/jj thoughts/nns and/cc new/jj ideals/nns accompanied/vbd or/cc directed/vbd the/at whole/jj complicated/vbn process/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at plan/nn is/bez admirably/ql fulfilled/vbn for/in the/at period/nn up/in to/in 1832/cd ./.
More/ql temperately/rb than/cs in/in the/at study/nn of/in Grey/np and/cc despite/in his/pp$ Liberal/jj-tl bias/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np vividly/rb sketches/vbz the/at England/np of/in pre-French/jj Revolution/nn-tl days/nns ,/, portrays/vbz the/at stresses/nns and/cc strains/nns of/in the/at revolutionary/jj period/nn in/in rich/jj colors/nns ,/, and/cc brings/vbz developments/nns leading/vbg to/in the/at Reform/nn-tl Bill/nn-tl into/in sharp/jj and/cc clear/jj focus/nn ./.
His/pp$ technique/nn is/bez genuinely/ql masterful/jj ./.
By/in what/wdt one/cd reader/nn called/vbd a/at ``/`` series/nn of/in dissolving/vbg views/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps merges/vbz one/cd period/nn into/in another/dt and/cc gives/vbz a/at sense/nn of/in continuous/jj growth/nn ./.


	But/cc after/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at narrative/nn tends/vbz to/to lose/vb its/pp$ balanced/vbn ,/, many-sided/jj quality/nn and/cc to/to become/vb a/at medley/nn of/in topics/nns ,/, often/rb unconnected/jj by/in any/dti single/ap thread/nn ./.
Economic/jj analysis/nn was/bedz never/rb Trevelyan's/np$ strong/jj point/nn and/cc the/at England/np of/in the/at industrial/jj transformation/nn cries/vbz out/rp for/in economic/jj analysis/nn ./.
Yet/cc after/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at interrelations/nns of/in economic/jj and/cc social/jj and/cc political/jj affairs/nns become/vb blurred/vbn and/cc the/at narrative/nn becomes/vbz largely/rb a/at conventional/jj political/jj account/nn ./.
Finally/rb ,/, the/at period/nn after/in 1870/cd receives/vbz little/ap attention/nn and/cc that/dt quite/ql superficial/jj ./.
Yet/cc Britain/np-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Nineteenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl became/vbd the/at vade/fw-vb mecum/fw-ppo+in of/in beginning/vbg students/nns of/in history/nn ,/, went/vbd through/in edition/nn after/in edition/nn ,/, and/cc continues/vbz to/to be/be reprinted/vbn up/in to/in the/at very/ap present/nn ./.
Its/pp$ success/nn is/bez a/at tribute/nn ,/, above/in all/abn ,/, to/in Trevelyan's/np$ brilliance/nn as/cs a/at literary/jj stylist/nn ./.


	In/in 1924/cd Trevelyan/np traveled/vbd to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps delivered/vbd the/at Lowell/np lectures/nns at/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl ./.
These/dts lectures/nns formed/vbd the/at nucleus/nn of/in a/at general/jj survey/nn of/in English/jj development/nn which/wdt took/vbd form/nn afterward/rb as/cs A/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl ./.
In/in short/jj order/nn ,/, the/at general/jj history/nn became/vbd his/pp$ most/ql popular/jj work/nn and/cc has/hvz remained/vbn ,/, aside/rb from/in his/pp$ later/jjr Social/jj history/nn ,/, the/at work/nn most/ql widely/rb favored/vbn by/in the/at public/nn ./.


	The/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl has/hvz often/rb been/ben compared/vbn with/in Green's/np$ Short/jj-tl History/nn-tl ./.
Like/cs Green/np ,/, Trevelyan/np aimed/vbd to/to write/vb a/at history/nn not/* of/in ``/`` English/jj kings/nns or/cc English/jj conquests/nns ''/'' ,/, but/cc of/in the/at English/jj people/nns ./.
The/at result/nn was/bedz fortunate/jj ./.
The/at History/nn-tl takes/vbz too/ql much/ap for/in granted/vbn to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at text/nn for/in other/ap than/cs English/jj schoolboys/nns ,/, and/cc like/cs Britain/np-tl in/in-tl the/at-tl nineteenth/od-tl century/nn-tl it/pps deteriorates/vbz badly/rb as/cs it/pps goes/vbz beyond/in 1870/cd ./.
Trevelyan's/np$ excursions/nns into/in contemporary/jj history/nn were/bed rarely/rb happy/jj ones/nns ./.
But/cc as/cs a/at stimulating/jj ,/, provocative/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at broad/jj sweep/nn of/in English/jj development/nn it/pps is/bez incomparable/jj ./.
Living/vbg pictures/nns of/in the/at early/jj boroughs/nns ,/, country/nn life/nn in/in Tudor/np and/cc Stuart/np times/nns ,/, the/at impact/nn of/in the/at industrial/jj revolution/nn compete/vb with/in sensitive/jj surveys/nns of/in language/nn and/cc literature/nn ,/, the/at common/jj law/nn ,/, parliamentary/jj development/nn ./.
The/at strength/nn of/in the/at History/nn-tl is/bez also/rb its/pp$ weakness/nn ./.
Trevelyan/np is/bez militantly/rb sure/jj of/in the/at superiority/nn of/in English/jj institutions/nns and/cc character/nn over/in those/dts of/in other/ap peoples/nns ./.
His/pp$ nationalism/nn was/bedz not/* a/at new/jj characteristic/nn ,/, but/cc its/pp$ self-consciousness/nn ,/, even/rb its/pp$ self-satisfaction/nn ,/, is/bez more/ql obvious/jj in/in a/at book/nn that/wps stretches/vbz over/in the/at long/jj reach/nn of/in English/jj history/nn ./.
And/cc yet/rb the/at elements/nns which/wdt capture/vb his/pp$ liberal/jj and/cc humanistic/jj imagination/nn are/ber those/dts which/wdt make/vb the/at English/jj story/nn worth/jj telling/vbg and/cc worth/jj remembering/vbg ./.
Tolerance/nn and/cc compromise/nn ,/, social/jj justice/nn and/cc civil/jj liberty/nn ,/, are/ber today/nr too/ql often/rb in/in short/jj supply/nn for/in one/pn to/to be/be overly/ql critical/jj of/in Trevelyan's/np$ emphasis/nn on/in their/pp$ central/jj place/nn in/in the/at English/jj tradition/nn ./.
Like/cs most/ap major/jj works/nns of/in synthesis/nn ,/, The/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl is/bez informed/vbn by/in the/at positive/jj views/nns of/in a/at first-class/jj mind/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez surely/rb a/at major/jj work/nn ./.


	Four/cd years/nns after/in the/at publication/nn of/in The/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl ,/, the/at first/od volume/nn of/in Trevelyan's/np$ Queen/nn-tl Anne/np trilogy/nn appeared/vbd ./.
By/in now/rb he/pps had/hvd become/vbn Regius/np-tl Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl Modern/jj-tl History/nn-tl at/in Cambridge/np and/cc had/hvd been/ben honored/vbn by/in the/at award/nn of/in the/at Order/nn-tl of/in-tl Merit/nn-tl ./.
His/pp$ academic/jj duties/nns had/hvd little/ap evident/jj effect/nn on/in his/pp$ prolific/jj pen/nn ./.
Blenheim/np was/bedz followed/vbn in/in rapid/jj succession/nn by/in Ramillies/np And/cc-tl The/at-tl Union/nn-tl With/in-tl Scotland/np-tl and/cc by/in The/at-tl Peace/nn-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Protestant/jj-tl Succession/nn-tl ,/, the/at three/cd forming/vbg together/rb a/at detailed/vbn picture/nn of/in England/np under/in Queen/nn-tl Anne/np ./.
Like/cs his/pp$ volume/nn on/in Wycliffe/np ,/, the/at work/nn was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in the/at publication/nn of/in a/at selected/vbn group/nn of/in documents/nns ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn illustrative/jj of/in the/at history/nn of/in Queen/nn-tl Anne's/np$ reign/nn down/rp to/in 1707/cd ./.


	Trevelyan/np was/bedz at/in least/ap in/in part/nn attracted/vbn to/in the/at period/nn by/in an/at almost/ql unconscious/jj desire/nn to/to take/vb up/rp the/at story/nn where/wrb Macaulay's/np$ History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl had/hvd broken/vbn off/rp ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, he/pps believed/vbd in/in the/at ``/`` dramatic/jj unity/nn and/cc separateness/nn of/in the/at period/nn from/in 1702-14/cd ,/, lying/vbg between/in the/at Stuart/np and/cc Hanoverian/jj eras/nns with/in a/at special/jj ethos/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj ''/'' ./.
He/pps saw/vbd the/at age/nn as/cs one/cd in/in which/wdt Britain/np ``/`` settled/vbd her/ppo free/jj constitution/nn ''/'' and/cc attained/vbd her/pp$ modern/jj place/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.
To/in most/ap observers/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs he/pps placed/vbd an/at artificial/jj strait/nn jacket/nn of/in unity/nn upon/in the/at years/nns of/in Anne's/np$ reign/nn which/wdt in/in reality/nn existed/vbd only/rb in/in the/at pages/nns of/in his/pp$ history/nn ./.


	Of/in the/at three/cd volumes/nns ,/, Blenheim/np is/bez easily/rb the/at best/jjt ./.
In/in four/cd opening/vbg chapters/nns reminiscent/jj of/in Macaulay's/np$ famous/jj third/od chapter/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np surveys/vbz the/at state/nn of/in England/np at/in the/at opening/nn of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ./.
His/pp$ delightful/jj picture/nn of/in society/nn and/cc institutions/nns is/bez filled/vbn with/in warm/jj detail/nn that/wps brings/vbz the/at period/nn vividly/rb to/in life/nn ./.
He/pps tends/vbz to/to underestimate/vb --/-- or/cc perhaps/rb to/to view/vb charitably/rb --/-- the/at brutality/nn and/cc the/at violence/nn of/in the/at age/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs there/ex is/bez an/at idyllic/jj quality/nn in/in these/dts pages/nns which/wdt hazes/vbz over/in some/dti of/in its/pp$ sharp/jj reality/nn ./.
Yet/cc as/cs an/at evocation/nn of/in time/nn past/ap ,/, there/ex are/ber few/ap such/jj successful/jj portraits/nns in/in English/jj historical/jj literature/nn ./.
Once/cs the/at scene/nn is/bez set/vbn ,/, Trevelyan/np skilfully/rb builds/vbz up/rp the/at tense/jj story/nn until/cs it/pps reaches/vbz its/pp$ climax/nn in/in the/at dramatic/jj victory/nn of/in Marlborough/np and/cc Eugene/np of/in-tl Savoy/np-tl at/in Blenheim/np ./.
The/at account/nn of/in the/at battle/nn is/bez ,/, next/in to/in his/pp$ descriptions/nns of/in Garibaldi's/np$ campaigns/nns ,/, Trevelyan's/np$ outstanding/jj military/jj narrative/nn ./.
The/at scene/nn is/bez etched/vbn in/in sharp/jj detail/nn ,/, the/at military/jj problems/nns brilliantly/rb explained/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at excitement/nn and/cc importance/nn of/in the/at battle/nn made/vbn evident/jj ./.
If/cs only/rb for/in this/dt modest/jj masterpiece/nn of/in military/jj history/nn ,/, Blenheim/np is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be read/vbn and/cc reread/vbn long/rb after/cs newer/jjr interpretations/nns have/hv perhaps/rb altered/vbn our/pp$ picture/nn of/in the/at Marlborough/np wars/nns ./.


	Ramillies/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Union/nn-tl With/in-tl Scotland/np-tl has/hvz fewer/ap high/jj spots/nns than/cs Blenheim/np and/cc much/ql less/ap of/in its/pp$ dramatic/jj unity/nn ./.
Yet/cc in/in several/ap chapters/nns on/in Scotland/np in/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np copes/vbz persuasively/rb with/in the/at tangled/vbn confusion/nn of/in Scottish/jj politics/nn against/in a/at vivid/jj background/nn of/in Scottish/jj religion/nn ,/, customs/nns ,/, and/cc traditions/nns ./.



	I/ppss stood/vbd on/in a/at table/nn ,/, surrounded/vbn by/in hundreds/nns of/in expectant/jj young/jj faces/nns ./.
Questions/nns came/vbd to/in me/ppo from/in all/abn sides/nns about/in my/pp$ world/nn citizenship/nn activities/nns ./.
After/cs making/vbg a/at short/jj statement/nn about/in human/jj rights/nns ,/, and/cc the/at freedom/nn to/to travel/vb ,/, I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo I/ppss would/md be/be going/vbg to/in the/at Kehl/np bridge/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn in/in order/nn to/to cross/vb the/at Rhine/np into/in Germany/np ./.


	``/`` May/md we/ppss come/vb with/in you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Called/vbn out/rp a/at dozen/nn young/jj voices/nns ./.


	``/`` Well/uh ,/, I/ppss might/md not/* get/vb that/ql far/rb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo ,/, ``/`` as/cs actually/rb I/ppss have/hv no/at papers/nns to/to enter/vb Germany/np and/cc ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, no/at permit/nn to/to return/vb to/in France/np once/cs I/ppss leave/vb ''/'' ./.


	That/dt was/bedz all/abn they/ppss needed/vbd ./.
They/ppss would/md champion/vb me/ppo ./.
We/ppss would/md all/abn meet/vb at/in ten/cd o'clock/rb at/in the/at Kehl/np bridge/nn ,/, five/cd miles/nns from/in Strasbourg/np ,/, and/cc march/vb triumphantly/rb across/rp into/in Germany/np ./.


	There/ex was/bedz only/rb one/cd hitch/nn :/: the/at small/jj town/nn of/in Kehl/np ,/, on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at Rhine/np ,/, was/bedz still/rb under/in French/jj jurisdiction/nn ./.
The/at real/jj Franco-German/jj frontier/nn was/bedz beyond/in the/at town's/nn$ limits/nns ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, all/abn persons/nns were/bed permitted/vbn to/to cross/vb the/at Rhine/np into/in Kehl/np ,/, there/ex being/beg no/at sentry/nn posted/vbn on/in the/at west/nr side/nn of/in the/at river/nn ./.


	That/dt evening/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss learned/vbd later/rbr ,/, the/at students/nns ,/, enjoying/vbg that/dt spontaneous/jj immodesty/nn in/in action/nn known/vbn only/rb to/in university/nn students/nns ,/, surged/vbd out/rp onto/in the/at streets/nns of/in Strasbourg/np ,/, overturning/vbg empty/jj streetcars/nns ,/, marking/vbg up/rp store/nn fronts/nns ,/, and/cc shouting/vbg imprudently/rb ,/, ``/`` Garry/np Davis/np to/in power/nn ''/'' !/. !/.


	As/cs I/ppss got/vbd off/in the/at trolley/nn at/in Kehl/np bridge/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn ,/, I/ppss was/bedz met/vbn by/in what/wdt looked/vbd like/cs 5,000/cd students/nns ,/, some/dti of/in whom/wpo were/bed carrying/vbg sticks/nns apparently/rb for/in the/at coming/vbg ``/`` battle/nn ''/'' with/in the/at police/nns ./.
Alarmed/vbn by/in this/dt display/nn of/in weapons/nns ,/, I/ppss looked/vbd toward/in the/at bridge/nn and/cc there/rb saw/vbd ,/, stretched/vbn across/in the/at near/jj side/nn ,/, a/at cordon/nn of/in policemen/nns ,/, their/pp$ bicycles/nns forming/vbg a/at roadblock/nn before/in which/wdt stood/vbd several/ap French/jj officers/nns in/in uniform/nn and/cc a/at small/jj waspish/jj man/nn in/in a/at brown/jj derby/nn ./.


	``/`` Listen/vb please/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss called/vbd to/in the/at students/nns in/in French/np ./.
``/`` I/ppss thank/vb you/ppo most/ql heartily/rb for/in being/beg here/rb ./.
This/dt is/bez full/jj evidence/nn of/in your/pp$ support/nn for/in my/pp$ principles/nns ./.
These/dts principles/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, will/md not/* be/be served/vbn by/in violence/nn in/in any/dti form/nn ./.
If/cs they/ppss are/ber right/jj ,/, they/ppss will/md prevail/vb of/in and/cc by/in themselves/ppls ./.
I/ppss ask/vb you/ppo all/abn to/to support/vb me/ppo in/in this/dt ./.
If/cs one/cd finger/nn is/bez raised/vbn against/in the/at authorities/nns ,/, all/abn our/pp$ moral/jj power/nn will/md vanish/vb ./.
Your/pp$ self-control/nn in/in this/dt respect/nn will/md be/be the/at only/ap witness/nn to/in your/pp$ understanding/nn of/in what/wdt I/ppss am/bem saying/vbg ./.
I/ppss have/hv full/jj confidence/nn in/in you/ppo ./.
Now/rb ,/, let's/vb+ppo go/vb ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss marched/vbd up/rp to/in the/at waiting/vbg officials/nns ,/, the/at students/nns massed/vbd behind/in me/ppo ./.
As/cs usual/jj ,/, the/at press/nn photographers/nns were/bed on/in hand/nn ./.
The/at waspish/jj man/nn stopped/vbd me/ppo three/cd paces/nns from/in the/at bicycle/nn barricade/nn ,/, and/cc asked/vbd me/ppo in/in French/np if/cs I/ppss had/hvd papers/nns to/to leave/vb France/np ./.
I/ppss replied/vbd in/in the/at affirmative/jj ,/, taking/vbg out/rp my/pp$ recently/rb acquired/vbn titre/fw-nn d'identite/fw-in+nn et/fw-cc de/fw-in voyage/fw-nn ,/, on/in which/wdt was/bedz stamped/vbn a/at permission/nn to/to leave/vb France/np ./.
He/pps examined/vbd it/ppo carefully/rb ,/, handed/vbd it/ppo back/rb and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Eh/uh bien/fw-uh ,/, you/ppss may/md leave/vb France/np ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss took/vbd one/cd step/nn eastward/rb ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at uniformed/jj officers/nns stepped/vbd in/in my/pp$ way/nn ,/, demanding/vbg to/to know/vb whether/cs I/ppss had/hvd permission/nn to/to enter/vb Germany/np ./.


	``/`` No/rb ,/, I/ppss have/hv no/at permission/nn to/to enter/vb Germany/np ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ./.


	``/`` Alors/fw-rb ,/, you/ppss may/md go/vb no/ql farther/rbr ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd imperiously/rb ./.


	``/`` Is/bez this/dt then/rb the/at frontier/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss asked/vbd him/ppo ./.


	``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' ./.


	At/in this/dt ,/, the/at students/nns let/vb out/rp a/at yell/nn ,/, knowing/vbg full/ql well/rb the/at actual/jj frontier/nn was/bedz beyond/in the/at town/nn of/in Kehl/np ./.


	``/`` But/cc I/ppss have/hv no/at permission/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np ,/, and/cc I/ppss have/hv just/rb left/vbn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ./.
``/`` I/ppss must/md then/rb be/be standing/vbg on/in the/at line/nn between/in France/np and/cc Germany/np ''/'' ./.


	The/at waspish/jj man/nn stepped/vbd forward/rb ./.
``/`` Line/nn ?/. ?/.
Line/nn ?/. ?/.
But/cc there/ex is/bez no/at line/nn between/in France/np and/cc Germany/np ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, no/at actual/jj line/nn ./.
I/ppss mean/vb ''/'' 

	``/`` No/at line/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss asked/vbd ./.
``/`` But/cc if/cs there/ex is/bez no/at line/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md there/ex be/be two/cd countries/nns ?/. ?/.
You/ppss have/hv just/rb given/vbn me/ppo permission/nn to/to leave/vb France/np ,/, which/wdt I/ppss did/dod ./.
I/ppss have/hv witnesses/nns ./.
And/cc as/cs you/ppss know/vb ,/, I/ppss have/hv no/at permission/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np once/rb out/rp ./.
Now/rb I/ppss learn/vb I/ppss cannot/md* enter/vb Germany/np ./.
Obviously/rb I'm/ppss+bem stuck/vbn on/in the/at line/nn between/in the/at two/cd countries/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at students/nns were/bed laughing/vbg uproariously/rb at/in this/dt piece/nn of/in logic/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at policemen/nns were/bed trying/vbg hard/rb not/* to/to smile/vb ./.


	``/`` Mais/fw-cc non/fw-rb ''/'' ,/, the/at Interior/nn-tl Ministry/nn-tl man/nn coaxed/vbd ,/, ``/`` you/ppss may/md come/vb back/rb to/in Strasbourg/np ,/, now/rb ,/, if/cs you/ppss wish/vb ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Oh/uh ?/. ?/.
Then/rb will/md you/ppss give/vb me/ppo a/at visa/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Visa/nn ?/. ?/.
But/cc there/ex is/bez no/at question/nn of/in a/at visa/nn ./.
You/ppss are/ber still/rb in/in France/np ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Ah/uh ,/, then/rb please/vb tell/vb me/ppo where/wrb the/at frontier/nn is/bez because/cs this/dt gentleman/nn here/rb ''/'' --/-- I/ppss indicated/vbd the/at French/jj occupation/nn officer/nn --/-- ``/`` informs/vbz me/ppo that/cs Germany/np is/bez just/ql on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in him/ppo ''/'' ./.


	The/at Interior/nn-tl man/nn looked/vbd uneasily/rb at/in his/pp$ French/jj compatriot/nn ./.
From/in the/at crowd/nn were/bed coming/vbg cries/nns of/in ``/`` He's/pps+bez right/jj ''/'' !/. !/.
``/`` There/ex must/md be/be a/at line/nn ''/'' !/. !/.
And/cc ``/`` Bravo/uh ,/, Garry/np ,/, continue/vb ''/'' !/. !/.


	Seeing/vbg their/pp$ hesitation/nn ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, until/cs I/ppss have/hv permission/nn to/to enter/vb Germany/np ,/, or/cc a/at visa/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np ,/, I/ppss shall/md be/be obliged/vbn to/to remain/vb here/rb on/in the/at line/nn between/in two/cd countries/nns ''/'' ,/, whereupon/cs I/ppss moved/vbd to/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at road/nn ,/, parked/vbd my/pp$ backpack/nn against/in the/at small/jj guardhouse/nn on/in the/at sidewalk/nn ,/, sat/vbd down/rp ,/, took/vbd out/rp my/pp$ typewriter/nn ,/, and/cc began/vbd typing/vbg the/at above/jj conversation/nn ./.


	The/at reporters/nns were/bed questioning/vbg the/at Interior/nn-tl man/nn and/cc the/at French/jj officer/nn ,/, both/abx of/in whom/wpo remained/vbd noncommittal/jj as/in to/in what/wdt action/nn ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, would/md be/be taken/vbn in/in my/pp$ regard/nn ./.
Finally/rb they/ppss went/vbd off/rp to/to file/vb their/pp$ stories/nns ,/, after/cs the/at photographers/nns had/hvd taken/vbn pictures/nns of/in my/pp$ latest/jjt vigil/nn ./.
The/at students/nns crowded/vbd around/rb asking/vbg questions/nns ,/, slapping/vbg me/ppo on/in the/at back/nn ,/, and/cc generally/rb being/beg friendly/jj ./.


	``/`` But/cc what/wdt will/md you/ppss do/do this/dt evening/nn ,/, Mr./np Davis/np ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Asked/vbd a/at young/jj mustached/jj Frenchman/np ./.
``/`` It/pps will/md be/be very/ql cold/jj ''/'' ./.


	``/`` I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ,/, ``/`` except/in that/cs I/ppss will/md be/be here/rb ''/'' ./.


	``/`` I/ppss shall/md see/vb about/in getting/vbg you/ppo a/at tent/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` I/ppss have/hv a/at small/jj sports/nns shop/nn in/in Strasbourg/np ''/'' ./.


	That/dt would/md be/be a/at great/jj help/nn ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ,/, thanking/vbg him/ppo for/in his/pp$ thoughtfulness/nn ./.
A/at special/jj guard/nn was/bedz posted/vbn at/in my/pp$ end/nn of/in the/at bridge/nn to/to make/vb sure/jj I/ppss didn't/dod* cross/vb ,/, the/at ludicrousness/nn of/in the/at situation/nn being/beg revealed/vbn fully/rb in/in that/dt everyone/pn else/rb --/-- men/nns ,/, women/nns ,/, and/cc children/nns ,/, dogs/nns ,/, cats/nns ,/, horses/nns ,/, cars/nns ,/, trucks/nns ,/, baby/nn carriages/nns --/-- could/md cross/vb Kehl/np bridge/nn into/in Kehl/np without/in surveillance/nn ./.


	The/at day/nn passed/vbd eventfully/rb enough/qlp ,/, with/in a/at constant/jj stream/nn of/in visitors/nns ,/, some/dti stopping/vbg only/rb to/to say/vb hello/uh ,/, others/nns getting/vbg into/in serious/jj conversations/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs one/cd Andre/np Fuchs/np ,/, a/at free-lance/nn journalist/nn from/in Strasbourg/np who/wps wrote/vbd an/at article/nn for/in the/at Nouvelle/fw-jj-tl Alsatian/fw-jj-tl in/in highly/ql sympathetic/jj terms/nns ./.
Some/dti students/nns from/in the/at University/nn-tl returned/vbd around/rb six/cd with/in a/at large/jj pot/nn containing/vbg enough/ap hot/jj soup/nn to/to last/vb me/ppo a/at week/nn ./.
A/at volunteer/nn food/nn brigade/nn had/hvd been/ben arranged/vbn ,/, they/ppss told/vbd me/ppo ,/, which/wdt would/md supply/vb me/ppo with/in the/at necessities/nns as/ql long/rb as/cs I/ppss remained/vbd at/in the/at bridge/nn ./.
A/at little/jj later/rbr ,/, the/at sports/nns shop/nn man/nn returned/vbd with/in a/at small/jj pup/nn tent/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at girl/nn students/nns ,/, sitting/vbg by/rb while/cs I/ppss ate/vbd the/at thick/jj soup/nn ,/, asked/vbd me/ppo if/cs I/ppss had/hvd a/at sleeping/vbg bag/nn ./.
When/wrb I/ppss informed/vbd her/ppo that/cs I/ppss didn't/dod* ,/, she/pps said/vbd she/pps would/md borrow/vb her/pp$ brother's/nn$ and/cc bring/vb it/ppo to/in me/ppo later/rbr that/dt evening/nn ./.


	``/`` You/ppss do/do not/* know/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd in/in good/jj English/np ,/, ``/`` but/cc my/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz your/pp$ governess/nn in/in Philadelphia/np when/wrb you/ppss were/bed a/at child/nn ''/'' ./.
Her/pp$ name/nn was/bedz Esther/np Peter/np ./.
I/ppss was/bedz delighted/vbn to/to make/vb that/dt personal/jj contact/nn in/in such/jj trying/jj and/cc unusual/jj circumstances/nns ./.
The/at Peter/np family/nn proved/vbd wonderful/jj and/cc helpful/jj friends/nns in/in the/at following/vbg days/nns ,/, Mrs./np Peter/np ,/, little/jj Esther/np ,/, and/cc Raoul/np ,/, who/wps generously/rb lent/vbd me/ppo his/pp$ sleeping/vbg bag/nn for/in my/pp$ ``/`` Watch/nn-tl on/in-tl the/at-tl Rhine/np-tl ''/'' ./.


	Sighting/vbg a/at line/nn from/in the/at bridge/nn to/in a/at small/jj field/nn directly/rb to/in the/at side/nn ,/, I/ppss pitched/vbd the/at tent/nn that/dt evening/nn on/in the/at stateless/jj ``/`` line/nn ''/'' ,/, digging/vbg a/at small/jj trench/nn around/in it/ppo as/ql best/rbt I/ppss could/md with/in a/at toy/nn spade/nn donated/vbn by/in a/at neighborhood/nn child/nn ./.
The/at wind/nn from/in the/at Rhine/np was/bedz damp/jj and/cc chill/jj ,/, necessitating/vbg a/at fire/nn for/in warmth/nn ./.
After/cs scouring/vbg around/rb a/at bit/nn in/in the/at open/jj area/nn ,/, I/ppss came/vbd across/in what/wdt proved/vbd to/to be/be tar-soaked/jj logs/nns which/wdt crackled/vbd and/cc burned/vbd brightly/rb ,/, giving/vbg off/rp vast/jj rolls/nns of/in smoke/nn into/in the/at ashen/jj sky/nn ./.


	Each/dt evening/nn the/at students/nns appeared/vbd with/in the/at soup/nn kettle/nn and/cc several/ap petits/fw-jj pains/fw-nns ,/, Esther/np usually/rb being/beg among/in them/ppo ./.
I/ppss had/hvd advised/vbn friends/nns to/to write/vb me/ppo to/in ``/`` No/at-tl Man's/nn$-tl Land/nn-tl ,/, Pont/np Kehl/np ,/, Between/in-tl Strasbourg/np-tl and/cc-tl Kehl/np-tl ,/, France-Germany/np-tl ''/'' ./.
Sure/rb enough/qlp ,/, mail/nn began/vbd trickling/vbg in/rp ,/, delivered/vbn by/in a/at talkative/jj ,/, highly/ql amused/vbn French/jj postman/nn who/wps informed/vbd me/ppo there/ex had/hvd been/ben quite/abl a/at debate/nn at/in the/at post/nn office/nn as/in to/in whether/cs that/dt address/nn would/md be/be recognized/vbn ./.


	On/in Christmas/np-tl Eve/nn-tl ,/, students/nns brought/vbd out/rp two/cd small/jj Christmas/np trees/nns which/wdt I/ppss placed/vbd on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at tent/nn ./.
As/cs the/at field/nn on/in which/wdt my/pp$ tent/nn was/bedz pitched/vbn was/bedz a/at favorite/jj natural/jj playground/nn for/in the/at kids/nns of/in the/at neighborhood/nil ,/, I/nil had/nil made/nil many/nil friends/nil among/nil them/nil ,/, taking/nil part/nil in/nil their/nil after-school/nil games/nil and/nil trying/nil desperately/nil to/nil translate/nil Grimm's/nil Fairy/nil Tales/nil into/nil an/nil understandable/jj French/np as/cs we/ppss gathered/vbd around/in the/at fire/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at tent/nn ./.
To/in my/pp$ great/jj surprise/nn and/cc delight/nn ,/, when/wrb they/ppss saw/vbd the/at two/cd trees/nns they/ppss went/vbd rushing/vbg off/rp ,/, returning/vbg shortly/rb with/in decorations/nns from/in their/pp$ own/jj trees/nns ./.


	It/pps was/bedz a/at merry/jj if/cs somewhat/ql soggy/jj Christmas/np for/in me/ppo that/dt year/nn ./.




In/in the/at mail/nn were/bed invitations/nns to/to speak/vb at/in the/at universities/nns of/in Cologne/np ,/, Heidelberg/np ,/, and/cc Baden-Baden/np ./.
Twenty/cd thousand/cd world/nn citizens/nns at/in Stuttgart/np had/hvd signed/vbn a/at petition/nn inviting/vbg me/ppo to/to visit/vb their/pp$ town/nn ./.
When/wrb Dr./nn-tl Adenauer/np was/bedz approached/vbn by/in a/at world/nn citizen/nn delegation/nn to/to find/vb out/rp his/pp$ disposition/nn of/in my/pp$ case/nn ,/, he/pps gave/vbd them/ppo his/pp$ personal/jj approval/nn of/in my/pp$ entry/nn ,/, saying/vbg that/cs all/abn men/nns advocating/vbg peace/nn should/md be/be welcomed/vbn into/in Germany/np ./.
The/at special/jj guard/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz still/rb posted/vbn on/in Kehl/np bridge/nn ./.


	As/cs it/pps began/vbd raining/vbg at/in around/rb eight/cd o'clock/rb on/in December/np 26th/od ,/, I/ppss retired/vbd into/in my/pp$ tent/nn early/rb ,/, somewhat/ql tired/vbn and/cc discouraged/vbn ,/, my/pp$ body/nn reacting/vbg sluggishly/rb because/rb of/in the/at continued/vbn exposure/nn ./.
No/at matter/nn how/wql large/jj the/at fire/nn ,/, I/ppss couldn't/md* seem/vb to/to shake/vb off/rp the/at chill/nn that/dt day/nn ./.


	``/`` Oh/uh ,/, Mr./np Davis/np ,/, are/ber you/ppss there/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
A/at voice/nn drifted/vbd in/rp to/in me/ppo above/in the/at patter/nn of/in the/at rain/nn shortly/rb after/cs I/ppss had/hvd fallen/vbn into/in a/at fitful/jj sleep/nn ./.


	``/`` Who/wps is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` We're/ppss+ber from/in the/at Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, British/jj delegation/nn ./.
May/md we/ppss have/hv a/at word/nn with/in you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` I'm/ppss+bem sorry/jj ./.
I've/ppss+hv had/hvn a/at trying/jj day/nn and/cc I/ppss just/rb can't/md* make/vb it/ppo out/rp again/rb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo ./.


	I/ppss heard/vbd nothing/pn more/ap ./.
Later/rbr I/ppss learned/vbd that/cs Sir/np Hugh/np Dalton/np had/hvd expressed/vbn a/at desire/nn to/to see/vb me/ppo ,/, hence/rb their/pp$ trip/nn to/in ``/`` No/at-tl Man's/nn$-tl Land/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	On/in the/at evening/nn of/in December/np 27th/od ,/, Esther/np noticed/vbd my/pp$ pallid/jj look/nn and/cc rasping/vbg voice/nn ./.
She/pps entreated/vbd me/ppo to/to see/vb a/at doctor/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb I/ppss refused/vbd ,/, brought/vbd one/cd out/rp to/to see/vb me/ppo ./.
He/pps advised/vbd immediate/jj hospitalization/nn ./.
I/ppss wouldn't/md* hear/vb of/in it/ppo because/cs it/pps meant/vbd giving/vbg up/rp the/at ``/`` line/nn ''/'' ,/, though/cs I/ppss realized/vbd I/ppss was/bedz in/in poor/jj shape/nn physically/rb ./.
Esther/np ,/, mistaking/vbg my/pp$ hesitation/nn ,/, assured/vbd me/ppo that/cs the/at hospital/nn expense/nn would/md be/be taken/vbn care/nn of/in by/in a/at leading/vbg merchant/nn in/in Strasbourg/np whom/wpo she/pps had/hvd already/rb approached/vbn ./.


	``/`` No/rb ,/, it's/pps+bez not/* that/dt ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd her/ppo ./.
``/`` You/ppss see/vb ,/, once/cs I/ppss relinquish/vb the/at position/nn I've/ppss+hv already/rb established/vbn here/rb ,/, I/ppss couldn't/md* regain/vb it/ppo without/in sacrificing/vbg the/at logic/nn of/in it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	At/in that/dt moment/nn ,/, up/rp walked/vbd a/at tall/jj young/jj man/nn with/in glasses/nns who/wps announced/vbd himself/ppl as/cs a/at world/nn citizen/nn from/in Basel/np ,/, Switzerland/np ./.
Without/in preliminaries/nns ,/, Esther/np asked/vbd him/ppo ,/, ``/`` If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at world/nn citizen/nn ,/, will/md you/ppss take/vb Garry/np Davis'/np$ place/nn in/in his/pp$ tent/nn while/cs he/pps goes/vbz to/in the/at hospital/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` But/cc of/in course/nn ,/, with/in pleasure/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ./.


	Esther/np looked/vbd at/in me/ppo ./.
I/ppss looked/vbd from/in her/ppo to/in him/ppo ./.


	``/`` What/wdt is/bez your/pp$ name/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss asked/vbd him/ppo ./.


	``/`` Jean/np Babel/np ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Shake/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./.
``/`` You/ppss have/hv just/rb enlisted/vbn for/in the/at '/' Rhine/np-tl Campaign/nn-tl '/' ''/'' ./.


	Esther/np jumped/vbd up/rp ,/, ran/vbd to/in him/ppo and/cc gave/vbd him/ppo a/at little/jj hug/nn ./.


	``/`` I/ppss am/bem so/ql happy/jj ./.
Now/rb come/vb ,/, Garry/np ,/, we/ppss must/md go/vb quickly/rb ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at police/nn car/nn outside/rb ./.
Maybe/rb they/ppss will/md take/vb us/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Such/jj were/bed the/at incongruities/nns of/in the/at situation/nn that/cs the/at very/ap police/nns assigned/vbn to/to check/vb up/rp on/in me/ppo were/bed drafted/vbn into/in driving/vbg me/ppo to/in the/at Strasbourg/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl while/cs World/nn-tl Citizen/nn-tl Jean/np Babel/np waved/vbd adieu/fw-uh from/in the/at ``/`` Line/nn-tl ''/'' !/. !/.

He/pps remembered/vbd every/at detail/nn of/in his/pp$ pre-assault/jj movements/nns but/cc nothing/pn of/in the/at final/jj ,/, desperate/jj rush/nn to/to come/vb to/in grips/nns with/in the/at enemy/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at victory/nn cheer/nn went/vbd up/rp this/dt officer/nn found/vbd himself/ppl still/rb mounted/vbn ,/, with/in his/pp$ horse/nn pressed/vbn broadside/rb against/in Cleburne's/np$ log/nn parapet/nn in/in a/at tangled/vbn group/nn of/in infantrymen/nns ./.
His/pp$ hat/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, the/at tears/nns were/bed streaming/vbg from/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ./.
He/pps never/rb knew/vbd how/wrb he/pps got/vbd there/rb ./.
Six/cd climactic/jj minutes/nns in/in an/at individual's/nn$ life/nn left/vbd no/at memory/nn ./.


	Eight/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-five/cd Rebels/nns-tl surrendered/vbd within/in their/pp$ works/nns and/cc a/at thousand/cd more/ap were/bed captured/vbn or/cc surrendered/vbd themselves/ppls that/dt night/nn and/cc the/at next/ap day/nn ./.
Eight/cd field/nn guns/nns were/bed captured/vbn in/in position/nn ./.
Seven/cd battle/nn flags/nns and/cc fourteen/cd officers'/nns$ swords/nns were/bed sent/vbn to/in Thomas'/np$ headquarters/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at only/ap sizable/jj assault/nn upon/in infantry/nn and/cc artillery/nn behind/in breastworks/nns successfully/rb made/vbn by/in either/dtx side/nn during/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn ./.
The/at Fourteenth/od-tl Regiment/nn-tl of/in-tl Ohio/np-tl Volunteers/nns-tl lost/vbd one-third/nn of/in its/pp$ numbers/nns within/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo being/beg several/ap men/nns whose/wp$ time/nn of/in service/nn had/hvd expired/vbn but/cc who/wps had/hvd volunteered/vbn to/to advance/vb with/in their/pp$ regiment/nn ./.
The/at Thirty-eighth/od-tl Regiment/nn-tl of/in-tl Ohio/np-tl Volunteers/nns-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at regiments/nns in/in Thomas'/np$ First/od-tl Division/nn-tl during/in Buell's/np$ command/nn ,/, suffered/vbd its/pp$ greatest/jjt loss/nn of/in the/at war/nn in/in this/dt action/nn ./.


	A/at popular/jj belief/nn grew/vbd up/rp after/in the/at war/nn that/cs the/at only/ap time/nn during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl that/cs Thomas/np ever/rb put/vbd his/pp$ horse/nn to/in a/at gallop/nn was/bedz when/wrb he/pps went/vbd to/to hurry/vb up/rp Stanley/np for/in this/dt assault/nn ./.
Sherman/np was/bedz responsible/jj for/in the/at story/nn when/wrb he/pps said/vbd in/in his/pp$ memoirs/nns that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at only/ap time/nn he/pps could/md recall/vb seeing/vbg Thomas/np ride/vb so/ql fast/rb ./.
While/cs Thomas'/np$ injured/vbn back/nn led/vbd him/ppo to/to restrain/vb his/pp$ mount/nn from/in its/pp$ most/ql violent/jj gait/nn he/pps moved/vbd quickly/rb enough/qlp when/wrb he/pps had/hvd to/to ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* in/in the/at record/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps must/md have/hv galloped/vbn his/pp$ horse/nn at/in Peach/nn-tl Tree/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl when/wrb he/pps brought/vbd up/rp Ward's/np$ guns/nns to/to save/vb Newton's/np$ crumbling/vbg line/nn ./.


	While/cs the/at final/jj combat/nn of/in the/at campaign/nn was/bedz being/beg worked/vbn out/rp at/in Jonesborough/np ,/, Thomas/np ,/, on/in Sherman's/np$ instructions/nns ,/, ordered/vbd Slocum/np ,/, now/rb commanding/vbg the/at Twentieth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, to/to make/vb an/at effort/nn to/to occupy/vb Atlanta/np if/cs he/pps could/md do/do so/rb without/in exposing/vbg his/pp$ bridgehead/nn to/in a/at counterattack/nn ./.
The/at dispatch/nn must/md have/hv been/ben sent/vbn after/in sundown/nn on/in September/np 1/cd ./.
Slocum/np made/vbd his/pp$ reconnaissanace/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn ,/, found/vbd the/at town/nn empty/jj ,/, accepted/vbd the/at surrender/nn of/in the/at mayor/nn and/cc occupied/vbd the/at city/nn a/at little/jj before/in noon/nn ./.


	On/in the/at morning/nn of/in September/np 2/cd the/at Fourth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl and/cc the/at Armies/nns-tl of/in the/at Tennessee/np and/cc the/at Ohio/np followed/vbd the/at line/nn of/in Hardee's/np$ retreat/nn ./.
About/rb noon/nn they/ppss came/vbd up/rp with/in the/at enemy/nn two/cd miles/nns from/in Lovejoy's/np$-tl Station/nn-tl and/cc deployed/vbd ./.
The/at Fourth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl assaulted/vbd and/cc carried/vbd a/at small/jj portion/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn works/nns but/cc could/md not/* hold/vb possession/nn of/in the/at gain/nn for/in want/nn of/in cooperation/nn from/in the/at balance/nn of/in the/at line/nn ./.
That/dt night/nn a/at note/nn written/vbn in/in Slocum's/np$ hand/nn and/cc dated/vbn from/in inside/in the/at captured/vbn city/nn came/vbd to/in Sherman/np stating/vbg that/cs the/at Twentieth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl was/bedz in/in possession/nn of/in Atlanta/np ./.
Before/cs making/vbg the/at news/nn public/jj Sherman/np sent/vbd an/at officer/nn with/in the/at note/nn to/in Thomas/np ./.
In/in a/at short/jj time/nn the/at officer/nn returned/vbd and/cc Thomas/np followed/vbd on/in his/pp$ heels/nns ./.
The/at cautious/jj Thomas/np re-examined/vbd the/at note/nn and/cc then/rb ,/, making/vbg up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz genuine/jj ,/, snapped/vbd his/pp$ fingers/nns ,/, whistled/vbd and/cc almost/rb danced/vbd in/in his/pp$ exuberance/nn ./.


	The/at next/ap day/nn Sherman/np issued/vbd his/pp$ orders/nns ending/vbg the/at campaign/nn and/cc pulled/vbd his/pp$ armies/nns back/rb to/in Atlanta/np ./.
The/at measure/nn of/in combat/nn efficiency/nn in/in an/at indecisive/jj campaign/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in personal/jj choice/nn ./.
Sherman/np laid/vbd great/jj store/nn by/in place/nn captures/nns ./.
Hood/np refused/vbd to/to notice/vb anything/pn except/in captured/vbn guns/nns and/cc colors/nns ./.
By/in both/abx standards/nns Thomas/np had/hvd the/at right/nn to/to be/be proud/jj ./.


	Thomas/np thanked/vbd his/pp$ men/nns for/in their/pp$ tenacity/nn of/in purpose/nn ,/, unmurmuring/jj endurance/nn ,/, cheerful/jj obedience/nn ,/, brilliant/jj heroism/nn and/cc high/jj qualities/nns in/in battle/nn ./.


	Sherman/np felt/vbd that/cs his/pp$ own/jj part/nn in/in the/at campaign/nn was/bedz skillful/jj and/cc well/rb executed/vbn but/cc that/cs the/at slowness/nn of/in a/at part/nn of/in his/pp$ army/nn robbed/vbd him/ppo of/in the/at larger/jjr fruits/nns of/in victory/nn ./.
He/pps supposed/vbd the/at military/jj world/nn would/md approve/vb of/in his/pp$ accomplishment/nn ./.


	Whatever/wdt the/at military/jj world/nn thought/vbd ,/, the/at political/jj world/nn approved/vbd it/ppo wholeheartedly/rb ./.
For/in some/dti time/nn ,/, despondency/nn in/in some/dti Northern/jj-tl quarters/nns had/hvd been/ben displayed/vbn in/in two/cd ways/nns --/-- an/at eagerness/nn for/in peace/nn and/cc a/at dissatisfaction/nn with/in Lincoln/np ./.
Proposals/nns were/bed in/in the/at air/nn for/in a/at year's/nn$ armistice/nn ./.
Lincoln/np was/bedz sure/jj that/cs he/pps would/md not/* be/be re-elected/vbn ./.
In/in the/at midst/nn of/in this/dt gloom/nn ,/, at/in 10:05/cd P.M./rb on/in September/np 2/cd ,/, Slocum's/np$ telegram/nn to/in Stanton/np ,/, ``/`` General/nn-tl Sherman/np has/hvz taken/vbn Atlanta/np ''/'' ,/, shattered/vbd the/at talk/nn of/in a/at negotiated/vbn peace/nn and/cc boosted/vbd Lincoln/np into/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.
To/in the/at Republicans/nps no/at victory/nn could/md have/hv been/ben more/ql complete/jj ./.


	Official/jj congratulations/nns showered/vbd upon/in Sherman/np and/cc his/pp$ army/nn ./.
Lincoln/np mentioned/vbd their/pp$ distinguished/vbn ability/nn ,/, courage/nn and/cc perseverance/nn ./.
He/pps felt/vbd that/cs this/dt campaign/nn would/md be/be famous/jj in/in the/at annals/nns of/in war/nn ./.
Grant/np called/vbd it/ppo prompt/jj ,/, skillful/jj and/cc brilliant/jj ./.
Halleck/np described/vbd it/ppo as/cs the/at most/ql brilliant/jj of/in the/at war/nn ./.


	Actually/rb the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn was/bedz a/at military/jj failure/nn ./.
Next/ap best/jjt to/in destroying/vbg an/at army/nn is/bez to/to deprive/vb it/ppo of/in its/pp$ freedom/nn of/in action/nn ./.
Sherman/np had/hvd accomplished/vbn this/dt much/ap of/in his/pp$ job/nn and/cc then/rb inexplicably/rb nullified/vbd it/ppo by/in his/pp$ thirty-mile/jj retreat/nn from/in Lovejoy's/np$-tl to/in Atlanta/np ./.
But/cc ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs its/pp$ territorial/jj objectives/nns were/bed concerned/vbn ,/, the/at campaign/nn was/bedz successful/jj ./.
Within/in the/at narrow/jj frame/nn of/in military/jj tactics/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at experts/nns agree/vb that/cs the/at campaign/nn was/bedz brilliant/jj ./.
In/in seventeen/cd weeks/nns the/at military/jj front/nn was/bedz driven/vbn southward/rb more/ap than/in 100/cd miles/nns ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at battle/nn on/in an/at average/nn of/in once/rb every/at three/cd weeks/nns ./.
The/at skirmishing/nn was/bedz almost/ql constant/jj ./.
In/in the/at summary/nn of/in the/at principal/jjs events/nns of/in the/at campaign/nn compiled/vbn from/in the/at official/jj records/nns there/ex are/ber only/rb ten/cd days/nns which/wdt show/vb no/at fighting/nn ./.
The/at casualties/nns in/in the/at Army/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Cumberland/np-tl were/bed 22,807/cd ,/, while/cs for/in all/abn three/cd armies/nns they/ppss were/bed 37,081/cd ./.
Men/nns were/bed killed/vbn in/in their/pp$ camps/nns ,/, at/in their/pp$ meals/nns and/cc in/in their/pp$ sleep/nn ./.
Rifle/nn fire/nn often/rb kept/vbd the/at opposing/vbg gunners/nns from/in manning/vbg their/pp$ pieces/nns ./.
Modern/jj warfare/nn was/bedz born/vbn in/in this/dt campaign/nn --/-- periscopes/nns ,/, camouflage/nn ,/, booby/nn traps/nns ,/, land/nn mines/nns ,/, extended/vbn order/nn ,/, trench/nn raids/nns ,/, foxholes/nns ,/, armored/vbn cars/nns ,/, night/nn attacks/nns ,/, flares/nns ,/, sharpshooters/nns in/in trees/nns ,/, interlaced/vbn vines/nns and/cc treetops/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed the/at forerunners/nns of/in barbed/vbn wire/nn ,/, trip/nn wires/nns to/to thwart/vb a/at cavalry/nn charge/nn ,/, which/wdt presaged/vbd the/at mine/nn trap/nn ,/, and/cc the/at general/jj use/nn of/in anesthetics/nns ./.
The/at use/nn of/in map/nn coordinates/nns was/bedz begun/vbn when/wrb the/at senior/jj officers/nns began/vbd to/to select/vb tactical/jj points/nns by/in designating/vbg a/at spot/nn as/cs ``/`` near/in the/at letter/nn o/nn in/in the/at word/nn mountain/nn-nc ''/'' ./.
A/at few/ap weeks/nns later/rbr the/at maps/nns were/bed being/beg divided/vbn into/in squares/nns and/cc a/at position/nn was/bedz described/vbn as/cs being/beg ``/`` about/in lots/nns 239/cd ,/, 247/cd and/cc 272/cd with/in pickets/nns forward/rb as/ql far/rb as/cs 196/cd ''/'' ./.
This/dt system/nn was/bedz dependent/jj upon/in identical/jj maps/nns and/cc Thomas/np supplied/vbd them/ppo from/in a/at mobile/jj lithograph/nn press/nn ./.
Orders/nns of/in the/at day/nn began/vbd to/to specify/vb the/at standard/jj map/nn for/in the/at movement/nn ./.


	Sherman/np proved/vbd that/cs a/at railway/nn base/nn could/md be/be movable/jj and/cc the/at most/ql brilliant/jj feature/nn of/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn was/bedz the/at rapid/jj repair/nn of/in the/at tracks/nns ./.
To/in the/at Rebels/nns-tl it/pps seemed/vbd as/cs if/cs Sherman/np carried/vbd tunnels/nns and/cc bridges/nns in/in his/pp$ pockets/nns ./.
The/at whistle/nn of/in Sherman's/np$ locomotives/nns often/rb drowned/vbd out/rp the/at rattle/nn of/in the/at skirmish/nn fire/nn ./.
As/cs always/rb ,/, the/at ranks/nns worked/vbd out/rp new/jj and/cc better/jjr tactics/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz brilliance/nn in/in the/at way/nn the/at field/nn commands/nns adopted/vbd these/dts methods/nns and/cc in/in the/at way/nn the/at army/nn commanders/nns incorporated/vbd them/ppo into/in their/pp$ military/jj thinking/nn ./.
The/at fossilized/vbn ,/, formalized/vbn ,/, precedent-based/jj thinking/nn of/in the/at legendary/jj military/jj brain/nn was/bedz not/* evident/jj in/in Sherman's/np$ armies/nns ./.
Sherman/np could/md never/rb be/be accused/vbn of/in sticking/vbg too/ql long/rb with/in the/at old/jj ./.


	One/cd of/in Sherman's/np$ most/ql serious/jj shortcomings/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ mistrust/nn of/in his/pp$ cavalry/nn ./.
He/pps never/rb saw/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at complement/nn to/in his/pp$ infantry/nn and/cc not/* a/at substitute/nn for/in it/ppo ./.
Then/rb ,/, in/in some/dti way/nn ,/, this/dt lack/nn of/in faith/nn in/in the/at cavalry/nn became/vbd mixed/vbn up/rp in/in his/pp$ mind/nn with/in the/at dragging/vbg effect/nn of/in wagon/nn trains/nns and/cc was/bedz hardened/vbn into/in a/at prejudice/nn ./.
A/at horse/nn needed/vbd twenty/cd pounds/nns of/in food/nn a/at day/nn but/cc the/at infantryman/nn got/vbd along/rb with/in two/cd pounds/nns ./.
The/at horseman/nn required/vbd eleven/cd times/nns more/ap than/cs the/at footman/nn ./.
So/rb Sherman/np tried/vbd a/at compromise/nn ./.
He/pps would/md ship/vb by/in rail/nn five/cd pounds/nns per/in day/nn per/in animal/nn and/cc the/at other/ap fifteen/cd pounds/nns that/wps were/bed needed/vbn could/md be/be picked/vbn up/rp off/in the/at country/nn ./.
It/pps failed/vbd to/to work/vb ./.
Already/rb debilitated/vbn by/in the/at Chattanooga/np starvation/nn ,/, the/at quality/nn of/in Sherman's/np$ horseflesh/nn ran/vbd downhill/rb as/cs the/at campaign/nn progressed/vbd ./.
Every/at recorded/vbn request/nn by/in Thomas/np for/in a/at delay/nn in/in a/at flank/nn movement/nn or/cc an/at advance/nn was/bedz to/to gain/vb time/nn to/to take/vb care/nn of/in his/pp$ horses/nns ./.


	Well/rb led/vbn ,/, properly/rb organized/vbn cavalry/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ complementary/jj role/nn to/in infantry/nn ,/, had/hvd four/cd functions/nns ./.
First/od ,/, it/pps could/md locate/vb the/at enemy/nn infantry/nn ,/, learn/vb what/wdt they/ppss were/bed doing/vbg ,/, and/cc hold/vb them/ppo until/cs the/at heavy/jj foot/nn columns/nns could/md come/vb up/rp and/cc take/vb over/rp ./.
Second/od ,/, it/pps could/md screen/vb its/pp$ own/jj infantry/nn from/in the/at sight/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn ./.
Third/od ,/, it/pps could/md threaten/vb at/in all/abn times/nns ,/, and/cc destroy/vb when/wrb possible/jj ,/, the/at enemy/nn communications/nns ./.
It/pps could/md reach/vb key/jjs tactical/jj points/nns faster/rbr than/cs infantry/nn and/cc destroy/vb them/ppo or/cc hold/vb them/ppo as/cs the/at case/nn might/md be/be for/in the/at foot/nn soldier/nn ./.
Its/pp$ climactic/jj role/nn was/bedz to/to pursue/vb and/cc demoralize/vb a/at defeated/vbn enemy/nn but/cc this/dt chance/nn never/rb came/vbd in/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn ./.
Thomas/np tried/vbd hard/rb to/to have/hv his/pp$ cavalry/nn ready/jj for/in the/at test/nn it/pps was/bedz to/to meet/vb ,/, but/cc his/pp$ plans/nns were/bed wrecked/vbn when/wrb it/pps was/bedz forced/vbn into/in a/at campaign/nn without/in optimum/jj mobility/nn and/cc with/in its/pp$ commander/nn stripped/vbn from/in it/ppo ./.


	Sherman/np knew/vbd the/at uses/nns of/in cavalry/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs Thomas/np but/cc he/pps imagined/vbd a/at moving/vbg base/nn with/in infantry/nn wings/nns instead/rb of/in cavalry/nn wings/nns ./.
His/pp$ conception/nn proved/vbd workable/jj but/cc slower/jjr and/cc it/pps enabled/vbd his/pp$ enemy/nn to/to make/vb clean/jj ,/, deft/jj ,/, well/rb organized/vbn retreats/nns with/in small/jj materiel/nn losses/nns ./.
Sherman/np insisted/vbd that/cs cavalry/nn could/md not/* successfully/rb break/vb up/rp hostile/jj railways/nns ,/, yet/cc Garrard's/np$ Covington/np raid/nn and/cc Rousseau's/np$ Opelika/np raid/nn cut/vbd two-thirds/nns of/in the/at rail/nn lines/nns he/pps had/hvd to/to break/vb and/cc Sherman/np lived/vbd in/in mortal/jj fear/nn of/in what/wdt Forrest/np might/md do/do to/in his/pp$ communications/nns ./.


	When/wrb McPherson/np pushed/vbd blindly/rb through/in Snake/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl Gap/nn-tl in/in a/at potentially/rb decisive/jj movement/nn ,/, the/at only/ap cavalry/nn in/in his/pp$ van/nn was/bedz the/at Ninth/od-tl Illinois/np-tl Mounted/vbn-tl Infantry/nn-tl ,/, totally/ql inadequate/jj for/in its/pp$ role/nn ./.
It/pps stumbled/vbd on/in infantry/nn where/wrb no/at infantry/nn should/md have/hv been/ben and/cc McPherson's/np$ aggressive/jj impulse/nn faded/vbd out/rp ,/, overwhelmed/vbn by/in fears/nns of/in the/at unknown/nn ./.
A/at proper/jj cavalry/nn command/nn in/in his/pp$ front/nn would/md have/hv developed/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd run/vbn into/in one/cd division/nn of/in Polk's/np$ Army/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Mississippi/np-tl moving/vbg up/rp from/in the/at direction/nn of/in Mobile/np to/to join/vb Johnston/np at/in Dalton/np ./.
From/in the/at night/nn of/in August/np 30/cd to/in the/at morning/nn of/in September/np 2/cd there/ex was/bedz no/at Union/nn-tl cavalry/nn east/nr of/in the/at Macon/np railway/nn to/to disclose/vb to/in Sherman/np that/cs he/pps was/bedz missing/vbg the/at greatest/jjt opportunity/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ./.
A/at great/jj part/nn of/in the/at time/nn ,/, Thomas'/np$ infantry/nn never/rb knew/vbd the/at location/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn line/nn ./.
At/in such/jj times/nns Thomas/np wondered/vbd when/wrb and/cc where/wrb a/at counterattack/nn would/md strike/vb him/ppo ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at hard/jj way/nn to/to fight/vb a/at war/nn but/cc Thomas/np did/dod it/ppo without/in making/vbg any/dti disastrous/jj mistakes/nns ./.


	Heat/nn during/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in unsuitable/jj clothing/nn ,/, caused/vbd individual/jj irritation/nn that/wps was/bedz compounded/vbn by/in a/at lack/nn of/in opportunity/nn to/to bathe/vb and/cc shift/vb into/in clean/jj clothing/nn ./.
To/to relieve/vb the/at itch/nn and/cc sweat/nn galls/nns ,/, the/at men/nns got/vbd into/in the/at water/nn whenever/wrb they/ppss could/md and/cc since/cs each/dt sizable/jj stream/nn was/bedz generally/rb the/at dividing/vbg line/nn between/in the/at armies/nns the/at pickets/nns declared/vbd a/at private/jj truce/nn while/cs the/at men/nns went/vbd swimming/vbg ./.
Johnston/np believed/vbd that/cs Sherman/np put/vbd his/pp$ naked/jj engineers/nns into/in the/at swimming/vbg parties/nns to/to locate/vb the/at various/jj fords/nns ./.
Lieutenant/nn-tl Colonel/nn-tl James/np P./np Brownlow/np ,/, who/wps commanded/vbd the/at First/od-tl Brigade/nn-tl of/in Thomas'/np$ First/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz ordered/vbn across/in one/cd of/in these/dts fords/nns ./.
The/at water/nn was/bedz deep/jj and/cc Brownlow/np took/vbd his/pp$ troopers/nns across/rp naked/jj --/-- except/in for/in guns/nns ,/, cartridge/nn boxes/nns and/cc hats/nns ./.
They/ppss kicked/vbd their/pp$ horses/nns through/in the/at deep/jj water/nn with/in their/pp$ bare/jj heels/nns ,/, drove/vbd the/at Rebels/nns-tl out/in of/in their/pp$ rifle/nn pits/nns and/cc captured/vbd four/cd men/nns ./.
Most/ap of/in the/at Rebels/nns-tl got/vbd away/rb since/cs they/ppss could/md make/vb better/jjr time/nn through/in the/at stiff/jj brush/nn than/cs their/pp$ naked/jj pursuers/nns ./.


	Rank/nn was/bedz becoming/vbg an/at explosive/jj issue/nn in/in all/abn three/cd of/in Sherman's/np$ armies/nns ./.
Merited/vbn recommendations/nns from/in army/nn commanders/nns were/bed passed/vbn over/rp in/in favor/nn of/in political/jj appointees/nns from/in civil/jj life/nn ./.



	In/in one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap letters/nns in/in which/wdt he/pps ever/rb complained/vbd of/in Meynell/np ,/, Thompson/np told/vbd Patmore/np of/in his/pp$ distress/nn at/in having/hvg had/hvn to/to leave/vb London/np before/cs this/dt new/jj friendship/nn had/hvd developed/vbn further/rbr :/: ``/`` 

	That/dt was/bedz a/at very/ql absurd/jj and/cc annoying/jj situation/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss was/bedz placed/vbn by/in W./np M.'s/np$ curious/jj methods/nns of/in handling/vbg me/ppo ./.
He/pps never/rb let/vbd me/ppo know/vb that/cs my/pp$ visit/nn was/bedz about/rb to/to terminate/vb until/in the/at actual/jj morning/nn I/ppss was/bedz to/to leave/vb for/in Lymington/np ./.
The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl in/in the/at ridiculous/jj position/nn of/in having/hvg made/vbn a/at formal/jj engagement/nn by/in letter/nn for/in the/at next/ap week/nn ,/, only/rb two/cd days/nns before/in my/pp$ departure/nn from/in London/np ./.
Luckily/rb both/abx women/nns knew/vbd my/pp$ position/nn and/cc if/cs anyone/pn suffered/vbd in/in their/pp$ opinion/nn it/pps was/bedz not/* I/ppss ''/'' ./.
It/pps need/md hardly/rb be/be remarked/vbn that/cs Thompson/np was/bedz not/* generally/rb known/vbn for/in his/pp$ scrupulosity/nn about/in keeping/vbg his/pp$ social/jj engagements/nns ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz his/pp$ irritation/nn in/in this/dt letter/nn all/abn the/at more/ql significant/jj ./.


	When/wrb Thompson/np and/cc her/pp$ daughter/nn began/vbd a/at correspondence/nn which/wdt included/vbd fervent/jj verses/nns from/in Pantasaph/np ,/, Mrs./np King/np felt/vbd a/at proper/jj Victorian/jj alarm/nn ./.
Some/dti ,/, she/pps knew/vbd ,/, looked/vbd upon/rb Thompson/np almost/rb as/cs a/at saint/nn ,/, but/cc others/nns read/vbd in/in ``/`` The/at-tl Hound/nn-tl Of/in-tl Heaven/nn-tl ''/'' what/wdt they/ppss took/vbd to/to be/be the/at confessions/nns of/in a/at great/jj sinner/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, like/cs Oscar/np Wilde/np ,/, had/hvd --/-- as/cs one/cd pious/jj writer/nn later/rbr put/vbd it/ppo --/-- thrown/vbn himself/ppl ``/`` on/in the/at swelling/vbg wave/nn of/in every/at passion/nn ''/'' ./.


	Consequently/rb ,/, on/in October/np 31/cd ,/, 1896/cd ,/, Mrs./np King/np wrote/vbd to/in Thompson/np ,/, quite/ql against/in her/pp$ daughter's/nn$ wishes/nns ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo not/* to/to ``/`` recommence/vb a/at correspondence/nn which/wdt I/ppss believe/vb has/hvz been/ben dropped/vbn for/in some/dti weeks/nns ''/'' ./.
Katherine/np was/bedz staying/vbg at/in a/at convent/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ mother/nn felt/vbd that/cs ,/, as/cs Thompson/np himself/ppl seems/vbz to/to have/hv suggested/vbn ,/, she/pps might/md eventually/rb stay/vb there/rb ./.
This/dt prospect/nn did/dod not/* please/vb Mrs./np King/np any/ql more/rbr than/cs did/dod the/at possibility/nn that/cs her/pp$ daughter/nn might/md marry/vb a/at Bohemian/np ,/, but/cc she/pps used/vbd it/ppo to/to suggest/vb to/in Thompson/np that/cs ,/, ``/`` It/pps is/bez not/* in/in her/pp$ nature/nn to/to love/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./.


	For/in his/pp$ part/nn ,/, Thompson/np had/hvd explained/vbn in/in a/at previous/jj letter/nn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be nothing/pn but/in an/at honorable/jj friendship/nn between/in Katie/np and/cc himself/ppl ./.
At/in no/at time/nn does/doz he/pps seem/vb to/to have/hv proposed/vbn marriage/nn ,/, and/cc Mrs./np King/np was/bedz evidently/rb torn/vbn between/in a/at concern/nn for/in her/pp$ daughter's/nn$ emotions/nns and/cc the/at desire/nn to/to believe/vb that/cs the/at friendship/nn might/md be/be continued/vbn without/in harm/nn to/in her/pp$ reputation/nn ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, she/pps told/vbd Thompson/np that/cs she/pps saw/vbd no/at reason/nn why/wrb he/pps might/md not/* see/vb Katie/np again/rb ,/, ``/`` now/rb that/cs this/dt frank/jj explanation/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn &/cc no/at one/pn can/md misunderstand/vb ''/'' ./.
She/pps ended/vbd her/pp$ letter/nn with/in the/at assurance/nn that/cs she/pps considered/vbd his/pp$ friendship/nn for/in her/pp$ daughter/nn and/cc herself/ppl to/to be/be an/at honor/nn ,/, from/in which/wdt she/pps could/md not/* part/vb ``/`` without/in still/rb more/ap pain/nn ''/'' ./.


	After/cs Thompson/np came/vbd to/in London/np to/to live/vb ,/, he/pps received/vbd a/at letter/nn from/in Katie/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz dated/vbn February/np 8/cd ,/, 1897/cd ./.
She/pps regretted/vbd what/wdt she/pps described/vbd as/cs the/at ``/`` unwarrantable/jj &/cc unnecessary/jj ''/'' check/nn to/in their/pp$ friendship/nn and/cc said/vbd that/cs she/pps felt/vbd that/cs they/ppss understood/vbd one/cd another/dt perfectly/rb ./.
This/dt letter/nn concluded/vbd with/in an/at invitation/nn :/: ``/`` 

	I/ppss am/bem a/at great/jj deal/nn at/in the/at little/jj children's/nns$ Hospital/nn-tl ./.
Mr./np Meynell/np knows/vbz the/at way/nn ./.
I/ppss know/vb you/ppss are/ber very/ql busy/jj now/rb ,/, you/ppss are/ber writing/vbg a/at great/jj deal/nn &/cc your/pp$ book/nn is/bez coming/vbg out/rp ,/, isn't/bez* it/pps ?/. ?/.
But/cc if/cs you/ppss are/ber able/jj &/cc care/vb to/to come/vb ,/, you/ppss know/vb how/wql glad/jj I/ppss shall/md be/be ./.


	Ever/rb yours/pp$$ sincerely/rb ,/, 

	Katherine/np Douglas/np King/np ''/'' The/at invitation/nn was/bedz accepted/vbn and/cc other/ap letters/nns followed/vbd ,/, in/in which/wdt she/pps spoke/vbd of/in her/pp$ concern/nn for/in his/pp$ health/nn and/cc her/pp$ delight/nn in/in seeing/vbg him/ppo so/ql much/rb at/in home/nn among/in the/at crippled/vbn children/nns she/pps served/vbd ./.
It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to say/vb what/wdt Thompson/np expected/vbd would/md come/vb of/in their/pp$ relationship/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd begun/vbn so/ql soon/rb after/cs his/pp$ emotions/nns had/hvd been/ben stirred/vbn by/in Maggie/np Brien/np ,/, but/cc when/wrb Katie/np wrote/vbd on/in April/np 11/cd ,/, 1900/cd ,/, to/to tell/vb him/ppo that/cs she/pps was/bedz to/to be/be married/vbn to/in the/at Rev./np Godfrey/np Burr/np ,/, the/at vicar/nn of/in Rushall/np in/in Staffordshire/np ,/, the/at news/nn evidently/rb helped/vbd to/to deepen/vb his/pp$ discouragement/nn over/in the/at failure/nn of/in his/pp$ hopes/nns for/in a/at new/jj volume/nn of/in verse/nn ./.
In/in a/at letter/nn to/in Meynell/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz written/vbn in/in June/np ,/, less/ap than/cs a/at month/nn before/in Katie's/np$ wedding/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz highly/ql melodramatic/jj in/in his/pp$ despair/nn and/cc once/rb again/rb announced/vbd his/pp$ intention/nn of/in returning/vbg to/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at streets/nns :/: ``/`` 

	A/at week/nn in/in arrears/nns ,/, and/cc without/in means/nn to/to pay/vb ,/, I/ppss must/md go/vb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at only/ap right/jj thing/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb Mrs./np Meynell/np would/md do/do me/ppo the/at undeserved/jj kindness/nn to/to keep/vb my/pp$ own/jj copy/nn of/in the/at first/od edition/nn of/in my/pp$ first/od book/nn ,/, with/in all/abn its/pp$ mementos/nns of/in her/ppo and/cc the/at dear/jj ones/nns ./.
Last/rb ,/, not/* least/ap ,/, there/ex are/ber some/dti poems/nns which/wdt K./np King/np sent/vbd me/ppo (/( addressed/vbn to/in herself/ppl )/) when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz preparing/vbg a/at fresh/jj volume/nn ,/, asking/vbg me/ppo to/to include/vb them/ppo ./.
The/at terrible/jj blow/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Year/nn-tl put/vbd an/at end/nn to/in that/dt project/nn ./.
I/ppss wish/vb you/ppss would/md return/vb them/ppo to/in her/ppo ./.
I/ppss have/hv not/* the/at heart/nn ./.
I/ppss never/rb had/hvd the/at courage/nn to/to look/vb at/in them/ppo ,/, when/wrb my/pp$ projected/vbn volume/nn became/vbd hopeless/jj ,/, fearing/vbg they/ppss were/bed poor/jj ,/, until/in now/rb when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz obliged/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ./.
O/uh my/pp$ genius/nn ,/, young/jj and/cc ripening/vbg ,/, you/ppss would/md swear/vb ,/, --/-- when/wrb I/ppss wrote/vbd them/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb !/. !/.
What/wdt has/hvz it/pps all/abn come/vbn to/in ?/. ?/.
All/abn chance/nn of/in fulfilling/vbg my/pp$ destiny/nn is/bez over/rp ./.
I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to be/be grandfather/nn to/in these/dts orphaned/vbn poems/nns ,/, dear/jj father-brother/nn ,/, now/rb I/ppss am/bem gone/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc launch/vb them/ppo on/in the/at world/nn when/wrb their/pp$ time/nn comes/vbz ./.
For/in them/ppo a/at box/nn will/md be/be lodgment/nn enough/ap ./.
Katie/np cannot/md* mind/vb your/pp$ seeing/vbg them/ppo now/rb ;/. ;/.
since/cs my/pp$ silence/nn must/md have/hv ended/vbn when/wrb I/ppss gave/vbd the/at purposed/vbn volume/nn to/in you/ppo ./.
I/ppss ask/vb you/ppo to/to do/do me/ppo the/at last/ap favour/nn of/in reading/vbg them/ppo by/in 8/cd to-morrow/nr evening/nn ,/, about/rb which/wdt time/nn I/ppss shall/md come/vb to/to say/vb my/pp$ sad/jj good-bye/uh ./.
If/cs you/ppss don't/do* think/vb much/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, tell/vb me/ppo the/at wholesome/jj truth/nn ./.
If/cs otherwise/rb ,/, you/ppss will/md give/vb me/ppo a/at pleasure/nn ./.
O/uh Wilfrid/np !/. !/.
It/pps is/bez strange/jj ;/. ;/.
but/cc this/dt --/-- yes/rb ,/, terrible/jj step/nn I/ppss am/bem about/rb to/to take/vb is/bez lightened/vbn with/in an/at inundating/vbg joy/nn by/in the/at new-found/jj hope/nn that/cs here/rb ,/, in/in these/dts poems/nns ,/, is/bez treasure/nn --/-- or/cc at/in least/ap some/dti measure/nn of/in beauty/nn ,/, which/wdt I/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb of/in ''/'' ./.
Thompson/np ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz persuaded/vbn not/* to/to take/vb the/at ``/`` terrible/jj step/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
Meynell/np once/rb again/rb paid/vbd his/pp$ debts/nns and/cc it/pps was/bedz Katie/np ,/, rather/in than/in Thompson/np ,/, whose/wp$ life/nn was/bedz soon/rb ended/vbn ,/, for/cs she/pps died/vbd in/in childbirth/nn in/in April/np ,/, 1901/cd ,/, in/in the/at first/od year/nn of/in her/pp$ marriage/nn ./.


	The/at ``/`` orphaned/vbn poems/nns ''/'' mentioned/vbn in/in the/at letter/nn to/in Meynell/np comprised/vbd a/at group/nn of/in five/cd sonnets/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed published/vbn in/in the/at 1913/cd edition/nn of/in Thompson's/np$ works/nns under/in the/at heading/nn ``/`` Ad/fw-in-tl Amicam/fw-nn-tl ''/'' ,/, plus/in certain/ap other/ap completed/vbn pieces/nns and/cc rough/jj drafts/nns gathered/vbn together/rb in/in one/cd of/in the/at familiar/jj exercise/nn books/nns ./.
The/at publication/nn of/in Father/nn-tl Connolly's/np$ The/at-tl Man/nn-tl Has/hvz-tl Wings/nns-tl has/hvz made/vbd more/ap of/in the/at group/nn available/jj in/in print/nn so/cs that/cs a/at general/jj picture/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps contained/vbd can/md now/rb be/be had/hvn without/in difficulty/nn ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at poems/nns express/vb a/at mood/nn of/in joy/nn in/in a/at newly/rb discovered/vbn love/nn ;/. ;/.
others/nns suggest/vb its/pp$ coming/vbg loss/nn or/cc describe/vb the/at poet's/nn$ feelings/nns when/wrb he/pps learns/vbz of/in a/at final/jj separation/nn ./.


	The/at somewhat/ql Petrarchan/jj love/nn story/nn which/wdt these/dts poems/nns suggest/vb cannot/md* obscure/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs undoubtedly/rb they/ppss have/hv more/ap than/cs a/at little/jj of/in autobiographical/jj sincerity/nn ./.
When/wrb they/ppss were/bed first/rb written/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz evidently/rb no/at thought/nn of/in their/pp$ being/beg published/vbn ,/, and/cc those/dts which/wdt refer/vb to/in the/at writer's/nn$ love/nn for/in Mrs./np Meynell/np particularly/rb have/hv the/at ring/nn of/in truth/nn ./.
In/in ``/`` My/pp$-tl Song's/nn$-tl Young/jj-tl Virgin/jj-tl Date/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Thompson/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` Yea/rb ,/, she/pps that/wps had/hvd my/pp$ song's/nn$ young/jj virgin/jj date/nn Not/* now/rb ,/, alas/uh ,/, that/dt noble/jj singular/jj she/pps ,/, I/ppss nobler/jjr hold/vb ,/, though/cs marred/vbn from/in her/ppo once/rb state/vb ,/, Than/cs others/nns in/in their/pp$ best/jjt integrity/nn ./.
My/pp$ own/jj stern/jj hand/nn has/hvz rent/vbn the/at ancient/jj bond/nn ,/, And/cc thereof/rb shall/md the/at ending/nn not/* have/hv end/nn :/: But/cc not/* for/in me/ppo ,/, that/wps loved/vbd her/ppo ,/, to/to be/be fond/jj Lightly/rb to/to please/vb me/ppo with/in a/at newer/jjr friend/nn Then/rb hold/vb it/ppo more/rbr than/cs bravest-feathered/jj song/nn ,/, That/cs I/ppss affirm/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, with/in heart/nn of/in pride/nn ,/, I/ppss knew/vbd not/* what/wdt did/dod to/in a/at friend/nn belong/vb Till/cs I/ppss stood/vbd up/rp ,/, true/jj friend/nn ,/, by/in thy/pp$ true/jj side/nn ;/. ;/.
Whose/wp$ absence/nn dearer/jjr comfort/nn is/bez ,/, by/in far/rb ,/, Than/cs presences/nns of/in other/ap women/nns are/ber ''/'' !/. !/.


	Taking/vbg into/in account/nn Thompson's/np$ capacity/nn for/in self-dramatization/nn and/cc the/at possibility/nn of/in a/at wish/nn to/to identify/vb his/pp$ own/jj life/nn with/in the/at misfortunes/nns of/in other/ap poets/nns who/wps had/hvd known/vbn unhappy/jj loves/nns ,/, there/ex can/md be/be no/at doubt/nn about/in his/pp$ genuine/jj emotion/nn for/in Katie/np King/np ./.
That/cs she/pps was/bedz affected/vbn by/in his/pp$ protestations/nns seems/vbz obvious/jj ,/, but/cc since/cs she/pps was/bedz evidently/rb a/at sensible/jj young/jj woman/nn --/-- as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at outgoing/jj and/cc sympathetic/jj type/nn --/-- it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs for/in her/ppo the/at word/nn friendship/nn-nc had/hvd a/at far/ql less/ql intense/jj emotional/jj significance/nn than/cs that/dt which/wdt Thompson/np gave/vbd it/ppo ./.
From/in the/at outset/nn ,/, she/pps must/md have/hv realized/vbn that/dt marriage/nn with/in him/ppo was/bedz out/in of/in the/at question/nn ,/, and/cc although/cs she/pps was/bedz displeased/vbn by/in the/at ``/`` unwarrantable/jj ''/'' interference/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz probable/jj that/cs she/pps did/dod agree/vb with/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ suggestion/nn that/cs the/at poet/nn was/bedz ``/`` perhaps/rb ''/'' a/at man/nn ``/`` most/ql fitted/vbn to/to live/vb &/cc die/vb solitary/jj ,/, &/cc in/in the/at love/nn only/rb of/in the/at Highest/jjt-tl Lover/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	The/at poems/nns which/wdt were/bed addressed/vbn to/in her/ppo ,/, while/cs they/ppss are/ber far/ql more/ql restrained/vbn than/cs those/dts of/in ``/`` Love/nn-tl In/in-tl Dian's/np$ Lap/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, show/vb no/at great/jj technical/jj advance/nn over/in those/dts of/in the/at ``/`` Narrow/jj-tl Vessel/nn-tl ''/'' group/nn and/cc are/ber ,/, if/cs anything/pn ,/, somewhat/ql more/ap labored/vbn ./.
Their/pp$ interest/nn remains/vbz chiefly/rb biographical/jj ,/, for/cs they/ppss throw/vb some/dti light/nn on/in the/at utter/jj despair/nn which/wdt overtook/vbd Thompson/np in/in the/at spring/nn and/cc early/jj summer/nn of/in 1900/cd ./.


	Whether/cs or/cc not/* Danchin/np is/bez correct/jj in/in suggesting/vbg that/cs Thompson's/np$ resumption/nn of/in the/at opium/nn habit/nn also/rb dates/vbz from/in this/dt period/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, a/at matter/nn of/in conjecture/nn ./.
Reid/np simply/rb states/vbz ,/, without/in offering/vbg any/dti supporting/vbg evidence/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` after/cs he/pps returned/vbd to/in London/np ,/, he/pps resumed/vbd his/pp$ draughts/nns of/in laudanum/nn ,/, and/cc continued/vbd this/dt right/ql up/rp to/in his/pp$ death/nn ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez every/at reason/nn to/to recognize/vb that/cs in/in the/at very/ql last/ap years/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb ,/, Thompson/np did/dod take/vb the/at drug/nn in/in carefully/rb rationed/vbn doses/nns to/to ease/vb the/at pains/nns of/in his/pp$ illness/nn ,/, but/cc the/at exact/jj date/nn at/in which/wdt this/dt began/vbd has/hvz never/rb been/ben determined/vbn ./.
If/cs ,/, as/cs Reid/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` nearly/rb all/abn his/pp$ poetry/nn was/bedz produced/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz not/* taking/vbg opium/nn ''/'' ,/, there/ex may/md be/be some/dti reason/nn to/to doubt/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz under/in its/pp$ influence/nn in/in the/at period/nn from/in 1896/cd to/in 1900/cd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz writing/vbg the/at poems/nns to/in Katie/np King/np and/cc making/vbg plans/nns for/in another/dt book/nn of/in verse/nn ./.
In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, the/at critical/jj productivity/nn of/in that/dt time/nn is/bez abundant/jj proof/nn that/cs if/cs he/pps was/bedz taking/vbg laudanum/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz never/rb in/in command/nn of/in him/ppo to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben during/in his/pp$ vagrant/jj years/nns ./.


	Meynell's/np$ remedy/nn for/in Thompson's/np$ despondent/jj mood/nn was/bedz typically/rb practical/jj ./.
He/pps simply/rb found/vbd more/ap work/nn for/cs him/ppo to/to do/do ,/, and/cc the/at articles/nns and/cc reviews/nns continued/vbd without/in an/at evident/jj break/nn ./.



3/cd ,/, 
As/cs a/at reviewer/nn ,/, Thompson/np generally/rb displayed/vbd a/at judicious/jj attitude/nn ./.
That/cs he/pps read/vbd some/dti of/in the/at books/nns assigned/vbn to/in him/ppo with/in a/at studied/vbn carefulness/nn is/bez evident/jj from/in his/pp$ notes/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber often/rb so/ql full/jj that/cs they/ppss provide/vb an/at unquestionable/jj basis/nn for/in the/at identification/nn of/in reviews/nns that/wps were/bed printed/vbn without/in his/pp$ signature/nn ./.
On/in the/at basis/nn of/in this/dt careful/jj reading/nn ,/, Thompson/np frequently/rb gave/vbd a/at clear/jj ,/, complete/jj ,/, and/cc interesting/jj description/nn of/in a/at prose/nn work/nn or/cc chose/vbd effective/jj quotations/nns to/to illustrate/vb his/pp$ discussions/nns of/in poetry/nn ./.


	He/pps was/bedz seldom/rb an/at unmethodical/jj critic/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ reviews/nns generally/rb followed/vbd a/at systematic/jj pattern/nn :/: a/at description/nn of/in what/wdt the/at work/nn contained/vbd ,/, a/at treatment/nn of/in the/at things/nns that/wps had/hvd especially/rb interested/vbn him/ppo in/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc ,/, wherever/wrb possible/jj ,/, a/at balancing/nn of/in whatever/wdt artistic/jj merits/nns and/cc faults/nns he/pps might/md have/hv found/vbn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, in/in this/dt drawing/nn of/in the/at balance/nn sheet/nn of/in judgment/nn that/cs he/pps most/ql clearly/rb displayed/vbd his/pp$ desire/nn to/to do/do full/jj justice/nn to/in an/at author/nn ./.
Reviewing/vbg Davidson's/np$ The/at-tl Testament/nn-tl Of/in-tl An/at-tl Empire/nn-tl Builder/nn-tl ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Thompson/np found/vbd that/cs there/ex was/bedz ``/`` too/ql much/ap metrical/jj dialectic/nn ''/'' ./.
Poetry/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, must/md be/be ``/`` dogmatic/jj ''/'' :/: it/pps must/md not/* stoop/vb to/to argue/vb like/cs a/at ``/`` K.C./np in/in cloth-of-gold/nn ''/'' ./.
Yet/cc Davidson/np impressed/vbd him/ppo as/cs a/at poet/nn capable/jj of/in ``/`` sustained/vbn power/nn ,/, passion/nn ,/, or/cc beauty/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc he/pps cited/vbd specific/jj passages/nns to/to illustrate/vb not/* only/rb these/dts qualities/nns but/cc Davidson's/np$ command/nn of/in imagery/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
Similarly/rb ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs Laurence/np Housman/np had/hvd a/at ``/`` too/ql deliberate/jj manner/nn ''/'' as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at lack/nn of/in ``/`` inevitable/jj felicity/nn in/in diction/nn ''/'' ./.
But/cc he/pps admired/vbd Housman's/np$ ``/`` subtle/jj intellectuality/nn ''/'' and/cc delighted/vbd in/in the/at inversion/nn by/in which/wdt Divine/jj-tl Love/nn-tl becomes/vbz the/at most/ql ``/`` fatal/jj ''/'' allurement/nn in/in ``/`` Love/nn-tl The/at-tl Tempter/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed books/nns about/in which/wdt nothing/pn good/jj could/md be/be said/vbn ./.
Understanding/vbg ,/, as/cs he/pps did/dod ,/, the/at difficulty/nn of/in the/at art/nn of/in poetry/nn ,/, and/cc believing/vbg that/cs the/at ``/`` only/ap technical/jj criticism/nn worth/jj having/hvg in/in poetry/nn is/bez that/dt of/in poets/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps felt/vbd obliged/vbn to/to insist/vb upon/in his/pp$ duty/nn to/to be/be hard/jj to/to please/vb when/wrb it/pps came/vbd to/in the/at review/nn of/in a/at book/nn of/in verse/nn ./.



	As/cs he/pps had/hvd done/vbn on/in his/pp$ first/od Imperial/jj-tl sortie/nn a/at year/nn and/cc a/at half/abn before/rb ,/, Lewis/np trekked/vbd southeast/nr through/in Red/jj-tl Russia/np to/in Kamieniec/np ./.
Thence/rb he/pps pushed/vbd farther/rbr south/nr than/cs he/pps had/hvd ever/rb been/ben before/rb into/in Podolia/np and/cc Nogay/np Tartary/np or/cc the/at Yedisan/np ./.
There/rb ,/, along/in the/at east/nr bank/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl Bug/np-tl ,/, opposite/in the/at hamlet/nn of/in Zhitzhakli/np a/at few/ap miles/nns north/nr of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ,/, he/pps arrived/vbd at/in General/nn-tl Headquarters/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Russian/jj Army/nn-tl ./.
By/in June/np 19/cd ,/, 1788/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd presented/vbn himself/ppl to/in its/pp$ Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief/nn-tl ,/, the/at Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl Provinces/nns-tl ,/, the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl War/nn-tl College/nn-tl --/-- The/at Prince/nn-tl ./.




Catherine's/np$ first/od war/nn against/in the/at Grand/jj-tl Turk/np-tl had/hvd ended/vbn in/in 1774/cd with/in a/at peace/nn treaty/nn quite/ql favorable/jj to/in her/ppo ./.
By/in 1783/cd her/pp$ legions/nns had/hvd managed/vbn to/to annex/vb the/at Crimea/np amid/in scenes/nns of/in wanton/jj cruelty/nn and/cc now/rb ,/, in/in this/dt second/od combat/nn with/in the/at Crescent/nn-tl ,/, were/bed aiming/vbg at/in suzerainty/nn over/in all/abn of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea's/nn$-tl northern/jj shoreline/nn ./.


	Through/in most/ap of/in 1787/cd operations/nns on/in both/abx sides/nns had/hvd been/ben lackadaisical/jj ;/. ;/.
those/dts of/in 1788/cd were/bed going/vbg to/to prove/vb decisive/jj ,/, though/cs many/ap of/in their/pp$ details/nns are/ber obscure/jj ./.
To/to consolidate/vb what/wdt her/pp$ Navy/nn-tl had/hvd won/vbn ,/, the/at Czarina/nn-tl was/bedz fortunate/jj that/cs ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in Russian/jj history/nn ,/, her/pp$ land/nn forces/nns enjoyed/vbd absolute/jj unity/nn of/in command/nn under/in her/pp$ favorite/jj Giaour/np ./.
Potemkin/np was/bedz directing/vbg this/dt conflict/nn on/in three/cd fronts/nns :/: in/in the/at Caucasus/np ;/. ;/.
along/in the/at Danube/np and/cc among/in the/at Carpathians/nps ,/, in/in alliance/nn with/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl Joseph's/np$ armies/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc in/in the/at misty/jj marshlands/nns and/cc shallow/jj coastal/jj waters/nns of/in Nogay/np Tartary/np and/cc Taurida/np ,/, including/in the/at Crimean/jj peninsula/nn ./.
Here/rb the/at war/nn would/md flame/vb to/in its/pp$ focus/nn ,/, and/cc here/rb Lewis/np Littlepage/np had/hvd come/vbn ./.


