

	The/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Business/nn-tl Economics/nn-tl (/( OBE/np )/) of/in the/at U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl provides/vbz basic/jj measures/nns of/in the/at national/jj economy/nn and/cc current/jj analysis/nn of/in short-run/nn changes/nns in/in the/at economic/jj situation/nn and/cc business/nn outlook/nn ./.
It/pps develops/vbz and/cc analyzes/vbz the/at national/jj income/nn ,/, balance/nn of/in international/jj payments/nns ,/, and/cc many/ap other/ap business/nn indicators/nns ./.
Such/jj measures/nns are/ber essential/jj to/in its/pp$ job/nn of/in presenting/vbg business/nn and/cc Government/nn-tl with/in the/at facts/nns required/vbn to/to meet/vb the/at objective/nn of/in expanding/vbg business/nn and/cc improving/vbg the/at operation/nn of/in the/at economy/nn ./.
Contact/nn-hl 
For/in further/ap information/nn contact/vb Director/nn-tl ,/, Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Business/nn-tl Economics/nn-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./.
Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl 
Economic/jj information/nn is/bez made/vbn available/jj to/in businessmen/nns and/cc economists/nns promptly/rb through/in the/at monthly/jj Survey/nn-tl Of/in-tl Current/jj-tl Business/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ weekly/jj supplement/nn ./.
This/dt periodical/nn ,/, including/in weekly/jj statistical/jj supplements/nns ,/, is/bez available/jj for/in $4/nns per/in year/nn from/in Commerce/nn-tl Field/nn-tl Offices/nns-tl or/cc Superintendent/nn-tl of/in-tl Documents/nns-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl Printing/vbg-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./.



Technical/jj-hl assistance/nn-hl to/in-hl small/jj-hl business/nn-hl community/nn-hl 
The/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl (/( SBA/np )/) provides/vbz guidance/nn and/cc advice/nn on/in sources/nns of/in technical/jj information/nn relating/vbg to/in small/jj-hl business/nn-hl management/nn-hl and/cc research/nn and/cc development/nn of/in products/nns ./.
Small/jj business/nn management/nn 
Practical/jj management/nn problems/nns and/cc their/pp$ suggested/vbn solutions/nns are/ber dealt/vbn with/in in/in a/at series/nn of/in SBA/nn publications/nns ./.
These/dts publications/nns ,/, written/vbn especially/rb for/in the/at managers/nns or/cc owners/nns of/in small/jj businesses/nns ,/, indirectly/rb aid/vb in/in community/nn development/nn programs/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber written/vbn by/in specialists/nns in/in numerous/jj types/nns of/in business/nn enterprises/nns ,/, cover/vb a/at wide/jj range/nn of/in subjects/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber directed/vbn to/in the/at needs/nns and/cc interests/nns of/in the/at small/jj firm/nn ./.


	SBA/np offers/vbz Administrative/jj-tl Management/nn-tl Courses/nns-tl ,/, which/wdt are/ber designed/vbn to/to improve/vb the/at management/nn efficiency/nn and/cc ``/`` know-how/nn ''/'' of/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns within/in a/at community/nn ./.
SBA/np cosponsors/vbz these/dts courses/nns with/in educational/jj institutions/nns and/cc community/nn groups/nns ./.


	Through/in the/at SBA's/nn Management/nn-tl Counseling/nn-tl Program/nn-tl ,/, practical/jj ,/, personalized/vbn advice/nn on/in sound/jj management/nn principles/nns is/bez available/jj upon/in request/nn to/in both/abx prospective/jj and/cc established/vbn businessmen/nns in/in a/at community/nn ./.
One-day/nn conferences/nns covering/vbg some/dti specific/jj phase/nn of/in business/nn management/nn ,/, also/rb part/nn of/in the/at continuing/vbg activities/nns of/in the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, aid/vb community/nn economic/jj development/nn programs/nns ./.
These/dts short/jj ,/, ``/`` streamlined/vbn ''/'' meetings/nns usually/rb are/ber sponsored/vbn by/in local/jj banks/nns ,/, Chambers/nns-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, trade/nn associations/nns ,/, or/cc other/ap civic/jj organizations/nns ./.
Product/nn-hl research/nn-hl and/cc-hl development/nn-hl 
Production/nn specialists/nns in/in SBA/nn regional/jj offices/nns are/ber available/jj to/to help/vb individual/jj small/jj business/nn concerns/nns with/in technical/jj production/nn problems/nns ./.
Guidance/nn and/cc advice/nn are/ber available/jj on/in new/jj product/nn research/nn and/cc development/nn ;/. ;/.
new/jj product/nn potential/nn ;/. ;/.
processing/vbg methods/nns ;/. ;/.
product/nn and/cc market/nn developments/nns ;/. ;/.
new/jj industrial/jj uses/nns for/in raw/jj ,/, semi-processed/jj and/cc waste/nn ,/, materials/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc industrial/jj uses/nns for/in agricultural/jj products/nns ./.