	Potemkin's/np$ Army/nn-tl of/in-tl Ekaterinoslav/np-tl ,/, totaling/vbg ,/, it/pps was/bedz claimed/vbn ,/, 40,000/cd regular/jj troops/nns and/cc 6,000/cd irregulars/nns of/in the/at Cossack/np-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd invested/vbn Islam's/np$ principal/jjs stronghold/nn on/in the/at north/nr shore/nn of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ,/, the/at fortress/nn town/nn of/in Oczakov/np ,/, and/cc was/bedz preparing/vbg to/to test/vb the/at Turk/np by/in land/nn and/cc sea/nn ./.
During/in a/at sojourn/nn of/in slightly/rb more/ap than/in three/cd months/nns Chamberlain/np Littlepage/np could/md see/vb action/nn on/in both/abx elements/nns ./.


	As/cs his/pp$ second/od in/in command/nn The/at-tl Prince/nn-tl had/hvd Marshal/nn-tl Repnin/np ,/, one-time/nn Ambassador/nn-tl to/in-tl Poland/np-tl ./.
Repnin/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd a/at rather/ql narrow/jj face/nn ,/, longish/jj nose/nn ,/, high/jj forehead/nn ,/, and/cc arching/vbg brows/nns ,/, looked/vbd like/cs a/at quizzical/jj Mephistopheles/np ./.
Some/dti people/nns thought/vbd he/pps lacked/vbd both/abx ability/nn and/cc character/nn ,/, but/cc most/ap agreed/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz noble/jj in/in appearance/nn and/cc ,/, for/in a/at Russian/np ,/, humane/jj ./.
The/at Marshal/nn-tl came/vbd to/to know/vb Littlepage/np quite/ql well/rb ./.
At/in General/nn-tl Headquarters/nn-tl the/at newcomer/nn in/in turn/nn got/vbd to/to know/vb others/nns ./.
There/ex was/bedz the/at Neapolitan/np ,/, Ribas/np ,/, a/at capable/jj conniver/nn whose/wp$ father/nn had/hvd been/ben a/at blacksmith/nn but/cc who/wps had/hvd fawned/vbn his/pp$ way/nn up/in the/at ladder/nn of/in Catherine's/np$ and/cc Potemkin's/np$ favor/nn till/cs he/pps was/bedz now/rb a/at brigadier/nn (/( and/cc would/md one/cd day/nn be/be the/at daggerman/nn designated/vbn to/to do/do in/rp Czar/nn-tl Paul/np 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, after/cs traveling/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn to/in Naples/np to/to procure/vb just/rb the/at right/jj stiletto/nn )/) ./.


	Then/rb there/ex were/bed the/at distinguished/vbn foreign/jj volunteers/nns ./.
Representing/vbg the/at Emperor/nn-tl were/bed the/at Prince/nn-tl De/np Ligne/np ,/, still/rb as/ql impetuous/jj as/cs a/at youth/nn of/in twenty/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc General/nn-tl the/at Count/nn-tl Pallavicini/np-tl ,/, founder/nn of/in the/at Austrian/jj branch/nn of/in that/dt celebrated/vbn Italian/jj house/nn ,/, a/at courtier/nn Littlepage/np could/md have/hv met/vbn at/in Madrid/np in/in December/np ,/, 1780/cd ./.
From/in Milan/np came/vbd the/at young/jj Chevalier/np De/np Litta/np ,/, an/at officer/nn in/in the/at service/nn of/in Malta/np ./.
Out/in of/in Saxony/np rode/vbd the/at Prince/nn-tl of/in-tl Anhalt-Bernburg/np-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Czarina's/nn$-tl cousins/nns and/cc a/at lieutenant/nn general/nn in/in her/pp$ armies/nns ,/, a/at frank/jj ,/, sensitive/jj ,/, popular/jj soldier/nn whose/wp$ kindnesses/nns Littlepage/np would/md ``/`` always/rb recall/vb with/in the/at sincerest/jjt gratitude/nn ''/'' ./.


	Though/cs Catherine/np was/bedz vexed/vbn at/in the/at number/nn of/in French/jj officers/nns streaming/vbg to/in the/at Turkish/jj standard/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed several/ap under/in her/pp$ own/jj ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at Prince/nn-tl De/np Nassau/np ;/. ;/.
the/at energetic/jj Parisian/np ,/, Roger/np De/np Damas/np ,/, three/cd year's/nn$ Littlepage's/np$ junior/nn ,/, to/in whom/wpo Nassau/np had/hvd taken/vbn a/at liking/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at artillerist/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Prevost/np ,/, whom/wpo the/at Count/nn-tl De/np Segur/np had/hvd persuaded/vbn to/to lend/vb his/pp$ technical/jj skills/nns to/in Nassau/np ./.
England/np contributed/vbd a/at young/jj subaltern/nn named/vbn Newton/np and/cc the/at naval/jj architect/nn Samuel/np Bentham/np ,/, brother/nn to/in the/at economist/nn ,/, who/wps for/in his/pp$ colonel's/nn$ commission/nn was/bedz proving/vbg a/at godsend/nn to/in the/at Russian/jj fleet/nn ./.
From/in America/np were/bed the/at Messrs./nps Littlepage/np and/cc Jones/np ./.


	Lewis/np had/hvd expected/vbn to/to report/vb at/in once/rb to/in Jones's/np$ and/cc Nassau's/np$ naval/jj command/nn post/nn ./.
On/in arrival/nn at/in headquarters/nn he/pps had/hvd ,/, however/rb --/-- in/in King/nn-tl Stanislas'/np$ words/nns to/in Glayre/np --/-- ``/`` found/vbn such/jj favor/nn with/in Pe/np-tl Potemkin/np that/cs he/pps made/vbd him/ppo his/pp$ aide-de-camp/fw-nn and/cc up/in to/in now/rb does/doz not/* want/vb him/ppo to/to go/vb join/vb Paul/np Jones/np ./.
''/'' So/rb of/in course/nn he/pps stayed/vbd put/vbn ./.
Having/hvg done/vbn so/rb ,/, he/pps began/vbd to/to experience/vb all/abn the/at frustrations/nns of/in others/nns who/wps attempted/vbd to/to get/vb along/rb with/in Serenissimus/np and/cc do/do a/at job/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./.


	The/at Prince's/nn$-tl perceptions/nns were/bed quick/jj and/cc his/pp$ energy/nn monstrous/jj ,/, but/cc these/dts qualities/nns were/bed sapped/vbn by/in an/at Oriental/jj-tl lethargy/nn and/cc a/at policy/nn of/in letting/vbg nothing/pn interfere/vb with/in personal/jj passions/nns ./.
At/in headquarters/nn --/-- sufficiently/ql far/rb from/in the/at firing/vbg line/nn to/to make/vb you/ppo forget/vb occasionally/rb that/cs you/ppss were/bed in/in a/at war/nn --/-- Lewis/np found/vbd that/cs the/at Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief's/nn$-tl only/ap desk/nn was/bedz his/pp$ knees/nns (/( and/cc his/pp$ only/ap comb/nn ,/, his/pp$ fingers/nns )/) ./.
An/at entire/jj theater/nn had/hvd been/ben set/vbn up/rp for/in his/pp$ diversion/nn ,/, with/in a/at 200-man/jj Italian/jj orchestra/nn under/in the/at well-known/jj Sarti/np ./.
In/in the/at great/jj one's/nn$ personal/jj quarters/nns ,/, a/at portable/jj house/nn ,/, almost/rb every/at evening/nn saw/vbd an/at elegant/jj banquet/nn or/cc reception/nn ./.
Lewis/np could/md let/vb his/pp$ eye/nn caress/vb The/at-tl Prince's/nn$-tl divan/nn ,/, covered/vbn with/in a/at rose-pink/jj and/cc silver/jj Turkish/jj cloth/nn ,/, or/cc admire/vb the/at lovely/jj tapis/nn ,/, interwoven/vbn with/in gold/jj ,/, that/wps spread/vbd across/in the/at floor/nn ./.
Filigreed/jj perfume/nn boxes/nns exuded/vbd the/at aromas/nns of/in Araby/np ./.
Around/in the/at billiard/nn tables/nns were/bed always/rb at/in least/ap a/at couple/nn of/in dozen/nn beribboned/jj generals/nns ./.
At/in dinner/nn the/at courses/nns were/bed carried/vbn in/rp by/in tall/jj cuirassiers/nns in/in red/jj capes/nns and/cc black/jj fur/nn caps/nns topped/vbn with/in tufts/nns of/in feathers/nns ,/, marching/vbg in/in pairs/nns like/cs guards/nns from/in a/at stage/nn tragedy/nn ./.


	Among/in the/at visitors/nns arriving/vbg every/at now/rb and/cc then/rb there/ex were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, women/nns ./.
For/cs if/cs Serenissimus/np made/vbd the/at sign/nn of/in the/at Cross/nn-tl with/in his/pp$ right/jj hand/nn ,/, and/cc meant/vbd it/ppo ,/, with/in his/pp$ left/jj he/pps beckoned/vbd lewdly/rb to/in any/dti lady/nn who/wps happened/vbd to/to catch/vb his/pp$ eye/nn ./.
Usually/rb Lewis/np would/md find/vb at/in headquarters/nn one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in The/at-tl Prince's/nn$-tl various/ap nieces/nns ./.


	Right/ql now/rb he/pps found/vbd Sophie/np De/np Witt/np ,/, that/dt magnificent/jj young/jj matron/nn he/pps had/hvd spotted/vbn at/in Kamieniec/np four/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
The/at Prince/nn-tl took/vbd her/ppo with/in him/ppo on/in every/at tour/nn around/in the/at area/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz rumored/vbn he/pps was/bedz utilizing/vbg her/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in Constantinople/np as/cs part/nn of/in his/pp$ espionage/nn network/nn ./.
One/cd evening/nn he/pps passed/vbd around/in the/at banquet/nn table/nn a/at crystal/nn cup/nn full/jj of/in diamonds/nns ,/, requesting/vbg every/at female/nn guest/nn to/to select/vb one/cd as/cs a/at souvenir/nn ./.
When/wrb a/at lady/nn chanced/vbd to/to soil/vb a/at pair/nn of/in evening/nn slippers/nns ,/, Brigadier/nn-tl Bauer/np was/bedz dispatched/vbn to/in Paris/np for/in replacements/nns ./.


	But/cc if/cs The/at-tl Prince/nn-tl fancied/vbd women/nns and/cc was/bedz fascinated/vbn by/in foreigners/nns ,/, he/pps could/md be/be haughtiness/nn personified/vbn to/in his/pp$ subordinates/nns ./.
He/pps had/hvd collared/vbn one/cd of/in his/pp$ generals/nns in/in public/nn ./.
His/pp$ coat/nn trimmed/vbn in/in sable/nn ,/, diamond/nn stars/nns of/in the/at Orders/nns-tl of/in Saints/nns-tl Andrew/np or/cc George/np agleam/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz often/rb prone/jj to/to sit/vb sulkily/rb ,/, eye/nn downcast/jj ,/, in/in a/at Scheherazade/np trance/nn ./.
When/wrb this/dt happened/vbd ,/, everything/pn stopped/vbd ./.
As/cs Littlepage/np noted/vbd :/: ``/`` A/at complete/jj picture/nn of/in Prince/nn-tl Potemkin/np may/md be/be had/hvn in/in his/pp$ 1788/cd operations/nns ./.
He/pps stays/vbz inactive/jj for/in half/abn the/at summer/nn in/in front/nn of/in Oczakov/np ,/, a/at quite/ql second-rate/jj spot/nn ,/, begins/vbz to/to besiege/vb it/ppo formally/rb only/rb during/in the/at autumn/nn rains/nns ,/, and/cc finally/rb carries/vbz it/ppo by/in assault/nn in/in the/at heart/nn of/in winter/nn ./.
There's/ex+bez a/at man/nn who/wps never/rb goes/vbz by/in the/at ordinary/jj road/nn but/cc still/rb arrives/vbz at/in his/pp$ goal/nn ,/, who/wps gratuitously/rb gets/vbz himself/ppl into/in difficulty/nn in/in order/nn to/to get/vb out/rp of/in it/ppo with/in eclat/nn ,/, in/in a/at word/nn a/at man/nn who/wps creates/vbz monsters/nns for/in himself/ppl in/in order/nn to/to appear/vb a/at Hercules/np in/in destroying/vbg them/ppo ''/'' ./.


	To/to help/vb him/ppo do/do so/rb The/at Prince/nn-tl had/hvd conferred/vbn control/nn of/in his/pp$ land/nn forces/nns on/in a/at soldier/nn who/wps was/bedz different/jj from/in him/ppo in/in almost/rb every/at respect/nn save/in one/cd :/: both/abx were/bed eccentrics/nns of/in the/at purest/jjt ray/nn serene/jj ./.


	Alexander/np Vasilievitch/np Suvorov/np ,/, now/rb in/in his/pp$ fifty-ninth/od year/nn (/( ten/cd years/nns Potemkin's/np$ senior/jj )/) ,/, was/bedz a/at thin/jj ,/, worn-faced/jj person/nn of/in less/ap than/cs medium/jj height/nn who/wps looked/vbd like/cs a/at professor/nn of/in botany/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd a/at small/jj mouth/nn with/in deep/jj furrows/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn ,/, a/at large/jj flat/jj nose/nn ,/, and/cc penetrating/jj blue/jj eyes/nns ./.
His/pp$ gray/jj hair/nn was/bedz thin/jj ,/, his/pp$ face/nn beginning/vbg to/to attract/vb a/at swarm/nn of/in wrinkles/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz ugly/jj ./.
But/cc Suvorov's/np$ face/nn was/bedz also/rb a/at theater/nn of/in vivacity/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ tough/jj ,/, stooping/vbg little/jj frame/nn was/bedz briskness/nn embodied/vbn ./.
Like/cs all/abn Russians/nps he/pps was/bedz an/at emotional/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc in/in him/ppo the/at emotions/nns warred/vbd ./.
Kind/jj by/in nature/nn ,/, he/pps never/rb refused/vbd charity/nn to/in a/at beggar/nn or/cc help/nn to/in anyone/pn who/wps asked/vbd him/ppo for/in it/ppo (/( as/cs Lewis/np would/md one/cd day/nn discover/vb )/) ./.
But/cc he/pps was/bedz perpetually/rb engaged/vbn in/in a/at battle/nn to/to command/vb his/pp$ own/jj temper/nn ./.


	When/wrb Littlepage/np was/bedz introduced/vbn ,/, if/cs the/at General/nn-tl behaved/vbd as/cs usual/rb ,/, the/at newcomer/nn faced/vbd a/at staccato/nn salvo/nn of/in queries/nns :/: origin/nn ?/. ?/.
Age/nn ?/. ?/.
Mission/nn ?/. ?/.
Current/jj status/nn ?/. ?/.
Woe/nn betide/vb the/at interviewee/nn if/cs he/pps answered/vbd vaguely/rb ./.
Suvorov's/np$ contempt/nn for/in don't-know's/nns was/bedz proverbial/jj ;/. ;/.
better/jjr to/to give/vb an/at asinine/jj answer/nn than/cs none/pn at/in all/abn ./.
Despising/vbg luxuries/nns of/in any/dti sort/nn for/in a/at soldier/nn ,/, he/pps slept/vbd on/in a/at pile/nn of/in hay/nn with/in his/pp$ cloak/nn as/cs blanket/nn ./.
He/pps rose/vbd at/in 4:00/cd A.M./rb the/at year/nn round/rb and/cc was/bedz apt/jj to/to stride/vb through/in camp/nn crowing/vbg like/cs a/at cock/nn to/to wake/vb his/pp$ men/nns ./.
His/pp$ breakfast/nn was/bedz tea/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ dinner/nn fell/vbd anywhere/rb from/in nine/cd to/in noon/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ supper/nn was/bedz nothing/pn ./.
He/pps hadn't/hvd* worn/vbn a/at watch/nn or/cc carried/vbn pocket/nn money/nn for/in years/nns because/cs he/pps disliked/vbd both/abx ,/, but/cc highest/rbt among/in his/pp$ hates/nns were/bed looking/vbg glasses/nns :/: he/pps had/hvd snatched/vbn one/cd from/in an/at officer's/nn$ grasp/nn and/cc smashed/vbn it/ppo to/in smithereens/nns ./.
He/pps kept/vbd several/ap pet/nn birds/nns and/cc liked/vbd cats/nns well/rb enough/qlp that/cs if/cs one/cd crept/vbd by/rb ,/, he/pps would/md mew/vb at/in it/ppo in/in friendly/jj fashion/nn ./.
Passing/vbg dogs/nns were/bed greeted/vbn with/in a/at cordial/jj bark/nn ./.


	Yet/cc General/nn-tl Suvorov/np --/-- who/wps had/hvd never/rb forgotten/vbn hearing/vbg his/pp$ adored/vbn Czarina/nn-tl declare/vb that/cs all/abn truly/ql great/jj men/nns had/hvd oddities/nns --/-- was/bedz mad/jj only/rb north/nr ,/, northwest/nr ./.
He/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/to learn/vb that/cs a/at reputation/nn for/in peculiarity/nn allowed/vbd mere/jj field/nn officers/nns a/at certain/jj leeway/nn at/in Court/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
in/in camp/nn he/pps knew/vbd it/ppo won/vbn you/ppo the/at affection/nn of/in your/pp$ men/nns ./.
He/pps had/hvd accordingly/rb cultivated/vbn eccentricity/nn to/in the/at point/nn of/in second/od nature/nn ./.
Underneath/rb ,/, he/pps remained/vbd one/cd of/in the/at best-educated/jjt Russians/nps of/in his/pp$ day/nn ./.
He/pps dabbled/vbd in/in verse/nn ,/, could/md get/vb along/rb well/rb among/in most/ap of/in the/at European/jj languages/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz fluent/jj in/in French/np and/cc German/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd also/rb mastered/vbn the/at Cossack/np tongue/nn ./.


	For/in those/dts little/jj men/nns with/in the/at short/jj whiskers/nns ,/, shaven/vbn polls/nns ,/, and/cc top/nn knots/nns Suvorov/np reserved/vbd a/at special/jj esteem/nn ./.
Potemkin/np --/-- as/cs King/nn-tl Stanislas/np knew/vbd ,/, and/cc presently/rb informed/vbd Littlepage/np --/-- looked/vbd on/in the/at Cossacks/nps as/cs geopolitical/jj tools/nns ./.
To/in Serenissimus/np such/jj tribes/nns as/cs the/at Cossacks/nps of/in the/at Don/np or/cc those/dts ex-bandits/nns the/at Zaporogian/jj Cossacks/nps (/( in/in whose/wp$ islands/nns along/in the/at lower/jjr Dnieper/np the/at Polish/jj novelist/nn Sienkiewicz/np would/md one/cd day/nn place/vb With/in-tl Fire/nn-tl And/cc-tl Sword/nn-tl )/) were/bed just/jj elements/nns for/in enforced/vbn resettlement/nn in/in ,/, say/uh ,/, Bessarabia/np ,/, where/wrb ,/, as/cs ``/`` the/at faithful/nn of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl borders/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps could/md use/vb their/pp$ presence/nn as/cs bargaining/nn points/nns in/in the/at Czarina's/nn$-tl territorial/jj claims/nns against/in Turkey/np ./.
Suvorov/np saw/vbd in/in these/dts scimitar-wielding/jj skirmishers/nns not/* demographic/jj units/nns but/cc military/jj men/nns of/in a/at high/jj potential/nn ./.
He/pps knew/vbd how/wrb to/to channel/vb their/pp$ exuberant/jj disorderliness/nn so/cs as/cs to/to transform/vb them/ppo from/in mere/jj plunderers/nns into/in A-1/jj guerrilla/nn fighters/nns ./.
He/pps always/rb kept/vbd a/at few/ap on/in his/pp$ personal/jj staff/nn ./.
He/pps often/rb donned/vbd their/pp$ tribal/jj costumes/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at one/cd featuring/vbg a/at tall/jj ,/, black/jj sheepskin/nn hat/nn from/in the/at top/nn of/in which/wdt dangled/vbd a/at little/jj red/jj bag/nn ornamented/vbn by/in a/at chain/nn of/in worsted/nn lace/nn and/cc tassels/nns ;/. ;/.
broad/jj red/jj stripes/nns down/in the/at trouser/nn leg/nn ;/. ;/.
broader/jjr leather/nn belt/nn round/in the/at waist/nn ,/, holding/vbg cartridges/nns and/cc light/jj sabre/nn ./.
Suvorov/np played/vbd parent/nn not/* just/rb to/in his/pp$ Cossacks/nps but/cc to/in all/abn his/pp$ troops/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz probably/rb at/in this/dt period/nn that/cs Littlepage/np got/vbd his/pp$ first/od good/jj look/nn at/in the/at ordinary/jj Russian/jj soldier/nn ./.


	These/dts illiterate/jj boors/nns conscripted/vbn from/in villages/nns all/ql across/in the/at Czarina's/nn$-tl empire/nn had/hvd ,/, Suvorov/np may/md have/hv told/vbn Lewis/np ,/, just/rb two/cd things/nns a/at commander/nn could/md count/vb on/in :/: physical/jj fitness/nn and/cc personal/jj courage/nn ./.
When/wrb their/pp$ levies/nns came/vbd shambling/vbg into/in camp/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed all/abn elbows/nns ,/, hair/nn ,/, and/cc beard/nn ./.
They/ppss emerged/vbd as/cs interchangeable/jj cogs/nns in/in a/at faulty/jj but/cc formidable/jj machine/nn :/: shaved/vbn nearly/ql naked/jj ,/, hair/nn queued/vbn ,/, greatcoated/jj ,/, jackbooted/jj ,/, and/cc best/jjt of/in all/abn --/-- in/in the/at opinion/nn of/in the/at British/jj professional/nn ,/, Major/nn-tl Semple-Lisle/np --/-- ``/`` their/pp$ minds/nns are/ber not/* estranged/vbn from/in the/at paths/nns of/in obedience/nn by/in those/dts smatterings/nns of/in knowledge/nn which/wdt only/rb serve/vb to/to lead/vb to/in insubordination/nn and/cc mutiny/nn ''/'' ./.

Mando/np ,/, pleading/vbg her/pp$ cause/nn ,/, must/md have/hv said/vbn that/cs Dr./nn-tl Brown/np was/bedz the/at most/ql distinguished/vbn physician/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, for/cs our/pp$ man/nn poured/vbd out/rp his/pp$ symptoms/nns and/cc drew/vbd a/at madly/rb waving/vbg line/nn indicating/vbg the/at irregularity/nn of/in his/pp$ pulse/nn ./.
``/`` He's/pps+hvz got/vbn high/jj blood/nn pressure/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, and/cc bum/jj kidneys/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at doctor/nn said/vbd to/in me/ppo ./.
``/`` Transparent/jj look/nn ,/, waxy/jj skin/nn --/-- could/md well/rb be/be uremia/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps looked/vbd disapprovingly/rb at/in an/at ash/nn tray/nn piled/vbn high/rb with/in cigarette/nn stubs/nns ,/, shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ,/, and/cc moved/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn back/rb and/cc forth/rb in/in a/at strong/jj negative/jj gesture/nn ./.
The/at little/jj official/nn hung/vbd his/pp$ head/nn in/in shame/nn ./.
Seeing/vbg this/dt ,/, his/pp$ colleague/nn at/in the/at next/ap desk/nn gave/vbd a/at short/jj ,/, contemptuous/jj laugh/nn ,/, pushed/vbd forward/rb his/pp$ own/jj ash/nn tray/nn ,/, innocent/jj of/in a/at single/ap butt/nn ,/, thumped/vbd his/pp$ chest/nn to/to show/vb his/pp$ excellent/jj condition/nn ,/, and/cc looked/vbd proud/jj ./.
The/at doctor/nn gravely/rb nodded/vbd approval/nn ./.


	At/in this/dt moment/nn Mando/np came/vbd hurrying/vbg up/rp to/to announce/vb that/cs the/at problem/nn was/bedz solved/vbn and/cc all/abn Norton/np had/hvd to/to do/do was/bedz to/to sign/vb a/at sheaf/nn of/in papers/nns ./.
We/ppss went/vbd out/in of/in the/at office/nn and/cc down/in the/at hall/nn to/in a/at window/nn where/wrb documents/nns and/cc more/ap officials/nns awaited/vbd us/ppo ,/, the/at rest/nn of/in the/at office/nn personnel/nns hot/jj upon/in our/pp$ heels/nns ./.
By/in this/dt time/nn word/nn had/hvd got/vbn around/rb that/cs an/at American/jj doctor/nn was/bedz on/in the/at premises/nns ./.
One/cd fellow/nn who/wps had/hvd liver/nn spots/nns held/vbd out/rp his/pp$ hands/nns to/in the/at great/jj healer/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz funny/jj but/cc it/pps was/bedz also/rb touching/vbg ./.
``/`` You/ppss know/vb ''/'' ,/, Norton/np said/vbd to/in me/ppo later/rbr ,/, ``/`` I/ppss am/bem thinking/vbg of/in setting/vbg up/rp the/at Klinico/fw-nn-tl Brownapopolus/np ./.
I/ppss might/md not/* make/vb any/dti money/nn but/cc I'd/ppss+md sure/rb have/hv patients/nns ''/'' ./.


	After/in luncheon/nn we/ppss took/vbd advantage/nn of/in the/at siesta/nn period/nn to/to try/vb to/to get/vb in/in touch/nn with/in a/at few/ap people/nns to/in whom/wpo our/pp$ dear/jj friend/nn Deppy/np had/hvd written/vbn ./.
Deppy/np is/bez Despina/np Messinesi/np ,/, a/at long-time/nn member/nn of/in the/at Vogue/nn-tl staff/nn who/wps ,/, although/cs born/vbn in/in Boston/np ,/, was/bedz born/vbn there/rb of/in Greek/jj parents/nns ./.
Several/ap years/nns of/in her/pp$ life/nn have/hv been/ben spent/vbn in/in the/at homeland/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps had/hvd written/vbn to/in friends/nns to/to alert/vb them/ppo of/in our/pp$ coming/nn ./.
``/`` All/abn you/ppss have/hv to/to do/do ,/, Ilka/np dear/jj ,/, is/bez to/to phone/vb on/in your/pp$ arrival/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber longing/vbg to/to see/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./.
The/at wear/nn and/cc tear/nn of/in life/nn have/hv taught/vbn me/ppo that/cs very/ql few/ap friends/nns of/in mutual/jj friends/nns long/vb to/to see/vb foreign/jj strangers/nns ,/, but/cc I/ppss planned/vbd on/in being/beg the/at soul/nn of/in tact/nn ,/, of/in giving/vbg them/ppo plenty/nn of/in outs/nns was/bedz there/ex the/at tiniest/jjt implication/nn that/cs their/pp$ cups/nns were/bed already/rb running/vbg over/rp without/in us/ppo ./.
My/pp$ diplomacy/nn was/bedz needless/jj ./.
Greek/jj phone/nn service/nn is/bez worse/jjr than/cs French/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be some/dti little/jj time/nn before/cs contact/nn of/in any/dti sort/nn was/bedz established/vbn ./.


	In/in the/at late/jj afternoon/nn Mando/np came/vbd back/rb to/to fetch/vb us/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss drove/vbd to/in the/at Acropolis/np ./.
We/ppss stopped/vbd first/rb at/in the/at amphitheater/nn that/wps lies/vbz at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at height/nn crowned/vbn by/in the/at Parthenon/np ./.
The/at curving/vbg benches/nns are/ber broken/vbn ,/, chipped/vbn ,/, tumbled/vbn ,/, but/cc still/rb in/in place/nn ,/, as/cs are/ber the/at marble/nn chairs/nns ,/, the/at seats/nns of/in honor/nn for/in the/at legislators/nns ./.
The/at carved/vbn statues/nns of/in the/at frieze/nn against/in the/at low/jj wall/nn are/ber for/in the/at most/ap part/nn headless/jj ,/, but/cc their/pp$ exquisitely/ql graceful/jj nude/jj and/cc draped/vbn torsos/nns and/cc the/at kneeling/vbg Atlantes/fw-nps are/ber well/rb preserved/vbn in/in their/pp$ perfect/jj proportion/nn ./.


	Having/hvg completed/vbn our/pp$ camera/nn work/nn ,/, we/ppss started/vbd our/pp$ climb/nn ./.
I/ppss suppose/vb the/at same/ap emotion/nn holds/vbz ,/, if/cs to/in a/at lesser/jjr degree/nn ,/, with/in any/dti famous/jj monument/nn ./.
Will/md it/pps live/vb up/rp to/in its/pp$ reputation/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at weight/nn of/in fame/nn and/cc history/nn is/bez formidable/jj ,/, and/cc dreary/jj steel/nn engravings/nns in/in schoolbooks/nns do/do little/ap to/to quicken/vb interest/nn and/cc imagination/nn ./.
Uh/uh huh/uh ,/, we/ppss think/vb ,/, looking/vbg at/in them/ppo ,/, so/rb that's/dt+bez the/at Parthenon/np ./.
And/cc then/rb perhaps/rb one/cd day/nn we/ppss get/vb to/in Athens/np ./.
We/ppss are/ber here/rb !/. !/.
We've/ppss+hv come/vbn a/at long/jj way/nn and/cc spent/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in money/nn ./.
It/pps had/hvd better/rbr be/be good/jj ./.
Don't/do* worry/vb about/in the/at Acropolis/np ./.
It/pps is/bez awe-inspiring/jj ./.
Probably/rb every/at visitor/nn has/hvz a/at favorite/jj time/nn for/in his/pp$ first/od sight/nn of/in it/ppo ./.
We/ppss saw/vbd it/ppo frequently/rb afterward/rb ,/, but/cc our/pp$ suggestion/nn for/in the/at very/ql first/od encounter/nn is/bez near/in sunset/nn ./.
The/at light/nn at/in that/dt time/nn is/bez a/at benediction/nn ./.
The/at serene/jj ,/, majestic/jj columns/nns of/in the/at Parthenon/np ,/, tawny/jj in/in color/nn against/in the/at pure/jj deep/jj blue/jj sky/nn ,/, frame/vb incredible/jj vistas/nns ./.
All/abn we/ppss wanted/vbd to/to do/do was/bedz to/to stand/vb very/ql quietly/rb and/cc look/vb and/cc look/vb and/cc look/vb ./.


	More/ap than/in twenty-four/cd hundred/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, bruised/vbn ,/, battered/vbn ,/, worn/vbn and/cc partially/rb destroyed/vbn ,/, combining/vbg to/in an/at astounding/jj degree/nn solidity/nn and/cc grace/nn ,/, it/pps still/rb stands/vbz ,/, incomparable/jj testimony/nn to/in man's/nn$ aspiration/nn ./.
In/in 1687/cd the/at Turks/nps ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben in/in control/nn of/in the/at city/nn since/in the/at fifteenth/od century/nn ,/, with/in a/at truly/ql shattering/vbg lack/nn of/in prudence/nn used/vbd the/at Parthenon/np as/cs a/at powder/nn magazine/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz hit/vbn by/in a/at shell/nn fired/vbn by/in the/at bombarding/vbg Venetian/jj army/nn and/cc the/at great/jj central/jj portion/nn of/in the/at temple/nn was/bedz blown/vbn to/in smithereens/nns ./.


	Nearby/rb is/bez the/at temple/nn of/in Athena/np ./.
The/at architectural/jj feature/nn ,/, the/at caryatides/nns upholding/vbg the/at portico/nn ,/, famous/jj around/in the/at world/nn as/cs the/at Porch/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Maidens/nns-tl ,/, was/bedz referred/vbn to/in airily/rb by/in Mando/np as/cs the/at-tl Girls'/nns$-tl Place/nn-tl ./.
Another/dt beautiful/jj building/nn is/bez the/at Propylaea/np ,/, the/at entrance/nn gate/nn of/in the/at Acropolis/np ./.


	My/pp$ other/ap nugget/nn of/in art/nn and/cc architectural/jj knowledge/nn --/-- besides/in remembering/vbg that/cs it/pps was/bedz Ghiberti/np who/wps designed/vbd the/at doors/nns of/in the/at baptistery/nn in/in Florence/np --/-- is/bez the/at three/cd styles/nns of/in Greek/jj columns/nns ./.
For/in some/dti happy/jj reason/nn Doric/jj ,/, Ionic/jj ,/, and/cc Corinthian/jj have/hv always/rb stuck/vbn in/in my/pp$ mind/nn ./.
Furthermore/rb I/ppss can/md identify/vb each/dt design/nn ./.
It/pps remained/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, for/cs Mando/np to/to teach/vb me/ppo that/cs Doric/jj symbolized/vbd strength/nn ,/, Ionic/jj wisdom/nn ,/, and/cc Corinthian/jj beauty/nn ,/, the/at three/cd pillars/nns of/in the/at ancient/jj world/nn ./.
The/at columns/nns of/in the/at Parthenon/np are/ber fluted/vbn Doric/jj ./.


	Another/dt classic/jj sight/nn that/wps gave/vbd us/ppo considerable/jj pleasure/nn was/bedz the/at Evzone/np sentry/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ ballet/nn skirt/nn with/in great/jj pompons/nns on/in his/pp$ shoes/nns ,/, who/wps was/bedz patrolling/vbg up/rp and/cc down/rp in/in front/nn of/in the/at palace/nn ./.
Gun/nn on/in shoulder/nn ,/, he/pps would/md march/vb smartly/rb for/in a/at few/ap yards/nns ,/, bring/vb his/pp$ heels/nns together/rb with/in a/at click/nn ,/, make/vb a/at brisk/jj pirouette/nn ,/, skirts/nns flaring/vbg ,/, and/cc march/vb back/rb to/in his/pp$ point/nn of/in departure/nn ./.
We/ppss did/dod not/* dare/vb speak/vb to/in so/ql exalted/vbn a/at being/nn ,/, but/cc Norton/np aimed/vbd his/pp$ camera/nn and/cc shot/vbd him/ppo ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, on/in the/at rise/nn ,/, the/at split/vbn second/nn between/in the/at halt/nn and/cc the/at turn/nn ./.


	The/at evening/nn of/in our/pp$ first/od day/nn we/ppss drove/vbd with/in Christopher/np and/cc Judy/np Sakellariadis/np ,/, who/wps were/bed friends/nns and/cc patients/nns of/in Norton/np ,/, to/to dine/vb at/in a/at restaurant/nn on/in the/at shores/nns of/in the/at Aegean/np ./.
On/in the/at way/nn out/rp Mr./np Sakellariadis/np detoured/vbd up/in a/at special/jj hill/nn from/in which/wdt one/pn may/md obtain/vb a/at matchless/jj view/nn of/in the/at Acropolis/np lighted/vbn by/in night/nn ./.


	The/at great/jj spectacle/nn was/bedz a/at source/nn of/in rancor/nn ,/, and/cc Son/fw-nn-tl et/fw-cc-tl Lumiere/fw-nn-tl ,/, which/wdt the/at French/nps were/bed trying/vbg to/to promote/vb with/in the/at Athenians/nps ,/, was/bedz the/at reason/nn ./.
These/dts performances/nns were/bed being/beg staged/vbn at/in historical/jj monuments/nns throughout/in Europe/np ./.
By/in a/at combination/nn of/in music/nn ,/, lighting/nn effects/nns ,/, and/cc narration/nn ,/, famous/jj events/nns that/wps have/hv transpired/vbn in/in these/dts locations/nns are/ber evoked/vbn and/cc re-created/vbn for/in large/jj audiences/nns usually/rb to/in considerable/jj acclaim/nn ./.
The/at Acropolis/np had/hvd been/ben scheduled/vbn for/in the/at treatment/nn too/rb ,/, but/cc apparently/rb it/pps was/bedz to/to take/vb place/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at full/jj moon/nn when/wrb the/at Athenians/nps themselves/ppls ,/, out/in of/in respect/nn for/in the/at natural/jj beauty/nn of/in the/at occasion/nn ,/, were/bed wont/jj to/to forgo/vb their/pp$ own/jj usual/jj nocturnal/jj illumination/nn ./.


	Athenian/jj society/nn was/bedz split/vbn into/in two/cd factions/nns ,/, the/at Philistines/nps and/cc the/at Artists/nns-tl ./.
The/at Artists/nns-tl contended/vbd that/cs the/at Philistines/nps ,/, gross/jj of/in soul/nn ,/, were/bed all/abn for/in having/hvg Son/fw-nn-tl et/fw-cc-tl Lumiere/fw-nn-tl ,/, since/cs the/at French/nps were/bed footing/vbg the/at bill/nn and/cc the/at attraction/nn ,/, wherever/wrb it/pps had/hvd been/ben done/vbn ,/, had/hvd proven/vbn popular/jj ./.
This/dt was/bedz the/at crassest/jjt kind/nn of/in materialism/nn and/cc they/ppss ,/, the/at Artists/nns-tl ,/, would/md have/hv no/at truck/nn with/in it/ppo ./.
The/at Acropolis/np was/bedz unique/jj in/in the/at world/nn and/cc if/cs that/dt imcomparable/jj work/nn flooded/vbn by/in moonlight/nn wasn't/bedz* enough/ap for/in both/abx natives/nns and/cc tourists/nns ,/, then/rb they/ppss were/bed quite/ql simply/rb barbarians/nns and/cc the/at hell/nn with/in them/ppo ./.
It/pps was/bedz very/ql stimulating/jj ./.


	The/at restaurant/nn to/in which/wdt the/at Sakellariadises/nps took/vbd us/ppo on/in this/dt night/nn of/in controversy/nn was/bedz the/at Asteria/np ,/, on/in Asteria/np beach/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at public/jj bathing/vbg beach/nn ,/, easily/rb accessible/jj by/in tramway/nn from/in the/at center/nn of/in Athens/np ./.
Office/nn workers/nns frequently/rb go/vb out/rp there/rb to/to lunch/vb and/cc swim/vb during/in the/at siesta/nn period/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, during/in the/at summer/nn ,/, lasts/vbz from/in two/cd until/in five/cd in/in the/at afternoon/nn ,/, when/wrb shops/nns and/cc offices/nns are/ber again/rb open/jj for/in business/nn ./.
They/ppss close/vb sometime/rb after/in eight/cd ./.
Nine/cd o'clock/rb is/bez the/at rush/nn hour/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at busses/nns are/ber jammed/vbn ,/, and/cc by/in nine-thirty/cd the/at restaurants/nns are/ber beginning/vbg to/to fill/vb ./.
Bedtime/nn is/bez late/jj ,/, for/cs the/at balmy/jj evenings/nns are/ber delightful/jj and/cc everyone/pn wants/vbz to/to linger/vb under/in the/at stars/nns ./.


	The/at sand/nn is/bez fine/jj and/cc pleasant/jj ,/, the/at cabanas/nns are/ber clean/jj ,/, and/cc the/at parasols/nns ,/, green/jj ,/, raspberry/jj ,/, and/cc butter/nn yellow/jj ,/, are/ber very/ql gay/jj ./.
Although/cs open/jj to/in the/at general/jj public/nn it/pps is/bez not/* overcrowded/vbn ;/. ;/.
the/at atmosphere/nn is/bez that/dt of/in an/at attractive/jj private/jj beach/nn club/nn at/in home/nn ./.
We/ppss went/vbd there/rb a/at couple/nn of/in times/nns to/to swim/vb and/cc enjoyed/vbd ourselves/ppls thoroughly/rb ./.
This/dt agreeable/jj state/nn of/in affairs/nns is/bez explicable/jj ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, on/in two/cd counts/nns ./.
One/cd is/bez Greece/np is/bez not/* yet/rb suffering/vbg from/in overpopulation/nn ./.
The/at public/nn may/md still/rb find/vb pleasure/nn in/in public/jj places/nns ./.
The/at other/ap is/bez that/cs the/at charge/nn for/in cabanas/nns and/cc parasols/nns ,/, though/cs modest/jj from/in an/at American/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, still/rb is/bez a/at little/ql high/jj for/in many/ap Athenians/nps ./.
We/ppss were/bed struck/vbn by/in the/at notable/jj absence/nn of/in banana/nn skins/nns and/cc beer/nn cans/nns ,/, but/cc just/rb so/cs that/cs we/ppss wouldn't/md* go/vb overboard/rb on/in Greek/jj refinement/nn ,/, perfection/nn was/bedz side-stepped/vbn by/in a/at couple/nn of/in braying/vbg portable/jj radios/nns ./.
Greek/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns also/rb go/vb for/in rock-and-roll/nn ,/, and/cc the/at stations/nns most/rbt tuned/vbn to/in are/ber those/dts carrying/vbg United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl overseas/jj programs/nns ./.
A/at good/jj deal/nn of/in English/np was/bedz spoken/vbn on/in the/at beach/nn ,/, most/ap educated/vbn Greeks/nps learn/vb it/ppo in/in childhood/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed also/rb American/jj wives/nns and/cc children/nns of/in our/pp$ overseas/jj servicemen/nns ./.


	For/in a/at delightful/jj drive/nn out/in of/in Athens/np I/ppss should/md recommend/vb Sounion/np ,/, at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at Attic/nn-tl Peninsula/nn-tl ./.
The/at road/nn ,/, a/at comparatively/ql new/jj one/cd ,/, is/bez very/ql good/jj ,/, winding/vbg along/in inlets/nns ,/, coves/nns ,/, and/cc bays/nns of/in deep/jj and/cc brilliant/jj blue/nn ./.
I/ppss suppose/vb the/at day/nn will/md inevitably/rb come/vb when/wrb the/at area/nn will/md be/be encrusted/vbn with/in developments/nns ,/, but/cc at/in present/jj it/pps is/bez deserted/vbn and/cc seductive/jj ./.
Three/cd beneficial/jj hurdles/nns to/in progress/nn are/ber the/at lack/nn of/in water/nn ,/, electricity/nn ,/, and/cc telephones/nns ./.


	At/in Sounion/np there/ex is/bez a/at group/nn of/in beautiful/jj columns/nns ,/, the/at ruins/nns of/in a/at temple/nn to/in Poseidon/np ,/, of/in particular/jj interest/nn at/in that/dt time/nn ,/, as/cs active/jj reconstruction/nn was/bedz in/in progress/nn ./.
Gaunt/jj scaffoldings/nns adjoined/vbd the/at ruins/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at ground/nn segments/nns of/in columns/nns two/cd and/cc a/at half/abn to/in three/cd feet/nns in/in thickness/nn were/bed being/beg fitted/vbn with/in sections/nns cunningly/rb chiseled/vbn to/to match/vb exactly/rb the/at fluting/nn and/cc proportion/nn of/in the/at original/nn ./.
Later/rbr they/ppss would/md be/be hoisted/vbn into/in place/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez a/at mediocre/jj restaurant/nn at/in Sounion/np and/cc I/ppss fed/vbd a/at thin/jj little/jj Grecian/jj cat/nn and/cc gave/vbd it/ppo two/cd saucers/nns of/in water/nn --/-- there/ex was/bedz no/at milk/nn --/-- which/wdt it/pps lapped/vbd up/rp as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed nectar/nn ./.
I/ppss think/vb its/pp$ thirst/nn had/hvd never/rb been/ben assuaged/vbn before/rb ./.


	Norton/np and/cc I/ppss dined/vbd one/cd night/nn in/in a/at sea-food/nn restaurant/nn in/in Piraeus/np right/ql on/in the/at water's/nn$ edge/nn ./.
To/to enter/vb it/ppo ,/, you/ppss go/vb down/in five/cd or/cc six/cd steps/nns from/in the/at road/nn ./.
Across/in the/at road/nn is/bez the/at kitchen/nn ,/, and/cc waiters/nns bearing/vbg great/jj trays/nns of/in dishes/nns dodge/vb traffic/nn as/ql nimbly/rb as/cs their/pp$ French/jj colleagues/nns at/in the/at restaurant/nn in/in the/at Place/fw-nn-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Tertre/fw-nn-tl in/in Paris/np ./.


	This/dt restaurant/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd a/at cat/nn ,/, a/at dusty/jj ,/, thin/jj little/jj creature/nn ./.
How/wrb can/md a/at cat/nn be/be thin/jj in/in a/at fish/nn restaurant/nn ?/. ?/.
But/cc this/dt one/cd was/bedz ./.
When/wrb offered/vbn a/at morsel/nn it/pps glanced/vbd right/nr and/cc left/nr and/cc winced/vbd ,/, obviously/rb frightened/vbn and/cc expecting/vbg a/at kick/nn ,/, but/cc too/ql hungry/jj not/* to/to snatch/vb the/at tidbit/nn ./.
Greece/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at highlights/nns of/in our/pp$ trip/nn ,/, but/cc beginning/vbg in/in Greece/np and/cc continuing/vbg around/in the/at world/nn throughout/in Southeast/jj-tl Asia/np-tl the/at treatment/nn of/in animals/nns was/bedz horrifying/jj ,/, ranging/vbg from/in callous/jj indifference/nn to/in active/jj cruelty/nn ./.
This/dt of/in course/nn was/bedz not/* true/jj of/in the/at educated/vbn and/cc sophisticated/jj people/nns we/ppss met/vbd ,/, who/wps loved/vbd their/pp$ pets/nns ,/, but/cc kindness/nn is/bez not/* a/at basic/jj human/jj instinct/nn ./.


	We/ppss met/vbd some/dti charming/jj Athenians/nps ,/, and/cc among/in them/ppo our/pp$ chauffeur/nn Panyotis/np ranked/vbd high/rb ./.
His/pp$ English/np was/bedz limited/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at little/ap he/pps knew/vbd he/pps found/vbd irritating/jj ./.
A/at particularly/ql galling/jj phrase/nn was/bedz ``/`` O.K./uh ,/, Panyotis/np ,/, we/ppss have/hv time/nn at/in our/pp$ disposal/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt he/pps claimed/vbd was/bedz the/at favorite/jj refrain/nn of/in the/at English/nps ./.
They/ppss would/md be/be lolling/vbg under/in a/at tree/nn sipping/vbg Ouzo/np ,/, relishing/vbg the/at leisurely/jj life/nn ,/, assuring/vbg him/ppo that/cs the/at day/nn was/bedz yet/rb young/jj ./.

``/`` Let/vb him/ppo become/vb honest/jj ,/, and/cc they/ppss discard/vb him/ppo ./.
--/-- But/cc let/vb him/ppo be/be ready/jj to/to invent/vb whatever/wdt falsehood/nn --/-- to/to assail/vb whatever/wdt character/nn --/-- and/cc to/to prostitute/vb his/pp$ paper/nn to/in whatever/wdt ends/nns --/-- and/cc they/ppss hug/vb him/ppo to/in their/pp$ heart/nn ./.
In/in proportion/nn to/in the/at degradation/nn of/in his/pp$ moral/jj worth/nn ,/, is/bez the/at increase/nn of/in his/pp$ worth/nn to/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.


	To/to exonerate/vb the/at legislature/nn and/cc thereby/rb extricate/vb himself/ppl from/in a/at sticky/jj situation/nn ,/, Pike/np took/vbd another/dt course/nn and/cc made/vbd it/ppo appear/vb that/cs the/at legislature/nn had/hvd been/ben bilked/vbn ./.
He/pps claimed/vbd in/in his/pp$ attacks/nns that/cs Woodruff/np ,/, with/in scurrilous/jj underhandedness/nn ,/, had/hvd deliberately/rb written/vbn an/at ambiguous/jj bid/nn that/wps had/hvd so/ql confused/vbn the/at honest/jj members/nns of/in the/at legislature/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd awarded/vbn him/ppo the/at contract/nn without/in knowing/vbg what/wdt they/ppss were/bed doing/vbg ./.


	The/at charge/nn was/bedz so/ql farfetched/jj that/cs Woodruff/np paid/vbd little/ap attention/nn to/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc answered/vbd Pike/np in/in a/at rather/ql bored/vbn way/nn ,/, wearily/rb declaring/vbg that/cs a/at ``/`` new/jj hand/nn ''/'' was/bedz pumping/vbg the/at bellows/nns of/in the/at Crittenden/np organ/nn ,/, and/cc concluding/vbg :/: ``/`` In/in a/at controversy/nn with/in an/at adversary/nn so/ql utterly/ql destitute/jj of/in moral/jj principles/nns ,/, even/rb a/at triumph/nn would/md entitle/vb the/at victor/nn to/in no/at laurels/nns ./.
The/at game/nn is/bez not/* worth/jj the/at ammunition/nn it/pps would/md cost/vb ./.
We/ppss therefore/rb leave/vb the/at writer/nn to/in the/at enjoyment/nn of/in the/at unenvied/jj reputation/nn which/wdt the/at personal/jj abuse/nn he/pps has/hvz heaped/vbn on/in us/ppo will/md entitle/vb him/ppo to/in from/in the/at low/jj and/cc vulgar/jj herd/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps belongs/vbz ''/'' ./.


	Despite/in Woodruff's/np$ continuing/vbg refusal/nn to/to debate/vb with/in Pike/np through/in the/at columns/nns of/in his/pp$ newspaper/nn ,/, Pike/np did/dod not/* let/vb up/rp his/pp$ attack/nn for/in a/at moment/nn ./.
Over/in the/at months/nns he/pps became/vbd a/at political/jj gadfly/nn with/in an/at incessant/jj barrage/nn of/in satirical/jj poems/nns ridiculing/vbg Woodruff/np ,/, the/at ``/`` Casca/np ''/'' letters/nns belittling/vbg Woodruff/np ,/, and/cc long/jj analytical/jj articles/nns vilifying/vbg Woodruff/np ./.
So/ql persistent/jj were/bed these/dts attacks/nns that/cs in/in March/np of/in the/at following/vbg year/nn ,/, Woodruff/np was/bedz finally/rb moved/vbn to/in action/nn ,/, and/cc Pike/np was/bedz to/to learn/vb his/pp$ first/od lesson/nn in/in frontier/nn politics/nn ,/, the/at subtle/jj art/nn of/in diversion/nn ./.


	To/to attack/vb Pike/np directly/rb would/md gain/vb Woodruff/np little/ap ,/, for/cs as/cs a/at penniless/jj newcomer/nn Pike/np had/hvd nothing/pn to/to lose/vb ./.
By/in this/dt time/nn Woodruff/np had/hvd accurately/rb measured/vbn Pike/np as/cs a/at man/nn of/in great/jj personal/jj pride/nn ,/, a/at man/nn who/wps would/md fly/vb into/in a/at towering/vbg rage/nn if/cs his/pp$ integrity/nn were/bed questioned/vbn ,/, and/cc who/wps would/md be/be anxious/jj to/to avenge/vb himself/ppl ./.
Pike's/np$ honor/nn would/md now/rb come/vb under/in attack/nn ,/, but/cc not/* by/in Woodruff/np himself/ppl ./.
The/at charges/nns would/md be/be made/vbn in/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl by/in an/at anonymous/jj correspondent/nn ,/, and/cc Pike/np would/md be/be so/ql busy/jj trying/vbg to/to track/vb down/rp the/at illusive/jj character/nn assassin/nn that/cs he/pps would/md forget/vb about/in harassing/vbg Woodruff/np ./.
The/at strategy/nn worked/vbd perfectly/rb ./.


	Pike/np was/bedz stunned/vbn by/in the/at first/od blast/nn against/in his/pp$ character/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz published/vbn in/in the/at March/np 4th/od issue/nn of/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl under/in the/at name/nn ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' ./.
The/at anonymous/jj correspondent/nn did/dod not/* resort/vb to/in innuendoes/nns ./.
He/pps called/vbd Pike/np a/at thief/nn ./.
He/pps said/vbd Pike/np had/hvd stolen/vbn mules/nns from/in Harris/np during/in the/at Santa/np Fe/np expedition/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps accused/vbd Pike/np of/in continuing/vbg his/pp$ sticky-fingered/jj career/nn in/in Arkansas/np with/in the/at theft/nn of/in some/dti otter/nn skins/nns in/in Van/np Buren/np ./.
The/at charges/nns caught/vbd Pike/np off/in balance/nn ,/, coming/vbg as/cs they/ppss did/dod from/in an/at unexpected/jj quarter/nn ./.
Outraged/vbn ,/, he/pps used/vbd the/at Advocate/nn-tl of/in March/np 7th/od for/in a/at denial/nn ,/, sending/vbg immediately/rb to/in Santa/np Fe/np and/cc Van/np Buren/np for/in documents/nns to/to vindicate/vb himself/ppl ,/, and/cc demanding/vbg that/cs Woodruff/np reveal/vb the/at name/nn of/in this/dt perfidious/jj slanderer/nn who/wps disguised/vbd himself/ppl under/in a/at pastoral/jj pseudonym/nn ./.


	Woodruff/np said/vbd nothing/pn ,/, and/cc Pike/np ,/, frustrated/vbn ,/, stormed/vbd throughout/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl in/in an/at unsuccessful/jj search/nn for/in ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' ,/, asking/vbg his/pp$ friends/nns to/to keep/vb their/pp$ ears/nns open/jj ./.
Finally/rb he/pps learned/vbd through/in the/at grapevine/nn that/cs the/at culprit/nn might/md be/be one/cd James/np W./np Robinson/np in/in Pope/np-tl County/nn-tl ./.
Without/in further/jjr inquiry/nn ,/, Pike/np jumped/vbd to/in the/at conclusion/nn that/cs Robinson/np was/bedz guilty/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, following/vbg the/at honorable/jj route/nn that/wps would/md eventually/rb lead/vb to/in the/at dueling/vbg ground/nn ,/, sent/vbd a/at message/nn to/in Robinson/np through/in his/pp$ friends/nns ,/, demanding/vbg that/cs he/pps either/cc confirm/vb or/cc deny/vb his/pp$ complicity/nn ./.
Robinson/np did/dod neither/dtx ./.
To/in Pike/np ,/, silence/nn was/bedz tantamount/jj to/in an/at admission/nn of/in guilt/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps determined/vbd to/to get/vb Robinson/np onto/in the/at dueling/vbg ground/nn at/in all/abn costs/nns ./.
On/in April/np 11th/od he/pps wrote/vbd an/at open/jj letter/nn in/in The/at-tl Advocate/nn-tl ,/, making/vbg it/ppo known/vbn ``/`` to/in the/at world/nn that/cs Jas./np W./np Robinson/np is/bez by/in his/pp$ own/jj admission/nn a/at base/jj liar/nn and/cc a/at slanderer/nn ''/'' ./.


	If/cs Robinson/np was/bedz a/at liar/nn and/cc a/at slanderer/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz also/rb a/at very/ql canny/jj gentleman/nn ,/, for/cs nothing/pn that/wpo Pike/np could/md do/do would/md pry/vb so/ql much/ap as/cs a/at single/ap word/nn out/in of/in him/ppo ./.
Preoccupied/vbn with/in his/pp$ own/jj defense/nn and/cc his/pp$ attempts/nns to/to get/vb Robinson/np to/to fight/vb ,/, Pike/np lessened/vbd his/pp$ attacks/nns on/in Woodruff/np ,/, and/cc finally/rb stopped/vbd them/ppo altogether/rb ./.
And/cc Pike/np never/rb did/dod find/vb out/rp if/cs Robinson/np was/bedz really/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' letter/nn ./.
Woodruff's/np$ strategy/nn had/hvd been/ben immensely/ql successful/jj ./.


	It/pps took/vbd Pike/np a/at long/jj time/nn to/to realize/vb what/wdt Woodruff/np had/hvd done/vbn ,/, and/cc it/pps had/hvd a/at profound/jj effect/nn on/in him/ppo ./.
Once/cs he/pps learned/vbd a/at lesson/nn ,/, he/pps never/rb forgot/vbd it/ppo ./.
In/in the/at next/ap few/ap months/nns of/in comparative/jj silence/nn ,/, Pike/np waited/vbd patiently/rb until/cs conditions/nns were/bed perfect/jj for/in a/at new/jj attack/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, displaying/vbg a/at remarkable/jj grasp/nn of/in the/at subtleties/nns of/in political/jj infighting/nn ,/, gained/vbn from/in his/pp$ first/od bout/nn with/in Woodruff/np ,/, he/pps used/vbd these/dts changed/vbn conditions/nns to/in excellent/jj advantage/nn ./.


	Shortly/rb after/in the/at ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' incident/nn ,/, a/at rift/nn began/vbd to/to develop/vb between/in William/np Woodruff/np and/cc Governor/nn-tl Pope/np ./.
One-armed/jj ,/, gruff/jj ,/, frugally/ql honest/jj ,/, Governor/nn-tl Pope/np had/hvd been/ben the/at ideal/jj man/nn to/to assume/vb office/nn in/in Arkansas/np after/in the/at disgraceful/jj antics/nns of/in political/jj bosses/nns like/cs Crittenden/np ,/, and/cc he/pps ruled/vbd the/at state/nn with/in an/at iron/nn fist/nn ,/, tolerating/vbg no/at nonsense/nn ./.
Woodruff/np had/hvd supported/vbn him/ppo all/abn the/at way/nn ,/, both/abx as/cs a/at chief/jjs executive/nn and/cc as/cs a/at man/nn ./.
Besides/in being/beg political/jj allies/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed also/rb friends/nns ./.
This/dt warm/jj relationship/nn came/vbd to/in an/at abrupt/jj end/nn in/in June/np of/in 1834/cd when/wrb the/at National/jj-tl Congress/np-tl appropriated/vbd $3,000/nns for/in compiling/vbg and/cc printing/vbg the/at laws/nns of/in Arkansas/np-tl Territory/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, taking/vbg note/nn of/in the/at recent/jj wave/nn of/in corruption/nn in/in the/at legislature/nn ,/, left/vbd it/ppo to/in the/at governor/nn to/to award/vb the/at contract/nn ./.


	Woodruff/np wanted/vbd this/dt political/jj windfall/nn very/ql badly/rb ,/, and/cc everyone/pn assumed/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md get/vb it/ppo because/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at close/jj friend/nn of/in the/at governor/nn and/cc his/pp$ stanchest/jjt supporter/nn ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, Woodruff/np owned/vbd a/at competent/jj printing/vbg plant/nn and/cc was/bedz the/at logical/jj man/nn for/in the/at job/nn ./.
But/cc because/cs the/at governor/nn was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs friendship/nn should/md not/* influence/vb him/ppo one/cd way/nn or/cc the/at other/ap ,/, he/pps looked/vbd for/in a/at printer/nn with/in a/at knowledge/nn of/in the/at law/nn (/( which/wdt Woodruff/np did/dod not/* have/hv )/) ,/, and/cc awarded/vbd the/at contract/nn to/in a/at lawyer/nn named/vbn John/np Steele/np who/wps had/hvd started/vbn a/at newspaper/nn in/in Helena/np the/at year/nn before/rb ./.


	Woodruff/np was/bedz furious/jj ./.
Considering/vbg the/at governor's/nn$ act/nn a/at personal/jj rebuff/nn ,/, he/pps aired/vbd his/pp$ feelings/nns in/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl on/in August/np 26/cd ,/, 1834/cd :/. :/.
``/`` We/ppss think/vb the/at governor/nn treated/vbd us/ppo rather/ql shabbily/rb ,/, to/to say/vb the/at least/ap of/in it/ppo ./.
It/pps is/bez but/rb justice/nn to/in Mr./np Steele/np for/in us/ppo to/to add/vb that/cs ,/, in/in the/at above/jj remarks/nns ,/, nothing/pn is/bez intended/vbn to/in his/pp$ disparagement/nn ,/, either/cc as/cs a/at lawyer/nn or/cc as/cs a/at printer/nn ./.
He/pps got/vbd a/at good/jj fat/jj job/nn and/cc we/ppss congratulate/vb him/ppo on/in his/pp$ good/jj luck/nn ./.
We/ppss hope/vb that/cs he/pps will/md execute/vb it/ppo in/in a/at manner/nn that/wps will/md entitle/vb him/ppo to/in credit/nn ''/'' ./.


	As/cs summer/nn cooled/vbd into/in fall/nn and/cc winter/nn ,/, even/rb so/rb the/at relationship/nn between/in the/at two/cd men/nns continued/vbd to/to grow/vb colder/jjr by/in the/at day/nn ,/, and/cc by/in December/np of/in 1834/cd it/pps was/bedz icy/jj ./.
It/pps was/bedz at/in this/dt point/nn that/cs Pike/np decided/vbd to/to capitalize/vb on/in the/at bad/jj feelings/nns between/in the/at two/cd men/nns ./.
The/at eventual/jj prize/nn in/in this/dt new/jj battle/nn was/bedz the/at public/jj printing/vbg contract/nn that/wpo Woodruff/np still/rb held/vbd ./.


	From/in his/pp$ first/od bout/nn with/in the/at canny/jj Woodruff/np ,/, Pike/np had/hvd learned/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz better/jjr not/* to/to attack/vb him/ppo directly/rb ,/, so/rb ,/, harping/vbg on/in the/at theme/nn that/cs the/at cost/nn of/in printing/vbg was/bedz too/ql high/jj ,/, he/pps condemned/vbd the/at governor/nn for/in permitting/vbg such/abl a/at state/nn of/in affairs/nns to/to exist/vb ./.
To/to document/vb his/pp$ charge/nn ,/, Pike/np set/vbd up/rp two/cd parallel/jj columns/nns in/in The/at-tl Advocate/nn-tl showing/vbg the/at price/nn charged/vbn by/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl and/cc the/at considerably/ql lower/jjr price/nn for/in which/wdt the/at work/nn could/md be/be done/vbn elsewhere/rb ./.
Then/rb he/pps called/vbd on/in the/at governor/nn to/to explain/vb why/wrb ./.


	The/at governor/nn was/bedz not/* used/vbn to/in having/hvg his/pp$ integrity/nn questioned/vbn ,/, and/cc he/pps promptly/rb passed/vbd the/at charges/nns on/rp to/in Woodruff/np ,/, demanding/vbg that/cs Woodruff/np answer/vb them/ppo ./.
If/cs Woodruff/np could/md not/* furnish/vb a/at strong/jj explanation/nn ,/, the/at governor/nn insisted/vbd that/cs he/pps lower/vb his/pp$ prices/nns in/in accord/nn with/in the/at scale/nn printed/vbn in/in The/at-tl Advocate/nn-tl ./.
Woodruff/np was/bedz now/rb impaled/vbn on/in the/at horns/nns of/in a/at dilemma/nn ./.
As/cs a/at proud/jj man/nn ,/, his/pp$ prestige/nn would/md suffer/vb if/cs he/pps let/vb Pike/np dictate/vb to/in him/ppo through/in the/at governor's/nn$ office/nn ,/, but/cc to/to lower/vb his/pp$ prices/nns would/md be/be tantamount/jj to/in an/at admission/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben too/ql high/jj in/in the/at first/od place/nn ./.
As/cs a/at consequence/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod neither/dtx ./.
Very/ql angry/jj at/in Woodruff/np ,/, the/at governor/nn used/vbd his/pp$ personal/jj influence/nn to/to have/hv the/at printing/vbg contract/nn withdrawn/vbn from/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl and/cc awarded/vbn to/in the/at lowest/jjt bidder/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, by/in a/at strange/jj coincidence/nn ,/, happened/vbn to/to be/be Pike's/np$ Advocate/nn-tl ./.
And/cc ,/, for/in the/at moment/nn at/in least/ap ,/, the/at governor/nn now/rb found/vbd himself/ppl allied/vbn with/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at Crittenden/np faction/nn he/pps had/hvd formerly/rb opposed/vbn ,/, and/cc Pike/np was/bedz credited/vbn with/in a/at clear/jj triumph/nn over/in Woodruff/np ./.


	But/cc in/in the/at confused/vbn atmosphere/nn of/in frontier/nn politics/nn ,/, alliances/nns were/bed as/ql quickly/rb broken/vbn as/cs they/ppss were/bed formed/vbn ,/, and/cc as/cs Pike/np came/vbd to/to favor/vb with/in the/at governor/nn of/in the/at Territory/nn-tl ,/, the/at governor/nn fell/vbd out/in of/in favor/nn with/in the/at President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
On/in January/np 28/cd ,/, 1835/cd ,/, Andrew/np Jackson/np removed/vbd Pope/nn-tl from/in office/nn and/cc elevated/vbn Territorial/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl William/np S./np Fulton/np to/in the/at position/nn ./.
Fulton/np was/bedz a/at very/ql close/jj friend/nn of/in Jackson/np ,/, and/cc had/hvd been/ben his/pp$ private/jj secretary/nn for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns in/in the/at old/jj days/nns ./.
As/cs a/at stanch/jj party/nn man/nn and/cc a/at rabid/jj Democrat/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd little/ap tolerance/nn for/in Whigs/nps like/cs Pike/np ,/, and/cc Pike/np lost/vbd any/dti immediate/jj personal/jj advantage/nn his/pp$ victory/nn over/in Woodruff/np might/md have/hv gained/vbn him/ppo ./.



2/cd 
;/. ;/.
as/cs Pike/np proved/vbd himself/ppl adept/jj in/in the/at political/jj arena/nn ,/, he/pps also/rb became/vbd a/at social/jj lion/nn in/in the/at village/nn of/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps served/vbd as/cs a/at symbol/nn of/in the/at culture/nn that/cs the/at ladies/nns of/in the/at town/nn were/bed striving/vbg so/ql eagerly/rb to/to cultivate/vb ./.
After/in all/abn ,/, Pike/np was/bedz an/at established/vbn poet/nn and/cc his/pp$ work/nn had/hvd been/ben published/vbn in/in the/at respectable/jj periodicals/nns of/in that/dt center/nn of/in American/jj culture/nn ,/, Boston/np ./.
His/pp$ accomplishments/nns ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz resident/jj ,/, did/dod much/ap to/to offset/vb the/at unkind/jj words/nns travelers/nns used/vbd to/to describe/vb Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl after/in a/at visit/nn there/rb ./.
For/in some/dti reason/nn ,/, none/pn of/in them/ppo were/bed impressed/vbn with/in the/at territorial/jj capital/nn ./.
The/at internationally/rb known/vbn sportsman/nn and/cc traveler/nn Friedrich/np Gerstacker/np was/bedz typical/jj of/in its/pp$ detractors/nns in/in the/at mid-thirties/nns ./.
``/`` Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl is/bez a/at vile/jj ,/, detestable/jj place/nn ./.
''/'' He/pps wrote/vbd ./.
``/`` Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl is/bez ,/, without/in any/dti flattery/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at dullest/jjt towns/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc I/ppss would/md not/* have/hv remained/vbn two/cd hours/nns in/in the/at place/nn ,/, if/cs I/ppss had/hvd not/* met/vbn with/in some/dti good/jj friends/nns who/wps made/vbd me/ppo forget/vb its/pp$ dreariness/nn ''/'' ./.


	Pike/np enjoyed/vbd his/pp$ new/jj social/jj position/nn tremendously/rb ,/, and/cc cultivated/vbd in/in himself/ppl those/dts traits/nns necessary/jj to/in its/pp$ preservation/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz especially/ql popular/jj with/in women/nns ,/, for/cs ,/, like/cs the/at romantic/jj poetry/nn he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, he/pps was/bedz personally/rb gracious/jj ,/, gallant/jj ,/, and/cc chivalrous/jj ./.
He/pps again/rb began/vbd to/to play/vb the/at violin/nn ,/, and/cc tucking/vbg the/at instrument/nn beneath/in his/pp$ chin/nn ,/, performed/vbd soulful/jj and/cc romantic/jj airs/nns to/in match/vb the/at expressions/nns on/in the/at faces/nns of/in the/at lovely/jj women/nns who/wps gathered/vbd to/to hear/vb him/ppo ./.
His/pp$ artistic/jj accomplishments/nns guaranteed/vbd him/ppo entry/nn into/in any/dti social/jj gathering/nn ./.
He/pps composed/vbd songs/nns and/cc set/vbd them/ppo to/in music/nn and/cc sang/vbd them/ppo in/in a/at soft/jj ,/, melodious/jj voice/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb his/pp$ audience/nn had/hvd had/hvn enough/ap of/in music/nn he/pps would/md discourse/vb on/in politics/nn or/cc tell/vb stories/nns of/in his/pp$ western/jj adventures/nns guaranteed/vbn to/to excite/vb the/at emotions/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns alike/rb ./.


	The/at bulk/nn of/in his/pp$ early/jj reputation/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, came/vbd not/* from/in his/pp$ poetry/nn or/cc his/pp$ music/nn ,/, but/cc from/in his/pp$ excellence/nn as/cs an/at orator/nn ./.
By/in 1834/cd the/at art/nn of/in oratory/nn had/hvd reached/vbn a/at very/ql high/jj level/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs a/at literary/jj form/nn ./.
The/at orator/nn of/in this/dt period/nn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to earn/vb a/at reputation/nn ,/, had/hvd to/to pay/vb close/jj attention/nn to/in the/at formal/jj composition/nn of/in his/pp$ speech/nn ,/, judging/vbg how/wrb it/pps would/md appear/vb in/in print/nn as/rb well/rb as/rb the/at effect/nn it/pps would/md have/hv on/in the/at audience/nn that/wps heard/vbd it/ppo ./.


	Very/ql soon/rb after/in his/pp$ arrival/nn in/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl ,/, Pike/np had/hvd joined/vbn one/cd of/in the/at most/ql influential/jj organizations/nns in/in town/nn ,/, the/at Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl Debating/vbg-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz with/in this/dt group/nn that/cs he/pps made/vbd his/pp$ debut/nn as/cs an/at orator/nn ,/, being/beg invited/vbn to/to deliver/vb the/at annual/jj Fourth/od-tl of/in-tl July/np-tl address/nn the/at club/nn sponsored/vbd every/at year/nn ./.

Samuel/np Gorton/np ,/, founder/nn of/in Warwick/np ,/, was/bedz styled/vbn by/in the/at historian/nn Samuel/np Greene/np Arnold/np ``/`` one/cd of/in the/at most/ql remarkable/jj men/nns who/wps ever/rb lived/vbd ''/'' ./.
A/at biographer/nn called/vbd him/ppo ``/`` the/at premature/jj John/np-tl the/at-tl Baptist/np-tl of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl Transcendentalism/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at historian/nn Charles/np Francis/np Adams/np called/vbd him/ppo ``/`` a/at crude/jj and/cc half-crazy/jj thinker/nn ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ contemporaries/nns in/in Massachusetts/np called/vbd him/ppo an/at arch-heretic/nn ,/, a/at beast/nn ,/, a/at miscreant/nn ,/, a/at proud/jj and/cc pestilent/jj seducer/nn ,/, a/at prodigious/jj minter/nn of/in exorbitant/jj novelties/nns ./.
Edward/np Rawson/np ,/, secretary/nn of/in the/at colony/nn of/in Massachusetts/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ,/, described/vbd him/ppo as/cs ``/`` a/at man/nn whose/wp$ spirit/nn was/bedz stark/ql drunk/jj with/in blasphemies/nns and/cc insolence/nn ,/, a/at corrupter/nn of/in the/at truth/nn ,/, a/at disturber/nn of/in the/at peace/nn wherever/wrb he/pps comes/vbz ''/'' ./.
Nathaniel/np Morton/np stated/vbd he/pps ``/`` was/bedz deeply/rb leavened/vbn with/in blasphemous/jj and/cc familistical/jj opinions/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz thrown/vbn out/rp ,/, more/rbr or/cc less/rbr ,/, from/in Boston/np ,/, Plymouth/np ,/, Pocasset/np ,/, Newport/np ,/, and/cc Providence/np ./.


	On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ezra/np Styles/np recorded/vbd the/at following/vbg testimony/nn of/in John/np Angell/np ,/, the/at last/ap disciple/nn of/in Gorton/np :/: ``/`` 

	He/pps said/vbd Gorton/np was/bedz a/at holy/jj man/nn ;/. ;/.
wept/vbd day/nn and/cc night/nn for/cs the/at sins/nns and/cc blindness/nn of/in the/at world/nn had/hvd a/at long/jj walk/nn through/in the/at trees/nns and/cc woods/nns by/in his/pp$ house/nn ,/, where/wrb he/pps constantly/rb walked/vbd morning/nn and/cc evening/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb in/in the/at depths/nns of/in the/at night/nn ,/, alone/rb by/in himself/ppl ,/, for/in contemplation/nn and/cc the/at enjoyment/nn of/in the/at dispensation/nn of/in light/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz universally/ql beloved/jj by/in his/pp$ neighbours/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Indians/nps ,/, who/wps esteemed/vbd him/ppo ,/, not/* only/rb as/cs a/at friend/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd high/jj in/in communion/nn with/in God/np in/in Heaven/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Gorton/np sometimes/rb signed/vbd himself/ppl ``/`` a/at professor/nn of/in the/at mysteries/nns of/in Christ/np ''/'' ./.


	There/ex is/bez plenty/nn more/ap to/to recommend/vb Gorton/np ,/, the/at facts/nns of/in whose/wp$ life/nn are/ber given/vbn in/in The/at-tl Life/nn-tl And/cc-tl Times/nns-tl Of/in-tl Samuel/np-tl Gorton/np-tl ,/, by/in Adelos/np Gorton/np ./.
He/pps fought/vbd like/cs a/at fiend/nn for/in the/at helpless/jj and/cc oppressed/vbn ,/, worked/vbd for/in the/at abolition/nn of/in slavery/nn ,/, helped/vbd the/at Quakers/nps and/cc Indians/nps ,/, and/cc worked/vbd against/in the/at prosecution/nn of/in witches/nns ./.
He/pps defied/vbd the/at Boston/np hierarchy/nn ,/, and/cc after/cs they/ppss sent/vbd a/at small/jj army/nn to/to get/vb him/ppo he/pps befuddled/vbd the/at court/nn ,/, including/in John/np Cotton/np ,/, with/in one/cd of/in the/at most/ql complicated/vbn religious/jj discourses/nns ever/rb heard/vbn ./.


	Samuel/np Gorton/np was/bedz born/vbn at/in Gorton/np ,/, England/np ,/, near/in the/at present/jj city/nn of/in Manchester/np ,/, about/rb 1592/cd ./.
Although/cs he/pps did/dod not/* attend/vb any/dti celebrated/vbn schools/nns or/cc universities/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at master/nn of/in Greek/np and/cc Hebrew/np and/cc could/md read/vb the/at Bible/np in/in the/at original/nn ./.
He/pps worked/vbd as/cs a/at ``/`` clothier/nn ''/'' in/in London/np ,/, but/cc was/bedz greatly/rb concerned/vbn with/in religion/nn ./.


	Gorton/np left/vbd England/np ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to enjoy/vb libertie/nn of/in conscience/nn in/in respect/nn to/in faith/nn towards/in God/np ,/, and/cc for/in no/at other/ap end/nn ''/'' ./.
With/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc three/cd or/cc more/ap children/nns he/pps arrived/vbd in/in Boston/np in/in March/np ,/, 1637/cd ,/, and/cc soon/rb found/vbd it/pps was/bedz no/at place/nn for/in anyone/pn looking/vbg for/in liberty/nn of/in conscience/nn ./.
Roger/np Williams/np had/hvd recently/rb been/ben thrown/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc Anne/np Hutchinson/np and/cc her/pp$ Antinomians/nps were/bed slugging/vbg it/ppo out/rp with/in the/at powers-that-be/nns ./.
Gorton/np and/cc his/pp$ family/nn moved/vbd to/in Plymouth/np ./.


	Soon/rb he/pps was/bedz in/in trouble/nn there/rb ,/, for/in defending/vbg a/at woman/nn who/wps was/bedz accused/vbn of/in smiling/vbg in/in church/nn ./.
She/pps was/bedz Ellen/np Aldridge/np ,/, a/at widow/nn of/in good/jj repute/nn who/wps was/bedz employed/vbn by/in Gorton's/np$ wife/nn and/cc lived/vbd with/in the/at family/nn ./.
The/at report/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` 

	It/pps had/hvd been/ben whispered/vbn privately/rb that/cs she/pps had/hvd smiled/vbn in/in the/at congregation/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Governor/nn-tl Prence/np sent/vbd to/to knoe/vb her/pp$ business/nn ,/, and/cc command/vb ,/, after/in punishment/nn as/cs the/at bench/nn see/vb fit/vbn ,/, her/pp$ departure/nn and/cc also/rb anyone/pn who/wps brought/vbd her/ppo to/in the/at place/nn from/in which/wdt she/pps came/vbd '/' ''/'' ./.
Gorton/np said/vbd they/ppss were/bed preparing/vbg to/to deport/vb her/ppo as/cs a/at vagabond/nn ,/, and/cc to/to escape/vb the/at shame/nn she/pps fled/vbd to/in the/at woods/nns for/in several/ap days/nns ,/, returning/vbg at/in night/nn ./.
He/pps advised/vbd the/at poor/jj woman/nn not/* to/to appear/vb in/in court/nn as/cs what/wdt she/pps was/bedz charged/vbn with/in was/bedz not/* in/in violation/nn of/in law/nn ./.
Gorton/np appeared/vbd for/in her/ppo ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc what/wdt he/pps told/vbd the/at magistrates/nns must/md have/hv been/ben plenty/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps was/bedz charged/vbn with/in deluding/vbg the/at court/nn ,/, fined/vbn ,/, and/cc told/vbn to/to leave/vb the/at colony/nn within/in fourteen/cd days/nns ./.
He/pps left/vbd in/in a/at storm/nn for/in Pocasset/np ,/, December/np 4/cd ,/, 1638/cd ./.
His/pp$ wife/nn was/bedz in/in delicate/jj health/nn and/cc nursing/vbg an/at infant/nn with/in measles/nn ./.


	The/at unconquerable/jj Mrs./np Hutchinson/np was/bedz residing/vbg at/in Pocasset/np ,/, after/cs having/hvg been/ben excommunicated/vbn by/in the/at Boston/np church/nn and/cc thrown/vbn out/in of/in the/at colony/nn ./.
One/pn can/md imagine/vb that/cs with/in her/ppo and/cc Gorton/np there/rb it/pps was/bedz no/at place/nn for/in anyone/pn with/in weak/jj nerves/nns ./.
William/np Coddington/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz running/vbg the/at colony/nn ,/, felt/vbd constrained/vbn to/to move/vb seven/cd miles/nns south/nr where/wrb ,/, with/in others/nns --/-- as/cs mentioned/vbn above/rb --/-- he/pps founded/vbd Newport/np ./.
When/wrb ,/, in/in March/np ,/, 1640/cd ,/, the/at two/cd towns/nns were/bed united/vbn under/in Coddington/np ,/, Gorton/np claimed/vbd the/at union/nn was/bedz irregular/jj and/cc illegally/rb constituted/vbn and/cc that/cs it/pps had/hvd never/rb been/ben sanctioned/vbn by/in the/at majority/nn of/in freeholders/nns ./.


	Then/rb he/pps became/vbd involved/vbn in/in a/at ruckus/nn remarkably/ql similar/jj to/in the/at one/cd in/in Plymouth/np ./.
A/at cow/nn owned/vbn by/in an/at old/jj woman/nn trespassed/vbd on/in Gorton's/np$ land/nn ./.
While/cs driving/vbg the/at cow/nn back/rb home/nr the/at woman/nn was/bedz assaulted/vbn by/in a/at servant/nn maid/nn of/in Gorton/np ./.
The/at old/jj woman/nn complained/vbd to/in the/at deputy/nn governor/nn ,/, who/wps ordered/vbd the/at servant/nn brought/vbn before/in the/at court/nn ./.
Gorton/np reverted/vbd to/in his/pp$ Plymouth/np tactics/nns ,/, refused/vbd to/to let/vb her/ppo go/vb ,/, and/cc appeared/vbd himself/ppl before/in the/at Portsmouth/np grand/jj jury/nn ./.
During/in the/at trial/nn he/pps told/vbd off/rp the/at jury/nn ,/, called/vbd them/ppo ``/`` Just/jj Asses/nns ''/'' and/cc called/vbd a/at freeman/nn ``/`` a/at saucy/jj boy/nn and/cc Jack-an-Apes/np ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz jailed/vbn and/cc banished/vbn ./.


	Gorton/np then/rb moved/vbd to/in Providence/np and/cc soon/rb put/vbd the/at town/nn in/in a/at turmoil/nn ./.
He/pps held/vbd that/cs no/at group/nn of/in colonists/nns could/md set/vb up/rp or/cc maintain/vb a/at government/nn without/in royal/jj sanction/nn ./.
Since/cs Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl at/in that/dt time/nn did/dod not/* have/hv such/jj sanction/nn ,/, his/pp$ opinion/nn was/bedz not/* popular/jj ./.
Roger/np Williams/np wrote/vbd his/pp$ friend/nn Winthrop/np as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	Master/nn-tl Gorton/np ,/, having/hvg foully/rb abused/vbn high/jj and/cc low/jj at/in Aquidneck/np is/bez now/rb bewitching/vbg and/cc bemaddening/vbg poor/jj Providence/np ,/, both/abx with/in his/pp$ unclean/jj and/cc foul/jj censures/nns of/in all/abn the/at ministers/nns of/in this/dt country/nn (/( for/in which/wdt myself/ppl have/hv in/in Christ's/np$ name/nn withstood/vbn him/ppo )/) ,/, and/cc also/rb denying/vbg all/ql visible/jj and/cc external/jj ordinances/nns in/in depth/nn of/in Familism/np :/: almost/ql all/abn suck/vb in/rp his/pp$ poison/nn ,/, as/cs at/in first/rb they/ppss did/dod at/in Aquidneck/np ./.
Some/dti few/ap and/cc myself/ppl withstand/vb his/pp$ inhabitation/nn and/cc town/nn privileges/nns ,/, without/in confession/nn and/cc reformation/nn of/in his/pp$ uncivil/jj and/cc inhuman/jj practices/nns at/in Portsmouth/np ;/. ;/.
yet/cc the/at tide/nn is/bez too/ql strong/jj against/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc I/ppss fear/vb (/( if/cs the/at framer/nn of/in hearts/nns help/vb not/* )/) it/pps will/md force/vb me/ppo to/in little/ap Patience/np ,/, a/at little/jj isle/nn next/in to/in your/pp$ Prudence/np ''/'' ./.
Williams/np also/rb stated/vbd :/: ``/`` Our/pp$ peace/nn was/bedz like/cs the/at peace/nn of/in a/at man/nn who/wps hath/hvz the/at tertian/nn ague/nn ''/'' ./.


	Providence/np finally/rb managed/vbd to/to get/vb Gorton/np out/in of/in the/at town/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps and/cc some/dti friends/nns bought/vbd land/nn at/in Pawtuxet/np on/in the/at west/jj side/nn of/in Narragansett/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ,/, five/cd miles/nns south/nr but/cc still/rb within/in the/at jurisdiction/nn of/in the/at Providence/np colony/nn ./.
This/dt town/nn should/md not/* be/be confused/vbn with/in Pawtucket/np ,/, just/rb north/nr of/in Providence/np ,/, or/cc Pawcatuck/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, on/in the/at Pawcatuck/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, opposite/in Westerly/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.


	Up/in to/in now/rb ,/, Gorton/np had/hvd been/ben looking/vbg for/in trouble/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb that/cs he/pps was/bedz trying/vbg to/to get/vb away/rb from/in it/ppo ,/, trouble/nn started/vbd looking/vbg for/in him/ppo ./.
Upon/in intelligence/nn that/cs the/at formidable/jj agitator/nn was/bedz to/to favor/vb them/ppo with/in his/pp$ presence/nn ,/, the/at benighted/jj inhabitants/nns of/in Pawtuxet/np ,/, alas/uh ,/, gave/vbd their/pp$ allegiance/nn to/in Massachusetts/np and/cc asked/vbd that/dt colony/nn to/to expel/vb the/at newcomers/nns ./.
As/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at custom/nn of/in that/dt alert/jj colony/nn to/to take/vb over/rp the/at property/nn of/in persons/nns asking/vbg for/in protection/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz an/at act/nn roughly/ql equivalent/jj to/in throwing/vbg open/jj the/at door/nn to/in a/at pack/nn of/in wolves/nns and/cc saying/vbg ``/`` Come/vb and/cc get/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Gorton/np and/cc company/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, promptly/rb bought/vbd land/nn from/in Miantonomi/np a/at few/ap miles/nns south/nr of/in Pawtuxet/np ,/, extending/vbg from/in the/at present/jj Gaspee/np-tl Point/nn-tl south/nr to/in Warwick/np Neck/np and/cc twenty/cd miles/nns inland/rb ./.
The/at settlement/nn was/bedz called/vbn Shawomet/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* within/in the/at jurisdiction/nn of/in anybody/pn or/cc anything/pn ,/, including/in Providence/np and/cc Massachusetts/np ./.
If/cs Gorton/np wanted/vbd peace/nn and/cc quiet/nn for/in his/pp$ complicated/vbn meditations/nns this/dt is/bez where/wrb he/pps should/md have/hv had/hvn it/ppo ./.
Instead/rb of/in that/dt he/pps was/bedz engulfed/vbn by/in bedlam/nn ./.


	Pomham/np and/cc Soconoco/np ,/, a/at couple/nn of/in minor/jj sachems/nns (/( of/in something/pn less/ap than/cs exalted/vbn character/nn )/) under/in Miantonomi/np ,/, declared/vbd that/cs they/ppss had/hvd never/rb assented/vbn to/in the/at sale/nn of/in land/nn to/in Gorton/np and/cc had/hvd never/rb received/vbn anything/pn for/in it/ppo ./.
Following/vbg the/at glorious/jj lead/nn of/in the/at heroes/nns of/in Pawtuxet/np ,/, they/ppss also/rb submitted/vbd themselves/ppls to/in the/at protection/nn of/in Massachusetts/np ./.
One/cd historical/jj authority/nn presents/vbz laborious/jj and/cc circuitous/jj testimony/nn tending/vbg to/to arouse/vb suspicion/nn that/cs Massachusetts/np was/bedz behind/in the/at clouds/nns settling/vbg down/rp on/in the/at embattled/vbn Gorton/np ./.


	However/rb ,/, the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl at/in Boston/np ordered/vbd the/at purchasers/nns of/in Shawomet/np to/to appear/vb before/in them/ppo to/to answer/vb the/at sachems'/nns$ claim/nn ./.
The/at purchasers/nns rejected/vbd the/at order/nn in/in two/cd letters/nns written/vbn in/in vigorous/jj terms/nns ./.
Then/rb Massachusetts/np switched/vbd to/in its/pp$ standard/jj tactics/nns ./.
It/pps pointed/vbd out/rp twenty-six/cd instances/nns of/in blasphemy/nn in/in the/at letters/nns ,/, and/cc ordered/vbd the/at writers/nns to/to submit/vb or/cc force/nn of/in arms/nns would/md be/be used/vbn ./.
The/at next/ap week/nn ,/, forty/cd soldiers/nns were/bed sent/vbn to/to get/vb the/at miscreants/nns ./.
The/at latter/ap tried/vbd to/to arbitrate/vb through/in a/at delegation/nn from/in Providence/np ,/, which/wdt offer/nn was/bedz declined/vbn by/in the/at invaders/nns ./.
The/at Commissioners/nns-tl at/in Boston/np wrote/vbd the/at victims/nns to/to see/vb their/pp$ misdeeds/nns and/cc repent/vb or/cc they/ppss should/md ``/`` look/vb upon/rb them/ppo as/cs men/nns prepared/vbn for/in slaughter/nn ''/'' ./.