	SBA/np serves/vbz also/rb as/cs a/at clearing/vbg house/nn for/in information/nn on/in products/nns and/cc processes/nns particularly/ql adaptable/jj for/in exploitation/nn by/in small/jj firms/nns ./.
This/dt may/md be/be helpful/jj in/in improving/vbg the/at competitive/jj position/nn of/in established/vbn firms/nns through/in diversification/nn and/cc expansion/nn or/cc through/in more/ql economical/jj utilization/nn of/in plant/nn capacity/nn ./.
Production/nn-hl assistance/nn-hl 
Production/nn specialists/nns are/ber available/jj in/in SBA/nn regional/jj offices/nns to/to help/vb individual/jj small/jj business/nn concerns/nns with/in technical/jj production/nn problems/nns ./.
These/dts problems/nns frequently/rb arise/vb where/wrb a/at firm/nn is/bez making/vbg items/nns for/in the/at Government/nn-tl not/* directly/rb along/in the/at lines/nns of/in its/pp$ normal/jj civilian/jj business/nn or/cc where/wrb the/at Government/nn-tl specifications/nns require/vb operations/nns that/wpo the/at firm/nn did/dod not/* understand/vb when/wrb it/pps undertook/vbd the/at contract/nn ./.
Production/nn assistance/nn often/rb takes/vbz the/at form/nn of/in locating/vbg tools/nns or/cc materials/nns which/wdt are/ber urgently/rb needed/vbn ./.
Advice/nn is/bez given/vbn also/rb on/in problems/nns of/in plant/nn location/nn and/cc plant/nn space/nn ./.
Property/nn-hl sales/nns-hl assistance/nn-hl 
The/at property/nn sales/nns assistance/nn program/nn is/bez designed/vbn to/to assist/vb small/jj business/nn concerns/nns that/wps may/md wish/vb to/to buy/vb property/nn offered/vbn for/in sale/nn by/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl ./.
Under/in this/dt program/nn ,/, property/nn sales/nns specialists/nns in/in the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl regional/jj offices/nns help/vb small/jj business/nn concerns/nns to/to locate/vb Federal/jj-tl property/nn for/in sale/nn and/cc insure/vb that/cs small/jj firms/nns have/hv the/at opportunity/nn to/to bid/vb competitively/rb for/in surplus/jj personal/jj and/cc real/jj property/nn and/cc certain/jj natural/jj resources/nns ,/, including/in timber/nn from/in the/at national/jj forests/nns ./.


	SBA/np works/vbz closely/rb with/in the/at principal/jjs property/nn disposal/nn installations/nns of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl in/in reviewing/vbg proposed/vbn sales/nns programs/nns and/cc identifying/vbg those/dts types/nns of/in property/nn that/wpo small/jj business/nn concerns/nns are/ber most/ql likely/jj to/to be/be interested/vbn in/in purchasing/vbg ./.
Proposed/vbn property/nn sales/nns of/in general/jj interest/nn to/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns are/ber publicized/vbn through/in SBA/nn regional/jj news/nn releases/nns ,/, and/cc by/in ``/`` flyers/nns ''/'' directed/vbn to/in the/at small/jj business/nn concerns/nns ./.
Each/dt SBA/nn regional/jj office/nn also/rb maintains/vbz a/at ``/`` want/nn ''/'' list/nn of/in surplus/nn property/nn ,/, principally/rb machinery/nn and/cc equipment/nn ,/, desired/vbn by/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns in/in its/pp$ area/nn ./.
When/wrb suitable/jj equipment/nn is/bez located/vbn by/in the/at SBA/nn representative/nn ,/, the/at small/jj business/nn concern/nn is/bez contacted/vbn and/cc advised/vbn on/in when/wrb ,/, where/wrb ,/, and/cc how/wrb to/to bid/vb on/in such/jj property/nn ./.
Facilities/nns-hl inventory/nn-hl 
Section/nn 8-b-2/cd of/in the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, as/cs amended/vbn ,/, authorizes/vbz the/at SBA/nn to/to make/vb a/at complete/jj inventory/nn of/in the/at productive/jj facilities/nns of/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns ./.
The/at Administration/nn-tl maintains/vbz a/at productive/jj facilities/nns inventory/nn of/in small/jj business/nn industrial/jj concerns/nns that/wps have/hv voluntarily/rb registered/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez kept/vbn in/in each/dt Regional/jj-tl office/nn for/in the/at small/jj firms/nns within/in the/at region/nn ./.
Purpose/nn of/in this/dt inventory/nn is/bez to/to include/vb all/abn eligible/jj productive/jj facilities/nns in/in SBA's/nn facilities/nns register/nn so/cs that/cs the/at small/jj business/nn concerns/nns may/md have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to avail/vb themselves/ppls of/in the/at services/nns authorized/vbn by/in the/at Congress/np in/in establishing/vbg the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ./.
These/dts services/nns include/vb procurement/nn and/cc technical/jj assistance/nn and/cc notice/nn of/in surplus/nn sales/nns and/cc invitations/nns to/to bid/vb on/in Government/nn-tl contracts/nns for/in products/nns and/cc services/nns within/in the/at registrants'/nns$ field/nn of/in operations/nns ./.
SBA/np can/md make/vb complete/jj facilities/nns inventories/nns of/in all/abn small/jj business/nn concerns/nns in/in labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns within/in budgetary/jj and/cc staff/nn limitations/nns ./.
Contact/vb-hl 
For/in further/ap information/nn ,/, contact/vb Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl Regional/jj-tl Offices/nns-tl in/in Atlanta/np ,/, Ga./np ;/. ;/.
Boston/np ,/, Mass./np ;/. ;/.
Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ;/. ;/.
Cleveland/np ,/, Ohio/np ;/. ;/.
Dallas/np ,/, Tex./np ;/. ;/.
Denver/np ,/, Colo./np ;/. ;/.
Detroit/np ,/, Mich./np ;/. ;/.
Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Mo./np ;/. ;/.
Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/.
Minneapolis/np ,/, Minn./np ;/. ;/.
New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, N.Y./np ;/. ;/.
Philadelphia/np ,/, Pa./np ;/. ;/.
Richmond/np ,/, Va./np ;/. ;/.
San/np Francisco/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/.
and/cc Seattle/np ,/, Wash./np ./.
Branch/nn Offices/nns-tl are/ber located/vbn in/in other/ap large/jj cities/nns ./.
Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl 
Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, What/wps-tl It/pps-tl Is/bez-tl ,/, What/wpo-tl It/pps-tl Does/doz-tl ,/, SBA/np-tl Services/nns-tl For/in-tl Community/nn-tl Economic/jj-tl Development/nn-tl ,/, and/cc various/ap other/ap useful/jj publications/nns on/in currently/rb important/jj management/nn ,/, technical/jj production/nn ,/, and/cc marketing/vbg topics/nns are/ber available/jj ,/, on/in request/nn ,/, from/in Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./.
New/jj-tl Product/nn-tl Introduction/nn-tl For/in-tl Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Owners/nns-tl ,/, 30/cd cents/nns ;/. ;/.
Developing/vbg-tl And/cc-tl Selling/vbg-tl New/jj-tl Products/nns-tl ,/, 45/cd cents/nns ;/. ;/.
U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl Purchasing/nn-tl ,/, Specifications/nns-tl ,/, And/cc-tl Sales/nns-tl Directory/nn-tl ,/, 60/cd cents/nns ,/, are/ber available/jj from/in the/at Superintendent/nn-tl of/in-tl Documents/nns-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl Printing/vbg-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./.



Loans/nns-hl 
to/in-hl small/jj-hl business/nn-hl 
SBA/nn makes/vbz loans/nns to/in individual/jj small/jj business/nn firms/nns ,/, providing/vbg them/ppo with/in financing/vbg when/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* otherwise/rb available/jj through/in private/jj lending/vbg sources/nns on/in reasonable/jj terms/nns ./.
Many/ap such/jj loans/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn to/to establish/vb small/jj concerns/nns or/cc to/to aid/vb in/in their/pp$ growth/nn ,/, thereby/rb contributing/vbg substantially/rb to/in community/nn development/nn programs/nns ./.
Loan/nn-hl policies/nns-hl 
SBA/np loans/nns ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn to/in small/jj manufacturers/nns ,/, small/jj business/nn pools/nns ,/, wholesalers/nns ,/, retailers/nns ,/, service/nn establishments/nns and/cc other/ap small/jj businesses/nns (/( when/wrb financing/vbg is/bez not/* otherwise/rb available/jj to/in them/ppo on/in reasonable/jj terms/nns )/) ,/, are/ber to/to finance/vb business/nn construction/nn ,/, conversion/nn ,/, or/cc expansion/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at purchase/nn of/in equipment/nn ,/, facilities/nns ,/, machinery/nn ,/, supplies/nns ,/, or/cc materials/nns ;/. ;/.
or/cc to/to supply/vb working/vbg capital/nn ./.
Evidence/nn that/cs other/ap sources/nns of/in financing/vbg are/ber unavailable/jj must/md be/be provided/vbn ./.
Types/nns-hl of/in-hl loans/nns-hl 
SBA/np business/nn loans/nns are/ber of/in two/cd types/nns :/: ``/`` participation/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` direct/jj ''/'' ./.
Participation/nn loans/nns are/ber those/dts made/vbn jointly/rb by/in the/at SBA/nn and/cc banks/nns or/cc other/ap private/jj lending/vbg institutions/nns ./.
Direct/jj loans/nns are/ber those/dts made/vbn by/in SBA/nn alone/rb ./.
To/to qualify/vb for/in either/dtx type/nn of/in loan/nn ,/, an/at applicant/nn must/md be/be a/at small/jj business/nn or/cc approved/vbn small/jj business/nn ``/`` pool/nn ''/'' and/cc must/md meet/vb certain/jj credit/nn requirements/nns ./.
A/at small/jj business/nn is/bez defined/vbn as/cs one/cd which/wdt is/bez independently/rb owned/vbn and/cc operated/vbn and/cc which/wdt is/bez not/* dominant/jj in/in its/pp$ field/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at SBA/nn uses/vbz such/jj criteria/nns as/cs number/nn of/in employees/nns and/cc dollar/nn volume/nn of/in the/at business/nn ./.
Credit/nn-hl requirements/nns-hl 
The/at credit/nn requirements/nns stipulate/vb that/cs the/at applicant/nn must/md have/hv the/at ability/nn to/to operate/vb the/at business/nn successfully/rb and/cc have/hv enough/ap capital/nn in/in the/at business/nn so/cs that/cs ,/, with/in loan/nn assistance/nn from/in the/at SBA/nn ,/, it/pps will/md be/be able/jj to/to operate/vb on/in a/at sound/jj financial/jj basis/nn ./.
A/at proposed/vbn loan/nn must/md be/be for/in sound/jj purposes/nns or/cc sufficiently/rb secured/vbn so/cs as/cs to/to assure/vb a/at reasonable/jj chance/nn of/in repayment/nn ./.
The/at record/nn of/in past/ap earnings/nns and/cc prospects/nns for/in the/at future/nn must/md indicate/vb it/pps has/hvz the/at ability/nn to/to repay/vb the/at loan/nn out/in of/in current/jj and/cc anticipated/vbn income/nn ./.
Loan/nn-hl amount/nn-hl 
The/at amount/nn which/wdt may/md be/be borrowed/vbn from/in the/at SBA/nn depends/vbz on/in how/wql much/ap is/bez required/vbn to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at intended/vbn purpose/nn of/in the/at loan/nn ./.
The/at maximum/jj loan/nn which/wdt SBA/nn may/md make/vb to/in any/dti one/cd borrower/nn is/bez $350,000/nns ./.
Business/nn loans/nns generally/rb are/ber repayable/jj in/in regular/jj installments/nns --/-- usually/rb monthly/rb ,/, including/in interest/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in 5-1/2/cd percent/nn per/in annum/nn on/in the/at unpaid/jj balance/nn --/-- and/cc have/hv a/at maximum/jj maturity/nn of/in 10/cd years/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at term/nn of/in loans/nns for/in working/vbg capital/nn is/bez 6/cd years/nns ./.
Contact/vb-hl 
For/in further/ap information/nn ,/, contact/vb SBA/nn Regional/jj-tl Offices/nns-tl in/in Atlanta/np ,/, Ga./np ;/. ;/.
Boston/np ,/, Mass./np ;/. ;/.
Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ;/. ;/.
Cleveland/np ,/, Ohio/np ;/. ;/.
Dallas/np ,/, Tex./np ;/. ;/.
Denver/np ,/, Colo./np ;/. ;/.
Detroit/np ,/, Mich./np ;/. ;/.
Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Mo./np ;/. ;/.
Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/.
Minneapolis/np ,/, Minn./np ;/. ;/.
New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, N.Y./np ;/. ;/.
Philadelphia/np ,/, Pa./np ;/. ;/.
Richmond/np ,/, Va./np ;/. ;/.
San/np Francisco/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/.
and/cc Seattle/np ,/, Wash./np ./.
Branch/nn Offices/nns-tl are/ber located/vbn in/in other/ap large/jj cities/nns ./.
Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl 
Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, What/wps-tl It/pps-tl Is/bez-tl ,/, What/wps-tl It/pps-tl Does/doz-tl ;/. ;/.
SBA/np-tl Business/nn-tl Loans/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Pooling/vbg-tl are/ber available/jj ,/, on/in request/nn ,/, from/in Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ,/, and/cc its/pp$ regional/jj offices/nns ./.
To/in-hl cooperatives/nns-hl 
The/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, an/at independent/jj agency/nn located/vbn within/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ,/, supervises/vbz and/cc coordinates/vbz a/at cooperative/jj credit/nn system/nn for/in agriculture/nn ./.
The/at system/nn is/bez composed/vbn of/in three/cd credit/nn services/nns ,/, Federal/jj-tl Land/nn-tl Banks/nns-tl and/cc National/jj-tl Farm/nn-tl Loan/nn-tl Associations/nns-tl ,/, Federal/jj-tl Intermediate/jj-tl (/( short-term/nn )/) Credit/nn-tl Banks/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl ./.
This/dt system/nn provides/vbz long-/jj and/cc short-term/nn credit/nn to/in farmers/nns and/cc their/pp$ cooperative/jj marketing/nn ,/, purchasing/vbg ,/, and/cc business/nn service/nn organizations/nns ./.