	At/in Shawomet/np ,/, women/nns and/cc children/nns fled/vbd in/in terror/nn across/in the/at Bay/nn-tl ./.
The/at men/nns fortified/vbd a/at blockhouse/nn and/cc got/vbd ready/jj to/to fight/vb ,/, but/cc meanwhile/rb appealed/vbd to/in the/at King/nn-tl and/cc again/rb tried/vbd to/to arbitrate/vb ./.
Gorton/np evidently/rb still/rb had/hvd plenty/nn to/to learn/vb about/in Massachusetts/np ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz learning/vbg fast/rb ./.
Governor/nn-tl Winthrop/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` 

	You/ppss may/md do/do well/rb to/to take/vb notice/nn ,/, that/cs besides/rb the/at title/nn to/in land/nn between/in the/at English/nps and/cc the/at Indians/nps there/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber twelve/cd of/in the/at English/nps that/wps have/hv subscribed/vbn their/pp$ names/nns to/in horrible/jj and/cc detestable/jj blasphemies/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber rather/rb to/to be/be judged/vbn as/ql blasphemous/jj than/cs they/ppss should/md delude/vb us/ppo by/in winning/vbg time/nn under/in pretence/nn of/in arbitration/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at attack/nn started/vbd on/in October/np 2/cd ,/, 1643/cd ,/, and/cc the/at Gortonists/nps held/vbd out/rp for/in a/at day/nn and/cc a/at night/nn ./.
The/at attackers/nns sent/vbd for/in more/ap soldiers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at defenders/nns ,/, to/to save/vb bloodshed/nn ,/, surrendered/vbd under/in the/at promise/nn that/cs they/ppss would/md be/be treated/vbn as/cs neighbors/nns ./.
Promptly/rb their/pp$ livestock/nn was/bedz taken/vbn and/cc according/in to/in Gorton/np the/at soldiers/nns were/bed ordered/vbn to/to knock/vb down/rp anyone/pn who/wps should/md utter/vb a/at word/nn of/in insolence/nn ,/, and/cc run/vb through/in anyone/pn who/wps might/md step/vb out/in of/in line/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at captives/nns arrived/vbd in/in Boston/np ,/, ``/`` the/at chaplain/nn (/( of/in their/pp$ captors/nns )/) went/vbd to/in prayers/nns in/in the/at open/jj streets/nns ,/, that/cs the/at people/nns might/md take/vb notice/nn what/wdt they/ppss had/hvd done/vbn in/in a/at holy/jj manner/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at Lord/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Gorton/np and/cc ten/cd of/in his/pp$ friends/nns were/bed thrown/vbn in/in jail/nn ./.


	On/in Sunday/nr they/ppss refused/vbd to/to attend/vb church/nn ./.
The/at magistrates/nns were/bed determined/vbn to/to compel/vb them/ppo ./.
The/at prisoners/nns agreed/vbd ,/, provided/vbn they/ppss might/md speak/vb after/in the/at sermon/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz permitted/vbn ./.
Here/rb was/bedz Gorton's/np$ chance/nn to/to indulge/vb in/in something/pn at/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz supreme/jj ./.
The/at Boston/np elders/nns were/bed great/jj at/in befuddling/vbg the/at opposition/nn with/in torrents/nns of/in ecclesiastical/jj obscurities/nns ,/, but/cc Gorton/np was/bedz better/jjr ./.
Reverend/np Cotton/nn-tl preached/vbd to/in them/ppo about/in Demetrius/np and/cc the/at shrines/nns of/in Ephesus/np ./.
Gorton/np replied/vbd with/in blasts/nns that/wps scandalized/vbd the/at congregation/nn ./.


	At/in the/at trial/nn which/wdt took/vbd place/nn later/rbr ,/, the/at Pomham/np matter/nn was/bedz completely/rb omitted/vbn ./.
The/at Gortonists/nps were/bed charged/vbn with/in blasphemy/nn and/cc tried/vbn for/in their/pp$ lives/nns ./.
Four/cd ecclesiastical/jj questions/nns were/bed presented/vbn by/in the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl to/in Gorton/np :/: ``/`` 1/cd ./.

Whether/cs the/at Fathers/nns-tl ,/, who/wps died/vbd before/cs Christ/np was/bedz born/vbn of/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np-tl ,/, were/bed justified/vbn and/cc saved/vbn only/rb by/in the/at blood/nn which/wdt he/pps shed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at death/nn which/wdt he/pps suffered/vbd after/in his/pp$ incarnation/nn ?/. ?/.
2/cd ./.

Whether/cs the/at only/ap price/nn of/in our/pp$ redemption/nn were/bed not/* the/at death/nn of/in Christ/np on/in the/at cross/nn ,/, with/in the/at rest/nn of/in his/pp$ sufferings/nns and/cc obediences/nns ,/, in/in the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn here/rb ,/, after/cs he/pps was/bedz born/vbn of/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np-tl ?/. ?/.
3/cd ./.

Who/wps was/bedz the/at God/np whom/wpo he/pps thinke/vb we/ppss serve/vb ?/. ?/.
4/cd ./.

What/wdt he/pps means/vbz when/wrb he/pps saith/vbz ,/, wee/ppss worship/vb the/at starre/nn of/in our/pp$ God/np Remphan/np ,/, Chion/np ,/, Moloch/np ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Gorton/np answered/vbd in/in writing/vbg ./.
All/abn of/in the/at elders/nns except/in three/cd voted/vbd for/in death/nn ,/, but/cc a/at majority/nn of/in the/at deputies/nns refused/vbd to/to sanction/vb the/at sentence/nn ./.
Seven/cd of/in the/at prisoners/nns were/bed sentenced/vbn to/to be/be confined/vbn in/in irons/nns for/in as/ql long/rb as/cs it/pps pleased/vbd the/at court/nn ,/, set/vbd to/in work/nn and/cc ,/, if/cs they/ppss broke/vbd jail/nn or/cc proclaimed/vbd heresy/nn ,/, to/to be/be executed/vbn if/cs convicted/vbn ./.
The/at three/cd others/nns got/vbd off/rp easier/rbr ./.
The/at convicts/nns were/bed put/vbn in/in chains/nns ,/, paraded/vbn before/in the/at congregation/nn at/in the/at Reverend/np Cotton's/np$ lecture/nn as/cs an/at example/nn ,/, and/cc sent/vbn to/in prisons/nns in/in various/jj towns/nns ,/, where/wrb they/ppss languished/vbd all/abn winter/nn ,/, chains/nns included/vbn ./.

When/wrb Fred/np wheeled/vbd him/ppo back/rb into/in his/pp$ room/nn ,/, the/at big/jj one/cd looking/vbg out/rp on/in the/at back/jj porch/nn ,/, and/cc put/vbd him/ppo to/in bed/nn ,/, Papa/np told/vbd him/ppo he/pps was/bedz very/ql tired/vbn but/cc that/cs he/pps had/hvd enjoyed/vbn greatly/rb the/at trip/nn downtown/nr ./.
``/`` I've/ppss+hv been/ben cooped/vbn up/rp so/ql long/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps added/vbd ./.
Getting/vbg out/rp again/rb ,/, seeing/vbg old/jj friends/nns ,/, had/hvd given/vbn his/pp$ spirits/nns a/at lift/nn ./.


	That/dt night/nn after/in supper/nn I/ppss went/vbd back/rb over/in to/in 48/cd-tl Spruce/nn-tl Street/nn-tl --/-- Ralph/np and/cc I/ppss at/in that/dt time/nn were/bed living/vbg at/in 168/cd-tl Chestnut/nn-tl --/-- and/cc Ralph/np went/vbd with/in me/ppo ./.
Papa/np was/bedz still/rb elated/vbn over/in his/pp$ afternoon/nn visit/nn downtown/nr ./.
``/`` Baby/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss saw/vbd a/at lot/nn of/in old/jj friends/nns I/ppss hadn't/hvd* seen/vbn in/in a/at long/jj time/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps told/vbd me/ppo ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns bright/jj ./.
``/`` It/pps was/bedz mighty/ql good/jj for/in the/at old/jj man/nn to/to get/vb out/rp again/rb ''/'' ./.


	The/at next/ap day/nn he/pps seemed/vbd to/to be/be in/in fairly/ql good/jj shape/nn and/cc still/rb in/in excellent/jj spirits/nns ./.
But/cc a/at few/ap days/nns after/in Fred's/np$ return/nn he/pps began/vbd hemorrhaging/vbg and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at beginning/nn of/in early/jj and/cc complete/jj disintegration/nn ./.
It/pps began/vbd in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, and/cc very/ql quickly/rb the/at hemorrhage/nn was/bedz a/at massive/jj one/cd ./.
We/ppss got/vbd Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np to/in him/ppo as/ql quickly/rb as/cs we/ppss could/md ,/, and/cc we/ppss wired/vbd Tom/np of/in Papa's/np$ desperate/jj condition/nn ./.
The/at hemorrhage/nn was/bedz in/in the/at prostate/nn region/nn ;/. ;/.
Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np saw/vbd at/in once/rb what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn ./.


	``/`` He/pps has/hvz lost/vbn much/ap blood/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./.
``/`` It'll/pps+md take/vb a/at lot/nn to/to replace/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	``/`` Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np ,/, I've/ppss+hv got/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in blood/nn ''/'' ,/, Fred/np spoke/vbd up/rp ,/, ``/`` plenty/nn of/in it/ppo ./.
Let/vb me/ppo give/vb Papa/np blood/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at doctor/nn agreed/vbd ,/, but/cc explained/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md be/be necessary/jj first/rb to/to check/vb Fred's/np$ blood/nn to/to ascertain/vb whether/cs or/cc not/* it/pps was/bedz of/in the/at same/ap type/nn as/cs Papa's/np$ ./.
To/to give/vb a/at patient/nn the/at wrong/jj type/nn of/in blood/nn ,/, said/vbd the/at doctor/nn ,/, would/md likely/rb kill/vb him/ppo ./.


	That/dt was/bedz in/in the/at days/nns before/in blood/nn banks/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, and/cc transfusions/nns had/hvd to/to be/be given/vbn directly/rb from/in donor/nn to/in patient/nn ./.
One/pn had/hvd to/to find/vb a/at donor/nn ,/, and/cc usually/rb very/ql quickly/rb ,/, whose/wp$ blood/nn corresponded/vbd with/in the/at patient's/nn$ ./.
And/cc then/rb it/pps took/vbd considerably/ql longer/rbr to/to make/vb preparations/nns for/in giving/vbg transfusions/nns ./.
They/ppss had/hvd to/to take/vb blood/nn samples/nns to/in the/at laboratory/nn to/to test/vb them/ppo ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz much/ap required/vbn preliminary/jj procedure/nn ./.


	They/ppss made/vbd the/at tests/nns and/cc came/vbd to/in Fred/np ;/. ;/.
by/in now/rb it/pps was/bedz perhaps/rb two/cd days/nns or/cc longer/rbr after/cs Papa/np had/hvd begun/vbn hemorrhaging/vbg ./.


	``/`` Fred/np ,/, your/pp$ blood/nn matches/vbz your/pp$ father's/nn$ ,/, all/ql right/rb ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` But/cc we/ppss aren't/ber* going/vbg to/to let/vb you/ppss give/vb him/ppo any/dti ''/'' ./.


	``/`` But/cc why/wrb in/in the/at name/nn of/in God/np can't/md* I/ppss give/vb my/pp$ father/nn blood/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Fred/np demanded/vbn ./.
``/`` Why/wrb can't/md* I/ppss ,/, Doctor/nn-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	``/`` Because/cs ,/, Fred/np ,/, it/pps could/md do/do him/ppo no/at good/nn ./.
It's/pps+bez too/ql late/rb now/rb ./.
He's/pps+bez past/in helping/vbg ./.
He's/pps+bez as/ql good/jj as/cs gone/vbn ''/'' ./.


	And/cc in/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns Papa/np was/bedz dead/jj ./.
It/pps was/bedz well/ql past/in midnight/nn ./.
Papa/np had/hvd left/vbn us/ppo about/rb the/at same/ap hour/nn of/in the/at night/nn that/cs Ben/np had/hvd passed/vbn on/rp ./.
The/at date/nn was/bedz June/np 20/cd ,/, 1922/cd ./.


	``/`` W./np O./np Wolfe/np ,/, prominent/jj business/nn man/nn and/cc pioneer/nn resident/nn of/in this/dt section/nn ,/, died/vbd shortly/rb after/in midnight/nn Tuesday/nr at/in his/pp$ home/nn 48/cd-tl Spruce/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, the/at Asheville/np-tl Times/nns-tl of/in Wednesday/nr ,/, June/np 21/cd ,/, announced/vbd ./.
``/`` Mr./np Wolfe/np had/hvd been/ben in/in declining/vbg health/nn for/in many/ap years/nns and/cc death/nn was/bedz not/* unexpected/jj ''/'' ./.
A/at biographical/jj sketch/nn followed/vbd ./.


	Funeral/nn services/nns were/bed held/vbn Thursday/nr afternoon/nn at/in four/cd o'clock/rb at/in the/at home/nn ./.
Beloved/jj Dr./nn-tl R./np F./np Campbell/np ,/, our/pp$ First/od-tl Presbyterian/np-tl Church/nn-tl pastor/nn ,/, was/bedz in/in charge/nn ./.
The/at burial/nn was/bedz out/rp in/in Riverside/np-tl Cemetery/nn-tl ./.
All/abn about/in him/ppo stood/vbd tombstones/nns his/pp$ own/jj sensitive/jj great/jj hands/nns had/hvd fashioned/vbn ./.


	A/at few/ap years/nns before/in his/pp$ death/nn Papa/np had/hvd agreed/vbn with/in Mama/nn-tl to/to make/vb a/at joint/nn will/nn with/in her/ppo in/in which/wdt it/pps would/md be/be provided/vbn that/cs in/in the/at event/nn of/in the/at death/nn of/in either/dtx of/in them/ppo an/at accounting/nn would/md be/be made/vbn to/in their/pp$ children/nns whereby/wrb each/dt child/nn would/md receive/vb a/at bequest/nn of/in $5000/nns cash/nn ./.
At/in his/pp$ death/nn Fred/np and/cc Ralph/np ,/, my/pp$ husband/nn ,/, were/bed named/vbn executors/nns of/in the/at estate/nn under/in the/at terms/nns of/in the/at will/nn ./.


	Fred/np and/cc Ralph/np qualified/vbd as/cs executors/nns and/cc paid/vbd off/rp what/wdt debts/nns were/bed currently/rb due/jj ,/, and/cc they/ppss were/bed all/abn current/jj ,/, since/cs Papa/np was/bedz never/rb one/cd to/to allow/vb bills/nns to/to go/vb unpaid/jj ./.
The/at bills/nns were/bed principally/rb for/in hospitalization/nn and/cc doctors'/nns$ fees/nns during/in the/at last/ap years/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps died/vbd he/pps owed/vbd in/in the/at main/jjs only/ap current/jj doctor's/nn$ bills/nns ./.
After/cs they/ppss had/hvd paid/vbn all/abn his/pp$ debts/nns and/cc the/at funeral/nn costs/nns ,/, Ralph/np and/cc Fred/np had/hvd some/dti fourteen/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns ,/, as/cs I/ppss remember/vb ,/, with/in which/wdt to/to pay/vb the/at bequests/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, manifestly/rb ,/, would/md not/* provide/vb $5000/nns to/in each/dt of/in the/at surviving/vbg five/cd children/nns ./.


	So/rb what/wdt Fred/np and/cc Ralph/np did/dod was/bedz to/to attempt/vb to/to prorate/vb the/at money/nn fairly/rb by/in taking/vbg into/in account/nn what/wdt each/dt of/in the/at five/cd had/hvd received/vbn ,/, if/cs anything/pn ,/, from/in the/at estate/nn before/in Papa's/np$ death/nn ./.
Consequently/rb ,/, Fred/np and/cc Tom/np ,/, the/at two/cd who/wps had/hvd been/ben provided/vbn college/nn educations/nns ,/, signed/vbd statements/nns to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs each/dt had/hvd received/vbn his/pp$ bequest/nn in/in full/jj ,/, and/cc Effie/np and/cc I/ppss were/bed each/dt allotted/vbn $5000/nns ./.
Frank/np had/hvd been/ben given/vbn about/rb half/abn his/pp$ legacy/nn to/to use/vb in/in a/at business/nn venture/nn before/in Papa's/np$ death/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps was/bedz given/vbn the/at difference/nn between/in that/dt amount/nn and/cc $5000/nns ./.
Tom/np had/hvd received/vbn four/cd years/nns of/in education/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl and/cc two/cd at/in Harvard/np ,/, and/cc Fred/np had/hvd been/ben in/in and/cc out/in of/in Georgia/np Tech/np and/cc Carneigie/np Tech/np and/cc part/nn of/in the/at time/nn had/hvd been/ben a/at self-help/nn student/nn ./.
So/rb ,/, because/cs he/pps had/hvd received/vbn less/ap than/cs Tom/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz felt/vbn proper/jj that/cs Fred/np should/md receive/vb the/at few/ap hundred/cd dollars/nns that/wps remained/vbd ./.
And/cc that's/dt+bez how/wrb Papa's/np$ estate/nn was/bedz divided/vbn ./.


	Papa/np ,/, I/ppss should/md emphasize/vb ,/, had/hvd been/ben an/at invalid/nn the/at last/ap several/ap years/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ hospital/nn and/cc doctor/nn bills/nns had/hvd been/ben large/jj and/cc his/pp$ income/nn had/hvd been/ben cut/vbn until/cs he/pps was/bedz receiving/vbg little/ap except/in small/jj rentals/nns on/in some/dti properties/nns he/pps still/rb owned/vbn ./.
Had/hvd he/pps been/ben able/jj to/to escape/vb this/dt long/jj siege/nn of/in invalidism/nn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem convinced/vbn ,/, Papa/np would/md have/hv left/vbn a/at sizable/jj estate/nn ./.
But/cc he/pps had/hvd succeeded/vbn well/rb ,/, we/ppss agreed/vbd ./.
He/pps had/hvd left/vbn us/ppo a/at legacy/nn far/ql more/ql valuable/jj than/cs houses/nns and/cc lands/nns and/cc stocks/nns and/cc bonds/nns ./.


	For/in years/nns Papa/np and/cc Mama/nn-tl had/hvd been/ben large/jj taxpayers/nns ./.
I/ppss recall/vb that/cs several/ap years/nns their/pp$ taxes/nns exceeded/vbd $800/nns ./.
In/in those/dts years/nns of/in lower/jjr property/nn valuations/nns and/cc lower/jjr tax/nn rates/nns ,/, that/dt payment/nn represented/vbd ownership/nn of/in much/ap property/nn ./.


	``/`` Merciful/jj God/np ,/, Julia/np ''/'' !/. !/.
I/ppss have/hv known/vbn Papa/np to/to exclaim/vb on/in getting/vbg his/pp$ tax/nn bill/nn ,/, ``/`` we're/ppss+ber going/vbg to/in the/at dogs/nns ''/'' !/. !/.


	But/cc he/pps never/rb expected/vbd to/to do/do that/dt ./.
And/cc he/pps didn't/dod* ,/, by/in a/at long/jj shot/nn !/. !/.



35/cd ./.

In/in the/at spring/nn of/in his/pp$ second/od year/nn at/in Harvard/np ,/, Tom/np had/hvd been/ben offered/vbn a/at job/nn at/in Northwestern/jj-tl University/nn-tl as/cs an/at instructor/nn in/in the/at English/np-tl Department/nn-tl ./.
But/cc he/pps had/hvd delayed/vbn accepting/vbg this/dt job/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs he/pps was/bedz leaving/vbg to/to come/vb home/nr to/in Papa/np in/in response/nn to/in our/pp$ telegram/nn ,/, he/pps dropped/vbd a/at postcard/nn to/in Miss/np McCrady/np ,/, head/nn of/in the/at Harvard/np-tl Appointment/nn-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, asking/vbg her/ppo please/vb to/to write/vb Northwestern/jj authorities/nns and/cc explain/vb the/at circumstances/nns ./.


	Actually/rb Tom/np had/hvd been/ben postponing/vbg giving/vbg them/ppo an/at answer/nn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem confident/jj ,/, because/cs he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb to/to go/vb out/rp there/rb to/to teach/vb ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps didn't/dod* want/vb to/to teach/vb anywhere/rb ./.
He/pps wanted/vbd to/to go/vb back/rb to/in Harvard/np for/in another/dt year/nn of/in playwriting/nn ./.
But/cc Papa's/np$ death/nn had/hvd further/rbr complicated/vbn the/at financing/nn of/in Tom's/np$ hoped-for/jj third/od year/nn ,/, and/cc for/in the/at weeks/nns following/vbg it/ppo Tom/np did/dod not/* know/vb whether/cs his/pp$ return/nn to/in Harvard/np could/md be/be arranged/vbn ./.


	But/cc things/nns were/bed worked/vbn out/rp in/in the/at family/nn and/cc late/rb in/in August/np he/pps wrote/vbd Miss/np McCrady/np an/at explanatory/jj letter/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps told/vbd her/ppo that/cs matters/nns at/in home/nn had/hvd been/ben in/in an/at unsettled/vbn condition/nn after/in Papa's/np$ death/nn and/cc he/pps had/hvd not/* known/vbn whether/cs he/pps would/md stay/vb at/in home/nn with/in Mama/nn-tl ,/, accept/vb the/at Northwestern/jj job/nn ,/, or/cc return/vb to/in Harvard/np ./.
But/cc he/pps was/bedz happy/jj to/to tell/vb her/ppo that/cs his/pp$ finances/nns were/bed now/rb in/in such/jj condition/nn that/cs he/pps could/md go/vb back/rb to/in Harvard/np for/in a/at third/od year/nn with/in Professor/nn-tl Baker/np ./.


	And/cc that's/dt+bez what/wdt he/pps did/dod ./.
That/dt third/od year/nn he/pps wrote/vbd plays/nns with/in a/at fury/nn ./.
I/ppss believe/vb there/ex are/ber seventeen/cd short/jj plays/nns by/in Tom/np now/rb housed/vbn in/in the/at Houghton/np-tl Library/nn-tl at/in Harvard/np ;/. ;/.
I/ppss think/vb I'm/ppss+bem right/jj in/in that/dt figure/nn ./.
That/dt fall/nn he/pps submitted/vbd to/in Professor/nn-tl Baker/np the/at first/od acts/nns and/cc outlines/nns of/in the/at following/vbg acts/nns of/in several/ap plays/nns ,/, six/cd of/in them/ppo ,/, according/in to/in some/dti of/in his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps also/rb worked/vbd on/in a/at play/nn that/wpo he/pps first/od called/vbd Niggertown/np ,/, the/at material/nn for/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd collected/vbn during/in the/at summer/nn at/in home/nn ./.
Later/rbr this/dt play/nn would/md be/be called/vbn Welcome/uh-tl To/in-tl Our/pp$-tl City/nn-tl ./.
In/in the/at spring/nn ,/, it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben ,/, he/pps began/vbd working/vbg on/in the/at play/nn that/wpo he/pps called/vbd The/at-tl House/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt later/rbr would/md be/be Mannerhouse/np ./.
That/dt spring/nn Welcome/uh-tl To/in-tl Our/pp$-tl City/nn-tl was/bedz selected/vbn for/in production/nn by/in the/at 47/cd-tl Workshop/nn-tl and/cc it/pps was/bedz staged/vbn in/in the/at middle/nn of/in May/np ./.
It/pps ran/vbd two/cd nights/nns ,/, and/cc though/cs it/pps was/bedz generally/rb praised/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz considerable/jj criticism/nn of/in its/pp$ length/nn ./.
It/pps ran/vbd until/in past/in one/cd o'clock/rb ./.
That/dt was/bedz Tom's/np$ weakness/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz demonstrated/vbn ,/, many/ap critics/nns would/md later/rbr point/vb out/rp ,/, in/in the/at length/nn of/in his/pp$ novels/nns ./.
In/in this/dt play/nn there/ex were/bed so/ql many/ap characters/nns and/cc so/ql much/ap detail/nn ./.
Tom/np never/rb knew/vbd how/wrb to/to condense/vb ,/, to/to boil/vb down/rp ./.
He/pps was/bedz always/rb concerned/vbn with/in life/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps tried/vbd to/to picture/vb it/ppo whole/jj ;/. ;/.
he/pps wanted/vbd nothing/pn compressed/vbn ,/, tight/jj ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at big/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps wanted/vbd nothing/pn little/jj ,/, squeezed/vbn ;/. ;/.
he/pps despised/vbd parsimony/nn ,/, and/cc particularly/rb of/in words/nns ./.
In/in this/dt play/nn there/ex were/bed some/dti thirty/cd or/cc more/ap named/vbn characters/nns and/cc I/ppss don't/do* know/vb how/wql many/ap more/ap unnamed/jj ./.
In/in describing/vbg it/ppo to/in Professor/nn-tl Baker/np after/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben chosen/vbn for/in production/nn ,/, he/pps defended/vbd his/pp$ great/jj array/nn of/in characters/nns by/in declaring/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd included/vbn that/cs many/ap not/* because/cs ``/`` I/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb to/to save/vb paint/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc because/cs the/at play/nn required/vbd them/ppo ./.
And/cc he/pps threatened/vbd someday/rb to/to write/vb a/at play/nn ``/`` with/in fifty/cd ,/, eighty/cd ,/, a/at hundred/cd people/nns --/-- a/at whole/jj town/nn ,/, a/at whole/jj race/nn ,/, a/at whole/jj epoch/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps said/vbd he/pps would/md do/do it/ppo ,/, though/cs probably/rb nobody/pn would/md produce/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in his/pp$ own/jj ``/`` soul's/nn$ ease/nn and/cc comfort/nn ''/'' ./.


	That/dt summer/nn Tom/np attended/vbd the/at summer/nn session/nn at/in Harvard/np ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* ask/vb Mama/nn-tl to/to send/vb him/ppo back/rb in/in the/at fall/nn ./.
Instead/rb ,/, he/pps went/vbd down/rp to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl and/cc submitted/vbd Welcome/uh-tl To/in-tl Our/pp$-tl City/nn-tl to/in the/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt had/hvd asked/vbn him/ppo to/to let/vb them/ppo have/hv a/at look/nn at/in it/ppo after/cs Professor/nn-tl Baker/np had/hvd recommended/vbn it/ppo highly/rb ./.
He/pps hung/vbd around/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, waiting/vbg to/to hear/vb whether/cs they/ppss would/md accept/vb it/ppo for/in production/nn and/cc in/in that/dt time/nn came/vbd down/rp to/in Asheville/np and/cc also/rb paid/vbd a/at short/jj visit/nn to/in Chapel/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb with/in almost/ql childish/jj delight/nn he/pps visited/vbd old/jj friends/nns and/cc favorite/jj campus/nn spots/nns ./.
On/in returning/vbg to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl he/pps had/hvd a/at job/nn for/in several/ap weeks/nns ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz visiting/vbg University/nn-tl of/in-tl North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl alumni/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to ask/vb them/ppo for/in contributions/nns to/in the/at Graham/np-tl Memorial/nn-tl Building/nn-tl fund/nn ./.
The/at Graham/np-tl Memorial/jj-tl would/md be/be the/at campus/nn student/nn union/nn honoring/vbg the/at late/jj and/cc much/ql beloved/jj Edward/np Kidder/np Graham/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben president/nn when/wrb Tom/np entered/vbd the/at university/nn ./.


	Well/uh ,/, the/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl kept/vbd that/dt play/nn ,/, and/cc kept/vbd it/ppo ,/, and/cc finally/rb in/in December/np they/ppss turned/vbd it/ppo down/rp ./.
But/cc they/ppss would/md reconsider/vb it/ppo ,/, they/ppss assured/vbd him/ppo ,/, if/cs he/pps would/md rewrite/vb it/ppo ./.
Tom/np told/vbd me/ppo about/in it/ppo ,/, how/wrb one/cd evening/nn he/pps went/vbd over/rp to/to see/vb the/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl man/nn ./.
This/dt man/nn ,/, Tom/np said/vbd ,/, had/hvd the/at play/nn shut/vbn up/rp in/in his/pp$ desk/nn ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, and/cc when/wrb Tom/np sat/vbd down/rp ,/, he/pps pulled/vbd it/ppo out/rp and/cc apologetically/rb told/vbd Tom/np that/cs they/ppss wouldn't/md* be/be able/jj to/to use/vb it/ppo ./.


	Tom/np said/vbd he/pps almost/rb burst/vb into/in tears/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz so/ql disappointed/vbn and/cc put/vbn out/rp ./.
The/at man/nn ,/, Tom/np said/vbd ,/, explained/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* only/rb too/ql long/jj and/cc detailed/vbn but/cc that/cs as/cs it/pps stood/vbd it/pps wasn't/bedz* the/at sort/nn of/in thing/nn the/at public/nn wanted/vbd ./.
The/at public/nn ,/, Tom/np said/vbd the/at man/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, wanted/vbd realism/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ play/nn wasn't/bedz* that/dt ./.
It/pps was/bedz fantastic/jj writing/nn ,/, beautiful/jj writing/nn ,/, the/at man/nn declared/vbd ,/, but/cc the/at public/nn ,/, he/pps insisted/vbd ,/, wanted/vbd realism/nn ./.


	Tom/np was/bedz not/* willing/jj to/to revise/vb the/at play/nn according/in to/in the/at plan/nn the/at man/nn suggested/vbd ./.
Such/abl a/at revision/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, would/md ruin/vb it/ppo ,/, would/md change/vb his/pp$ whole/jj conception/nn of/in the/at play/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at treatment/nn ./.
He/pps thought/vbd about/in it/ppo and/cc he/pps told/vbd the/at man/nn he/pps just/rb couldn't/md* do/do it/ppo over/rp in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at suggestions/nns he/pps had/hvd made/vbn ./.





It/pps was/bedz not/* until/cs we/ppss had/hvd returned/vbn to/in the/at city/nn to/to live/vb ,/, while/cs I/ppss was/bedz still/rb at/in Brown/np-tl and/cc-tl Sharpe's/np$-tl ,/, that/cs I/ppss felt/vbd the/at full/jj impact/nn of/in evangelical/jj Christianity/np ./.
I/ppss came/vbd under/in the/at spell/nn of/in a/at younger/jjr group/nn in/in the/at church/nn led/vbn by/in the/at pastor's/nn$ older/jjr son/nn ./.
The/at spirit/nn of/in this/dt group/nn was/bedz that/cs we/ppss were/bed --/-- and/cc are/ber --/-- living/vbg in/in a/at world/nn doomed/vbn to/in eternal/jj punishment/nn ,/, but/cc that/cs God/np through/in Jesus/np Christ/np has/hvz provided/vbn a/at way/nn of/in escape/nn for/in those/dts who/wps confess/vb their/pp$ sins/nns and/cc accept/vb salvation/nn ./.


	There/ex are/ber millions/nns who/wps accept/vb this/dt doctrine/nn ,/, but/cc few/ap indeed/rb are/ber those/dts who/wps accept/vb it/ppo so/ql truly/rb that/cs the/at fate/nn of/in humanity/nn lies/vbz as/cs a/at weight/nn on/in their/pp$ souls/nns night/nn and/cc day/nn ./.
This/dt group/nn in/in Park/nn-tl Place/nn-tl Church/nn-tl was/bedz made/vbn up/rp of/in the/at earnest/jj few/ap ./.
I/ppss was/bedz drawn/vbn deeper/rbr and/cc deeper/rbr into/in these/dts concerns/nns and/cc responsibilities/nns ./.
I/ppss engaged/vbd more/rbr and/cc more/rbr in/in religious/jj activities/nns ./.
Besides/in Church/nn-tl and/cc Sunday/nr-tl School/nn-tl I/ppss went/vbd to/in out-of-door/jj meetings/nns on/in the/at sidewalk/nn at/in the/at church/nn door/nn ./.
I/ppss went/vbd to/in an/at afternoon/nn service/nn at/in the/at Aj/nn ./.
I/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at Christian/jj-tl Endeavor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl and/cc to/in the/at evening/nn service/nn of/in the/at church/nn ./.
Much/ap of/in this/dt lacked/vbd the/at active/jj support/nn of/in the/at pastor/nn ./.
The/at young/jj people/nns were/bed self-energizing/jj ,/, and/cc I/ppss was/bedz energized/vbn ./.
Once/rb or/cc twice/rb my/pp$ father/nn asked/vbd me/ppo if/cs I/ppss wasn't/bedz* overdoing/vbg a/at bit/nn in/in my/pp$ churchgoing/nn ./.


	Meanwhile/rb I/ppss myself/ppl was/bedz not/* yet/rb saved/vbn ./.
At/in least/ap I/ppss had/hvd been/ben unable/jj to/to lay/vb hold/nn on/in the/at experience/nn of/in conversion/nn ./.
Try/vb as/cs I/ppss might/md to/to confess/vb my/pp$ sins/nns and/cc accept/vb salvation/nn ,/, no/at answer/nn came/vbd to/in me/ppo from/in heaven/nn ./.
Finally/rb ,/, after/in years/nns ,/, I/ppss gave/vbd up/rp ./.


	The/at basic/jj difficulty/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, was/bedz in/in my/pp$ ultimate/jj inability/nn to/to feel/vb a/at burden/nn of/in sin/nn from/in which/wdt I/ppss sought/vbd relief/nn ./.
I/ppss was/bedz familiar/jj with/in Pilgrim's/nn$-tl Progress/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt I/ppss read/vbd as/cs literature/nn ./.
No/at load/nn of/in sin/nn had/hvd been/ben laid/vbn on/in my/pp$ shoulders/nns ,/, nor/cc did/dod earnest/jj effort/nn enable/vb me/ppo to/to become/vb conscious/jj of/in one/cd ./.


	There/ex is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at doctrine/nn of/in original/jj sin/nn ,/, which/wdt asserts/vbz that/cs each/dt of/in us/ppo as/cs individuals/nns partakes/vbz of/in the/at guilt/nn of/in our/pp$ first/od ancestor/nn ./.
In/in the/at rhyming/vbg catechism/nn this/dt doctrine/nn is/bez worded/vbn thus/rb :/: ``/`` In/in Adam's/np$ fall/nn We/ppss sin-ned/vbd all/abn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt doctrine/nn was/bedz repugnant/jj to/in my/pp$ moral/jj sense/nn ./.
I/ppss did/dod not/* feel/vb it/ppo presumptuous/jj to/to expect/vb that/cs the/at Creator/nn-tl would/md be/be at/in least/ap as/ql just/jj as/cs the/at most/ql righteous/jj of/in His/pp$ creatures/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at doctrine/nn of/in original/jj sin/nn is/bez compounded/vbn of/in injustice/nn ./.


	Some/dti of/in these/dts thoughts/nns --/-- not/* all/abn of/in them/ppo --/-- have/hv taken/vbn organized/vbn form/nn in/in later/jjr years/nns ./.
The/at actual/jj impelling/vbg force/nn which/wdt severed/vbd me/ppo from/in evangelical/jj effort/nn was/bedz of/in another/dt sort/nn ./.
I/ppss became/vbd disgusted/vbn at/in being/beg so/ql preoccupied/vbn with/in the/at state/nn of/in my/pp$ own/jj miserable/jj soul/nn ./.
I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl becoming/vbg one/cd of/in that/dt group/nn of/in people/nns who/wps ,/, in/in Carlyle's/np$ words/nns ,/, ``/`` are/ber forever/rb gazing/vbg into/in their/pp$ own/jj navels/nns ,/, anxiously/rb asking/vbg '/' Am/bem I/ppss right/jj ,/, am/bem I/ppss wrong/jj '/' ''/'' ?/. ?/.
I/ppss bethought/vbd me/ppo of/in the/at Lord's/np$-tl Prayer/nn-tl ,/, and/cc these/dts words/nns came/vbd to/in mind/nn :/: ``/`` Thy/pp$ kingdom/nn come/vb ,/, Thy/pp$ will/nn be/be done/vbn ,/, on/in earth/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in heaven/nn ''/'' ./.
They/ppss have/hv remained/vbn on/in the/at opened/vbn page/nn of/in my/pp$ mind/nn in/in all/abn the/at years/nns which/wdt since/rb have/hv passed/vbn ./.
From/in that/dt time/nn to/in this/dt my/pp$ religious/jj concern/nn is/bez that/cs I/ppss might/md give/vb effective/jj help/nn to/in the/at bringing/nn in/rp of/in God's/np$ kingdom/nn on/in earth/nn ./.


	I/ppss do/do not/* claim/vb to/to be/be free/jj from/in sin/nn ,/, or/cc from/in the/at need/nn for/in repentance/nn and/cc forgiveness/nn ./.
In/in my/pp$ experience/nn the/at assurance/nn of/in forgiveness/nn comes/vbz only/rb when/wrb I/ppss have/hv confessed/vbn to/in the/at wronged/vbn one/cd and/cc have/hv made/vbn as/ql full/jj reparation/nn as/cs I/ppss can/md devise/vb ./.




There/ex was/bedz one/cd further/jjr step/nn in/in my/pp$ religious/jj progress/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz taken/vbn after/cs I/ppss came/vbd to/to live/vb in/in Springfield/np ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz made/vbn under/in the/at guidance/nn of/in the/at Reverend/np Raymond/np Beardslee/np ,/, a/at young/jj preacher/nn who/wps came/vbd to/in the/at Congregational/jj-tl Church/nn-tl there/rb at/in about/rb the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs I/ppss moved/vbd from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
His/pp$ father/nn was/bedz a/at professor/nn at/in Hartford/np-tl Theological/jj-tl Seminary/nn-tl ,/, and/cc from/in him/ppo he/pps acquired/vbd a/at conviction/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps passed/vbd along/rb to/in me/ppo ,/, that/cs there/ex is/bez in/in the/at universe/nn of/in persons/nns a/at moral/jj law/nn ,/, the/at law/nn of/in love/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez a/at natural/jj law/nn in/in the/at same/ap sense/nn as/cs is/bez the/at physical/jj law/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez most/ql important/jj that/cs we/ppss recognize/vb the/at law/nn of/in love/nn as/cs being/beg unbreakable/jj in/in all/ql personal/jj relationships/nns ,/, whether/cs individually/rb ,/, socially/rb or/cc as/cs between/in whole/jj nations/nns of/in people/nns ./.
If/cs obeyed/vbn ,/, the/at law/nn brings/vbz order/nn and/cc satisfaction/nn ./.
If/cs disobeyed/vbn ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez turmoil/nn and/cc chaos/nn ./.


	As/cs we/ppss observe/vb moral/jj law/nn and/cc physical/jj law/nn they/ppss appear/vb as/cs being/beg inevitable/jj ./.
We/ppss can/md conceive/vb of/in no/at alternatives/nns ./.
Their/pp$ basis/nn seems/vbz deeper/jjr than/cs mere/jj authority/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber not/* true/jj because/cs scientists/nns or/cc prophets/nns say/vb they/ppss are/ber true/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* the/at authority/nn of/in God/np Himself/ppl which/wdt makes/vbz them/ppo true/jj ./.
Because/cs God/np is/bez what/wdt He/pps is/bez ,/, the/at laws/nns of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, material/jj and/cc spiritual/jj ,/, are/ber what/wdt they/ppss are/ber ./.
Deity/nn and/cc Law/nn-tl are/ber one/cd and/cc inseparable/jj ./.


	With/in this/dt conviction/nn ,/, the/at partition/nn between/in the/at sacred/jj and/cc the/at secular/nn disappears/vbz ./.
One's/pn$ daily/jj work/nn becomes/vbz sacred/jj ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez performed/vbn in/in the/at field/nn of/in influence/nn of/in the/at moral/jj law/nn ,/, dealing/vbg as/cs it/pps does/doz with/in people/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs with/in matter/nn and/cc energy/nn ./.


	In/in his/pp$ book/nn Civilization/nn-tl And/cc-tl Ethics/nn-tl Albert/np Schweitzer/np faces/vbz the/at moral/jj problems/nns which/wdt arise/vb when/wrb moral/jj law/nn is/bez recognized/vbn in/in business/nn life/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ./.
His/pp$ Ethics/nn-tl defines/vbz ``/`` possessions/nns as/cs the/at property/nn of/in the/at community/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt the/at individual/nn is/bez sovereign/jj steward/nn ./.
One/pn serves/vbz society/nn by/in conducting/vbg a/at business/nn from/in which/wdt a/at certain/jj number/nn of/in employees/nns draw/vb their/pp$ means/nn of/in subsistence/nn ;/. ;/.
another/dt by/in giving/vbg away/rb his/pp$ property/nn in/in order/nn to/to help/vb his/pp$ fellow/nn man/nn ./.
Each/dt will/md decide/vb on/in his/pp$ own/jj course/nn somewhere/rb between/in these/dts two/cd extreme/jj cases/nns according/in to/in the/at sense/nn of/in responsibility/nn which/wdt is/bez determined/vbn for/in him/ppo by/in the/at particular/jj circumstances/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj life/nn ./.
No/at one/pn is/bez to/to judge/vb others/nns ''/'' ./.


	He/pps is/bez uncompromising/jj in/in assigning/vbg guilt/nn to/in the/at man/nn who/wps finds/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to inflict/vb or/cc permit/vb injury/nn to/in one/cd individual/nn or/cc group/nn for/in the/at sake/nn of/in a/at larger/jjr good/nn ./.
For/in this/dt decision/nn a/at man/nn must/md take/vb personal/jj responsibility/nn ./.
Says/vbz he/pps ,/, ``/`` I/ppss may/md never/rb imagine/vb that/cs in/in the/at struggle/nn between/in personal/jj and/cc supra-personal/jj responsibility/nn it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to make/vb a/at compromise/nn between/in the/at ethical/jj and/cc the/at purposive/jj in/in the/at shape/nn of/in a/at relative/jj ethic/nn ;/. ;/.
or/cc to/to let/vb the/at ethical/jj be/be superseded/vbn by/in the/at purposive/jj ./.
On/in the/at contrary/jj it/pps is/bez my/pp$ duty/nn to/to make/vb my/pp$ own/jj decision/nn as/cs between/in the/at two/cd ''/'' ./.


	Schweitzer/np seems/vbz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, to/to acquire/vb for/in himself/ppl a/at burden/nn of/in sin/nn ,/, not/* bequeathed/vbn by/in Adam/np ,/, but/cc accumulated/vbn in/in the/at inevitable/jj judgments/nns which/wdt life/nn requires/vbz of/in him/ppo as/cs between/in greater/jjr and/cc lesser/jjr responsibilities/nns ./.
This/dt viewpoint/nn I/ppss find/vb interesting/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz never/rb weighed/vbn on/in my/pp$ soul/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb it/pps should/md have/hv ./.
My/pp$ own/jj experience/nn has/hvz followed/vbn simpler/jjr lines/nns ./.


	An/at uncompromising/jj belief/nn in/in the/at moral/jj law/nn has/hvz the/at advantage/nn of/in making/vbg religion/nn natural/jj ,/, even/rb as/cs physical/jj law/nn is/bez natural/jj ./.
Neither/cc the/at engineer/nn nor/cc the/at ordinary/jj citizen/nn feels/vbz any/dti self-consciousness/nn in/in obeying/vbg the/at laws/nns of/in matter/nn and/cc energy/nn ,/, nor/cc can/md he/pps achieve/vb a/at sense/nn of/in self-righteousness/nn in/in such/jj obedience/nn ./.
To/to obey/vb the/at moral/jj law/nn is/bez just/rb ordinary/jj common/jj sense/nn ,/, applied/vbn to/in a/at neglected/vbn field/nn ./.
Religion/nn thus/rb becomes/vbz integrated/vbn with/in life/nn ./.


	This/dt truth/nn that/cs the/at moral/jj law/nn is/bez natural/jj has/hvz other/ap important/jj corollaries/nns ./.
One/cd of/in them/ppo is/bez that/cs it/pps gives/vbz meaning/nn and/cc purpose/nn to/in life/nn ./.
In/in seeking/vbg for/in such/jj meaning/nn and/cc purpose/nn ,/, Albert/np Schweitzer/np seized/vbd upon/in the/at concept/nn of/in the/at ``/`` sacredness/nn of/in life/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps is/bez puzzling/jj to/in the/at occidental/jj mind/nn (/( to/in mine/pp$$ at/in least/ap )/) to/to assign/vb ``/`` sacredness/nn ''/'' to/in animal/nn ,/, insect/nn ,/, and/cc plant/nn life/nn ./.
These/dts lives/nns are/ber in/in themselves/ppls outside/in of/in the/at moral/jj order/nn and/cc are/ber unburdened/vbn with/in moral/jj responsibility/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez indeed/rb a/at moral/jj responsibility/nn on/in man/nn himself/ppl ,/, for/in his/pp$ own/jj soul's/nn$ sake/nn ,/, to/to respect/vb lower/jjr life/nn and/cc to/to avoid/vb the/at infliction/nn of/in suffering/vbg ,/, but/cc this/dt viewpoint/nn Schweitzer/np rejects/vbz ./.


	So/ql far/rb as/cs ``/`` sacredness/nn ''/'' inheres/vbz in/in any/dti aspect/nn of/in creation/nn it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo to/to be/be found/vbn in/in human/jj personality/nn ,/, whether/cs in/in Lambarene/np ,/, Africa/np ,/, or/cc in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./.
One/pn cannot/md* read/vb the/at records/nns of/in scientists/nns ,/, officials/nns and/cc travelers/nns who/wps have/hv penetrated/vbn to/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at most/ql savage/jj races/nns without/in realizing/vbg that/cs each/dt individual/nn met/vbn with/in is/bez a/at person/nn ./.
Read/vbn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, in/in Malcolm/np MacDonald's/np$ Borneo/np-tl People/nns-tl of/in Segura/np and/cc her/pp$ wise/jj father/nn Tomonggong/np Koh/np ,/, and/cc her/pp$ final/jj adjustment/nn to/in encroaching/vbg civilization/nn ./.
Above/in all/abn read/vbn in/in Jens/np Bjerre's/np$ The/at-tl Last/ap-tl Cannibal/nn-tl Show/nn-tl the/at old/jj man/nn of/in the/at Wailbri/np tribe/nn (/( not/* cannibals/nns )/) in/in central/jj Australia/np gave/vbd to/in the/at white/jj man/nn his/pp$ choicest/jjt possession/nn ,/, while/cs the/at tears/nns streamed/vbd down/in his/pp$ face/nn ./.
The/at Australian/jj aborigine/nn is/bez the/at conventional/jj exemplar/nn of/in degraded/vbn humanity/nn ;/. ;/.
yet/cc here/rb was/bedz a/at depth/nn of/in sensibility/nn which/wdt is/bez lacking/vbg in/in a/at considerable/jj portion/nn of/in the/at beneficiaries/nns of/in our/pp$ civilization/nn ./.


	Persons/nns ,/, whether/cs white/jj ,/, black/jj ,/, brown/jj or/cc yellow/jj ,/, are/ber a/at concern/nn of/in God/np ./.
Respect/nn for/in personality/nn is/bez a/at privilege/nn and/cc a/at duty/nn for/in us/ppo as/cs brothers/nns ./.


	Such/jj is/bez the/at field/nn for/in exercising/vbg our/pp$ reverence/nn ./.
As/in to/in our/pp$ action/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo align/vb ourselves/ppls with/in the/at purpose/nn expressed/vbn by/in Jesus/np in/in the/at Lord's/np$-tl Prayer/nn-tl :/: ``/`` Thy/pp$ kingdom/nn come/vb ,/, Thy/pp$ will/md be/be done/vbn ,/, on/in earth/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in heaven/nn ''/'' ./.
With/in the/at knowledge/nn that/cs the/at kingdom/nn comes/vbz by/in obedience/nn to/in the/at moral/jj law/nn in/in our/pp$ relations/nns with/in all/abn people/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv a/at firm/jj intellectual/jj grasp/nn on/in both/abx the/at means/nns and/cc the/at ends/nns of/in our/pp$ lives/nns ./.


	This/dt intellectual/jj approach/nn to/in spiritual/jj life/nn suited/vbd me/ppo well/rb ,/, because/cs I/ppss was/bedz never/rb content/jj to/to lead/vb a/at divided/vbn life/nn ./.
As/cs I/ppss have/hv said/vbn ,/, words/nns from/in Tennyson/np remain/vb ever/rb in/in my/pp$ memory/nn :/: ``/`` That/cs mind/nn and/cc soul/nn ,/, according/vbg well/rb ,/, May/md make/vb one/cd music/nn as/cs before/rb ''/'' ./.


	Let/vb us/ppo now/rb give/vb some/dti thought/nn to/in the/at soul/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at young/jj biologist/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ballard/np ,/, began/vbd to/to show/vb interest/nn in/in our/pp$ daughter/nn Elizabeth/np ,/, this/dt induced/vbd a/at corresponding/jj interest/nn ,/, on/in our/pp$ part/nn ,/, in/in him/ppo ./.
I/ppss asked/vbd one/cd day/nn what/wdt he/pps was/bedz doing/vbg ./.
He/pps told/vbd me/ppo that/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at big/jj newt/nn and/cc a/at little/jj newt/nn and/cc that/cs he/pps was/bedz transplanting/vbg a/at big/jj eye/nn of/in the/at big/jj newt/nn onto/in the/at little/jj newt/nn and/cc a/at little/jj eye/nn of/in the/at little/jj newt/nn onto/in the/at big/jj newt/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz then/rb noting/vbg that/cs the/at big/jj eye/nn on/in the/at little/jj newt/nn hung/vbd back/rb until/cs the/at little/jj eye/nn had/hvd grown/vbn up/rp to/in it/ppo ,/, while/cs the/at little/jj eye/nn on/in the/at big/jj newt/nn grew/vbd rapidly/rb until/cs it/pps was/bedz as/ql big/jj as/cs the/at other/ap ./.
Then/rb I/ppss asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` What/wdt does/doz that/dt teach/vb you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Said/vbd he/pps ,/, ``/`` It/pps teaches/vbz me/ppo to/to wonder/vb ''/'' ./.


	This/dt was/bedz a/at profound/jj statement/nn ./.
In/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at unfolding/vbg universe/nn ,/, our/pp$ ultimate/jj attitude/nn is/bez that/dt of/in wonder/nn ./.
Wonder/nn is/bez indeed/rb the/at intellectual/jj gateway/nn to/in the/at spiritual/jj world/nn ./.


	Gone/vbn are/ber the/at days/nns when/wrb ,/, in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, scientists/nns thought/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed close/jj to/in the/at attainment/nn of/in complete/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at physical/jj universe/nn ./.
For/in them/ppo only/rb a/at little/ql more/ap needed/vbd to/to be/be learned/vbn ,/, and/cc then/rb all/abn physical/jj knowledge/nn could/md be/be neatly/rb sorted/vbn ,/, packaged/vbn and/cc put/vbn in/in the/at inventory/nn to/to be/be drawn/vbn on/in for/in the/at solution/nn of/in any/dti human/jj problem/nn ./.


	This/dt complacency/nn was/bedz blown/vbn to/in bits/nns by/in the/at relativity/nn of/in Einstein/np ,/, the/at revelation/nn of/in the/at complex/jj anatomy/nn of/in the/at atom/nn and/cc the/at discovery/nn of/in the/at expanding/vbg universe/nn ./.
None/pn of/in these/dts discoveries/nns were/bed neatly/rb rounded/vbn off/rp bits/nns of/in knowledge/nn ./.
Each/dt faded/vbd out/rp into/in the/at unexplored/jj areas/nns of/in the/at future/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez as/cs if/cs we/ppss ,/, in/in our/pp$ center/nn of/in human/jj observation/nn ,/, from/in time/nn to/in time/nn penetrate/vb more/ql deeply/rb into/in the/at unknown/jj ./.
As/cs our/pp$ radius/nn of/in penetration/nn ,/, R/nn ,/, increases/vbz ,/, the/at area/nn of/in new/jj knowledge/nn increases/vbz by/in Af/nn ,/, and/cc the/at total/nn of/in human/jj knowledge/nn becomes/vbz measured/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in Af/nn ./.
Wonder/nn grows/vbz ./.
It/pps is/bez endless/jj ./.


	There/ex are/ber some/dti people/nns ,/, intelligent/jj people/nns ,/, who/wps seem/vb to/to be/be untouched/jj by/in the/at sea/nn of/in wonder/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber immersed/vbn and/cc in/in which/wdt we/ppss spend/vb our/pp$ lives/nns ./.
One/cd such/jj is/bez Abraham/np Meyer/np ,/, the/at writer/nn of/in a/at recent/jj book/nn ,/, Speaking/vbg-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at straightforward/jj denial/nn of/in the/at spiritual/jj world/nn and/cc a/at vigorous/jj defense/nn of/in pure/jj materialism/nn ./.
His/pp$ inability/nn to/to wonder/vb vitiates/vbz his/pp$ argument/nn ./.


	The/at subject/nn of/in immortality/nn brings/vbz to/in mind/nn a/at vivid/jj incident/nn which/wdt took/vbd place/nn in/in 1929/cd at/in Montreux/np in/in Switzerland/np ./.



	Criticism/nn is/bez as/ql old/jj as/cs literary/jj art/nn and/cc we/ppss can/md set/vb the/at stage/nn for/in our/pp$ study/nn of/in three/cd moderns/nns if/cs we/ppss see/vb how/wrb certain/jj critics/nns in/in the/at past/nn have/hv dealt/vbn with/in the/at ethical/jj aspects/nns of/in literature/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv chosen/vbn five/cd contrasting/vbg pairs/nns ,/, ten/cd men/nns in/in all/abn ,/, and/cc they/ppss are/ber arranged/vbn in/in roughly/rb chronological/jj order/nn ./.
Such/abl a/at list/nn must/md naturally/rb be/be selective/jj ,/, and/cc the/at treatment/nn of/in each/dt man/nn is/bez brief/jj ,/, for/cs I/ppss am/bem interested/vbn only/rb in/in their/pp$ general/jj ideas/nns on/in the/at moral/jj measure/nn of/in literature/nn ./.
Altogether/rb ,/, the/at list/nn will/md give/vb us/ppo considerable/jj variety/nn in/in attitudes/nns and/cc some/dti typical/jj ones/nns ,/, for/cs these/dts critics/nns range/vb all/abn the/at way/nn from/in censors/nns to/in those/dts who/wps consider/vb art/nn above/in ethics/nn ,/, all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Plato/np to/in Poe/np ./.
And/cc most/ap of/in the/at great/jj periods/nns are/ber represented/vbn ,/, because/cs we/ppss will/md compare/vb Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np from/in the/at golden/jj age/nn of/in Greece/np ;/. ;/.
Stephen/np Gosson/np and/cc Sir/np Philip/np Sidney/np from/in renaissance/nn England/np ;/. ;/.
Dr./nn-tl Johnson/np and/cc William/np Hazlitt/np of/in the/at eighteenth/od and/cc early/jj nineteenth/od centuries/nns in/in England/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc James/np Russell/np Lowell/np and/cc Edgar/np Allan/np Poe/np of/in nineteenth/od century/nn American/jj letters/nns ./.



Plato/np-hl and/cc-hl Aristotle/np-hl 
Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np agree/vb on/in some/dti vital/jj literary/jj issues/nns ./.
They/ppss both/abx measure/vb literature/nn by/in moral/jj standards/nns ,/, and/cc in/in their/pp$ political/jj writings/nns both/abx allow/vb for/in censorship/nn ,/, but/cc the/at differences/nns between/in them/ppo are/ber also/rb significant/jj ./.
While/cs Aristotle/np censors/vbz literature/nn only/rb for/in the/at young/jj ,/, Plato/np would/md banish/vb all/abn poets/nns from/in his/pp$ ideal/jj state/nn ./.
Even/rb more/ql important/jj ,/, in/in his/pp$ Poetics/nn-tl ,/, Aristotle/np differs/vbz somewhat/rb from/in Plato/np when/wrb he/pps moves/vbz in/in the/at direction/nn of/in treating/vbg literature/nn as/cs a/at unique/jj thing/nn ,/, separate/jj and/cc apart/rb from/in its/pp$ causes/nns and/cc its/pp$ effects/nns ./.


	All/ql through/in The/at-tl Republic/nn-tl ,/, Plato/np attends/vbz to/in the/at way/nn art/nn relates/vbz to/in the/at general/jj life/nn and/cc ultimately/rb to/in a/at good/jj life/nn for/in his/pp$ citizens/nns ./.
In/in short/jj ,/, he/pps is/bez constantly/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at ethical/jj effects/nns ./.
When/wrb he/pps discusses/vbz the/at subject/nn matter/nn of/in poetry/nn ,/, he/pps asks/vbz what/wdt moral/jj effect/nn the/at scenes/nns will/md have/hv ./.
When/wrb he/pps turns/vbz briefly/rb to/in literary/jj style/nn ,/, in/in the/at Third/od-tl Book/nn-tl ,/, he/pps again/rb looks/vbz to/in the/at effect/nn on/in the/at audience/nn ./.
He/pps explains/vbz that/cs his/pp$ citizens/nns must/md not/* be/be corrupted/vbn by/in any/dti of/in the/at misrepresentations/nns of/in the/at gods/nns or/cc heroes/nns that/wpo one/pn finds/vbz in/in much/ap poetry/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps observes/vbz that/cs all/abn ``/`` these/dts pantomimic/jj gentlemen/nns ''/'' will/md be/be sent/vbn to/in another/dt state/nn ./.
Only/rb those/dts story/nn tellers/nns will/md remain/vb who/wps can/md ``/`` imitate/vb the/at style/nn of/in the/at virtuous/jj ''/'' ./.


	Plato/np is/bez ,/, at/in times/nns ,/, just/rb as/ql suspicious/jj of/in the/at poets/nns themselves/ppls as/cs he/pps is/bez of/in their/pp$ work/nn ./.
When/wrb he/pps discusses/vbz tyrants/nns in/in the/at Eighth/od-tl Book/nn-tl of/in The/at-tl Republic/nn-tl ,/, he/pps pictures/vbz the/at poets/nns as/cs willing/jj to/to praise/vb the/at worst/jjt rulers/nns ./.
But/cc the/at most/ql fundamental/jj objection/nn he/pps has/hvz to/in poets/nns appears/vbz in/in the/at Tenth/od-tl Book/nn-tl ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez derived/vbn from/in his/pp$ doctrine/nn of/in ideal/jj forms/nns ./.
In/in Plato's/np$ mind/nn there/ex is/bez an/at irresolvable/jj conflict/nn between/in the/at poet/nn and/cc the/at philosopher/nn ,/, because/cs the/at poet/nn imitates/vbz only/rb particular/jj objects/nns and/cc is/bez incapable/jj of/in rising/vbg to/in the/at first/od level/nn of/in abstraction/nn ,/, much/ql less/rbr the/at highest/jjt level/nn of/in ideal/jj forms/nns ./.
True/jj reality/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez the/at ideal/jj ,/, and/cc the/at poet/nn knows/vbz nothing/pn of/in this/dt ;/. ;/.
only/rb the/at philosopher/nn knows/vbz the/at truth/nn ./.


	Poets/nns ,/, moreover/rb ,/, dwell/vb on/in human/jj passions/nns ./.
And/cc with/in this/dt point/nn about/in the/at passions/nns ,/, we/ppss encounter/vb Plato's/np$ dualism/nn ./.
The/at same/ap sort/nn of/in thinking/vbg plays/vbz so/ql large/jj a/at part/nn in/in both/abx Babbitt/np and/cc More/np ,/, that/cs we/ppss must/md examine/vb it/ppo in/in some/dti detail/nn ./.
Plato/np feels/vbz that/cs man/nn has/hvz two/cd competing/vbg aspects/nns ,/, his/pp$ rational/jj faculty/nn and/cc his/pp$ irrational/jj ./.
We/ppss can/md be/be virtuous/jj only/rb if/cs we/ppss control/vb our/pp$ lower/jjr natures/nns ,/, the/at passions/nns in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, and/cc strengthen/vb our/pp$ rational/jj side/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc poetry/nn ,/, with/in all/abn its/pp$ emphasis/nn on/in the/at passions/nns ,/, encourages/vbz the/at audience/nn to/to give/vb way/nn to/in emotion/nn ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, poetry/nn tends/vbz to/to weaken/vb the/at power/nn of/in control/nn ,/, the/at reason/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps tempts/vbz one/cd to/to indulge/vb his/pp$ passions/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at best/jjt of/in men/nns ,/, he/pps maintains/vbz ,/, may/md be/be corrupted/vbn by/in this/dt subtle/jj influence/nn ./.


	Plato's/np$ attitude/nn toward/in poetry/nn has/hvz always/rb been/ben something/pn of/in an/at enigma/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps is/bez so/ql completely/ql sensitive/jj to/in its/pp$ charm/nn ./.
His/pp$ whole/jj objection/nn ,/, indeed/rb ,/, seems/vbz to/to rise/vb out/in of/in a/at deep/jj conviction/nn that/cs the/at poets/nns do/do have/hv great/jj power/nn to/to influence/vb ,/, but/cc Plato/np seldom/rb pays/vbz any/dti attention/nn to/in what/wdt might/md be/be called/vbn the/at poem/nn itself/ppl ./.
He/pps is/bez ,/, rather/rb ,/, concerned/vbn with/in the/at effect/nn on/in society/nn and/cc he/pps wants/vbz the/at poets/nns to/to join/vb his/pp$ fight/nn for/in justice/nn ./.
He/pps wants/vbz them/ppo to/to use/vb their/pp$ great/jj power/nn to/to strengthen/vb man's/nn$ rational/jj side/nn ,/, to/to teach/vb virtue/nn ,/, and/cc to/to encourage/vb religion/nn ./.


	While/cs Plato/np finally/rb allows/vbz a/at few/ap acceptable/jj hymns/nns to/in the/at gods/nns and/cc famous/jj men/nns ,/, still/rb he/pps clearly/rb leaves/vbz the/at way/nn open/jj for/in further/jjr discussion/nn of/in the/at issue/nn ./.
He/pps even/rb calls/vbz upon/rb the/at poets/nns to/to defend/vb the/at Muse/nn-tl and/cc to/to show/vb that/dt poetry/nn may/md contribute/vb to/in virtue/nn ./.
He/pps says/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	We/ppss may/md further/rbr grant/vb to/in those/dts of/in her/pp$ (/( Poetry's/nn$-tl )/) defenders/nns who/wps are/ber lovers/nns of/in poetry/nn and/cc yet/rb not/* poets/nns ,/, the/at permission/nn to/to speak/vb in/in prose/nn on/in her/pp$ behalf/nn :/: let/vb them/ppo show/vb not/* only/rb that/cs she/pps is/bez pleasant/jj but/cc also/rb useful/jj to/in States/nns-tl and/cc to/in human/jj life/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss will/md listen/vb in/in a/at kindly/jj spirit/nn ;/. ;/.
for/cs if/cs this/dt can/md be/be proved/vbn we/ppss shall/md surely/rb be/be the/at gainers/nns --/-- I/ppss mean/vb ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez a/at use/nn in/in poetry/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at delight/nn ''/'' ./.


	When/wrb we/ppss turn/vb to/in Aristotle's/np$ ideas/nns on/in the/at moral/jj measure/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez at/in once/rb apparent/jj that/cs he/pps is/bez at/in times/nns equally/rb concerned/vbn about/in the/at influence/nn of/in the/at art/nn ./.
In/in the/at ideal/jj state/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, he/pps argues/vbz that/cs the/at young/jj citizens/nns should/md hear/vb only/rb the/at most/ql carefully/rb selected/vbn tales/nns and/cc stories/nns ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, he/pps would/md banish/vb indecent/jj pictures/nns and/cc speeches/nns from/in the/at stage/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at young/jj people/nns should/md not/* even/vb be/be permitted/vbn to/to see/vb comedies/nns till/cs they/ppss are/ber old/jj enough/qlp to/to drink/vb strong/jj wine/nn and/cc sit/vb at/in the/at public/jj tables/nns ./.
By/in the/at time/nn they/ppss reach/vb that/dt age/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, Aristotle/np no/ql longer/rbr worries/vbz about/in the/at evil/jj influence/nn of/in comedies/nns ./.


	In/in Aristotle's/np$ analysis/nn of/in tragedy/nn in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, we/ppss find/vb an/at attempt/nn to/to isolate/vb the/at art/nn ,/, to/to consider/vb only/rb those/dts things/nns proper/jj to/in it/ppo ,/, to/to discover/vb how/wrb it/pps differs/vbz from/in other/ap arts/nns ,/, and/cc to/to deal/vb with/in the/at effects/nns peculiar/jj to/in it/ppo ./.
He/pps assures/vbz us/ppo ,/, early/rb in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, that/cs all/abn art/nn is/bez ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' and/cc that/cs all/abn imitation/nn gives/vbz pleasure/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps distinguishes/vbz between/in art/nn in/in general/jj and/cc poetic/jj art/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at means/nn ,/, manner/nn ,/, and/cc the/at objects/nns of/in the/at imitation/nn ./.
Once/rb the/at poetic/jj arts/nns are/ber separated/vbn from/in the/at other/ap forms/nns ,/, he/pps lays/vbz down/rp his/pp$ famous/jj definition/nn of/in tragedy/nn ,/, which/wdt sets/vbz up/rp standards/nns and/cc so/rb lends/vbz direction/nn to/in the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at work/nn ./.
A/at tragedy/nn ,/, by/in his/pp$ definition/nn ,/, is/bez an/at imitation/nn of/in an/at action/nn that/wps is/bez serious/jj ,/, of/in a/at certain/jj magnitude/nn ,/, and/cc complete/jj in/in itself/ppl ./.
It/pps should/md have/hv a/at dramatic/jj form/nn with/in pleasing/jj language/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps should/md portray/vb incidents/nns which/wdt so/ql arouse/vb pity/nn and/cc fear/nn that/cs it/pps purges/vbz these/dts emotions/nns in/in the/at audience/nn ./.
Any/dti tragedy/nn ,/, he/pps maintains/vbz ,/, has/hvz six/cd elements/nns :/: plot/nn ,/, character/nn ,/, and/cc thought/nn (/( the/at objects/nns of/in imitation/nn )/) ,/, diction/nn and/cc melody/nn (/( the/at means/nn of/in imitation/nn )/) ,/, and/cc spectacle/nn (/( the/at manner/nn of/in imitation/nn )/) ./.
Throughout/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, Aristotle/np continues/vbz to/to discuss/vb the/at characteristics/nns of/in these/dts six/cd parts/nns and/cc their/pp$ interrelationship/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps refers/vbz frequently/rb to/in the/at standards/nns suggested/vbn by/in his/pp$ definition/nn of/in tragedy/nn ./.


	Aristotle's/np$ method/nn in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, then/rb ,/, does/doz suggest/vb that/cs we/ppss should/md isolate/vb the/at work/nn ./.
The/at Chicago/np contingent/nn of/in modern/jj critics/nns follow/vb Aristotle/np so/ql far/rb in/in this/dt direction/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to see/vb how/wrb they/ppss can/md compare/vb one/cd poem/nn with/in another/dt for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in evaluation/nn ./.
But/cc there/ex are/ber ,/, however/rb ,/, several/ap features/nns of/in Aristotle's/np$ approach/nn which/wdt open/vb the/at way/nn for/in the/at moral/jj measure/nn of/in literature/nn ./.
For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, Aristotle/np mentions/vbz that/cs plays/nns may/md corrupt/vb the/at audience/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, his/pp$ definition/nn of/in a/at tragedy/nn invites/vbz our/pp$ attention/nn ,/, because/cs a/at serious/jj and/cc important/jj action/nn may/md very/ql well/rb be/be one/cd that/wps tests/vbz the/at moral/jj fiber/nn of/in the/at author/nn or/cc of/in the/at characters/nns ./.
And/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd other/ap point/nn in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl that/wps invites/vbz moral/jj evaluation/nn :/: Aristotle's/np$ notion/nn that/cs the/at distinctive/jj function/nn of/in tragedy/nn is/bez to/to purge/vb one's/pn$ emotions/nns by/in arousing/vbg pity/nn and/cc fear/nn ./.
He/pps rejects/vbz certain/jj plots/nns because/cs they/ppss do/do not/* contribute/vb to/in that/dt end/nn ./.
The/at point/nn is/bez that/cs an/at ethical/jj critic/nn ,/, with/in an/at assist/vb from/in Freud/np ,/, can/md seize/vb on/in this/dt theory/nn to/to argue/vb that/cs tragedy/nn provides/vbz us/ppo with/in a/at harmless/jj outlet/nn for/in our/pp$ hostile/jj urges/nns ./.
In/in his/pp$ study/nn Samuel/np Johnson/np ,/, Joseph/np Wood/np Krutch/np takes/vbz this/dt line/nn when/wrb he/pps says/vbz that/cs what/wdt Aristotle/np really/rb means/vbz by/in his/pp$ theory/nn of/in catharsis/nn is/bez that/cs our/pp$ evil/jj passions/nns may/md be/be so/ql purged/vbn by/in the/at dramatic/jj ritual/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez ``/`` less/ql likely/jj that/cs we/ppss shall/md indulge/vb them/ppo through/in our/pp$ own/jj acts/nns ''/'' ./.
In/in Krutch's/np$ view/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez one/cd way/nn to/to show/vb how/wrb literature/nn may/md be/be moral/jj in/in effect/nn without/in employing/vbg the/at explicit/jj methods/nns of/in a/at moralist/nn ./.
And/cc we/ppss can/md add/vb that/cs Krutch's/np$ interpretation/nn of/in purgation/nn is/bez also/rb one/cd answer/nn to/in Plato's/np$ fear/nn that/cs poetry/nn will/md encourage/vb our/pp$ passions/nns ./.
If/cs Krutch/np is/bez correct/jj ,/, tragedy/nn may/md have/hv quite/abl the/at opposite/jj effect/nn ./.
It/pps may/md allay/vb our/pp$ passions/nns and/cc so/rb restore/vb the/at rule/nn of/in reason/nn ./.
Or/cc in/in more/ql Freudian/jj terms/nns ,/, the/at experience/nn may/md serve/vb to/to sublimate/vb our/pp$ destructive/jj urges/nns and/cc strengthen/vb the/at ego/nn and/cc superego/nn ./.



Gosson/np and/cc Sidney/np 
The/at second/od half/abn of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn in/in England/np was/bedz the/at setting/nn for/in a/at violent/jj and/cc long/jj controversy/nn over/in the/at moral/jj quality/nn of/in renaissance/nn literature/nn ,/, especially/rb the/at drama/nn ./.
No/at one/pn suggested/vbd that/cs the/at ethical/jj effects/nns of/in the/at art/nn were/bed irrelevant/jj ./.
Both/abx sides/nns agreed/vbd that/cs the/at theater/nn must/md stand/vb a/at moral/jj test/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss could/md not/* agree/vb on/in whether/cs the/at poets/nns were/bed a/at good/jj or/cc a/at bad/jj influence/nn ./.
Both/abx sides/nns claimed/vbd that/cs Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np supported/vbd their/pp$ cause/nn ./.
Those/dts who/wps wanted/vbd to/to close/vb the/at theaters/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, pointed/vbd to/in Plato's/np$ Republic/nn-tl and/cc those/dts who/wps wished/vbd to/to keep/vb them/ppo open/jj called/vbd on/in the/at Plato/np of/in the/at Ion/np-tl to/to testify/vb in/in their/pp$ behalf/nn ./.


	The/at most/ql famous/jj document/nn that/wps comes/vbz out/in of/in this/dt dispute/nn is/bez perhaps/rb Sir/np Philip/np Sidney's/np$ An/at-tl Apologie/nn-tl For/in-tl Poetrie/nn-tl ,/, published/vbn in/in 1595/cd ./.
Many/ap students/nns of/in literature/nn know/vb that/dt classical/jj defense/nn ./.
What/wdt is/bez not/* so/ql well/rb known/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc what/wdt is/bez quite/ql important/jj for/in understanding/vbg the/at issues/nns of/in this/dt early/jj quarrel/nn ,/, is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in attack/nn on/in literature/nn that/wpo Sidney/np was/bedz answering/vbg ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, then/rb I/ppss want/vb to/to describe/vb ,/, first/od ,/, two/cd examples/nns of/in the/at puritanical/jj attacks/nns :/: Stephen/np Gosson's/np$ The/at-tl School/nn-tl Of/in-tl Abuse/nn-tl ,/, 1579/cd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ later/jjr Playes/nns-tl Confuted/vbn-tl ,/, published/vbn in/in 1582/cd ./.
Second/od ,/, we/ppss will/md see/vb how/wrb Sidney/np answered/vbd the/at charges/nns ,/, for/cs while/cs Sidney's/np$ essay/nn was/bedz not/* specifically/rb a/at reply/nn to/in Gosson/np ,/, his/pp$ arguments/nns do/do support/vb the/at new/jj theater/nn ./.


	According/in to/in William/np Ringler's/np$ study/nn ,/, Stephen/np Gosson/np ,/, the/at theater/nn business/nn in/in London/np had/hvd become/vbn a/at thriving/vbg enterprise/nn by/in 1577/cd ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in the/at opinion/nn of/in many/ap ,/, a/at thoroughly/ql bad/jj business/nn ./.
Aroused/vbn by/in what/wdt they/ppss considered/vbd an/at evil/jj influence/nn ,/, some/dti members/nns of/in the/at clergy/nn ,/, joined/vbn by/in city/nn authorities/nns ,/, merchants/nns ,/, and/cc master/nn craftsmen/nns ,/, began/vbd the/at attack/nn on/in the/at plays/nns and/cc the/at actors/nns for/in what/wdt they/ppss called/vbd ``/`` the/at abuses/nns of/in the/at art/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc by/in 1582/cd some/dti of/in them/ppo began/vbd to/to denounce/vb the/at whole/jj idea/nn of/in acting/vbg ./.
Although/cs this/dt kind/nn of/in wholesale/jj objection/nn came/vbd at/in first/rb from/in some/dti men/nns who/wps were/bed not/* technically/rb Puritans/nps ,/, still/rb ,/, once/cs the/at Puritans/nps gained/vbd power/nn ,/, they/ppss climaxed/vbd the/at affair/nn by/in passing/vbg the/at infamous/jj ordinance/nn of/in 1642/cd which/wdt decreed/vbd that/cs all/abn ``/`` public/jj stage-plays/nns shall/md cease/vb and/cc be/be forborne/vbn ''/'' ./.
With/in that/dt act/nn of/in Parliament/nn-tl the/at opponents/nns of/in the/at stage/nn won/vbd the/at day/nn ,/, and/cc for/in more/ap than/in two/cd decades/nns after/in that/dt England/np had/hvd no/at legitimate/jj public/jj drama/nn ./.


	In/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in this/dt controversy/nn over/in the/at theater/nn one/cd of/in the/at interested/vbn parties/nns ,/, Stephen/np Gosson/np ,/, published/vbd a/at little/jj tract/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps objected/vbd mildly/rb to/in the/at abuses/nns of/in art/nn ,/, rather/in than/in the/at art/nn itself/ppl ./.
But/cc his/pp$ opposition/nn hardened/vbd and/cc by/in 1579/cd ,/, in/in The/at-tl School/nn-tl Of/in-tl Abuse/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz ready/jj to/to banish/vb all/abn ``/`` players/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps advises/vbz women/nns to/to beware/vb ``/`` of/in those/dts places/nns which/wdt in/in sorrows/nns cheere/vb you/ppo and/cc beguile/vb you/ppo in/in mirth/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps does/doz not/* really/rb approve/vb of/in levity/nn and/cc laughter/nn ,/, but/cc sex/nn is/bez the/at deadly/jj sin/nn ./.
He/pps warns/vbz that/cs a/at single/ap glance/nn can/md lead/vb us/ppo into/in temptation/nn ,/, for/cs ``/`` Looking/vbg eies/nns have/hv lyking/vbg hartes/nns ,/, and/cc lyking/vbg hartes/nns may/md burne/vb in/in lust/nn ''/'' ./.



	But/cc it/pps would/md not/* be/be very/ql satisfactory/jj to/to leave/vb our/pp$ conclusions/nns at/in the/at point/nn just/rb reached/vbn ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to be/be somewhat/ql more/ql concrete/jj and/cc factual/jj in/in diagnosing/vbg the/at involvement/nn of/in values/nns in/in education/nn ./.
For/in this/dt purpose/nn we/ppss now/rb draw/vb upon/in data/nns from/in sociological/jj and/cc psychological/jj studies/nns of/in students/nns in/in American/jj colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns ,/, and/cc particularly/rb from/in the/at Cornell/np-tl Values/nns-tl Studies/nns-tl ./.
In/in the/at latter/ap research/nn program/nn ,/, information/nn is/bez available/jj for/in 2,758/cd Cornell/np students/nns surveyed/vbn in/in 1950/cd and/cc for/in 1,571/cd students/nns surveyed/vbn in/in 1952/cd ./.
Of/in the/at latter/ap sample/nn ,/, 944/cd persons/nns had/hvd been/ben studied/vbn two/cd years/nns earlier/rbr ;/. ;/.
hence/rb changes/nns in/in attitudes/nns and/cc values/nns can/md be/be analyzed/vbn for/in identical/jj individuals/nns at/in two/cd points/nns in/in time/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at 1952/cd study/nn collected/vbd comparable/jj data/nns from/in 4,585/cd students/nns at/in ten/cd other/ap colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns scattered/vbn across/in the/at country/nn :/: Dartmouth/np ,/, Harvard/np ,/, Yale/np ,/, Wesleyan/np ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, Fisk/np ,/, Texas/np ,/, University/nn-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl at/in-tl Los/np-tl Angeles/np-tl ,/, Wayne/np ,/, and/cc Michigan/np ./.


	We/ppss find/vb ,/, in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, that/cs the/at students/nns overwhelmingly/rb approve/vb of/in higher/jjr education/nn ,/, positively/rb evaluate/vb the/at job/nn their/pp$ own/jj institution/nn is/bez doing/vbg ,/, do/do not/* accept/vb most/ap of/in the/at criticisms/nns levelled/vbn against/in higher/jjr education/nn in/in the/at public/jj prints/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, on/in the/at whole/jj ,/, approve/vb of/in the/at way/nn their/pp$ university/nn deals/vbz with/in value-problems/nns and/cc value/nn inculcation/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* our/pp$ impression/nn that/cs these/dts evaluations/nns are/ber naively/rb uncritical/jj resultants/nns of/in blissful/jj ignorance/nn ;/. ;/.
rather/rb ,/, the/at generality/nn of/in these/dts students/nns find/vb their/pp$ university/nn experience/nn congenial/jj to/in their/pp$ own/jj sense/nn of/in values/nns ./.


	Students/nns are/ber approximately/ql equally/rb divided/vbn between/in those/dts who/wps regard/vb vocational/jj preparation/nn as/cs the/at primary/jj goal/nn of/in an/at ideal/jj education/nn and/cc those/dts who/wps chose/vbd a/at general/jj liberal/jj education/nn ./.
Other/ap conceivable/jj goals/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs character-education/nn and/cc social/jj adjustment/nn ,/, are/ber of/in secondary/jj importance/nn to/in them/ppo ./.
The/at ideal/nn of/in a/at liberal/jj education/nn impresses/vbz itself/ppl upon/in the/at students/nns more/rbr and/cc more/rbr as/cs they/ppss move/vb through/in college/nn ./.
Even/rb in/in such/jj technical/jj curricula/nns as/cs engineering/nn ,/, the/at senior/nn is/bez much/ql more/ql likely/jj than/cs the/at freshman/nn to/to choose/vb ,/, as/cs an/at ideal/jj ,/, liberal/jj education/nn over/in specific/jj vocational/jj preparation/nn ./.
In/in the/at university/nn milieu/nn of/in scholarship/nn and/cc research/nn ,/, of/in social/jj diversity/nn ,/, of/in new/jj ideas/nns and/cc varied/vbn and/cc wide-ranging/jj interests/nns ,/, ``/`` socialization/nn ''/'' into/in a/at campus/nn culture/nn apparently/rb means/vbz heightened/vbn appreciation/nn of/in the/at idea/nn of/in a/at liberal/jj education/nn in/in the/at arts/nns and/cc sciences/nns ./.


	Students'/nns$ choices/nns of/in ideal/jj educational/jj goals/nns are/ber not/* arbitrary/jj or/cc whimsical/jj ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at clear/jj relationship/nn between/in their/pp$ educational/jj evaluations/nns and/cc their/pp$ basic/jj pattern/nn of/in general/jj values/nns ./.
The/at selective/jj and/cc directional/jj qualities/nns of/in basic/jj value-orientations/nns are/ber clearly/ql evident/jj in/in these/dts data/nns :/: the/at ``/`` success-oriented/jj ''/'' students/nns choose/vb vocational/jj preparation/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` other-directed/jj ''/'' choose/vb goals/nns of/in social/jj adjustment/nn (/( ``/`` getting/vbg along/rb with/in people/nns ''/'' )/) ,/, the/at ``/`` intellectuals/nns ''/'' choose/vb a/at liberal/jj arts/nns emphasis/nn ./.


	The/at same/ap patterned/vbn consistency/nn shows/vbz itself/ppl in/in occupational/jj choices/nns ./.
There/ex is/bez impressive/jj consistency/nn between/in specific/jj occupational/jj preferences/nns and/cc the/at student's/nn$ basic/jj conception/nn of/in what/wdt is/bez for/in him/ppo a/at good/jj way/nn of/in life/nn ./.
And/cc ,/, contrary/jj to/in many/ap popular/jj assertions/nns ,/, the/at goal-values/nns chosen/vbn do/do not/* seem/vb to/in us/ppo to/to be/be primarily/rb oriented/vbn to/in materialistic/jj success/nn nor/cc to/in mere/jj conformity/nn ./.
Our/pp$ students/nns want/vb occupations/nns that/wps permit/vb them/ppo to/to use/vb their/pp$ talents/nns and/cc training/nn ,/, to/to be/be creative/jj and/cc original/jj ,/, to/to work/vb with/in and/cc to/to help/vb other/ap people/nns ./.
They/ppss also/rb want/vb money/nn ,/, prestige/nn ,/, and/cc security/nn ./.
But/cc they/ppss are/ber optimistic/jj about/in their/pp$ prospects/nns in/in these/dts regards/nns ;/. ;/.
they/ppss set/vbd limits/nns to/in their/pp$ aspirations/nns --/-- few/ap aspire/vb to/in millions/nns of/in dollars/nns or/cc to/in ``/`` imperial/jj ''/'' power/nn and/cc glory/nn ./.
Within/in the/at fixed/vbn frame/nn of/in these/dts aspirations/nns ,/, they/ppss can/md afford/vb to/to place/vb a/at high/jj value/nn on/in the/at expressive/jj and/cc people-oriented/jj aspects/nns of/in occupation/nn and/cc to/to minimize/vb the/at instrumental-reward/jj values/nns of/in power/nn ,/, prestige/nn ,/, and/cc wealth/nn ./.


	Occupational/jj choices/nns are/ber also/rb useful/jj --/-- and/cc interesting/jj --/-- in/in bringing/vbg out/rp clearly/rb that/cs values/nns do/do not/* constitute/vb the/at only/ap component/nn in/in goals/nns and/cc aspirations/nns ./.
For/cs there/ex is/bez also/rb the/at ``/`` face/nn of/in reality/nn ''/'' in/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at individual's/nn$ perceptions/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj abilities/nns and/cc interests/nns ,/, of/in the/at objective/jj possibilities/nns open/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, of/in the/at familial/jj and/cc other/ap social/jj pressures/nns to/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez exposed/vbn ./.
We/ppss find/vb ``/`` reluctant/jj recruits/nns ''/'' whose/wp$ values/nns are/ber not/* in/in line/nn with/in their/pp$ expected/vbn occupation's/nn$ characteristics/nns ./.
Students/nns develop/vb occupational/jj images/nns --/-- not/* always/rb accurate/jj or/cc detailed/vbn --/-- and/cc they/ppss try/vb to/to fit/vb their/pp$ values/nns to/in the/at presumed/vbn characteristics/nns of/in the/at imagined/vbn occupation/nn ./.
The/at purely/ql cognitive/jj or/cc informational/jj problems/nns are/ber often/rb acute/jj ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, many/ap reluctant/jj recruits/nns are/ber yielding/vbg to/in social/jj demands/nns ,/, or/cc compromising/vbg in/in the/at face/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj limitations/nns of/in opportunity/nn ,/, or/cc of/in ability/nn and/cc performance/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, many/abn a/at creativity-oriented/jj aspirant/nn for/in a/at career/nn in/in architecture/nn ,/, drama/nn ,/, or/cc journalism/nn ,/, resigns/vbz himself/ppl to/in a/at real/jj estate/nn business/nn ;/. ;/.
many/abn a/at people-oriented/jj student/nn who/wps dreams/vbz of/in the/at M.D./np decides/vbz to/to enter/vb his/pp$ father's/nn$ advertising/vbg agency/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc many/abn a/at hopeful/jj incipient/jj business/nn executive/nn decides/vbz it/pps were/bed better/jjr to/to teach/vb the/at theory/nn of/in business/nn administration/nn than/cs to/to practice/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at old/jj ideal/nn of/in the/at independent/jj entrepreneur/nn is/bez extant/jj --/-- but/cc so/rb is/bez the/at recognition/nn that/cs the/at main/jjs chance/nn may/md be/be in/in a/at corporate/jj bureaucracy/nn ./.


	In/in their/pp$ views/nns on/in dating/vbg ,/, courtship/nn ,/, sex/nn ,/, and/cc family/nn life/nn ,/, our/pp$ students/nns prefer/vb what/wdt they/ppss are/ber expected/vbn to/to prefer/vb ./.
For/in them/ppo ,/, in/in the/at grim/jj words/nns of/in a/at once-popular/jj song/nn ,/, love/nn and/cc marriage/nn go/vb together/rb like/cs a/at horse/nn and/cc carriage/nn ./.
Their/pp$ expressed/vbn standards/nns concerning/in sex/nn roles/nns ,/, desirable/jj age/nn for/in marriage/nn ,/, characteristics/nns of/in an/at ideal/jj mate/nn ,/, number/nn of/in children/nns desired/vbn are/ber congruent/jj with/in the/at values/nns and/cc stereotypes/nns of/in the/at preceding/vbg generation/nn --/-- minus/cc compulsive/jj rebellion/nn ./.
They/ppss even/rb accept/vb the/at ``/`` double/jj standard/nn ''/'' of/in sex/nn morality/nn in/in a/at double/jj sense/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, both/abx sexes/nns agree/vb that/cs standards/nns for/in men/nns differ/vb from/in standards/nns for/in women/nns ,/, and/cc women/nns apply/vb to/in both/abx sexes/nns a/at standard/nn different/jj from/in that/dt held/vbn by/in men/nns ./.


	``/`` Conservatism/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` traditionalism/nn ''/'' seem/vb implied/vbn by/in what/wdt has/hvz just/rb been/ben said/vbn ./.
But/cc these/dts terms/nns are/ber treacherous/jj ./.
In/in the/at field/nn of/in political/jj values/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez certainly/rb true/jj that/cs students/nns are/ber not/* radical/jj ,/, not/* rebels/nns against/in their/pp$ parents/nns or/cc their/pp$ peers/nns ./.
And/cc as/cs they/ppss go/vb through/in college/nn ,/, the/at students/nns tend/vb to/to bring/vb their/pp$ political/jj position/nn in/in line/nn with/in that/dt prevalent/jj in/in the/at social/jj groups/nns to/in which/wdt they/ppss belong/vb ./.
Yet/cc they/ppss have/hv accepted/vbn most/ap of/in the/at extant/jj ``/`` welfare/nn state/nn ''/'' provisions/nns for/in health/nn ,/, security/nn ,/, and/cc the/at regulation/nn of/in economic/jj affairs/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss overwhelmingly/rb approve/vb of/in the/at traditional/jj ``/`` liberalism/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Bill/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl ./.
When/wrb their/pp$ faith/nn in/in civil/jj liberties/nns is/bez tested/vbn against/in strong/jj pressures/nns of/in social/jj expediency/nn in/in specific/jj issues/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, suppression/nn of/in ``/`` dangerous/jj ideas/nns ''/'' ,/, many/ap waver/vb and/cc give/vb in/rp ./.
The/at students/nns who/wps are/ber most/ql willing/jj to/to acquiesce/vb in/in the/at suppression/nn of/in civil/jj liberties/nns are/ber also/rb those/dts who/wps are/ber most/ql likely/jj to/to be/be prejudiced/vbn against/in minority/nn groups/nns ,/, to/to be/be conformist/nn and/cc traditionalistic/jj in/in general/jj social/jj attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc to/to lack/vb a/at basic/jj faith/nn in/in people/nns ./.