	As/cs a/at source/nn of/in investment/nn capital/nn ,/, the/at system/nn is/bez beneficial/jj to/in local/jj communities/nns and/cc encourages/vbz the/at development/nn of/in industries/nns in/in rural/jj areas/nns ./.
The/at credit/nn provdied/vbn by/in the/at first/od two/cd services/nns in/in the/at system/nn outlined/vbn above/rb is/bez primarily/rb for/in general/jj agricultural/jj purposes/nns ./.
The/at third/od credit/nn service/nn ,/, Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl ,/, exists/vbz under/in authority/nn of/in the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1933/cd ./.
The/at Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl were/bed established/vbn to/to provide/vb a/at permanent/jj source/nn of/in credit/nn on/in a/at sound/jj basis/nn for/in farmers'/nns$ cooperatives/nns ./.
Types/nns-hl of/in-hl loans/nns-hl 
Three/cd distinct/jj classes/nns of/in loans/nns are/ber made/vbn available/jj to/in farmers'/nns$ cooperatives/nns by/in the/at Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl :/: Commodity/nn loans/nns ,/, operating/vbg capital/nn loans/nns ,/, and/cc facility/nn loans/nns ./.
Eligibility/nn-hl 
To/to be/be eligible/jj to/to borrow/vb from/in a/at Bank/nn-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl ,/, a/at cooperative/nn must/md be/be an/at association/nn in/in which/wdt farmers/nns act/vb together/rb in/in processing/vbg and/cc marketing/vbg farm/nn products/nns ,/, purchasing/vbg farm/nn supplies/nns ,/, or/cc furnishing/vbg farm/nn business/nn services/nns ,/, and/cc must/md meet/vb the/at requirements/nns set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1933/cd ,/, as/cs amended/vbn ./.
Interest/nn-hl rates/nns-hl 
Interest/nn rates/nns are/ber determined/vbn by/in the/at board/nn of/in directors/nns of/in the/at bank/nn with/in the/at approval/nn of/in the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ./.
Contact/vb-hl 
For/in further/ap information/nn ,/, contact/vb the/at Bank/nn-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl serving/vbg the/at region/nn ,/, or/cc the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Information/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./.
Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl 
Available/jj ,/, on/in request/nn ,/, from/in U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ,/, are/ber :/: Cooperative/jj-tl Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Can/md-tl Assist/vb-tl In/in-tl Rural/jj-tl Development/nn-tl (/( Circular/nn-tl No./nn-tl 44/cd-tl )/) ,/, and/cc The/at-tl Cooperative/jj-tl Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl System/nn-tl (/( Circular/nn-tl No./nn-tl 36-A/cd-tl )/) ./.