	As/cs one/pn looks/vbz at/in the/at existing/vbg evidence/nn ,/, one/pn finds/vbz a/at correlation/nn ,/, although/cs only/rb a/at slight/jj one/cd ,/, between/in high/jj grades/nns and/cc ``/`` libertarian/jj ''/'' values/nns ./.
But/cc the/at correlation/nn is/bez substantial/jj only/rb among/in upperclassmen/nns ./.
In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, as/cs students/nns go/vb through/in college/nn ,/, those/dts who/wps are/ber most/ql successful/jj academically/rb tend/vb to/to become/vb more/ql committed/vbn to/in a/at ``/`` Bill/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl ''/'' orientation/nn ./.
College/nn in/in gross/nn --/-- just/rb the/at general/jj experience/nn --/-- may/md have/hv varying/vbg effects/nns ,/, but/cc the/at students/nns who/wps are/ber successful/jj emerge/vb with/in strengthened/vbn and/cc clarified/vbn democratic/jj values/nns ./.
This/dt finding/nn is/bez consistent/jj also/rb with/in the/at fact/nn that/cs student/nn leaders/nns are/ber more/ql likely/jj to/to be/be supporters/nns of/in the/at values/nns implicit/jj in/in civil/jj liberties/nns than/cs the/at other/ap students/nns ./.


	There/ex is/bez now/rb substantial/jj evidence/nn from/in several/ap major/jj studies/nns of/in college/nn students/nns that/cs the/at experience/nn of/in the/at college/nn years/nns results/vbz in/in a/at certain/jj ,/, selective/jj homogenization/nn of/in attitudes/nns and/cc values/nns ./.
Detached/vbn from/in their/pp$ prior/jj statuses/nns and/cc social/jj groups/nns and/cc exposed/vbn to/in the/at pervasive/jj stimuli/nns of/in the/at university/nn milieu/nn ,/, the/at students/nns tend/vb to/to assimilate/vb a/at new/jj common/jj culture/nn ,/, to/to converge/vb toward/in norms/nns characteristic/jj of/in their/pp$ own/jj particular/jj campus/nn ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, in/in certain/jj respects/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber norms/nns common/jj to/in colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns across/in the/at country/nn ./.
For/in instance/nn ,/, college-educated/jj people/nns consistently/rb show/vb up/rp in/in study/nn after/in study/nn as/cs more/ql often/rb than/cs others/nns supporters/nns of/in the/at Bill/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl and/cc other/ap democratic/jj rights/nns and/cc liberties/nns ./.
The/at interesting/jj thing/nn in/in this/dt connection/nn is/bez that/cs the/at norms/nns upon/in which/wdt students/nns tend/vb to/to converge/vb include/vb toleration/nn of/in diversity/nn ./.


	To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs our/pp$ sampling/nn of/in the/at orientations/nns of/in American/jj college/nn students/nns in/in the/at years/nns 1950/cd and/cc 1952/cd may/md be/be representative/jj of/in our/pp$ culture/nn --/-- and/cc still/rb valid/jj in/in 1959/cd --/-- we/ppss are/ber disposed/vbn to/to question/vb the/at summary/nn characterization/nn of/in the/at current/jj generation/nn as/cs silent/jj ,/, beat/vbn ,/, apathetic/jj ,/, or/cc as/cs a/at mass/nn of/in other-directed/jj conformists/nns who/wps are/ber guided/vbn solely/rb by/in social/jj radar/nn without/in benefit/nn of/in inner/jj gyroscopes/nns ./.
Our/pp$ data/nns indicate/vb that/cs these/dts students/nns of/in today/nr do/do basically/rb accept/vb the/at existing/vbg institutions/nns of/in the/at society/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at realities/nns of/in complex/jj and/cc large-scale/nn economic/jj and/cc political/jj problems/nns ,/, make/vb a/at wary/jj and/cc ambivalent/jj delegation/nn of/in trust/nn to/in those/dts who/wps occupy/vb positions/nns of/in legitimized/vbn responsibility/nn for/in coping/vbg with/in such/jj collective/jj concerns/nns ./.
In/in a/at real/jj sense/nn they/ppss are/ber admittedly/rb conservative/jj ,/, but/cc their/pp$ conservatism/nn incorporates/vbz a/at traditionalized/vbn embodiment/nn of/in the/at original/jj ``/`` radicalism/nn ''/'' of/in 1776/cd ./.
Although/cs we/ppss have/hv no/at measures/nns of/in its/pp$ strength/nn or/cc intensity/nn ,/, the/at heritage/nn of/in the/at doctrine/nn of/in inalienable/jj rights/nns is/bez retained/vbn ./.
As/cs they/ppss move/vb through/in the/at college/nn years/nns our/pp$ young/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns are/ber ``/`` socialized/vbn ''/'' into/in a/at broadly/ql similar/jj culture/nn ,/, at/in the/at level/nn of/in personal/jj behavior/nn ./.
In/in this/dt sense/nn also/rb ,/, they/ppss are/ber surely/rb conformists/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez even/rb true/jj that/cs some/dti among/in them/ppo use/vb the/at sheer/jj fact/nn of/in conformity/nn --/-- ``/`` everyone/pn does/doz it/ppo ''/'' --/-- as/cs a/at criterion/nn for/in conduct/nn ./.
But/cc the/at extent/nn of/in ethical/jj robotism/nn is/bez easily/rb overestimated/vbn ./.
Few/ap students/nns are/ber really/rb so/ql faceless/jj in/in the/at not-so-lonely/jj crowd/nn of/in the/at swelling/vbg population/nn in/in our/pp$ institutions/nns of/in higher/jjr learning/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps may/md be/be well/rb to/to recall/vb that/cs to/to say/vb ``/`` conformity/nn ''/'' is/bez ,/, in/in part/nn ,/, another/dt way/nn of/in saying/vbg ``/`` orderly/jj human/jj society/nn ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at field/nn of/in religious/jj beliefs/nns and/cc values/nns ,/, the/at college/nn students/nns seem/vb to/in faithfully/rb reflect/vb the/at surrounding/vbg culture/nn ./.
Their/pp$ commitments/nns are/ber ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, couched/vbn in/in a/at familiar/jj idiom/nn ./.
Students/nns testify/vb to/in a/at felt/vbn need/nn for/in a/at religious/jj faith/nn or/cc ultimate/jj personal/jj philosophy/nn ./.
Avowed/vbn atheists/nns or/cc freethinkers/nns are/ber so/ql rare/jj as/cs to/to be/be a/at curiosity/nn ./.
The/at religious/jj quest/nn is/bez often/rb intense/jj and/cc deep/jj ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber students/nns on/in every/at campus/nn who/wps are/ber seriously/rb wrestling/vbg with/in the/at most/ql profound/jj questions/nns of/in meaning/nn and/cc value/nn ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, a/at major/jj proportion/nn of/in these/dts young/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns see/vb religion/nn as/cs a/at means/nn of/in personal/jj adjustment/nn ,/, an/at anchor/nn for/in family/nn life/nn ,/, a/at source/nn of/in emotional/jj security/nn ./.
These/dts personal/jj and/cc social/jj goals/nns often/rb overshadow/vb the/at goals/nns of/in intellectual/jj clarity/nn ,/, and/cc spiritual/jj transcendence/nn ./.
The/at ``/`` cult/nn of/in adjustment/nn ''/'' does/doz exist/vb ./.
It/pps exists/vbz alongside/in the/at acceptance/nn of/in traditional/jj forms/nns of/in organized/vbn religion/nn (/( church/nn ,/, ordained/vbn personnel/nns ,/, ritual/nn ,/, dogma/nn )/) ./.
Still/rb another/dt segment/nn of/in the/at student/nn population/nn consists/vbz of/in those/dts who/wps seek/vb ,/, in/in what/wdt they/ppss regard/vb as/cs religion/nn ,/, intellectual/jj clarity/nn ,/, rational/jj belief/nn ,/, and/cc ethical/jj guidance/nn and/cc reinforcement/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ first/od impression/nn of/in the/at data/nns was/bedz that/cs the/at students/nns were/bed surprisingly/rb orthodox/jj and/cc religiously/rb involved/vbn ./.
Upon/in second/od thought/nn we/ppss were/bed forced/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv very/ql few/ap reliable/jj historical/jj benchmarks/nns against/in which/wdt we/ppss might/md compare/vb the/at present/jj situation/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs conclusions/nns that/cs present-day/jj students/nns are/ber ``/`` more/ql ''/'' or/cc ``/`` less/ql ''/'' religious/jj could/md not/* be/be defended/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in our/pp$ data/nns ./.
As/cs we/ppss looked/vbd more/ql intently/rb at/in the/at content/nn of/in our/pp$ belief/nn and/cc the/at extent/nn of/in religious/jj participation/nn ,/, we/ppss received/vbd the/at impression/nn that/cs many/ap of/in the/at religious/jj convictions/nns expressed/vbn represented/vbd a/at conventional/jj acceptance/nn ,/, of/in low/jj intensity/nn ./.
But/cc ,/, here/rb again/rb ,/, comparative/jj benchmarks/nns are/ber lacking/vbg ,/, and/cc we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb ,/, in/in any/dti case/nn ,/, what/wdt measure/nn of/in profoundity/nn and/cc intensity/nn to/to expect/vb from/in healthy/jj ,/, young/jj ,/, secure/jj and/cc relatively/ql inexperienced/jj persons/nns ;/. ;/.
after/in all/abn ,/, feelings/nns of/in immortality/nn and/cc invulnerability/nn are/ber standard/jj illusions/nns of/in youth/nn ./.
Nor/cc are/ber optimistic/jj and/cc socially-oriented/jj themes/nns at/in all/ql rare/jj in/in the/at distinctive/jj religious/jj history/nn of/in this/dt country/nn ./.


	Kluckhohn/np recently/rb has/hvz summarized/vbn evidence/nn regarding/in changes/nns in/in values/nns during/in a/at period/nn of/in years/nns ,/, primarily/rb 1935-1955/cd ,/, but/cc extending/vbg much/ql farther/ql back/rb in/in some/dti instances/nns ./.
A/at variety/nn of/in data/nns are/ber assembled/vbn to/to bear/vb upon/in such/jj alleged/vbn changes/nns as/cs diminished/vbn puritan/jj morality/nn ,/, work-success/nn ethic/nn ,/, individualism/nn ,/, achievement/nn ,/, lessened/vbn emphasis/nn on/in future-time/jj orientation/nn in/in favor/nn of/in sociability/nn ,/, moral/jj relativism/nn ,/, consideration/nn and/cc tolerance/nn ,/, conformity/nn ,/, hedonistic/jj present-time/jj orientation/nn ./.
Although/cs he/pps questions/vbz the/at extent/nn and/cc nature/nn of/in the/at alleged/vbn revival/nn of/in religion/nn and/cc the/at alleged/vbn increase/nn in/in conformity/nn ,/, and/cc thinks/vbz that/cs ``/`` hedonistic/jj ''/'' present-time/jj orientation/nn does/doz not/* have/hv the/at meaning/nn usually/rb attributed/vbn to/in it/ppo ,/, he/pps does/doz conclude/vb that/cs Americans/nps increasingly/rb enjoy/vb leisure/nn without/in guilt/nn ,/, do/do not/* stress/vb achievement/nn so/ql much/rb as/cs formerly/rb ,/, are/ber more/ql accepting/jj of/in group/nn harmony/nn as/cs a/at goal/nn ,/, more/ql tolerant/jj of/in diversity/nn and/cc aware/jj of/in other/ap cultures/nns ./.



	From/in New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Morgan/np hastened/vbd to/in the/at headquarters/nn of/in Washington/np at/in Whitemarsh/np ,/, Pennsylvania/np ,/, arriving/vbg there/rb on/in November/np 18th/od ./.
There/ex was/bedz much/ap sickness/nn in/in the/at corps/nn ,/, and/cc the/at men/nns were/bed ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, without/in the/at clothing/nn ,/, shoes/nns ,/, and/cc blankets/nns needed/vbn for/in the/at winter/nn weather/nn ./.
Morgan/np himself/ppl had/hvd sciatica/nn again/rb ./.
Even/rb on/in his/pp$ tough/jj constitution/nn ,/, the/at exposure/nn and/cc strenuous/jj activity/nn were/bed beginning/vbg to/to tell/vb in/in earnest/nn ./.


	On/in the/at morning/nn of/in November/np 17th/od ,/, Cornwallis/np and/cc 2,000/cd men/nns had/hvd left/vbn Philadelphia/np with/in the/at object/nn of/in capturing/vbg Fort/nn-tl Mercer/np-tl at/in Red/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ./.
In/in order/nn to/to prevent/vb this/dt ,/, Washington/np hastened/vbd to/to dispatch/vb several/ap units/nns to/to reinforce/vb the/at fort/nn ,/, including/in a/at force/nn under/in the/at Marquis/np De/np Lafayette/np containing/vbg some/dti 160/cd of/in Morgan's/np$ riflemen/nns ,/, all/abn who/wps were/bed fit/vbn for/in duty/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, the/at rest/nn having/hvg no/at shoes/nns ./.
Although/cs the/at fort/nn was/bedz evacuated/vbn in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at force/nn of/in Cornwallis/np ,/, Morgan/np and/cc his/pp$ men/nns did/dod have/hv a/at chance/nn to/to take/vb another/dt swing/nn at/in the/at redcoats/nns ./.
A/at picket/nn guard/nn of/in about/rb 350/cd ,/, mostly/rb Hessians/nps ,/, were/bed attacked/vbn by/in the/at Americans/nps under/in Lafayette/np ,/, and/cc driven/vbn back/rb to/in their/pp$ camp/nn ,/, some/dti twenty/cd to/in thirty/cd of/in them/ppo falling/vbg before/in the/at riflemen's/nns$ fire/nn ./.


	``/`` I/ppss never/rb saw/vbd men/nns ''/'' ,/, Lafayette/np declared/vbd in/in regard/nn to/in the/at riflemen/nns ,/, ``/`` so/ql merry/jj ,/, so/ql spirited/vbn ,/, and/cc so/ql desirous/jj to/to go/vb on/rp to/in the/at enemy/nn ,/, whatever/wdt force/nn they/ppss might/md have/hv ,/, as/cs that/dt small/jj party/nn in/in this/dt fight/nn ''/'' ./.
Nathanael/np Greene/np told/vbd Washington/np that/cs ``/`` Lafayette/np was/bedz charmed/vbn with/in the/at spirited/vbn behavior/nn of/in the/at militia/nn and/cc riflemen/nns ''/'' ./.


	A/at few/ap days/nns later/rbr it/pps was/bedz learned/vbn that/cs General/nn-tl Howe/np was/bedz planning/vbg an/at attack/nn upon/in the/at American/jj camp/nn ./.
The/at British/jj general/nn moved/vbd his/pp$ forces/nns north/nr from/in Philadelphia/np to/in Chestnut/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, near/in the/at right/jj wing/nn of/in the/at patriot/nn encampment/nn ./.
Here/rb the/at Pennsylvania/np militia/nn skirmished/vbd with/in the/at British/nps ,/, but/cc soon/rb fled/vbd ./.
Morgan/np was/bedz ordered/vbn to/to attack/vb the/at enemy/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd meantime/rb moved/vbn to/in Edge/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl on/in the/at left/nr of/in the/at Americans/nps ./.
Similar/jj orders/nns were/bed given/vbn to/in the/at Maryland/np militia/nn ./.
Morgan/np immediately/rb disposed/vbd his/pp$ troops/nns for/in action/nn and/cc found/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* long/rb to/to wait/vb ./.
A/at body/nn of/in redcoats/nns were/bed seen/vbn marching/vbg down/in a/at nearby/jj slope/nn ,/, a/at tempting/vbg target/nn for/in the/at riflemen/nns ,/, who/wps threw/vbd a/at volley/nn into/in their/pp$ ranks/nns and/cc ``/`` messed/vbd up/rp ''/'' the/at smart/jj formation/nn considerably/rb ./.
Now/rb the/at riflemen/nns and/cc the/at Marylanders/nps followed/vbd up/rp their/pp$ beginning/nn and/cc closed/vbd in/rp on/in the/at British/nps ,/, giving/vbg them/ppo another/dt telling/jj round/nn of/in fire/nn ./.
The/at redcoats/nns ran/vbd like/cs rabbits/nns ./.
But/cc the/at Maryland/np militia/nn had/hvd likewise/rb fled/vbn ,/, all/abn too/ql typical/jj of/in this/dt type/nn of/in soldier/nn during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, an/at experience/nn which/wdt gave/vbd Morgan/np little/ap confidence/nn in/in militia/nn in/in general/jj ,/, as/cs he/pps watched/vbd other/ap instances/nns of/in their/pp$ breaking/nn in/in hot/jj engagements/nns ./.
The/at British/nps ,/, although/cs suffering/vbg considerable/jj losses/nns ,/, noted/vbd the/at defection/nn of/in the/at Marylanders/nps ,/, made/vbd a/at stand/nn ,/, then/rb turned/vbd and/cc attacked/vbd Morgan/np who/wps became/vbd greatly/rb outnumbered/vbn and/cc had/hvd to/to retire/vb ./.


	The/at Americans/nps lost/vbd forty-four/cd men/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo Major/nn-tl Joseph/np Morris/np of/in Morgan's/np$ regiment/nn ,/, an/at officer/nn who/wps was/bedz regarded/vbn with/in high/jj esteem/nn and/cc affection/nn ,/, not/* only/rb by/in his/pp$ commander/nn ,/, but/cc by/in Washington/np and/cc Lafayette/np as/ql well/rb ./.
The/at latter/ap was/bedz so/ql upset/vbn on/in learning/vbg of/in the/at death/nn of/in Morris/np ,/, that/cs he/pps wrote/vbd Morgan/np a/at letter/nn ,/, showing/vbg his/pp$ own/jj warmhearted/jj generosity/nn ./.
After/cs complimenting/vbg Morgan/np and/cc the/at riflemen/nns and/cc saying/vbg he/pps was/bedz praising/vbg them/ppo to/in Congress/np ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at ardent/jj Frenchman/np added/vbd he/pps felt/vbd that/cs Congress/np should/md make/vb some/dti financial/jj restitution/nn to/in the/at widow/nn and/cc family/nn of/in Morris/np ,/, but/cc that/cs he/pps knew/vbd Morgan/np realized/vbd how/wql long/rb such/jj action/nn usually/rb required/vbn ,/, if/cs it/pps was/bedz done/vbn at/in all/abn ./.
``/`` As/cs Mrs./np Morris/np may/md be/be in/in some/dti want/nn before/in that/dt time/nn ''/'' ,/, Lafayette/np continued/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss am/bem going/vbg to/to trouble/vb you/ppo with/in a/at commission/nn which/wdt I/ppss beg/vb you/ppss will/md execute/vb with/in the/at greatest/jjt secrecy/nn ./.
If/cs she/pps wanted/vbd to/to borrow/vb any/dti sum/nn of/in money/nn in/in expecting/vbg the/at arrangements/nns of/in Congress/np ,/, it/pps would/md not/* become/vb a/at stranger/nn ,/, unknown/jj to/in her/ppo ,/, to/to offer/vb himself/ppl for/in that/dt purpose/nn ./.
But/cc you/ppss could/md (/( as/cs from/in yourself/ppl )/) tell/vb her/ppo that/cs you/ppss had/hvd friends/nns who/wps ,/, being/beg with/in the/at army/nn ,/, don't/do* know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do with/in their/pp$ money/nn and/cc would/md willingly/rb let/vb her/ppo have/hv one/cd or/cc many/ap thousand/cd dollars/nns ''/'' ./.
This/dt was/bedz accordingly/rb done/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at plight/nn of/in the/at grateful/jj Mrs./np Morris/np was/bedz much/ql relieved/vbn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at generous/jj loan/nn ,/, the/at amount/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez not/* known/vbn ./.


	Apparently/rb still/rb sensitive/jj about/in the/at idea/nn with/in which/wdt General/nn-tl Gates/np had/hvd approached/vbn him/ppo at/in Saratoga/np ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs George/np Washington/np be/be replaced/vbn ,/, Morgan/np was/bedz vehement/jj in/in his/pp$ support/nn of/in the/at commander-in-chief/nn during/in the/at campaign/nn around/in Philadelphia/np ./.
Richard/np Peters/np ,/, Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl ,/, thought/vbd Morgan/np was/bedz so/ql extreme/jj on/in the/at subject/nn that/cs he/pps accused/vbd him/ppo of/in trying/vbg to/to pick/vb a/at quarrel/nn ./.
Morgan/np hotly/rb denied/vbd this/dt and/cc informed/vbd the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl that/cs the/at men/nns in/in camp/nn linked/vbd the/at name/nn of/in Peters/np with/in the/at plot/nn against/in Washington/np ./.
Peters/np insisted/vbd that/cs this/dt impression/nn was/bedz a/at great/jj misunderstanding/nn ,/, and/cc evidently/rb ,/, from/in the/at quarrel/nn ,/, obtained/vbn an/at unfavorable/jj impression/nn of/in Morgan's/np$ judgment/nn ./.
Such/abl a/at situation/nn regarding/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl could/md hardly/rb have/hv helped/vbn Morgan's/np$ chances/nns for/in promotion/nn when/wrb that/dt matter/nn came/vbd before/in the/at group/nn later/rbr on/rp ./.


	In/in late/jj December/np ,/, the/at American/jj army/nn moved/vbd from/in Whitemarsh/np to/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl ,/, and/cc although/cs the/at distance/nn was/bedz only/rb 13/cd miles/nns ,/, the/at journey/nn took/vbd more/ap than/in a/at week/nn because/rb of/in the/at bad/jj weather/nn ,/, the/at barefooted/jj and/cc almost/ql naked/jj men/nns ./.
The/at position/nn of/in the/at new/jj camp/nn was/bedz admirably/rb selected/vbn and/cc well/ql fortified/vbn ,/, its/pp$ easily/ql defensible/jj nature/nn being/beg one/cd good/jj reason/nn why/wrb Howe/np did/dod not/* attack/vb it/ppo ./.
Besides/rb helping/vbg to/to prevent/vb the/at movement/nn of/in the/at British/nps to/in the/at west/nr ,/, Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl also/rb obstructed/vbd the/at trade/nn between/in Howe's/np$ forces/nns and/cc the/at farmers/nns ,/, thus/rb threatening/vbg the/at vital/jj subsistence/nn of/in the/at redcoats/nns and/cc rendering/vbg their/pp$ foraging/nn to/to obtain/vb necessary/jj supplies/nns extremely/ql hazardous/jj ./.
In/in order/nn to/to see/vb that/cs this/dt hindering/vbg situation/nn remained/vbd effective/jj ,/, Washington/np detached/vbd several/ap bodies/nns of/in his/pp$ troops/nns to/in the/at periphery/nn of/in the/at Philadelphia/np area/nn ./.


	Morgan/np and/cc his/pp$ corps/nn were/bed placed/vbn on/in the/at west/nr side/nn of/in the/at Schuylkill/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, with/in instructions/nns to/to intercept/vb all/abn supplies/nns found/vbn going/vbg to/in the/at city/nn and/cc to/to keep/vb a/at close/jj eye/nn on/in the/at movements/nns of/in the/at enemy/nn ./.
The/at headquarters/nn of/in Morgan/np was/bedz on/in a/at farm/nn ,/, said/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben particularly/ql well/ql located/vbn so/rb as/in to/to prevent/vb the/at farmers/nns nearby/rb from/in trading/vbg with/in the/at British/nps ,/, a/at practice/nn all/ql too/ql common/jj to/in those/dts who/wps preferred/vbd to/to sell/vb their/pp$ produce/nn for/in British/jj gold/nn rather/in than/in the/at virtually/ql worthless/jj Continental/jj-tl currency/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ dealings/nns with/in offenders/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, Morgan/np was/bedz typically/rb firm/jj but/cc just/jj ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, he/pps captured/vbd some/dti persons/nns from/in York/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, who/wps with/in teams/nns were/bed taking/vbg to/in Philadelphia/np the/at furniture/nn of/in a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd just/rb been/ben released/vbn from/in prison/nn through/in the/at efforts/nns of/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps apparently/rb was/bedz helpless/jj to/to prevent/vb the/at theft/nn of/in his/pp$ household/nn goods/nns ./.
Morgan/np took/vbd charge/nn of/in the/at furniture/nn and/cc restored/vbd it/ppo to/in its/pp$ thankful/jj owners/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps let/vb the/at culprits/nns who/wps had/hvd stolen/vbn it/pps go/vb free/jj ./.


	Morgan/np complained/vbd to/in Washington/np about/in the/at men/nns detailed/vbn to/in him/ppo for/in scouting/vbg duty/nn ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo he/pps said/vbd being/beg useless/jj ./.
``/`` They/ppss straggle/vb at/in such/abl a/at rate/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps told/vbd the/at commander-in-chief/nn ,/, ``/`` that/cs if/cs the/at enemy/nn were/bed enterprising/jj ,/, they/ppss might/md get/vb two/cd from/in us/ppo ,/, when/wrb we/ppss would/md take/vb one/cd of/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz me/ppo wish/vb General/nn-tl Howe/np would/md go/vb on/rp ,/, lest/cs any/dti incident/nn happen/vb to/in us/ppo ''/'' ./.


	If/cs the/at hardships/nns of/in the/at winter/nn at/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl were/bed trying/vbg for/in healthy/jj men/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, much/ql more/ql so/rb for/in those/dts not/* in/in good/jj health/nn ./.
Daniel/np Morgan's/np$ rheumatic/jj condition/nn worsened/vbd with/in the/at increase/nn of/in the/at cold/jj and/cc damp/jj weather/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd braved/vbn the/at elements/nns and/cc the/at enemy/nn ,/, but/cc the/at strain/nn ,/, aided/vbn by/in the/at winter/nn ,/, was/bedz catching/vbg up/rp with/in him/ppo at/in last/ap ./.
Also/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz now/rb forty-three/cd years/nns old/jj ./.
The/at mild/jj activity/nn of/in his/pp$ command/nn during/in the/at sojourn/nn of/in the/at troops/nns at/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl could/md be/be handled/vbn by/in a/at subordinate/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd ,/, so/rb like/cs Henry/np Knox/np ,/, equally/ql loyal/jj to/in Washington/np ,/, who/wps went/vbd to/in Boston/np at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, Morgan/np received/vbd permission/nn to/to visit/vb his/pp$ home/nn in/in Virginia/np for/in several/ap weeks/nns ./.
In/in his/pp$ absence/nn ,/, the/at rifle/nn regiment/nn was/bedz under/in the/at command/nn of/in Major/nn-tl Thomas/np Posey/np ,/, another/dt able/jj Virginian/np ./.


	But/cc Morgan/np did/dod not/* leave/vb before/cs he/pps had/hvd written/vbn a/at letter/nn to/in a/at William/np Pickman/np in/in Salem/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, apparently/rb an/at acquaintance/nn ,/, praising/vbg Washington/np and/cc saying/vbg that/cs the/at slanders/nns propagated/vbn about/in him/ppo were/bed ``/`` opposed/vbn by/in the/at general/jj current/nn of/in the/at people/nns to/to exalt/vb General/nn-tl Gates/np at/in the/at expense/nn of/in General/nn-tl Washington/np was/bedz injurious/jj to/in the/at latter/ap ./.
If/cs there/ex be/be a/at disinterested/jj patriot/nn in/in America/np ,/, 'tis/pps+bez General/nn-tl Washington/np ,/, and/cc his/pp$ bravery/nn ,/, none/pn can/md question/vb ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez doubtful/jj if/cs Morgan/np was/bedz able/jj to/to take/vb home/nr much/ap money/nn to/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc children/nns ,/, for/cs his/pp$ pay/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn by/in the/at War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl Abstracts/nns-tl of/in early/jj 1778/cd was/bedz $75/nns a/at month/nn as/cs a/at colonel/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt apt/jj to/to be/be delayed/vbn ./.
He/pps was/bedz shown/vbn a/at warm/jj welcome/nn regardless/rb ,/, and/cc spent/vbd the/at time/nn in/in Winchester/np recuperating/vbg from/in his/pp$ ailment/nn ,/, enjoying/vbg his/pp$ family/nn and/cc arranging/vbg his/pp$ private/jj affairs/nns which/wdt were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, run/vbn down/rp ./.
His/pp$ neighbors/nns celebrated/vbd his/pp$ return/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps was/bedz only/rb temporary/jj ,/, and/cc Morgan/np was/bedz especially/ql gratified/vbn by/in the/at quaint/jj expression/nn of/in an/at elderly/jj friend/nn ,/, Isaac/np Lane/np ,/, who/wps told/vbd him/ppo ,/, ``/`` A/at man/nn that/wps has/hvz so/ql often/rb left/vbn all/abn that/wps is/bez dear/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, as/cs thou/ppss hast/hv ,/, to/to serve/vb thy/pp$ country/nn ,/, must/md create/vb a/at sympathetic/jj feeling/nn in/in every/at patriotic/jj heart/nn ''/'' ./.


	There/ex must/md have/hv been/ben special/jj feelings/nns of/in joy/nn and/cc patriotism/nn in/in the/at heart/nn of/in Daniel/np Morgan/np too/rb ,/, when/wrb the/at news/nn was/bedz received/vbn on/in April/np 30th/od of/in the/at recognition/nn by/in France/np of/in the/at independence/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
His/pp$ fellow/nn Virginian/np ,/, George/np Washington/np ,/, had/hvd stated/vbn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss believe/vb no/at event/nn was/bedz ever/rb received/vbn with/in more/ql heartfelt/jj joy/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at dreary/jj camp/nn at/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl was/bedz turned/vbn into/in an/at arena/nn of/in rejoicing/vbg ./.
Even/rb the/at dignified/vbn Washington/np indulged/vbd in/in a/at game/nn of/in wickets/nns with/in some/dti children/nns ./.
His/pp$ soldiers/nns on/in the/at whole/jj did/dod not/* celebrate/vb so/ql mildly/rb ./.
On/in May/np 6th/od ,/, Morgan/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd returned/vbn ,/, received/vbd from/in Washington/np orders/nns to/to ``/`` send/vb out/rp patrols/nns under/in vigilant/jj officers/nns ''/'' to/to keep/vb near/in the/at enemy/nn ./.
``/`` The/at reason/nn for/in this/dt ''/'' ,/, the/at orders/nns said/vbd ,/, ``/`` is/bez that/cs the/at enemy/nn may/md think/vb to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in the/at celebration/nn of/in this/dt day/nn ./.
The/at troops/nns must/md have/hv more/ap than/cs the/at common/jj quantity/nn of/in liquor/nn ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb there/ex will/md be/be some/dti little/jj drunkenness/nn among/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Apparently/rb no/at serious/jj disorders/nns resulted/vbd from/in the/at celebration/nn ,/, and/cc within/in a/at few/ap days/nns ,/, Morgan/np joined/vbd the/at force/nn of/in Lafayette/np who/wps now/rb had/hvd command/nn of/in some/dti 2,000/cd men/nns at/in Barren/jj-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, not/* far/rb above/in Philadelphia/np on/in the/at Schuylkill/np ./.
The/at Frenchman/np had/hvd been/ben ordered/vbn to/to approach/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ lines/nns ,/, harass/vb them/ppo and/cc get/vb intelligence/nn of/in their/pp$ movements/nns ./.
Interestingly/rb enough/qlp ,/, the/at order/nn transmitted/vbn to/in Morgan/np through/in Alexander/np Hamilton/np also/rb informed/vbd him/ppo that/cs ``/`` A/at party/nn of/in Indians/nps will/md join/vb the/at party/nn to/to be/be sent/vbn from/in your/pp$ command/nn at/in Whitemarsh/np ,/, and/cc act/vb with/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.
These/dts were/bed Oneida/np Indians/nps ./.


	Washington/np evidently/rb was/bedz anxious/jj for/in Morgan/np to/to be/be cautious/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs aggressive/jj ,/, for/cs on/in May/np 17th/od ,/, 18th/od and/cc 20th/od he/pps admonished/vbd the/at leader/nn of/in the/at riflemen-rangers/nns to/to be/be on/in the/at alert/nn ./.
Obviously/rb the/at commander-in-chief/nn had/hvd confidence/nn that/cs Morgan/np would/md furnish/vb him/ppo good/jj intelligence/nn too/rb ,/, for/cs on/in the/at 23rd/od of/in May/np ,/, he/pps told/vbd Morgan/np that/cs the/at British/nps were/bed prepared/vbn to/to move/vb ,/, perhaps/rb in/in the/at night/nn ,/, and/cc asked/vbd Morgan/np to/to have/hv two/cd of/in his/pp$ best/jjt horses/nns ready/jj to/to dispatch/vb to/in General/nn-tl Smallwood/np with/in the/at intelligence/nn obtained/vbn ./.
Meantime/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, this/dt same/ap General/nn-tl Smallwood/np seemed/vbd to/to be/be serving/vbg chivalry/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at American/jj army/nn ./.
Colonel/nn-tl Benjamin/np Ford/np wrote/vbd to/in Morgan/np from/in Wilmington/np that/cs he/pps understood/vbd a/at Mrs./np Sanderson/np from/in Maryland/np had/hvd obtained/vbn permission/nn from/in Smallwood/np to/to visit/vb Philadelphia/np ,/, and/cc would/md return/vb on/in May/np 26th/od ,/, escorted/vbn by/in several/ap officers/nns from/in Maryland/np ``/`` belonging/vbg to/in the/at new/jj levies/nns in/in the/at British/jj service/nn ''/'' ./.
Ford/np urged/vbd Morgan/np to/to capture/vb these/dts men/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, he/pps thought/vbd ,/, might/md be/be disguised/vbn as/cs Quakers/nps or/cc peasants/nns ./.
Morgan/np took/vbd the/at suggested/vbn steps/nns ,/, but/cc when/wrb Mrs./np Sanderson/np appeared/vbd ,/, there/ex was/bedz nobody/pn with/in her/ppo but/cc her/pp$ husband/nn ,/, whom/wpo he/pps promptly/rb sent/vbd to/in headquarters/nn to/in be/be questioned/vbn ./.
But/cc Morgan/np evidently/rb reported/vbd matters/nns of/in intelligence/nn much/ql more/ql important/jj to/in his/pp$ commanding/vbg general/nn ./.
A/at letter/nn of/in a/at few/ap days/nns later/rbr from/in Washington's/np$ aide/nn to/in Morgan/np stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` His/pp$ Excellency/nn-tl is/bez highly/ql pleased/vbn with/in your/pp$ conduct/nn upon/in this/dt occasion/nn ''/'' ./.

For/cs by/in now/rb the/at original/jj cause/nn of/in the/at quarrel/nn ,/, Philip's/np$ seizure/nn of/in Gascony/np ,/, was/bedz only/rb one/cd strand/nn in/in the/at spider/nn web/nn of/in French/jj interests/nns that/wps overlay/vbd all/abn western/jj Europe/np and/cc that/dt had/hvd been/ben so/ql well/rb and/cc closely/rb spun/vbn that/cs the/at lightest/jjt movement/nn could/md set/vb it/ppo trembling/vbg from/in one/cd end/nn to/in the/at other/ap ./.
Even/rb so/rb ,/, Edward's/np$ ambassadors/nns can/md scarcely/rb have/hv foreseen/vbn that/cs five/cd years/nns of/in unremitting/jj work/nn lay/vbd ahead/rb of/in them/ppo before/cs peace/nn was/bedz finally/rb made/vbn and/cc that/cs when/wrb it/pps did/dod come/vb the/at countless/jj embassies/nns that/wps left/vbd England/np for/in Rome/np during/in that/dt period/nn had/hvd very/ql little/ap to/to do/do with/in it/ppo ./.


	It/pps is/bez hard/jj not/* to/to lay/vb most/ap of/in the/at blame/nn for/in their/pp$ failures/nns on/in the/at pope/nn ./.
Nogaret/np is/bez hardly/rb an/at impartial/jj witness/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb he/pps did/dod not/* make/vb his/pp$ charges/nns against/in Boniface/np until/cs the/at latter/ap was/bedz dead/jj ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez some/dti truth/nn in/in what/wdt he/pps said/vbd and/cc more/ap in/in what/wdt he/pps did/dod not/* say/vb ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* merely/rb a/at hunger/nn for/in ``/`` money/nn ,/, gold/nn and/cc precious/jj objects/nns ''/'' that/wps delayed/vbd the/at papal/jj pronouncement/nn that/wps could/md have/hv brought/vbn the/at war/nn to/in an/at end/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at pope/nn was/bedz playing/vbg a/at dangerous/jj game/nn ,/, with/in so/ql many/ap balls/nns in/in the/at air/nn at/in once/rb that/cs a/at misstep/nn would/md bring/vb them/ppo all/abn about/in his/pp$ ears/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ only/ap hope/nn was/bedz to/to temporize/vb so/cs that/cs he/pps could/md take/vb advantage/nn of/in every/at change/nn in/in the/at delicate/jj balance/nn of/in European/jj affairs/nns ./.
When/wrb the/at negotiations/nns began/vbd ,/, his/pp$ quarrel/nn with/in the/at king/nn of/in France/np was/bedz temporarily/rb in/in abeyance/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd no/at intention/nn of/in reviving/vbg it/ppo so/ql long/rb as/cs there/ex was/bedz hope/nn that/cs French/jj money/nn would/md come/vb to/to pay/vb the/at troops/nns who/wps ,/, under/in Charles/np-tl of/in-tl Valois/np-tl ,/, the/at papal/jj vicar/nn of/in Tuscany/np ,/, were/bed so/ql valuable/jj in/in the/at crusade/nn against/in the/at Colonna/np cardinals/nns and/cc their/pp$ Sicilian/jj allies/nns ./.
If/cs his/pp$ circumspection/nn in/in regard/nn to/in Philip's/np$ sensibilities/nns went/vbd so/ql far/rb that/cs he/pps even/rb refused/vbd to/to grant/vb a/at dispensation/nn for/in the/at marriage/nn of/in Amadee's/np$ daughter/nn ,/, Agnes/np ,/, to/in the/at son/nn of/in the/at dauphin/nn of/in Vienne/np --/-- a/at truly/ql peacemaking/jj move/nn according/in to/in thirteenth-century/nn ideas/nns ,/, for/cs Savoy/np and/cc Dauphine/np were/bed as/cs usual/jj fighting/vbg on/in opposite/jj sides/nns --/-- for/cs fear/nn that/cs he/pps might/md seem/vb to/to be/be favoring/vbg the/at anti-French/jj coalition/nn ,/, he/pps would/md certainly/rb never/rb take/vb the/at far/ql more/ql drastic/jj step/nn of/in ordering/vbg the/at return/nn of/in Gascony/np to/in Edward/np ,/, even/rb though/rb ,/, as/cs he/pps admitted/vbd to/in the/at English/jj ambassadors/nns ,/, he/pps had/hvd been/ben advised/vbn that/cs the/at original/jj cession/nn was/bedz invalid/jj ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb to/to offend/vb Edward/np either/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps found/vbd himself/ppl in/in a/at very/ql difficult/jj position/nn ./.
On/in the/at surface/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj question/nn was/bedz purely/ql feudal/jj ./.
The/at French/nps were/bed now/rb occupying/vbg Gascony/np and/cc Flanders/np on/in the/at technical/jj grounds/nns that/cs their/pp$ rulers/nns had/hvd forfeited/vbn them/ppo by/in a/at breach/nn of/in the/at feudal/jj contract/nn ./.
But/cc Edward/np was/bedz invading/vbg Scotland/np for/in precisely/rb the/at same/ap reason/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ insubordinate/jj vassal/nn was/bedz the/at ally/nn of/in the/at king/nn of/in France/np ./.
Boniface/np had/hvd to/to uphold/vb the/at sacredness/nn of/in the/at feudal/jj contract/nn at/in all/abn costs/nns ,/, for/cs it/pps was/bedz only/rb as/cs suzerain/nn of/in Sicily/np and/cc of/in the/at Patrimony/nn-tl of/in-tl Peter/np-tl that/cs he/pps had/hvd any/dti justification/nn for/in his/pp$ Italian/jj wars/nns ,/, but/cc in/in the/at English-Scottish-French/jj triangle/nn it/pps was/bedz almost/ql impossible/jj for/in him/ppo to/to recognize/vb the/at claims/nns of/in any/dti one/cd of/in the/at contestants/nns without/in seeming/vbg to/to invalidate/vb those/dts of/in the/at other/ap two/cd ./.


	Because/rb of/in these/dts involvements/nns in/in the/at matter/nn at/in stake/nn ,/, Boniface/np lacked/vbd the/at impartiality/nn that/wps is/bez supposed/vbn to/to be/be an/at essential/jj qualification/nn for/in the/at position/nn of/in arbiter/nn ,/, and/cc in/in retrospect/nn that/wps would/md seem/vb to/to be/be sufficient/jj reason/nn why/wrb the/at English/jj embassies/nns to/in the/at Curia/np proved/vbd so/ql fruitless/jj ./.
But/cc when/wrb the/at situation/nn was/bedz so/ql complicated/vbn that/cs even/rb Nogaret/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at principal/jjs actors/nns in/in the/at drama/nn ,/, could/md misinterpret/vb the/at pope's/nn$ motives/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs Othon/np and/cc his/pp$ companions/nns ,/, equally/rb baffled/vbn ,/, attributed/vbd their/pp$ difficulties/nns to/in a/at more/ql immediate/jj cause/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz Boniface's/np$ monumental/jj tactlessness/nn ./.
``/`` Tact/nn ''/'' ,/, by/in its/pp$ very/ap derivation/nn ,/, implies/vbz that/cs its/pp$ possessor/nn keeps/vbz in/in touch/nn with/in other/ap people/nns ,/, but/cc the/at author/nn of/in Clericis/fw-nns-tl Laicos/fw-nns-tl and/cc-tl Unam/fw-cd-tl Sanctam/fw-jj-tl ,/, the/at wielder/nn of/in the/at two/cd swords/nns ,/, the/at papal/jj sun/nn of/in which/wdt the/at imperial/jj moon/nn was/bedz but/rb a/at dim/jj reflection/nn ,/, the/at peer/nn of/in Caesar/np and/cc vice-regent/nn of/in Christ/np ,/, was/bedz so/ql high/jj above/in other/ap human/jj beings/nns that/cs he/pps had/hvd forgotten/vbn what/wdt they/ppss were/bed like/jj ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at learned/vbn and/cc brilliant/jj man/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt jurists/nns in/in Europe/np and/cc with/in flashes/nns of/in penetrating/jj insight/nn ,/, and/cc yet/rb in/in his/pp$ dealings/nns with/in other/ap people/nns ,/, particularly/rb when/wrb he/pps tried/vbd to/to be/be ingratiating/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz capable/jj of/in an/at abysmal/jj stupidity/nn that/wps can/md have/hv come/vbn only/rb from/in a/at complete/jj incomprehension/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc human/jj motives/nns ./.


	This/dt lofty/jj disregard/nn for/in others/nns was/bedz not/* shared/vbn by/in such/jj men/nns as/cs Pierre/np Flotte/np and/cc his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, that/dt ``/`` brilliant/jj group/nn of/in mediocre/jj men/nns ''/'' ,/, as/cs Powicke/np calls/vbz them/ppo ,/, who/wps provided/vbd the/at brains/nns for/in the/at French/jj embassy/nn that/wps came/vbd to/in Rome/np under/in the/at nominal/jj leadership/nn of/in the/at archbishop/nn of/in Narbonne/np ,/, the/at duke/nn of/in Burgundy/np ,/, and/cc the/at count/nn of/in St.-Pol/np ./.
They/ppss had/hvd risen/vbn from/in humble/jj beginnings/nns by/in their/pp$ own/jj diligence/nn and/cc astuteness/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed unfettered/jj by/in the/at codes/nns that/wps bound/vbd nobles/nns like/cs Othon/np or/cc even/rb the/at older/jjr generation/nn of/in clerks/nns like/cs Hotham/np ,/, and/cc they/ppss were/bed working/vbg for/in an/at end/nn that/wpo their/pp$ opponents/nns had/hvd never/rb even/rb visualized/vbn ./.
Boniface/np was/bedz later/rbr to/to explain/vb to/in the/at English/nps that/cs Robert/np-tl of/in-tl Burgundy/np-tl and/cc Guy/np De/np St.-Pol/np were/bed easy/jj enough/qlp to/to do/do business/nn with/in ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz the/at clerks/nns who/wps caused/vbd the/at mischief/nn and/cc who/wps made/vbd him/ppo say/vb that/cs the/at ruling/vbg passion/nn of/in their/pp$ race/nn was/bedz covetousness/nn and/cc that/cs in/in dealing/vbg with/in them/ppo he/pps never/rb knew/vbd whether/cs he/pps had/hvd to/to do/do with/in a/at Frenchman/np or/cc with/in a/at devil/nn ./.
To/in the/at pope/nn ,/, head/nn of/in the/at universal/jj Church/nn-tl ,/, to/in the/at duke/nn of/in Burgundy/np ,/, taking/vbg full/jj advantage/nn of/in his/pp$ position/nn on/in the/at borders/nns of/in France/np and/cc of/in the/at Empire/nn-tl ,/, or/cc to/in Othon/np ,/, who/wps found/vbd it/ppo quite/ql natural/jj that/cs he/pps should/md do/do homage/nn to/in Edward/np for/in Tipperary/np and/cc to/in the/at count/nn of/in Savoy/np for/in Grandson/nn-tl ,/, Flotte's/np$ outspoken/jj nationalism/nn was/bedz completely/ql incomprehensible/jj ./.
And/cc yet/rb he/pps made/vbd no/at pretense/nn about/in it/ppo ;/. ;/.
when/wrb the/at pope/nn ,/, trying/vbg no/at doubt/nn to/to appeal/vb to/in his/pp$ better/jjr nature/nn ,/, said/vbd to/in him/ppo ,/, ``/`` You/ppss have/hv already/rb taken/vbn Normandy/np ./.
Do/do you/ppss want/vb to/to drive/vb the/at king/nn of/in England/np from/in all/abn his/pp$ overseas/jj possessions/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.
The/at Frenchman's/np$ answer/nn was/bedz a/at terse/jj ``/`` Vous/fw-ppss dites/fw-vb vrai/fw-jj ''/'' ./.
Loyal/jj and/cc unscrupulous/jj ,/, with/in a/at single-minded/jj ambition/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps devoted/vbd all/abn his/pp$ energies/nns ,/, he/pps outmatched/vbd the/at English/jj diplomats/nns time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb until/cs ,/, by/in a/at kind/nn of/in poetic/jj justice/nn ,/, he/pps fell/vbd at/in the/at battle/nn of/in Courtrai/np ,/, the/at victim/nn of/in the/at equally/ql nationalistic/jj if/cs less/ql articulate/jj Flemings/nps ./.


	The/at English/nps ,/, relying/vbg on/in a/at prejudiced/vbn arbiter/nn and/cc confronted/vbn with/in superior/jj diplomatic/jj skill/nn ,/, were/bed also/rb hampered/vbn in/in their/pp$ negotiations/nns by/in the/at events/nns that/wps were/bed taking/vbg place/nn at/in home/nn ./.
The/at Scots/nps had/hvd found/vbn a/at new/jj leader/nn in/in William/np Wallace/np ,/, and/cc Edward's/np$ yearly/jj expeditions/nns across/in the/at Border/nn-tl called/vbd for/in evermounting/jj taxes/nns ,/, which/wdt only/rb increased/vbd his/pp$ difficulties/nns with/in the/at barons/nns and/cc the/at clergy/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz unable/jj to/to send/vb any/dti more/ap help/nn to/in his/pp$ allies/nns on/in the/at Continent/nn-tl ,/, and/cc during/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns many/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, left/vbn to/to resist/vb French/jj pressure/nn unaided/jj ,/, surrendered/vbd to/in the/at inevitable/jj and/cc made/vbd their/pp$ peace/nn with/in Philip/np ./.
The/at defeat/nn and/cc death/nn of/in Adolf/np-tl of/in-tl Nassau/np-tl at/in the/at hands/nns of/in Albert/np-tl of/in-tl Habsburg/np-tl also/rb worked/vbd to/in the/at disadvantage/nn of/in the/at English/nps ,/, for/cs all/abn the/at efforts/nns to/to revive/vb the/at anti-French/jj coalition/nn came/vbd to/in nothing/pn when/wrb Philip/np made/vbd an/at alliance/nn with/in the/at new/jj king/nn of/in the/at Romans/nps ./.


	These/dts shifts/nns in/in alliance/nn and/cc allegiance/nn not/* only/rb increased/vbn the/at difficulties/nns confronting/vbg the/at English/jj embassy/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj ,/, but/cc also/rb directly/rb involved/vbd the/at two/cd Savoyards/nps ,/, Amadee/np and/cc Othon/np ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in the/at armistice/nn negotiated/vbn by/in Amadee/np two/cd years/nns earlier/rbr ,/, the/at war/nn between/in Bishop/nn-tl Guillaume/np of/in Lausanne/np and/cc Louis/np-tl of/in-tl Savoy/np-tl was/bedz still/rb going/vbg on/rp ,/, and/cc although/cs little/ap is/bez known/vbn about/in it/ppo ,/, that/dt little/ap proves/vbz that/cs it/pps was/bedz yet/rb another/dt phase/nn of/in the/at struggle/nn against/in French/jj expansion/nn and/cc was/bedz closely/rb interwoven/vbn with/in the/at larger/jjr conflict/nn ./.
A/at second/od truce/nn had/hvd been/ben arbitrated/vbn in/in April/np ,/, 1298/cd ,/, by/in Jean/np D'Arlay/np ,/, lord/nn of/in Chalon-sur-Saone/np ,/, the/at most/ql staunch/jj of/in Edward's/np$ Burgundian/jj allies/nns ,/, and/cc these/dts last/ap were/bed represented/vbn in/in the/at discussions/nns at/in the/at Curia/np by/in Gautier/np de/np Montfaucon/np ,/, Othon's/np$ neighbor/nn and/cc a/at member/nn of/in the/at Vaudois/np coalition/nn ./.


	But/cc although/cs in/in many/ap of/in these/dts discussions/nns Othon/np and/cc Amadee/np might/md have/hv been/ben tempted/vbn to/to consider/vb their/pp$ own/jj interests/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs those/dts of/in the/at king/nn ,/, Edward's/np$ confidence/nn in/in them/ppo was/bedz so/ql absolute/jj that/cs they/ppss were/bed made/vbn the/at acknowledged/vbn leaders/nns of/in the/at embassy/nn ./.
Amadee/np may/md have/hv owed/vbn this/dt partly/rb to/in his/pp$ relationship/nn with/in the/at king/nn ,/, but/cc Othon/np ,/, who/wps at/in sixty/cd seems/vbz still/rb to/to have/hv been/ben a/at simple/jj knight/nn ,/, merited/vbd his/pp$ position/nn solely/rb by/in his/pp$ own/jj character/nn and/cc ability/nn ./.
The/at younger/jjr men/nns ,/, Vere/np ,/, and/cc Pembroke/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz also/rb Edward's/np$ cousin/nn and/cc whose/wp$ Lusignan/np blood/nn gave/vbd him/ppo the/at swarthy/jj complexion/nn that/wps caused/vbd Edward/np-tl of/in-tl Carnarvon's/np$-tl irreverent/jj friend/nn ,/, Piers/np Gaveston/np ,/, to/to nickname/vb him/ppo ``/`` Joseph/np-tl the/at-tl Jew/np-tl ''/'' ,/, were/bed relatively/ql new/jj to/in the/at game/nn of/in diplomacy/nn ,/, but/cc Pontissara/np had/hvd been/ben on/in missions/nns to/in Rome/np before/rb ,/, and/cc Hotham/np ,/, a/at man/nn of/in great/jj learning/nn ,/, ``/`` jocund/jj in/in speech/nn ,/, agreeable/jj to/to meet/vb ,/, of/in honest/jj religion/nn ,/, and/cc pleasing/jj in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in all/abn ''/'' ,/, and/cc an/at archbishop/nn to/in boot/nn ,/, was/bedz as/ql reliable/jj and/cc experienced/vbn as/cs Othon/np himself/ppl ./.
But/cc all/abn the/at reports/nns of/in this/dt first/od embassy/nn show/vb that/cs the/at two/cd Savoyards/nps were/bed the/at heads/nns of/in it/ppo ,/, for/cs they/ppss were/bed the/at only/ap ones/nns who/wps were/bed empowered/vbn to/to swear/vb for/in the/at king/nn that/cs he/pps would/md abide/vb by/in the/at pope's/nn$ decision/nn and/cc who/wps were/bed allowed/vbn to/to appoint/vb deputies/nns in/in the/at event/nn that/cs one/cd was/bedz unavoidably/ql absent/jj ./.


	This/dt also/rb gave/vbd them/ppo the/at unpleasant/jj duty/nn of/in being/beg spokesmen/nns for/in the/at mission/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss could/md foresee/vb that/cs that/dt would/md not/* be/be easy/jj ./.
Underneath/in all/abn the/at high-sounding/jj phrases/nns of/in royal/jj and/cc papal/jj letters/nns and/cc behind/in the/at more/ql down-to-earth/jj instructions/nns to/in the/at envoys/nns was/bedz the/at inescapable/jj fact/nn that/cs Edward/np would/md have/hv to/to desert/vb his/pp$ Flemish/jj allies/nns and/cc leave/vb them/ppo to/in the/at vengeance/nn of/in their/pp$ indignant/jj suzerain/nn ,/, the/at king/nn of/in France/np ,/, in/in return/nn for/in being/beg given/vbn an/at equally/ql free/jj hand/nn with/in the/at insubordinate/jj Scots/nps ./.
This/dt was/bedz a/at doubly/ql bitter/jj blow/nn to/in the/at king/nn ./.
In/in the/at eyes/nns of/in those/dts who/wps still/rb cared/vbn for/in such/jj things/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at reflection/nn on/in his/pp$ honor/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps gave/vbd further/jjr grounds/nns for/in complaint/nn to/in his/pp$ overtaxed/vbn subjects/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed already/rb grumbling/vbg --/-- although/cs probably/rb not/* in/in Latin/np --/-- ``/`` Non/fw-* est/fw-bez lex/fw-nn sana/fw-jj Quod/fw-wdt regi/fw-nn sit/fw-be mea/fw-pp$ lana/fw-nn ''/'' ./.
Bad/jj relations/nns between/in England/np and/cc Flanders/np brought/vbd hard/jj times/nns to/in the/at shepherds/nns scattered/vbn over/in the/at dales/nns and/cc downs/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in the/at crowded/vbn Flemish/jj cities/nns ,/, and/cc while/cs the/at English/nps ,/, so/ql far/rb ,/, had/hvd done/vbn no/at more/ap than/cs grumble/nn ,/, Othon/np had/hvd seen/vbn what/wdt the/at discontent/nn might/md lead/vb to/in ,/, for/cs before/cs he/pps left/vbd the/at Low/jj-tl Countries/nns-tl the/at citizens/nns of/in Ghent/np had/hvd risen/vbn in/in protest/nn against/in the/at expense/nn of/in supporting/vbg Edward/np and/cc his/pp$ troops/nns ,/, and/cc the/at regular/jj soldiers/nns had/hvd found/vbn it/ppo unexpectedly/rb difficult/jj to/to put/vb down/rp the/at nasty/jj little/jj riot/nn that/wps ensued/vbd ./.


	In/in all/abn the/at talk/nn of/in feudal/jj rights/nns ,/, the/at knights/nns and/cc bishops/nns must/md never/rb forget/vb the/at woolworkers/nns ,/, nor/cc was/bedz it/pps easy/jj to/to do/do so/rb ,/, for/cs all/abn along/in the/at road/nn to/in Italy/np they/ppss passed/vbd the/at Florentine/jj pack/nn trains/nns going/vbg home/nr with/in their/pp$ loads/nns of/in raw/jj wool/nn from/in England/np and/cc rough/jj Flemish/jj cloth/nn ,/, the/at former/ap to/to be/be spun/vbn and/cc woven/vbn by/in the/at Arte/fw-nn-tl Della/fw-in+at-tl Lana/fw-nn-tl and/cc the/at latter/ap to/to be/be refined/vbn and/cc dyed/vbn by/in the/at Arte/fw-nn-tl Della/fw-in+at-tl Calimala/fw-nn-tl with/in the/at pigment/nn recently/rb discovered/vbn in/in Asia/np-tl Minor/jj-tl by/in one/cd of/in their/pp$ members/nns ,/, Bernardo/np Rucellai/np ,/, the/at secret/nn of/in which/wdt they/ppss jealously/rb kept/vbd for/in themselves/ppls ./.
These/dts chatty/jj merchants/nns made/vbd amusing/jj and/cc instructive/jj traveling/vbg companions/nns ,/, for/cs their/pp$ business/nn took/vbd them/ppo to/in all/abn four/cd corners/nns of/in the/at globe/nn ,/, and/cc Florentine/jj gossip/nn had/hvd already/rb reached/vbn a/at high/jj stage/nn of/in development/nn as/cs even/rb a/at cursory/jj glance/nn at/in the/at Inferno/fw-nn-tl will/md prove/vb ./.
A/at northern/jj ambassador/nn ,/, willing/jj to/to keep/vb his/pp$ mouth/nn shut/vbn and/cc his/pp$ ears/nns open/jj ,/, could/md learn/vb a/at lot/nn that/wps would/md stand/vb him/ppo in/in good/jj stead/nn at/in the/at Curia/np ./.


	They/ppss had/hvd other/ap topics/nns of/in conversation/nn ,/, besides/in their/pp$ news/nn from/in courts/nns and/cc fairs/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed of/in interest/nn to/in Othon/np ,/, the/at builder/nn of/in castles/nns in/in Wales/np and/cc churches/nns in/in his/pp$ native/jj country/nn ./.
Behind/in him/ppo lay/vbd the/at Low/jj-tl Countries/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb men/nns were/bed still/rb completing/vbg the/at cathedrals/nns that/cs a/at later/jjr Florentine/np would/md describe/vb as/cs ``/`` a/at malediction/nn of/in little/jj tabernacles/nns ,/, one/cd on/in top/nn of/in the/at other/ap ,/, with/in so/ql many/ap pyramids/nns and/cc spires/nns and/cc leaves/nns that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at wonder/nn they/ppss stand/vb up/rp at/in all/abn ,/, for/cs they/ppss look/vb as/cs though/cs they/ppss were/bed made/vbn of/in paper/nn instead/rb of/in stone/nn or/cc marble/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
the/at Low/jj-tl Countries/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl were/bed to/to last/vb for/in another/dt two/cd centuries/nns and/cc die/vb out/rp only/rb when/wrb Charles/np-tl the/at-tl Bold/jj-tl of/in Burgundy/np met/vbd his/pp$ first/od defeat/nn in/in the/at fields/nns and/cc forests/nns below/in the/at walls/nns of/in Grandson/nn-tl ./.

It/pps usually/rb turned/vbd out/rp well/rb for/in him/ppo because/cs either/cc he/pps liked/vbd the/at right/jj people/nns or/cc there/ex were/bed only/rb a/at few/ap wrong/jj people/nns in/in the/at town/nn ./.
Alfred/np wanted/vbn to/to invest/vb in/in my/pp$ father's/nn$ hotel/nn and/cc advance/vb enough/ap money/nn to/to build/vb a/at larger/jjr place/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at very/ql tempting/vbg offer/nn ./.
My/pp$ father/nn would/md have/hv done/vbn it/ppo if/cs it/pps hadn't/hvd* been/ben for/in my/pp$ mother/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd a/at fear/nn of/in being/beg in/in debt/nn to/in anyone/pn --/-- even/rb Alfred/np Alpert/np ./.


	In/in spite/nn of/in his/pp$ being/beg well/ql liked/vbn there/ex were/bed a/at few/ap people/nns who/wps were/bed very/ql careful/jj about/in Alfred/np ./.
They/ppss had/hvd my/pp$ mother's/nn$ opinion/nn of/in him/ppo :/: that/cs he/pps was/bedz too/ql sharp/jj or/cc a/at little/ql too/ql good/jj to/to be/be true/jj ./.
One/cd of/in the/at people/nns who/wps was/bedz afraid/jj of/in Alfred/np was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj brother/nn ,/, Lew/np ./.
I/ppss don't/do* know/vb how/wrb and/cc I/ppss don't/do* know/vb why/wrb but/cc the/at two/cd stores/nns ,/, the/at one/cd in/in Margaretville/np and/cc the/at one/cd in/in Fleischmanns/np that/wps had/hvd been/ben set/vbn up/rp as/cs a/at partnership/nn ,/, were/bed dissolved/vbn ,/, separated/vbn from/in each/dt other/ap ./.
Everything/pn was/bedz all/ql very/ql friendly/jj ,/, except/rb when/wrb it/pps came/vbd to/in Harry/np ,/, the/at youngest/jjt brother/nn ./.
Alfred/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz a/at good/jj deal/nn older/jjr than/cs Harry/np ,/, had/hvd treated/vbn him/ppo like/cs a/at son/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb Harry/np decided/vbd to/to stay/vb in/in business/nn with/in Lew/np instead/rb of/in going/vbg with/in Alfred/np ,/, Alfred/np looked/vbd on/in the/at decision/nn as/cs a/at betrayal/nn ./.
From/in that/dt day/nn on/rp he/pps never/rb spoke/vbd to/in Harry/np or/cc to/in Lew/np ,/, or/cc to/in Lew's/np$ two/cd boys/nns ,/, Mort/np and/cc Jimmy/np ./.
The/at six/cd miles/nns between/in the/at towns/nns became/vbd an/at ocean/nn and/cc the/at Alperts/nps became/vbd a/at family/nn of/in strangers/nns ./.


	Time/nn went/vbd on/rp and/cc everybody/pn got/vbd older/jjr ./.
I/ppss became/vbd fifteen/cd ,/, sixteen/cd ,/, then/rb twenty/cd ,/, and/cc still/rb Tessie/np Alpert/np sat/vbd on/in the/at porch/nn with/in a/at rose/nn in/in her/pp$ hair/nn ,/, and/cc Alfred/np got/vbd richer/jjr and/cc sicker/jjr with/in diabetes/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz in/in the/at spring/nn of/in the/at year/nn when/wrb he/pps took/vbd to/in his/pp$ bed/nn and/cc Tessie/np and/cc Alfred/np found/vbd out/rp that/cs they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb each/dt other/ap ./.
They/ppss were/bed like/cs two/cd strangers/nns ./.
The/at store/nn was/bedz their/pp$ marriage/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb Alfred/np had/hvd to/to leave/vb it/ppo there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn to/to hold/vb them/ppo together/rb ./.
Tessie/np ,/, everybody/pn thought/vbd ,/, was/bedz a/at strong/jj woman/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps was/bedz only/rb strong/jj because/cs she/pps had/hvd Alfred/np to/to lean/vb on/in ./.
And/cc when/wrb Alfred/np was/bedz forced/vbn into/in his/pp$ bed/nn ,/, Tessie/np left/vbd the/at front/jj porch/nn of/in the/at store/nn and/cc sat/vbd at/in home/nn ,/, rocking/vbg in/in her/pp$ rocker/nn in/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, staring/vbg out/in the/at window/nn --/-- the/at rose/nn still/rb in/in her/pp$ hair/nn ./.
Tessie/np could/md do/do nothing/pn for/in Alfred/np ./.
She/pps couldn't/md* cook/vb or/cc clean/vb or/cc make/vb him/ppo comfortable/jj ./.
Instead/rb she/pps waited/vbd for/in Alfred/np to/to get/vb better/jjr and/cc take/vb care/nn of/in her/ppo ./.


	Spring/nn was/bedz life/nn --/-- and/cc Alfred/np Alpert/np in/in his/pp$ sickroom/nn was/bedz death/nn ./.
Alfred/np knew/vbd that/dt ,/, too/rb ./.
I/ppss remember/vb him/ppo pointing/vbg out/in of/in the/at window/nn and/cc saying/vbg that/cs he/pps wished/vbd he/pps could/md live/vb to/to see/vb another/dt spring/nn but/cc that/cs he/pps wouldn't/md* ./.


	Alfred/np began/vbd to/to put/vb his/pp$ affairs/nns in/in order/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps went/vbd about/in it/ppo like/cs a/at man/nn putting/vbg his/pp$ things/nns into/in storage/nn ./.
My/pp$ father/nn ,/, who/wps liked/vbd Alfred/np very/ql much/rb ,/, was/bedz a/at constant/jj visitor/nn ./.
One/cd day/nn Alfred/np told/vbd him/ppo that/cs he/pps had/hvd decided/vbn to/to leave/vb everything/pn to/in me/ppo ./.
My/pp$ father/nn ,/, a/at wise/jj man/nn ,/, asked/vbd him/ppo not/* to/to ./.
He/pps knew/vbd Alfred/np liked/vbd me/ppo ;/. ;/.
if/cs he/pps wanted/vbd to/to leave/vb me/ppo something/pn let/vb it/pps be/be a/at trinket/nn ,/, nothing/pn else/rb ./.
By/in leaving/vbg me/ppo everything/pn he/pps wouldn't/md* be/be doing/vbg me/ppo a/at favor/nn ,/, my/pp$ father/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps didn't/dod* want/vb to/to see/vb his/pp$ daughter/nn involved/vbn in/in a/at lawsuit/nn ./.
He/pps didn't/dod* want/vb Alfred/np to/to leave/vb me/ppo trouble/nn because/cs that's/dt+bez all/abn it/pps would/md be/be ,/, and/cc Alfred/np understood/vbd ./.


	Alfred/np was/bedz getting/vbg too/ql sick/jj to/to stay/vb in/in his/pp$ own/jj home/nn ./.
The/at doctor/nn wanted/vbd him/ppo in/in a/at hospital/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at nearest/jjt one/cd was/bedz forty/cd miles/nns away/rb in/in Kingston/np ./.
The/at day/nn Alfred/np left/vbd his/pp$ home/nn and/cc Fleischmanns/np he/pps gave/vbd up/rp the/at convictions/nns of/in a/at lifetime/nn ./.
He/pps sent/vbd me/ppo for/in Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl ,/, whom/wpo he/pps wanted/vbd not/* as/cs a/at friend/nn but/cc as/cs a/at rabbi/nn ./.


	Meltzer/np knew/vbd why/wrb I/ppss had/hvd come/vbn for/in him/ppo ./.
Solemnly/rb he/pps walked/vbd me/ppo back/rb to/in Alfred's/np$ house/nn without/in a/at word/nn passing/vbg between/in us/ppo ./.
He/pps entered/vbd the/at house/nn in/in silence/nn ,/, walked/vbd into/in Alfred's/np$ room/nn ,/, and/cc closed/vbd the/at door/nn behind/in him/ppo ./.
I/ppss sat/vbd down/rp to/to wait/vb ,/, and/cc I/ppss watched/vbd Tessie/np Alpert/np ,/, who/wps hadn't/hvd* moved/vbn or/cc said/vbn a/at word/nn but/cc kept/vbd staring/vbg out/in of/in the/at window/nn ./.


	For/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn to/to hear/vb ./.
Then/rb Meltzer's/np$ voice/nn ,/, quiet/jj ,/, calm/jj ,/, strong/jj ,/, started/vbd the/at Kaddish/np ,/, the/at prayer/nn for/in the/at dead/nn ./.
I/ppss could/md hear/vb Alfred's/np$ voice/nn a/at few/ap words/nns behind/in Meltzer's/np$ like/cs a/at counterpoint/nn ,/, punctuated/vbn by/in sobs/nns of/in sorrow/nn and/cc resignation/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at finality/nn in/in the/at rhythm/nn of/in the/at prayer/nn --/-- it/pps was/bedz the/at end/nn of/in a/at life/nn ,/, the/at end/nn of/in hope/nn ,/, and/cc the/at wondering/nn if/cs there/ex would/md ever/rb be/be another/dt beginning/nn ./.


	Meltzer/np stayed/vbd with/in Alfred/np ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at door/nn opened/vbd they/ppss both/abx came/vbd out/rp ./.
Alfred/np was/bedz dressed/vbn for/in his/pp$ trip/nn to/in the/at hospital/nn ./.
The/at car/nn was/bedz waiting/vbg for/in him/ppo ./.
Alfred/np ,/, leaning/vbg on/in Meltzer/np ,/, stopped/vbd for/in a/at minute/nn to/to look/vb at/in Tessie/np ./.
She/pps didn't/dod* turn/vb away/rb from/in the/at window/nn ./.
Alfred/np nodded/vbn a/at little/jj nod/nn and/cc went/vbd out/rp through/in the/at door/nn ./.


	Outside/rb ,/, his/pp$ brother/nn Harry/np was/bedz waiting/vbg for/in him/ppo --/-- he/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/to say/vb good-bye/uh ./.
Alfred/np walked/vbd past/in him/ppo without/in a/at word/nn and/cc got/vbd into/in the/at car/nn ./.
Harry/np ran/vbd to/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at car/nn where/wrb Alfred/np was/bedz sitting/vbg and/cc looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ,/, begging/vbg him/ppo to/to speak/vb ./.
Alfred/np looked/vbn straight/rb ahead/rb ./.
The/at car/nn began/vbd to/to move/vb and/cc Harry/np ran/vbd after/in it/ppo crying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Alfred/np !/. !/.
Alfred/np !/. !/.
Speak/vb to/in me/ppo ''/'' ./.
But/cc the/at car/nn moved/vbd off/rp and/cc Alfred/np just/rb looked/vbd straight/rb ahead/rb ./.
Harry/np followed/vbd the/at car/nn until/cs it/pps reached/vbd the/at main/jjs road/nn and/cc turned/vbd towards/in Kingston/np ./.
He/pps stood/vbd there/rb watching/vbg until/cs it/pps had/hvd gone/vbn from/in his/pp$ sight/nn ./.


	I/ppss went/vbd to/to visit/vb Alfred/np in/in the/at Kingston/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl a/at few/ap times/nns ./.
The/at first/od time/nn I/ppss went/vbd there/rb he/pps asked/vbd me/ppo to/to bring/vb him/ppo water/nn from/in Flagler's/np$ well/nn --/-- water/nn that/wps reminded/vbd him/ppo of/in his/pp$ first/od days/nns in/in the/at mountains/nns --/-- and/cc before/cs I/ppss came/vbd the/at next/ap time/nn I/ppss filled/vbd a/at five-gallon/jj jug/nn for/in him/ppo and/cc brought/vbd it/ppo to/in the/at hospital/nn ./.
I/ppss don't/do* think/vb he/pps ever/rb got/vbd to/to drink/vb any/dti of/in it/ppo ./.


	The/at jug/nn stayed/vbd at/in the/at hospital/nn and/cc the/at water/nn --/-- what/wdt can/md happen/vb to/in water/nn ?/. ?/.
--/-- it/pps evaporated/vbd ,/, disappeared/vbd ,/, and/cc came/vbd back/rb to/in the/at earth/nn as/cs rain/nn --/-- maybe/rb for/in another/dt well/nn or/cc another/dt stream/nn or/cc another/dt Alfred/np Alpert/np ./.



12/cd ``/`` where/wrb is/bez it/pps written/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/.

Mr./np Banks/np was/bedz always/rb called/vbn Banks/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl until/cs he/pps left/vbd town/nn and/cc the/at shop/nn passed/vbd over/rp to/in Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Scholar/nn-tl who/wps then/rb became/vbd automatically/rb Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl ./.
Meltzer/np was/bedz a/at boarder/nn with/in the/at Banks/np family/nn ./.
He/pps came/vbd to/in Fleischmanns/np directly/rb from/in the/at boat/nn that/wps brought/vbd him/ppo to/in America/np from/in Russia/np ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at learned/jj man/nn and/cc a/at very/ql gentle/jj soul/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz filled/vbn with/in knowledge/nn of/in the/at Bible/np and/cc the/at Talmud/np ./.
He/pps knew/vbd the/at whyfores/nns and/cc the/at wherefores/nns but/cc he/pps was/bedz weak/jj ,/, very/ql weak/jj ,/, on/in the/at therefores/nns ./.
Banks/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl took/vbd Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Scholar/nn-tl as/cs an/at apprentice/nn and/cc he/pps made/vbd it/ppo very/ql clear/jj that/cs a/at man/nn of/in learning/vbg must/md be/be able/jj to/to do/do more/ap than/cs just/rb quote/vb the/at Commentaries/nns-tl of/in the/at Talmud/np in/in order/nn to/to live/vb ./.
So/cs Meltzer/np learned/vbd a/at new/jj trade/nn from/in Banks/np ,/, who/wps supplied/vbd the/at town/nn and/cc the/at hotels/nns with/in meat/nn ./.


	Banks/np had/hvd a/at family/nn --/-- a/at wife/nn ,/, a/at daughter/nn ,/, and/cc a/at son/nn ./.
The/at daughter/nn ,/, Lilly/np ,/, was/bedz a/at very/ql good/jj friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ and/cc I/ppss always/rb had/hvd hopes/nns that/cs someday/rb she/pps and/cc Meltzer/np would/md find/vb each/dt other/ap ./.
They/ppss lived/vbd in/in the/at same/ap house/nn and/cc it/pps didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to be/be such/abl a/at hard/jj thing/nn to/to do/do ,/, but/cc the/at sad/jj realities/nns of/in Lilly's/np$ life/nn and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs Meltzer/np didn't/dod* love/vb her/ppo never/rb satisfied/vbd my/pp$ wishful/jj thinking/nn ./.


	Banks/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl was/bedz a/at hard/jj master/nn and/cc a/at hard/jj father/nn ,/, a/at man/nn who/wps didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to know/vb the/at difference/nn between/in the/at living/vbg flesh/nn of/in his/pp$ family/nn and/cc the/at hanging/vbg carcasses/nns of/in his/pp$ stock/nn in/in trade/nn ./.
He/pps treated/vbd both/abx with/in equal/jj indifference/nn and/cc with/in equal/jj contempt/nn ;/. ;/.
perhaps/rb he/pps was/bedz a/at little/ql more/ql sympathetic/jj to/in the/at sides/nns of/in beef/nn that/wps hung/vbd silently/rb from/in his/pp$ hooks/nns ./.


	Lilly/np Banks/np and/cc I/ppss became/vbd friends/nns ./.
She/pps was/bedz the/at opposite/nn of/in everything/pn she/pps should/md have/hv been/ben --/-- a/at positive/jj pole/nn in/in a/at negative/jj home/nn ,/, a/at living/vbg reaction/nn of/in warmth/nn and/cc kindness/nn to/in the/at harsh/jj reality/nn of/in her/pp$ father/nn ./.
And/cc Lilly's/np$ whole/jj family/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be an/at apology/nn for/in Mr./np Banks/np ./.
Her/pp$ brother/nn Karl/np was/bedz a/at very/ql gentle/jj soul/nn ,/, her/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz a/at quiet/jj woman/nn who/wps said/vbd little/ap but/cc who/wps had/hvd hard/jj ,/, probing/vbg eyes/nns ./.
For/in every/at rude/jj word/nn of/in Mr./np Banks's/np$ the/at family/nn had/hvd five/cd in/in apology/nn ./.


	Every/at chance/nn I/ppss got/vbd I/ppss left/vbd the/at hotel/nn to/to visit/vb Lilly/np ./.
I/ppss was/bedz free/jj but/cc she/pps was/bedz bound/vbn to/in her/pp$ duties/nns that/wpo not/* even/rb the/at coming/nn of/in Meltzer/np lightened/vbd ./.
She/pps had/hvd to/to clean/vb the/at glass/nn on/in the/at display/nn cases/nns in/in the/at butcher/nn shop/nn ,/, help/vb her/pp$ brother/nn scrub/vb the/at cutting/vbg tables/nns with/in wire/nn brushes/nns ,/, mop/vb the/at floors/nns ,/, put/vb down/rp new/jj sawdust/nn on/in the/at floors/nns and/cc help/vb check/vb the/at outgoing/jj orders/nns ./.
When/wrb these/dts chores/nns were/bed finished/vbn ,/, only/rb then/rb ,/, was/bedz she/pps allowed/vbd whatever/wdt freedom/nn she/pps could/md find/vb ./.


	I/ppss helped/vbd Lilly/np in/in the/at store/nn ./.
To/in me/ppo it/pps was/bedz a/at game/nn ,/, to/in her/ppo it/pps was/bedz the/at deadly/jj seriousness/nn of/in life/nn ./.
I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to help/vb so/cs that/cs we/ppss could/md find/vb time/nn to/to play/vb ./.
And/cc Lilly/np allowed/vbd me/ppo to/to help/vb so/cs that/cs she/pps could/md have/hv her/pp$ few/ap little/jj hours/nns of/in escape/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at work/nn was/bedz finished/vbn ,/, we/ppss would/md walk/vb ./.
The/at road/nn past/in the/at butcher/nn shop/nn took/vbd us/ppo along/in the/at side/nn of/in a/at stream/nn ./.
It/pps ran/vbd north/nr ,/, away/rb from/in the/at town/nn and/cc the/at people/nns ,/, through/in woods/nns and/cc past/in the/at nothingness/nn of/in a/at graveyard/nn ./.


	Lilly/np preferred/vbd the/at loneliness/nn of/in that/dt walk/nn ./.
I/ppss would/md have/hv liked/vbn the/at town/nn and/cc the/at busyness/nn of/in its/pp$ people/nns but/cc I/ppss always/rb followed/vbd Lilly/np into/in the/at peace/nn of/in the/at silent/jj and/cc unstaring/jj road/nn ./.


	It/pps wasn't/bedz* hard/jj to/to understand/vb ./.
To/in me/ppo Lilly/np was/bedz a/at fine/jj and/cc lovely/jj girl/nn ./.
To/in people/nns who/wps didn't/dod* know/vb her/ppo she/pps was/bedz a/at gawky/jj ,/, badly/rb dressed/vbn kid/nn whose/wp$ arms/nns were/bed too/ql long/jj ,/, whose/wp$ legs/nns were/bed a/at little/ql too/ql bony/jj ./.
She/pps had/hvd the/at hips/nns of/in a/at boy/nn and/cc a/at loose-jointed/jj walk/nn that/wps reminded/vbd me/ppo of/in a/at string/nn of/in beads/nns strolling/vbg down/in the/at street/nn ./.
And/cc she/pps had/hvd the/at kind/nn of/in crossed/vbn eyes/nns that/wps shocked/vbd ./.
It/pps was/bedz unexpected/jj ,/, unexpected/jj because/cs Lilly/np walked/vbd with/in her/pp$ head/nn bent/vbn down/rp ,/, down/rp ,/, and/cc her/pp$ mark/nn of/in friendship/nn was/bedz to/to look/vb into/in your/pp$ face/nn ./.
I/ppss accepted/vbd her/pp$ crossed/vbn eyes/nns as/cs she/pps accepted/vbd my/pp$ childishness/nn ;/. ;/.
childishness/nn compared/vbn to/in her/pp$ grown-up/jj understanding/nn that/cs life/nn was/bedz a/at punishment/nn for/in as/ql yet/rb undisclosed/jj sins/nns ./.
We/ppss were/bed almost/rb the/at same/ap age/nn ,/, she/pps was/bedz fifteen/cd ,/, I/ppss was/bedz twelve/cd ,/, and/cc where/wrb I/ppss felt/vbd there/ex was/bedz a/at life/nn to/to look/vb forward/rb to/in Lilly/np felt/vbd she/pps had/hvd had/hvn as/ql much/ap of/in it/ppo as/cs was/bedz necessary/jj ./.


	When/wrb we/ppss went/vbd for/in our/pp$ walks/nns Lilly's/np$ brother/nn would/md come/vb along/rb every/at once/rb in/in a/at while/nn ./.
Karl/np was/bedz an/at almost/ql exact/jj copy/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn physically/rb and/cc it/pps was/bedz strange/jj to/to see/vb the/at expected/vbn become/vb the/at unexpected/jj ./.
This/dt huge/jj hulk/nn played/vbd the/at guitar/nn and/cc he/pps would/md take/vb it/ppo along/rb on/in our/pp$ walks/nns and/cc play/vb for/in us/ppo as/cs we/ppss sat/vbd alone/rb in/in the/at woods/nns or/cc by/in the/at stream/nn ./.
Karl/np played/vbd well/rb and/cc his/pp$ favorite/jj song/nn was/bedz a/at Schubert/np lullaby/nn ./.
He/pps spoke/vbd no/at German/np but/cc he/pps could/md sing/vb it/ppo and/cc the/at words/nns of/in the/at song/nn were/bed the/at only/ap ones/nns he/pps knew/vbd in/in a/at foreign/jj language/nn ./.
The/at song/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Stream's/nn$-tl Lullaby/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps sang/vbd ,/, ``/`` Gute/fw-jj ruh/fw-nn ,/, Gute/fw-jj ruh/fw-nn ,/, Mach't/fw-vb die/fw-at augen/fw-nns zu/fw-rb ,/, ''/'' there/ex was/bedz such/jj longing/nn and/cc such/jj simple/jj sadness/nn that/cs it/pps frightened/vbd me/ppo ./.
Later/rbr ,/, when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz older/jjr ,/, I/ppss found/vbd the/at song/nn was/bedz part/nn of/in Schubert's/np$ Die/fw-at-tl Schone/fw-jj-tl Mullerin/fw-nn-tl ./.
And/cc even/rb hearing/vbg it/ppo in/in a/at concert/nn hall/nn surrounded/vbn by/in hundreds/nns of/in people/nns the/at words/nns and/cc the/at melody/nn would/md make/vb me/ppo a/at little/ql colder/jjr and/cc I/ppss would/md reach/vb out/rp for/in my/pp$ husband's/nn$ hand/nn ./.


	The/at brother/nn and/cc sister/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be a/at sort/nn of/in mutual-aid/nn society/nn ,/, a/at little/jj fortress/nn of/in kindness/nn for/in each/dt other/ap in/in a/at hard/jj world/nn ./.
I/ppss felt/vbd very/ql flattered/vbn to/to be/be included/vbn in/in the/at protection/nn of/in their/pp$ company/nn even/rb though/cs I/ppss had/hvd nothing/pn to/to be/be protected/vbn from/in ./.



	The/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, or/cc to/to be/be more/ql precise/jj ,/, the/at two/cd decades/nns preceeding/vbg and/cc following/vbg it/ppo ,/, marks/vbz a/at great/jj change/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in early/jj English/jj scholarship/nn ./.
At/in the/at bottom/nn of/in this/dt change/nn were/bed great/jj strides/nns forward/rb in/in the/at technical/jj equipment/nn and/cc technical/jj standards/nns of/in the/at historian/nn ./.
In/in archaeology/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, the/at contributions/nns of/in Frederick/np Haverfield/np and/cc Reginald/np Smith/np to/in the/at various/jj volumes/nns of/in the/at Victoria/np-tl County/nn-tl Histories/nns-tl raised/vbd the/at discipline/nn from/in the/at status/nn of/in an/at antiquarian/jj pastime/nn to/in that/dt of/in the/at most/ql valuable/jj single/ap tool/nn of/in the/at early/jj English/jj historian/nn ./.
And/cc with/in the/at publication/nn of/in E./np T./np Leeds'/np$ Archaeology/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Anglo-Saxon/jj-tl Settlements/nns-tl the/at student/nn was/bedz presented/vbn with/in an/at organized/vbn synthesis/nn of/in the/at archaeological/jj data/nn then/rb known/vbn ./.


	What/wdt was/bedz true/jj for/in archaeology/nn was/bedz also/rb true/jj of/in place-name/nn studies/nns ./.
The/at value/nn of/in place-names/nns in/in the/at reconstruction/nn of/in early/jj English/jj history/nn had/hvd long/rb been/ben recognized/vbn ./.
Place-names/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben extensively/rb utilized/vbn for/in this/dt purpose/nn from/in the/at time/nn of/in Camden/np onwards/rb ./.
Without/in a/at precise/jj knowledge/nn of/in Germanic/jj philology/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez debatable/jj whether/cs their/pp$ use/nn was/bedz not/* more/ql often/rb a/at source/nn of/in confusion/nn and/cc error/nn than/cs anything/pn else/rb ./.
Even/rb in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn such/jj accomplished/vbn philologists/nns as/cs Kemble/np and/cc Guest/np were/bed led/vbn into/in what/wdt now/rb seem/vb ludicrous/jj errors/nns because/rb of/in their/pp$ failure/nn to/to recognize/vb that/cs modern/jj forms/nns of/in place/nn names/nns are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at result/nn of/in logical/jj philological/jj development/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz therefore/rb not/* until/in the/at publication/nn of/in J.H./np Round's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Settlement/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl South/jj-tl And/cc-tl East/jj-tl Saxons/nps-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc W.H./np Stevenson's/np$ ``/`` Dr./nn-tl Guest/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl English/jj Conquest/nn-tl Of/in-tl South/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ''/'' ,/, that/cs a/at scientific/jj basis/nn for/in place-name/nn studies/nns was/bedz established/vbn ./.


	Diplomatic/jj is/bez another/dt area/nn for/in which/wdt the/at dawn/nn of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn marks/vbz the/at beginning/nn of/in modern/jj standards/nns of/in scholarship/nn ./.
Although/cs because/rb of/in the/at important/jj achievements/nns of/in nineteenth/od century/nn scholars/nns in/in the/at field/nn of/in textual/jj criticism/nn the/at advance/nn is/bez not/* so/ql striking/jj as/cs it/pps was/bedz in/in the/at case/nn of/in archaeology/nn and/cc place-names/nns ,/, the/at editorial/jj principles/nns laid/vbn down/rp by/in Stevenson/np in/in his/pp$ great/jj edition/nn of/in Asser/np and/cc in/in his/pp$ Crawford/np-tl Charters/nns-tl were/bed a/at distinct/jj improvement/nn upon/in those/dts of/in his/pp$ predecessors/nns and/cc remain/vb unimproved/jj upon/rb today/nr ./.


	In/in sum/nn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be said/vbn that/cs the/at techniques/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in present/jj day/nn have/hv their/pp$ origin/nn at/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez this/dt ,/, particularly/rb the/at establishment/nn of/in archaeology/nn and/cc place-name/nn studies/nns on/in a/at scientific/jj basis/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber immediately/rb pertinent/jj to/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl ./.


	Almost/ql inevitably/rb ,/, the/at first/od result/nn of/in this/dt technological/jj revolution/nn was/bedz a/at reaction/nn against/in the/at methods/nns and/cc in/in many/ap cases/nns the/at conclusions/nns of/in the/at Oxford/np school/nn of/in Stubbs/np ,/, Freeman/np and/cc (/( particularly/rb )/) Green/np regarding/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj conquest/nn of/in Britain/np ./.
Even/rb before/cs the/at century/nn was/bedz out/rp the/at tide/nn of/in reaction/nn had/hvd set/vbn in/rp ./.
Charles/np Plummer/np in/in the/at introduction/nn and/cc notes/nns to/in his/pp$ splendid/jj edition/nn of/in Bede/np voiced/vbd some/dti early/jj doubts/nns concerning/in the/at ``/`` elaborate/jj superstructure/nn ''/'' they/ppss raised/vbd up/rp over/in the/at slim/jj foundations/nns afforded/vbn by/in the/at traditional/jj narratives/nns of/in the/at conquest/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz Plummer/np ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, who/wps coined/vbd the/at much/ql quoted/vbn remark/nn :/: ``/`` Mr./np Green/np indeed/rb writes/vbz as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben present/rb at/in the/at landing/nn of/in the/at Saxons/nps and/cc had/hvd watched/vbn every/at step/nn of/in their/pp$ subsequent/jj progress/nn ''/'' ./.
Sir/np Henry/np Howorth/np ,/, writing/vbg in/in 1898/cd ,/, put/vbd himself/ppl firmly/rb in/in the/at Lappenburg-Kemble/np tradition/nn by/in attacking/vbg the/at veracity/nn of/in the/at West/jj-tl Saxon/np-tl annals/nns ./.