Minerals/nns-hl exploration/nn-hl 
To/to encourage/vb exploration/nn for/in domestic/jj sources/nns of/in minerals/nns ,/, the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Minerals/nns-tl Exploration/nn-tl (/( OME/np )/) of/in the/at U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl offers/vbz financial/jj assistance/nn to/in firms/nns and/cc individuals/nns who/wps desire/vb to/to explore/vb their/pp$ properties/nns or/cc claims/nns for/in 1/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at 32/cd mineral/nn commodities/nns listed/vbn in/in the/at OME/nn regulations/nns ./.
Requirements/nns-hl 
This/dt help/nn is/bez offered/vbn to/in applicants/nns who/wps ordinarily/rb would/md not/* undertake/vb the/at exploration/nn under/in present/jj conditions/nns or/cc circumstances/nns at/in their/pp$ sole/jj expense/nn and/cc who/wps are/ber unable/jj to/to obtain/vb funds/nns from/in commercial/jj sources/nns on/in reasonable/jj terms/nns ./.
Each/dt applicant/nn is/bez required/vbn to/to own/vb or/cc have/hv sufficient/jj interest/nn in/in the/at property/nn to/to be/be explored/vbn ./.
The/at Government/nn-tl will/md contract/vb with/in an/at eligible/jj applicant/nn to/to pay/vb up/rp to/in one-half/nn of/in the/at cost/nn of/in approved/vbn exploration/nn work/nn as/cs it/pps progresses/vbz ./.
The/at applicant/nn pays/vbz the/at rest/nn of/in the/at cost/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ own/jj time/nn spent/vbn on/in the/at work/nn and/cc charges/nns for/in the/at use/nn of/in equipment/nn which/wdt he/pps owns/vbz may/md be/be applied/vbn toward/in his/pp$ share/nn of/in the/at cost/nn ./.
Repayment/nn-hl 
Funds/nns contributed/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl are/ber repaid/vbn by/in a/at royalty/nn on/in production/nn from/in the/at property/nn ./.
If/cs nothing/pn is/bez produced/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at obligation/nn to/to repay/vb ./.
A/at 5-percent/nn royalty/nn is/bez paid/vbn on/in any/dti production/nn during/in the/at period/nn the/at contract/nn is/bez in/in effect/nn ;/. ;/.
if/cs the/at Government/nn-tl certifies/vbz that/cs production/nn may/md be/be possible/jj from/in the/at property/nn ,/, the/at royalty/nn obligation/nn continues/vbz for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn usually/rb specified/vbn in/in the/at contract/nn or/cc until/cs the/at Government's/nn$-tl contribution/nn is/bez repaid/vbn with/in interest/nn ./.
The/at royalty/nn applies/vbz to/in both/abx principal/nn and/cc interest/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps never/rb exceeds/vbz 5/cd percent/nn ./.
Contact/vb-hl 
Information/nn ,/, application/nn forms/nns ,/, and/cc assistance/nn in/in filing/vbg may/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Minerals/nns-tl Exploration/nn-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ,/, or/cc from/in the/at appropriate/jj regional/jj office/nn listed/vbn below/rb ./.



	In/in most/ap of/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, such/jj programing/nn is/bez at/in best/jjt inadequate/jj and/cc at/in worst/jjt nonexistent/jj ./.
Only/rb a/at very/ql few/ap of/in the/at more/ql advanced/vbn ones/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs India/np and/cc Pakistan/np ,/, have/hv developed/vbn systematic/jj techniques/nns of/in programing/vbg ./.


	Others/nns have/hv so-called/jj development/nn plans/nns ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in these/dts are/ber little/ap more/ap than/cs lists/nns of/in projects/nns collected/vbn from/in various/jj ministries/nns while/cs others/nns are/ber statements/nns of/in goals/nns without/in analysis/nn of/in the/at actions/nns required/vbn to/to attain/vb them/ppo ./.
Only/rb rarely/rb is/bez attention/nn given/vbn to/in accurate/jj progress/nn reports/nns and/cc evaluation/nn ./.
We/ppss-hl can/md-hl help/vb-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl planning/vbg-hl process/nn-hl 
./.-hl
Neither/cc growth/nn nor/cc a/at development/nn program/nn can/md be/be imposed/vbn on/in a/at country/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps must/md express/vb the/at nation's/nn$ own/jj will/nn and/cc goal/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md administer/vb an/at aid/nn program/nn in/in such/abl a/at manner/nn as/cs to/to promote/vb the/at development/nn of/in responsible/jj programing/nn ./.


	First/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md encourage/vb responsibility/nn by/in establishing/vbg as/cs conditions/nns for/in assistance/nn on/in a/at substantial/jj and/cc sustained/vbn scale/nn the/at definition/nn of/in objectives/nns and/cc the/at assessment/nn of/in costs/nns ./.


	Second/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md make/vb assistance/nn for/in particular/jj projects/nns conditional/jj on/in the/at consistency/nn of/in such/jj projects/nns with/in the/at program/nn ./.