	Early/rb in/in the/at present/jj century/nn ,/, W./np H./np Stevenson/np continued/vbd the/at attack/nn with/in a/at savage/jj article/nn against/in Guest/np ./.
Following/vbg him/ppo in/in varying/vbg degrees/nns of/in scepticism/nn were/bed T.W./np Shore/np ,/, H.M./np Chadwick/np ,/, Thomas/np Hodgkin/np and/cc F./np G./np Beck/np ./.
By/in 1913/cd ,/, Ferdinand/np Lot/np could/md begin/vb an/at article/nn subtitled/vbn ``/`` La/fw-at-tl Conquete/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in La/fw-at-tl Grande-Bretagne/np-tl par/fw-in Les/fw-at-tl Saxons/nps-tl ''/'' with/in the/at words/nns ,/, ``/`` Il/fw-pps est/fw-bez difficile/fw-jj aujourd'hui/fw-nr d'entretenir/fw-to+vb des/fw-in+at illusions/fw-nns sur/fw-in la/fw-at valeur/fw-nn du/fw-in+at recit/fw-nn traditionnel/fw-jj de/fw-in la/fw-at conquete/fw-nn de/fw-in la/fw-at Grande-Bretagne/np ./.
''/'' It/pps is/bez also/rb worthy/jj of/in note/nn that/cs Lot/np cited/vbd both/abx Kemble/np and/cc Lappenberg/np with/in favor/nn in/in that/dt article/nn ./.
It/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs the/at wheel/nn had/hvd turned/vbn full/jj circle/nn ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, modern/jj scholarly/jj opinion/nn in/in the/at main/jjs has/hvz not/* retreated/vbn all/abn the/at way/nn back/rb to/in the/at destructive/jj scepticism/nn of/in the/at first/od half/abn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ./.
Although/cs one/pn meets/vbz with/in occasional/jj extremists/nns like/cs Zachrisson/np or/cc ,/, very/ql recently/rb ,/, Arthur/np Wade-Evans/np the/at majority/nn of/in scholars/nns have/hv taken/vbn a/at middle/jj position/nn between/in the/at extremes/nns of/in scepticism/nn and/cc gullibility/nn ./.
Most/ap now/rb admit/vb that/cs Bede/np ,/, Gildas/np ,/, Nennius/np and/cc The/at-tl Anglo-Saxon/jj Chronicles/nns-tl cannot/md* be/be the/at infallible/jj guides/nns to/in early/jj English/jj history/nn that/wps Guest/np ,/, Freeman/np and/cc Green/np thought/vbd them/ppo to/to be/be ./.
As/cs R.H./np Hodgkin/np has/hvz remarked/vbn :/: ``/`` The/at critical/jj methods/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn shattered/vbd most/ap of/in this/dt picturesque/jj narrative/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at consensus/nn of/in opinion/nn is/bez that/cs ,/, used/vbn with/in caution/nn and/cc in/in conjunction/nn with/in other/ap types/nns of/in evidence/nn ,/, the/at native/jj sources/nns still/rb provide/vb a/at valid/jj rough/jj outline/nn for/in the/at English/jj settlement/nn of/in southern/jj Britain/np ./.
As/cs Sir/np Charles/np Oman/np once/rb said/vbd ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr fashionable/jj to/to declare/vb that/cs we/ppss can/md say/vb nothing/pn certain/jj about/in Old/jj-tl English/jj origins/nns ''/'' ./.


	Therefore/rb ,/, in/in one/cd way/nn Kemble/np and/cc Lappenberg/np have/hv been/ben vindicated/vbn ./.
Their/pp$ conclusions/nns concerning/in the/at untrustworthiness/nn of/in the/at West/jj-tl Saxon/np-tl annals/nns ,/, the/at confused/vbn chronology/nn of/in Bede/np ,/, the/at unreliability/nn of/in the/at early/jj positions/nns of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj genealogies/nns and/cc the/at mythological/jj elements/nns contained/vbn in/in Nennius/np are/ber now/rb mostly/rb accepted/vbn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, in/in another/dt way/nn modern/jj historians/nns still/rb labor/vb in/in the/at vineyard/nn of/in the/at Oxford/np school/nn ./.
For/cs it/pps is/bez their/pp$ catastrophic/jj concept/nn of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns rather/in than/in Kemble's/np$ gradualist/nn approach/nn which/wdt dominates/vbz the/at field/nn ./.
Despite/in the/at rejection/nn of/in the/at traditional/jj accounts/nns on/in many/ap points/nns of/in detail/nn ,/, as/ql late/rb as/cs 1948/cd it/pps was/bedz still/rb possible/jj to/to postulate/vb a/at massive/jj and/cc comparatively/rb sudden/jj (/( beginning/vbg in/in ca./rb 450/nn )/) influx/nn of/in Germans/nps as/cs the/at type/nn of/in invasions/nns ./.


	At/in this/dt point/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at issue/nn has/hvz become/vb complicated/vbn by/in a/at development/nn unforeseen/jj by/in Lappenberg/np and/cc Kemble/np ./.
They/ppss ,/, however/wql much/ap they/ppss were/bed in/in disagreement/nn with/in the/at late/jj Victorians/nps over/in the/at method/nn by/in which/wdt Britain/np was/bedz Germanized/vbn ,/, agreed/vbd with/in them/ppo that/cs the/at end/nn result/nn was/bedz the/at complete/jj extinction/nn of/in the/at previous/jj Celtic/jj population/nn and/cc civilization/nn ./.
But/cc beginning/vbg ,/, for/in all/abn practical/jj purposes/nns ,/, with/in Frederick/np Seebohm's/np$ English/jj-tl Village/nn-tl Community/nn-tl scholars/nns have/hv had/hvn to/to reckon/vb with/in a/at theory/nn involving/vbg institutional/jj and/cc agrarian/jj continuity/nn between/in Roman/jj and/cc Anglo-Saxon/jj times/nns which/wdt is/bez completely/rb at/in odds/nns with/in the/at reigning/vbg concept/nn of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns ./.
Against/in Seebohm/np formidable/jj foes/nns have/hv taken/vbn the/at field/nn ,/, notably/rb F./np W./np Maitland/np ,/, whose/wp$ Domesday/np-tl Book/nn-tl And/cc-tl Beyond/rb-tl was/bedz written/vbn expressly/rb for/in this/dt purpose/nn ,/, and/cc Sir/np Paul/np Vinogradoff/np whose/wp$ The/at-tl Growth/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Manor/nn-tl had/hvd a/at similar/jj aim/nn ./.
Largely/rb due/rb to/in their/pp$ efforts/nns the/at catastrophic/jj invasion-theory/nn has/hvz maintained/vbn its/pp$ position/nn although/cs Seebohm/np has/hvz always/rb found/vbn supporters/nns ./.
H.L./np Gray/np in/in his/pp$ English/jj-tl Field/nn-tl Systems/nns-tl and/cc Zachrisson's/np$ Romans/nps-tl ,/, Kelts/nps-tl And/cc-tl Saxons/nps-tl defended/vbd in/in part/nn the/at Seebohm/np thesis/nn while/cs at/in the/at present/jj time/nn H.P.R./np Finberg/np and/cc Gordon/np Copley/np seem/vb to/to fall/vb into/in the/at Celtic/jj survivalist/nn camp/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez nevertheless/rb a/at minority/nn view/nn ./.
Most/ap scholars/nns ,/, while/cs willing/jj to/to accept/vb a/at survival/nn (/( revival/nn ?/. ?/.
)/) of/in Celtic/jj art/nn forms/nns and/cc a/at considerable/jj proportion/nn of/in the/at Celtic/jj population/nn ,/, reject/vb any/dti institutional/jj legacy/nn from/in pre-Anglo-Saxon/jj Britain/np ./.


	Therefore/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez plain/jj that/cs the/at clear/jj distinctions/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn are/ber no/ql longer/rbr with/in us/ppo ./.
In/in the/at main/jjs stream/nn of/in historical/jj thinking/nn is/bez a/at group/nn of/in scholars/nns ,/, H.M./np Chadwick/np ,/, R.H./np Hodgkin/np ,/, Sir/np Frank/np Stenton/np et/fw-cc al./fw-nns who/wps are/ber in/in varying/vbg degrees/nns sceptical/jj of/in the/at native/jj traditions/nns of/in the/at conquest/nn but/cc who/wps defend/vb the/at catastrophic/jj type/nn of/in invasion/nn suggested/vbn by/in them/ppo ./.
They/ppss ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, have/hv compromised/vbn the/at opposing/vbg positions/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap side/nn are/ber the/at Celtic/jj survivalists/nns who/wps have/hv taken/vbn a/at tack/nn divergent/jj from/in both/abx these/dts schools/nns of/in nineteenth/od century/nn thought/nn ./.
As/cs a/at group/nn they/ppss should/md be/be favorable/jj to/in a/at concept/nn of/in gradual/jj Germanic/jj infiltration/nn although/cs the/at specialist/nn nature/nn of/in much/ap of/in their/pp$ work/nn ,/, e.g./rb Seebohm/np ,/, Gray/np and/cc Finberg/np ,/, tends/vbz to/to obscure/vb their/pp$ sympathies/nns ./.
Those/dts who/wps do/do have/hv occasion/nn to/to deal/vb with/in the/at invasions/nns in/in a/at more/ql general/jj way/nn ,/, like/cs T.W./np Shore/np and/cc Arthur/np Wade-Evans/np ,/, are/ber on/in the/at side/nn of/in a/at gradual/jj and/cc often/rb peaceful/jj Germanic/jj penetration/nn into/in Britain/np ./.
Wade-Evans/np ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, denies/vbz that/cs there/ex were/bed any/dti Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns at/in all/abn other/ap than/cs a/at minor/jj Jutish/jj foray/nn in/in A.D./rb 514/cd ./.


	Now/rb omitting/vbg for/in a/at moment/nn some/dti recent/jj developments/nns we/ppss can/md say/vb the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl hypothesis/nn of/in Lappenberg/np and/cc Kemble/np has/hvz undergone/vbn virtual/jj eclipse/nn in/in this/dt century/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr possible/jj to/to say/vb that/cs a/at sceptical/jj attitude/nn towards/in the/at received/vbn accounts/nns of/in the/at invasions/nns almost/ql automatically/rb produces/vbz a/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' interpretation/nn ./.
Everyone/pn is/bez more/ql or/cc less/ql sceptical/jj and/cc virtually/rb no/at one/pn has/hvz been/ben willing/jj to/to accept/vb Lappenberg/np or/cc Kemble's/np$ position/nn on/in that/dt point/nn ./.
One/cd reason/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs the/at new/jj scepticism/nn has/hvz been/ben willing/jj to/to maintain/vb the/at general/jj picture/nn of/in the/at invasions/nns as/cs portrayed/vbn in/in the/at traditional/jj sources/nns ./.
The/at few/ap scholars/nns who/wps have/hv adopted/vbn the/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' interpretation/nn ,/, Howorth/np ,/, Shore/np ,/, and/cc Wade-Evans/np ,/, have/hv all/abn been/ben Celtic/jj survivalists/nns ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, they/ppss have/hv done/vbn so/rb in/in rather/ql special/jj circumstances/nns ./.


	The/at primary/jj reason/nn for/in the/at abandonment/nn of/in the/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' thesis/nn has/hvz been/ben the/at assimilation/nn and/cc accumulation/nn of/in archaeological/jj evidence/nn ,/, the/at most/ql striking/jj feature/nn of/in early/jj English/jj studies/nns in/in this/dt century/nn ./.
Again/rb omitting/vbg recent/jj developments/nns ,/, E.T./np Leeds'/np$ dictum/nn of/in 1913/cd has/hvz stood/vbn unchallenged/jj :/: ``/`` So/ql far/rb as/cs archaeology/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez not/* the/at least/ap warrant/nn for/in the/at second/od (/( shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in )/) of/in these/dts theories/nns ''/'' ./.
Even/rb earlier/rbr Haverfield/np had/hvd come/vbn to/in the/at same/ap conclusion/nn ./.
What/wdt they/ppss meant/vbd was/bedz that/cs there/ex was/bedz no/at evidence/nn to/to show/vb that/cs the/at south/nr and/cc east/nr coasts/nns of/in Britain/np received/vbd Germanic/jj settlers/nns conspicuously/rb earlier/rbr than/cs some/dti other/ap parts/nns of/in England/np ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at trace/nn of/in Anglo-Saxons/nps in/in Britain/np as/ql early/rb as/cs the/at late/jj third/od century/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt time/nn the/at archaeological/jj evidence/nn for/in the/at erection/nn of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl forts/nns was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to point/vb ./.
In/in the/at face/nn of/in a/at clear/jj judgment/nn from/in archaeology/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, it/pps became/vbd impossible/jj for/in a/at time/nn for/cs scholars/nns to/to re-adopt/vb the/at ``/`` shore/nn settled/vbn by/in ''/'' theory/nn ./.


	In/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at wind/nn of/in change/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be blowing/vbg through/in early/jj English/jj historical/jj circles/nns ./.
The/at great/jj increase/nn in/in the/at amount/nn of/in archaeological/jj activity/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb information/nn ,/, in/in the/at years/nns immediately/rb preceeding/vbg and/cc following/vbg the/at Second/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl has/hvz brought/vbn to/in light/nn data/nn which/wdt has/hvz changed/vbn the/at complection/nn of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl dispute/nn ./.
Where/wrb there/ex were/bed none/pn fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, several/ap scholars/nns currently/rb are/ber edging/vbg their/pp$ way/nn cautiously/rb towards/in the/at acceptance/nn of/in the/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' position/nn ./.
We/ppss must/md ,/, therefore/rb ,/, have/hv a/at look/nn at/in the/at new/jj archaeological/jj material/nn and/cc re-examine/vb the/at literary/jj and/cc place-name/nn evidence/nn which/wdt bears/vbz upon/in the/at problem/nn ./.




What/wdt exactly/rb are/ber we/ppss trying/vbg to/to prove/vb ?/. ?/.
We/ppss know/vb that/cs the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl was/bedz a/at phenonenon/nn of/in late/jj Roman/jj defensive/jj policy/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in other/ap words/nns its/pp$ existence/nn belongs/vbz to/in the/at period/nn of/in Roman/jj Britain/np ./.
So/rb whenever/wrb the/at Romans/nps finally/rb withdrew/vbd from/in the/at island/nn ,/, the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl disappeared/vbd in/in the/at first/od decade/nn of/in the/at fifth/od century/nn ./.
We/ppss also/rb know/vb that/cs the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl as/cs reflected/vbn in/in the/at Notitia/fw-nns-tl was/bedz created/vbn as/cs a/at part/nn of/in the/at Theodosian/jj reorganization/nn of/in Britain/np (/( post/in A.D./rb 369/cd )/) ./.
My/pp$ argument/nn is/bez that/cs there/ex was/bedz no/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl prior/rb to/in that/dt time/nn even/rb though/cs the/at forts/nns had/hvd been/ben in/in existence/nn since/in the/at time/nn of/in Carausius/np ./.
Therefore/rb ,/, what/wdt we/ppss must/md prove/vb or/cc disprove/vb is/bez that/cs there/ex were/bed Saxons/nps ,/, in/in the/at broad/jj sense/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss must/md construe/vb the/at word/nn ,/, in/in the/at area/nn of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl at/in the/at time/nn it/pps was/bedz called/vbn the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, we/ppss must/md find/vb Saxons/nps in/in East/jj-tl Anglia/np-tl ,/, Kent/np ,/, Sussex/np and/cc Hampshire/np in/in the/at last/ap half/nn of/in the/at fourth/od century/nn ./.


	The/at problem/nn ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, is/bez strictly/rb a/at chronological/jj one/cd ./.
In/in Gaul/np the/at Saxon/np element/nn on/in its/pp$ Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl was/bedz plainly/ql visible/jj because/cs there/rb the/at Saxons/nps were/bed an/at intrusive/jj element/nn in/in the/at population/nn ./.
In/in Britain/np ,/, obviously/rb ,/, the/at archaeological/jj and/cc place-name/nn characteristics/nns of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl region/nn are/ber bound/vbn to/to be/be Saxon/np ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in trying/vbg to/to sort/vb out/rp an/at earlier/jjr fourth-century/nn Saxon/np element/nn from/in the/at later/jjr ,/, fifth-century/nn mainstream/nn of/in Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, naturally/rb ,/, will/md be/be difficult/jj to/to do/do since/cs both/abx the/at archaeological/jj and/cc place-name/nn evidence/nn in/in this/dt period/nn ,/, with/in some/dti fortunate/jj exceptions/nns ,/, is/bez insufficient/jj for/in precise/jj chronological/jj purposes/nns ./.


	It/pps might/md be/be well/jj to/to consider/vb the/at literary/jj evidence/nn first/rb because/cs it/pps can/md provide/vb us/ppo with/in an/at answer/nn to/in one/cd important/jj question/nn ;/. ;/.
namely/rb ,/, is/bez the/at idea/nn that/cs there/ex were/bed Saxon/np mercenaries/nns in/in England/np at/in all/abn reasonable/jj ?/. ?/.

To/to do/do so/rb ,/, something/pn was/bedz necessary/jj beyond/in volunteering/vbg because/cs there/ex was/bedz little/ap glamour/nn or/cc romance/nn in/in the/at European/jj war/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps meant/vbd instead/rb hardship/nn ,/, dirt/nn ,/, and/cc death/nn ./.


	Baker/np gave/vbd Leonard/np Wood/np credit/nn for/in the/at initiation/nn of/in the/at draft/nn of/in soldiers/nns ;/. ;/.
from/in the/at General's/nn$-tl idea/nn a/at chain/nn reaction/nn occurred/vbd ./.
Wood/np took/vbd the/at proposal/nn to/in Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl Hugh/np L./np Scott/np ,/, who/wps passed/vbd it/ppo on/rp to/in Baker/np a/at month/nn before/in the/at actual/jj declaration/nn of/in war/nn against/in Germany/np ./.
The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl gave/vbd his/pp$ assent/nn after/cs studying/vbg the/at history/nn of/in the/at draft/nn in/in the/at American/jj-tl Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at British/jj volunteer/nn system/nn in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./.
He/pps concluded/vbd that/cs selective/jj service/nn would/md not/* only/rb prevent/vb the/at disorganization/nn of/in essential/jj war/nn industries/nns but/cc would/md avoid/vb the/at undesirable/jj moral/jj effects/nns of/in the/at British/jj reliance/nn on/in enlistment/nn only/rb --/-- ``/`` where/wrb the/at feeling/nn of/in the/at people/nns was/bedz whipped/vbn into/in a/at frenzy/nn by/in girls/nns pinning/vbg white/jj feathers/nns on/in reluctant/jj young/jj men/nns ,/, orators/nns preaching/vbg hate/nn of/in the/at Germans/nps ,/, and/cc newspapers/nns exaggerating/vbg enemy/nn outrages/nns to/to make/vb men/nns enlist/vb out/in of/in motives/nns of/in revenge/nn and/cc retaliation/nn ''/'' ./.
Baker/np took/vbd the/at plan/nn to/in Wilson/np who/wps said/vbd :/: ``/`` Baker/np ,/, this/dt is/bez plainly/rb right/jj on/in any/dti ground/nn ./.
Start/vb to/to prepare/vb the/at necessary/jj legislation/nn so/cs that/cs if/cs I/ppss am/bem obliged/vbn to/to go/vb to/in Congress/np the/at bills/nns will/md be/be ready/jj for/in immediate/jj consideration/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs by/in secret/jj agreement/nn draft/nn machinery/nn was/bedz actually/rb ready/jj long/rb before/cs the/at country/nn knew/vbd that/cs the/at device/nn was/bedz to/to take/vb the/at place/nn of/in the/at volunteering/vbg method/nn which/wdt Theodore/np Roosevelt/np favored/vbd ./.
Before/cs the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl was/bedz passed/vbn Baker/np had/hvd confidentially/rb briefed/vbn governors/nns ,/, sheriffs/nns ,/, and/cc prospective/jj draft/nn board/nn members/nns on/in the/at administration/nn of/in the/at measure/nn --/-- and/cc the/at confidence/nn was/bedz kept/vbn so/ql well/rb that/cs only/rb one/cd newspaper/nn learned/vbd what/wdt was/bedz going/vbg on/rp ./.
It/pps was/bedz Baker/np ,/, working/vbg through/in Provost/nn-tl Marshal/nn-tl Enoch/np Crowder/np and/cc Major/nn-tl Hugh/np S./np (/( ``/`` Old/jj-tl Ironpants/nn-tl ''/'' )/) Johnson/np ,/, who/wps arranged/vbd for/in a/at secret/jj printing/nn by/in the/at million/cd of/in selective/jj service/nn blanks/nns --/-- again/rb before/cs the/at Act/nn-tl was/bedz passed/vbn --/-- until/cs corridors/nns in/in the/at Government/nn-tl Printing/vbg-tl Office/nn-tl were/bed full/jj and/cc the/at basement/nn of/in the/at Washington/np-tl Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl was/bedz stacked/vbn to/in the/at ceiling/nn ./.
General/nn-tl Crowder/np proposed/vbd that/cs Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl officers/nns select/vb the/at draftees/nns in/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns throughout/in the/at nation/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz Baker/np who/wps thought/vbd of/in lessening/vbg the/at shock/nn ,/, which/wdt conscription/nn always/rb brings/vbz to/in a/at country/nn ,/, by/in substituting/vbg ``/`` Greetings/nns from/in your/pp$ neighbors/nns ''/'' for/in the/at recruiting/vbg sergeant/nn ,/, and/cc registration/nn in/in familiar/jj voting/vbg places/nns rather/in than/in at/in military/jj installations/nns ./.


	Even/rb so/rb ,/, the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl encountered/vbd rough/jj sledding/nn in/in its/pp$ progress/nn through/in the/at Congress/np ./.
Democratic/jj-tl Speaker/nn-tl Champ/np Clark/np saw/vbd little/ap difference/nn between/in a/at conscript/nn and/cc a/at convict/nn ./.
Democrat/np Stanley/np H./np Dent/np ,/, Chairman/nn-tl of/in the/at House/nn-tl Military/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, declined/vbd to/to introduce/vb the/at bill/nn ./.
Democratic/jj-tl Floor/nn-tl Leader/nn-tl Claude/np Kitchin/np would/md have/hv no/at part/nn of/in the/at measure/nn ./.
In/in the/at judgment/nn of/in Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl Scott/np it/pps was/bedz ironic/jj that/cs the/at draft/nn policy/nn of/in a/at Democratic/jj-tl President/nn-tl ,/, aimed/vbn at/in Germany/np ,/, had/hvd to/to be/be pushed/vbn through/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl by/in the/at ranking/vbg minority/nn member/nn of/in the/at Military/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl --/-- a/at Republican/np Jew/np born/vbn in/in Germany/np !/. !/.
He/pps was/bedz Julius/np Kahn/np for/in whom/wpo the/at Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl thought/vbd no/at honor/nn could/md be/be too/ql great/jj ./.
After/in Kahn's/np$ death/nn in/in 1924/cd Scott/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` May/md he/pps rest/vb in/in peace/nn with/in the/at eternal/jj gratitude/nn of/in his/pp$ adopted/vbn country/nn ''/'' ./.


	In/in spite/nn of/in powerful/jj opposition/nn the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl finally/rb passed/vbd Congress/np on/in May/np 17/cd ,/, 1917/cd ./.
In/in early/jj June/np ten/cd million/cd young/jj men/nns registered/vbd by/in name/nn and/cc number/nn ./.
The/at day/nn passed/vbd without/in incident/nn in/in spite/nn of/in the/at warning/nn of/in Senator/nn-tl James/np A./np Reed/np of/in Missouri/np :/: ``/`` Baker/np ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv the/at streets/nns of/in our/pp$ American/jj cities/nns running/vbg with/in blood/nn on/in registration/nn day/nn ''/'' ./.
On/in July/np 20/cd ,/, the/at first/od drawing/nn of/in numbers/nns occurred/vbd in/in the/at Senate/nn-tl Office/nn-tl Building/nn-tl before/in a/at distinguished/vbn group/nn of/in congressmen/nns and/cc high/jj Army/nn-tl officers/nns ./.
Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl Baker/np ,/, blindfolded/vbn ,/, put/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn into/in a/at large/jj glass/nn bowl/nn and/cc drew/vbd the/at initial/jj number/nn of/in those/dts to/to be/be called/vbn ./.
It/pps was/bedz 258/cd ./.
A/at man/nn in/in Mississippi/np wired/vbd :/: ``/`` Thanks/nns for/in drawing/vbg 258/cd --/-- that's/dt+bez me/ppo ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz the/at first/od of/in 2,800,000/cd called/vbn to/in the/at Army/nn-tl through/in the/at selective/jj service/nn system/nn ./.




It/pps was/bedz one/cd thing/nn to/to call/vb men/nns to/in the/at colors/nns ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz another/dt to/to house/vb ,/, feed/vb ,/, and/cc train/vb them/ppo ./.
The/at existing/vbg Army/nn-tl posts/nns were/bed wholly/ql inadequate/jj ./.
In/in a/at matter/nn of/in months/nns the/at War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl built/vbd thirty-two/cd camps/nns ,/, each/dt one/cd accommodating/vbg fifty/cd thousand/cd men/nns --/-- sixteen/cd were/bed under/in canvas/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc sixteen/cd with/in frame/nn structures/nns in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at gargantuan/jj task/nn ;/. ;/.
a/at typical/jj cantonment/nn in/in the/at North/nr-tl had/hvd twelve/cd hundred/cd buildings/nns ,/, an/at electric-sewer-water/nn system/nn ,/, and/cc twenty-five/cd miles/nns of/in roads/nns ./.
At/in Camp/nn-tl Taylor/np-tl in/in Kentucky/np a/at barracks/nn was/bedz built/vbn in/in an/at hour/nn and/cc a/at half/abn from/in timber/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben standing/vbg in/in Mississippi/np forests/nns one/cd week/nn before/rb ./.
The/at total/jj operation/nn was/bedz a/at construction/nn project/nn comparable/jj in/in magnitude/nn with/in the/at Panama/np-tl Canal/nn-tl ,/, but/cc in/in 1917/cd time/nn was/bedz in/in short/jj supply/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in three/cd months/nns the/at Army/nn-tl spent/vbd three-quarters/nns as/ql much/ap as/cs had/hvd been/ben expended/vbn on/in the/at ``/`` big/jj Ditch/nn-tl ''/'' in/in ten/cd years/nns ./.


	In/in later/jjr years/nns Josephus/np Daniels/np was/bedz to/to claim/vb that/cs World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz the/at first/od in/in American/jj history/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz great/jj concern/nn for/in both/abx the/at health/nn and/cc morals/nns of/in our/pp$ soldiers/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at first/od American/jj war/nn in/in which/wdt the/at death/nn rate/nn from/in disease/nn was/bedz lower/jjr than/cs that/dt from/in battle/nn ,/, due/rb to/in the/at provision/nn of/in trained/vbn medical/jj personnel/nns (/( of/in the/at 200,000/cd officers/nns ,/, 42,000/cd were/bed physicians/nns )/) ,/, compulsory/jj vaccination/nn ,/, rigorous/jj camp/nn sanitation/nn ,/, and/cc adequate/jj hospital/nn facilities/nns ./.
To/in the/at middle/nn of/in September/np 1918/cd ,/, there/ex had/hvd been/ben fewer/ap than/in 10,000/cd deaths/nns from/in disease/nn in/in the/at new/jj army/nn ./.
This/dt enviable/jj record/nn would/md have/hv been/ben maintained/vbn but/in for/in a/at great/jj and/cc unexpected/jj disaster/nn which/wdt struck/vbd the/at world/nn with/in murderous/jj stealth/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at influenza/nn pandemic/nn of/in 1918-19/cd ./.
The/at malady/nn was/bedz popularly/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at ``/`` Spanish/jj flu/nn ''/'' from/in the/at alleged/vbn locale/nn of/in its/pp$ origin/nn ./.
The/at world-wide/jj total/nn of/in deaths/nns from/in ``/`` Spanish/jj flu/nn ''/'' was/bedz around/rb twenty/cd million/cd ;/. ;/.
in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl 300,000/cd succumbed/vbd to/in it/ppo ./.
In/in mid-September/np 1918/cd ,/, the/at influenza-pneumonia/nn pandemic/nn swept/vbd through/in every/at American/jj military/jj camp/nn ;/. ;/.
during/in the/at eight-week/jj blitz/nn attack/nn 25,000/cd soldiers/nns died/vbd from/in the/at disease/nn and/cc the/at death/nn rate/nn (/( formerly/rb 5/cd per/in year/nn per/in 1,000/cd men/nns )/) increased/vbd almost/rb fifty/cd times/nns to/in 4/cd per/in week/nn per/in 1,000/cd men/nns ./.
In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt catastrophe/nn the/at final/jj mortality/nn figure/nn from/in disease/nn in/in the/at American/jj Army/nn-tl during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz 15/cd per/in 1,000/cd per/in year/nn ,/, contrasted/vbn with/in 110/cd per/in 1,000/cd per/in year/nn in/in the/at Mexican/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc 65/cd in/in the/at American/jj Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./.


	Both/abx Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl Baker/np and/cc Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Navy/nn-tl Daniels/np devoted/vbd much/ap time/nn and/cc effort/nn to/in the/at problem/nn of/in providing/vbg reasonably/ql normal/jj and/cc wholesome/jj activities/nns in/in camp/nn for/in the/at millions/nns of/in men/nns who/wps had/hvd been/ben removed/vbn from/in their/pp$ home/nn environment/nn ./.
Their/pp$ policy/nn ran/vbd counter/rb to/in the/at traditional/jj idea/nn that/cs a/at good/jj fighter/nn was/bedz usually/rb a/at libertine/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs in/in sex/nn affairs/nns ``/`` God-given/jj passion/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at proof/nn of/in manliness/nn ./.
Baker/np moved/vbd first/rb ;/. ;/.
six/cd days/nns after/cs war/nn was/bedz declared/vbn he/pps appointed/vbd Raymond/np Fosdick/np chairman/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Training/vbg-tl Camp/nn-tl Activities/nns-tl (/( the/at CTCA/np-tl )/) ./.
Fosdick/np ,/, a/at brother/nn of/in minister/nn Harry/np Emerson/np Fosdick/np ,/, was/bedz a/at graduate/nn of/in Princeton/np ,/, and/cc a/at member/nn of/in Phi/np Beta/np Kappa/np and/cc the/at American/jj-tl Philosophical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./.
His/pp$ assignment/nn was/bedz not/* a/at new/jj one/cd because/cs Baker/np had/hvd sent/vbn him/ppo to/in the/at Mexican/jj border/nn in/in 1916/cd to/to investigate/vb lurid/jj newspaper/nn stories/nns about/in lack/nn of/in discipline/nn ,/, drunkenness/nn ,/, and/cc venereal/jj disease/nn in/in American/jj military/jj camps/nns ./.
Fosdick/np had/hvd found/vbn the/at installations/nns surrounded/vbn by/in a/at battery/nn of/in saloons/nns and/cc houses/nns of/in prostitution/nn ,/, with/in filles/fw-nns de/fw-in joie/fw-nn from/in all/ql over/in the/at country/nn flocking/vbg to/in San/np Antonio/np ,/, Laredo/np ,/, and/cc El/np Paso/np to/to ``/`` woman/vb the/at cribs/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps also/rb ascertained/vbd that/cs many/ap officers/nns were/bed indifferent/jj to/in the/at problem/nn ,/, including/in Commanding/vbg-tl General/nn-tl Frederick/np Funston/np who/wps gave/vbd Fosdick/np the/at nickname/nn of/in ``/`` Reverend/np ''/'' ./.
On/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at long/jj chronicle/nn of/in military/jj history/nn Funston/np and/cc his/pp$ brethren/nns assumed/vbd that/cs the/at issue/nn was/bedz insoluble/jj and/cc that/cs anyone/pn interested/vbn in/in a/at mission/nn like/cs Fosdick's/np$ was/bedz an/at impractical/jj idealist/nn or/cc a/at do-gooder/nn ./.


	During/in the/at brief/jj Mexican/jj venture/nn Fosdick's/np$ report/nn to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl recommended/vbd a/at definite/jj stand/nn by/in the/at War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl against/in the/at saloon/nn and/cc the/at excesses/nns of/in prostitution/nn ./.
The/at problem/nn involved/vbd military/jj necessity/nn as/ql much/ap as/cs morality/nn ,/, for/cs in/in pre-penicillin/jj days/nns venereal/jj disease/nn was/bedz a/at crippling/vbg disability/nn ./.
Fosdick/np insisted/vbd that/cs a/at strong/jj word/nn was/bedz needed/vbn from/in Washington/np ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz immediately/rb forthcoming/jj ./.
Baker/np put/vbd the/at ``/`` cribs/nns ''/'' and/cc the/at saloons/nns out/in of/in bounds/nns ,/, ordered/vbd the/at co-operation/nn of/in military/jj officers/nns with/in local/jj law/nn authorities/nns ,/, and/cc told/vbd communities/nns that/cs the/at troops/nns would/md be/be moved/vbn unless/cs wholesome/jj conditions/nns were/bed restored/vbn ./.
Both/abx Baker/np and/cc Fosdick/np knew/vbd that/cs a/at substitute/nn was/bedz necessary/jj ,/, that/cs a/at verboten/fw-vbn approach/nn was/bedz not/* the/at real/jj answer/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed aware/jj that/cs soldiers/nns went/vbd to/in town/nn ,/, in/in more/ap ways/nns than/in one/cd ,/, because/rb of/in the/at monotony/nn of/in camp/nn life/nn ,/, to/to find/vb the/at only/ap release/nn available/jj in/in the/at absence/nn of/in movies/nns ,/, reading/vbg rooms/nns ,/, and/cc playing/vbg fields/nns with/in adequate/jj athletic/jj equipment/nn ./.
Both/abx knew/vbd that/cs when/wrb trains/nns stopped/vbd at/in Texan/jj crossroads/nns bored/vbn soldiers/nns would/md sometimes/rb enter/vb to/to ask/vb the/at passengers/nns if/cs they/ppss had/hvd any/dti reading/vbg material/nn to/to spare/vb ,/, even/rb a/at newspaper/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at time/nn in/in the/at short/jj Mexican/jj encounter/nn to/to evolve/vb a/at solution/nn but/cc the/at area/nn provided/vbd a/at proving/vbg ground/nn for/in new/jj departures/nns in/in the/at near/jj future/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl entered/vbd the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl Baker/np made/vbd certain/jj that/cs the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1917/cd prohibited/vbd the/at sale/nn of/in liquor/nn to/in men/nns in/in uniform/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps provided/vbd for/in broad/jj zones/nns around/in the/at camps/nns in/in which/wdt prostitution/nn was/bedz outlawed/vbn ./.
Even/rb so/rb Fosdick/np ,/, as/cs the/at new/jj Chairman/nn-tl of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Training/vbg-tl Camp/nn-tl Activities/nns-tl ,/, encountered/vbd strong/jj and/cc vociferous/jj opposition/nn ./.
New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl had/hvd a/at notorious/jj red-light/nn district/nn extending/vbg over/in twenty-eight/cd city/nn blocks/nns ,/, and/cc the/at business-minded/jj mayor/nn of/in the/at city/nn journeyed/vbd to/in Washington/np to/to present/vb the/at case/nn for/in ``/`` the/at God-given/jj right/nn of/in men/nns to/to be/be men/nns ''/'' ./.
In/in Europe/np ,/, Premier/nn-tl Clemenceau/np ,/, showing/vbg his/pp$ animal/nn proclivities/nns as/cs the/at ``/`` Tiger/nn-tl of/in-tl France/np-tl ''/'' ,/, asked/vbd Pershing/np by/in letter/nn for/in the/at creation/nn of/in special/jj houses/nns where/wrb the/at sexual/jj desires/nns of/in American/jj men/nns could/md be/be satisfied/vbn ./.
When/wrb Fosdick/np showed/vbd the/at letter/nn to/in Baker/np his/pp$ negative/jj response/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` For/in God's/np$ sake/nn ,/, Raymond/np ,/, don't/do* show/vb this/dt to/in the/at President/nn-tl or/cc he'll/pps+md stop/vb the/at war/nn ''/'' ./.
Ultimately/rb Fosdick's/np$ ``/`` Fit/jj to/to fight/vb ''/'' slogan/nn swept/vbd across/in the/at country/nn and/cc every/at well-known/jj red-light/nn district/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz closed/vbn ,/, a/at hundred/cd and/cc ten/cd of/in them/ppo ./.
The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs the/at rate/nn of/in venereal/jj disease/nn in/in the/at American/jj Army/nn-tl was/bedz the/at lowest/jjt in/in our/pp$ military/jj history/nn ./.


	This/dt was/bedz the/at negative/jj side/nn of/in the/at situation/nn ./.
Affirmatively/rb Baker/np worked/vbd on/in the/at premise/nn that/cs ``/`` young/jj men/nns spontaneously/rb prefer/vb to/to be/be decent/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs opportunities/nns for/in wholesome/jj recreation/nn are/ber the/at best/jjt possible/jj cure/nn for/in irregularities/nns in/in conduct/nn which/wdt arise/vb from/in idleness/nn and/cc the/at baser/jjr temptations/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at wholesome/jj activities/nns were/bed to/to be/be provided/vbn by/in many/ap organizations/nns including/in the/at YMCA/nn ,/, the/at Knights/nns-tl of/in-tl Columbus/np-tl ,/, the/at Jewish/jj-tl Welfare/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Library/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Playground/nn-tl and/cc-tl Recreation/nn-tl Association/nn-tl --/-- private/jj societies/nns which/wdt voluntarily/rb performed/vbd the/at job/nn that/wps was/bedz taken/vbn over/rp almost/ql entirely/rb by/in the/at Special/jj-tl Services/nns-tl Division/nn-tl of/in the/at Army/nn-tl itself/ppl in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./.
Over/in these/dts voluntary/jj agencies/nns ,/, in/in 1917-18/cd ,/, the/at CTCA/nn served/vbd as/cs a/at co-ordinating/vbg body/nn in/in carrying/vbg out/rp what/wdt Survey/nn-tl called/vbd ``/`` the/at most/ql stupendous/jj piece/nn of/in social/jj work/nn in/in modern/jj times/nns ''/'' ./.
Under/in Fosdick/np the/at first/od executive/nn officer/nn of/in the/at CTCA/nn was/bedz Richard/np Byrd/np ,/, whose/wp$ name/nn in/in later/jjr years/nns was/bedz to/to become/vb synonymous/jj with/in activities/nns at/in the/at polar/jj antipodes/nns ./.
From/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in popularity/nn the/at best-known/jjt member/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl was/bedz Walter/np Camp/np ,/, the/at Yale/np athlete/nn whose/wp$ sobriquet/nn was/bedz ``/`` the/at father/nn of/in American/jj football/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz placed/vbn in/in charge/nn of/in athletics/nn ,/, and/cc among/in other/ap things/nns adapted/vbd the/at type/nn of/in calisthenics/nns known/vbn as/cs the/at daily/jj dozen/nn ./.
The/at CTCA/nn program/nn of/in activities/nns was/bedz profuse/jj :/: William/np Farnum/np and/cc Mary/np Pickford/np on/in the/at screen/nn ,/, Elsie/np Janis/np and/cc Harry/np Lauder/np on/in the/at stage/nn ,/, books/nns provided/vbn by/in the/at American/jj-tl Library/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, full/jj equipment/nn for/in games/nns and/cc sports/nns --/-- except/in that/cs no/at ``/`` bones/nns ''/'' were/bed furnished/vbn for/in the/at all-time/jj favorite/jj pastime/nn played/vbn on/in any/dti floor/nn and/cc known/vbn as/cs ``/`` African/jj golf/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at CTCA/nn distributed/vbd a/at khaki-bound/jj songbook/nn that/wps provided/vbd the/at impetus/nn for/in spirited/jj renditions/nns of/in the/at selections/nns found/vbn therein/rb ,/, plus/cc a/at number/nn of/in others/nns whose/wp$ lyrics/nns were/bed more/ql earthy/jj --/-- from/in ``/`` Johnny/np-tl Get/vb-tl Your/pp$-tl Gun/nn-tl ''/'' to/in ``/`` Keep/vb-tl The/at-tl Home/nn-tl Fires/nns-tl Burning/vbg-tl ''/'' to/in ``/`` Mademoiselle/fw-nn-tl From/in-tl Armentieres/np-tl ''/'' ./.

In/in the/at imagination/nn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn the/at Greek/jj tragedians/nns and/cc Shakespeare/np stand/vb side/nn by/in side/nn ,/, their/pp$ affinity/nn transcending/vbg all/abn the/at immense/jj contrarieties/nns of/in historical/jj circumstance/nn ,/, religious/jj belief/nn ,/, and/cc poetic/jj form/nn ./.


	We/ppss no/ql longer/rbr use/vb the/at particular/jj terms/nns of/in Lessing/np and/cc Victor/np Hugo/np ./.
But/cc we/ppss abide/vb by/in their/pp$ insight/nn ./.
The/at word/nn ``/`` tragedy/nn-nc ''/'' encloses/vbz for/in us/ppo in/in a/at single/ap span/nn both/abx the/at Greek/jj and/cc the/at Elizabethan/jj example/nn ./.
The/at sense/nn of/in relationship/nn overreaches/vbz the/at historical/jj truth/nn that/cs Shakespeare/np may/md have/hv known/vbn next/in to/in nothing/pn of/in the/at actual/jj works/nns of/in Aeschylus/np ,/, Sophocles/np ,/, and/cc Euripides/np ./.
It/pps transcends/vbz the/at glaring/vbg fact/nn that/cs the/at Elizabethans/nps mixed/vbd tragedy/nn and/cc comedy/nn whereas/cs the/at Greeks/nps kept/vbd the/at two/cd modes/nns severely/ql distinct/jj ./.
It/pps overcomes/vbz our/pp$ emphatic/jj awareness/nn of/in the/at vast/jj difference/nn in/in the/at shape/nn and/cc fabric/nn of/in the/at two/cd languages/nns and/cc styles/nns of/in dramatic/jj presentation/nn ./.
The/at intimations/nns of/in a/at related/vbn spirit/nn and/cc ordering/nn of/in human/jj values/nns are/ber stronger/jjr than/cs any/dti sense/nn of/in disparity/nn ./.
Comparable/jj visions/nns of/in life/nn are/ber at/in work/nn in/in Antigone/np and/cc Romeo/np-tl And/cc-tl Juliet/np-tl ./.
We/ppss see/vb at/in once/rb what/wdt Victor/np Hugo/np means/vbz when/wrb he/pps calls/vbz Macbeth/np a/at northern/jj scion/nn of/in the/at house/nn of/in Atreus/np ./.
Elsinore/np seems/vbz to/to lie/vb in/in a/at range/nn of/in Mycenae/np ,/, and/cc the/at fate/nn of/in Orestes/np resounds/vbz in/in that/dt of/in Hamlet/np ./.
The/at hounds/nns of/in hell/nn search/vb out/rp their/pp$ quarry/nn in/in Apollo's/np$ sanctuary/nn as/cs they/ppss do/do in/in the/at tent/nn of/in Richard/np-tl 3/cd-tl ./.
Oedipus/np and/cc Lear/np attain/vb similar/jj insights/nns by/in virtue/nn of/in similar/jj blindness/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* between/in Euripides/np and/cc Shakespeare/np that/cs the/at western/jj mind/nn turns/vbz away/rb from/in the/at ancient/jj tragic/jj sense/nn of/in life/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez after/in the/at late/jj seventeenth/od century/nn ./.
I/ppss say/vb the/at late/jj seventeenth/od century/nn because/cs Racine/np (/( whom/wpo Lessing/np did/dod not/* really/rb know/vb )/) stands/vbz on/in the/at far/jj side/nn of/in the/at chasm/nn ./.
The/at image/nn of/in man/nn which/wdt enters/vbz into/in force/nn with/in Aeschylus/np is/bez still/rb vital/jj in/in Phedre/np and/cc Athalie/np ./.


	It/pps is/bez the/at triumph/nn of/in rationalism/nn and/cc secular/jj metaphysics/nn which/wdt marks/vbz the/at point/nn of/in no/at return/nn ./.
Shakespeare/np is/bez closer/rbr to/in Sophocles/np than/cs he/pps is/bez to/in Pope/np and/cc Voltaire/np ./.
To/to say/vb this/dt is/bez to/to set/vb aside/rb the/at realness/nn of/in time/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, nevertheless/rb ./.
The/at modes/nns of/in the/at imagination/nn implicit/jj in/in Athenian/jj tragedy/nn continued/vbd to/to shape/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at mind/nn until/in the/at age/nn of/in Descartes/np and/cc Newton/np ./.
It/pps is/bez only/rb then/rb that/cs the/at ancient/jj habits/nns of/in feeling/vbg and/cc the/at classic/jj orderings/nns of/in material/nn and/cc psychological/jj experience/nn were/bed abandoned/vbn ./.
With/in the/at Discours/fw-nn-tl de/fw-in-tl la/fw-at-tl methode/fw-nn-tl and/cc the/at Principia/fw-nns-tl the/at things/nns undreamt/jj of/in in/in Horatio's/np$ philosophy/nn seem/vb to/to pass/vb from/in the/at world/nn ./.


	In/in Greek/jj tragedy/nn as/cs in/in Shakespeare/np ,/, mortal/jj actions/nns are/ber encompassed/vbn by/in forces/nns which/wdt transcend/vb man/nn ./.
The/at reality/nn of/in Orestes/np entails/vbz that/dt of/in the/at Furies/nps ;/. ;/.
the/at Weird/jj-tl Sisters/nns-tl wait/vb for/in the/at soul/nn of/in Macbeth/np ./.
We/ppss cannot/md* conceive/vb of/in Oedipus/np without/in a/at Sphinx/np ,/, nor/cc of/in Hamlet/np without/in a/at Ghost/nn-tl ./.
The/at shadows/nns cast/vbn by/in the/at personages/nns of/in Greek/jj and/cc Shakespearean/jj drama/nn lengthen/vb into/in a/at greater/jjr darkness/nn ./.
And/cc the/at entirety/nn of/in the/at natural/jj world/nn is/bez party/nn to/in the/at action/nn ./.
The/at thunderclaps/nns over/in the/at sacred/jj wood/nn at/in Colonus/np and/cc the/at storms/nns in/in King/nn-tl Lear/np-tl are/ber caused/vbn by/in more/ap than/cs weather/nn ./.
In/in tragedy/nn ,/, lightning/nn is/bez a/at messenger/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps can/md no/ql longer/rbr be/be so/rb once/cs Benjamin/np Franklin/np (/( the/at incarnation/nn of/in the/at new/jj rational/jj man/nn )/) has/hvz flown/vbn a/at kite/nn to/in it/ppo ./.
The/at tragic/jj stage/nn is/bez a/at platform/nn extending/vbg precariously/rb between/in heaven/nn and/cc hell/nn ./.
Those/dts who/wps walk/vb on/in it/pps may/md encounter/vb at/in any/dti turn/nn ministers/nns of/in grace/nn or/cc damnation/nn ./.
Oedipus/np-tl and/cc Lear/np-tl instruct/vb us/ppo how/wql little/ap of/in the/at world/nn belongs/vbz to/in man/nn ./.
Mortality/nn is/bez the/at pacing/nn of/in a/at brief/jj and/cc dangerous/jj watch/nn ,/, and/cc to/in all/abn sentinels/nns ,/, whether/cs at/in Elsinore/np or/cc on/in the/at battlements/nns at/in Mycenae/np ,/, the/at coming/nn of/in dawn/nn has/hvz its/pp$ breath/nn of/in miracle/nn ./.
It/pps banishes/vbz the/at night/nn wanderers/nns to/in fire/nn or/cc repose/nn ./.
But/cc at/in the/at touch/nn of/in Hume/np and/cc Voltaire/np the/at noble/jj or/cc hideous/jj visitations/nns which/wdt had/hvd haunted/vbn the/at mind/nn since/cs Agamemnon's/np$ blood/nn cried/vbd out/rp for/in vengeance/nn ,/, disappeared/vbd altogether/rb or/cc took/vbd tawdry/jj refuge/nn among/in the/at gaslights/nns of/in melodrama/nn ./.
Modern/jj roosters/nns have/hv lost/vbn the/at art/nn of/in crowing/vbg restless/jj spirits/nns back/rb to/in Purgatory/np ./.


	In/in Athens/np ,/, in/in Shakespeare's/np$ England/np ,/, and/cc at/in Versailles/np ,/, the/at hierarchies/nns of/in worldly/jj power/nn were/bed stable/jj and/cc manifest/jj ./.
The/at wheel/nn of/in social/jj life/nn spun/vbd around/in the/at royal/jj or/cc aristocratic/jj centre/nn ./.
From/in it/ppo ,/, spokes/nns of/in order/nn and/cc degree/nn led/vbd to/in the/at outward/jj rim/nn of/in the/at common/jj man/nn ./.
Tragedy/nn presumes/vbz such/abl a/at configuration/nn ./.
Its/pp$ sphere/nn is/bez that/dt of/in royal/jj courts/nns ,/, dynastic/jj quarrels/nns ,/, and/cc vaulting/vbg ambitions/nns ./.
The/at same/ap metaphors/nns of/in swift/jj ascent/nn and/cc calamitous/jj decline/nn apply/vb to/in Oedipus/np and/cc Macbeth/np because/cs they/ppss applied/vbd also/rb to/in Alcibiades/np and/cc Essex/np ./.
And/cc the/at fate/nn of/in such/jj men/nns has/hvz tragic/jj relevance/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez public/jj ./.
Agamemnon/np ,/, Creon/np ,/, and/cc Medea/np perform/vb their/pp$ tragic/jj actions/nns before/in the/at eyes/nns of/in the/at polis/fw-nn ./.
Similarly/rb the/at sufferings/nns of/in Hamlet/np ,/, Othello/np ,/, or/cc Phedre/np engage/vb the/at fortunes/nns of/in the/at state/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber enacted/vbn at/in the/at heart/nn of/in the/at body/nn politic/jj ./.
Hence/rb the/at natural/jj setting/nn of/in tragedy/nn is/bez the/at palace/nn gate/nn ,/, the/at public/jj square/nn ,/, or/cc the/at court/nn chamber/nn ./.
Greek/jj and/cc Elizabethan/jj life/nn and/cc ,/, to/in a/at certain/jj extent/nn ,/, the/at life/nn of/in Versailles/np shared/vbd this/dt character/nn of/in intense/jj ``/`` publicity/nn ''/'' ./.
Princes/nns and/cc factions/nns clashed/vbd in/in the/at open/jj street/nn and/cc died/vbd on/in the/at open/jj scaffold/nn ./.


	With/in the/at rise/nn to/in power/nn of/in the/at middle/jj class/nn the/at centre/nn of/in gravity/nn in/in human/jj affairs/nns shifted/vbd from/in the/at public/nn to/in the/at private/nn ./.
The/at art/nn of/in Defoe/np and/cc Richardson/np is/bez founded/vbn on/in an/at awareness/nn of/in this/dt great/jj change/nn ./.
Heretofore/rb an/at action/nn had/hvd possessed/vbn the/at breadth/nn of/in tragedy/nn only/rb if/cs it/pps involved/vbd high/jj personages/nns and/cc if/cs it/pps occurred/vbd in/in the/at public/jj view/nn ./.
Behind/in the/at tragic/jj hero/nn stands/vbz the/at chorus/nn ,/, the/at crowd/nn ,/, or/cc the/at observant/jj courtier/nn ./.
In/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn there/ex emerges/vbz for/in the/at first/od time/nn the/at notion/nn of/in a/at private/jj tragedy/nn (/( or/cc nearly/rb for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, there/ex having/hvg been/ben a/at small/jj number/nn of/in Elizabethan/jj domestic/jj tragedies/nns such/jj as/cs the/at famous/jj Arden/np-tl Of/in-tl Feversham/np-tl )/) ./.
In/in La/fw-at-tl Nouvelle-Heloise/np-tl and/cc Werther/np-tl tragedy/nn is/bez made/vbn intimate/jj ./.
And/cc private/jj tragedy/nn became/vbd the/at chosen/vbn ground/nn not/* of/in drama/nn ,/, but/cc of/in the/at new/jj ,/, unfolding/vbg art/nn of/in the/at novel/nn ./.


	The/at novel/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb the/at presenter/nn of/in the/at new/jj ,/, secular/jj ,/, rationalistic/jj ,/, private/jj world/nn of/in the/at middle/jj class/nn ./.
It/pps served/vbd also/rb as/cs a/at literary/jj form/nn exactly/ql appropriate/jj to/in the/at fragmented/vbn audience/nn of/in modern/jj urban/jj culture/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv said/vbn before/rb how/wql difficult/jj it/pps is/bez to/to make/vb any/dti precise/jj statements/nns with/in regard/nn to/in the/at character/nn of/in the/at Greek/jj and/cc Elizabethan/jj public/nn ./.
But/cc one/cd major/jj fact/nn seems/vbz undeniable/jj ./.
Until/in the/at advent/nn of/in rational/jj empiricism/nn the/at controlling/vbg habits/nns of/in the/at western/jj mind/nn were/bed symbolic/jj and/cc allegoric/jj ./.
Available/jj evidence/nn regarding/in the/at natural/jj world/nn ,/, the/at course/nn of/in history/nn ,/, and/cc the/at varieties/nns of/in human/jj action/nn were/bed translated/vbn into/in imaginative/jj designs/nns or/cc mythologies/nns ./.
Classic/jj mythology/nn and/cc Christianity/np are/ber such/jj architectures/nns of/in the/at imagination/nn ./.
They/ppss order/vb the/at manifold/jj levels/nns of/in reality/nn and/cc moral/jj value/nn along/in an/at axis/nn of/in being/beg which/wdt extends/vbz from/in brute/jj matter/nn to/in the/at immaculate/jj stars/nns ./.
There/ex had/hvd not/* yet/rb supervened/vbn between/in understanding/vbg and/cc expression/nn the/at new/jj languages/nns of/in mathematics/nn and/cc scientific/jj formulas/nns ./.
The/at poet/nn was/bedz by/in definition/nn a/at realist/nn ,/, his/pp$ imaginings/nns and/cc parables/nns being/beg natural/jj organizations/nns of/in reality/nn ./.
And/cc in/in these/dts organizations/nns certain/jj primal/jj notions/nns played/vbd a/at radiant/jj part/nn ,/, radiant/jj both/abx in/in the/at sense/nn of/in giving/vbg light/nn and/cc of/in being/beg a/at pole/nn toward/in which/wdt all/abn perspectives/nns converge/vb ./.
I/ppss mean/vb such/jj concepts/nns as/cs the/at presence/nn of/in the/at supernatural/nn in/in human/jj affairs/nns ,/, the/at sacraments/nns of/in grace/nn and/cc divine/jj retribution/nn ,/, the/at idea/nn of/in preordainment/nn (/( the/at oracle/nn over/in Oedipus/np ,/, the/at prophecy/nn of/in the/at witches/nns to/in Macbeth/np ,/, or/cc God's/np$ covenant/nn with/in His/pp$ people/nns in/in Athalie/np-tl )/) ./.
I/ppss refer/vb to/in the/at notion/nn that/cs the/at structure/nn of/in society/nn is/bez a/at microcosm/nn of/in the/at cosmic/jj design/nn and/cc that/cs history/nn conforms/vbz to/in patterns/nns of/in justice/nn and/cc chastisement/nn as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed a/at morality/nn play/nn set/vbn in/in motion/nn by/in the/at gods/nns for/in our/pp$ instruction/nn ./.


	These/dts conceptions/nns and/cc the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed transposed/vbn into/in poetry/nn or/cc engendered/vbn by/in poetic/jj form/nn are/ber intrinsic/jj to/in western/jj life/nn from/in the/at time/nn of/in Aeschylus/np to/in that/dt of/in Shakespeare/np ./.
And/cc although/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, as/cs I/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn ,/, under/in increasing/vbg strain/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in Racine/np ,/, they/ppss are/ber still/rb alive/jj in/in his/pp$ theatre/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber the/at essential/jj force/nn behind/in the/at conventions/nns of/in tragedy/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber as/ql decisively/rb present/rb in/in the/at Oresteia/np-tl and/cc Oedipus/np-tl as/cs in/in Macbeth/np-tl ,/, King/nn-tl Lear/np-tl ,/, and/cc Phedre/np-tl ./.


	After/in the/at seventeenth/od century/nn the/at audience/nn ceased/vbd to/to be/be an/at organic/jj community/nn to/in which/wdt these/dts ideas/nns and/cc their/pp$ attendant/jj habits/nns of/in figurative/jj language/nn would/md be/be natural/jj or/cc immediately/rb familiar/jj ./.
Concepts/nns such/jj as/cs grace/nn ,/, damnation/nn ,/, purgation/nn ,/, blasphemy/nn ,/, or/cc the/at chain/nn of/in being/beg ,/, which/wdt are/ber everywhere/rb implicit/jj in/in classic/nn and/cc Shakespearean/jj tragedy/nn ,/, lose/vb their/pp$ vitality/nn ./.
They/ppss become/vb philosophic/jj abstractions/nns of/in a/at private/jj and/cc problematic/jj relevance/nn ,/, or/cc mere/jj catchwords/nns in/in religious/jj customs/nns which/wdt had/hvd in/in them/ppo a/at diminishing/vbg part/nn of/in active/jj belief/nn ./.
After/in Shakespeare/np the/at master/nn spirits/nns of/in western/jj consciousness/nn are/ber no/ql longer/rbr the/at blind/jj seers/nns ,/, the/at poets/nns ,/, or/cc Orpheus/np performing/vbg his/pp$ art/nn in/in the/at face/nn of/in hell/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber Descartes/np ,/, Newton/np ,/, and/cc Voltaire/np ./.
And/cc their/pp$ chroniclers/nns are/ber not/* the/at dramatic/jj poets/nns but/cc the/at prose/nn novelists/nns ./.


	The/at romantics/nns were/bed the/at immediate/jj inheritors/nns of/in this/dt tremendous/jj change/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed not/* yet/rb prepared/vbn to/to accept/vb it/ppo as/cs irremediable/jj ./.
Rousseau's/np$ primitivism/nn ,/, the/at anti-Newtonian/jj mythology/nn of/in Blake/np ,/, Coleridge's/np$ organic/jj metaphysics/nn ,/, Victor/np Hugo's/np$ image/nn of/in the/at poets/nns as/cs the/at Magi/nps ,/, and/cc Shelley's/np$ ``/`` unacknowledged/jj legislators/nns ''/'' are/ber related/vbn elements/nns in/in the/at rear-guard/nn action/nn fought/vbn by/in the/at romantics/nns against/in the/at new/jj scientific/jj rationalism/nn ./.
From/in this/dt action/nn sprang/vbd the/at idea/nn of/in somehow/rb uniting/vbg Greek/jj and/cc Shakespearean/jj drama/nn into/in a/at new/jj total/jj form/nn ,/, capable/jj of/in restoring/vbg to/in life/nn the/at ancient/jj moral/jj and/cc poetic/jj responses/nns ./.
The/at dream/nn of/in achieving/vbg a/at synthesis/nn between/in the/at Sophoclean/jj and/cc the/at Shakespearean/jj genius/nn inspired/vbd the/at ambitions/nns of/in poets/nns and/cc composers/nns from/in the/at time/nn of/in Shelley/np and/cc Victor/np Hugo/np to/in that/dt of/in Bayreuth/np ./.
It/pps could/md not/* really/rb be/be fulfilled/vbn ./.
The/at conventions/nns into/in which/wdt the/at romantics/nns tried/vbd to/in breath/nn life/nn no/ql longer/rbr corresponded/vbd to/in the/at realities/nns of/in thought/nn and/cc feeling/nn ./.
But/cc the/at attempt/nn itself/ppl produced/vbd a/at number/nn of/in brilliant/jj works/nns ,/, and/cc these/dts form/vb a/at transition/nn from/in the/at early/jj romantic/jj period/nn to/in the/at new/jj age/nn of/in Ibsen/np and/cc Chekhov/np ./.




The/at wedding/nn of/in the/at Hellenic/jj to/in the/at northern/jj genius/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at dominant/jj motifs/nns in/in Goethe's/np$ thought/nn ./.
His/pp$ Italian/jj journey/nn was/bedz a/at poet's/nn$ version/nn of/in those/dts perennial/jj thrusts/nns across/in the/at Alps/nps of/in the/at German/jj emperors/nns of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./.
The/at dream/nn of/in a/at descent/nn into/in the/at gardens/nns of/in the/at south/nr always/rb drew/vbd German/jj ambitions/nns toward/in Rome/np and/cc Sicily/np ./.
Goethe/np asks/vbz in/in Wilhelm/np-tl Meister/np-tl whether/cs we/ppss know/vb the/at land/nn where/wrb the/at lemon/nn trees/nns flower/vb ,/, and/cc the/at light/nn of/in the/at Mediterranean/np glows/vbz through/in Torquato/np Tasso/np and/cc the/at Roman/jj-tl Elegies/nns-tl ./.
Goethe/np believed/vbd that/cs the/at Germanic/jj spirit/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ grave/jj strength/nn but/cc flagrant/jj streaks/nns of/in brutality/nn and/cc intolerance/nn ,/, should/md be/be tempered/vbn with/in the/at old/jj sensuous/jj wisdom/nn and/cc humanism/nn of/in the/at Hellenic/jj ./.
On/in the/at narrower/jjr ground/nn of/in poetic/jj form/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd that/cs in/in the/at drama/nn of/in the/at future/nn the/at Greek/jj conception/nn of/in tragic/jj fate/nn should/md be/be joined/vbn to/in the/at Shakespearean/jj vision/nn of/in tragic/jj will/nn ./.
The/at wager/nn between/in God/np and/cc Satan/np brings/vbz on/rp the/at destiny/nn of/in Faust/np ,/, but/cc Faust/np assumes/vbz his/pp$ role/nn voluntarily/rb ./.


	The/at third/od Act/nn-tl of/in Faust/np-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, is/bez a/at formal/jj celebration/nn of/in the/at union/nn between/in the/at Germanic/jj and/cc the/at classic/jj ,/, between/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Euripides/np and/cc that/dt of/in romantic/jj drama/nn ./.
The/at motif/nn of/in Faust's/np$ love/nn for/in Helen/np-tl of/in-tl Troy/np-tl goes/vbz back/rb to/in the/at sources/nns of/in the/at Faustian/jj legend/nn ./.
It/pps tells/vbz us/ppo of/in the/at ancient/jj human/jj desire/nn to/to see/vb the/at highest/jjt wisdom/nn joined/vbn to/in the/at highest/jjt sensual/jj beauty/nn ./.
There/ex can/md be/be no/at greater/jjr magic/nn than/cs to/to wrest/vb from/in death/nn her/ppo in/in whom/wpo the/at flesh/nn was/bedz all/abn ,/, in/in whom/wpo beauty/nn was/bedz entirely/ql pure/jj because/cs it/pps was/bedz entirely/ql corruptible/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez thus/rb that/cs the/at brightness/nn of/in Helen/np passes/vbz through/in Marlowe's/np$ Faustus/np-tl ./.
Goethe/np used/vbd the/at fable/nn to/in more/ql elaborate/jj ends/nns ./.
Faust/np rescuing/vbg Helen/np from/in Menelaus'/np$ vengeance/nn is/bez the/at genius/nn of/in renaissance/nn Europe/np restoring/vbg to/in life/nn the/at classic/jj tradition/nn ./.
The/at necromantic/jj change/nn from/in the/at palace/nn at/in Sparta/np to/in Faust's/np$ Gothic/jj-tl castle/nn directs/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at aesthetic/jj meaning/nn of/in the/at myth/nn --/-- the/at translation/nn of/in antique/jj drama/nn into/in Shakespearean/jj and/cc romantic/jj guise/nn ./.


	This/dt translation/nn ,/, or/cc rather/rb the/at fusion/nn of/in the/at two/cd ideals/nns ,/, creates/vbz the/at Gesamtkunstwerke/fw-nn ,/, the/at ``/`` total/nn art/nn form/nn ''/'' ./.

The/at Bishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Gloucester/np-tl described/vbd the/at elder/jjr Thomas/np in/in 1577/cd as/cs the/at richest/jjt recusant/nn in/in his/pp$ diocese/nn ,/, worth/jj five/cd hundred/cd pounds/nns a/at year/nn in/in lands/nns and/cc goods/nns ./.
When/wrb Quiney/np and/cc William/np Parsons/np wrote/vbd to/in Greville/np in/in 1593/cd asking/vbg his/pp$ consent/nn in/in the/at election/nn for/in bailiff/nn ,/, they/ppss sent/vbd the/at letter/nn to/in Mr./np William/np Sawnders/np ,/, attendant/nn on/in the/at worshipful/jj Mr./np Thomas/np Bushell/np at/in Marston/np ./.
Mr./np Bushell/np was/bedz mentioned/vbn in/in 1602/cd in/in the/at will/nn of/in Joyce/np Hobday/np ,/, widow/nn of/in a/at Stratford/np glover/nn ./.
Thomas/np the/at elder/jjr married/vbd twice/rb ,/, had/hvd seventeen/cd children/nns ,/, and/cc died/vbd in/in 1615/cd ./.
His/pp$ daughter/nn Elinor/np married/vbd Quiney's/np$ son/nn Adrian/np in/in 1613/cd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ son/nn Henry/np married/vbd Mary/np Lane/np of/in Stratford/np in/in 1609/cd ./.
His/pp$ son/nn Thomas/np ,/, aged/vbn fifteen/cd when/wrb he/pps entered/vbd Oxford/np in/in 1582/cd ,/, married/vbd as/cs his/pp$ first/od wife/nn Margaret/np ,/, sister/nn of/in Sir/np Edward/np Greville/np ./.
Bridges/np ,/, a/at son/nn by/in his/pp$ second/od wife/nn ,/, was/bedz christened/vbn at/in Pebworth/np in/in 1607/cd ,/, but/cc Thomas/np the/at younger/jjr was/bedz living/vbg at/in Packwood/np two/cd years/nns later/rbr and/cc sold/vbd Broad/jj-tl Marston/np-tl manor/nn in/in 1622/cd ./.
A/at third/od Thomas/np Bushell/np (/( 1594-1674/cd )/) ,/, ``/`` much/rb loved/vbn ''/'' by/in Bacon/np ,/, called/vbd himself/ppl ``/`` The/at-tl Superlative/jj-tl Prodigall/nn-tl ''/'' in/in The/at-tl First/od-tl Part/nn-tl of/in-tl Youths/nn$-tl Errors/nns-tl (/( 1628/cd )/) and/cc became/vbd an/at expert/nn on/in silver/nn mines/nns and/cc on/in the/at art/nn of/in running/vbg into/in debt/nn ./.


	Edward/np Greville/np ,/, born/vbn about/rb 1565/cd ,/, had/hvd inherited/vbn Milcote/np on/in the/at execution/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn Lodowick/np for/in murder/nn in/in 1589/cd ./.
He/pps refused/vbd his/pp$ consent/nn to/in the/at election/nn of/in Quiney/np as/cs bailiff/nn in/in 1592/cd ,/, but/cc gave/vbd it/ppo at/in the/at request/nn of/in the/at recorder/nn ,/, his/pp$ cousin/nn Sir/np Fulke/np Greville/np ./.
The/at corporation/nn entertained/vbd him/ppo for/in dinner/nn at/in Quiney's/np$ house/nn in/in 1596/7/cd ,/, with/in wine/nn and/cc sugar/nn sent/vbn by/in the/at bailiff/nn ,/, Sturley/np ./.
At/in Milcote/np on/in November/np 3/cd ,/, 1597/cd ,/, the/at aldermen/nns asked/vbd him/ppo to/to support/vb their/pp$ petition/nn for/in a/at new/jj charter/nn ./.
Sturley/np wrote/vbd to/in Quiney/np that/cs Sir/np Edward/np ``/`` gave/vbd his/pp$ allowance/nn and/cc liking/nn thereof/rb ,/, and/cc affied/vbd unto/in us/ppo his/pp$ best/jjt endeavour/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs his/pp$ rights/nns be/be preserved/vbn ''/'' ,/, and/cc that/cs ``/`` Sir/np Edward/np saith/vbz we/ppss shall/md not/* be/be at/in any/dti fault/nn for/in money/nn for/in prosecuting/vbg the/at cause/nn ,/, for/in himself/ppl will/md procure/vb it/ppo and/cc lay/vb it/ppo down/rp for/in us/ppo for/in the/at time/nn ''/'' ./.
Greville/np proposed/vbd Quiney/np as/cs the/at fittest/jjt man/nn ``/`` for/in the/at following/nn of/in the/at cause/nn and/cc to/to attend/vb him/ppo in/in the/at matter/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc at/in his/pp$ suggestion/nn the/at corporation/nn allowed/vbd Quiney/np two/cd shillings/nns a/at day/nn ./.
``/`` If/cs you/ppss can/md firmly/rb make/vb the/at good/jj knight/nn sure/jj to/to pleasure/vb our/pp$ Corporation/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Sturley/np wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` besides/in that/dt ordinary/jj allowance/nn for/in your/pp$ diet/nn you/ppss shall/md have/hv 20/cd for/in recompence/nn ''/'' ./.


	In/in his/pp$ letter/nn mentioning/vbg Shakespeare/np on/in January/np 24/cd ,/, 1597/8/cd ,/, Sturley/np asked/vbd Quiney/np especially/rb that/cs ``/`` theare/ex might/md (/( be/be )/) bi/in Sir/np Ed./np Grev./np some/dti meanes/nns made/vbn to/in the/at Knightes/nns of/in the/at Parliament/nn-tl for/in an/at ease/nn and/cc discharge/nn of/in such/jj taxes/nns and/cc subsedies/nns wherewith/wrb our/pp$ towne/nn is/bez like/jj to/to be/be charged/vbn ,/, and/cc I/ppss assure/vb u/ppo I/ppss am/bem in/in great/jj feare/nn and/cc doubte/nn bi/in no/at meanes/nns hable/jj to/to paie/vb ./.
Sir/np Ed./np Gre./np is/bez gonne/vbn to/in Brestowe/np and/cc from/in thence/rb to/in Lond./np as/cs I/ppss heare/vb ,/, who/wps verie/ql well/rb knoweth/vbz our/pp$ estates/nns and/cc wil/md be/be willinge/jj to/to do/do us/ppo ani/dti good/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at knights/nns for/in Warwickshire/np in/in this/dt parliament/nn ,/, which/wdt ended/vbd its/pp$ session/nn on/in February/np 9/cd ,/, were/bed Fulke/np Greville/np (/( the/at poet/nn )/) and/cc William/np Combe/np of/in Warwick/np ,/, as/cs Fulke/np Greville/np and/cc Edward/np Greville/np had/hvd been/ben in/in 1593/cd ./.
The/at corporation/nn voted/vbd on/in September/np 27/cd ,/, 1598/cd ,/, that/cs Quiney/np should/md ride/vb to/in London/np about/in the/at suit/nn to/in Sir/np John/np Fortescue/np ,/, chancellor/nn of/in the/at Exchequer/nn-tl ,/, for/in discharging/vbg of/in the/at tax/nn and/cc subsidy/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben in/in London/np for/in several/ap weeks/nns when/wrb he/pps wrote/vbd to/in Shakespeare/np on/in October/np 25/cd ./.
Sturley/np on/in November/np 4/cd answered/vbd a/at letter/nn from/in Quiney/np written/vbn on/in October/np 25/cd which/wdt imported/vbd ,/, wrote/vbd Sturley/np ,/, ``/`` that/cs our/pp$ countriman/nn Mr./np Wm./np Shak./np would/md procure/vb us/ppo monei/nn :/: which/wdt I/ppss will/md like/vb of/in as/cs I/ppss shall/md heare/vb when/wrb ,/, wheare/wrb &/cc howe/wrb :/: and/cc I/ppss prai/vb let/vb not/* go/vb that/dt occasion/nn if/cs it/pps mai/md sort/vb to/in ani/dti indifferent/jj condicions/nns ./.
Allso/rb that/cs if/cs monei/nn might/md be/be had/hvn for/in 30/cd or/cc 40/cd a/at lease/nn &/cc might/md be/be procured/vbn ''/'' ./.
Sturley/np quoted/vbd Quiney/np as/cs having/hvg written/vbn on/in November/np 1/cd that/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd ``/`` more/ap monei/nn presente/rb much/ap might/md be/be done/vbn to/to obtaine/vb our/pp$ Charter/nn-tl enlargd/vbn ,/, ij/nil faires/nil more/nil ,/, with/in tole/nn of/in corne/nn ,/, bestes/nns ,/, and/cc sheepe/nns ,/, and/cc a/at matter/nn of/in more/ap valewe/nn then/cs all/abn that/dt ''/'' ./.
Sturley/np thought/vbd that/cs this/dt matter/nn might/md be/be ``/`` the/at rest/nn of/in the/at tithes/nns and/cc the/at College/nn-tl houses/nns and/cc landes/nns in/in our/pp$ towne/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps suggested/vbd offering/vbg half/nn to/in Sir/np Edward/np ,/, fearing/vbg lest/cs ``/`` he/pps shall/md thinke/vb it/ppo to/ql good/jj for/in us/ppo and/cc procure/vb it/ppo for/in himselfe/ppl ,/, as/cs he/pps served/vbd us/ppo the/at last/ap time/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt refers/vbz to/in what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn after/cs the/at Earl/nn-tl of/in-tl Warwick/np-tl died/vbd in/in 1590/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at town/nn petitioned/vbd Burghley/np for/in the/at right/nn to/to name/vb the/at vicar/nn and/cc schoolmaster/nn and/cc other/ap privileges/nns but/cc Greville/np bought/vbd the/at lordship/nn for/in himself/ppl ./.
Sturley's/np$ allusion/nn probably/rb explains/vbz why/wrb Greville/np took/vbd out/rp the/at patent/nn in/in the/at names/nns of/in Best/np and/cc Wells/np ,/, for/cs Sir/np Anthony/np Ashley/np described/vbd Best/np as/cs ``/`` a/at scrivener/nn within/in Temple/nn-tl Bar/nn-tl ,/, that/wps deals/vbz in/in many/ap matters/nns for/in my/pp$ L./np Essex/np ''/'' through/in Sir/np Gelly/np Merrick/np ,/, especially/rb in/in ``/`` causes/nns that/wpo he/pps would/md not/* be/be known/vbn of/in ''/'' ./.


	Adrian/np Quiney/np wrote/vbd to/in his/pp$ son/nn Richard/np on/in October/np 29/cd and/cc again/rb perhaps/rb the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, since/cs the/at bearer/nn of/in the/at letter/nn ,/, the/at bailiff/nn ,/, was/bedz expected/vbn to/to reach/vb London/np on/in November/np 1/cd ./.
In/in his/pp$ second/od letter/nn the/at old/jj mercer/nn advised/vbd his/pp$ son/nn ``/`` to/to bye/vb some/dti such/jj warys/nns as/cs yow/ppss may/md selle/vb presentlye/rb with/in profet/nn ./.
Yff/cs yow/ppss bargen/vb with/in Wm./np Sha./np (/( so/rb in/in the/at MS/nn )/) or/cc Receave/vb money/nn ther/rb or/cc brynge/vb your/pp$ money/nn home/nr yow/ppss maye/md see/vb howe/wrb knite/vbn stockynges/nns be/be sold/vbn ther/rb ys/bez gret/jj byinge/nn of/in them/ppo at/in Aysshom/np ./.
Wherefore/wrb I/ppss thynke/vb yow/ppss maye/md doo/do good/rb yff/cs yow/ppss can/md have/hv money/nn ''/'' ./.
This/dt seems/vbz to/to refer/vb ,/, not/* to/in the/at loan/nn Richard/np had/hvd asked/vbn for/in ,/, but/cc to/in a/at proposed/vbn bargain/nn with/in Shakespeare/np ./.


	Richard/np Quiney/np the/at-tl younger/jjr ,/, a/at schoolboy/nn of/in eleven/cd ,/, wrote/vbd a/at letter/nn in/in Latin/np asking/vbg his/pp$ father/nn to/to buy/vb copybooks/nns (/( ``/`` chartaceos/fw-jj libellos/fw-nns )/) ''/'' )/) for/in him/ppo and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ./.
His/pp$ mother/nn Bess/np ,/, who/wps could/md not/* write/vb herself/ppl ,/, reminded/vbd her/pp$ husband/nn through/in Sturley/np to/to buy/vb the/at apron/nn he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn her/ppo and/cc ``/`` a/at suite/nn of/in hattes/nns for/in 5/cd boies/nns the/at yongst/jjt lined/vbn &/cc trimmed/vbn with/in silke/nn ''/'' (/( for/in John/np ,/, only/rb a/at year/nn old/jj )/) ./.
A/at letter/nn signed/vbn ``/`` Isabell/np Bardall/np ''/'' entreated/vbd ``/`` Good/jj-tl Cozen/nn-tl ''/'' Quiney/np-tl to/to find/vb her/pp$ stepson/nn Adrian/np ,/, son/nn of/in George/np Bardell/np ,/, a/at place/nn in/in London/np with/in some/dti handicraftsman/nn ./.
William/np Parsons/np and/cc William/np Walford/np ,/, drapers/nns ,/, asked/vbd Quiney/np to/to see/vb to/in business/nn matters/nns in/in London/np ./.
Daniel/np Baker/np deluged/vbd his/pp$ ``/`` Unckle/nn-tl Quyne/np ''/'' with/in requests/nns to/to pay/vb money/nn for/in him/ppo to/in drapers/nns in/in Watling/np-tl Street/nn-tl and/cc at/in the/at Two/cd-tl Cats/nns-tl in/in Canning/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./.
His/pp$ letter/nn of/in October/np 26/cd named/vbd two/cd of/in the/at men/nns about/in whom/wpo Quiney/np had/hvd written/vbn to/in Shakespeare/np the/at day/nn before/rb ./.
Baker/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss tooke/vbd order/nn with/in Sr./np E./np Grevile/np for/in the/at payment/nn of/in Ceartaine/jj monei/nn beefore/in his/pp$ going/vbg towardes/in London/np ./.
&/cc synce/cs I/ppss did/dod write/vb unto/in him/ppo to/to dessier/vb him/ppo to/to paie/vb 10/cd for/in mee/ppo which/wdt standeth/vbz mee/ppo greatly/rb uppon/in to/to have/hv paide/vbn ./.
&/cc 20/cd more/ap Mr./np Peeter/np Rowswell/np tooke/vbd order/nn with/in his/pp$ master/nn to/to paie/vb for/in mee/ppo ''/'' ./.
He/pps asked/vbd Quiney/np to/to find/vb out/rp whether/cs the/at money/nn had/hvd been/ben paid/vbn and/cc ,/, if/cs not/* ,/, to/to send/vb to/in the/at lodging/nn of/in Sir/np Edward/np and/cc entreat/vb him/ppo to/to pay/vb what/wdt he/pps owed/vbd ./.
Baker/np added/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss pray/vb you/ppss delivre/vb these/dts inclosed/vbn Letters/nns And/cc Comend/vb mee/ppo to/in Mr./np Rychard/np Mytton/np whoe/wps I/ppss know/vb will/md ffreind/vb mee/ppo for/in the/at payment/nn of/in this/dt monei/nn ''/'' ./.
Further/jjr letters/nns in/in November/np mention/vb that/cs Sir/np Edward/np paid/vbd forty/cd pounds/nns ./.


	Stratford's/np$ petition/nn to/in the/at queen/nn declared/vbd that/cs two/cd great/jj fires/nns had/hvd burnt/vbn two/cd hundred/cd houses/nns in/in the/at town/nn ,/, with/in household/nn goods/nns ,/, to/in the/at value/nn of/in twelve/cd thousand/cd pounds/nns ./.
The/at chancellor/nn of/in the/at Exchequer/nn-tl wrote/vbd on/in the/at petition/nn :/: ``/`` in/in myn/pp$ opinion/nn it/pps is/bez very/ql resonable/jj and/cc conscionable/jj for/cs hir/pp$ maiestie/nn to/to graunt/vb in/in relief/nn of/in this/dt towne/nn twise/rb afflicted/vbn and/cc almost/rb wasted/vbn by/in fire/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at queen/nn agreed/vbd on/in December/np 17/cd ,/, a/at warrant/nn was/bedz signed/vbn on/in January/np 27/cd ,/, and/cc the/at Exchequer/nn-tl paid/vbd Quiney/np his/pp$ expenses/nns on/in February/np 27/cd ,/, 1598/9/cd ./.
He/pps listed/vbd what/wdt he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn for/in ``/`` My/pp$ own/jj diet/nn in/in London/np eighteen/cd weeks/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt I/ppss was/bedz sick/jj a/at month/nn ;/. ;/.
my/pp$ mare/nn at/in coming/vbg up/rp 14/cd days/nns ;/. ;/.
another/dt I/ppss bought/vbd there/rb to/to bring/vb me/ppo home/nr 7/cd weeks/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc I/ppss was/bedz six/cd days/nns going/vbg thither/rb and/cc coming/vbg homewards/rb ;/. ;/.
all/abn which/wdt cost/vbd me/ppo at/in the/at least/ap 20/cd pounds/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz allowed/vbn forty-four/cd pounds/nns in/in all/abn ,/, including/in fees/nns to/in the/at masters/nns of/in requests/nns ,/, Mr./np Fanshawe/np of/in the/at Exchequer/nn-tl ,/, the/at solicitor/nn general/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap officials/nns and/cc their/pp$ clerks/nns ./.
If/cs he/pps borrowed/vbd money/nn from/in Shakespeare/np or/cc with/in his/pp$ help/nn ,/, he/pps would/md now/rb have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to repay/vb the/at loan/nn ./.


	Since/cs more/ap is/bez known/vbn about/in Quiney/np than/cs about/in any/dti other/ap acquaintance/nn of/in Shakespeare/np in/in Stratford/np ,/, his/pp$ career/nn may/md be/be followed/vbn to/in its/pp$ sudden/jj end/nn in/in 1602/cd ./.
During/in 1598/cd and/cc 1599/cd he/pps made/vbd ``/`` manye/ap Guiftes/nns of/in myne/pp$ owne/jj provision/nn bestowed/vbn uppon/in Cowrtiers/nns &/cc others/nns for/in the/at better/jjr effectinge/nn of/in our/pp$ suites/nns in/in hande/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz in/in London/np ``/`` searching/vbg records/nns for/in our/pp$ town's/nn$ causes/nns ''/'' in/in 1600/cd with/in young/jj Henry/np Sturley/np ,/, the/at assistant/jj schoolmaster/nn ./.
When/wrb Sir/np Edward/np Greville/np enclosed/vbd the/at town/nn commons/nn on/in the/at Bancroft/np ,/, Quiney/np and/cc others/nns leveled/vbd his/pp$ hedges/nns on/in January/np 21/cd ,/, 1600/1/cd ,/, and/cc were/bed charged/vbn with/in riot/nn by/in Sir/np Edward/np ./.
He/pps also/rb sued/vbd them/ppo for/in taking/vbg toll/nn of/in grain/nn at/in their/pp$ market/nn ./.
Accompanied/vbn by/in ``/`` Master/nn-tl Greene/np our/pp$ solicitor/nn ''/'' (/( Thomas/np Greene/np of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Temple/nn-tl ,/, Shakespeare's/np$ ``/`` cousin/nn ''/'' )/) ,/, Quiney/np tried/vbd to/to consult/vb Sir/np Edward/np Coke/np ,/, attorney/nn general/nn ,/, and/cc gave/vbd money/nn to/in a/at clerk/nn and/cc a/at doorkeeper/nn ``/`` that/cs we/ppss might/md have/hv access/nn to/in their/pp$ master/nn for/in his/pp$ counsel/nn butt/cc colde/md nott/* have/hv him/ppo att/in Leasure/nn by/in the/at reason/nn of/in thees/dts trobles/nns ''/'' (/( the/at Essex/np rising/vbg on/in February/np 8/cd )/) ./.
He/pps set/vbd down/rp that/cs ``/`` I/ppss gave/vbd Mr./np Greene/np a/at pynte/nn of/in muskadell/nn and/cc a/at roll/nn of/in bread/nn that/dt last/ap morning/nn I/ppss went/vbd to/to have/hv his/pp$ company/nn to/in Master/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
After/cs returning/vbg Stratford/np he/pps drew/vbd up/rp a/at defense/nn of/in the/at town's/nn$ right/nn to/to toll/vb corn/nn and/cc the/at office/nn of/in collecting/vbg it/ppo ,/, and/cc his/pp$ list/nn of/in suggested/vbn witnesses/nns included/vbd his/pp$ father/nn and/cc Shakespeare's/np$ father/nn ./.
No/at one/pn ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, took/vbd any/dti corn/nn of/in Greville's/np$ ,/, for/cs his/pp$ bailiff/nn of/in husbandry/nn ``/`` swore/vbd a/at greate/jj oathe/nn thatt/cs who/wps soe/rb came/vbd to/to put/vb hys/pp$ hande/nn into/in hys/pp$ sackes/nns for/in anye/dti corne/nn shuld/md leave/vb hys/pp$ hande/nn behynde/in hym/ppo ''/'' ./.
Quiney/np was/bedz in/in London/np again/rb in/in June/np ,/, 1601/cd ,/, and/cc in/in November/np ,/, when/wrb he/pps rode/vbd up/rp ,/, as/cs Shakespeare/np must/md often/rb have/hv done/vbn ,/, by/in way/nn of/in Oxford/np ,/, High/jj-tl Wycombe/np-tl ,/, and/cc Uxbridge/np ,/, and/cc home/nr through/in Aylesbury/np and/cc Banbury/np ./.


	After/cs Quiney/np was/bedz elected/vbn bailiff/nn in/in September/np ,/, 1601/cd ,/, without/in Greville's/np$ approval/nn ,/, Greene/np wrote/vbd him/ppo that/cs Coke/np had/hvd promised/vbn to/to be/be of/in counsel/nn for/in Stratford/np and/cc had/hvd advised/vbn ``/`` that/cs the/at office/nn of/in bayly/nn may/md be/be exercised/vbn as/cs it/pps is/bez taken/vbn upon/in you/ppo ,/, (/( Sr./np Edwardes/np his/pp$ consent/nn not/* beinge/beg hadd/hvn to/in the/at swearinge/nn of/in you/ppo )/) ''/'' ./.
Asked/vbn by/in the/at townsmen/nns to/to cease/vb his/pp$ suit/nn ,/, Greville/np had/hvd answered/vbn that/cs ``/`` hytt/pps shulde/md coste/vb hym/ppo 500/cd first/rb &/cc sayed/vbd it/pps must/md be/be tried/vbn ether/dtx before/in my/pp$ Lorde/nn-tl Anderson/np in/in the/at countrey/nn or/cc his/pp$ uncle/nn Ffortescue/np in/in the/at exchequer/nn with/in whom/wpo he/pps colde/md more/rbr prevaile/vb then/cs we/ppss ''/'' ./.
The/at corporation/nn proposed/vbd Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl Anderson/np for/in an/at arbiter/nn ,/, sending/vbg him/ppo a/at gift/nn of/in sack/nn and/cc claret/nn ./.
Lady/nn-tl Greville/np ,/, daughter/nn of/in the/at late/jj Lord/nn-tl Chancellor/nn-tl Bromley/np and/cc niece/nn of/in Sir/np John/np Fortescue/np ,/, was/bedz offered/vbn twenty/cd pounds/nns by/in the/at townsmen/nns to/to make/vb peace/nn ;/. ;/.
she/pps ``/`` labored/vbd &/cc thought/vbd she/pps shuld/md effecte/vb ''/'' it/ppo but/cc her/pp$ husband/nn said/vbd that/cs ``/`` we/ppss shuld/md wynne/vb it/ppo by/in the/at sworde/nn ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ servant/nn Robin/np Whitney/np threatened/vbd Quiney/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd Whitney/np bound/vbn to/in ``/`` the/at good/jj abaringe/nn ''/'' to/to keep/vb the/at peace/nn ./.
A/at report/nn of/in Sr./np Edw/np Grevyles/np$ minaces/nns to/in the/at Baileefe/nn Aldermen/nns &/cc Burgesses/nns of/in Stratforde/np ''/'' tells/vbz how/wrb Quiney/np was/bedz injured/vbn by/in Greville's/np$ men/nns :/: ``/`` in/in the/at tyme/nn Mr./np Ryc'/np Quyney/np was/bedz bayleefe/nn ther/ex came/vbd some/dti of/in them/ppo whoe/wps beinge/beg druncke/jj fell/vbd to/in braweling/vbg in/in ther/pp$ hosts/nn$ howse/nn wher/wrb thei/ppss druncke/vbd &/cc drewe/vbd ther/pp$ dagers/nns uppon/in the/at hoste/nn :/: att/in a/at faier/jj tyme/nn the/at Baileefe/nn being/beg late/rb abroade/rb to/to see/vb the/at towne/nn in/in order/nn &/cc comminge/vbg by/rb in/in hurley/nn burley/nn came/vbd into/in the/at howse/nn &/cc commawnded/vbd the/at peace/nn to/to be/be kept/vbn butt/cc colde/md nott/* prevayle/vb &/cc in/in hys/pp$ endevor/nn to/to sticle/vb the/at brawle/nn had/hvd his/pp$ heade/nn grevouselye/rb brooken/vbn by/in one/cd of/in hys/pp$ (/( Greville's/np$ )/) men/nns whom/wpo nether/dtx hymselfe/ppl (/( Greville/np )/) punnished/vbd nor/cc wolde/md suffer/vb to/to be/be punnished/vbn but/cc with/in a/at shewe/nn to/to turne/vb them/ppo awaye/rb &/cc enterteyned/vbn agayne/rb ''/'' ./.