	Third/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md offer/vb technical/jj help/nn in/in the/at formulation/nn of/in programs/nns for/in development/nn which/wdt are/ber adapted/vbn to/in the/at country's/nn$ objectives/nns and/cc resources/nns ./.
This/dt includes/vbz assistance/nn in/in --/-- assembling/vbg the/at basic/jj economic/jj ,/, financial/jj ,/, technological/jj ,/, and/cc educational/jj information/nn on/in which/wdt programing/vbg depends/vbz ;/. ;/.
surveying/vbg the/at needs/nns and/cc requirements/nns over/in time/nn of/in broad/jj sectors/nns of/in the/at economy/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs transport/nn ,/, agriculture/nn ,/, communication/nn ,/, industry/nn ,/, and/cc power/nn ;/. ;/.
designing/vbg the/at financial/jj mechanisms/nns of/in the/at economy/nn in/in ways/nns that/wps will/md promote/vb growth/nn without/in inflation/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc administrative/jj practices/nns which/wdt will/md make/vb possible/jj the/at more/ql effective/jj review/nn and/cc implementation/nn of/in programs/nns once/rb established/vbn ./.
We/ppss-hl must/md-hl use/vb-hl common/jj-hl sense/nn-hl in/in-hl applying/vbg-hl conditions/nns-hl 
./.-hl
The/at application/nn of/in conditions/nns in/in the/at allocation/nn of/in aid/nn funds/nns cannot/md* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, be/be mechanical/jj ./.
It/pps must/md be/be recognized/vbn that/cs countries/nns at/in different/jj stages/nns of/in development/nn have/hv very/ql different/jj capabilities/nns of/in meeting/vbg such/jj conditions/nns ./.
To/to insist/vb on/in a/at level/nn of/in performance/nn in/in programing/vbg and/cc budgeting/vbg completely/ql beyond/in the/at capabilities/nns of/in the/at recipient/jj country/nn would/md result/vb in/in the/at frustration/nn of/in the/at basic/jj objective/nn of/in our/pp$ development/nn assistance/nn to/to encourage/vb more/ql rapid/jj growth/nn ./.


	In/in the/at more/ql primitive/jj areas/nns ,/, where/wrb the/at capacity/nn to/to absorb/vb and/cc utilize/vb external/jj assistance/nn is/bez limited/vbn ,/, some/dti activities/nns may/md be/be of/in such/ql obvious/jj priority/nn that/cs we/ppss may/md decide/vb to/to support/vb them/ppo before/cs a/at well/rb worked/vbn out/rp program/nn is/bez available/jj ./.
Thus/rb ,/, we/ppss might/md provide/vb limited/vbn assistance/nn in/in such/jj fields/nns as/cs education/nn ,/, essential/jj transport/nn ,/, communications/nns ,/, and/cc agricultural/jj improvement/nn despite/in the/at absence/nn of/in acceptable/jj country/nn programs/nns ./.
In/in such/abl a/at case/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss would/md encourage/vb the/at recipient/nn country/nn to/to get/vb on/rp with/in its/pp$ programing/vbg task/nn ,/, supply/vb it/ppo with/in substantial/jj technical/jj assistance/nn in/in performing/vbg that/dt task/nn ,/, and/cc make/vb it/ppo plain/jj that/cs an/at expansion/nn or/cc even/rb a/at continuation/nn of/in our/pp$ assistance/nn to/in the/at country's/nn$ development/nn was/bedz conditional/jj upon/in programing/vbg progress/nn being/beg made/vbn ./.


	At/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at spectrum/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at more/ql advanced/vbn countries/nns can/md be/be relied/vbn upon/rb to/to make/vb well/rb thought/vbn through/rp decisions/nns as/in to/in project/nn priorities/nns within/in a/at consistent/jj program/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to depart/vb substantially/rb from/in detailed/vbn project/nn approval/nn as/cs the/at basis/nn for/in granting/vbg assistance/nn and/cc to/to move/vb toward/in long-term/nn support/nn ,/, in/in cooperation/nn with/in other/ap developed/vbn countries/nns ,/, of/in the/at essential/jj foreign/jj exchange/nn requirements/nns of/in the/at country's/nn$ development/nn program/nn ./.



D/np-hl ./.-hl
Encouraging/vbg-hl self-help/nn-hl 
1/cd-hl ./.-hl
The/at-hl reasons/nns-hl for/in-hl stressing/vbg-hl self-help/nn-hl 
A/at systematic/jj approach/nn to/in development/nn budgeting/nn and/cc programing/nn is/bez one/cd important/jj kind/nn of/in self-help/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber many/ap others/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez vitally/ql important/jj that/cs the/at new/jj U.S./np aid/nn program/nn should/md encourage/vb all/abn of/in them/ppo ,/, since/cs the/at main/jjs thrust/nn for/in development/nn must/md come/vb from/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns themselves/ppls ./.
External/jj aid/nn can/md only/rb be/be marginal/jj ,/, although/cs the/at margin/nn ,/, as/cs in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at Marshall/np-tl plan/nn ,/, can/md be/be decisive/jj ./.
External/jj aid/nn can/md be/be effective/jj only/rb if/cs it/pps is/bez a/at complement/nn to/in self-help/nn ./.
U.S./np aid/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, should/md increasingly/rb be/be designed/vbn to/to provide/vb incentives/nns for/cs countries/nns to/to take/vb the/at steps/nns that/wpo only/rb they/ppss themselves/ppls can/md take/vb ./.
Aid/nn-hl advice/nn-hl is/bez-hl not/*-hl interference/nn-hl 
./.-hl
In/in establishing/vbg conditions/nns of/in self-help/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj that/cs we/ppss not/* expect/vb countries/nns to/to remake/vb themselves/ppls in/in our/pp$ image/nn ./.
Open/jj societies/nns can/md take/vb many/ap forms/nns ,/, and/cc within/in very/ql broad/jj limits/nns recipients/nns must/md be/be free/jj to/to set/vb their/pp$ own/jj goals/nns and/cc to/to devise/vb their/pp$ own/jj institutions/nns to/to achieve/vb those/dts goals/nns ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez no/at interference/nn with/in sovereignty/nn to/to point/vb out/rp defects/nns where/wrb they/ppss exist/vb ,/, such/jj as/cs that/cs a/at plan/nn calls/vbz for/in factories/nns without/in power/nn to/to run/vb them/ppo ,/, or/cc for/in institutions/nns without/in trained/vbn personnel/nns to/to staff/vb them/ppo ./.
Once/cs we/ppss have/hv made/vbn clear/jj that/cs we/ppss are/ber genuinely/rb concerned/vbn with/in a/at country's/nn$ development/nn potential/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md be/be blunt/jj in/in suggesting/vbg the/at technical/jj conditions/nns that/wps must/md be/be met/vbn for/cs development/nn to/to occur/vb ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl
The/at-hl range/nn-hl of/in-hl self-help/nn-hl 
The/at major/jj areas/nns of/in self-help/nn are/ber the/at following/nn :/: (/(-hl A/at-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl effective/jj-hl mobilizing/vbg-hl of/in-hl resources/nns-hl ./.-hl

This/dt includes/vbz not/* only/rb development/nn programing/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb establishing/vbg tax/nn policies/nns designed/vbn to/to raise/vb equitably/rb resources/nns for/in investment/nn ;/. ;/.
fiscal/jj and/cc monetary/jj policies/nns designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb serious/jj inflation/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc regulatory/jj policies/nns aimed/vbn to/to attract/vb the/at financial/jj and/cc managerial/jj resources/nns of/in foreign/jj investment/nn and/cc to/to prevent/vb excessive/jj luxury/nn consumption/nn by/in a/at few/ap ./.
(/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl reduction/nn-hl of/in-hl dependence/nn-hl on/in-hl external/jj-hl sources/nns-hl ./.-hl

This/dt includes/vbz foreseeing/vbg balance-of-payments/nn crises/nns ,/, with/in adequate/jj attention/nn to/in reducing/vbg dependence/nn on/in imports/nns and/cc adopting/vbg realistic/jj exchange/nn rates/nns to/to encourage/vb infant/jj industries/nns and/cc spur/vb exports/nns ./.
It/pps also/rb includes/vbz providing/vbg for/in the/at training/nn of/in nationals/nns to/to operate/vb projects/nns after/cs they/ppss are/ber completed/vbn ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl tapping/vbg-hl the/at-hl energies/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl entire/jj-hl population/nn-hl ./.-hl

For/in both/abx economic/jj and/cc political/jj reasons/nns all/abn segments/nns of/in the/at population/nn must/md be/be able/jj to/to share/vb in/in the/at growth/nn of/in a/at country/nn ./.
Otherwise/rb ,/, development/nn will/md not/* lead/vb to/in longrun/nn stability/nn ./.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl honesty/nn-hl in/in-hl government/nn-hl ./.-hl

In/in many/ap societies/nns ,/, what/wdt we/ppss regard/vb as/cs corruption/nn ,/, favoritism/nn ,/, and/cc personal/jj influence/nn are/ber so/ql accepted/vbn as/cs consistent/jj with/in the/at mores/nns of/in officialdom/nn and/cc so/ql integral/jj a/at part/nn of/in routine/jj administrative/jj practice/nn that/cs any/dti attempt/nn to/to force/vb their/pp$ elimination/nn will/md be/be regarded/vbn by/in the/at local/jj leadership/nn as/cs not/* only/rb unwarranted/jj but/cc unfriendly/jj ./.
Yet/cc an/at economy/nn cannot/md* get/vb the/at most/ap out/in of/in its/pp$ resources/nns if/cs dishonesty/nn ,/, corruption/nn ,/, and/cc favoritism/nn are/ber widespread/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, tolerance/nn by/in us/ppo of/in such/jj practices/nns results/vbz in/in serious/jj waste/nn and/cc diversion/nn of/in aid/nn resources/nns and/cc in/in the/at long/jj run/nn generates/vbz anti-American/jj sentiment/nn of/in a/at kind/nn peculiarly/ql damaging/vbg to/in our/pp$ political/jj interest/nn ./.
Some/dti of/in the/at most/ql dramatic/jj successes/nns of/in Communism/nn-tl in/in winning/vbg local/jj support/nn can/md be/be traced/vbn to/in the/at identification/nn --/-- correct/jj or/cc not/* --/-- of/in Communist/jj regimes/nns with/in personal/jj honesty/nn and/cc pro-Western/jj regimes/nns with/in corruption/nn ./.
A/at requirement/nn of/in reasonably/ql honest/jj administration/nn may/md be/be politically/rb uncomfortable/jj in/in the/at short/jj run/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez politically/rb essential/jj in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl
U.S./np-hl position/nn-hl on/in-hl self-help/nn-hl 
The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl can/md use/vb its/pp$ aid/nn as/cs an/at incentive/nn to/in self-help/nn by/in responding/vbg with/in aid/nn on/in a/at sustained/vbn basis/nn ,/, tailored/vbn to/in priority/nn needs/nns ,/, to/in those/dts countries/nns making/vbg serious/jj efforts/nns in/in self-help/nn ./.