The/at fall/nn of/in Rome/np ,/, the/at discovery/nn of/in precious/jj metals/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Protestant/jj-tl Reformation/nn-tl were/bed all/abn links/nns and/cc could/md only/rb be/be explained/vbn and/cc understood/vbn by/in comprehending/vbg the/at links/nns that/wps preceded/vbd and/cc those/dts that/wps followed/vbd ./.


	Often/rb the/at historian/nn must/md consider/vb the/at use/nn of/in intuition/nn or/cc instinct/nn by/in those/dts individuals/nns or/cc nations/nns which/wdt he/pps is/bez studying/vbg ./.
Unconsciously/rb ,/, governments/nns or/cc races/nns or/cc institutions/nns may/md enter/vb into/in some/dti undertaking/nn without/in fully/rb realizing/vbg why/wrb they/ppss are/ber doing/vbg so/rb ./.
They/ppss react/vb in/in obedience/nn to/in an/at instinct/nn or/cc urge/nn which/wdt has/hvz itself/ppl been/ben impelled/vbn by/in natural/jj law/nn ./.
A/at court/nn may/md strike/vb down/rp a/at law/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in an/at intuitive/jj feeling/nn that/cs the/at law/nn is/bez inimical/jj to/in the/at numerical/jj majority/nn ./.
A/at nation/nn may/md go/vb to/in war/nn on/in some/dti trifling/vbg pretext/nn ,/, when/wrb in/in reality/nn it/pps may/md have/hv been/ben guided/vbn by/in an/at unconscious/jj instinct/nn that/cs its/pp$ very/ap life/nn was/bedz at/in stake/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at historian/nn encounters/vbz a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps can/md perceive/vb no/at visible/jj cause/nn and/cc effect/nn sequence/nn ,/, he/pps should/md be/be alert/jj to/in intuition/nn and/cc unconscious/jj instinct/nn as/cs possible/jj guides/nns ./.


	Adams/np firmly/rb contended/vbd that/cs the/at historian/nn must/md never/rb underrate/vb the/at impact/nn of/in the/at geographical/jj environment/nn on/in history/nn ./.
Here/rb was/bedz another/dt indispensable/jj tool/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, he/pps concluded/vbd that/cs ``/`` geographical/jj conditions/nns have/hv exercised/vbn a/at great/jj ,/, possibly/rb a/at preponderating/vbg ,/, influence/nn over/in man's/nn$ destiny/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at failure/nn of/in Greece/np to/to reach/vb the/at imperial/jj destiny/nn that/cs Periclean/jj Athens/np had/hvd seemed/vbn to/to promise/vb was/bedz almost/ql directly/rb attributable/jj to/in her/pp$ physical/jj conformation/nn ./.
All/abn areas/nns of/in history/nn were/bed either/cc favorably/rb or/cc adversely/rb affected/vbn by/in the/at geographical/jj environment/nn ,/, and/cc no/at respectable/jj historian/nn could/md pursue/vb the/at study/nn of/in history/nn without/in a/at thorough/jj knowledge/nn of/in geography/nn ./.


	Brooks/np Adams/np was/bedz consistent/jj in/in his/pp$ admonishments/nns to/in historians/nns about/in the/at necessary/jj tools/nns or/cc insights/nns they/ppss needed/vbd to/to possess/vb ./.
However/rb ,/, as/cs a/at practicing/vbg historian/nn ,/, he/pps ,/, himself/ppl ,/, has/hvz left/vbn few/ap clues/nns to/in the/at amount/nn of/in professional/jj scholarship/nn that/wpo he/pps used/vbd when/wrb writing/vbg history/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, if/cs judgments/nns are/ber to/to be/be rendered/vbn upon/in the/at soundness/nn of/in his/pp$ historicism/nn ,/, they/ppss must/md be/be based/vbn on/in scanty/jj evidence/nn ./.
What/wdt evidence/nn is/bez available/jj would/md seem/vb to/to indicate/vb that/cs Brooks/np ,/, unlike/in his/pp$ older/jjr brother/nn Henry/np ,/, had/hvd most/ap of/in the/at methodological/jj vices/nns usually/rb found/vbn in/in the/at amateur/nn ./.
A/at credulousness/nn ,/, a/at distaste/nn for/in documentation/nn ,/, an/at uncritical/jj reliance/nn on/in contemporary/jj accounts/nns ,/, and/cc a/at proneness/nn to/to assume/vb a/at theory/nn as/cs true/jj before/cs adequate/jj proof/nn was/bedz provided/vbn were/bed all/abn evidences/nns of/in his/pp$ failure/nn to/to comprehend/vb the/at use/nn of/in the/at scientific/jj method/nn or/cc to/to evaluate/vb the/at responsibilities/nns of/in the/at historian/nn to/in his/pp$ reading/vbg public/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* to/to assume/vb that/cs his/pp$ work/nn was/bedz without/in merit/nn ,/, but/cc the/at validity/nn of/in his/pp$ assumptions/nns concerning/in the/at meaning/nn of/in history/nn must/md always/rb be/be considered/vbn against/in this/dt background/nn of/in an/at unprofessional/jj approach/nn ./.


	His/pp$ credulity/nn is/bez perhaps/rb best/rbt illustrated/vbn in/in his/pp$ introduction/nn to/in The/at-tl Emancipation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl ,/, which/wdt purports/vbz to/to examine/vb the/at trials/nns of/in Moses/np and/cc to/to draw/vb a/at parallel/nn between/in the/at leader/nn of/in the/at Israelite/np exodus/nn from/in Egypt/np and/cc the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at Puritan/jj-tl clergy/nn in/in colonial/jj New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./.
Much/ap criticism/nn has/hvz been/ben leveled/vbn at/in this/dt rather/ql forced/vbn analogy/nn ,/, but/cc what/wdt is/bez equally/ql significant/jj is/bez Adams'/np$ complete/jj acceptance/nn of/in the/at Biblical/jj record/nn as/cs ``/`` good/jj and/cc trustworthy/jj history/nn ''/'' ./.
In/in light/nn of/in the/at scholarly/jj reappraisals/nns engendered/vbn by/in the/at higher/jjr criticism/nn this/dt is/bez a/at most/ql remarkable/jj statement/nn ,/, particularly/rb coming/vbg from/in one/pn who/wps was/bedz well/rb known/vbn for/in his/pp$ antifundamentalist/nn views/nns ./.
The/at desire/nn to/to substantiate/vb a/at thesis/nn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in sound/jj research/nn technique/nn smacks/vbz more/ap of/in the/at propagandist/nn than/cs the/at historian/nn ./.


	A/at similar/jj amateurish/jj characteristic/nn is/bez revealed/vbn in/in Adams'/np$ failure/nn to/to check/vb the/at accuracy/nn and/cc authenticity/nn of/in his/pp$ informational/jj sources/nns ./.
If/cs he/pps found/vbd data/nn that/wps fitted/vbd his/pp$ general/jj plan/nn ,/, he/pps used/vbd it/ppo and/cc counted/vbd his/pp$ sources/nns trustworthy/jj ./.
Conversely/rb ,/, if/cs statistics/nns were/bed uncovered/vbn which/wdt contradicted/vbd a/at cherished/vbn theory/nn ,/, the/at sources/nns were/bed denounced/vbn as/cs faulty/jj ./.
Such/jj manipulations/nns are/ber frequently/rb encountered/vbn in/in his/pp$ essay/nn on/in the/at suppression/nn of/in the/at monasteries/nns during/in the/at English/jj reformation/nn ./.
Adams/np depended/vbd largely/rb on/in the/at dispatches/nns of/in foreign/jj ambassadors/nns and/cc observers/nns in/in England/np ,/, claiming/vbg that/cs the/at reports/nns of/in such/jj agents/nns had/hvd to/to be/be accurate/jj because/cs there/ex were/bed no/at newspapers/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez certainly/rb an/at irrational/jj dogmatism/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at modern/jj mind/nn attempts/vbz to/to understand/vb the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn on/in twentieth-century/nn terms/nns ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps rejects/vbz the/at contemporary/jj accounts/nns of/in Englishmen/nps ,/, casually/rb adjudging/vbg them/ppo to/to be/be distorted/vbn by/in prejudice/nn because/cs ``/`` the/at opinions/nns of/in Englishmen/nps are/ber of/in no/at great/jj value/nn ''/'' ./.
What/wdt is/bez exposited/vbn by/in this/dt observation/nn is/bez not/* the/at inherent/jj prejudices/nns of/in Englishmen/nps but/cc the/at Anglophobia/nn of/in Brooks/np Adams/np ./.


	In/in all/abn fairness/nn it/pps must/md be/be admitted/vbn that/cs Adams/np made/vbd no/at pretense/nn at/in being/beg an/at impartial/jj historian/nn ./.
Impartiality/nn to/in him/ppo meant/vbd an/at unwillingness/nn to/to generalize/vb and/cc to/to search/vb for/in a/at synthesis/nn ./.
He/pps deplored/vbd the/at impact/nn of/in German/jj historiography/nn on/in the/at writing/nn of/in history/nn ,/, terming/vbg it/ppo a/at ``/`` dismal/jj monster/nn ''/'' ./.
Ranke/np and/cc his/pp$ disciples/nns had/hvd reduced/vbn history/nn to/in a/at profession/nn of/in dullness/nn ;/. ;/.
Brooks/np Adams/np preferred/vbd the/at chronicles/nns of/in Froissart/np or/cc the/at style/nn and/cc theorizing/nn of/in Edward/np Gibbon/np ,/, for/cs at/in least/ap they/ppss took/vbd a/at stand/nn on/in the/at issues/nns about/in which/wdt they/ppss wrote/vbd ./.
He/pps wrote/vbd eloquently/rb to/in William/np James/np that/cs impartial/jj history/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb impossible/jj but/cc undesirable/jj ./.
If/cs the/at historian/nn was/bedz convinced/vbn of/in his/pp$ own/jj correctness/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps should/md not/* allow/vb his/pp$ vision/nn to/to become/vb fogged/vbn by/in disturbing/jj facts/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz history/nn that/wps must/md be/be in/in error/nn ,/, not/* the/at historian/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz this/dt basic/jj trait/nn that/wps separated/vbd Adams/np from/in the/at ranks/nns of/in professional/jj historians/nns and/cc led/vbd him/ppo to/to commit/vb time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb what/wdt was/bedz his/pp$ most/ql serious/jj offense/nn against/in the/at historical/jj method/nn --/-- namely/rb ,/, the/at tendency/nn to/to assume/vb the/at truth/nn of/in an/at hypothesis/nn before/cs submitting/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at test/nn of/in facts/nns ./.


	All/abn of/in Adams'/np$ work/nn reflects/vbz this/dt dogmatic/jj characteristic/nn ./.
No/at page/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be complete/jj without/in the/at statement/nn of/in at/in least/ap one/cd unproved/jj generalization/nn ./.
One/cd example/nn of/in this/dt was/bedz his/pp$ assertion/nn that/cs ``/`` all/abn servile/jj revolts/nns must/md be/be dealt/vbn with/in by/in physical/jj force/nn ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at explanation/nn of/in terms/nns nor/cc a/at qualification/nn that/cs most/ap such/jj revolts/nns have/hv been/ben dealt/vbn with/in by/in force/nn --/-- only/rb a/at bald/jj dogmatism/nn that/cs they/ppss must/md ,/, because/cs of/in some/dti undefined/jj compulsion/nn ,/, be/be so/rb repelled/vbn ./.
On/in matters/nns of/in race/nn he/pps was/bedz similarly/rb inflexible/jj :/: ``/`` Most/ap of/in the/at modern/jj Latin/jj races/nns seem/vb to/to have/hv inherited/vbn the/at rigidity/nn of/in the/at Roman/jj mind/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps cites/vbz the/at French/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl as/cs typifying/vbg this/dt rigidity/nn but/cc makes/vbz no/at mention/nn of/in the/at Italians/nps ,/, who/wps have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to adapt/vb to/in all/abn types/nns of/in circumstances/nns ./.
He/pps pontificates/vbz that/cs ``/`` one/cd of/in the/at first/od signs/nns of/in advancing/vbg civilization/nn is/bez the/at fall/nn in/in the/at value/nn of/in women/nns in/in men's/nns$ eyes/nns ''/'' ./.
It/pps made/vbd no/at difference/nn that/cs most/ap evidence/nn points/vbz to/in an/at opposite/jj conclusion/nn ./.
For/cs Adams/np had/hvd made/vbn up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn before/cs all/abn the/at facts/nns were/bed available/jj ./.


	All/abn critics/nns of/in Adams/np and/cc his/pp$ methods/nns have/hv observed/vbn this/dt particular/jj deficiency/nn ./.
J./np T./np Shotwell/np was/bedz appalled/vbn by/in such/jj spurious/jj history/nn as/cs that/dt which/wdt attributed/vbd the/at fall/nn of/in the/at Carolingian/jj empire/nn to/in the/at woolen/nn trade/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps urged/vbd Adams/np to/to ``/`` transform/vb his/pp$ essay/nn into/in a/at real/jj history/nn ,/, embodying/vbg not/* merely/rb those/dts facts/nns which/wdt fit/vb into/in his/pp$ theory/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb the/at modifications/nns and/cc exceptions/nns ''/'' ./.
A./np M./np Wergeland/np called/vbd the/at Adams/np method/nn literally/rb antihistorical/jj ,/, while/cs Clive/np Day/np maintained/vbd that/cs the/at assumptions/nns were/bed not/* confined/vbn to/in theories/nns alone/rb but/cc were/bed also/rb applicable/jj to/in straight/jj factual/jj evidence/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, stated/vbd Day/np ,/, ``/`` He/pps always/rb omits/vbz facts/nns which/wdt tend/vb to/to disprove/vb his/pp$ hypothesis/nn ''/'' ./.
Even/rb D./np A./np Wasson/np ,/, who/wps compared/vbd The/at-tl Emancipation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl to/in the/at lifting/nn of/in a/at fog/nn from/in ancient/jj landscapes/nns ,/, was/bedz also/rb forced/vbn to/to admit/vb the/at methodological/jj deficiencies/nns of/in the/at author/nn ./.


	In/in summary/nn ,/, Brooks/np Adams/np felt/vbd that/cs the/at nature/nn of/in history/nn was/bedz order/nn and/cc that/cs the/at order/nn so/rb discovered/vbn was/bedz as/ql much/rb subject/jj to/in historical/jj laws/nns as/cs the/at forces/nns of/in nature/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps believed/vbd that/cs most/ap professional/jj historians/nns lacked/vbd some/dti of/in the/at essential/jj instruments/nns for/in a/at proper/jj study/nn of/in history/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, despite/in the/at insight/nn of/in many/ap of/in his/pp$ observations/nns ,/, his/pp$ own/jj conclusions/nns are/ber open/jj to/in suspicion/nn because/rb of/in his/pp$ failure/nn to/to employ/vb at/in all/abn times/nns the/at correct/jj research/nn methods/nns ./.
This/dt should/md not/* prejudice/vb an/at evaluation/nn of/in his/pp$ findings/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed not/* the/at findings/nns of/in a/at completely/ql impartial/jj investigator/nn ./.
What/wdt was/bedz perhaps/rb more/ql important/jj than/cs his/pp$ concept/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in history/nn and/cc the/at historical/jj method/nn were/bed those/dts forces/nns which/wdt shaped/vbd the/at direction/nn of/in his/pp$ thought/nn ./.
In/in the/at final/jj analysis/nn his/pp$ contribution/nn to/in American/jj historiography/nn was/bedz founded/vbn on/in almost/ql intuitive/jj insights/nns into/in religion/nn ,/, economics/nn ,/, and/cc Darwinism/np ,/, the/at three/cd factors/nns which/wdt conditioned/vbd his/pp$ search/nn for/in a/at law/nn of/in history/nn ./.



Religion/nn without/in supernaturalism/nn 
Brooks/np Adams/np considered/vbd religion/nn as/cs an/at extremely/ql significant/jj manifestation/nn of/in man's/nn$ fear/nn of/in the/at unknown/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs that/dt ./.
Religion/nn and/cc the/at churches/nns were/bed institutions/nns which/wdt had/hvd been/ben created/vbn by/in man/nn ,/, not/* God/np ./.
He/pps did/dod not/* deny/vb God/np ;/. ;/.
he/pps simply/rb did/dod not/* believe/vb that/cs a/at Creator/nn-tl intervened/vbd or/cc interfered/vbd in/in human/jj affairs/nns ./.
The/at historian/nn need/vb not/* be/be concerned/vbn with/in the/at philosophical/jj problems/nns suggested/vbn by/in religion/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at evidence/nn ,/, either/cc of/in a/at positive/jj or/cc negative/jj type/nn ,/, of/in the/at actions/nns of/in a/at Divine/jj-tl Being/nn-tl in/in this/dt world/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc ,/, since/cs the/at historian/nn should/md only/rb be/be interested/vbn in/in strictly/ql terrestrial/jj activity/nn ,/, his/pp$ research/nn should/md eliminate/vb the/at supernatural/nn ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, he/pps must/md regard/vb religion/nn as/cs the/at expression/nn of/in human/jj forces/nns ./.
Certainly/rb ,/, he/pps must/md recognize/vb its/pp$ power/nn and/cc attempt/vb to/to ascertain/vb its/pp$ influence/nn on/in the/at flow/nn of/in history/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps must/md not/* confuse/vb the/at natural/jj and/cc the/at mundane/jj with/in the/at divine/nn ./.


	Adams/np was/bedz not/* breaking/vbg new/jj ground/nn when/wrb he/pps claimed/vbd that/cs the/at worship/nn of/in an/at unseen/jj power/nn was/bedz in/in reality/nn a/at reflection/nn of/in man's/nn$ inability/nn to/to cope/vb with/in his/pp$ environment/nn ./.
Students/nns of/in anthropology/nn and/cc comparative/jj religion/nn had/hvd long/rb been/ben aware/jj that/cs there/ex was/bedz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, a/at direct/jj connection/nn ./.
But/cc Adams/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at first/od to/to suggest/vb that/cs this/dt human/jj incompetence/nn was/bedz the/at only/ap motivating/vbg factor/nn behind/in religion/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz this/dt fear/nn which/wdt explained/vbd the/at development/nn of/in a/at priestly/jj caste/nn whose/wp$ function/nn in/in society/nn was/bedz to/to mollify/vb and/cc appease/vb the/at angry/jj deities/nns ./.
To/to keep/vb themselves/ppls entrenched/vbn in/in power/nn ,/, the/at priests/nns were/bed forced/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb their/pp$ unique/jj status/nn through/in the/at miracle/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at use/nn of/in the/at supernatural/nn that/wps kept/vbd them/ppo in/in business/nn ./.
The/at German/jj barbarians/nns of/in the/at fourth/od century/nn offered/vbd an/at excellent/jj example/nn :/: 

	``/`` The/at Germans/nps in/in the/at fourth/od century/nn were/bed a/at very/ql simple/jj race/nn ,/, who/wps comprehended/vbd little/ap of/in natural/jj laws/nns ,/, and/cc who/wps therefore/rb referred/vbd phenomena/nns they/ppss did/dod not/* understand/vb to/in supernatural/jj intervention/nn ./.
This/dt intervention/nn could/md only/rb be/be controlled/vbn by/in priests/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb the/at invasions/nns caused/vbd a/at rapid/jj rise/nn in/in the/at influence/nn of/in the/at sacred/jj class/nn ./.
The/at power/nn of/in every/at ecclesiastical/jj organization/nn has/hvz always/rb rested/vbn on/in the/at miracle/nn ,/, and/cc the/at clergy/nns have/hv always/rb proved/vbn their/pp$ divine/jj commission/nn as/cs did/dod Elijah/np ''/'' ./.


	Adams/np contended/vbd that/cs once/cs such/abl a/at special/jj class/nn had/hvd been/ben created/vbn it/pps became/vbd a/at vested/vbn interest/nn and/cc sought/vbd to/to maintain/vb itself/ppl by/in assuming/vbg exclusive/jj control/nn over/in the/at relationships/nns between/in God/np and/cc man/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, the/at Church/nn-tl was/bedz born/vbn and/cc because/rb of/in its/pp$ intrinsic/jj character/nn was/bedz soon/rb identified/vbn as/cs a/at conservative/jj institution/nn ,/, determined/vbn to/to resist/vb the/at forces/nns of/in change/nn ,/, to/to identify/vb itself/ppl with/in the/at political/jj rulers/nns ,/, and/cc to/to maintain/vb a/at kind/nn of/in splendid/jj isolation/nn from/in the/at masses/nns ./.
Doctrine/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb mysterious/jj ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz also/rb sacred/jj ,/, ``/`` and/cc no/at believer/nn in/in an/at inspired/vbn church/nn could/md tolerate/vb having/hvg her/pp$ canons/nns examined/vbn as/cs we/ppss should/md examine/vb human/jj laws/nns ''/'' ./.
These/dts basic/jj ideas/nns concerning/in the/at nature/nn of/in religion/nn were/bed ,/, Adams/np believed/vbd ,/, some/dti of/in the/at major/jj keys/nns to/in the/at understanding/nn of/in history/nn and/cc the/at movement/nn of/in society/nn ./.
The/at dark/jj views/nns about/in the/at Puritans/nps found/vbn in/in The/at-tl Emancipation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl were/bed never/rb altered/vbn ./.


	Despite/in their/pp$ adherence/nn to/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ,/, the/at forces/nns of/in organized/vbn religion/nn were/bed compelled/vbn to/to make/vb adjustments/nns as/cs increasing/vbg civilization/nn augmented/vbd human/jj knowledge/nn ./.
In/in The/at-tl Law/nn-tl Of/in-tl Civilization/nn-tl And/cc-tl Decay/nn-tl Brooks/np Adams/np traced/vbd this/dt evolution/nn ,/, always/rb pointing/vbg to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs although/cs the/at forms/nns became/vbd more/ql rational/jj ,/, the/at substance/nn remained/vbd unchanged/jj ./.
The/at relic/nn worship/nn and/cc monasticism/nn of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl were/bed more/ql advanced/vbn forms/nns than/cs were/bed primitive/jj fetish/nn worship/nn and/cc nature/nn myths/nns ./.
Yet/rb ,/, the/at idea/nn imbedded/vbn in/in each/dt was/bedz identical/jj :/: to/to surround/vb the/at unknown/nn with/in mystery/nn and/cc to/to isolate/vb that/dt class/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben given/vbn special/jj dominion/nn over/in the/at secrets/nns of/in God/np ./.
To/in Adams/np that/dt age/nn in/in which/wdt religion/nn exercised/vbd power/nn over/in the/at entire/jj culture/nn of/in the/at race/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in imagination/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez largely/rb the/at admiration/nn he/pps so/ql obviously/rb held/vbd for/in such/jj eras/nns that/wps betrays/vbz a/at peculiar/jj religiosity/nn --/-- a/at sentiment/nn he/pps would/md have/hv probably/rb denied/vbn ./.

Stephens/np had/hvd written/vbn his/pp$ classic/jj ``/`` incidents/nns of/in travel/nn ''/'' about/in these/dts regions/nns a/at hundred/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, and/cc Catherwood/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd studied/vbn Piranesi/np in/in London/np and/cc the/at great/jj ruins/nns of/in Egypt/np and/cc Greece/np ,/, had/hvd drawn/vbn the/at splendid/jj illustrations/nns that/wps accompanied/vbd the/at text/nn ./.
Catherwood/np ,/, an/at architect/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, had/hvd been/ben forgotten/vbn ,/, like/cs Stephens/np ,/, and/cc Victor/np reconstructed/vbd their/pp$ lives/nns as/cs one/pn reconstructs/vbz ,/, for/in a/at museum/nn ,/, a/at dinosaur/nn from/in two/cd or/cc three/cd petrified/vbn bones/nns ./.
He/pps had/hvd unearthed/vbn Stephens's/np$ letters/nns in/in a/at New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl farmhouse/nn and/cc he/pps discovered/vbd Stephens's/np$ unmarked/jj grave/nn in/in an/at old/jj cemetery/nn on/in the/at east/nr side/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at great/jj traveller/nn had/hvd been/ben hastily/rb buried/vbn during/in a/at cholera/nn epidemic/nn ./.
Victor/np had/hvd been/ben stirred/vbn by/in my/pp$ account/nn of/in him/ppo in/in Makers/nns-tl And/cc-tl Finders/nns-tl ,/, for/cs Stephens/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at lost/vbn writers/nns whom/wpo Melville/np had/hvd seen/vbn in/in his/pp$ childhood/nn and/cc whom/wpo I/ppss was/bedz bent/vbn on/in resurrecting/vbg ./.


	Victor/np had/hvd led/vbn an/at adventurous/jj life/nn ./.
His/pp$ metier/fw-nn was/bedz the/at American/jj tropics/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd lived/vbn all/ql over/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl and/cc among/in the/at primitive/jj tribes/nns on/in the/at Amazon/np river/nn ./.
Well/rb he/pps knew/vbd the/at sleepless/jj nights/nns ,/, the/at howling/vbg sore-ridden/jj dogs/nns and/cc the/at biting/vbg insects/nns in/in the/at villages/nns of/in the/at Kofanes/nps and/cc Huitotoes/nps ./.
He/pps had/hvd not/* yet/rb undertaken/vbn the/at great/jj exploit/nn of/in his/pp$ later/jjr years/nns ,/, the/at rediscovery/nn of/in the/at ancient/jj Inca/np highway/nn ,/, the/at route/nn of/in Pizarro/np in/in Peru/np ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd climbed/vbn to/in the/at original/jj El/np Dorado/np ,/, the/at Andean/jj lake/nn of/in Guatemala/np ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd scaled/vbn the/at southern/jj Sierra/np Nevada/np with/in its/pp$ Tibetan-like/jj people/nns and/cc looked/vbn into/in the/at emerald/nn mines/nns of/in Muzo/np ./.
As/cs a/at naturalist/nn living/vbg for/in two/cd years/nns at/in the/at headwaters/nns of/in the/at Amazon/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd collected/vbn specimens/nns for/in Mexican/jj museums/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd taken/vbn to/in the/at London/np zoo/nn a/at live/jj quetzal/nn ,/, the/at sacred/jj bird/nn of/in the/at old/jj Mayans/nps ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd raised/vbn quetzal/nn birds/nns in/in his/pp$ camp/nn in/in the/at forest/nn of/in Ecuador/np ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn six/cd months/nns on/in the/at Galapagos/np islands/nns ,/, among/in the/at great/jj turtles/nns that/wpo Captain/nn-tl Cook/np had/hvd found/vbn there/rb ,/, and/cc now/rb and/cc then/rb he/pps would/md disappear/vb into/in some/dti small/jj island/nn of/in the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl ./.
Victor's/np$ book/nn on/in John/np Lloyd/np Stephens/np was/bedz largely/rb written/vbn in/in my/pp$ study/nn in/in the/at house/nn at/in Weston/np ./.


	I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn my/pp$ name/nn taken/vbn out/in of/in the/at telephone/nn book/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt was/bedz partly/rb because/rb of/in a/at convict/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben discharged/vbn from/in Sing/np Sing/np and/cc who/wps called/vbd me/ppo night/nn after/in night/nn ./.
He/pps said/vbd he/pps was/bedz a/at friend/nn of/in Heywood/np Broun/np who/wps had/hvd run/vbn a/at free/jj employment/nn bureau/nn for/in several/ap months/nns during/in the/at depression/nn ,/, but/cc the/at generous/jj Broun/np to/in whom/wpo I/ppss wrote/vbd did/dod not/* know/vb his/pp$ name/nn and/cc I/ppss somehow/rb conceived/vbd the/at morbid/jj notion/nn that/cs the/at man/nn in/in question/nn was/bedz prowling/vbg round/in the/at house/nn ./.
But/cc one/cd day/nn came/vbd the/at voice/nn of/in a/at man/nn I/ppss had/hvd known/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at boy/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss later/rbr remembered/vbd that/cs this/dt boy/nn ,/, thirty/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, had/hvd struck/vbn me/ppo as/cs coming/vbg to/in no/at good/nn ./.
There/ex had/hvd been/ben something/pn sinister/jj about/in him/ppo that/wps warned/vbd me/ppo against/in him/ppo ,/, --/-- I/ppss had/hvd never/rb felt/vbn that/dt way/nn about/in any/dti other/ap boy/nn ,/, --/-- but/cc when/wrb he/pps uttered/vbd his/pp$ name/nn on/in the/at telephone/nn I/ppss had/hvd forgotten/vbn this/dt and/cc I/ppss was/bedz glad/jj to/to do/do what/wdt he/pps asked/vbd of/in me/ppo ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at captain/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, in/in the/at army/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at train/nn to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl his/pp$ purse/nn and/cc all/abn his/pp$ money/nn had/hvd been/ben stolen/vbn ,/, and/cc would/md I/ppss lend/vb him/ppo twenty-five/cd dollars/nns to/to be/be given/vbn him/ppo at/in the/at General/jj-tl Delivery/nn-tl window/nn ?/. ?/.
Never/rb hearing/vbg from/in him/ppo again/rb ,/, I/ppss remembered/vbd the/at little/jj boy/nn of/in whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn such/jj doubts/nns when/wrb he/pps was/bedz ten/cd years/nns old/jj ./.
We/ppss lived/vbd for/in a/at while/nn in/in a/at movie/nn melodrama/nn with/in a/at German/jj cook/nn and/cc her/pp$ son/nn who/wps turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be Nazis/nps ./.
Finally/rb we/ppss got/vbd them/ppo out/in of/in the/at house/nn ,/, after/cs the/at boy/nn had/hvd run/vbn away/rb four/cd times/nns looking/vbg for/in other/ap Nazis/nps ,/, threatening/vbg to/to murder/vb village/nn schoolchildren/nns and/cc bragging/vbg that/cs he/pps was/bedz to/to be/be the/at next/ap Fuhrer/np ./.
Then/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to have/hv epileptic/jj fits/nns ./.
We/ppss found/vbd that/cs a/at charitable/jj society/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl had/hvd a/at long/jj case-history/nn of/in the/at two/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc they/ppss agreed/vbd to/to see/vb that/cs the/at tragic/jj pair/nn would/md not/* put/vb poison/nn in/in anybody/pn else's/rb$ soup/nn ./.


	To/in the/at Weston/np house/nn came/vbd once/rb William/np Allen/np Neilson/np ,/, the/at president/nn of/in Smith/np-tl College/nn-tl who/wps had/hvd been/ben one/cd of/in my/pp$ old/jj professors/nns and/cc who/wps still/rb called/vbd me/ppo ``/`` Boy/nn-tl ''/'' when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz sixty/cd ./.
It/pps reminded/vbd me/ppo of/in my/pp$ other/ap professor/nn ,/, Edward/np Kennard/np Rand/np ,/, of/in whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd been/ben so/ql fond/jj when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz at/in Harvard/np ,/, the/at great/jj mediaevalist/nn and/cc classical/jj scholar/nn who/wps had/hvd asked/vbn me/ppo to/to call/vb him/ppo ``/`` Ken/np ''/'' ,/, saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Age/nn counts/vbz for/in nothing/pn among/in those/dts who/wps have/hv learned/vbn to/to know/vb life/nn sub/fw-in specie/fw-nn aeternitatis/fw-nn$ ''/'' ./.
I/ppss had/hvd always/rb thought/vbn of/in that/dt lovable/jj man/nn as/cs many/ap years/nns older/jjr than/cs myself/ppl ,/, although/cs he/pps was/bedz perhaps/rb only/rb twenty/cd years/nns older/jjr ,/, and/cc he/pps confirmed/vbd my/pp$ feeling/nn ,/, along/rb with/in the/at feeling/nn of/in both/abx my/pp$ sons/nns ,/, that/cs teachers/nns of/in the/at classics/nns are/ber invariably/rb endearing/jj ./.
I/ppss must/md have/hv written/vbn to/to say/vb how/wql much/ap I/ppss had/hvd enjoyed/vbn his/pp$ fine/jj book/nn The/at-tl Building/nn-tl Of/in-tl Eternal/jj-tl Rome/np-tl ,/, and/cc I/ppss found/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* regretted/vbn giving/vbg me/ppo the/at highest/jjt mark/nn in/in his/pp$ old/jj course/nn on/in the/at later/jjr Latin/jj poets/nns ,/, although/cs in/in my/pp$ final/jj examination/nn I/ppss had/hvd ignored/vbn the/at questions/nns and/cc filled/vbn the/at bluebook/nn with/in a/at comparison/nn of/in Propertius/np and/cc Coleridge/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd written/vbn to/in me/ppo about/in a/at dinner/nn he/pps had/hvd had/hvn with/in the/at Benedictine/jj monks/nns at/in St./nn-tl Anselm's/np$-tl Priory/nn-tl in/in Washington/np ./.
There/ex had/hvd been/ben reading/vbg at/in table/nn ,/, especially/rb from/in two/cd books/nns ,/, Pope/nn-tl Gregory/np-tl The/at-tl Great's/jj$-tl account/nn of/in St./nn-tl Scholastica/np in/in his/pp$ Dialogues/nns-tl and/cc my/pp$ own/jj The/at-tl World/nn-tl Of/in-tl Washington/np-tl Irving/np-tl ./.
He/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Some/dti have/hv criticized/vbn your/pp$ book/nn as/cs being/beg neither/cc literary/jj criticism/nn nor/cc history/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn it/pps was/bedz not/* meant/vbn to/to be/be ./.
Some/dti have/hv felt/vbn that/cs Washington/np Irving/np comes/vbz out/rp rather/ql slimly/rb ,/, but/cc let/vb them/ppo look/vb at/in the/at title/nn of/in the/at book/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps felt/vbd as/cs I/ppss felt/vbd about/in this/dt best/jjt of/in all/abn my/pp$ books/nns ,/, that/cs it/pps was/bedz ``/`` really/ql tops/jjs ''/'' ./.


	Two/cd or/cc three/cd times/nns ,/, C./np C./np Burlingham/np came/vbd to/in lunch/nn with/in us/ppo in/in Weston/np ,/, that/dt wonderful/jj man/nn who/wps lived/vbd to/to be/be more/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd years/nns old/jj and/cc whose/wp$ birthplace/nn had/hvd been/ben my/pp$ Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl suburb/nn ./.
His/pp$ reading/nn ranged/vbd from/in Agatha/np Christie/np to/in The/at-tl Book/nn-tl Of/in-tl Job/np-tl and/cc he/pps had/hvd an/at insatiable/jj interest/nn in/in his/pp$ fellow-creatures/nns ,/, while/cs his/pp$ letters/nns were/bed full/jj of/in gossip/nn about/in new/jj politicians/nns and/cc old/jj men/nns of/in letters/nns with/in whom/wpo he/pps had/hvd been/ben intimately/rb thrown/vbn six/cd decades/nns before/rb ./.
I/ppss could/md never/rb forget/vb the/at gaiety/nn with/in which/wdt ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz both/abx blind/jj and/cc deaf/jj ,/, he/pps let/vbd me/ppo lead/vb him/ppo around/in his/pp$ rooms/nns to/to look/vb at/in some/dti of/in the/at pictures/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc once/rb when/wrb he/pps came/vbd to/to see/vb us/ppo in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl he/pps walked/vbd away/rb in/in a/at rainstorm/nn ,/, unwilling/jj to/to hear/vb of/in a/at taxi/nn or/cc even/rb an/at umbrella/nn ,/, although/cs he/pps was/bedz at/in the/at time/nn ninety/cd years/nns old/jj ./.
There/ex were/bed several/ap men/nns of/in ninety/cd or/cc more/ap whom/wpo I/ppss knew/vbd first/rb or/cc last/rb ,/, all/abn of/in whom/wpo were/bed still/rb productive/jj and/cc most/ap of/in whom/wpo knew/vbd one/cd another/dt as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd naturally/rb come/vbn together/rb at/in the/at apex/nn of/in their/pp$ lives/nns ./.
I/ppss never/rb met/vbd John/np Dewey/np ,/, whose/wp$ style/nn was/bedz a/at sort/nn of/in verbal/jj fog/nn and/cc who/wps had/hvd written/vbn asking/vbg me/ppo to/to go/vb to/in Mexico/np with/in him/ppo when/wrb he/pps was/bedz investigating/vbg the/at cause/nn of/in Trotsky/np ;/. ;/.
but/cc I/ppss liked/vbd to/to think/vb of/in him/ppo at/in ninety/cd swimming/vbg and/cc working/vbg at/in Key/nn-tl West/jj-tl long/rb after/cs Hemingway/np had/hvd moved/vbn to/in Cuba/np ./.
At/in Lee/np Simonson's/np$ house/nn ,/, I/ppss had/hvd dined/vbn with/in Edith/np Hamilton/np ,/, the/at nonogenarian/nn rationalist/nn and/cc the/at charming/jj scholar/nn who/wps had/hvd a/at great/jj popular/jj success/nn with/in The/at-tl Greek/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ./.
Then/rb there/ex was/bedz Mark/np Howe/np and/cc there/ex was/bedz Henry/np Dwight/np Sedgwick/np ,/, an/at accomplished/jj man/nn of/in letters/nns who/wps wrote/vbd in/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Montaigne/np and/cc produced/vbd in/in the/at end/nn a/at formidable/jj body/nn of/in work/nn ./.
I/ppss saw/vb Sedgwick/np often/rb before/in his/pp$ death/nn at/in ninety-five/cd ,/, --/-- he/pps had/hvd remarried/vbn at/in the/at age/nn of/in ninety/cd ,/, --/-- and/cc he/pps asked/vbd me/ppo ,/, when/wrb once/rb I/ppss returned/vbd from/in Rome/np ,/, if/cs I/ppss knew/vbd the/at Cavallinis/nps in/in the/at church/nn of/in St./nn-tl Cecilia/np in/in Trastevere/np ./.
I/ppss had/hvd to/to confess/vb that/cs I/ppss had/hvd missed/vbn these/dts frescoes/nns ,/, recently/rb discovered/vbn ,/, that/cs he/pps had/hvd studied/vbn in/in his/pp$ eighties/nns ./.
Sedgwick/np had/hvd chosen/vbn to/to follow/vb the/at philosophy/nn of/in Epicurus/np whom/wpo ,/, with/in his/pp$ followers/nns ,/, Dante/np put/vbd in/in hell/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc he/pps defended/vbd the/at doctrine/nn in/in The/at-tl Art/nn-tl Of/in-tl Happiness/nn-tl ,/, and/cc what/wdt indeed/rb could/md be/be said/vbn against/in the/at Epicurean/np virtues/nns ,/, health/nn ,/, frugality/nn ,/, privacy/nn ,/, culture/nn and/cc friendship/nn ?/. ?/.
Of/in Mark/np Antony/np De/np Wolfe/np Howe/np the/at philosopher/nn Whitehead/np said/vbd the/at Earth's/nn$-tl first/od visitors/nns to/in Mars/np should/md be/be persons/nns likely/jj to/to make/vb a/at good/jj impression/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn ,/, ``/`` Whom/wpo would/md you/ppo send/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/.
He/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ first/od choice/nn would/md be/be Mark/np Howe/np ''/'' ./.
This/dt friend/nn of/in many/ap years/nns came/vbd once/rb to/to visit/vb us/ppo in/in the/at house/nn at/in Weston/np ./.
Then/rb I/ppss spoke/vbd at/in the/at ninetieth/od birthday/nn party/nn of/in W./np E./np Burghardt/np Du/np Bois/np ,/, who/wps embarked/vbd on/in a/at fictional/jj trilogy/nn at/in eighty-nine/cd and/cc who/wps ,/, with/in The/at-tl Crisis/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd created/vbn a/at Negro/np intelligentsia/nn that/wps had/hvd never/rb existed/vbn in/in America/np before/in him/ppo ./.
As/cs their/pp$ interpreter/nn and/cc guide/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd broken/vbn with/in Tuskegee/np and/cc become/vbn a/at spokesman/nn of/in the/at coloured/vbn people/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./.


	Mr./np Burlingham/np ,/, --/-- ``/`` C.C.B./np ''/'' --/-- wrote/vbd to/in me/ppo once/rb about/in an/at old/jj friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ,/, S./np K./np Ratcliffe/np ,/, whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd first/rb met/vbn in/in London/np in/in 1914/cd and/cc who/wps also/rb came/vbd out/rp for/in a/at week-end/nn in/in Weston/np ./.
``/`` Did/dod you/ppss ever/rb know/vb a/at man/nn with/in greater/jjr zest/nn for/in information/nn ?/. ?/.
And/cc his/pp$ memory/nn ,/, like/cs an/at elephant's/nn$ ,/, stored/vbn with/in precise/jj knowledge/nn of/in men/nns and/cc things/nns and/cc happenings/nns ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ wife/nn ,/, Katie/np ,/, ``/`` as/ql gay/jj as/cs a/at lark/nn and/cc as/ql lively/jj as/cs a/at gazelle/nn ''/'' ,/, --/-- she/pps was/bedz then/rb seventy-six/cd ,/, --/-- had/hvd ``/`` a/at sense/nn of/in humour/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben denied/vbn S.K./np ,/, but/cc neither/dtx has/hvz any/dti aesthetic/jj perceptions/nns ./.
People/nns and/cc books/nns are/ber enough/ap for/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.
S.K./np was/bedz visiting/vbg C.C.B./np and/cc ,/, not/* waiting/vbg for/in breakfast/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz off/rp to/in the/at University/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps spent/vbd hours/nns writing/vbg obituaries/nns of/in living/vbg Americans/nps for/in The/at-tl Manchester/np-tl Guardian/nn-tl or/cc The/at-tl Glasgow/np-tl Herald/nn-tl ./.
Later/rbr ,/, rising/vbg ninety/cd ,/, he/pps was/bedz beset/vbn by/in publishers/nns for/in the/at story/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn and/cc miracles/nns ,/, as/cs he/pps put/vbd it/ppo ,/, but/cc ,/, calling/vbg himself/ppl the/at Needy/jj-tl Knife-grinder/nn-tl ,/, he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn his/pp$ time/nn writing/vbg short/jj articles/nns and/cc long/jj letters/nns and/cc could/md not/* get/vb even/rb a/at small/jj popular/jj book/nn done/vbn ./.
Then/rb ,/, all/abn but/in blind/jj ,/, he/pps said/vbd there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn in/in Back/rb-tl to/in-tl Methuselah/np-tl --/-- ,/, --/-- ``/`` G.B.S./np ought/md to/to have/hv known/vbn that/dt ''/'' ,/, --/-- and/cc ``/`` I/ppss look/vb at/in my/pp$ bookshelves/nns despairingly/rb ,/, knowing/vbg that/cs I/ppss can/md have/hv nothing/pn more/ap to/to do/do with/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.
However/rb ,/, at/in eighty-five/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd still/rb been/ben busy/jj writing/vbg articles/nns ,/, reviewing/vbg and/cc speaking/vbg ,/, and/cc I/ppss had/hvd never/rb before/rb known/vbn an/at Englishman/np who/wps had/hvd visited/vbn and/cc lectured/vbn in/in three/cd quarters/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Finally/rb ,/, colleges/nns and/cc clubs/nns took/vbd the/at line/nn that/cs speakers/nns from/in England/np were/bed not/* wanted/vbn any/ql longer/rbr ,/, even/rb speakers/nns like/cs S.K./np ,/, so/ql unlike/in the/at novelists/nns and/cc poets/nns who/wps had/hvd patronized/vbn the/at Americans/nps for/in many/ap years/nns ./.
With/in their/pp$ facile/jj generalizations/nns about/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, these/dts mediocrities/nns ,/, as/cs they/ppss often/rb were/bed ,/, had/hvd been/ben great/jj successes/nns ./.
While/cs S.K./np did/dod not/* like/vb Dylan/np Thomas/np ,/, I/ppss liked/vbd his/pp$ poems/nns very/ql much/rb ,/, but/cc I/ppss made/vbd the/at mistake/nn of/in telling/vbg Dylan/np Thomas/np so/rb ,/, whereupon/cs he/pps said/vbd to/in me/ppo ,/, ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb you/ppo think/vb you/ppss know/vb all/abn about/in me/ppo ''/'' ./.
I/ppss should/md have/hv replied/vbn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss probably/rb know/vb something/pn about/in the/at best/jjt part/nn of/in you/ppo ''/'' ./.
But/cc I/ppss only/rb thought/vbd of/in that/dt in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at night/nn ./.


	Many/ap years/nns later/rbr I/ppss went/vbd to/to see/vb S.K./np in/in England/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz living/vbg at/in Whiteleaf/np ,/, near/in Aylesbury/np ,/, and/cc he/pps showed/vbd me/ppo beside/in his/pp$ cottage/nn there/rb the/at remains/nns of/in the/at road/nn on/in which/wdt Boadicea/np is/bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv travelled/vbn ./.
He/pps was/bedz convinced/vbn that/cs George/np Orwell's/np$ 1984/cd-tl was/bedz nearly/ql all/ql wrong/jj as/cs it/pps applied/vbd to/in England/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz ``/`` driving/vbg forward/rb into/in uncharted/jj waters/nns ''/'' ,/, with/in the/at danger/nn of/in a/at new/jj tyranny/nn ahead/rb ./.
``/`` But/cc however/wrb we/ppss go/vb ,/, whatever/wdt our/pp$ doom/nn ,/, it/pps will/md not/* take/vb the/at Orwellian/jj shape/nn ''/'' ./.
With/in facts/nns mainly/rb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz often/rb acute/jj in/in the/at matter/nn of/in style/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` The/at young/jj who/wps have/hv as/cs yet/rb nothing/pn to/to say/vb will/md try/vb larks/nns with/in initial/jj letters/nns and/cc broken/vbn lines/nns ./.
But/cc put/vb them/ppo before/in a/at situation/nn which/wdt they/ppss are/ber forced/vbn to/to depict/vb ''/'' ,/, --/-- he/pps was/bedz speaking/vbg of/in the/at Spanish/jj civil/jj war/nn ,/, --/-- ``/`` and/cc they/ppss have/hv no/at hesitation/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss merely/rb do/do their/pp$ best/jjt to/to make/vb it/ppo real/jj for/in others/nns ''/'' ./.

He/pps looked/vbd at/in her/ppo as/cs she/pps spoke/vbd ,/, then/rb got/vbd up/rp as/cs she/pps was/bedz speaking/vbg still/rb ,/, and/cc ,/, simply/rb and/cc wordlessly/rb ,/, walked/vbd out/rp ./.
And/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at end/nn ./.
Or/cc nearly/rb ./.


	He/pps went/vbd to/in the/at Hotel/nn-tl Mayflower/np-tl and/cc telegraphed/vbd Mencken/np ./.
Would/md he/pps meet/vb him/ppo in/in Baltimore/np in/in Drawing/jj-tl Room/nn-tl A/np-tl ,/, Car/nn-tl Three/cd-tl on/in the/at train/nn leaving/vbg Washington/np at/in nine/cd o'clock/rb next/ap morning/nn ?/. ?/.
They/ppss would/md go/vb to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl together/rb ,/, where/wrb parties/nns would/md be/be piled/vbn on/in weariness/nn and/cc on/in misery/nn ./.
But/cc not/* for/in long/rb ./.
Both/abx Alfred/np Harcourt/np and/cc Donald/np Brace/np had/hvd written/vbn him/ppo enthusiastic/jj praise/nn of/in Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl (/( any/dti changes/nns could/md be/be made/vbn in/in proof/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz already/rb coming/vbg from/in the/at printer/nn )/) and/cc they/ppss had/hvd ordered/vbn 140,000/cd copies/nns --/-- the/at largest/jjt first/od printing/nn of/in any/dti book/nn in/in history/nn ./.
But/cc none/pn of/in this/dt could/md soothe/vb the/at exacerbated/vbn nerves/nns ./.
On/in New/jj-tl Year's/nn$-tl Eve/nn-tl ,/, Alfred/np Harcourt/np drove/vbd him/ppo up/in the/at Hudson/np to/in Bill/np Brown's/np$ Training/nn-tl Camp/nn-tl ,/, a/at well-known/jj establishment/nn for/in the/at speedy/jj if/cs temporary/jj rehabilitation/nn of/in drunkards/nns who/wps could/md no/ql longer/rbr help/vb themselves/ppls ./.
But/cc ,/, in/in departing/vbg ,/, Lewis/np begged/vbd Breasted/np that/cs there/ex be/be no/at liquor/nn in/in the/at apartment/nn at/in the/at Grosvenor/np on/in his/pp$ return/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps took/vbd with/in him/ppo the/at first/od thirty/cd galleys/nns of/in Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl ./.


	On/in January/np 4/cd ,/, with/in the/at boys/nns back/rb at/in school/nn and/cc college/nn ,/, Mrs./np Lewis/np wrote/vbd Harcourt/np to/to say/vb that/cs she/pps was/bedz ``/`` through/rp ,/, quite/ql through/rp ''/'' ./.
``/`` This/dt whole/jj Washington/np venture/nn was/bedz my/pp$ last/ap gesture/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps has/hvz failed/vbn ./.
Physically/rb as/ql well/rb as/cs mentally/rb I/ppss have/hv reached/vbn the/at limit/nn of/in my/pp$ endurance/nn ./.
My/pp$ last/ap gift/nn to/in him/ppo is/bez complete/jj silence/nn until/cs the/at book/nn is/bez out/rp and/cc the/at first/od heated/vbn discussion/nn dies/vbz down/rp ./.
For/cs him/ppo to/to divorce/vb God/np and/cc wife/nn simultaneously/rb would/md be/be bad/jj publicity/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem really/ql ill/jj at/in the/at present/jj moment/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss will/md go/vb to/in some/dti sort/nn of/in a/at sanitarium/nn to/to normalize/vb myself/ppl ''/'' ./.
And/cc she/pps withdrew/vbd then/rb to/in Cromwell/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, in/in Cromwell/np ,/, Connecticut/np ./.


	Harcourt/np replied/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss do/do really/rb hope/vb you/ppss can/md achieve/vb serenity/nn in/in the/at course/nn of/in time/nn ./.
Of/in course/nn I/ppss hope/vb Hal/np can/md also/rb ,/, but/cc those/dts hopes/nns are/ber much/ql more/ql faint/jj ''/'' ./.



8/cd 
on/in January/np 8/cd ,/, 1927/cd ,/, he/pps returned/vbd to/in the/at Grosvenor/np in/in high/jj spirits/nns ,/, and/cc looking/vbg fit/jj ./.
He/pps had/hvd been/ben ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd Mencken/np at/in once/rb ,/, ``/`` in/in the/at country/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at euphemism/nn for/in an/at experience/nn that/wps had/hvd not/* greatly/rb changed/vbn him/ppo ./.
Charles/np Breasted/np remembers/vbz that/cs ,/, before/cs unpacking/vbg his/pp$ bag/nn ,/, he/pps telephoned/vbd his/pp$ bootlegger/nn with/in a/at generous/jj order/nn ,/, and/cc almost/rb at/in once/rb ``/`` the/at familiar/jj procession/nn of/in people/nns began/vbd milling/vbg through/in our/pp$ living/vbg room/nn at/in any/dti hour/nn between/in two/cd P.M./rb and/cc three/cd A.M./rb ''/'' ./.
They/ppss were/bed strays/nns of/in every/at kind/nn --/-- university/nn students/nns and/cc journalists/nns ,/, Village/nn-tl hangers-on/nns and/cc barflies/nns ,/, taxi/nn drivers/nns and/cc editors/nns and/cc unknown/jj poets/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs friends/nns like/cs Elinor/np Wylie/np and/cc William/np Rose/np Benet/np ,/, the/at Van/np Dorens/nps and/cc Nathan/np ,/, Rebecca/np West/np and/cc Hugh/np Walpole/np and/cc Osbert/np Sitwell/np ,/, Laurence/np Stallings/np ,/, Lewis/np Browne/np ,/, William/np Seabrook/np ,/, Arthur/np Hopkins/np ,/, the/at Woodwards/nps ./.
When/wrb he/pps came/vbd home/nr from/in his/pp$ office/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at afternoon/nn ,/, Breasted/np never/rb knew/vbd what/wdt gathering/nn he/pps should/md expect/vb to/to find/vb ,/, but/cc there/ex almost/ql always/rb was/bedz one/cd ./.


	He/pps did/dod not/* neglect/vb his/pp$ wife/nn in/in Cromwell/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, but/cc telephoned/vbd her/ppo and/cc wrote/vbd her/ppo with/in assurances/nns of/in his/pp$ continuing/vbg interest/nn and/cc of/in his/pp$ wish/nn to/to ``/`` stand/vb behind/in ''/'' her/ppo in/in their/pp$ separation/nn and/cc of/in his/pp$ hope/nn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be no/at bitterness/nn between/in them/ppo ./.
She/pps was/bedz occupying/vbg herself/ppl in/in an/at attempt/nn to/to write/vb an/at article/nn about/in the/at variety/nn of/in houses/nns that/wpo they/ppss had/hvd rented/vbn abroad/rb ./.
He/pps was/bedz of/in unsettled/vbn mind/nn as/in to/in whether/cs he/pps should/md go/vb abroad/rb when/wrb the/at Gantry/np-tl galleys/nns were/bed finished/vbn ./.
For/in a/at time/nn ,/, urging/vbg Breasted/np to/to give/vb up/rp his/pp$ public/jj relations/nns work/nn and/cc take/vb up/rp writing/vbg instead/rb ,/, he/pps hoped/vbd to/to persuade/vb him/ppo to/to become/vb his/pp$ assistant/nn in/in research/nn for/in the/at labor/nn novel/nn ;/. ;/.
if/cs Breasted/np agreed/vbd ,/, they/ppss would/md get/vb a/at car/nn and/cc tour/vb the/at country/nn ,/, visiting/vbg every/at kind/nn of/in industrial/jj center/nn ./.
When/wrb Breasted/np insisted/vbd that/cs this/dt was/bedz impossible/jj for/in him/ppo ,/, Lewis/np decided/vbd to/to go/vb abroad/rb ./.


	He/pps telephoned/vbd L./np M./np Birkhead/np and/cc asked/vbd him/ppo and/cc his/pp$ wife/nn to/to come/vb to/in Europe/np as/cs his/pp$ guests/nns ,/, but/cc Birkhead/np declined/vbd on/in the/at grounds/nns that/cs one/cd of/in them/ppo must/md be/be in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl when/wrb Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl was/bedz published/vbn ./.
Lewis/np was/bedz spending/vbg his/pp$ mornings/nns ,/, with/in the/at help/nn of/in two/cd secretaries/nns ,/, on/in the/at galleys/nns of/in that/dt long/jj novel/nn ,/, making/vbg considerable/jj revisions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at combination/nn of/in hard/jj work/nn and/cc hard/jj frivolity/nn exhausted/vbd him/ppo once/rb more/rbr ,/, so/cs that/cs he/pps was/bedz compelled/vbn to/to spend/vb three/cd days/nns in/in the/at Harbor/nn-tl Sanatorium/nn-tl in/in the/at last/ap week/nn of/in January/np ./.
Before/cs he/pps made/vbd that/dt retreat/nn ,/, he/pps telephoned/vbd Earl/np Blackman/np in/in Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl and/cc asked/vbd him/ppo to/to come/vb to/in Europe/np with/in him/ppo ./.
Blackman/np was/bedz to/to be/be in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl by/in February/np 2/cd ,/, because/cs they/ppss were/bed sailing/vbg at/in 12:01/cd next/ap morning/nn ./.
Lewis/np told/vbd him/ppo what/wdt clothes/nns he/pps should/md bring/vb along/rb ,/, and/cc enjoined/vbd him/ppo not/* to/to buy/vb anything/pn that/wpo he/pps did/dod not/* already/rb own/vb ,/, they/ppss would/md do/do that/dt in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
Blackman/np arrived/vbd a/at day/nn or/cc two/cd early/rb ,/, and/cc Lewis/np took/vbd him/ppo to/in a/at department/nn store/nn immediately/rb and/cc outfitted/vbd him/ppo ,/, luggage/nn and/cc all/abn ,/, and/cc then/rb he/pps took/vbd him/ppo to/in a/at party/nn at/in the/at Woodwards/nps that/wps went/vbd on/rp until/in four/cd in/in the/at morning/nn ./.


	On/in the/at evening/nn that/wpo they/ppss were/bed to/to sail/vb ,/, Lewis/np himself/ppl gave/vbd a/at party/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz too/ql indisposed/vbn to/to appear/vb at/in it/ppo ./.
Woodward/np took/vbd occasion/nn to/to warn/vb Blackman/np about/in Lewis's/np$ drinking/nn and/cc urged/vbd him/ppo to/to ``/`` try/vb to/to keep/vb him/ppo sober/jj ''/'' ./.
After/in a/at dinner/nn party/nn for/in which/wdt she/pps had/hvd come/vbn down/rp to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Mrs./np Lewis/np and/cc Casanova/np arrived/vbd to/to see/vb them/ppo off/rp ,/, and/cc Elinor/np Wylie/np made/vbd tart/jj observations/nns that/wps indicated/vbd that/cs Lewis/np had/hvd been/ben less/ql discreet/jj than/cs he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn to/to be/be about/in the/at real/jj nature/nn of/in their/pp$ separation/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, Mrs./np Lewis/np was/bedz still/rb solicitous/jj of/in his/pp$ condition/nn :/: let/vb him/ppo do/do as/cs he/pps wished/vbd ,/, let/vb him/ppo sleep/vb with/in chambermaids/nns if/cs he/pps must/md ,/, but/cc ,/, she/pps begged/vbd Blackman/np ,/, try/vb to/to keep/vb him/ppo from/in drinking/vbg a/at great/jj deal/nn and/cc bring/vb him/ppo back/rb in/in good/jj health/nn ./.
As/cs they/ppss stood/vbd at/in the/at first-class/jj rail/nn ,/, waving/vbg down/rp to/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc Casanova/np below/rb ,/, Lewis/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Earl/np ,/, there/ex is/bez Gracie's/np$ future/jj husband/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc when/wrb questioned/vbn by/in ship's/nn$ reporters/nns about/in the/at separation/nn ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss adore/vb him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps adores/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Blackman/np had/hvd brought/vbn news/nn from/in Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.
Before/in his/pp$ departure/nn ,/, a/at group/nn of/in his/pp$ friends/nns ,/, the/at Reverend/np Stidger/np among/in them/ppo ,/, had/hvd given/vbn him/ppo a/at luncheon/nn ,/, and/cc Stidger/np had/hvd seen/vbn advance/nn sheets/nns of/in Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl ./.
He/pps was/bedz outraged/vbn by/in the/at book/nn and/cc announced/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd discovered/vbn fifty/cd technical/jj errors/nns in/in its/pp$ account/nn of/in church/nn practices/nns ./.
L./np M./np Birkhead/np challenged/vbd him/ppo to/to name/vb one/cd and/cc he/pps was/bedz silent/jj ./.
But/cc his/pp$ rancor/nn did/dod not/* cease/vb ,/, and/cc presently/rb ,/, on/in March/np 13/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps preached/vbd a/at sermon/nn on/in the/at text/nn ,/, ``/`` And/cc Ben-hadad/np Was/bedz Drunk/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps told/vbd his/pp$ congregation/nn how/wql disappointed/vbn he/pps was/bedz in/in Mr./np Lewis/np ,/, how/wrb he/pps regretted/vbd having/hvg had/hvn him/ppo in/in his/pp$ house/nn ,/, and/cc how/wrb he/pps should/md have/hv been/ben warned/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at novelist/nn was/bedz drunk/jj all/abn the/at time/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz working/vbg on/in the/at book/nn ./.
But/cc that/dt sermon/nn ,/, like/cs those/dts of/in hundreds/nns of/in other/ap ministers/nns ,/, was/bedz yet/rb to/to be/be delivered/vbn ./.


	In/in London/np Lewis/np took/vbd the/at usual/jj suite/nn in/in Bury/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./.
To/in the/at newspapers/nns he/pps talked/vbd about/in his/pp$ unquiet/jj life/nn ,/, about/in his/pp$ wish/nn to/to be/be a/at newspaperman/nn once/rb more/rbr ,/, about/in the/at prevalence/nn of/in American/jj slang/nn in/in British/jj speech/nn ,/, about/in the/at loquacity/nn of/in the/at English/nps and/cc the/at impossibility/nn of/in finding/vbg quiet/nn in/in a/at railway/nn carriage/nn ,/, about/in his/pp$ plans/nns to/to wander/vb for/in two/cd years/nns ``/`` unless/cs stopped/vbn and/cc made/vbn to/to write/vb another/dt book/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at Manchester/np-tl Guardian/nn-tl wondered/vbd how/wrb anyone/pn in/in a/at railway/nn carriage/nn would/md have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to talk/vb to/in Mr./np Lewis/np ,/, since/cs it/pps was/bedz well/rb known/vbn that/cs Mr./np Lewis/np always/rb did/dod all/abn of/in the/at talking/vbg ./.
His/pp$ English/jj friends/nns ,/, it/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd gone/vbn into/in training/vbg to/to keep/vb up/rp with/in him/ppo vocally/rb and/cc with/in his/pp$ ``/`` allegro/jj movements/nns around/in the/at luncheon/nn table/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl editorialist/nn wondered/vbd just/rb who/wps would/md stop/vb Mr./np Lewis/np and/cc make/vb him/ppo write/vb a/at book/nn ./.


	Lewis's/np$ remarks/nns about/in his/pp$ marriage/nn were/bed suggestive/jj enough/qlp to/to induce/vb American/jj reporters/nns to/to invade/vb the/at offices/nns of/in Harcourt/np-tl ,/, Brace/np-tl &/cc-tl Company/nn-tl for/in information/nn ,/, to/to pursue/vb Mrs./np Lewis/np to/in Cromwell/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, after/cs she/pps had/hvd returned/vbn to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, to/to ferret/vb her/ppo out/rp at/in the/at Stanhope/np on/in upper/jj Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl where/wrb she/pps had/hvd taken/vbn an/at apartment/nn ./.
There/rb ,/, to/in the/at Evening/nn-tl Post/nn-tl ,/, she/pps emphatically/rb denied/vbd the/at divorce/nn rumors/nns and/cc explained/vbd that/cs she/pps had/hvd stayed/vbn behind/rb because/rb of/in the/at schooling/nn of/in their/pp$ son/nn ,/, which/wdt henceforth/rb would/md be/be strictly/ql American/jj ./.
These/dts rumors/nns of/in permanent/jj separation/nn started/vbd up/rp a/at whole/jj crop/nn of/in stories/nns about/in her/ppo ./.
One/cd had/hvd it/ppo that/cs a/at friend/nn ,/, protesting/vbg her/pp$ snobbery/nn ,/, said/vbd ,/, ``/`` But/cc ,/, Gracie/np ,/, you/ppss are/ber an/at American/np ,/, aren't/ber* you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
And/cc she/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss was/bedz born/vbn in/in America/np ,/, but/cc I/ppss was/bedz conceived/vbn in/in Vienna/np ''/'' ./.
Lewis/np himself/ppl furthered/vbd these/dts tales/nns ./.
He/pps is/bez said/vbn to/to have/hv reported/vbn that/cs once/rb ,/, when/wrb she/pps went/vbd to/in a/at hospital/nn to/to call/vb on/in a/at friend/nn after/in a/at serious/jj operation/nn ,/, and/cc the/at friend/nn protested/vbd that/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` nothing/pn ''/'' ,/, she/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, it/pps was/bedz your/pp$ healthy/jj American/jj peasant/nn blood/nn that/wps pulled/vbd you/ppo through/rp ''/'' ./.
With/in these/dts and/cc similar/jj tales/nns he/pps was/bedz entertaining/vbg his/pp$ English/jj friends/nns ,/, all/abn of/in whom/wpo he/pps was/bedz seeing/vbg when/wrb he/pps was/bedz not/* showing/vbg Blackman/np the/at sights/nns of/in London/np and/cc its/pp$ environs/nns ./.


	At/in once/rb upon/in his/pp$ arrival/nn ,/, he/pps telephoned/vbd Lady/nn-tl Sybil/np Colefax/np who/wps invited/vbd them/ppo to/in tea/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb Lewis/np decided/vbd to/to give/vb a/at party/nn as/cs a/at quick/jj way/nn of/in rounding/vbg up/rp his/pp$ friends/nns ./.
He/pps invited/vbd Lady/nn-tl Sybil/np ,/, Lord/nn-tl Thomson/np ,/, Bechhofer/np Roberts/np ,/, and/cc a/at half/abn dozen/nn others/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at dinner/nn party/nn ,/, Lewis/np had/hvd been/ben drinking/vbg during/in the/at afternoon/nn ,/, and/cc long/rb before/cs the/at party/nn really/rb got/vbd under/in way/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz quite/ql drunk/jj ,/, with/in the/at result/nn that/cs the/at party/nn broke/vbd up/rp even/rb before/cs dinner/nn was/bedz over/rp ./.
Lewis/np ,/, at/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at table/nn ,/, would/md leap/vb up/rp and/cc move/vb around/rb behind/in the/at chairs/nns of/in his/pp$ guests/nns making/vbg remarks/nns that/cs ,/, when/wrb not/* highly/ql offensive/jj ,/, were/bed at/in least/ap highly/ql inappropriate/jj ,/, and/cc then/rb presently/rb he/pps collapsed/vbd and/cc was/bedz put/vbn to/in bed/nn ./.


	When/wrb Blackman/np emerged/vbd from/in the/at bedroom/nn ,/, everyone/pn was/bedz gone/vbn except/in the/at tolerant/jj Lord/nn-tl Thomson/np ,/, who/wps stayed/vbd and/cc chatted/vbd with/in him/ppo for/in half/abn an/at hour/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb Blackman/np lay/vbd awake/jj most/ap of/in that/dt night/nn ,/, despairing/vbg of/in what/wdt he/pps must/md expect/vb on/in the/at Continent/nn-tl ./.
Finally/rb ,/, at/in dawn/nn ,/, he/pps fell/vbd asleep/rb ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps awoke/vbd and/cc came/vbd into/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, he/pps found/vbd Lewis/np in/in his/pp$ pajamas/nns before/in the/at fire/nn ,/, smoking/vbg a/at cigarette/nn ./.
Blackman/np said/vbd that/cs he/pps wanted/vbd to/to apologize/vb for/in not/* having/hvg prevented/vbn Lewis/np from/in making/vbg that/dt horrible/jj spectacle/nn of/in himself/ppl ,/, that/cs he/pps should/md have/hv seized/vbn him/ppo by/in the/at neck/nn at/in once/rb and/cc forcibly/rb hauled/vbn him/ppo into/in his/pp$ bedroom/nn ./.
Lewis/np warned/vbd him/ppo never/rb to/to lay/vb a/at hand/nn on/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc then/jj Blackman/np asked/vbd for/in his/pp$ fare/nn back/rb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Lewis/np looked/vbd at/in him/ppo and/cc began/vbd to/to cry/vb ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, saying/vbg that/cs he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to make/vb a/at promise/nn ,/, he/pps asked/vbd Blackman/np to/to call/vb the/at porter/nn and/cc to/to tell/vb him/ppo to/to take/vb out/rp all/abn the/at liquor/nn that/wpo he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb ./.
``/`` And/cc from/in now/rb on/rp ,/, for/in the/at rest/nn of/in this/dt trip/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md only/rb drink/vb what/wdt you/ppss agree/vb that/wpo I/ppss should/md drink/vb ''/'' ./.
Blackman/np called/vbd the/at porter/nn and/cc had/hvd him/ppo remove/vb everything/pn but/in one/cd bottle/nn of/in brandy/nn ,/, and/cc after/in that/cs they/ppss would/md have/hv a/at cocktail/nn or/cc two/cd before/in dinner/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, on/in one/cd of/in their/pp$ walking/vbg trips/nns ,/, beer/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, in/in France/np and/cc Italy/np ,/, wine/nn in/in moderation/nn ./.


	Lewis/np gave/vbd him/ppo a/at guidebook/nn tour/nn of/in London/np and/cc ,/, motoring/vbg and/cc walking/vbg ,/, took/vbd him/ppo to/in Stratford/np ,/, but/cc the/at London/np stay/nn was/bedz for/in only/rb ten/cd days/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at twentieth/od they/ppss took/vbd the/at train/nn for/in Southampton/np ,/, where/wrb they/ppss spent/vbd the/at night/nn for/in an/at early/jj morning/nn Channel/nn-tl crossing/nn ./.
Near/in Southampton/np ,/, in/in a/at considerable/jj establishment/nn ,/, lived/vbd Homer/np Vachell/np ,/, a/at well-known/jj pulp/nn writer/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ,/, Horace/np --/-- both/abx friends/nns of/in Lewis's/np$ ./.
He/pps suggested/vbd that/cs they/ppss call/vb on/in these/dts brothers/nns ,/, who/wps received/vbd them/ppo pleasantly/rb ./.
Then/rb they/ppss returned/vbd to/in their/pp$ hotel/nn and/cc got/vbd ready/jj for/in bed/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz late/jj ,/, and/cc Blackman/np was/bedz ready/jj to/to go/vb to/in sleep/nn ,/, but/cc Lewis/np was/bedz not/* ./.
He/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` We/ppss had/hvd a/at good/jj time/nn tonight/nr ,/, didn't/dod* we/ppss ,/, Earl/np ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Earl/np agreed/vbd ,/, and/cc Lewis/np said/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md have/hv been/ben very/ql different/jj if/cs his/pp$ wife/nn had/hvd been/ben with/in him/ppo ./.
Then/rb he/pps kept/vbd Blackman/np awake/jj for/in more/ap than/in an/at hour/nn while/cs he/pps did/dod an/at imaginary/jj dialogue/nn between/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc himself/ppl in/in which/wdt ,/, discussing/vbg the/at evening/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz continually/rb berated/vbn ./.
He/pps began/vbd the/at dialogue/nn by/in having/hvg his/pp$ wife/nn announce/vb that/cs one/pn does/doz not/* invade/vb people's/nns$ homes/nns without/in warning/vbg them/ppo that/cs one/pn is/bez coming/vbg ,/, and/cc went/vbd on/rp from/in that/dt with/in the/at entire/jj catalogue/nn of/in his/pp$ social/jj gaucheries/nns ./.

From/in 1613/cd on/rp ,/, if/cs the/at lists/nns exist/vb ,/, they/ppss contain/vb between/in twenty/cd to/in thirty/cd names/nns ./.
As/cs the/at total/nn number/nn of/in incepting/vbg bachelors/nns in/in 1629/cd was/bedz ,/, according/in to/in Masson/np (/( Life/nn-tl ,/, 1:218/cd )/) and/cc n/nn ,/, two/cd hundred/cd fifty-nine/cd ,/, the/at twenty-four/cd names/nns listed/vbn in/in the/at ordo/fw-nn senioritatis/fw-nn$ for/in that/dt year/nn constitute/vb slightly/rb less/ap than/in one/cd tenth/od of/in the/at total/nn number/nn of/in bachelors/nns who/wps then/rb incepted/vbd ./.
There/ex were/bed four/cd from/in St./nn-tl John's/np$-tl and/cc four/cd from/in Christ's/np$-tl ,/, three/cd from/in Pembroke/np ,/, and/cc two/cd from/in each/dt of/in the/at colleges/nns ,/, Jesus/np ,/, Peterhouse/np ,/, Queens'/nns$-tl ,/, and/cc Trinity/np ,/, with/in Caius/np ,/, Clare/np ,/, King's/nn$-tl ,/, Magdalene/np ,/, and/cc Sidney/np supplying/vbg one/cd each/dt in/in the/at ordo/fw-nn senioritatis/fw-nn$ ./.
The/at list/nn was/bedz headed/vbn by/in (/( Henry/np )/) Hutton/np of/in St./nn-tl John's/np$-tl who/wps was/bedz matriculated/vbn from/in St./nn-tl John's/np$-tl at/in Easter/np ,/, 1625/cd ./.
He/pps became/vbd a/at fellow/nn of/in Jesus/np in/in 1629/cd ,/, proceeded/vbd M.A./np from/in Jesus/np in/in 1632/cd ,/, and/cc was/bedz proctor/nn in/in 1639-40/cd ./.
The/at second/od name/nn was/bedz (/( Edward/np )/) Kempe/np ,/, matriculated/vbn from/in Queens'/nns$-tl College/nn-tl at/in Easter/np ,/, 1625/cd ./.
He/pps proceeded/vbd M.A./np in/in 1632/cd ,/, and/cc B.D./np in/in 1639/cd ,/, being/beg made/vbn fellow/nn in/in 1632/cd ./.
He/pps was/bedz ordained/vbn deacon/nn 16/cd June/np and/cc priest/nn 22/cd December/np 1633/cd ./.
The/at third/od name/nn was/bedz (/( John/np )/) Ravencroft/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz admitted/vbn to/in the/at Inner/jj-tl Temple/nn-tl in/in November/np 1631/cd ./.
The/at fourth/od name/nn was/bedz (/( John/np )/) Milton/np of/in Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl ,/, followed/vbn by/in (/( Richard/np )/) Manningham/np of/in Peterhouse/np ,/, who/wps matriculated/vbd 16/cd October/np 1624/cd ./.
Venn/np gave/vbd his/pp$ B.A./np as/cs 1624/cd ,/, a/at mistake/nn for/in 1629/cd ./.
Manningham/np also/rb proceeded/vbd M.A./np in/in 1632/cd and/cc became/vbd a/at fellow/nn of/in his/pp$ college/nn in/in that/dt year/nn ./.
(/( John/np )/) Boutflower/np of/in Christ's/np$-tl was/bedz twelfth/od in/in the/at list/nn ,/, coming/vbg from/in Perse/np-tl School/nn-tl under/in Mr./np Lovering/np as/cs pensioner/nn 20/cd April/np 1625/cd under/in Mr./np Alsop/np ./.
The/at fourteenth/od name/nn was/bedz (/( Richard/np )/) Buckenham/np ,/, written/vbn Buckman/np-nc ,/, admitted/vbn to/in Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl under/in Scott/np 2/cd July/np 1625/cd ./.
The/at fifteenth/od name/nn was/bedz (/( Thomas/np )/) Baldwin/np ,/, admitted/vbn to/in Christ's/np$-tl 4/cd March/np 1625/cd under/in Alsop/np ./.
Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl was/bedz well/rb represented/vbn that/dt year/nn in/in the/at ordo/fw-nn ,/, and/cc the/at name/nn highest/rbt on/in the/at list/nn from/in that/dt college/nn was/bedz Milton's/np$ ,/, fourth/od in/in the/at entire/jj university/nn ./.
Small/jj wonder/nn that/cs Milton/np later/rbr boasted/vbd of/in how/wql well/rb his/pp$ work/nn had/hvd been/ben received/vbn there/rb ,/, since/cs he/pps attained/vbd a/at rank/nn in/in the/at order/nn of/in commencing/vbg bachelors/nns higher/jjr than/cs that/dt of/in any/dti other/ap inceptor/nn from/in Christ's/np$-tl of/in that/dt year/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez not/* possible/jj to/to reconstruct/vb fully/rb the/at arrangements/nns whereby/wrb these/dts honors/nns lists/nns were/bed then/rb made/vbn up/rp or/cc even/rb how/wrb the/at names/nns that/wpo they/ppss contained/vbd assumed/vbd the/at order/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss find/vb them/ppo ./.
The/at process/nn usually/rb began/vbd with/in a/at tutor/nn boasting/vbg about/in a/at boy/nn ,/, as/cs Chappell/np had/hvd boasted/vbn about/in Lightfoot/np ,/, to/in the/at higher/jjr officers/nns of/in the/at college/nn and/cc university/nn ./.
Then/rb the/at various/jj officers/nns of/in the/at college/nn might/md take/vb up/rp the/at case/nn ./.
It/pps would/md ,/, however/rb ,/, reach/vb the/at proctors/nns and/cc other/ap officers/nns in/in charge/nn of/in the/at public-school/nn performances/nns of/in the/at incepting/vbg bachelors/nns ,/, and/cc the/at place/nn that/wpo any/dti individual/nn obtained/vbd in/in the/at lists/nns depended/vbd greatly/rb on/in how/wrb he/pps comported/vbd himself/ppl in/in the/at public/jj schools/nns during/in his/pp$ acts/nns therein/rb as/cs he/pps was/bedz incepting/vbg ./.
Of/in course/nn the/at higher/jjr officials/nns could/md add/vb or/cc place/vb a/at name/nn on/in the/at list/nn wherever/wrb they/ppss wished/vbd ./.
Milton's/np$ name/nn being/beg fourth/od is/bez neither/cc too/ql high/rb nor/cc too/ql low/rb to/to be/be assigned/vbn to/in the/at arbitrary/jj action/nn of/in vice-chancellor/nn ,/, proctor/nn ,/, master/nn ,/, or/cc other/ap mighty/jj hand/nn ./.
He/pps evidently/rb earned/vbd the/at place/nn assigned/vbn him/ppo ./.



Recapitulation/nn of/in Milton's/np$ undergraduate/jj career/nn 
Looking/vbg back/rb from/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1629/cd over/in the/at four/cd years/nns of/in Milton's/np$ undergraduate/jj days/nns ,/, certain/jj phases/nns of/in his/pp$ college/nn career/nn stand/vb out/rp as/cs of/in permanent/jj consequence/nn to/in him/ppo and/cc hence/rb to/in us/ppo ./.
Of/in course/nn the/at principal/jjs factor/nn in/in the/at whole/jj experience/nn was/bedz the/at kind/nn of/in education/nn he/pps received/vbd ./.
It/pps differed/vbd from/in what/wdt an/at undergraduate/nn receives/vbz today/nr from/in any/dti American/jj college/nn or/cc university/nn mainly/rb in/in the/at certainty/nn of/in what/wdt he/pps was/bedz forced/vbn to/to learn/vb compared/vbn with/in the/at loose/jj and/cc widely/rb scattered/vbn information/nn obtained/vbn today/nr by/in most/ap of/in our/pp$ undergraduates/nns ./.
Milton/np was/bedz required/vbn to/to absorb/vb and/cc display/vb an/at intensive/jj and/cc accurate/jj knowledge/nn of/in Latin/jj grammar/nn ,/, logic-rhetoric/nn ,/, ethics/nn ,/, physics/nn or/cc natural/jj philosophy/nn ,/, metaphysics/nn ,/, and/cc Latin/np ,/, Greek/np ,/, and/cc Hebrew/np ./.
He/pps had/hvd also/rb sampled/vbn various/jj special/jj fields/nns of/in learning/vbg ,/, being/beg unable/jj to/to miss/vb some/dti study/nn of/in divinity/nn ,/, Justinian/np (/( law/nn )/) ,/, and/cc Galen/np (/( medicine/nn )/) ./.
Above/in all/abn ,/, he/pps had/hvd learned/vbn to/to write/vb formal/jj Latin/jj prose/nn and/cc verse/nn to/in a/at remarkable/jj degree/nn of/in artistry/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd learned/vbn to/to dispute/vb devastatingly/rb ,/, both/abx formally/rb and/cc informally/rb in/in Latin/np ,/, and/cc according/in to/in the/at rules/nns on/in any/dti topic/nn ,/, pro/jj or/cc con/jj ,/, drawn/vbn from/in almost/rb any/dti subject/nn ,/, more/ql especially/rb from/in Aristotle's/np$ works/nns ./.
He/pps could/md produce/vb carefully/rb constructed/vbn orations/nns ,/, set/vbn and/cc formal/jj speeches/nns ,/, artfully/rb and/cc prayerfully/rb made/vbn by/in writing/vbg and/cc rewriting/vbg with/in all/abn the/at aid/nn his/pp$ tutor/nn and/cc others/nns could/md provide/vb ,/, and/cc then/rb delivered/vbn verbatim/rb from/in memory/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd also/rb learned/vbn to/to dispute/vb extempore/rb remarkably/ql well/rb ,/, the/at main/jjs evidence/nn for/in which/wdt of/in course/nn is/bez the/at presence/nn of/in his/pp$ name/nn in/in the/at honors/nns list/nn of/in 1628/29/cd ./.
He/pps also/rb displayed/vbd the/at ability/nn to/to write/vb Latin/jj verse/nn on/in almost/rb any/dti topic/nn of/in dispute/nn ,/, the/at verses/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to be/be delivered/vbn from/in memory/nn ./.
Then/rb we/ppss have/hv surviving/vbg at/in least/ap one/cd instance/nn of/in a/at poem/nn prepared/vbn for/in another/dt ,/, in/in Naturam/fw-nn-tl non/fw-*-tl Pati/fw-vb-tl Senium/fw-nn-tl ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb also/rb the/at De/fw-in-tl Idea/fw-nn-tl Platonica/fw-jj-tl ./.
But/cc his/pp$ greatest/jjt achievement/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ own/jj eyes/nns and/cc in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns and/cc teachers/nns ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ amazing/jj ability/nn to/to produce/vb literary/jj Latin/jj pieces/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz often/rb called/vbn on/in to/to do/do so/rb ./.
These/dts were/bed his/pp$ public/jj academic/jj activities/nns ,/, domi/fw-rb forisque/fw-rb+cc ,/, in/in the/at college/nn and/cc in/in the/at university/nn ./.
And/cc his/pp$ performances/nns attracted/vbd much/ap attention/nn ,/, as/cs the/at frequency/nn of/in his/pp$ surviving/vbg pieces/nns in/in any/dti calendar/nn that/wps may/md be/be set/vbn up/rp for/in his/pp$ undergraduate/jj activities/nns testifies/vbz ./.


	His/pp$ other/ap activities/nns are/ber not/* so/ql easily/rb recovered/vbn ./.
His/pp$ statements/nns about/in sports/nns and/cc exercises/nns of/in a/at physical/jj nature/nn are/ber suggestive/jj ,/, but/cc inconclusive/jj ./.
His/pp$ later/jjr boastings/nns of/in his/pp$ skill/nn with/in the/at small/jj sword/nn are/ber indicative/jj of/in much/ap time/nn and/cc practice/nn devoted/vbn to/in the/at use/nn of/in that/dt weapon/nn ./.
Venn/np and/cc others/nns have/hv dealt/vbn with/in sports/nns and/cc pastimes/nns at/in Cambridge/np in/in Milton's/np$ day/nn with/in not/* very/ql specific/jj results/nns ./.
Milton/np himself/ppl ,/, uncommunicative/jj as/cs he/pps is/bez about/in his/pp$ lesser/jjr and/cc nonliterary/jj activities/nns ,/, at/in least/ap gives/vbz us/ppo some/dti evidence/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at great/jj walker/nn ,/, under/in any/dti and/cc all/abn conditions/nns ./.
His/pp$ early/jj poems/nns and/cc some/dti of/in his/pp$ prose/nn prolusions/nns speak/vb of/in wanderings/nns in/in the/at city/nn and/cc the/at neighboring/vbg country/nn that/wps may/md be/be extended/vbn to/in Cambridge/np and/cc its/pp$ surrounding/vbg countryside/nn ./.
The/at town/nn itself/ppl and/cc the/at ``/`` reedy/jj Cam/np ''/'' he/pps often/rb visited/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod all/abn in/in the/at university/nn ./.
The/at churches/nns ,/, the/at taverns/nns ,/, and/cc the/at various/jj other/ap places/nns of/in the/at town/nn must/md have/hv known/vbn his/pp$ figure/nn well/rb as/cs he/pps roved/vbd to/in and/cc about/in them/ppo ./.
The/at tiny/jj hamlet/nn of/in Chesterton/np to/in the/at north/nr ,/, with/in the/at fens/nns and/cc marshes/nns lying/vbg on/rp down/in the/at Ouse/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, may/md have/hv attracted/vbn him/ppo often/rb ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod many/ap other/ap youths/nns of/in the/at time/nn ./.
The/at Gog/np-tl Magog/np-tl Hills/nns-tl to/in the/at southeast/nr afforded/vbd him/ppo and/cc all/abn other/ap students/nns a/at vantage/nn point/nn from/in which/wdt to/to view/vb the/at town/nn and/cc university/nn of/in their/pp$ dwelling/nn ./.
The/at country/nn about/in Cambridge/np is/bez flat/jj and/cc not/* particularly/ql spectacular/jj in/in its/pp$ scenery/nn ,/, though/cs it/pps offers/vbz easy/jj going/vbg to/in the/at foot/nn traveler/nn ./.
Ball/nn games/nns ,/, especially/rb football/nn ,/, required/vbd some/dti attention/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap organized/vbn sports/nns may/md have/hv attracted/vbn him/ppo as/cs participant/nn or/cc spectator/nn ./.
He/pps smoked/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod everybody/pn ,/, and/cc imbibed/vbd the/at various/jj alcoholic/jj beverages/nns of/in that/dt day/nn ,/, although/cs his/pp$ protestations/nns while/cs at/in Cambridge/np and/cc after/rb that/cs he/pps was/bedz no/at drunkard/nn point/vb to/in reasonable/jj abstinence/nn from/in the/at wild/jj drinking/vbg bouts/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at undergraduates/nns and/cc ,/, we/ppss must/md add/vb ,/, of/in some/dti of/in their/pp$ elders/nns including/in many/ap of/in the/at regents/nns or/cc teachers/nns ./.


	What/wdt manner/nn of/in person/nn does/doz Milton/np appear/vb to/to have/hv been/ben when/wrb as/cs an/at undergraduate/nn he/pps resided/vbd at/in Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl ?/. ?/.
He/pps was/bedz then/rb a/at slightly/rb built/vbn young/jj man/nn of/in pleasing/jj appearance/nn ,/, medium/jj stature/nn ,/, and/cc handsome/jj face/nn ./.
Graceful/jj as/cs his/pp$ fencing/vbg and/cc dancing/vbg lessons/nns had/hvd taught/vbn him/ppo to/to be/be in/in addition/nn to/in the/at natural/jj grace/nn of/in his/pp$ slight/jj ,/, wiry/jj frame/nn ,/, he/pps cut/vbd enough/ap of/in a/at figure/nn to/to have/hv evoked/vbn a/at nickname/nn in/in the/at college/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps himself/ppl referred/vbd in/in Prolusion/nn-tl 6/cd-tl :/. :/.
A/fw-in quibusdam/fw-wpo ,/, ,/, audivi/fw-vbd nuper/fw-rb Domina/fw-nn-tl ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, if/cs we/ppss can/md trust/vb that/dt most/ql specious/jj of/in prolusions/nns ,/, packed/vbn as/cs it/pps is/bez with/in wit/nn and/cc persiflage/nn ./.
The/at Domina/fw-nn-tl-nc sounds/vbz real/jj enough/qlp ,/, if/cs we/ppss could/md only/rb trust/vb the/at conditions/nns under/in which/wdt we/ppss learn/vb of/in its/pp$ use/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc anyone/pn who/wps would/md put/vb much/ap trust/nn in/in any/dti phase/nn of/in Prolusion/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ,/, except/in its/pp$ illusive/jj allusiveness/nn deserves/vbz whatever/wdt fate/nn may/md be/be meted/vbn out/rp to/in him/ppo by/in virtue/nn of/in the/at egregiously/ql stilted/jj banter/nn ./.
In/in short/jj ,/, the/at traditional/jj epithet/nn for/in Milton/np of/in '/' Lady/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ's/np$-tl '/' ,/, while/cs eminently/ql fitting/jj ,/, rests/vbz only/rb on/in this/dt baffling/jj passage/nn in/in the/at midst/nn of/in the/at most/ql treacherous/jj piece/nn of/in writing/vbg Milton/np left/vbd us/ppo ./.
Aubrey's/np$ mention/nn of/in it/ppo (/( 2:67/cd ,/, and/cc Bodleian/np-tl MS/np-tl Aubr./np-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, F./np 63/cd )/) comes/vbz from/in this/dt prolusion/nn ,/, through/in Christopher/np Milton/np or/cc Edward/np Phillips/np ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* a/at question/nn of/in truth/nn or/cc falsity/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at prolusion/nn in/in which/wdt the/at autobiographic/jj statement/nn about/in the/at epithet/nn occurs/vbz is/bez such/abl a/at mass/nn of/in intentionally/rb buried/vbn allusions/nns that/cs almost/rb nothing/pn in/in it/pps can/md be/be accepted/vbn as/cs true/jj --/-- or/cc discarded/vbn as/cs false/jj ./.
The/at entire/jj exercise/nn ,/, Latin/np and/cc English/np ,/, is/bez most/ql suggestive/jj of/in the/at kind/nn of/in person/nn Milton/np had/hvd become/vbn at/in Christ's/np$-tl during/in his/pp$ undergraduate/jj career/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at mere/jj fact/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz selected/vbn ,/, though/cs as/cs a/at substitute/nn ,/, to/to act/vb as/cs interlocutor/nn or/cc moderator/nn for/in it/ppo ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb we/ppss should/md say/vb with/in Buck/np as/cs '/' father/nn of/in the/at act/nn '/' ,/, is/bez in/in itself/ppl a/at difficult/jj phase/nn of/in his/pp$ development/nn to/to grasp/vb ./.
Milton/np was/bedz to/to act/vb as/cs the/at archfool/nn ,/, the/at supreme/jj wit/nn ,/, the/at lightly/rb bantering/vbg pater/fw-nn ,/, Pater/fw-nn-tl Liber/fw-jj-tl ,/, who/wps could/md at/in once/rb trip/vb lightly/rb over/in that/dt which/wdt deserved/vbd such/jj treatment/nn ,/, or/cc could/md at/in will/nn annihilate/vb the/at common/jj enemies/nns of/in the/at college/nn gathering/nn ,/, and/cc with/in words/nns alone/rb ./.
From/in an/at exercise/nn involving/vbg merely/rb raucous/jj ,/, rough-and-tumble/jj comedy/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ hands/nns the/at performance/nn turned/vbd into/in a/at revel/nn of/in wit/nn and/cc word/nn play/nn ,/, indecent/jj at/in times/nns ,/, but/cc always/rb learned/jj ,/, pointed/jj ,/, and/cc carefully/rb aimed/vbn at/in some/dti individuals/nns present/rb ,/, and/cc at/in the/at whole/jj assembly/nn ./.
To/to do/do this/dt successfully/rb required/vbd great/jj skill/nn and/cc a/at special/jj talent/nn for/in both/abx solemn/jj and/cc ribald/jj raillery/nn ,/, a/at talent/nn not/* bestowed/vbn on/in many/ap persons/nns ,/, but/cc one/cd with/in which/wdt Milton/np was/bedz marked/vbn as/cs being/beg endowed/vbn and/cc in/in which/wdt ,/, at/in least/ap in/in this/dt performance/nn ,/, he/pps obviously/rb reveled/vbd ./.
It/pps may/md be/be thought/vbn unfortunate/jj that/cs he/pps was/bedz called/vbn on/in entirely/rb by/in accident/nn to/to perform/vb ,/, if/cs again/rb we/ppss may/md trust/vb the/at opening/nn of/in the/at oratio/fw-nn ,/, for/cs it/pps marks/vbz the/at beginning/nn for/in us/ppo of/in his/pp$ use/nn of/in his/pp$ peculiar/jj form/nn of/in witty/jj word/nn play/nn that/wps even/rb in/in this/dt Latin/jj banter/nn has/hvz in/in it/ppo the/at unmistakable/jj element/nn of/in viciousness/nn and/cc an/at almost/ql sadistic/jj delight/nn in/in verbally/rb tormenting/vbg an/at adversary/nn ./.
But/cc the/at real/jj beginnings/nns of/in this/dt development/nn in/in him/ppo go/vb back/rb to/in the/at opposing/vbg of/in grammar/nn school/nn ,/, and/cc probably/rb if/cs it/pps had/hvd not/* been/ben this/dt occasion/nn and/cc these/dts Latin/jj lines/nns it/pps would/md have/hv been/ben some/dti others/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at first/od prolusion/nn ,/, that/wps set/vbd off/rp this/dt streak/nn in/in him/ppo of/in unbridled/vbn and/cc scathing/vbg verbal/jj attack/nn on/in an/at enemy/nn ./.
All/abn western/jj Europe/np would/md hear/vb and/cc listen/vb to/in him/ppo in/in this/dt same/ap vein/nn about/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at century/nn ./.


	But/cc these/dts prolusions/nns that/wpo we/ppss have/hv surviving/vbg from/in the/at Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl days/nns are/ber only/rb one/cd phase/nn of/in his/pp$ existence/nn then/rb ./.
Perhaps/rb his/pp$ most/ql important/jj private/jj activity/nn was/bedz the/at combination/nn of/in reading/vbg ,/, discussion/nn with/in a/at few/ap --/-- if/cs we/ppss can/md trust/vb his/pp$ writings/nns to/in Diodati/np and/cc the/at younger/jjr Gill/np ,/, very/ql few/ap --/-- congenial/jj companions/nns ./.
Lines/nns 23-36/cd of/in Lycidas/np later/rbr point/vb to/in a/at friendship/nn with/in Edward/np King/np ,/, who/wps entered/vbd Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl 9/cd June/np 1626/cd ./.
No/at other/ap names/nns among/in the/at young/jj men/nns in/in residence/nn at/in the/at time/nn seem/vb to/to have/hv been/ben even/rb suggested/vbn by/in Milton/np as/cs those/dts of/in persons/nns with/in whom/wpo he/pps in/in any/dti way/nn consorted/vbd ./.
But/cc that/dt scarcely/rb means/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz the/at aloof/jj ,/, forbidding/vbg type/nn of/in student/nn who/wps shared/vbd few/ap if/cs any/dti activities/nns with/in his/pp$ fellows/nns ,/, the/at banter/nn of/in the/at surviving/vbg prolusions/nns providing/vbg enough/ap evidence/nn to/to deny/vb this/dt ./.
Apparently/rb he/pps was/bedz not/* a/at participant/nn in/in the/at college/nn or/cc university/nn theatricals/nns ,/, which/wdt he/pps once/rb attacked/vbd as/cs utterly/ql unworthy/jj performances/nns (/( see/vb Apology/nn-tl ,/, 3:300/cd )/) ;/. ;/.
but/cc even/rb in/in that/dt famous/jj passage/nn ,/, Milton/np was/bedz aiming/vbg not/* at/in the/at theatricals/nns as/cs such/jj but/cc at/in their/pp$ performance/nn by/in '/' persons/nns either/cc enter'd/vbn ,/, or/cc presently/rb to/to enter/vb into/in the/at ministry/nn ./.
The/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps nowhere/rb mentioned/vbd theatrical/jj performances/nns as/cs part/nn of/in the/at activities/nns of/in the/at boys/nns later/rbr in/in his/pp$ hypothetical/jj academy/nn (/( 1644/cd )/) should/md not/* be/be taken/vbn too/ql seriously/rb as/cs evidence/nn that/cs he/pps desired/vbd them/ppo to/to eschew/vb such/jj performances/nns ./.
Perhaps/rb ,/, in/in that/dt short/jj piece/nn or/cc letter/nn written/vbn to/in Hartlib/np in/in which/wdt he/pps sketched/vbd his/pp$ scheme/nn for/in educating/vbg young/jj men/nns ,/, he/pps merely/rb overlooked/vbd that/dt phase/nn of/in their/pp$ exercises/nns ./.

Writers/nns of/in this/dt class/nn of/in science/nn fiction/nn have/hv clearly/rb in/in mind/nn the/at assumptions/nns that/cs man/nn can/md master/vb the/at principles/nns of/in this/dt cause-and-effect/jj universe/nn and/cc that/cs such/jj mastery/nn will/md necessarily/rb better/vb the/at human/jj lot/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at bright/jj vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn has/hvz been/ben directly/rb stated/vbn in/in science/nn fiction/nn concerned/vbn with/in projecting/vbg ideal/jj societies/nns --/-- science/nn fiction/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez related/vbn ,/, if/cs sometimes/rb distantly/rb ,/, to/in that/dt utopian/jj literature/nn optimistic/jj about/in science/nn ,/, literature/nn whose/wp$ period/nn of/in greatest/jjt vigor/nn in/in the/at late/jj nineteenth/od and/cc early/jj twentieth/od centuries/nns produced/vbd Edward/np Bellamy's/np$ Looking/vbg-tl Backward/rb-tl and/cc H./np G./np Wells's/np$ A/at-tl Modern/jj-tl Utopia/np-tl ./.
In/in Arthur/np Clarke's/np$ Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, though/cs written/vbn after/cs the/at present/jj flood/nn of/in dystopias/nns began/vbd ,/, we/ppss can/md see/vb the/at bright/jj vision/nn of/in science/nn fiction/nn clearly/rb defined/vbn ./.


	Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl --/-- apparently/rb indebted/jj to/in Kurd/np Lasswitz's/np$ Utopian/jj-tl romance/nn ,/, Auf/fw-in-tl Zwei/fw-cd-tl Planeten/fw-nns-tl (/( 1897/cd )/) ,/, and/cc also/rb to/in Wells's/np$ Histories/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Future/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb ,/, The/at-tl World/nn-tl Set/vbn-tl Free/jj-tl (/( 1914/cd )/) and/cc The/at-tl Shape/nn-tl Of/in-tl Things/nns-tl To/to-tl Come/vb-tl (/( 1933/cd )/) --/-- describes/vbz the/at bloodless/jj conquest/nn of/in earth/nn by/in the/at Overlords/nps ,/, vastly/ql superior/jj creatures/nns who/wps come/vb to/in our/pp$ world/nn in/in order/nn to/to prepare/vb the/at human/jj race/nn for/in its/pp$ next/ap stage/nn of/in development/nn ,/, an/at eventual/jj merging/nn with/in the/at composite/jj mind/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./.
Arriving/vbg just/rb in/in time/nn to/to stop/vb men/nns from/in turning/vbg their/pp$ planet/nn into/in a/at radioactive/jj wasteland/nn ,/, the/at Overlords/nps unite/vb earth/nn into/in one/cd world/nn in/in which/wdt justice/nn ,/, order/nn ,/, and/cc benevolence/nn prevail/vb and/cc ignorance/nn ,/, poverty/nn ,/, and/cc fear/nn have/hv ceased/vbn to/to exist/vb ./.
Under/in their/pp$ rule/nn ,/, earth/nn becomes/vbz a/at technological/jj utopia/nn ./.
Both/abx abolition/nn of/in war/nn and/cc new/jj techniques/nns of/in production/nn ,/, particularly/rb robot/nn factories/nns ,/, greatly/rb increase/vb the/at world's/nn$ wealth/nn ,/, a/at situation/nn described/vbn in/in the/at following/vbg passage/nn ,/, which/wdt has/hvz the/at true/jj utopian/jj ring/nn :/: ``/`` Everything/pn was/bedz so/ql cheap/jj that/cs the/at necessities/nns of/in life/nn were/bed free/jj ,/, provided/vbn as/cs a/at public/jj service/nn by/in the/at community/nn ,/, as/cs roads/nns ,/, water/nn ,/, street/nn lighting/nn and/cc drainage/nn had/hvd once/rb been/ben ./.
A/at man/nn could/md travel/vb anywhere/rb he/pps pleased/vbd ,/, eat/vb whatever/wdt he/pps fancied/vbd --/-- without/in handing/vbg over/rp any/dti money/nn ''/'' ./.
With/in destructive/jj tensions/nns and/cc pressures/nns removed/vbn men/nns have/hv the/at vigor/nn and/cc energy/nn to/to construct/vb a/at new/jj human/jj life/nn --/-- rebuilding/vbg entire/jj cities/nns ,/, expanding/vbg facilities/nns for/in entertainment/nn ,/, providing/vbg unlimited/jj opportunities/nns for/in education/nn --/-- indeed/rb ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn giving/vbg everyone/pn the/at chance/nn to/to employ/vb his/pp$ talents/nns to/in the/at fullest/jjt ./.
Mankind/nn ,/, as/cs a/at result/nn ,/, attains/vbz previously/rb undreamed/jj of/in levels/nns of/in civilization/nn and/cc culture/nn ,/, a/at golden/jj age/nn which/wdt the/at Overlords/nps ,/, a/at very/ql evident/jj symbol/nn of/in science/nn ,/, have/hv helped/vbn produce/vb by/in introducing/vbg reason/nn and/cc the/at scientific/jj method/nn into/in human/jj activities/nns ./.
Thus/rb science/nn is/bez the/at savior/nn of/in mankind/nn ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt respect/nn Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl only/rb blueprints/vbz in/in greater/jjr detail/nn the/at vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs not/* always/rb so/ql directly/rb stated/vbn ,/, has/hvz nevertheless/rb been/ben present/jj in/in the/at minds/nns of/in most/ap science-fiction/nn writers/nns ./.


	Considering/in then/rb the/at optimism/nn which/wdt has/hvz permeated/vbn science/nn fiction/nn for/in so/ql long/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez really/ql remarkable/jj is/bez that/cs during/in the/at last/ap twelve/cd years/nns many/ap science-fiction/nn writers/nns have/hv turned/vbn about/rb and/cc attacked/vbn their/pp$ own/jj cherished/vbn vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn ,/, have/hv attacked/vbn the/at Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl kind/nn of/in faith/nn that/cs science/nn and/cc technology/nn will/md inevitably/rb better/vb the/at human/jj condition/nn ./.
And/cc they/ppss have/hv done/vbn this/dt on/in a/at very/ql large/jj scale/nn ,/, with/in a/at veritable/jj flood/nn of/in novels/nns and/cc stories/nns which/wdt are/ber either/cc dystopias/nns or/cc narratives/nns of/in adventure/nn with/in dystopian/jj elements/nns ./.
Because/rb of/in the/at means/nn of/in publication/nn --/-- science-fiction/nn magazines/nns and/cc cheap/jj paperbacks/nns --/-- and/cc because/cs dystopian/jj science/nn fiction/nn is/bez still/rb appearing/vbg in/in quantity/nn the/at full/jj range/nn and/cc extent/nn of/in this/dt phenomenon/nn can/md hardly/rb be/be known/vbn ,/, though/cs one/cd fact/nn is/bez evident/jj :/: the/at science-fiction/nn imagination/nn has/hvz been/ben immensely/rb fertile/jj in/in its/pp$ extrapolations/nns ./.
Among/in the/at dystopias/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Isaac/np Asimov's/np$ The/at-tl Caves/nns-tl Of/in-tl Steel/nn-tl (/( 1954/cd )/) portrays/vbz the/at deadly/jj effects/nns on/in human/jj life/nn of/in the/at super-city/nn of/in the/at future/nn ;/. ;/.
James/np Blish's/np$ A/at-tl Case/nn-tl Of/in-tl Conscience/nn-tl (/( 1958/cd )/) describes/vbz a/at world/nn hiding/vbg from/in its/pp$ own/jj weapons/nns of/in destruction/nn in/in underground/jj shelters/nns ;/. ;/.
Ray/np Bradbury's/np$ Fahrenheit/np-tl 451/cd-tl (/( 1954/cd )/) presents/nns a/at book-burning/jj society/nn in/in which/wdt wall/nn television/nn and/cc hearing-aid/nn radios/nns enslave/vb men's/nns$ minds/nns ;/. ;/.
Walter/np M./np Miller/np ,/, Jr.'s/np$ ,/, A/at-tl Canticle/nn-tl For/in-tl Leibowitz/np-tl (/( 1959/cd )/) finds/vbz men/nns ,/, after/in the/at great/jj atomic/jj disaster/nn ,/, stumbling/vbg back/rb to/in their/pp$ previous/jj level/nn of/in civilization/nn and/cc another/dt catastrophe/nn ;/. ;/.
Frederick/np Pohl's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Midas/np-tl Touch/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1954/cd )/) predicts/vbz an/at economy/nn of/in abundance/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in order/nn to/to remain/vb prosperous/jj ,/, must/md set/vb its/pp$ robots/nns to/in consuming/vbg surplus/nn production/nn ;/. ;/.
Clifford/np D./np Simak's/np$ ``/`` How-2/np ''/'' (/( 1954/cd )/) tells/vbz of/in a/at future/nn when/wrb robots/nns have/hv taken/vbn over/rp ,/, leaving/vbg men/nns nothing/pn to/to do/do ;/. ;/.
and/cc Robert/np Sheckley's/np$ The/at-tl Status/nn-tl Civilization/nn-tl (/( 1960/cd )/) describes/vbz a/at world/nn which/wdt ,/, frightened/vbn by/in the/at powers/nns of/in destruction/nn science/nn has/hvz given/vbn it/ppo ,/, becomes/vbz static/jj and/cc conformist/jj ./.
A/at more/ql complete/jj list/nn would/md also/rb include/vb Bradbury's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Pedestrian/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1951/cd )/) ,/, Philip/np K./np Dick's/np$ Solar/jj-tl Lottery/nn-tl (/( 1955/cd )/) ,/, David/np Karp's/np$ One/cd-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, Wilson/np Tucker's/np$ The/at-tl Long/jj-tl Loud/jj-tl Silence/nn-tl (/( 1952/cd )/) ,/, Jack/np Vance's/np$ To/to-tl Live/vb-tl Forever/rb-tl (/( 1956/cd )/) ,/, Gore/np Vidal's/np$ Messiah/np-tl (/( 1954/cd )/) ,/, and/cc Bernard/np Wolfe's/np$ Limbo/nn-tl (/( 1952/cd )/) ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at three/cd perhaps/rb most/ql outstanding/jj dystopias/nns ,/, Frederik/np Pohl/np and/cc C./np M./np Kornbluth's/np$ The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, Kurt/np Vonnegut's/np$ Player/nn-tl Piano/nn-tl (/( 1952/cd )/) ,/, and/cc John/np Wyndham's/np$ Re-Birth/nn-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, works/nns which/wdt we/ppss will/md later/rbr examine/vb in/in detail/nn ./.
The/at novels/nns and/cc stories/nns like/cs Pohl's/np$ Drunkard's/nn$-tl Walk/nn-tl (/( 1960/cd )/) ,/, with/in the/at focus/nn on/in adventure/nn and/cc with/in the/at dystopian/jj elements/nns only/rb a/at dim/jj background/nn --/-- in/in this/dt case/nn an/at uneasy/jj ,/, overpopulated/vbn world/nn in/in which/wdt the/at mass/nn of/in people/nns do/do uninteresting/jj routine/jj jobs/nns while/cs a/at carefully/rb selected/vbn ,/, university-trained/jj elite/nn runs/vbz everything/pn --/-- are/ber in/in all/abn likelihood/nn as/ql numerous/jj as/cs dystopias/nns ./.


	There/ex is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, nothing/pn new/jj about/in dystopias/nns ,/, for/cs they/ppss belong/vb to/in a/at literary/jj tradition/nn which/wdt ,/, including/in also/rb the/at closely/rb related/vbn satiric/jj utopias/nns ,/, stretches/vbz from/in at/in least/ap as/ql far/rb back/rb as/cs the/at eighteenth/od century/nn and/cc Swift's/np$ Gulliver's/np$ Travels/nns-tl to/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn and/cc Zamiatin's/np$ We/ppss-tl ,/, Capek's/np$ War/nn-tl With/in-tl The/at-tl Newts/nns-tl ,/, Huxley's/np$ Brave/jj-tl New/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, E./np M./np Forster's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Machine/nn-tl Stops/vbz-tl ''/'' ,/, C./np S./np Lewis's/np$ That/dt-tl Hideous/jj-tl Strength/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Orwell's/np$ Nineteen/cd-tl Eighty-Four/cd-tl ,/, and/cc which/wdt in/in science/nn fiction/nn is/bez represented/vbn before/in the/at present/jj deluge/nn as/ql early/rb as/cs Wells's/np$ trilogy/nn ,/, The/at-tl Time/nn-tl Machine/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` A/at-tl Story/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Days/nns-tl To/to-tl Come/vb-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc When/wrb-tl The/at-tl Sleeper/nn-tl Wakes/vbz-tl ,/, and/cc as/ql recently/rb as/cs Jack/np Williamson's/np$ ``/`` With/in-tl Folded/vbn-tl Hands/nns-tl ''/'' (/( 1947/cd )/) ,/, the/at classic/jj story/nn of/in men/nns replaced/vbn by/in their/pp$ own/jj robots/nns ./.
What/wdt makes/vbz the/at current/jj phenomenon/nn unique/jj is/bez that/cs so/ql many/ap science-fiction/nn writers/nns have/hv reversed/vbn a/at trend/nn and/cc turned/vbn to/in writing/vbg works/nns critical/jj of/in the/at impact/nn of/in science/nn and/cc technology/nn on/in human/jj life/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at great/jj flood/nn of/in these/dts dystopias/nns has/hvz appeared/vbn only/rb in/in the/at last/ap twelve/cd years/nns ,/, it/pps seems/vbz fairly/ql reasonable/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs the/at chief/jjs impetus/nn was/bedz the/at 1949/cd publication/nn of/in Nineteen/cd-tl Eighty-Four/cd-tl ,/, an/at assumption/nn which/wdt is/bez supported/vbn by/in the/at frequent/jj echoes/nns of/in such/jj details/nns as/cs Room/nn-tl 101/cd-tl ,/, along/rb with/in education/nn by/in conditioning/vbg from/in Brave/jj-tl New/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, a/at book/nn to/in which/wdt science-fiction/nn writers/nns may/md well/rb have/hv returned/vbn with/in new/jj interest/nn after/cs reading/vbg the/at more/ql powerful/jj Orwell/np dystopia/nn ./.


	Not/* all/abn recent/jj science/nn fiction/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez dystopian/jj ,/, for/cs the/at optimistic/jj strain/nn is/bez still/rb very/ql much/ql alive/jj in/in Mission/nn-tl Of/in-tl Gravity/nn-tl and/cc Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in many/ap other/ap recent/jj popular/jj novels/nns and/cc stories/nns like/cs Fred/np Hoyle's/np$ The/at-tl Black/jj-tl Cloud/nn-tl (/( 1957/cd )/) ;/. ;/.
and/cc among/in works/nns of/in dystopian/jj science/nn fiction/nn ,/, not/* all/abn provide/vb intelligent/jj criticism/nn and/cc very/ql few/ap have/hv much/ap merit/nn as/cs literature/nn --/-- but/cc then/rb real/jj quality/nn has/hvz always/rb been/ben scarce/jj in/in science/nn fiction/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber many/ap areas/nns of/in the/at human/jj situation/nn besides/in the/at impact/nn of/in science/nn and/cc technology/nn which/wdt are/ber examined/vbn ,/, for/in science-fiction/nn dystopias/nns often/rb extrapolate/vb political/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, economic/jj tendencies/nns only/rb indirectly/rb related/vbn to/in science/nn and/cc technology/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, with/in all/abn these/dts qualifications/nns and/cc exceptions/nns ,/, the/at current/jj dystopian/jj phenomenon/nn remains/vbz impressive/jj for/in its/pp$ criticism/nn that/cs science/nn and/cc technology/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in bringing/vbg utopia/nn ,/, may/md well/rb enslave/vb ,/, dehumanize/vb ,/, and/cc even/rb destroy/vb men/nns ./.
How/wql effectively/rb these/dts warnings/nns can/md be/be presented/vbn is/bez seen/vbn in/in Pohl/np and/cc Kornbluth's/np$ The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl ,/, Vonnegut's/np$ Player/nn-tl Piano/nn-tl and/cc Wyndham's/np$ Re-Birth/nn-tl ./.


	Easily/rb the/at best/rbt known/vbn of/in these/dts three/cd novels/nns is/bez The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl ,/, a/at good/jj example/nn of/in a/at science-fiction/nn dystopia/nn which/wdt extrapolates/vbz much/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at impact/nn of/in science/nn on/in human/jj life/nn ,/, though/cs its/pp$ most/ql important/jj warning/nn is/bez in/in this/dt area/nn ,/, namely/rb as/in to/in the/at use/nn to/in which/wdt discoveries/nns in/in the/at behavioral/jj sciences/nns may/md be/be put/vbn ./.
The/at novel/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez not/* merely/rb dystopian/jj but/cc also/rb brilliantly/rb satiric/jj ,/, describes/vbz a/at future/jj America/np where/wrb one-sixteenth/nn of/in the/at population/nn ,/, the/at men/nns who/wps run/vb advertising/vbg agencies/nns and/cc big/jj corporations/nns ,/, control/vb the/at rest/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, the/at submerged/vbn fifteen-sixteenths/nns who/wps are/ber the/at workers/nns and/cc consumers/nns ,/, with/in the/at government/nn being/beg no/at more/ap than/cs ``/`` a/at clearing/vbg house/nn for/in pressures/nns ''/'' ./.
Like/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, the/at economy/nn of/in the/at space/nn merchants/nns must/md constantly/rb expand/vb in/in order/nn to/to survive/vb ,/, and/cc ,/, like/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, it/pps is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at principle/nn of/in ``/`` ever/rb increasing/vbg everybody's/pn$ work/nn and/cc profits/nns in/in the/at circle/nn of/in consumption/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at consequences/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben dreadful/jj :/: reckless/jj expansion/nn has/hvz led/vbn to/in overpopulation/nn ,/, pollution/nn of/in the/at earth/nn and/cc depletion/nn of/in its/pp$ natural/jj resources/nns ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, even/rb the/at most/ql successful/jj executive/nn lives/vbz in/in a/at two-room/jj apartment/nn while/cs ordinary/jj people/nns rent/vb space/nn in/in the/at stairwells/nns of/in office/nn buildings/nns in/in which/wdt to/to sleep/vb at/in night/nn ;/. ;/.
soyaburgers/nns have/hv replaced/vbn meat/nn ,/, and/cc wood/nn has/hvz become/vbn so/ql precious/jj that/cs it/pps is/bez saved/vbn for/in expensive/jj jewelry/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at atmosphere/nn is/bez so/ql befouled/vbn that/cs no/at one/pn dares/vbz walk/vb in/in the/at open/nn without/in respirators/nns or/cc soot/nn plugs/nns ./.


	While/cs The/at Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl indicates/vbz ,/, as/cs Kingsley/np Amis/np has/hvz correctly/rb observed/vbn ,/, some/dti of/in the/at ``/`` impending/vbg consequences/nns of/in the/at growth/nn of/in industrial/jj and/cc commercial/jj power/nn ''/'' and/cc satirizes/vbz ``/`` existing/vbg habits/nns in/in the/at advertising/vbg profession/nn ''/'' ,/, its/pp$ warning/nn and/cc analysis/nn penetrate/vb much/ql deeper/rbr ./.
What/wdt is/bez wrong/jj with/in advertising/vbg is/bez not/* only/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez an/at ``/`` outrage/nn ,/, an/at assault/nn on/in people's/nns$ mental/jj privacy/nn ''/'' or/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at major/jj cause/nn for/in a/at wasteful/jj economy/nn of/in abundance/nn or/cc that/cs it/pps contains/vbz a/at coercive/jj tendency/nn (/( which/wdt is/bez closer/rbr to/in the/at point/nn )/) ./.
Rather/rb what/wdt Kornbluth/np and/cc Pohl/np are/ber really/rb doing/vbg is/bez warning/vbg against/in the/at dangers/nns inherent/jj in/in perfecting/vbg ``/`` a/at science/nn of/in man/nn and/cc his/pp$ motives/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl ,/, like/cs such/jj humanist/jj documents/nns as/cs Joseph/np Wood/np Krutch's/np$ The/at-tl Measure/nn-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl and/cc C./np S./np Lewis's/np$ The/at-tl Abolition/nn-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl ,/, considers/vbz what/wdt may/md result/vb from/in the/at scientific/jj study/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn ./.
If/cs man/nn is/bez actually/rb the/at product/nn of/in his/pp$ environment/nn and/cc if/cs science/nn can/md discover/vb the/at laws/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc the/at ways/nns in/in which/wdt environment/nn determines/vbz what/wdt people/nns do/do ,/, then/rb someone/pn --/-- a/at someone/pn probably/rb standing/vbg outside/in traditional/jj systems/nns of/in values/nns --/-- can/md turn/vb around/rb and/cc develop/vb completely/ql efficient/jj means/nns for/in controlling/vbg people/nns ./.
Thus/rb we/ppss will/md have/hv a/at society/nn consisting/vbg of/in the/at planners/nns or/cc conditioners/nns ,/, and/cc the/at controlled/vbn ./.
And/cc this/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez exactly/rb what/wdt Madison/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben accused/vbn of/in doing/vbg albeit/cs in/in a/at primitive/jj way/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ ``/`` hidden/vbn persuaders/nns ''/'' and/cc what/wdt the/at space/nn merchants/nns accomplish/vb with/in much/ql greater/jjr sophistication/nn and/cc precision/nn ./.


	Pohl/np and/cc Kornbluth's/np$ ad/nn men/nns have/hv long/ql since/rb thrown/vbn out/rp appeals/nns to/in reason/nn and/cc developed/vbn techniques/nns of/in advertising/vbg which/wdt tie/vb in/rp with/in ``/`` every/at basic/jj trauma/nn and/cc neurosis/nn in/in American/jj life/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt work/vb on/in the/at libido/nn of/in consumers/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber linked/vbn to/in the/at ``/`` great/jj prime/jj motivations/nns of/in the/at human/jj spirit/nn ''/'' ./.
As/cs the/at hero/nn ,/, Mitchell/np Courtenay/np ,/, explains/vbz before/in his/pp$ conversion/nn ,/, the/at job/nn of/in advertising/vbg is/bez ``/`` to/to convince/vb people/nns without/in letting/vbg them/ppo know/vb that/cs they're/ppss+ber being/beg convinced/vbn ''/'' ./.
And/cc to/to do/do this/dt requires/vbz first/rb of/in all/abn the/at kind/nn of/in information/nn about/in people/nns which/wdt is/bez provided/vbn by/in the/at scientists/nns in/in industrial/jj anthropology/nn and/cc consumer/nn research/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, tell/vb Courtenay/np that/cs three/cd days/nns is/bez the/at ``/`` optimum/jj priming/vbg period/nn for/in a/at closed/vbn social/jj circuit/nn to/to be/be triggered/vbn with/in a/at catalytic/jj cue-phrase/nn ''/'' --/-- which/wdt means/vbz that/cs an/at effective/jj propaganda/nn technique/nn is/bez to/to send/vb an/at idea/nn into/in circulation/nn and/cc then/rb three/cd days/nns later/rbr reinforce/vb or/cc undermine/vb it/ppo ./.
And/cc the/at second/od requirement/nn for/in convincing/vbg people/nns without/in their/pp$ knowledge/nn is/bez artistic/jj talent/nn to/to prepare/vb the/at words/nns and/cc pictures/nns which/wdt persuade/vb by/in using/vbg the/at principles/nns which/wdt the/at scientists/nns have/hv discovered/vbn ./.
Thus/rb the/at copywriter/nn in/in the/at world/nn of/in the/at space/nn merchants/nns is/bez the/at person/nn who/wps in/in earlier/jjr ages/nns might/md have/hv been/ben a/at lyric/jj poet/nn ,/, the/at person/nn ``/`` capable/jj of/in putting/vbg together/rb words/nns that/wps stir/vb and/cc move/vb and/cc sing/vb ''/'' ./.
As/cs Courtenay/np explains/vbz ,/, ``/`` Here/rb in/in this/dt profession/nn we/ppss reach/vb into/in the/at souls/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns ./.
And/cc we/ppss do/do it/ppo by/in taking/vbg talent/nn --/-- and/cc redirecting/vbg it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	Now/rb the/at basic/jj question/nn to/to be/be asked/vbn in/in this/dt situation/nn is/bez what/wdt motivates/vbz the/at manipulators/nns ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, what/wdt are/ber their/pp$ values/nns ?/. ?/.
--/-- since/cs ,/, as/cs Courtenay/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` Nobody/pn should/md play/vb with/in lives/nns the/at way/nn we/ppss do/do unless/cs he's/pps+bez motivated/vbn by/in the/at highest/jjt ideals/nns ''/'' ./.
But/cc the/at only/ap ideal/nn he/pps can/md think/vb of/in is/bez ``/`` Sales/nns ''/'' !/. !/.
Indeed/rb ,/, again/rb and/cc again/rb ,/, the/at space/nn merchants/nns confirm/vb the/at prediction/nn of/in the/at humanists/nns that/cs the/at conditioners/nns and/cc behavioral/jj scientists/nns ,/, once/cs they/ppss have/hv seen/vbn through/in human/jj nature/nn ,/, will/md have/hv nothing/pn except/in their/pp$ impulses/nns and/cc desires/nns to/to guide/vb them/ppo ./.





We/ppss often/rb say/vb of/in a/at person/nn that/cs he/pps ``/`` looks/vbz young/jj for/in his/pp$ age/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` old/jj for/in his/pp$ age/nn ''/'' ./.
Yet/cc even/rb in/in the/at more/ql extreme/jj of/in such/jj cases/nns we/ppss seldom/rb go/vb very/ql far/rb astray/rb in/in guessing/vbg what/wdt his/pp$ age/nn actually/rb is/bez ./.
And/cc this/dt means/vbz ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, that/cs almost/ql invariably/rb age/nn reveals/vbz itself/ppl by/in easily/rb recognizable/jj signs/nns engraved/vbn on/in both/abx the/at body/nn and/cc the/at mind/nn ./.
``/`` Young/jj for/in his/pp$ age/nn ''/'' means/vbz only/rb the/at presence/nn of/in some/dti minor/jj characteristic/nn not/* quite/ql usual/jj ./.
Stigmata/nns quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in diagnosis/nn are/ber nevertheless/rb there/rb ./.
An/at assumption/nn of/in youth/nn ,/, or/cc the/at presence/nn of/in a/at few/ap youthful/jj characteristics/nns ,/, deceives/vbz no/ql more/ql successfully/rb than/cs rouge/nn or/cc dyed/vbn hair/nn ./.
``/`` Looking/vbg young/jj for/in your/pp$ age/nn ''/'' means/vbz ``/`` for/in your/pp$ age/nn ''/'' and/cc it/pps means/vbz no/at more/ap ./.


	A/at mind/nn expressing/vbg itself/ppl in/in words/nns may/md reveal/vb itself/ppl a/at little/ql less/ql obviously/rb as/cs old/jj or/cc young/jj ./.
Its/pp$ surface/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ bloom/nn and/cc submits/vbz to/in its/pp$ wrinkles/nns in/in ways/nns less/ql immediately/rb obvious/jj than/cs the/at body/nn does/doz ./.
Youth/nn may/md be/be ,/, and/cc often/rb is/bez ,/, skeptical/jj ,/, cynical/jj or/cc despairing/vbg ;/. ;/.
age/nn may/md be/be idealistic/jj ,/, believing/vbg and/cc much/rb given/vbn to/in professions/nns of/in optimism/nn ./.
But/cc there/ex is/bez ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, always/rb a/at subtle/jj difference/nn in/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt supposedly/rb similar/jj opinions/nns are/ber held/vbn ./.
The/at pessimism/nn of/in the/at young/nn is/bez defiant/jj ,/, anxious/jj to/to confess/vb or/cc even/rb exaggerate/vb its/pp$ ostensible/jj gloom/nn ,/, and/cc so/ql exuberant/jj as/cs to/to reveal/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps regards/vbz its/pp$ ability/nn to/to face/vb up/rp to/in the/at awful/jj truth/nn as/cs more/ap than/cs enough/ap to/to compensate/vb for/in the/at awfulness/nn of/in that/dt truth/nn ./.
Similarly/rb the/at optimism/nn of/in age/nn protests/vbz too/ql much/rb ./.
If/cs it/pps proclaims/vbz that/cs the/at best/jjt is/bez yet/rb to/to be/be ,/, it/pps always/rb arouses/vbz ,/, at/in least/ap in/in the/at young/jj ,/, either/cc a/at suspicious/jj question/nn or/cc perhaps/rb the/at exclamation/nn of/in the/at Negro/np youth/nn who/wps saw/vbd on/in a/at tombstone/nn the/at inscription/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss am/bem not/* dead/jj but/cc sleeping/vbg ''/'' ./.
``/`` Boy/nn ,/, you/ppss ain't/ber* fooling/vbg nobody/pn but/in yourself/ppl ''/'' ./.


	We/ppss may/md say/vb of/in some/dti unfortunates/nns that/cs they/ppss were/bed never/rb young/jj ./.
We/ppss cannot/md* truthfully/rb say/vb of/in anyone/pn who/wps has/hvz succeeded/vbn in/in entering/vbg deep/rb into/in his/pp$ sixties/nns that/cs he/pps was/bedz never/rb old/jj ./.
Those/dts famous/jj lines/nns of/in the/at Greek/jj-tl Anthology/nn-tl with/in which/wdt a/at fading/vbg beauty/nn dedicates/vbz her/pp$ mirror/nn at/in the/at shrine/nn of/in a/at goddess/nn reveal/vb a/at wise/jj attitude/nn :/: ``/`` Venus/np ,/, take/vb my/pp$ votive/jj glass/nn ,/, Since/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* what/wdt I/ppss was/bedz ,/, What/wdt from/in this/dt day/nn I/ppss shall/md be/be ,/, Venus/np ,/, let/vb me/ppo never/rb see/vb ''/'' ./.


	No/at good/nn can/md come/vb of/in contemplating/vbg the/at sad/jj ,/, inevitable/jj fact/nn that/cs once/cs youth/nn has/hvz passed/vbn ``/`` a/at worse/jjr and/cc worse/jjr time/nn still/rb succeeds/vbz the/at former/ap ''/'' ./.
But/cc there/ex are/ber at/in least/ap two/cd reasons/nns for/in contemplating/vbg one's/pn$ mind/nn in/in even/rb a/at cracked/vbn mirror/nn ./.
One/cd is/bez that/cs there/ex sometimes/rb are/ber real/jj although/cs inadequate/jj compensations/nns in/in growing/vbg old/jj ./.
Serenity/nn ,/, if/cs one/pn is/bez fortunate/jj enough/qlp to/to achieve/vb it/ppo ,/, is/bez not/* so/ql good/jj as/cs joy/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez something/pn ./.
Even/rb to/to be/be ``/`` from/in hope/nn and/cc fear/nn set/vbn free/jj ''/'' is/bez at/in least/ap better/jjr than/cs to/to have/hv lost/vbn the/at first/od without/in having/hvg got/vbn rid/jj of/in the/at second/od ./.
The/at other/ap reason/nn (/( and/cc the/at one/cd with/in which/wdt I/ppss am/bem here/rb concerned/vbn )/) is/bez that/cs one/pn thus/rb becomes/vbz inclined/vbn to/to inquire/vb of/in any/dti opinion/nn ,/, or/cc change/nn of/in opinion/nn ,/, whether/cs it/pps represents/vbz the/at wisdom/nn of/in experience/nn or/cc is/bez only/rb the/at result/nn of/in the/at difference/nn between/in youth/nn and/cc age/nn which/wdt is/bez as/ql inevitable/jj as/cs the/at all/ql too/ql obvious/jj physical/jj differences/nns ./.
One/pn may/md be/be exasperatingly/ql aware/jj that/cs if/cs the/at answer/nn is/bez favorable/jj it/pps will/md be/be judged/vbn such/jj only/rb by/in those/dts of/in one's/pn$ own/jj age/nn ./.
But/cc at/in least/ap the/at question/nn has/hvz been/ben raised/vbn ./.
Many/ap readers/nns of/in this/dt department/nn no/at doubt/nn discount/vb certain/jj of/in my/pp$ opinions/nns for/in the/at simple/jj reason/nn that/cs they/ppss can/md guess/vb pretty/ql accurately/rb ,/, even/rb if/cs they/ppss have/hv never/rb actually/rb been/ben told/vbn ,/, what/wdt my/pp$ age/nn is/bez ./.
At/in least/ap I/ppss should/md like/vb them/ppo to/to know/vb that/cs I/ppss know/vb these/dts discounts/nns are/ber being/beg made/vbn ./.




Let/vb me/ppo then/rb (/( and/cc in/in public/nn )/) glance/vb into/in the/at mirror/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv known/vbn some/dti men/nns and/cc women/nns who/wps said/vbd that/cs the/at selves/nns they/ppss are/ber told/vbn about/in or/cc even/rb remember/vb seem/vb utter/jj strangers/nns to/in them/ppo now/rb ;/. ;/.
that/cs their/pp$ remote/jj past/nn is/bez as/ql discontinuous/jj with/in their/pp$ present/jj selves/nns ,/, as/cs lacking/vbg in/in any/dti conscious/jj likeness/nn to/in their/pp$ mature/jj personality/nn ,/, as/cs the/at self/nn of/in a/at butterfly/nn may/md be/be imagined/vbn discontinuous/jj with/in that/dt of/in the/at caterpillar/nn it/pps once/rb was/bedz ./.
For/in my/pp$ part/nn I/ppss find/vb it/ppo difficult/jj to/to conceive/vb such/abl a/at state/nn of/in affairs/nns ./.
I/ppss have/hv changed/vbn and/cc I/ppss have/hv reversed/vbn opinions/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc I/ppss am/bem so/ql aware/jj of/in an/at uninterrupted/jj continuity/nn of/in the/at persona/nn or/cc ego/nn that/cs I/ppss see/vb only/rb as/cs absurd/jj the/at tendency/nn of/in some/dti psychologists/nns from/in Heraclitus/np to/in Pirandello/np and/cc Proust/np to/to regard/vb consciousness/nn as/cs no/at more/ap than/cs a/at flux/nn amid/in which/wdt nothing/pn remains/vbz unchanged/jj ./.
So/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss am/bem concerned/vbn ,/, the/at child/nn is/bez unmistakably/rb father/nn to/in the/at man/nn ,/, despite/in the/at obvious/jj fact/nn that/cs child/nn and/cc father/nn differ/vb greatly/rb --/-- sometimes/rb for/in the/at better/jjr and/cc sometimes/rb for/in the/at worse/jjr ./.


	Fundamental/jj values/nns ,/, temperament/nn and/cc the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt one/pn approaches/vbz a/at conviction/nn change/vb less/rbr ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, than/cs specific/jj opinions/nns ./.
That/dt fact/nn is/bez very/ql clearly/rb illustrated/vbn in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at many/ap present-day/jj intellectuals/nns who/wps were/bed Communists/nns-tl or/cc near-Communists/nns in/in their/pp$ youth/nn and/cc are/ber now/rb so/ql extremely/ql conservative/jj (/( or/cc reactionary/jj ,/, as/cs many/ap would/md say/vb )/) that/cs they/ppss can/md define/vb no/at important/jj political/jj conviction/nn that/wps does/doz not/* seem/vb so/ql far/rb from/in even/rb a/at centrist/nn position/nn as/cs to/to make/vb the/at distinction/nn between/in Mr./np Nixon/np and/cc Mr./np Khrushchev/np for/in them/ppo hardly/ql worth/jj noting/vbg ./.
But/cc in/in ways/nns more/ql fundamental/jj than/cs specific/jj political/jj opinions/nns they/ppss are/ber still/rb what/wdt they/ppss always/rb were/bed :/: passionate/jj ,/, sure/jj without/in a/at shadow/nn of/in doubt/nn of/in whatever/wdt it/pps is/bez that/cs they/ppss are/ber sure/jj of/in ,/, capable/jj of/in seeing/vbg black/nn and/cc white/nn only/rb and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, committed/vbn to/in the/at logical/jj extreme/nn of/in whatever/wdt it/pps is/bez they/ppss are/ber temporarily/rb committed/vbn to/in ./.


	To/in those/dts of/in my/pp$ readers/nns who/wps find/vb many/ap of/in my/pp$ opinions/nns morally/rb ,/, or/cc politically/rb ,/, or/cc sociologically/rb antiquated/vbn (/( and/cc I/ppss have/hv reason/nn to/to know/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber some/dti such/jj )/) ,/, I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to say/vb what/wdt I/ppss have/hv already/rb hinted/vbn ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs some/dti of/in my/pp$ opinions/nns may/md indeed/rb be/be subject/jj to/in some/dti discount/nn on/in the/at simple/jj ground/nn that/cs I/ppss am/bem no/ql longer/rbr young/jj and/cc therefore/rb incapable/jj of/in being/beg youthful/jj of/in mind/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss will/md also/rb remind/vb them/ppo that/cs I/ppss have/hv always/rb been/ben inclined/vbn to/in skepticism/nn ,/, to/in a/at kind/nn of/in Laodicean/jj lack/nn of/in commitment/nn so/ql far/rb as/cs public/jj affairs/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ;/. ;/.
so/cs that/cs ,/, although/cs not/* as/ql eager/jj as/cs I/ppss once/rb was/bedz to/to be/be disapproved/vbn of/in ,/, I/ppss can/md still/rb resist/vb prevailing/vbg opinions/nns ./.


	At/in about/rb the/at age/nn of/in twelve/cd I/ppss became/vbd a/at Spencerian/jj liberal/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss have/hv always/rb considered/vbn myself/ppl a/at liberal/nn of/in some/dti kind/nn even/rb though/cs the/at definition/nn has/hvz changed/vbn repeatedly/rb since/cs Spencer/np became/vbd a/at reactionary/nn ./.
Several/ap times/nns in/in my/pp$ youth/nn I/ppss voted/vbd the/at Socialist/jj-tl ticket/nn ,/, but/cc less/ap because/cs I/ppss was/bedz Socialist/jj-tl than/cs because/cs I/ppss was/bedz not/* either/cc a/at Republican/np or/cc a/at Democrat/np ,/, and/cc I/ppss voted/vbd for/in Franklin/np Roosevelt/np every/at time/nn he/pps was/bedz a/at candidate/nn ./.
Yet/cc during/in the/at years/nns when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz on/in the/at staff/nn of/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss tried/vbd to/in the/at limit/nn the/at patience/nn of/in the/at editors/nns on/in almost/rb every/at occasion/nn when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz permitted/vbn to/to write/vb an/at editorial/nn having/hvg a/at bearing/nn on/in a/at political/jj or/cc social/jj question/nn ./.


	Never/rb once/rb during/in the/at trying/jj thirties/nns did/dod I/ppss come/vb so/ql close/rb to/in succumbing/vbg to/in the/at private/jj climate/nn of/in opinion/nn as/cs to/to grant/vb Russian/jj communism/nn even/rb that/dt most/ql weasel-worded/jj of/in encomiums/nns ``/`` an/at interesting/jj experiment/nn ''/'' ./.
There/ex are/ber few/ap things/nns of/in which/wdt I/ppss am/bem prouder/jjr than/cs of/in that/dt unblemished/jj record/nn ./.
Many/ap of/in my/pp$ friends/nns at/in the/at time/nn thought/vbd that/cs I/ppss had/hvd received/vbn a/at well-deserved/jj condemnation/nn when/wrb Lincoln/np Steffens/np denounced/vbd me/ppo in/in a/at review/nn of/in one/cd of/in my/pp$ books/nns as/cs a/at perfect/jj example/nn of/in the/at obsolete/jj man/nn who/wps could/md understand/vb and/cc sympathize/vb only/rb with/in the/at dead/jj past/nn ./.
But/cc he/pps ,/, as/cs I/ppss can/md now/rb retort/vb ,/, was/bedz the/at man/nn who/wps could/md see/vb so/ql short/jj a/at distance/nn ahead/rb that/cs after/in a/at visit/nn to/in Russia/np he/pps gave/vbd voice/nn to/in the/at famous/jj exclamation/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at future/nn and/cc it/pps works/vbz ''/'' ./.


	The/at favorite/jj excuse/nn of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv now/rb recanted/vbn their/pp$ approval/nn of/in communism/nn is/bez that/cs they/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb how/wrb things/nns would/md develop/vb ./.
With/in this/dt excuse/nn I/ppss have/hv never/rb been/ben much/ql impressed/vbn ./.
There/ex was/bedz ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, enough/ap in/in the/at openly/rb declared/vbn principles/nns and/cc intentions/nns of/in Russian/jj leaders/nns to/to alienate/vb honorable/jj men/nns without/in their/pp$ having/hvg to/to wait/vb to/to see/vb how/wrb it/pps would/md turn/vb out/rp ./.


	Once/rb many/ap years/nns ago/rb I/ppss sat/vbd at/in dinner/nn next/in to/in Arthur/np Train/np ,/, and/cc the/at subject/nn of/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl came/vbd up/rp ./.
He/pps asked/vbd me/ppo suddenly/rb ,/, ``/`` What/wdt are/ber your/pp$ political/jj opinions/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` Well/uh ''/'' ,/, I/ppss replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` some/dti of/in my/pp$ colleagues/nns on/in the/at paper/nn regard/vb me/ppo as/cs a/at rank/jj reactionary/nn ''/'' ./.
After/in a/at moment's/nn$ thought/nn he/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` That/dt still/rb leaves/vbz you/ppo a/at lot/nn of/in latitude/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc I/ppss suppose/vb it/pps did/dod ./.


	I/ppss never/rb have/hv been/ben ,/, and/cc am/bem not/* now/rb ,/, any/dti kind/nn of/in utopian/nn ./.
When/wrb I/ppss first/rb came/vbd across/in Samuel/np Johnson's/np$ pronouncement/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at remedy/nn for/in the/at ills/nns of/in life/nn is/bez palliative/jj rather/in than/in radical/jj ''/'' ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd to/in me/ppo to/to sum/vb up/rp the/at profoundest/jjt of/in political/jj and/cc social/jj truths/nns ./.
It/pps will/md probably/rb explain/vb more/ap of/in my/pp$ attitudes/nns toward/in society/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap phrase/nn or/cc principle/nn could/md ./.




Why/wrb did/dod I/ppss choose/vb to/to fill/vb these/dts pages/nns in/in this/dt particular/jj issue/nn with/in this/dt mixture/nn of/in rather/ql tenuous/jj reflections/nns and/cc autobiography/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at reason/nn is/bez ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, my/pp$ awareness/nn that/cs my/pp$ remarks/nns last/ap quarter/nn on/in pacifism/nn may/md well/rb have/hv served/vbn to/to confirm/vb the/at opinion/nn of/in some/dti that/cs my/pp$ tendency/nn to/in skepticism/nn and/cc dissent/nn gets/vbz us/ppo nowhere/rb ,/, and/cc that/cs I/ppss am/bem simply/rb too/ql old/jj to/to hope/vb ./.
I/ppss would/md ,/, however/rb ,/, like/vb to/to suggest/vb that/cs ,/, wrong/jj though/cs I/ppss may/md be/be ,/, the/at tendency/nn to/to see/vb dilemmas/nns rather/in than/in solutions/nns is/bez one/cd of/in which/wdt I/ppss have/hv been/ben a/at victim/nn ever/rb since/cs I/ppss can/md remember/vb ,/, and/cc therefore/rb not/* merely/rb a/at senile/jj phenomenon/nn ./.
I/ppss know/vb that/cs one/pn must/md act/vb ./.
But/cc one/pn need/vb not/* always/rb be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at action/nn is/bez either/cc wise/jj or/cc conclusive/jj ./.


	Apropos/jj of/in what/wdt some/dti would/md call/vb cynicism/nn ,/, I/ppss remember/vb an/at anecdote/nn the/at source/nn of/in which/wdt I/ppss forget/vb ./.
It/pps concerns/vbz a/at small-town/nn minister/nn who/wps staged/vbd an/at impressive/jj object/nn lesson/nn by/in confining/vbg a/at lion/nn and/cc a/at lamb/nn together/rb in/in the/at same/ap cage/nn outside/in his/pp$ church/nn door/nn ./.
Not/* only/rb his/pp$ parishioners/nns ,/, but/cc the/at whole/jj town/nn and/cc ,/, ultimately/rb ,/, the/at whole/jj county/nn were/bed enormously/ql impressed/vbn by/in this/dt object/nn lesson/nn ./.
One/cd day/nn he/pps was/bedz visited/vbn by/in a/at delegation/nn of/in would-be/jj imitators/nns who/wps wanted/vbd to/to know/vb his/pp$ secret/nn ./.
``/`` How/wrb on/in earth/nn do/do you/ppo manage/vb it/ppo ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez the/at trick/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
``/`` Why/uh ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez perfectly/ql simple/jj ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez no/at trick/nn involved/vbn ./.
All/abn you/ppss have/hv to/to do/do is/bez put/vb in/rp a/at fresh/jj lamb/nn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ''/'' ./.
Cynical/jj ?/. ?/.
Blasphemous/jj ?/. ?/.
Not/* really/rb ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ./.
The/at promise/nn that/cs the/at lion/nn and/cc the/at lamb/nn will/md lie/vb down/rp together/rb was/bedz given/vbn in/in the/at future/jj tense/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* something/pn that/wps can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to happen/vb now/rb ./.




Without/in really/rb changing/vbg the/at general/jj subject/nn ,/, I/ppss take/vb this/dt opportunity/nn to/to confess/vb that/cs I/ppss am/bem troubled/vbn by/in doubts/nns ,/, not/* only/rb about/in pacifism/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb when/wrb asked/vbn to/to join/vb in/in the/at protest/nn against/in a/at law/nn that/wpo most/ap of/in those/dts who/wps consider/vb themselves/ppls humane/jj and/cc liberal/jj seem/vb to/to regard/vb as/cs obviously/rb barbarous/jj ;/. ;/.
namely/rb ,/, the/at law/nn that/wps prescribes/vbz the/at death/nn penalty/nn for/in murder/nn when/wrb there/ex seem/vb to/to be/be no/at extenuating/vbg circumstances/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* that/cs I/ppss am/bem unaware/jj of/in the/at force/nn of/in their/pp$ strongest/jjt contention/nn ./.
Life/nn ,/, they/ppss say/vb ,/, should/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs sacred/jj and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, as/cs something/pn that/wpo neither/cc an/at individual/nn nor/cc his/pp$ society/nn has/hvz a/at right/nn to/to take/vb away/rb ./.
In/in fact/nn I/ppss cannot/md* imagine/vb myself/ppl condemning/vbg a/at man/nn to/in the/at noose/nn or/cc the/at electric/jj chair/nn if/cs I/ppss had/hvd to/to take/vb ,/, as/cs an/at individual/nn ,/, the/at responsibility/nn for/in his/pp$ death/nn ./.
Just/rb as/cs I/ppss know/vb I/ppss would/md make/vb a/at bad/jj soldier/nn even/rb though/cs I/ppss cannot/md* sincerely/rb call/vb myself/ppl a/at pacifist/nn ,/, so/rb too/rb I/ppss would/md not/* be/be either/cc a/at hangman/nn by/in profession/nn or/cc ,/, if/cs I/ppss could/md avoid/vb it/ppo ,/, even/rb a/at member/nn of/in a/at hanging/vbg jury/nn ./.
Despite/in these/dts facts/nns the/at question/nn ``/`` :/. :/.
Should/md no/at murderer/nn ever/rb be/be executed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Seems/vbz to/in me/ppo to/to create/vb a/at dilemma/nn not/* to/to be/be satisfactorily/rb disposed/vbn of/in by/in a/at simple/jj negative/jj answer/nn ./.


	Punishment/nn of/in the/at wrongdoer/nn ,/, so/cs liberals/nns are/ber inclined/vbn to/to say/vb ,/, can/md have/hv only/rb three/cd possible/jj justifications/nns :/: revenge/nn ,/, reformation/nn or/cc deterrent/nn example/nn ./.

For/cs here/rb if/cs anywhere/rb in/in contemporary/jj literature/nn is/bez a/at major/jj effort/nn to/to counterbalance/vb Existentialism/np and/cc restore/vb some/dti of/in its/pp$ former/ap lustre/nn to/in the/at tarnished/vbn image/nn of/in the/at species/nn Man/nn-tl ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs Malraux/np himself/ppl puts/vbz it/ppo ,/, ``/`` to/to make/vb men/nns conscious/jj of/in the/at grandeur/nn they/ppss ignore/vb in/in themselves/ppls ''/'' ./.



1/cd ,/, 
Andre/np Malraux's/np$ The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl was/bedz written/vbn in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at second/od World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ,/, during/in a/at period/nn of/in enforced/vbn leisure/nn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz taken/vbn prisoner/nn by/in the/at Germans/nps after/in the/at fall/nn of/in France/np ./.
The/at manuscript/nn ,/, presumably/rb after/cs being/beg smuggled/vbn out/in of/in the/at country/nn ,/, was/bedz published/vbn in/in Switzerland/np in/in 1943/cd ./.
The/at work/nn as/cs it/pps stands/vbz is/bez not/* the/at entire/jj book/nn that/wpo Malraux/np wrote/vbd at/in that/dt time/nn --/-- it/pps is/bez only/rb the/at first/od section/nn of/in a/at three-part/jj novel/nn called/vbn La/fw-at-tl Lutte/fw-nn-tl avec/fw-in-tl l'Ange/fw-at+nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc this/dt first/od section/nn was/bedz somehow/rb preserved/vbn (/( there/ex are/ber always/rb these/dts annoying/jj little/jj mysteries/nns about/in the/at actual/jj facts/nns of/in Malraux's/np$ life/nn )/) when/wrb the/at Gestapo/np destroyed/vbd the/at rest/nn ./.
If/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to believe/vb the/at list/nn of/in titles/nns printed/vbn in/in Malraux's/np$ latest/jjt book/nn ,/, La/fw-at-tl Metamorphose/fw-nn-tl Des/fw-in+at-tl Dieux/fw-nps ,/, Vol./nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( (/( 1957/cd )/) ,/, he/pps is/bez still/rb engaged/vbn in/in writing/vbg a/at large/jj novel/nn under/in his/pp$ original/jj title/nn ./.
But/cc as/cs he/pps remarks/vbz in/in his/pp$ preface/nn to/in The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl ,/, ``/`` a/at novel/nn can/md hardly/rb ever/rb be/be rewritten/vbn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` when/wrb this/dt one/cd appears/vbz in/in its/pp$ final/jj form/nn ,/, the/at form/nn of/in the/at first/od part/nn will/md no/at doubt/nn be/be radically/ql changed/vbn ''/'' ./.
Malraux/np pretends/vbz ,/, perhaps/rb with/in a/at trifle/nn too/ql self-conscious/jj a/at modesty/nn ,/, that/cs his/pp$ fragmentary/jj work/nn will/md accordingly/rb ``/`` appeal/vb only/rb to/in the/at curiosity/nn of/in bibliophiles/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` to/in connoisseurs/nns of/in what/wdt might/md have/hv been/ben ''/'' ./.
Even/rb in/in its/pp$ present/jj form/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at first/od part/nn of/in Malraux's/np$ unrecoverable/jj novel/nn is/bez among/in the/at greatest/jjt works/nns of/in mid-twentieth/od century/nn literature/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps should/md be/be far/ql better/rbr known/vbn than/cs it/pps is/bez ./.


	The/at theme/nn of/in The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl is/bez most/ql closely/rb related/vbn to/in its/pp$ immediate/jj predecessor/nn in/in Malraux's/np$ array/nn of/in novels/nns :/: Man's/nn$-tl Hope/nn-tl (/( 1937/cd )/) ./.
This/dt magnificent/jj but/cc greatly/rb underestimated/vbn book/nn ,/, which/wdt bodies/vbz forth/rb the/at very/ap form/nn and/cc pressure/nn of/in its/pp$ time/nn as/cs no/at other/ap comparable/jj creation/nn ,/, has/hvz suffered/vbn severely/rb from/in having/hvg been/ben written/vbn about/in an/at historical/jj event/nn --/-- the/at Spanish/jj-tl Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl --/-- that/wps is/bez still/rb capable/jj of/in fanning/vbg the/at smoldering/vbg fires/nns of/in old/jj political/jj feuds/nns ./.
Even/rb so/ql apparently/rb impartial/jj a/at critic/nn as/cs W./np H./np Frohock/np has/hvz taken/vbn for/in granted/vbn that/cs the/at book/nn was/bedz originally/rb intended/vbn as/cs a/at piece/nn of/in Loyalist/nn-tl propaganda/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc has/hvz then/rb gone/vbn on/rp to/to argue/vb ,/, with/in unimpeachable/jj consistency/nn ,/, that/cs all/abn the/at obviously/rb non-propagandistic/jj aspects/nns of/in the/at book/nn are/ber simply/rb inadvertent/jj ``/`` contradictions/nns ''/'' ./.


	Nothing/pn ,/, however/rb ,/, could/md be/be farther/rbr from/in the/at truth/nn ./.
The/at whole/jj purpose/nn of/in Man's/nn$-tl Hope/nn-tl is/bez to/to portray/vb the/at tragic/jj dialectic/nn between/in means/nns and/cc ends/nns inherent/jj in/in all/abn organized/vbn political/jj violence/nn --/-- and/cc even/rb when/wrb such/jj violence/nn is/bez a/at necessary/jj and/cc legitimate/jj self-defense/nn of/in liberty/nn ,/, justice/nn and/cc human/jj dignity/nn ./.
Nowhere/rb before/rb in/in Malraux's/np$ pages/nns have/hv we/ppss met/vbn such/jj impassioned/jj defenders/nns of/in a/at ``/`` quality/nn of/in man/nn ''/'' which/wdt transcends/vbz the/at realm/nn of/in politics/nn and/cc even/rb the/at realm/nn of/in action/nn altogether/rb --/-- both/abx the/at action/nn of/in Malraux's/np$ early/jj anarchist-adventurers/nns like/cs Perken/np and/cc Garine/np ,/, and/cc the/at self-sacrificing/jj action/nn of/in dedicated/vbn Communists/nns-tl like/cs Kyo/np Gisors/np and/cc Katow/np in/in Man's/nn$-tl Fate/nn-tl ./.
``/`` Man/nn engages/vbz only/rb a/at small/jj part/nn of/in himself/ppl in/in an/at action/nn ''/'' says/vbz old/jj Alvear/np the/at art-historian/nn ;/. ;/.
``/`` and/cc the/at more/ap the/at action/nn claims/vbz to/to be/be total/jj ,/, the/at smaller/jjr is/bez the/at part/nn of/in man/nn engaged/vbn ''/'' ./.
These/dts lines/nns never/rb cease/vb to/to haunt/vb the/at book/nn amidst/in all/abn the/at exaltations/nns of/in combat/nn ,/, and/cc to/to make/vb an/at appeal/nn for/in a/at larger/jjr and/cc more/ql elemental/jj human/jj community/nn than/cs one/cd based/vbn on/in the/at brutal/jj necessities/nns of/in war/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez this/dt larger/jjr theme/nn of/in the/at ``/`` quality/nn of/in man/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at quality/nn that/wps transcends/vbz the/at ideological/jj and/cc flows/vbz into/in ``/`` the/at human/jj ''/'' ,/, which/wdt now/rb forms/vbz the/at pulsating/vbg heart/nn of/in Malraux's/np$ artistic/jj universe/nn ./.
Malraux/np ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, does/doz not/* abandon/vb the/at world/nn of/in violence/nn ,/, combat/nn and/cc sudden/jj death/nn which/wdt has/hvz become/vbn his/pp$ hallmark/nn as/cs a/at creative/jj artist/nn ,/, and/cc which/wdt is/bez the/at only/ap world/nn ,/, apparently/rb ,/, in/in which/wdt his/pp$ imagination/nn can/md flame/vb into/in life/nn ./.
The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl includes/vbz not/* one/cd war/nn but/cc two/cd ,/, and/cc throws/vbz in/rp a/at Turkish/jj revolution/nn along/rb with/in some/dti guerrilla/nn fighting/vbg in/in the/at desert/nn for/in good/jj measure/nn ./.
But/cc while/cs war/nn still/rb serves/vbz as/cs a/at catalyst/nn for/in the/at values/nns that/wpo Malraux/np wishes/vbz to/to express/vb ,/, these/dts values/nns are/ber no/ql longer/rbr linked/vbn with/in the/at triumph/nn or/cc defeat/nn of/in any/dti cause/nn --/-- whether/cs that/dt of/in an/at individual/jj assertion/nn of/in the/at will-to-power/nn ,/, or/cc a/at collective/jj attempt/nn to/to escape/vb from/in the/at humiliation/nn of/in oppression/nn --/-- as/cs their/pp$ necessary/jj condition/nn ./.
On/in the/at contrary/nn ,/, the/at frenzy/nn and/cc furor/nn of/in combat/nn is/bez only/rb the/at sombre/jj foil/nn against/in which/wdt the/at sudden/jj illuminations/nns of/in the/at human/nn flash/vb forth/rb with/in the/at piercing/vbg radiance/nn of/in a/at Caravaggio/np ./.



2/cd ,/, 
The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl is/bez composed/vbd in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at triptych/nn ,/, with/in the/at two/cd small/jj side/nn panels/nns framing/vbg and/cc enclosing/vbg the/at main/jjs central/jj episode/nn of/in the/at novel/nn ./.
This/dt central/jj episode/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at series/nn of/in staccato/nn scenes/nns set/vbn in/in the/at period/nn from/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at present/jj century/nn up/in to/in the/at first/od World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ./.
The/at framing/nn scenes/nns ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, both/abx take/vb place/nn in/in the/at late/jj Spring/nn-tl of/in 1940/cd ,/, just/rb at/in the/at moment/nn of/in the/at defeat/nn of/in France/np in/in the/at second/od great/jj world/nn conflict/nn ./.
The/at narrator/nn is/bez an/at Alsatian/np serving/vbg with/in the/at French/jj Army/nn-tl ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz the/at same/ap name/nn (/( Berger/np )/) that/wpo Malraux/np himself/ppl was/bedz later/rbr to/to use/vb in/in the/at Resistance/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
like/cs Malraux/np he/pps was/bedz also/rb serving/vbg in/in the/at tank/nn corps/nn before/cs being/beg captured/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss learn/vb as/ql well/rb that/cs in/in civilian/nn life/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at writer/nn ./.
These/dts biographical/jj analogies/nns are/ber obvious/jj ,/, and/cc far/ql too/ql much/ap time/nn has/hvz been/ben spent/vbn speculating/vbg on/in their/pp$ possible/jj implications/nns ./.


	Much/ql more/ql important/jj is/bez to/to grasp/vb the/at feelings/nns of/in the/at narrator/nn (/( whose/wp$ full/jj name/nn is/bez never/rb given/vbn )/) as/cs he/pps becomes/vbz aware/jj of/in the/at disorganized/vbn and/cc bewildered/vbn mass/nn of/in French/jj prisoners/nns clustered/vbn together/rb in/in a/at temporary/jj prison/nn camp/nn in/in and/cc around/in the/at cathedral/nn of/in Chartres/np ./.
For/cs as/cs his/pp$ companions/nns gradually/rb dissolve/vb back/rb into/in a/at state/nn of/in primitive/jj confrontation/nn with/in elemental/jj necessity/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss lose/vb all/abn the/at appanage/nn of/in their/pp$ acquired/vbn culture/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez overcome/vbn by/in the/at feeling/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez at/in last/rb being/beg confronted/vbn with/in the/at essence/nn of/in mankind/nn ./.
``/`` As/cs a/at writer/nn ,/, by/in what/wdt have/hv I/ppss been/ben obsessed/vbn these/dts last/ap ten/cd years/nns ,/, if/cs not/* by/in mankind/nn ?/. ?/.
Here/rb I/ppss am/bem face/nn to/in face/nn with/in the/at primeval/jj stuff/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at intuition/nn about/in mankind/nn conveyed/vbn in/in these/dts opening/vbg pages/nns is/bez of/in crucial/jj importance/nn for/cs understanding/vbg the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at text/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc we/ppss must/md attend/vb to/in it/ppo more/ql closely/rb than/cs has/hvz usually/rb been/ben done/vbn ./.
What/wdt does/doz the/at narrator/nn see/vb and/cc what/wdt does/doz he/pps feel/vb ?/. ?/.
A/at good/jj many/ap pages/nns of/in the/at first/od section/nn are/ber taken/vbn up/rp with/in an/at account/nn of/in the/at dogged/jj determination/nn of/in the/at prisoners/nns to/to write/vb to/in their/pp$ wives/nns and/cc families/nns --/-- even/rb when/wrb it/pps becomes/vbz clear/jj that/cs the/at Germans/nps are/ber simply/rb allowing/vbg the/at letters/nns to/to blow/vb away/rb in/in the/at wind/nn ./.
Awkwardly/rb and/cc laboriously/rb ,/, in/in stiff/jj ,/, unemotional/jj phrases/nns ,/, the/at soldiers/nns continue/vb to/to bridge/vb the/at distance/nn between/in themselves/ppls and/cc those/dts they/ppss love/vb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss instinctively/rb struggle/vb to/to keep/vb open/jj a/at road/nn to/in the/at future/nn in/in their/pp$ hearts/nns ./.
And/cc by/in a/at skillful/jj and/cc unobtrusive/jj use/nn of/in imagery/nn (/( the/at enclosure/nn is/bez called/vbn a/at ``/`` Roman-camp/jj stockade/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at hastily/rb erected/vbn lean-to/nn is/bez a/at ``/`` Babylonian/jj hovel/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at men/nns begin/vb to/to look/vb like/cs ``/`` Peruvian/jj mummies/nns ''/'' and/cc to/to acquire/vb ``/`` Gothic/jj-tl faces/nns ''/'' )/) ,/, Malraux/np projects/vbz a/at fresco/nn of/in human/jj endurance/nn --/-- which/wdt is/bez also/rb the/at endurance/nn of/in the/at human/nn --/-- stretching/vbg backward/rb into/in the/at dark/jj abyss/nn of/in time/nn ./.
The/at narrator/nn feels/vbz himself/ppl catching/vbg a/at glimpse/nn of/in pre-history/nn ,/, learning/vbg of/in man's/nn$ ``/`` age-old/jj familiarity/nn with/in misfortune/nn ''/'' ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs his/pp$ ``/`` equally/rb age-old/jj ingenuity/nn ,/, his/pp$ secret/jj faith/nn in/in endurance/nn ,/, however/wql crammed/vbn with/in catastrophes/nns ,/, the/at same/ap faith/nn perhaps/rb as/cs the/at cave-men/nns used/vbd to/to have/hv in/in the/at face/nn of/in famine/nn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt new/jj vision/nn of/in man/nn that/wpo the/at narrator/nn acquires/vbz is/bez also/rb accompanied/vbn by/in a/at re-vision/nn of/in his/pp$ previous/jj view/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss thought/vbd I/ppss knew/vbd more/ap than/cs my/pp$ education/nn had/hvd taught/vbn me/ppo ,/, ''/'' notes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` because/cs I/ppss had/hvd encountered/vbn the/at militant/jj mobs/nns of/in a/at political/jj or/cc religious/jj faith/nn ''/'' ./.
Is/bez this/dt not/* Malraux/np himself/ppl alluding/vbg to/in his/pp$ own/jj earlier/jjr infatuation/nn with/in the/at ideological/jj ?/. ?/.
But/cc now/rb he/pps knows/vbz ``/`` that/cs an/at intellectual/nn is/bez not/* only/rb a/at man/nn to/in whom/wpo books/nns are/ber necessary/jj ,/, he/pps is/bez any/dti man/nn whose/wp$ reasoning/nn ,/, however/wql elementary/jj it/pps may/md be/be ,/, affects/vbz and/cc directs/vbz his/pp$ life/nn ''/'' ./.
From/in this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn the/at ``/`` militant/jj mobs/nns ''/'' of/in the/at past/nn ,/, stirred/vbn into/in action/nn by/in one/cd ideology/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, were/bed all/abn composed/vbn of/in ``/`` intellectuals/nns ''/'' --/-- and/cc this/dt is/bez not/* the/at level/nn on/in which/wdt the/at essence/nn of/in mankind/nn can/md be/be discovered/vbn ./.
The/at men/nns around/in him/ppo ,/, observes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` have/hv been/ben living/vbg from/in day/nn to/in day/nn for/in thousands/nns of/in years/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at human/nn is/bez deeper/jjr than/cs a/at mass/nn ideology/nn ,/, certainly/rb deeper/jjr than/cs the/at isolated/vbn individual/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at narrator/nn recalls/vbz the/at words/nns of/in his/pp$ father/nn ,/, Vincent/np Berger/np :/: ``/`` It/pps is/bez not/* by/in any/dti amount/nn of/in scratching/vbg at/in the/at individual/nn that/cs one/pn finally/rb comes/vbz down/rp to/in mankind/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at entire/jj middle/jj section/nn of/in The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl is/bez taken/vbn up/rp with/in the/at life/nn of/in Vincent/np Berger/np himself/ppl ,/, whose/wp$ fragmentary/jj notes/nns on/in his/pp$ ``/`` encounters/nns with/in mankind/nn ''/'' are/ber now/rb conveyed/vbn by/in his/pp$ son/nn ./.
``/`` He/pps was/bedz not/* much/ql older/jjr than/cs myself/ppl ,/, ''/'' writes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` when/wrb he/pps began/vbd to/to feel/vb the/at impact/nn of/in that/dt human/jj mystery/nn which/wdt now/rb obsesses/vbz me/ppo ,/, and/cc which/wdt makes/vbz me/ppo begin/vb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, to/to understand/vb him/ppo ''/'' ./.
For/in the/at figure/nn of/in Vincent/np Berger/np Malraux/np has/hvz obviously/rb drawn/vbn on/in his/pp$ studies/nns of/in T./np E./np Lawrence/np (/( though/cs Berger/np fights/vbz on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at Turks/nps instead/rb of/in against/in them/ppo )/) ,/, and/cc like/cs both/abx Lawrence/np and/cc Malraux/np himself/ppl he/pps is/bez a/at fervent/jj admirer/nn of/in Nietzsche/np ./.
A/at professor/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Constantinople/np-tl ,/, where/wrb his/pp$ first/od course/nn of/in lectures/nns was/bedz on/in Nietzsche/np and/cc the/at ``/`` philosophy/nn of/in action/nn ''/'' ,/, Vincent/np Berger/np becomes/vbz head/nn of/in the/at propaganda/nn department/nn of/in the/at German/jj-tl Embassy/nn-tl in/in Turkey/np ./.
As/cs an/at Alsatian/np before/in the/at first/od World/nn-tl War/nn-tl he/pps was/bedz of/in course/nn of/in German/jj nationality/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc he/pps quickly/rb involves/vbz himself/ppl in/in the/at Young/jj-tl Turk/np-tl revolutionary/jj movement/nn to/in such/abl an/at extent/nn that/cs his/pp$ own/jj country/nn begins/vbz to/to doubt/vb his/pp$ patriotism/nn ./.
And/cc ,/, after/cs becoming/vbg the/at right-hand/nn man/nn of/in Enver/np Pasha/np ,/, he/pps is/bez sent/vbn by/in the/at latter/ap to/to pave/vb the/at way/nn for/in a/at new/jj Turkish/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl embracing/vbg ``/`` the/at union/nn of/in all/abn Turks/nps throughout/in Central/jj-tl Asia/np-tl from/in Adrianople/np to/in the/at Chinese/jj oases/nns on/in the/at Silk/nn-tl Trade/nn-tl Route/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Vincent/np Berger's/np$ mission/nn is/bez a/at failure/nn because/cs the/at Ottoman/np nationalism/nn on/in which/wdt Enver/np Pasha/np counted/vbd does/doz not/* exist/vb ./.
Central/jj Asia/np is/bez sunk/vbn in/in a/at somnolence/nn from/in which/wdt nothing/pn can/md awaken/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc amid/in a/at dusty/jj desolation/nn in/in which/wdt nothing/pn human/jj any/ql longer/rbr seemed/vbd to/to survive/vb ,/, Vincent/np Berger/np begins/vbz to/to dream/vb of/in the/at Occident/np ./.
``/`` Oh/uh ,/, for/in the/at green/nn of/in Europe/np !/. !/.
Trains/nns whistling/vbg in/in the/at night/nn ,/, the/at rattle/nn and/cc clatter/nn of/in cabs/nns ./.
''/'' Finally/rb ,/, after/cs almost/rb being/beg beaten/vbn to/in death/nn by/in a/at madman/nn --/-- he/pps could/md not/* fight/vb back/rb because/cs madmen/nns are/ber sacred/jj to/in Islam/np --/-- he/pps throws/vbz up/rp his/pp$ mission/nn and/cc returns/vbz to/in Europe/np ./.
This/dt has/hvz been/ben his/pp$ first/od encounter/nn with/in mankind/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, although/cs he/pps has/hvz now/rb become/vbn a/at legendary/jj figure/nn in/in the/at popular/jj European/jj press/nn ,/, it/pps leaves/vbz him/ppo profoundly/ql dissatisfied/vbn ./.
Despite/in Berger's/np$ report/nn ,/, Enver/np Pasha/np refuses/vbz to/to surrender/vb his/pp$ dream/nn of/in a/at Turkish/jj-tl Blood/nn-tl Alliance/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc Vincent/np Berger/np learns/vbz that/cs political/jj ambition/nn is/bez more/ql apt/jj to/to hide/vb than/cs to/to reveal/vb the/at truth/nn about/in men/nns ./.
But/cc as/cs he/pps discovers/vbz shortly/rb ,/, on/in returning/vbg among/in intellectuals/nns obsessed/vbn by/in le/fw-at culte/fw-nn du/fw-in+at moi/fw-ppo ,/, his/pp$ experience/nn of/in action/nn had/hvd also/rb taught/vbn him/ppo a/at more/ql positive/jj lesson/nn ./.
``/`` For/in six/cd years/nns my/pp$ father/nn had/hvd had/hvn to/to do/do too/ql much/ap commanding/nn and/cc convincing/vbg ,/, ''/'' writes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` not/* to/to understand/vb that/cs man/nn begins/vbz with/in '/' the/at other/ap '/' ''/'' ./.


	And/cc when/wrb Vincent/np Berger/np returns/vbz to/in Europe/np ,/, this/dt first/od result/nn of/in his/pp$ encounters/nns with/in mankind/nn is/bez considerably/rb enriched/vbn and/cc deepened/vbn by/in a/at crucial/jj revelation/nn ./.
For/cs a/at dawning/vbg sense/nn of/in illumination/nn occurs/vbz in/in consequence/nn of/in two/cd events/nns which/wdt ,/, as/cs so/ql often/rb in/in Malraux/np ,/, suddenly/rb confront/vb a/at character/nn with/in the/at existential/jj question/nn of/in the/at nature/nn and/cc value/nn of/in human/jj life/nn ./.
One/cd such/jj event/nn is/bez the/at landing/nn in/in Europe/np itself/ppl ,/, when/wrb the/at mingled/vbn familiarity/nn and/cc strangeness/nn of/in the/at Occident/np ,/, after/in the/at blank/jj immensities/nns of/in Asia/np ,/, shocks/vbz the/at returning/vbg traveller/nn into/in a/at realization/nn of/in the/at infinite/jj possibilities/nns of/in human/jj life/nn ./.

In/in a/at pessimistic/jj assessment/nn of/in the/at cold/jj war/nn ,/, Eden/np declared/vbd :/: ``/`` There/ex must/md be/be much/ql closer/jjr unity/nn within/in the/at West/nr-tl before/cs there/ex can/md be/be effective/jj negotiation/nn with/in the/at East/nr-tl ''/'' ./.
Ordinary/jj methods/nns of/in diplomacy/nn within/in the/at free/jj world/nn are/ber inadequate/jj ,/, said/vbd the/at former/ap Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl ./.
``/`` Something/pn much/ql more/ql thorough/jj is/bez required/vbn ''/'' ./.
Citing/vbg the/at experience/nn of/in the/at Combined/vbn-tl Chiefs/nns-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, Eden/np said/vbd that/cs all/abn would/md have/hv been/ben confusion/nn and/cc disarray/nn without/in them/ppo ./.
``/`` This/dt ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` is/bez exactly/rb what/wdt has/hvz been/ben happening/vbg between/in the/at politically/rb free/jj nations/nns in/in the/at postwar/jj world/nn ./.
We/ppss need/vb joint/jj chiefs/nns of/in a/at political/jj general/jj staff/nn ''/'' ./.
Citing/vbg the/at advances/nns of/in Communist/jj power/nn in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, Sir/np Anthony/np observed/vbd :/: ``/`` This/dt very/ql grave/jj state/nn of/in affairs/nns will/md continue/vb until/cs the/at free/jj nations/nns accept/vb together/rb the/at reality/nn of/in the/at danger/nn that/wps confronts/vbz them/ppo and/cc unite/vb their/pp$ policies/nns and/cc resources/nns to/to meet/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	While/cs I/ppss fully/rb agree/vb with/in Sir/np Anthony's/np$ contention/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb that/cs we/ppss must/md carry/vb the/at analysis/nn farther/rbr ,/, bearing/vbg in/in mind/nn that/cs while/cs common/jj peril/nn may/md be/be the/at measure/nn of/in our/pp$ need/nn ,/, the/at existence/nn or/cc absence/nn of/in a/at positive/jj sense/nn of/in community/nn must/md be/be the/at measure/nn of/in our/pp$ capacity/nn ./.


	While/cs it/pps is/bez hazardous/jj to/to project/vb the/at trend/nn of/in history/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz clear/jj that/cs a/at genuine/jj community/nn is/bez painfully/rb emerging/vbg in/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ,/, particularly/rb among/in the/at countries/nns of/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./.
At/in the/at end/nn of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, free/jj Europe/np was/bedz ready/jj for/in a/at new/jj beginning/nn ./.
The/at excesses/nns of/in nationalism/nn had/hvd brought/vbn down/rp upon/in Europe/np a/at generation/nn of/in tyranny/nn and/cc war/nn ,/, and/cc a/at return/nn to/in the/at old/jj order/nn of/in things/nns seemed/vbd unthinkable/jj ./.
Under/in these/dts conditions/nns a/at new/jj generation/nn of/in Europeans/nps began/vbd to/to discover/vb the/at bonds/nns of/in long/jj association/nn and/cc shared/vbn values/nns that/wps for/in so/ql long/rb had/hvd been/ben subordinated/vbn to/in nationalist/nn xenophobia/nn ./.
A/at slow/jj and/cc painful/jj trend/nn toward/in unification/nn has/hvz taken/vbn hold/nn ,/, a/at trend/nn which/wdt may/md at/in any/dti time/nn be/be arrested/vbn and/cc reversed/vbn but/cc which/wdt may/md also/rb lead/vb to/in a/at binding/vbg federation/nn of/in Europe/np ./.
It/pps may/md well/rb be/be that/cs the/at unification/nn of/in Europe/np will/md prove/vb inadequate/jj ,/, that/cs the/at survival/nn of/in free/jj society/nn will/md require/vb nothing/pn less/ap than/cs the/at confederation/nn of/in the/at entire/jj Western/jj-tl world/nn ./.


	The/at movement/nn toward/in European/jj unity/nn has/hvz been/ben expressed/vbn in/in two/cd currents/nns :/: federalism/nn and/cc functionalism/nn ,/, one/cd looking/vbg to/in the/at constitution/nn of/in a/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, the/at other/ap building/nn on/in wartime/nn precedents/nns of/in practical/jj cooperation/nn for/in the/at solution/nn of/in specific/jj problems/nns ./.
Thus/ql far/rb the/at advances/nns made/vbn have/hv been/ben almost/ql entirely/rb along/in functional/jj lines/nns ./.


	Many/ap factors/nns contributed/vbd to/in the/at growth/nn of/in the/at European/jj movement/nn ./.
In/in 1946/cd Sir/np Winston/np Churchill/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd spoken/vbn often/rb of/in European/jj union/nn during/in the/at war/nn ,/, advocated/vbd the/at formation/nn of/in ``/`` a/at kind/nn of/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl ''/'' ./.
Had/hvd Churchill/np been/ben returned/vbn to/in office/nn in/in 1945/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez just/ql possible/jj that/cs Britain/np ,/, instead/rb of/in standing/vbg fearfully/rb aloof/rb ,/, would/md have/hv led/vbn Europe/np toward/in union/nn ./.


	In/in 1947/cd and/cc 1948/cd the/at necessity/nn of/in massive/jj coordinated/vbn efforts/nns to/to achieve/vb economic/jj recovery/nn led/vbd to/in the/at formation/nn of/in the/at Organization/nn-tl for/in-tl European/jj-tl Economic/jj-tl Cooperation/nn-tl to/to supervise/vb and/cc coordinate/vb the/at uses/nns of/in American/jj aid/nn under/in the/at Marshall/np-tl Plan/nn-tl ./.
The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl might/md well/rb have/hv exploited/vbn the/at opportunity/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at European/jj-tl Recovery/nn-tl Program/nn-tl to/to push/vb the/at hesitant/jj European/jj nations/nns toward/in political/jj federation/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs economic/jj cooperation/nn ,/, but/cc all/abn proposals/nns to/in this/dt effect/nn were/bed rejected/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Government/nn-tl at/in the/at time/nn ./.


	Another/dt powerful/jj factor/nn in/in the/at European/jj movement/nn was/bedz the/at threat/nn of/in Soviet/np aggression/nn ./.
The/at Communist/jj coup/nn in/in Czechoslovakia/np in/in 1948/cd was/bedz followed/vbn immediately/rb by/in the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at Brussels/np-tl Treaty/nn-tl ,/, a/at 50-year/jj alliance/nn among/in Britain/np ,/, France/np and/cc the/at Benelux/np countries/nns ./.
And/cc of/in course/nn the/at Soviet/np threat/nn was/bedz responsible/jj for/in NATO/nn ,/, the/at grand/jj alliance/nn of/in the/at Atlantic/jj nations/nns ./.


	New/jj organs/nns of/in unification/nn proliferated/vbd in/in the/at decade/nn following/vbg the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at NATO/nn alliance/nn ./.
In/in 1949/cd the/at Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl came/vbd into/in existence/nn ,/, a/at purely/ql consultative/jj parliamentary/jj body/nn but/cc the/at first/od organ/nn of/in political/jj rather/rb than/in functional/jj unity/nn ./.
In/in 1952/cd ,/, the/at European/jj-tl Coal/nn-tl and/cc-tl Steel/nn-tl Community/nn-tl was/bedz launched/vbn ,/, placing/vbg the/at coal/nn and/cc steel/nn production/nn of/in France/np ,/, West/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ,/, Italy/np and/cc Benelux/np under/in a/at supranational/jj High/jj-tl Authority/nn-tl ./.
For/in a/at time/nn it/pps appeared/vbd that/cs a/at common/jj European/jj army/nn might/md be/be created/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at project/nn for/in a/at European/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl Community/nn-tl was/bedz rejected/vbn by/in the/at French/jj-tl National/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl in/in 1954/cd ./.
In/in 1957/cd the/at social-economic/jj approach/nn to/in European/jj integration/nn was/bedz capped/vbn by/in the/at formation/nn among/in ``/`` the/at Six/cd-tl ''/'' of/in a/at tariff-free/jj European/jj-tl Common/jj-tl Market/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Euratom/np for/in cooperation/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in atomic/jj energy/nn ./.


	The/at ``/`` overseas/jj ''/'' democracies/nns have/hv generally/rb encouraged/vbn the/at European/jj unification/nn movement/nn without/in seriously/rb considering/in the/at wisdom/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj full/jj participation/nn in/in a/at broader/jjr Atlantic/jj community/nn ./.
The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Canada/np belong/vb only/rb to/in NATO/nn and/cc the/at new/jj O.E.C.D./np ./.
Britain/np until/in recently/rb went/vbd along/rb in/in some/dti areas/nns with/in all/abn of/in the/at enthusiasm/nn of/in the/at groom/nn at/in a/at shotgun/nn wedding/nn ./.
In/in other/ap areas/nns it/pps held/vbd back/rb ,/, pleading/vbg its/pp$ Commonwealth/nn-tl bonds/nns ./.
Now/rb Britain/np has/hvz decided/vbn to/to seek/vb admission/nn to/in the/at European/jj-tl Economic/jj-tl Community/nn-tl and/cc it/pps seems/vbz certain/jj that/cs she/pps will/md be/be joined/vbn by/in some/dti of/in her/pp$ partners/nns in/in the/at loose/jj Free/jj-tl Trade/nn-tl Area/nn-tl of/in the/at ``/`` Outer/jj-tl Seven/cd-tl ''/'' ./.
Besides/in its/pp$ historical/jj significance/nn as/cs a/at break/nn with/in the/at centuries-old/jj tradition/nn of/in British/jj insularity/nn ,/, Britain's/np$ move/nn ,/, if/cs successful/jj ,/, will/md constitute/vb an/at historic/jj landmark/nn of/in the/at first/od importance/nn in/in the/at movement/nn toward/in the/at unification/nn of/in Europe/np and/cc the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ./.


	If/cs a/at broader/jjr Atlantic/jj community/nn is/bez to/to be/be formed/vbn --/-- and/cc my/pp$ own/jj judgment/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps lies/vbz within/in the/at realm/nn of/in both/abx our/pp$ needs/nns and/cc our/pp$ capacity/nn --/-- a/at ready/jj nucleus/nn of/in machinery/nn is/bez at/in hand/nn in/in the/at NATO/nn alliance/nn ./.
The/at time/nn is/bez now/rb ripe/jj ,/, indeed/rb overdue/jj ,/, for/in the/at vigorous/jj development/nn of/in its/pp$ non-military/jj potentialities/nns ,/, for/in its/pp$ development/nn as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in Atlantic/jj community/nn ./.
What/wdt is/bez required/vbn is/bez the/at full/jj implementation/nn of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl of/in the/at Treaty/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt provides/vbz :/: ``/`` The/at Parties/nns-tl will/md contribute/vb toward/in the/at further/jjr development/nn of/in peaceful/jj and/cc friendly/jj international/jj relations/nns by/in strengthening/vbg their/pp$ free/jj institutions/nns ,/, by/in bringing/vbg about/rp a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at principles/nns upon/in which/wdt these/dts institutions/nns are/ber founded/vbn ,/, and/cc by/in promoting/vbg conditions/nns of/in stability/nn and/cc well-being/nn ./.
They/ppss will/md seek/vb to/to eliminate/vb conflict/nn in/in their/pp$ international/jj economic/jj policies/nns and/cc will/md encourage/vb economic/jj collaboration/nn between/in any/dti and/cc all/abn of/in them/ppo ''/'' ./.
As/cs Lester/np Pearson/np wrote/vbd in/in 1955/cd :/. :/.
``/`` NATO/np-tl cannot/md* live/vb on/in fear/nn alone/rb ./.
It/pps cannot/md* become/vb the/at source/nn of/in a/at real/jj Atlantic/jj community/nn if/cs it/pps remains/vbz organized/vbn to/to deal/vb only/rb with/in the/at military/jj threat/nn which/wdt first/rb brought/vbd it/ppo into/in being/beg ''/'' ./.


	The/at problem/nn of/in NATO/nn is/bez not/* one/cd of/in machinery/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez an/at abundance/nn ,/, but/cc of/in the/at will/nn to/to use/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at NATO/nn Council/nn-tl is/bez available/jj as/cs an/at executive/nn agency/nn ,/, the/at Standing/vbg-tl Group/nn-tl as/cs a/at high/jj military/jj authority/nn ./.
The/at unofficial/jj Conference/nn-tl of/in-tl Parliamentarians/nps-tl is/bez available/jj as/cs a/at potential/jj legislative/jj authority/nn ./.
This/dt machinery/nn will/md not/* become/vb the/at instrument/nn of/in an/at Atlantic/jj community/nn by/in fiat/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb when/wrb that/dt community/nn evolves/vbz from/in potentiality/nn to/in reality/nn ./.
The/at existence/nn of/in a/at community/nn is/bez a/at state/nn of/in mind/nn --/-- a/at conviction/nn that/cs goals/nns and/cc values/nns are/ber widely/rb shared/vbn ,/, that/cs effective/jj communication/nn is/bez possible/jj ,/, that/cs mutual/jj trust/nn is/bez reasonably/rb assured/vbn ./.


	An/at equally/ql promising/jj avenue/nn toward/in Atlantic/jj community/nn may/md lie/vb through/in the/at development/nn and/cc expansion/nn of/in the/at O.E.C.D./np ./.
Conceived/vbn as/cs an/at organ/nn of/in economic/jj cooperation/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb O.E.C.D./np cannot/md* evolve/vb into/in a/at broader/jjr instrument/nn of/in union/nn if/cs its/pp$ members/nns so/rb desire/vb ./.
Indeed/rb it/pps might/md be/be a/at more/ql appropriate/jj vehicle/nn than/cs NATO/nn for/in the/at development/nn of/in a/at parliamentary/jj organ/nn of/in the/at Atlantic/jj nations/nns ,/, because/cs it/pps could/md encompass/vb all/abn of/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at Atlantic/jj community/nn including/in those/dts ,/, like/cs Sweden/np and/cc Switzerland/np ,/, who/wps are/ber unwilling/jj to/to be/be associated/vbn with/in an/at essentially/rb military/jj alliance/nn like/cs Aj/nn ./.


	Underlying/vbg these/dts hopes/nns and/cc prescriptions/nns is/bez a/at conviction/nn that/cs the/at nations/nns of/in the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl area/nn do/do indeed/rb form/vb a/at community/nn ,/, at/in least/ap a/at potential/jj community/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez nothing/pn new/jj in/in this/dt ;/. ;/.
what/wdt is/bez new/jj and/cc compelling/jj is/bez that/cs the/at West/nr-tl is/bez now/rb but/rb one/cd of/in several/ap powerful/jj civilizations/nns ,/, or/cc ``/`` systems/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc that/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at others/nns may/md pose/vb a/at mortal/jj danger/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl ./.
For/in centuries/nns the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl nations/nns dominated/vbd the/at world/nn and/cc as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss did/dod they/ppss could/md afford/vb the/at luxury/nn of/in fighting/vbg each/dt other/ap ./.
That/dt time/nn is/bez now/rb past/jj and/cc the/at Atlantic/jj nations/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to survive/vb ,/, must/md develop/vb a/at full-fledged/jj community/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss must/md also/rb look/vb beyond/in the/at frontiers/nns of/in ``/`` Western/jj-tl civilization/nn ''/'' toward/in a/at world-wide/jj ``/`` concert/nn of/in free/jj nations/nns ''/'' ./.



6/cd ,/, 
The/at burden/nn of/in these/dts reflections/nns is/bez that/cs a/at broader/jjr unity/nn among/in the/at free/jj nations/nns is/bez at/in the/at core/nn of/in our/pp$ needs/nns ./.
And/cc if/cs we/ppss do/do not/* aspire/vb to/in too/ql much/ap ,/, it/pps is/bez also/rb within/in our/pp$ capacity/nn ./.
A/at realistic/jj balancing/nn of/in the/at need/nn for/in new/jj forms/nns of/in international/jj organization/nn on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, and/cc our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to achieve/vb them/ppo on/in the/at other/ap ,/, must/md be/be approached/vbn through/in the/at concept/nn of/in ``/`` community/nn ''/'' ./.
History/nn has/hvz demonstrated/vbn many/ap times/nns that/cs concerts/nns of/in nations/nns based/vbn solely/rb on/in the/at negative/jj spur/nn of/in common/jj danger/nn are/ber unlikely/jj to/to survive/vb when/wrb the/at external/jj danger/nn ceases/vbz to/to be/be dramatically/rb urgent/jj ./.
Only/rb when/wrb a/at concert/nn of/in nations/nns rests/vbz on/in the/at positive/jj foundations/nns of/in shared/vbn goals/nns and/cc values/nns is/bez it/pps likely/jj to/to form/vb a/at viable/jj instrument/nn of/in long-range/nn policy/nn ./.
It/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at solution/nn to/in the/at current/jj disunity/nn of/in the/at free/jj nations/nns is/bez only/rb to/in a/at very/ql limited/vbn extent/nn a/at matter/nn of/in devising/vbg new/jj machinery/nn of/in consultation/nn and/cc coordination/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez very/ql much/ap a/at matter/nn of/in building/vbg the/at foundations/nns of/in community/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez for/in these/dts reasons/nns that/cs proposals/nns for/in a/at ``/`` new/jj world/nn order/nn ''/'' ,/, through/in radical/jj overhaul/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc through/in some/dti sort/nn of/in world/nn federation/nn ,/, are/ber utterly/ql fatuous/jj ./.
In/in a/at recent/jj book/nn called/vbn ``/`` World/nn-tl Peace/nn-tl Through/in-tl World/nn-tl Law/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, two/cd distinguished/vbn lawyers/nns ,/, Grenville/np Clark/np and/cc Louis/np Sohn/np ,/, call/vb for/in just/rb such/abl an/at overhaul/nn of/in the/at U.N./np ,/, basing/vbg their/pp$ case/nn on/in the/at world-wide/jj fear/nn of/in a/at nuclear/jj holocaust/nn ./.
I/ppss believe/vb that/cs these/dts proposals/nns ,/, however/wql meritorious/jj in/in terms/nns of/in world/nn needs/nns ,/, go/vb far/rb beyond/in our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to realize/vb them/ppo ./.
Such/jj proposals/nns look/vb to/in an/at apocalyptic/jj act/nn ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in Lockian/jj ``/`` social/jj contract/nn ''/'' on/in a/at world-wide/jj scale/nn ./.
The/at defect/nn of/in these/dts proposals/nns is/bez in/in their/pp$ attempt/nn to/to outrun/vb history/nn and/cc their/pp$ assumption/nn that/cs because/cs something/pn may/md be/be desirable/jj it/pps is/bez also/rb possible/jj ./.


	A/at working/vbg concept/nn of/in the/at organic/jj evolution/nn of/in community/nn must/md lead/vb us/ppo in/in a/at different/jj direction/nn ./.
The/at failures/nns of/in the/at U.N./np and/cc of/in other/ap international/jj organs/nns suggest/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv already/rb gone/vbn beyond/in what/wdt was/bedz internationally/rb feasible/jj ./.
Our/pp$ problem/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez to/to devise/vb processes/nns more/ql modest/jj in/in their/pp$ aspirations/nns ,/, adjusted/vbn to/in the/at real/jj world/nn of/in sovereign/jj nation/nn states/nns and/cc diverse/jj and/cc hostile/jj communities/nns ./.
The/at history/nn of/in the/at U.N./np demonstrates/vbz that/cs in/in a/at pluralistic/jj world/nn we/ppss must/md develop/vb processes/nns of/in influence/nn and/cc persuasion/nn rather/rb than/in coercion/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs international/jj organization/nn will/md ultimately/rb supplant/vb the/at multi-state/jj system/nn ,/, but/cc its/pp$ proper/jj function/nn for/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn is/bez to/to reform/vb and/cc supplement/vb that/dt system/nn in/in order/nn to/to render/vb pluralism/nn more/ql compatible/jj with/in an/at interdependent/jj world/nn ./.


	New/jj machinery/nn of/in coordination/nn should/md not/* be/be our/pp$ primary/jj objective/nn in/in the/at foreseeable/jj future/nn --/-- though/cs perhaps/rb the/at ``/`` political/jj general/jj staff/nn ''/'' of/in Western/jj-tl leaders/nns proposed/vbn by/in Sir/np Anthony/np Eden/np would/md serve/vb a/at useful/jj purpose/nn ./.
Generally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at abundance/nn of/in available/jj machinery/nn of/in coordination/nn --/-- in/in NATO/nn ,/, in/in O.E.C.D./np ,/, in/in the/at U.N./np and/cc elsewhere/rb ./.
The/at trouble/nn with/in this/dt machinery/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* used/vbn and/cc the/at reason/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* used/vbn is/bez the/at absence/nn of/in a/at conscious/jj sense/nn of/in community/nn among/in the/at free/jj nations/nns ./.


	Our/pp$ proper/jj objective/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, is/bez the/at development/nn of/in a/at new/jj spirit/nn ,/, the/at realization/nn of/in a/at potential/jj community/nn ./.
A/at ``/`` concert/nn of/in free/jj nations/nns ''/'' should/md take/vb its/pp$ inspiration/nn from/in the/at traditions/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn Concert/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl with/in its/pp$ common/jj values/nns and/cc accepted/vbn ``/`` rules/nns of/in the/at game/nn ''/'' ./.
Constitutions/nns of/in and/cc by/in themselves/ppls mean/vb little/ap ;/. ;/.
the/at history/nn of/in both/abx the/at League/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl and/cc the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl demonstrates/vbz that/dt ./.
But/cc a/at powerful/jj sense/nn of/in community/nn ,/, even/rb with/in little/ap or/cc no/at machinery/nn ,/, means/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez the/at lesson/nn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ./.


	A/at realistic/jj ``/`` concert/nn of/in free/jj nations/nns ''/'' might/md be/be expected/vbn to/to consist/vb of/in an/at ``/`` inner/jj community/nn ''/'' of/in the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl nations/nns and/cc an/at ``/`` outer/jj community/nn ''/'' embracing/vbg much/ap or/cc all/abn of/in the/at non-Communist/jj world/nn ./.



	The/at recent/jj experiments/nns in/in the/at new/jj poetry-and-jazz/nn movement/nn seen/vbn by/in some/dti as/cs part/nn of/in the/at ``/`` San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Renaissance/nn-tl ''/'' have/hv been/ben as/ql popular/jj as/cs they/ppss are/ber notorious/jj ./.
``/`` It/pps might/md well/rb start/vb a/at craze/nn like/cs swallowing/vbg goldfish/nn or/cc pee-wee/jj golf/nn ''/'' ,/, wrote/vbd Kenneth/np Rexroth/np in/in an/at explanatory/jj note/nn in/in the/at Evergreen/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, and/cc he/pps may/md have/hv been/ben right/jj ./.


	Under/in the/at general/jj heading/nn ``/`` poetry-and-jazz/nn-nc ''/'' widely/ql divergent/jj experiments/nns have/hv been/ben carried/vbn out/rp ./.
Lawrence/np Ferlenghetti/np and/cc Bruce/np Lippincott/np have/hv concentrated/vbn on/in writing/vbg a/at new/jj poetry/nn for/in reading/vbg with/in jazz/nn that/wps is/bez very/ql closely/rb related/vbn to/in both/abx the/at musical/jj forms/nns of/in jazz/nn ,/, and/cc the/at vocabulary/nn of/in the/at musician/nn ./.
Even/rb musicians/nns themselves/ppls have/hv taken/vbn to/in writing/vbg poetry/nn ./.
(/( Judy/np Tristano/np now/rb has/hvz poems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs ballads/nns written/vbn for/in her/ppo ./.
)/) 

	But/cc the/at best/rbt known/vbn exploiters/nns of/in the/at new/jj medium/nn are/ber Kenneth/np Rexroth/np and/cc Kenneth/np Patchen/np ./.
Rexroth/np and/cc Patchen/np are/ber far/ql apart/rb musically/rb and/cc poetically/rb in/in their/pp$ experiments/nns ./.
Rexroth/np is/bez a/at longtime/nn jazz/nn buff/nn ,/, a/at name-dropper/nn of/in jazz/nn heroes/nns ,/, and/cc a/at student/nn of/in traditional/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs modern/jj jazz/nn ./.
In/in San/np Francisco/np he/pps has/hvz worked/vbn with/in Brew/np Moore/np ,/, Charlie/np Mingus/np ,/, and/cc other/ap ``/`` swinging/vbg ''/'' musicians/nns of/in secure/jj reputation/nn ,/, thus/rb placing/vbg himself/ppl within/in established/vbn jazz/nn traditions/nns ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in being/beg a/at part/nn of/in the/at San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl ``/`` School/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	Although/cs Patchen/np has/hvz given/vbn previous/jj evidence/nn of/in an/at interest/nn in/in jazz/nn ,/, the/at musical/jj group/nn that/wpo he/pps works/vbz with/in ,/, the/at Chamber/nn-tl Jazz/nn-tl Sextet/nn-tl ,/, is/bez often/rb ignored/vbn by/in jazz/nn critics/nns ./.
(/( Downbeat/nn-tl did/dod not/* mention/vb the/at Los/np Angeles/np appearance/nn of/in Patchen/np and/cc the/at Sextet/nn-tl ,/, although/cs the/at engagement/nn lasted/vbd over/rp two/cd months/nns ./.
)/) The/at stated/vbn goal/nn of/in the/at CJS/nn is/bez the/at synthesis/nn of/in jazz/nn and/cc ``/`` serious/jj ''/'' music/nn ./.
Patchen's/np$ musicians/nns are/ber outsiders/nns in/in established/vbn jazz/nn circles/nns ,/, and/cc Patchen/np himself/ppl has/hvz remained/vbn outside/in the/at San/np Francisco/np poetry/nn group/nn ,/, maintaining/vbg a/at self-imposed/jj isolation/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs his/pp$ conversion/nn to/in poetry-and-jazz/nn is/bez not/* as/ql extreme/jj or/cc as/ql sudden/jj as/cs it/pps may/md first/rb appear/vb ./.
He/pps had/hvd read/vbn his/pp$ poetry/nn with/in musicians/nns as/ql early/rb as/cs 1951/cd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ entire/jj career/nn has/hvz been/ben characterized/vbn by/in radical/jj experiments/nns with/in the/at form/nn and/cc presentation/nn of/in his/pp$ poetry/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, his/pp$ subject/nn matter/nn and/cc basic/jj themes/nns have/hv remained/vbn surprisingly/rb consistent/jj ,/, and/cc these/dts ,/, together/rb with/in certain/jj key/jjs poetic/jj images/nns ,/, may/md be/be traced/vbn through/in all/abn his/pp$ work/nn ,/, including/in the/at new/jj jazz/nn experiments/nns ./.


	From/in the/at beginning/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ,/, Patchen/np has/hvz adopted/vbn an/at anti-intellectual/jj approach/nn to/in poetry/nn ./.
His/pp$ first/od book/nn ,/, Before/in-tl The/at-tl Brave/nn-tl (/( 1936/cd )/) ,/, is/bez a/at collection/nn of/in poems/nns that/wps are/ber almost/rb all/abn Communistic/jj ,/, but/cc after/in publication/nn of/in this/dt book/nn he/pps rejected/vbd Communism/nn-tl ,/, and/cc advocated/vbd a/at pacifistic/jj anarchy/nn ,/, though/cs retaining/vbg his/pp$ revolutionary/jj idiom/nn ./.
He/pps spoke/vbd for/in a/at ``/`` proletariat/nn ''/'' that/wps included/vbd ``/`` all/abn the/at lost/vbn and/cc sick/jj and/cc hunted/vbn of/in the/at earth/nn ''/'' ./.
Patchen/np believes/vbz that/cs the/at world/nn is/bez being/beg destroyed/vbn by/in power-hungry/jj and/cc money-hungry/jj people/nns ./.
Running/vbg counter/rb to/in the/at destroying/vbg forces/nns in/in the/at world/nn are/ber all/abn the/at virtues/nns that/wps are/ber innate/jj in/in man/nn ,/, the/at capacity/nn for/in love/nn and/cc brotherhood/nn ,/, the/at ability/nn to/to appreciate/vb beauty/nn ./.
Beauty/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs love/nn is/bez redemptive/jj ,/, and/cc Patchen/np preaches/vbz a/at kind/nn of/in moral/jj salvation/nn ./.
This/dt salvation/nn does/doz not/* take/vb the/at form/nn of/in a/at Christian/jj-tl Heaven/nn-tl ./.
In/in Patchen's/np$ eyes/nns ,/, organized/vbn churches/nns are/ber as/ql odious/jj as/cs organized/vbn governments/nns ,/, and/cc Christian/jj symbols/nns ,/, having/hvg been/ben taken/vbn over/rp by/in the/at moneyed/jj classes/nns ,/, are/ber now/rb agents/nns of/in corruption/nn ./.
Patchen/np envisions/vbz a/at Dark/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl which/wdt ``/`` stands/vbz above/in the/at waters/nns as/cs a/at sentinel/nn warning/vbg man/nn of/in danger/nn from/in his/pp$ own/jj kind/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at Dark/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl sends/vbz Angels/nns-tl of/in-tl Death/nn-tl and/cc other/ap fateful/jj messengers/nns down/rp to/in us/ppo with/in stern/jj tenderness/nn ./.
Actually/rb Heaven/nn-tl and/cc the/at Dark/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl overlap/vb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss form/vb two/cd aspects/nns of/in heavenly/jj life/nn after/in death/nn ./.


	Patchen/np has/hvz almost/rb never/rb used/vbd strict/jj poetic/jj forms/nns ;/. ;/.
he/pps has/hvz experimented/vbn instead/rb with/in personal/jj myth-making/nn ./.
Much/ap of/in his/pp$ earlier/jjr work/nn was/bedz conceived/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in a/at ``/`` pseudo-anthropological/jj ''/'' myth/nn reference/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez concerned/vbn with/in imaginary/jj places/nns and/cc beings/nns described/vbn in/in grandiloquent/jj and/cc travelogue-like/jj language/nn ./.


	These/dts early/jj experiments/nns were/bed evidently/rb not/* altogether/rb satisfying/jj to/in Patchen/np ./.
Beginning/vbg in/in Cloth/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Tempest/nn-tl (/( 1943/cd )/) he/pps experimented/vbd in/in merging/vbg poetry/nn and/cc visual/jj art/nn ,/, using/vbg drawings/nns to/to carry/vb long/jj narrative/jj segments/nns of/in a/at story/nn ,/, as/cs in/in Sleepers/nns-tl Awake/vb-tl ,/, and/cc constructing/vbg elaborate/jj ``/`` poems-in-drawing-and-type/nns ''/'' in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez impossible/jj to/to distinguish/vb between/in the/at ``/`` art/nn ''/'' and/cc the/at poetry/nn ./.
Art/nn ``/`` makings/nns ''/'' or/cc pseudo-anthropological/jj myths/nns did/dod not/* meet/vb all/abn of/in Patchen's/np$ requirements/nns for/in a/at poetic/jj frame/nn of/in reference/nn ./.
Many/ap of/in his/pp$ poems/nns purported/vbd to/to be/be exactly/ql contemporary/jj and/cc political/jj ;/. ;/.
so/rb during/in the/at period/nn approximately/rb from/in 1941/cd to/in 1946/cd ,/, Patchen/np often/rb used/vbd private/jj detective/nn stories/nns as/cs a/at myth/nn reference/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ``/`` private/jj eye/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at myth/nn hero/nn ./.
Speaking/vbg in/in terms/nns of/in sociological/jj stereotype/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` private/jj eye/nn ''/'' might/md appeal/vb to/in the/at poet/nn in/in search/nn of/in a/at myth/nn for/in many/ap reasons/nns ./.
The/at private/jj detective/nn (/( at/in least/ap in/in the/at minds/nns of/in listeners/nns and/cc readers/nns all/ql over/in the/at country/nn )/) is/bez an/at individual/jj hero/nn fighting/vbg injustice/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez usually/rb something/pn of/in an/at underdog/nn ,/, he/pps must/md battle/vb the/at organized/vbn police/nn force/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs recognized/vbn criminals/nns ./.
The/at private/jj detective/nn must/md rely/vb ,/, as/cs the/at Youngest/jjt-tl Son/nn-tl or/cc Trickster/nn-tl Hero/nn-tl does/doz in/in primitive/jj myth/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ wits/nns ./.
The/at private/jj detective/nn is/bez militant/nn against/in injustice/nn ,/, a/at humorous/jj and/cc ironic/jj explorer/nn of/in the/at underworld/nn ;/. ;/.
most/ql important/jj to/in Patchen/np ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at non-literary/jj hero/nn ,/, and/cc very/ql contemporary/jj ./.
In/in 1945/cd ,/, probably/rb almost/rb every/at American/np not/* only/rb knew/vbd who/wps Sam/np Spade/np was/bedz ,/, but/cc had/hvd some/dti kind/nn of/in emotional/jj feeling/nn about/in him/ppo ./.
In/in The/at-tl Memoirs/nns-tl Of/in-tl A/at-tl Shy/jj-tl Pornographer/nn-tl (/( 1945/cd )/) Patchen/np exploited/vbd this/dt national/jj sentiment/nn by/in making/vbg his/pp$ hero/nn ,/, Albert/np Budd/np ,/, a/at private/jj detective/nn ./.


	But/cc since/in 1945/cd ,/, Sam/np Spade/np has/hvz undergone/vbn a/at metamorphosis/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps has/hvz become/vbn Friday/np on/in Dragnet/nn-tl ,/, a/at mouthpiece/nn of/in arbitrary/jj police/nn authority/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz ,/, like/cs so/ql many/ap other/ap secular/jj and/cc religious/jj culture/nn symbols/nns ,/, gone/vbn over/rp to/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at ruling/vbg classes/nns ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, the/at ``/`` private/jj eye/nn ''/'' can/md have/hv no/at more/ap appeal/nn for/in Patchen/np ./.
To/to fill/vb the/at job/nn of/in contemporary/jj hero/nn in/in 1955/cd ,/, Patchen/np needed/vbd someone/pn else/rb ./.


	It/pps was/bedz logical/jj that/cs he/pps would/md come/vb up/rp with/in the/at figure/nn of/in the/at modern/jj jazz/nn musician/nn ./.
The/at revolution/nn in/in jazz/nn that/wps took/vbd place/nn around/in 1949/cd ,/, the/at evolution/nn from/in the/at ``/`` bebop/nn ''/'' school/nn of/in Dizzy/np Gillespie/np to/in the/at ``/`` cool/jj ''/'' sound/nn of/in Miles/np Davis/np and/cc Lennie/np Tristano/np ,/, Lee/np Konitz/np ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj legend/nn of/in Charlie/np Parker/np ,/, had/hvd made/vbn an/at impression/nn on/in many/ap academic/jj and/cc literary/jj men/nns ./.
The/at differentiation/nn between/in the/at East/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl and/cc West/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl schools/nns of/in jazz/nn ,/, the/at differences/nns between/in the/at ``/`` hard/jj bop/nn ''/'' school/nn of/in Rollins/np ,/, and/cc the/at ``/`` cerebral/jj ''/'' experiments/nns of/in Tristano/np ,/, Konitz/np and/cc Marsh/np ,/, the/at general/jj differences/nns in/in the/at mores/nns of/in white/jj and/cc Negro/np musicians/nns ,/, all/abn had/hvd become/vbn fairly/ql well/rb known/vbn to/in certain/jj segments/nns of/in the/at public/nn ./.
The/at immense/jj amount/nn of/in interest/nn that/wpo the/at new/jj jazz/nn had/hvd for/in the/at younger/jjr generation/nn must/md have/hv impressed/vbn him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps began/vbd working/vbg toward/in the/at merger/nn of/in jazz/nn and/cc poetry/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps had/hvd previously/rb attempted/vbn the/at union/nn of/in graphic/jj art/nn and/cc poetry/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in his/pp$ experiments/nns in/in reading/vbg poetry/nn to/in jazz/nn ,/, Patchen/np is/bez beginning/vbg to/to use/vb the/at figure/nn of/in the/at modern/jj jazz/nn musician/nn as/cs a/at myth/nn hero/nn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn he/pps used/vbd the/at figure/nn of/in the/at private/jj detective/nn a/at decade/nn ago/rb ./.
In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, his/pp$ approach/nn to/in poetry-and-jazz/nn is/bez in/in marked/vbn contrast/nn to/in Kenneth/np Rexroth's/np$ ./.
Rexroth/np uses/vbz many/ap of/in his/pp$ early/jj poems/nns when/wrb he/pps reads/vbz to/in jazz/nn ,/, including/in many/ap of/in his/pp$ Chinese/jj and/cc Japanese/jj translations/nns ;/. ;/.
he/pps usually/rb draws/vbz some/dti kind/nn of/in comparison/nn with/in the/at jazz/nn tradition/nn and/cc the/at poem/nn he/pps is/bez reading/vbg --/-- for/in instance/nn ,/, he/pps draws/vbz the/at parallel/nn between/in a/at poem/nn he/pps reads/vbz about/in an/at Oriental/jj courtesan/nn waiting/vbg for/in the/at man/nn she/pps loves/vbz ,/, and/cc who/wps never/rb comes/vbz ,/, and/cc the/at old/jj blues/nns chants/nns of/in Ma/nn-tl Rainy/np and/cc other/ap Negro/np singers/nns --/-- but/cc usually/rb the/at comparison/nn is/bez specious/jj ./.
Rexroth/np may/md sometimes/rb achieve/vb an/at effective/jj juxtaposition/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps rarely/rb makes/vbz any/dti effort/nn to/to capture/vb any/dti jazz/nn ``/`` feeling/nn ''/'' in/in the/at text/nn of/in his/pp$ poems/nns ,/, relying/vbg on/in his/pp$ very/ql competent/jj musicians/nns to/to supply/vb this/dt feeling/nn ./.


	Patchen/np does/doz read/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ earlier/jjr works/nns to/in music/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz written/vbn an/at entire/jj book/nn of/in short/jj poems/nns which/wdt seem/vb to/to be/be especially/rb suited/vbn for/in reading/vbg with/in jazz/nn ./.
These/dts new/jj poems/nns have/hv only/rb a/at few/ap direct/jj references/nns to/in jazz/nn and/cc jazz/nn musicians/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss show/vb changes/nns in/in Patchen's/np$ approach/nn to/in his/pp$ poetry/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps has/hvz tried/vbn to/to enter/vb into/in and/cc understand/vb the/at emotional/jj attitude/nn of/in the/at jazz/nn musician/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to draw/vb the/at line/nn between/in stereotype/nn and/cc the/at reality/nn of/in the/at jazz/nn musician/nn ./.
Everyone/pn knows/vbz that/cs private/jj detectives/nns in/in real/jj life/nn are/ber not/* like/cs Sam/np Spade/np and/cc Pat/np Novak/np ,/, but/cc the/at real/jj and/cc the/at imaginary/jj musician/nn are/ber closely/rb linked/vbn ./.
Seen/vbn by/in the/at public/nn ,/, the/at musician/nn is/bez the/at underdog/nn par/fw-in excellence/fw-nn ./.
He/pps is/bez forced/vbn to/to play/vb for/in little/ap money/nn ,/, and/cc must/md often/rb take/vb another/dt job/nn to/to live/vb ./.
His/pp$ approach/nn to/in music/nn is/bez highly/ql individualistic/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at accent/nn is/bez on/in improvisation/nn rather/rb than/cs arrangements/nns ./.
While/cs he/pps is/bez worldly/jj ,/, the/at musician/nn often/rb cultivates/vbz public/jj attitudes/nns of/in childlike/jj astonishment/nn and/cc naivete/nn ./.
The/at musician/nn is/bez non-intellectual/jj and/cc non-verbal/jj ;/. ;/.
he/pps is/bez far/rb from/in being/beg a/at literary/jj hero/nn ,/, yet/cc is/bez a/at creative/jj artist/nn ./.
Many/ap of/in these/dts aspects/nns will/md be/be seen/vbn as/cs comparable/jj to/in those/dts of/in the/at ideal/jj detective/nn ,/, but/cc where/wrb the/at detective/nn is/bez active/jj and/cc militant/jj ,/, the/at jazz/nn musician/nn is/bez passive/jj ,/, almost/rb a/at victim/nn of/in society/nn ./.
In/in order/nn to/to write/vb with/in authority/nn either/cc about/in musicians/nns ,/, or/cc as/cs a/at musician/nn ,/, Patchen/np would/md have/hv to/in soft/rb pedal/vb his/pp$ characteristically/rb outspoken/jj anger/nn ,/, and/cc change/vb (/( at/in least/ap for/in the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt poetry/nn )/) from/in a/at revolutionary/nn to/in a/at victim/nn ./.
He/pps must/md become/vb one/pn who/wps knows/vbz all/abn about/in the/at injustice/nn in/in the/at world/nn ,/, but/cc who/wps declines/vbz doing/vbg anything/pn about/in it/ppo ./.


	This/dt involves/vbz a/at shift/nn in/in Patchen's/np$ attitude/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez a/at first/od step/nn toward/in writing/vbg a/at new/jj jazz/nn poetry/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz shown/vbn considerable/jj ingenuity/nn in/in adapting/vbg his/pp$ earliest/jjt symbols/nns and/cc devices/nns to/in the/at new/jj work/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps has/hvz kept/vbn a/at body/nn of/in constant/jj symbols/nns through/in all/abn of/in his/pp$ experiments/nns gives/vbz an/at unexpected/jj continuity/nn to/in his/pp$ poetry/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb tracing/vbg some/dti of/in these/dts more/ql important/jj symbols/nns through/in the/at body/nn of/in his/pp$ work/nn will/md show/vb that/cs Patchen's/np$ new/jj poetry/nn is/bez well/rb thought/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc remains/vbz within/in the/at mainstream/nn of/in his/pp$ work/nn ,/, while/cs being/beg suited/vbn to/in a/at new/jj form/nn ./.


	Henry/np Miller/np characterized/vbd Patchen/np as/cs a/at ``/`` man/nn of/in anger/nn and/cc light/nn ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ revolutionary/jj anger/nn is/bez apparent/jj in/in most/ap of/in his/pp$ early/jj poems/nns ./.
The/at following/vbg passage/nn from/in ``/`` The/at-tl Hangman's/nn$-tl Great/jj-tl Hands/nns-tl ''/'' illustrates/vbz the/at directness/nn of/in this/dt anger/nn ./.
``/`` Anger/nn won't/md* help/vb ./.
I/ppss was/bedz born/vbn angry/jj ./.
Angry/jj that/cs my/pp$ father/nn was/bedz being/beg burnt/vbn alive/jj in/in the/at mills/nns ;/. ;/.
Angry/jj that/cs none/pn of/in us/ppo knew/vbd anything/pn but/in filth/nn and/cc poverty/nn ./.
Angry/jj because/cs I/ppss was/bedz that/dt very/ap one/cd somebody/pn was/bedz supposed/vbn To/to be/be fighting/vbg for/in ''/'' ./.


	This/dt angry/jj and/cc exasperated/vbn stance/nn which/wdt Patchen/np has/hvz maintained/vbn in/in his/pp$ poetry/nn for/in almost/rb fifteen/cd years/nns has/hvz been/ben successfully/rb modulated/vbn into/in a/at kind/nn of/in woe/nn that/wps is/bez as/ql effective/jj as/cs anger/nn and/cc still/rb expresses/vbz his/pp$ disapproval/nn of/in the/at modern/jj world/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ recent/jj book/nn ,/, Hurray/uh-tl For/in-tl Anything/pn-tl (/( 1957/cd )/) ,/, one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj short/jj poems/nns --/-- and/cc it/pps is/bez the/at title/nn poem/nn for/in one/cd of/in the/at long/jj jazz/nn arrangements/nns --/-- is/bez written/vbn for/in recital/nn with/in jazz/nn ./.
Although/cs it/pps does/doz not/* follow/vb the/at metrical/jj rules/nns for/in a/at blues/nns to/to be/be sung/vbn ,/, the/at phrases/nns themselves/ppls carry/vb a/at blues/nns feeling/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at city/nn And/cc there/rb I/ppss did/dod Weep/vb ,/, Men/nns a-crowing/vbg like/cs asses/nns ,/, And/cc living/vbg like/cs sheep/nns ./.
Oh/uh ,/, can't/md* hold/vb the/at han'/nn of/in my/pp$ love/nn !/. !/.
Can't/md* hold/vb her/pp$ little/jj white/jj han'/nn !/. !/.
Yes/rb ,/, I/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at city/nn ,/, And/cc there/rb I/ppss did/dod bitterly/rb cry/vb ,/, Men/nns out/rp of/in touch/nn with/in the/at earth/nn ,/, And/cc with/in never/rb a/at glance/nn at/in the/at sky/nn ./.
Oh/uh ,/, can't/md* hold/vb the/at han'/nn of/in my/pp$ love/nn !/. !/.
Can't/md* hold/vb her/pp$ pure/jj little/jj han'/nn !/. !/.
''/'' Patchen/np is/bez still/rb the/at rebel/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps writes/vbz in/in a/at doleful/jj ,/, mournful/jj tone/nn ./.
Neither/dtx of/in these/dts poems/nns is/bez an/at aberration/nn ;/. ;/.
each/dt is/bez so/ql typical/jj that/cs it/pps represents/vbz a/at prominent/jj trend/nn in/in the/at poet's/nn$ development/nn ./.


	Patchen/np is/bez repeatedly/rb preoccupied/vbn with/in death/nn ./.
In/in many/ap of/in his/pp$ poems/nns ,/, death/nn comes/vbz by/in train/nn :/: a/at strongly/ql evocative/jj visual/jj image/nn ./.
Perhaps/rb Patchen/np was/bedz once/rb involved/vbn in/in a/at train/nn accident/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt passage/nn from/in First/od-tl Will/nn-tl And/cc-tl Testament/nn-tl may/md have/hv been/ben how/wrb the/at accident/nn appeared/vbd to/in the/at poet/nn when/wrb he/pps first/rb saw/vbd it/ppo --/-- if/cs he/pps did/dod :/: ``/`` 

	Lord/nn-tl ,/, love/vb us/ppo ,/, look/vb at/in all/abn the/at disconnected/vbn limbs/nns floating/vbg hereabouts/rb ,/, like/cs bloody/jj feathers/nns at/in that/dt --/-- and/cc all/abn the/at eyes/nns are/ber talking/vbg and/cc all/abn the/at hair/nn are/ber moving/vbg and/cc all/abn the/at tongue/nn are/ber in/in all/abn the/at cheek/nn ./.



	Let/vb us/ppo see/vb just/rb how/wql typical/jj Krim/np is/bez ./.
He/pps is/bez New/jj-tl York-born/jj and/cc Jewish/jj ./.
He/pps spent/vbd one/cd year/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl because/cs Thomas/np Wolfe/np went/vbd there/rb ./.
He/pps returned/vbd to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to work/vb for/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl ,/, to/to edit/vb a/at Western/jj-tl pulp/nn ,/, to/to ``/`` duck/vb the/at war/nn in/in the/at OWI/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to write/vb publicity/nn for/in Paramount/jjs-tl Pictures/nns-tl and/cc commentary/nn for/in a/at newsreel/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps began/vbd his/pp$ career/nn as/cs critic/nn for/in various/jj magazines/nns ./.
Now/rb he/pps has/hvz abandoned/vbn all/abn that/dt to/to be/be A/at-tl Writer/nn-tl ./.
I/ppss do/do not/* want/vb to/to quibble/vb about/in typicality/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in a/at certain/jj sense/nn ,/, one/cd manner/nn of/in experience/nn will/md be/be typical/jj of/in any/dti given/vbn group/nn while/cs another/dt will/nn not/* ./.
But/cc I've/ppss+hv got/vbn news/nn for/in Krim/np :/: he's/pps+bez not/* typical/jj ,/, he's/pps+bez pretty/ql special/jj ./.
His/pp$ may/md typify/vb a/at certain/jj kind/nn of/in postwar/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl experience/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ experience/nn is/bez certainly/rb not/* typical/jj of/in his/pp$ ``/`` generation's/nn$ ''/'' ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, who/wps ever/rb thought/vbd that/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl is/bez typical/jj of/in anything/pn ?/. ?/.


	Men/nns of/in Krim's/np$ age/nn ,/, aspirations/nns ,/, and/cc level/nn of/in sophistication/nn were/bed typically/rb involved/vbn in/in politics/nn before/in the/at war/nn ./.
They/ppss did/dod not/* ``/`` duck/vb the/at war/nn ''/'' but/cc they/ppss fought/vbd in/in it/ppo ,/, however/wql reluctantly/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss sweated/vbd out/rp some/dti kind/nn of/in formal/jj education/nn ;/. ;/.
they/ppss read/vbd widely/rb and/cc eclectically/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss did/dod not/* fall/vb into/in pseudo-glamorous/jj jobs/nns on/in pseudo-glamorous/jj magazines/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss did/dod whatever/wdt nasty/jj thing/nn they/ppss could/md get/vb in/in order/nn to/to eat/vb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss found/vbd out/rp who/wps they/ppss were/bed and/cc what/wdt they/ppss could/md do/do ,/, then/rb within/in the/at limits/nns of/in their/pp$ talent/nn they/ppss did/dod it/ppo ./.
They/ppss did/dod not/* worry/vb about/in ``/`` experience/nn ''/'' ,/, because/cs experience/nn thrust/vbd itself/ppl upon/in them/ppo ./.
And/cc they/ppss traveled/vbd out/in of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.
Only/rb a/at native/jj New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl could/md believe/vb that/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl is/bez now/rb or/cc ever/rb was/bedz a/at literary/jj center/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at publishing/vbg and/cc public/jj relations/nns center/vb ,/, but/cc these/dts very/ap facts/nns prevent/vb it/ppo from/in being/beg a/at literary/jj center/nn because/cs writers/nns dislike/vb provincialism/nn and/cc untruth/nn ./.
Krim's/np$ typicality/nn consists/vbz only/rb in/in his/pp$ New/jj-tl Yorker's/np$ view/nn that/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl is/bez the/at world/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps displays/vbz what/wdt outlanders/nns call/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl mind/nn ,/, a/at state/nn that/cs the/at subject/nn is/bez necessarily/rb unable/jj to/to perceive/vb in/in himself/ppl ./.
The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl mind/nn is/bez two/cd parts/nns abstraction/nn and/cc one/cd part/nn misinformation/nn about/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at country/nn and/cc in/in fact/nn the/at world/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ fulminating/vbg against/in the/at literary/jj world/nn ,/, Krim/np is/bez really/rb struggling/vbg with/in the/at New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl in/in himself/ppl ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez a/at losing/vbg battle/nn ./.


	Closely/rb related/vbn to/in his/pp$ illusions/nns about/in his/pp$ typicality/nn is/bez Krim's/np$ complicated/vbn feeling/nn about/in his/pp$ Jewishness/nn ./.
He/pps writes/vbz ,/, ``/`` Most/ap of/in my/pp$ friends/nns and/cc I/ppss were/bed Jewish/jj ;/. ;/.
we/ppss were/bed also/rb literary/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at combination/nn of/in the/at Jewish/jj intellectual/jj tradition/nn and/cc the/at sensibility/nn needed/vbn to/to be/be a/at writer/nn created/vbd in/in my/pp$ circle/nn the/at most/ql potent/jj and/cc incredible/jj intellectual-literary/jj ambition/nn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb seen/vbn or/cc could/md ever/rb have/hv imagined/vbn ./.
Within/in themselves/ppls ,/, just/rb as/cs people/nns ,/, my/pp$ friends/nns were/bed often/rb tortured/vbn and/cc unappeasably/ql bitter/jj about/in being/beg the/at offspring/nns of/in this/dt unhappily/ql unique-ingrown-screwedup/jj breed/nn ;/. ;/.
their/pp$ reading/nn and/cc thinking/vbg gave/vbd an/at extension/nn to/in their/pp$ normal/jj blushes/nns about/in appearing/vbg '/' Jewish/jj '/' in/in subway/nn ,/, bus/nn ,/, racetrack/nn ,/, movie/nn house/nn ,/, any/dti of/in the/at public/jj places/nns that/wps used/vbd to/to make/vb the/at Jew/np of/in my/pp$ generation/nn self-conscious/jj (/( heavy/jj thinkers/nns walking/vbg across/in Seventh/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl without/in their/pp$ glasses/nns on/rp ,/, willing/jj to/to dare/vb the/at trucks/nns as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss didn't/dod* look/vb like/cs the/at ikey-kikey/jj caricature/nn of/in the/at Yiddish/jj intellectual/nn )/) ./.
''/'' At/in other/ap points/nns in/in his/pp$ narrative/nn ,/, Krim/np associates/vbz Jewishness/nn with/in unappeasable/jj literary/jj ambition/nn ,/, with/in abstraction/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ personal/jj turning/vbg aside/rb from/in the/at good/jj ,/, the/at true/nn ,/, and/cc the/at beautiful/jj of/in fiction/nn in/in the/at manner/nn of/in James/np T./np Farrell/np to/in the/at international/jj ,/, the/at false/jj ,/, and/cc the/at inflated/vbn ./.


	Krim/np says/vbz ,/, in/in short/jj ,/, that/cs he/pps is/bez a/at suffering/vbg Jew/np ./.
The/at only/rb possible/jj answer/nn to/in that/dt is/bez ,/, I/ppss am/bem a/at suffering/vbg Franco-Irishman/np ./.
We/ppss all/abn love/vb to/to suffer/vb ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in us/ppo love/vb to/to suffer/vb more/rbr than/cs others/nns ./.
Had/hvd Krim/np gone/vbn farther/rbr from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl than/cs Chapel/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, he/pps might/md have/hv discovered/vbn that/cs large/jj numbers/nns of/in American/jj Jews/nps do/do not/* find/vb his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl version/nn of/in the/at Jews'/nps$ lot/nn remotely/rb recognizable/jj ./.
More/ql important/jj is/bez the/at simple/jj human/jj point/nn that/cs all/abn men/nns suffer/vb ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at kind/nn of/in anthropological-religious/jj pride/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at Jew/np to/to believe/vb that/cs his/pp$ suffering/nn is/bez more/ql poignant/jj than/cs mine/pp$$ or/cc anyone/pn else's/rb$ ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* to/to deny/vb the/at existence/nn of/in pogroms/nns and/cc ghettos/nns ,/, but/cc only/rb to/to assert/vb that/cs these/dts horrors/nns have/hv had/hvn an/at effect/nn on/in the/at nerves/nns of/in people/nns who/wps did/dod not/* experience/vb them/ppo ,/, that/cs among/in the/at various/jj side/nn effects/nns is/bez the/at local/jj hysteria/nn of/in Jewish/jj writers/nns and/cc intellectuals/nns who/wps cry/vb out/rp from/in confusion/nn ,/, which/wdt they/ppss call/vb oppression/nn and/cc pain/nn ./.
In/in their/pp$ stupidity/nn and/cc arrogance/nn they/ppss believe/vb they/ppss are/ber called/vbn upon/rb to/to remind/vb the/at gentile/nn continually/rb of/in pogroms/nns and/cc ghettos/nns ./.
Some/dti of/in us/ppo have/hv imagination/nn and/cc sensibility/nn too/rb ./.
Finally/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at undeniable/jj fact/nn that/cs some/dti of/in the/at finest/jjt American/jj fiction/nn is/bez being/beg written/vbn by/in Jews/nps ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez not/* Jewish/jj fiction/nn ;/. ;/.
Saul/np Bellow/np and/cc Bernard/np Malamud/np ,/, through/in intellectual/jj toughness/nn ,/, perception/nn ,/, through/in experience/nn in/in fact/nn ,/, have/hv obviously/rb liberated/vbn themselves/ppls from/in any/dti sentimental/jj Krim/np self-indulgence/nn they/ppss might/md have/hv been/ben tempted/vbn to/in ./.


	Krim's/np$ main/jjs attack/nn is/bez upon/in the/at aesthetic/jj and/cc the/at publishing/vbg apparatus/nn of/in American/jj literary/jj culture/nn in/in our/pp$ day/nn ./.
Krim/np was/bedz able/jj to/to get/vb an/at advance/nn for/in a/at novel/nn ,/, and/cc time/nn and/cc opportunity/nn to/to write/vb at/in Yaddo/np ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz no/ql good/jj ./.
``/`` I/ppss had/hvd natural/jj sock/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, '/' as/cs a/at storyteller/nn and/cc was/bedz precociously/ql good/jj at/in description/nn ,/, dialogue/nn ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at other/ap staples/nns of/in the/at fiction-writer's/nn$ trade/nn but/cc I/ppss was/bedz bugged/vbn by/in a/at mammoth/jj complex/nn of/in thoughts/nns and/cc feelings/nns that/wps prevented/vbd me/ppo from/in doing/vbg more/ap than/cs just/rb diddling/vbg the/at surface/nn of/in sustained/vbn fiction-writing/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc again/rb ,/, ``/`` how/wrb can/md you/ppss write/vb when/wrb you/ppss haven't/hv* yet/rb read/vbn '/' Bartleby/np-tl The/at-tl Scrivener/nn-tl '/' ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Krim/np came/vbd to/to believe/vb that/cs ``/`` the/at novel/nn as/cs a/at form/nn had/hvd outlived/vbn its/pp$ vital/jj meaning/nn ''/'' ./.
His/pp$ ``/`` articulate/jj Jewish/jj friends/nns ''/'' convinced/vbd him/ppo that/cs education/nn (/( read/vb ``/`` reading/nn-nc ''/'' )/) was/bedz ``/`` a/at must/nn ''/'' ./.
He/pps moved/vbd in/in a/at ``/`` highly/ql intellectual/jj ''/'' group/nn in/in Greenwich/np-tl Village/nn-tl in/in the/at late/jj forties/nns ,/, becoming/vbg ``/`` internationalized/vbn ''/'' overnight/rb ./.
Then/rb followed/vbd a/at period/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps wrote/vbd reviews/nns for/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl Book/nn-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, The/at-tl Commonweal/np-tl ,/, Commentary/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd a/at small/jj piece/nn in/in Partisan/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, and/cc moved/vbd on/rp to/in Hudson/np ,/, The/at-tl Village/nn-tl Voice/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Exodus/nn-tl ./.
The/at work/nn for/in Commonweal/np was/bedz more/ql satisfying/jj than/cs work/nn for/in Commentary/nn-tl ``/`` because/rb of/in the/at staff's/nn$ tiptoeing/vbg fear/nn of/in making/vbg a/at booboo/nn ''/'' ./.
Commentary/nn-tl was/bedz a/at mere/jj suburb/nn of/in Partisan/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, the/at arch-enemy/nn ./.
Both/abx magazines/nns were/bed ``/`` rigid/jj with/in reactionary/jj what-will-T./nil S./nil Eliot-or-Martin/nil Buber-think/nil ?/. ?/.
fear/nn ./.
''/'' Partisan/nn-tl has/hvz failed/vbn ,/, Krim/np says/vbz ,/, for/in being/beg ``/`` snob-clannish/jj ,/, overcerebral/jj ,/, Europeanish/jj ,/, aristocratically/rb alienated/vbn ''/'' from/in the/at U.S./np ./.
It/pps was/bedz ``/`` the/at creation/nn of/in a/at monstrous/jj historical/jj period/nn wherein/wrb it/pps thought/vbd it/pps had/hvd to/to synthesize/vb literature/nn and/cc politics/nn and/cc avant-garde/nn art/nn of/in every/at kind/nn with/in its/pp$ writers/nns crazily/rb trying/vbg to/to outdo/vb each/dt other/ap in/in Spenglerian/jj inclusiveness/nn ./.
''/'' Kenyon/np ,/, Sewanee/np ,/, and/cc Hudson/np operated/vbd in/in an/at ``/`` Anglo-Protestant/jj New/jj-tl Critical/jj-tl chill/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
their/pp$ example/nn caused/vbd Krim/np and/cc his/pp$ friends/nns to/to put/vb on/rp ``/`` Englishy/jj airs/nns ,/, affect/vb all/abn sorts/nns of/in impressive/jj scholarship/nn and/cc social-register/nn unnaturalness/nn in/in order/nn to/to slip/vb through/in their/pp$ narrow/jj transoms/nns and/cc get/vb into/in their/pp$ pages/nns ''/'' ./.
Qui/fw-wps s'excuse/fw-ppl+vbz s'accuse/fw-ppl+vbz ,/, as/cs the/at French/jj Jewish/jj intellectuals/nns used/vbd to/to say/vb ./.


	Through/in all/abn this/dt raving/nn ,/, Krim/np is/bez performing/vbg a/at traditional/jj and/cc by/in now/rb boring/vbg rite/nn ,/, the/at attack/nn on/in intelligence/nn ,/, upon/in the/at largely/ql successful/jj attempt/nn of/in the/at magazines/nns he/pps castigates/vbz to/to liberate/vb American/jj writing/nn from/in local/jj color/nn and/cc other/ap varieties/nns of/in romantic/jj corn/nn ./.
God/np knows/vbz that/cs Partisan/nn-tl and/cc the/at rest/nn often/rb were/bed ,/, and/cc remain/vb ,/, guilty/jj of/in intellectual/jj flatulence/nn ./.
Sociological/jj jargon/nn ,/, Germano-Slavic/jj approximations/nns to/in English/jj ,/, third-rate/jj but/cc modish/jj fiction/nn ,/, and/cc outrages/nns to/in common/jj sense/nn have/hv often/rb disfigured/vbn Partisan/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in lesser/jjr degree/nn ,/, the/at other/ap magazines/nns on/in the/at list/nn ./.
What/wdt Krim/np ignores/vbz ,/, in/in his/pp$ contempt/nn for/in history/nn and/cc for/in accuracy/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs these/dts magazines/nns ,/, Partisan/nn-tl foremost/rb ,/, brought/vbd about/rp a/at genuine/jj revolution/nn in/in the/at American/jj mind/nn from/in the/at mid-thirties/nns to/in approximately/rb 1950/cd ./.
The/at most/ql obvious/jj characteristic/nn of/in contemporary/jj American/jj writing/nn ,/, apart/rb from/in the/at beat/jj nonsense/nn ,/, is/bez its/pp$ cosmopolitanism/nn ./.


	The/at process/nn of/in cosmopolitanism/nn had/hvd begun/vbn in/in earnest/jj about/rb 1912/cd ,/, but/cc the/at First/od-tl War/nn-tl and/cc the/at depression/nn virtually/rb stalled/vbd that/dt process/nn in/in its/pp$ tracks/nns ./.
Without/in the/at good/jj magazines/nns ,/, without/in their/pp$ book/nn reviews/nns ,/, their/pp$ hospitality/nn to/in European/jj writers/nns ,/, without/in above/in all/abn their/pp$ awareness/nn of/in literary/jj standards/nns ,/, we/ppss might/md very/ql well/rb have/hv had/hvn a/at generation/nn of/in Krim's/np$ heroes/nns --/-- Wolfes/nps ,/, Farrells/nps ,/, Dreisers/nps ,/, and/cc I/ppss might/md add/vb ,/, Sandburgs/nps and/cc Frosts/nps and/cc MacLeishes/nps in/in verse/nn --/-- and/cc then/rb where/wrb would/md we/ppss be/be ?/. ?/.
Screwed/vbn ,/, stewed/vbn ,/, and/cc tattooed/vbn ,/, as/cs Krim/np might/md say/vb after/cs reading/vbg a/at book/nn about/in sailors/nns ./.
When/wrb Partisan/nn-tl and/cc Kenyon/np set/vbd up/rp shop/nn ,/, Mencken/np was/bedz still/rb accepted/vbn as/cs an/at arbiter/nn of/in taste/nn (/( remember/vb Hergesheimer/np ?/. ?/.
)/) ,/, George/np Jean/np Nathan/np and/cc Alexander/np Woollcott/np were/bed honored/vbn in/in odd/jj quarters/nns ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj Booth/np Tarkington/np ,/, Willa/np Catheter/np (/( sic/fw-rb )/) ,/, )/) Pearl/np ,/, Buck/np ,/, ,/, Amy/np Lowell/np ,/, William/np Lyon/np Phelps/np atmosphere/nn lay/vbd thick/jj as/cs Los/np Angeles/np smog/nn 

	over/in ,/, the/at ,/, country/nn --/-- ./.
Politics/nn ,/, economics/nn ,/, sociology/nn --/-- the/at entire/jj area/nn of/in life/nn that/wps lies/vbz ``/`` between/in ''/'' --/-- literature/nn and/cc what/wdt Krim/np calls/vbz experience/nn --/-- urgently/rb needed/vbd to/to be/be dug/vbn into/in ./.
The/at universities/nns certainly/rb were/bed not/* doing/vbg it/ppo ,/, nor/cc were/bed the/at popular/jj magazines/nns of/in the/at day/nn ./.
This/dt Partisan/nn-tl above/in all/abn did/dod ;/. ;/.
if/cs it/pps had/hvd never/rb printed/vbn a/at word/nn of/in literature/nn its/pp$ contribution/nn to/in the/at politico-sociological/jj area/nn would/md still/rb be/be historic/jj ./.
But/cc it/pps did/dod print/vb good/jj verse/nn and/cc good/jj fiction/nn ./.
If/cs ,/, the/at editors/nns sometimes/rb ,/, dozed/vbd and/cc printed/vbd pretentious/jj ,/, New/jj-tl ,/, York-mind/jj ,/, dross/nn ,/, they/ppss ,/, also/rb printed/vbd ,/, Malraux/np ,/, ,/, Silone/np ,/, ,/, Chiaromonte/np ,/, ,/, Gide/np ,/, Bellow/np ,/, ,/, Robert/np Lowell/np ,/, Francis/np Fergusson/np ,/, Mary/np McCarthy/np ,/, Delmore/np Schwartz/np ,/, Mailer/np ,/, Elizabeth/np Hardwick/np ,/, Eleanor/np Clark/np ,/, ,/, and/cc a/at host/nn of/in ,/, other/ap good/jj writers/nns ./.
Partisan/jj-tl Review/nn-tl and/cc the/at other/ap literary/jj magazines/nns helped/vbd to/to educate/vb ,/, in/in the/at best/jjt sense/nn ,/, an/at entire/jj generation/nn ./.
That/cs these/dts magazines/nns also/rb deluded/vbd the/at Krims/nps of/in the/at world/nn is/bez unfortunate/jj but/cc inevitable/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez a/at fact/nn of/in life/nn that/cs magazines/nns are/ber edited/vbn by/in groups/nns :/: they/ppss have/hv to/to be/be or/cc they/ppss wouldn't/md* be/be published/vbn at/in all/abn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez also/rb a/at fact/nn of/in life/nn that/cs there/ex will/md always/rb (/( be/be youngish/jj half-educated/jj people/nns around/rb ,/, who/wps will/md be/be dazzled/vbn by/in the/at glitter/nn of/in what/wdt looks/vbz like/cs a/at literary/jj movement/nn ./.
(/( there/ex are/ber no/at )/) literary/jj movements/nns ,/, ``/`` there/ex are/ber only/rb writers/nns doing/vbg their/pp$ work/nn ./.
Literary/jj movements/nns are/ber the/at ''/'' ,/, creation/nn of/in pimps/nns who/wps live/vb off/in writers/nns ./.
)/) when/wrb Krim/np says/vbz mine/pp$$ was/bedz as/ql severe/jj a/at critical-intellectual/jj ,/, environment/nn as/cs can/md be/be imagined/vbn ,/, he/pps is/bez off/in his/pp$ rocker/nn ./.
He/pps indicates/vbz that/cs he/pps has/hvz none/pn of/in the/at ,/, disciplines/nns that/wpo criticism/nn requires/vbz ,/, including/in education/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at result/nn was/bedz his/pp$ inevitable/jj bedazzlement/nn through/in ,/, ignorance/nn ./.
He/pps wasn't/bedz* being/beg ,/, ``/`` educated/vbn in/in ''/'' those/dts Village/nn-tl bull-sessions/nns ,/, as/cs he/pps claims/vbz ./.
No/at one/pn was/bedz ever/rb educated/vbn through/in bull-sessions/nns in/in anything/pn other/ap than/cs ,/, to/to quote/vb him/ppo again/rb ,/, ``/`` perfumed/vbn bullshit/nn ./.
Only/rb ''/'' a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl hick/nn would/md expect/vb to/to find/vb the/at literary/jj life/nn in/in Greenwich/np-tl Village/nn-tl ,/, at/in any/dti point/nn ,/, later/rbr than/cs Walt/np Whitman's/np$ day/nn ./.
The/at highly/ql intellectual/jj minds/nns that/wpo Krim/np says/vbz he/pps encountered/vbd ,/, in/in the/at Village/nn-tl did/dod their/pp$ work/nn in/in spite/nn of/in ,/, ,/, not/* because/cs of/in ,/, any/dti Village/nn-tl atmosphere/nn ./.
But/cc Krim's/np$ complaint/nn is/bez important/jj because/cs not/* only/rb in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, but/cc in/in other/ap cities/nns and/cc in/in universities/nns throughout/in this/dt country/nn ,/, young/jj and/cc not/* ,/, so/ql young/jj men/nns at/in 

	this/dt moment/nn are/ber being/beg bedazzled/vbn by/in half-digested/jj ideas/nns ./.
Those/dts who/wps have/hv quality/nn will/md outgrow/vb ``/`` the/at experience/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at ''/'' ,/, rest/nn will/md turn/vb beat/jj ,/, or/cc into/in dentists/nns ,/, or/cc into/in beat/jj ,/, dentists/nns ./.
For/cs the/at sad/jj truth/nn is/bez that/cs while/cs one/pn might/md write/vb well/rb without/in having/hvg read/vbn Bartleby/np-tl The/at-tl Scrivener/nn-tl ,/, one/pn is/bez more/ql likely/jj ,/, to/to write/vb well/rb if/cs one/pn has/hvz ``/`` read/vbn it/ppo ,/, and/cc much/ap else/rb ./.
The/at most/ql appalling/jj aspect/nn of/in Krim's/np$ piece/nn is/bez his/pp$ reflection/nn of/in the/at beat/jj aesthetic/nn ./.
He/pps mentions/vbz the/at beats/nns only/rb once/rb ''/'' ,/, when/wrb he/pps refers/vbz to/in their/pp$ having/hvg revived/vbn through/in mere/jj power/nn and/cc abandonment/nn and/cc the/at unwillingness/nn to/to ,/, commit/vb death/nn in/in life/nn some/dti idea/nn of/in a/at decent/jj equivalent/nn between/in verbal/jj expression/nn and/cc actual/jj experience/nn ,/, ,/, but/cc the/at entire/jj narrative/nn ,/, is/bez written/vbn in/in the/at tiresome/jj vocabulary/nn ``/`` of/in ''/'' that/dt lost/vbn ``/`` and/cc ''/'' dying/vbg cause/nn ,/, ``/`` and/cc in/in the/at ''/'' ``/`` sprung/vbn syntax/nn that/wps is/bez supposed/vbn to/to supplant/vb ,/, our/pp$ mother/nn ,/, tongue/nn ./.
Krim's/np$ (/( aesthetic/nn combines/vbz anti-intellectualism/nn ,/, conscious/jj and/cc unconscious/jj naivete/nn )/) ''/'' ,/, and/cc a/at winsome/jj reliance/nn ``/`` upon/in the/at ''/'' ,/, natural/jj and/cc upon/in experience/nn ./.
Ideas/nns are/ber the/at thruway/nn to/in nowhere/rb ./.
My/pp$ ``/`` touchstones/nns ,/, had/hvd ,/, been/ben strictly/rb ''/'' literature/nn and/cc ,/, humanly/rb enough/qlp ,/, American/jj literature/nn (/( because/cs that/dt was/bedz what/wdt I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to write/vb )/) ./.
He/pps alludes/vbz to/in something/pn called/vbn direct/jj writing/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps finds/vbz that/cs criticism/nn gets/vbz in/in the/at way/nn of/in his/pp$ truer/jjr ,/, realer/jjr ,/, imaginative/jj bounce/nn ./.

There/ex had/hvd been/ben signs/nns and/cc portents/nns like/cs the/at regular/jj toppling/nn over/rp and/cc defacing/nn of/in the/at bust/nn of/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np near/in the/at Villa/np Lante/np and/cc in/in the/at Gianicolo/np ./.


	Something/pn was/bedz happening/vbg all/ql right/rb ,/, slowly/rb it/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, but/cc you/ppss could/md feel/vb it/ppo ./.
The/at Italians/nps felt/vbd it/ppo ./.
Little/jj things/nns ./.
An/at Italian/jj poet/nn had/hvd noticed/vbn plainclothes/nns policemen/nns lounging/vbg around/in the/at area/nn of/in Quirinal/np-tl Palace/nn-tl ,/, the/at first/od time/nn since/in the/at war/nn ./.
At/in least/ap they/ppss hadn't/hvd* stepped/vbn up/rp and/cc asked/vbn to/to see/vb papers/nns in/in the/at hated/vbn ,/, flat/jj ,/, dialect/nn mispronunciation/nn of/in Mussolini's/np$ home/nn district/nn --/-- Dogumenti/fw-nns ,/, per/fw-in favore/fw-nn ./.
But/cc ,/, who/wps knew/vbd ,/, that/dt might/md be/be coming/vbg one/cd of/in these/dts days/nns ./.
There/ex were/bed other/ap Italians/nps who/wps still/rb bore/vbd scars/nns they/ppss had/hvd earned/vbn in/in police/nn station/nn basements/nns ,/, resisting/vbg ./.
They/ppss laughed/vbd and/cc ,/, true/jj to/in national/jj form/nn and/cc manners/nns ,/, never/rb talked/vbd long/rb or/cc solemnly/rb on/in any/dti subject/nn at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo worried/vbd out/rp loud/rb about/in short/jj memories/nns and/cc ghosts/nns ./.


	We/ppss saw/vbd Giuseppe/np Berto/np at/in a/at party/nn once/rb in/in a/at while/nn ,/, tall/jj ,/, lean/jj ,/, nervous/jj and/cc handsome/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in our/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, the/at best/jjt novelist/nn of/in them/ppo all/abn except/in Pavese/np ,/, and/cc Pavese/np is/bez dead/jj ./.
Berto's/np$ The/at-tl Sky/nn-tl Is/bez-tl Red/jj-tl had/hvd been/ben a/at small/jj masterpiece/nn and/cc in/in its/pp$ special/jj way/nn the/at best/jjt book/nn to/to come/vb out/in of/in the/at war/nn ./.
Now/rb he/pps was/bedz married/vbn to/in a/at beautiful/jj girl/nn ,/, had/hvd a/at small/jj son/nn ,/, and/cc lived/vbd in/in an/at expensive/jj apartment/nn and/cc worked/vbd for/in the/at movies/nns ./.
On/in his/pp$ desk/nn was/bedz a/at slowly/rb accumulating/vbg treatment/nn and/cc script/nn of/in The/at-tl Count/nn-tl Of/in-tl Monte/np-tl Cristo/np-tl ./.
On/in his/pp$ bookshelves/nns were/bed some/dti of/in the/at latest/jjt American/jj novels/nns ,/, including/in Bellow's/np$ Seize/vb-tl The/at-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps hadn't/hvd* read/vbn them/ppo (/( they/ppss were/bed sent/vbn by/in American/jj publishers/nns )/) and/cc wasn't/bedz* especially/rb interested/vbn in/in what/wdt the/at American/jj writers/nns were/bed up/rp to/in ./.
He/pps was/bedz interested/vbn in/in Robert/np Musil's/np$ The/at-tl Man/nn-tl Without/in-tl Qualities/nns-tl ./.
So/rb were/bed a/at lot/nn of/in other/ap people/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz interested/vbn in/in Italo/np Svevo/np ./.
He/pps was/bedz thinking/vbg his/pp$ way/nn into/in a/at new/jj novel/nn ,/, a/at big/jj one/cd ,/, one/cd that/wpo people/nns had/hvd been/ben waiting/vbg for/in ./.
It/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be hard/jj going/nn all/abn the/at way/nn because/cs he/pps hadn't/hvd* written/vbn seriously/rb for/in a/at while/nn ,/, except/in for/in a/at few/ap stories/nns ,/, was/bedz tired/vbn of/in the/at old/jj method/nn of/in realismo/fw-nn he/pps had/hvd so/ql successfully/rb used/vbn in/in The/at-tl Sky/nn-tl Is/bez-tl Red/jj-tl ./.
This/dt one/cd was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be different/jj ./.
He/pps had/hvd bought/vbn a/at little/jj piece/nn of/in property/nn down/rp along/in the/at coast/nn of/in the/at hard/jj country/nn of/in Calabria/np that/wpo he/pps knew/vbd so/ql well/rb ./.
He/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to do/do one/cd or/cc two/cd more/ap films/nns for/in cash/nn and/cc then/rb chuck/vb it/ppo all/abn ,/, leave/vb Rome/np and/cc its/pp$ intellectual/jj cliques/nns and/cc money-fed/jj life/nn ,/, go/vb back/rb to/in Calabria/np ./.


	Berto/np seemed/vbd worried/vbn ,/, too/rb ./.
He/pps knew/vbd all/abn about/in it/ppo and/cc had/hvd put/vbn it/ppo down/rp in/in journal/nn form/nn in/in The/at-tl War/nn-tl In/in-tl A/at-tl Black/jj-tl Shirt/nn-tl ,/, a/at wonderful/jj book/nn not/* ,/, for/in some/dti strange/jj reason/nn ,/, published/vbn in/in the/at U.S./np ./.
He/pps knew/vbd all/abn about/in the/at appeal/nn of/in a/at black/jj shirt/nn and/cc jackboots/nns to/in a/at poor/jj ,/, southern/jj ,/, peasant/nn boy/nn ./.
He/pps knew/vbd all/abn about/in the/at infection/nn and/cc the/at fever/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at moment/nn of/in realization/nn when/wrb he/pps saw/vbd for/in himself/ppl ,/, threw/vbd up/rp his/pp$ hands/nns and/cc quit/vbd ,/, ended/vbd the/at war/nn as/cs a/at prisoner/nn in/in Texas/np ./.
Berto/np knew/vbd all/abn about/in Fascism/np ./.
So/rb did/dod his/pp$ friend/nn ,/, the/at young/jj novelist/nn Rimanelli/np ./.
Rimanelli/np is/bez tough/jj and/cc square-built/jj and/cc adventurous/jj ,/, says/vbz what/wdt he/pps thinks/vbz ./.
He/pps had/hvd put/vbn it/ppo down/rp in/in a/at war/nn novel/nn ,/, The/at-tl Day/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Lion/nn-tl ./.
These/dts people/nns were/bed not/* talking/vbg much/rb about/in it/ppo ,/, but/cc you/ppss ,/, a/at foreigner/nn ,/, sensed/vbd their/pp$ apprehension/nn and/cc disappointment/nn ./.


	So/rb there/rb we/ppss were/bed talking/vbg around/in and/cc about/in it/ppo ./.
The/at English/jj lady/nn said/vbd she/pps had/hvd to/to go/vb to/in Vienna/np for/in a/at while/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at pity/nn because/cs she/pps had/hvd planned/vbn to/to lay/vb a/at wreath/nn at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at Garibaldi/np statue/nn ,/, towering/vbg over/in Rome/np in/in spectacular/jj benediction/nn from/in the/at highpoint/nn of/in the/at Gianicolo/np ./.
Around/in that/dt statue/nn in/in the/at green/jj park/nn where/wrb children/nns play/vb and/cc lovers/nns walk/vb in/in twos/nns and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at glowing/vbg view/nn of/in the/at whole/jj city/nn ,/, in/in that/dt park/nn are/ber the/at rows/nns of/in marble/nn busts/nns of/in Garibaldi's/np$ fallen/vbn men/nns ,/, the/at ones/nns who/wps one/cd day/nn rushed/vbd out/in of/in the/at Porta/np San/np Pancrazio/np and/cc ,/, under/in fire/nn all/abn the/at way/nn ,/, up/in the/at long/jj ,/, straight/jj narrow/jj lane/nn to/to take/vb ,/, then/rb lose/vb the/at high/jj ground/nn of/in the/at Villa/np Doria/np Pamphili/np ./.
When/wrb they/ppss lost/vbd it/ppo ,/, the/at French/jj artillery/nn moved/vbd in/rp ,/, and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at end/nn for/in Garibaldi/np that/dt time/nn ,/, on/in 30/cd April/np 1849/cd ./.
Once/cs out/in of/in the/at gate/nn they/ppss had/hvd charged/vbn straight/rb up/in the/at narrow/jj lane/nn ./.
We/ppss had/hvd walked/vbn it/ppo many/ap times/nns and/cc shivered/vbn ,/, figuring/vbg what/wdt a/at fish/nn barrel/nn it/pps had/hvd been/ben for/in the/at French/nps ./.
Now/rb the/at park/nn is/bez filled/vbn with/in marble/nn busts/nns and/cc all/abn the/at streets/nns in/in the/at immediate/jj area/nn have/hv the/at full/jj and/cc proper/jj names/nns of/in the/at men/nns who/wps fell/vbd ./.


	We/ppss were/bed at/in a/at party/nn once/rb and/cc heard/vbd an/at idealistic/jj young/jj European/jj call/vb that/dt awful/jj charge/nn glorious/jj ./.
Our/pp$ companion/nn was/bedz a/at huge/jj ,/, plain-spoken/jj American/jj sculptor/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben a/at sixteen-year-old/jj rifleman/nn all/ql across/in France/np in/in 1944/cd ./.
He/pps said/vbd it/pps was/bedz stupid/jj butchery/nn to/to order/vb men/nns to/to make/vb a/at charge/nn like/cs that/dt ,/, no/at matter/nn who/wps gave/vbd the/at order/nn and/cc what/wdt for/in ./.


	``/`` Oh/uh ,/, it/pps would/md be/be butchery/nn all/ql right/rb ''/'' ,/, the/at European/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` We/ppss would/md see/vb it/ppo that/dt way/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz glorious/jj then/rb ./.
It/pps was/bedz the/at last/ap time/nn in/in history/nn anybody/pn could/md do/do something/pn gloriously/rb like/cs that/dt ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss thought/vbd :/: Who/wps is/bez older/jjr now/rb ?/. ?/.
Old/jj world/nn and/cc new/jj world/nn ./.


	The/at sculptor/nn looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ,/, bugeyed/jj and/cc amazed/vbn ,/, angry/jj ./.
He/pps had/hvd made/vbn an/at assault/nn once/rb with/in 180/cd men/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz a/at picked/vbn assault/nn company/nn ./.
They/ppss went/vbd up/rp against/in an/at SS/nn unit/nn of/in comparable/jj size/nn ,/, over/in a/at little/jj rise/nn of/in ground/nn ,/, over/in an/at open/jj field/nn ./.
Object/nn --/-- a/at village/nn crossroads/nns ./.
They/ppss made/vbd it/ppo ,/, killed/vbd every/at last/ap one/cd of/in the/at Krauts/nps ,/, took/vbd the/at village/nn on/in schedule/nn ./.
When/wrb it/pps was/bedz over/rp ,/, eight/cd of/in his/pp$ company/nn were/bed still/rb alive/jj and/cc all/abn eight/cd were/bed wounded/vbn ./.
The/at whole/jj thing/nn ,/, from/in the/at moment/nn when/wrb they/ppss jumped/vbd heavily/rb off/in the/at trucks/nns ,/, spread/vbd out/rp and/cc moved/vbd into/in position/nn just/ql behind/in the/at cover/nn of/in that/dt slight/jj rise/nn of/in ground/nn and/cc then/rb jumped/vbd off/rp ,/, took/vbd maybe/rb between/in twenty/cd and/cc thirty/cd minutes/nns ./.
The/at sculptor/nn looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ,/, let/vbd the/at color/nn drain/vb out/in of/in his/pp$ face/nn ,/, grinned/vbd ,/, and/cc looked/vbd down/rp into/in his/pp$ drink/nn ,/, a/at bad/jj Martini/nn-tl made/vbd with/in raw/jj Italian/jj gin/nn ./.


	``/`` Bullshit/uh ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd softly/rb ./.


	``/`` Excuse/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, the/at European/np said/vbd ./.
``/`` I/ppss am/bem not/* familiar/jj with/in the/at expression/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at apartment/nn where/wrb we/ppss were/bed talking/vbg that/dt afternoon/nn in/in March/np faced/vbd onto/in the/at street/nn Garibaldi's/np$ men/nns had/hvd charged/vbn up/in and/cc along/in ./.
Across/in the/at way/nn from/in the/at apartment/nn building/nn is/bez a/at ruined/vbn house/nn ,/, shot/vbn to/in hell/nn that/dt day/nn in/in 1849/cd ,/, and/cc left/vbn that/dt way/nn as/cs a/at memorial/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at bronze/nn wreath/nn on/in the/at wall/nn ./.
Like/cs everything/pn else/rb in/in Rome/np ,/, ruins/nns and/cc monuments/nns alike/rb ,/, that/dt house/nn is/bez lived/vbn in/in ./.
I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn diapers/nns strung/vbn across/in the/at ruined/vbn roof/nn ./.


	The/at English/jj lady/nn really/rb wanted/vbd to/to put/vb a/at wreath/nn on/in the/at Garibaldi/np monument/nn on/in the/at 30th/od of/in April/np ./.
She/pps had/hvd her/pp$ reasons/nns for/in this/dt ./.
For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, there/ex wasn't/bedz* going/vbg to/to be/be any/dti ceremony/nn at/in all/abn this/dt year/nn ./.
There/ex were/bed a/at few/ap reasons/nns for/in that/dt ,/, too/rb :/: Garibaldi/np had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn up/rp and/cc exploited/vbn by/in the/at Communists/nns-tl nowadays/rb ./.
Therefore/rb the/at government/nn wanted/vbd no/at part/nn of/in him/ppo ./.
(/( It/pps is/bez sort/nn of/in as/cs if/cs our/pp$ government/nn should/md decide/vb to/to disown/vb Washington/np or/cc Lincoln/np for/in the/at same/ap reason/nn ./.
)/) And/cc then/rb there/ex were/bed ecclesiastical/jj matters/nns ,/, the/at matter/nn of/in Garibaldi's/np$ anti-clericalism/nn ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at new/jj Pope/nn-tl and/cc the/at Vatican/np was/bedz making/vbg itself/ppl heard/vbn and/cc felt/vbn these/dts days/nns ./.
As/cs it/pps happens/vbz the/at English/jj lady/nn is/bez a/at good/jj Catholic/jj herself/ppl ,/, but/cc of/in more/ql liberal/jj political/jj persuasion/nn ./.
Nothing/pn was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be done/vbn this/dt year/nn to/to celebrate/vb Garibaldi's/np$ bold/jj and/cc unsuccessful/jj defense/nn of/in Rome/np ./.
All/abn that/cs the/at English/jj lady/nn wanted/vbd to/to do/do was/bedz to/to walk/vb up/rp to/in the/at monument/nn and/cc lay/vb a/at wreath/nn at/in its/pp$ base/nn ./.
This/dt would/md show/vb that/cs somebody/pn ,/, even/rb a/at foreigner/nn living/vbg in/in Rome/np ,/, cared/vbd ./.
And/cc then/rb there/ex were/bed other/ap things/nns ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at marble/nn busts/nns in/in the/at park/nn are/ber of/in young/jj Englishmen/nps who/wps fought/vbd and/cc died/vbd for/in Garibaldi/np ./.
She/pps also/rb mentioned/vbd leaving/vbg a/at little/jj bunch/nn of/in flowers/nns at/in the/at bust/nn of/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np ./.


	It/pps is/bez hard/jj for/cs me/ppo to/to know/vb how/wrb I/ppss feel/vb about/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np ./.
I/ppss suffer/vb from/in mixed/vbn feelings/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz a/at well-to-do/jj ,/, handsome/jj ,/, and/cc sensitive/jj young/jj poet/nn ./.
His/pp$ bust/nn shows/vbz an/at intense/jj ,/, mustached/jj ,/, fine-featured/jj face/nn ./.
He/pps flew/vbd over/in Rome/np one/cd day/nn during/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in Mussolini/np and/cc scattered/vbd leaflets/nns over/in the/at city/nn ,/, denouncing/vbg the/at Fascists/nps ./.
He/pps was/bedz never/rb heard/vbn of/in again/rb ./.
He/pps is/bez thought/vbn either/cc to/to have/hv been/ben killed/vbn by/in the/at Fascists/nps as/ql soon/rb as/cs he/pps landed/vbd or/cc to/to have/hv killed/vbn himself/ppl by/in flying/vbg out/rp to/in sea/nn and/cc crashing/vbg his/pp$ plane/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz ,/, thus/rb ,/, an/at early/jj and/cc spectacular/jj victim/nn ./.
And/cc there/ex is/bez something/pn so/ql wonderfully/ql romantic/jj about/in it/ppo all/abn ./.
He/pps really/rb didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb to/to fly/vb ./.
He/pps had/hvd crashed/vbn on/in takeoff/nn once/rb before/rb ./.
Gossip/nn had/hvd it/ppo (/( for/cs gossip/nn is/bez the/at soul/nn of/in Rome/np )/) that/cs a/at famous/jj American/jj dancer/nn of/in the/at time/nn had/hvd paid/vbn for/in both/abx the/at planes/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz absurd/jj and/cc dramatic/jj ./.
It/pps is/bez remembered/vbn and/cc has/hvz been/ben commemorated/vbn by/in a/at bust/nn in/in a/at park/nn and/cc a/at square/nn in/in the/at city/nn which/wdt was/bedz renamed/vbn Piazzo/np Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np after/in the/at war/nn ./.
Most/ap Romans/nps ,/, even/rb some/dti postmen/nns ,/, know/vb it/ppo by/in the/at old/jj name/nn ./.


	Faced/vbn with/in a/at gesture/nn like/cs Di/np Bosis'/np$ ,/, I/ppss find/vb usually/rb that/cs my/pp$ sentiments/nns are/ber closer/rbr to/in those/dts of/in my/pp$ sculptor/nn friend/nn ./.
The/at things/nns that/wps happened/vbd in/in police/nn station/nn basements/nns were/bed dirty/jj ,/, grubby/jj ,/, and/cc most/ql often/rb anonymous/jj ./.
No/at poetry/nn ,/, no/at airplanes/nns ,/, no/at dancers/nns ./.
That/dt is/bez how/wrb the/at real/jj routine/nn of/in resistance/nn goes/vbz on/rp ,/, and/cc its/pp$ strength/nn is/bez directly/ql proportionate/jj to/in the/at number/nn of/in insignificant/jj people/nns who/wps can/md let/vb themselves/ppls be/be taken/vbn to/in pieces/nns ,/, piece/nn by/in piece/nn ,/, without/in quitting/vbg ./.
It/pps is/bez an/at ugly/jj business/nn and/cc there/ex are/ber few/ap ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, wreaths/nns for/in them/ppo ./.
I/ppss keep/vb thinking/vbg of/in a/at young/jj woman/nn I/ppss knew/vbd during/in the/at Occupation/nn-tl in/in Austria/np ./.
She/pps was/bedz from/in Prague/np ./.
She/pps had/hvd been/ben picked/vbn up/rp by/in the/at Russians/nps ,/, questioned/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in some/dti pamphlets/nns ,/, sentenced/vbn to/in life/nn imprisonment/nn for/in espionage/nn ./.
She/pps escaped/vbd ,/, crawled/vbd through/in the/at usual/jj mine/nn fields/nns ,/, under/in barbed/jj wire/nn ,/, was/bedz shot/vbn at/in ,/, swam/vbd a/at river/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss finally/rb picked/vbd her/ppo up/rp in/in Linz/np ./.
She/pps showed/vbd us/ppo what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn to/in her/ppo ./.
No/at airplanes/nns ,/, no/at Nathan/np Hale/np statements/nns ./.
Just/rb no/at spot/nn ,/, not/* even/rb a/at dimesize/jj spot/nn ,/, on/in her/pp$ whole/jj body/nn that/wps wasn't/bedz* bruised/vbn ,/, bruise/nn on/in top/nn of/in bruise/nn ,/, from/in beatings/nns ./.
I/ppss understand/vb very/ql well/rb about/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np and/cc how/wrb his/pp$ action/nn is/bez symbolic/jj ./.
The/at trouble/nn is/bez that/cs like/cs many/ap symbols/nns it/pps doesn't/doz* seem/vb a/at very/ql realistic/jj one/cd ./.


	The/at English/jj lady/nn wanted/vbd to/to pay/vb tribute/nn to/in Garibaldi/np and/cc to/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np ,/, but/cc she/pps wasn't/bedz* going/vbg to/to be/be here/rb to/to do/do it/ppo ./.
Were/bed any/dti of/in us/ppo interested/vbn enough/qlp in/in the/at idea/nn to/to do/do it/ppo for/in her/ppo ,/, by/in proxy/nn so/rb to/to speak/vb ?/. ?/.
There/ex was/bedz a/at pretty/ql thorough/jj silence/nn at/in that/dt point/nn ./.
My/pp$ spoon/nn stirring/vbg coffee/nn ,/, banging/vbg against/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at cup/nn ,/, sounded/vbd as/ql loud/jj as/cs a/at bell/nn ./.
I/ppss thought/vbd :/: What/wdt the/at hell/nn ?/. ?/.
Why/wrb not/* ?/. ?/.
I/ppss said/vbd I/ppss would/md do/do it/ppo for/in her/ppo ./.


	I/ppss had/hvd some/dti reasons/nns ,/, too/rb ./.
I/ppss admire/vb the/at English/jj lady/nn ./.
I/ppss hate/vb embarrassing/vbg silences/nns and/cc have/hv been/ben known/vbn to/to make/vb a/at fool/nn out/in of/in myself/ppl just/rb to/to prevent/vb one/cd ./.
I/ppss also/rb had/hvd and/cc have/hv feelings/nns about/in Garibaldi/np ./.
Like/cs every/at Southerner/nn-tl I/ppss can't/md* escape/vb the/at romantic/jj tradition/nn of/in brave/jj defeats/nns ,/, forlorn/jj lost/vbn causes/nns ./.
Though/cs Garibaldi's/np$ fight/nn was/bedz small/jj shakes/nns compared/vbn to/in Pickett's/np$-tl Charge/nn-tl --/-- which/wdt ,/, like/cs all/abn Southerners/nns-tl ,/, I/ppss view/vb in/in almost/ql Miltonic/jj terms/nns ,/, fallen/vbn angels/nns ,/, etc./rb --/-- I/ppss associated/vbd the/at two/cd ./.
And/cc to/to top/vb it/ppo all/abn I/ppss am/bem often/rb sentimental/jj on/in purpose/nn ,/, trying/vbg to/to prove/vb to/in myself/ppl that/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* afraid/jj of/in sentiment/nn ./.
So/ql much/ap for/in all/abn that/dt ./.


	The/at English/jj lady/nn was/bedz pleased/vbn and/cc enthusiastic/jj ./.
She/pps gave/vbd me/ppo the/at names/nns of/in some/dti people/nns who/wps would/md surely/rb help/vb pay/vb for/in the/at flowers/nns and/cc might/md even/rb march/vb up/rp to/in the/at monument/nn with/in me/ppo ./.
The/at idea/nn of/in the/at march/nn pleased/vbd her/ppo ./.
Maybe/rb twenty/cd ,/, thirty/cd ,/, fifty/cd ./.
Maybe/rb I/ppss could/md call/vb Rimanelli/np at/in the/at magazine/nn Rottosei/np where/wrb he/pps worked/vbd ./.