	In/in many/ap instances/nns it/pps can/md withhold/vb or/cc limit/vb its/pp$ aid/nn to/in countries/nns not/* yet/rb willing/jj to/to make/vb such/jj efforts/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber other/ap countries/nns where/wrb ,/, with/in skillful/jj diplomacy/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md be/be able/jj by/in our/pp$ aid/nn to/to give/vb encouragement/nn to/in those/dts groups/nns in/in government/nn which/wdt would/md like/vb to/to press/vb forward/rb with/in economic/jj and/cc social/jj reform/nn measures/nns to/to promote/vb growth/nn ./.
Governments/nns are/ber rarely/rb monolithic/jj ./.


	But/cc there/ex will/md be/be still/rb other/ap countries/nns where/wrb ,/, despite/in the/at inadequacy/nn of/in the/at level/nn of/in self-help/nn ,/, we/ppss shall/md deem/vb it/ppo wise/jj ,/, for/in political/jj or/cc military/jj reasons/nns ,/, to/to give/vb substantial/jj economic/jj assistance/nn ./.
Even/rb in/in these/dts cases/nns we/ppss should/md promote/vb self-help/nn by/in making/vbg it/ppo clear/jj that/cs our/pp$ supporting/vbg assistance/nn is/bez subject/jj to/in reduction/nn and/cc ultimately/rb to/in termination/nn ./.



E/np-hl ./.-hl
Encouraging/vbg-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl approach/nn-hl 
1/cd-hl ./.-hl
Development/nn-hl requires/vbz-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl approach/nn-hl 
./.-hl
The/at most/ql fundamental/jj concept/nn of/in the/at new/jj approach/nn to/in economic/jj aid/nn is/bez the/at focusing/nn of/in our/pp$ attention/nn ,/, our/pp$ resources/nns ,/, and/cc our/pp$ energies/nns on/in the/at effort/nn to/to promote/vb the/at economic/jj and/cc social/jj development/nn of/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez not/* a/at short-run/nn goal/nn ./.
To/to have/hv any/dti success/nn in/in this/dt effort/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md ourselves/ppls view/vb it/ppo as/cs an/at enterprise/nn stretching/vbg over/in a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in years/nns ,/, and/cc we/ppss must/md encourage/vb the/at recipients/nns of/in our/pp$ aid/nn to/to view/vb it/ppo in/in the/at same/ap fashion/nn ./.
Most/ap-hl of/in-hl our/pp$-hl aid/nn-hl will/md-hl go/vb-hl to/in-hl those/dts-hl nearing/vbg-hl self-sufficiency/nn-hl 
./.-hl
How/wql long/rb it/pps will/md take/vb to/to show/vb substantial/jj success/nn in/in this/dt effort/nn will/md vary/vb greatly/rb from/in country/nn to/in country/nn ./.
In/in several/ap significant/jj cases/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs India/np ,/, a/at decade/nn of/in concentrated/vbn effort/nn can/md launch/vb these/dts countries/nns into/in a/at stage/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss can/md carry/vb forward/rb their/pp$ own/jj economic/jj and/cc social/jj progress/nn with/in little/ap or/cc no/at government-to-government/jj assistance/nn ./.
These/dts cases/nns in/in which/wdt light/nn is/bez already/rb visible/jj at/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at tunnel/nn are/ber ones/nns which/wdt over/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns will/md absorb/vb the/at bulk/nn of/in our/pp$ capital/nn assistance/nn ./.
Gradually/rb-hl others/nns-hl will/md-hl move/vb-hl up/rp-hl to/in-hl the/at-hl same/ap-hl level/nn-hl 
./.-hl
The/at number/nn of/in countries/nns thus/rb favorably/rb situated/vbn is/bez small/jj ,/, but/cc their/pp$ peoples/nns constitute/vb over/rp half/abn of/in the/at population/nn of/in the/at underdeveloped/jj world/nn ./.
Meantime/rb ,/, over/in the/at decade/nn of/in the/at sixties/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md hope/vb that/cs many/ap other/ap countries/nns will/md ready/vb themselves/ppls for/in the/at big/jj push/nn into/in self-sustaining/jj growth/nn ./.
In/in still/rb others/nns which/wdt are/ber barely/rb on/in the/at threshold/nn of/in the/at transition/nn into/in modernity/nn ,/, the/at decade/nn can/md bring/vb significant/jj progress/nn in/in launching/vbg the/at slow/jj process/nn of/in developing/vbg their/pp$ human/jj resources/nns and/cc their/pp$ basic/jj services/nns to/in the/at point/nn where/wrb an/at expanded/vbn range/nn of/in developmental/jj activities/nns is/bez possible/jj ./.
Aid/nn-hl is/bez-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl process/nn-hl 
./.-hl
The/at whole/jj program/nn must/md be/be conceived/vbn of/in as/cs an/at effort/nn ,/, stretching/vbg over/in a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in years/nns ,/, to/to alter/vb the/at basic/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj conditions/nns in/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn world/nn ./.
It/pps must/md be/be recognized/vbn as/cs a/at slow-acting/jj tool/nn designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb political/jj and/cc military/jj crises/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts recently/rb confronted/vbn in/in Laos/np and/cc Cuba/np ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* a/at tool/nn for/in dealing/vbg with/in these/dts crises/nns after/cs they/ppss have/hv erupted/vbn ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl
The/at-hl specific/jj-hl reasons/nns-hl for/in-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl approach/nn-hl 
(/(-hl A/at-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at need/nn to/to budget/vb a/at period/nn of/in years/nns ./.

Many/ap of/in the/at individual/jj projects/nns for/in which/wdt development/nn assistance/nn is/bez required/vbn call/vb for/in expenditures/nns over/in lengthy/jj periods/nns ./.
Dams/nns ,/, river/nn development/nn schemes/nns ,/, transportation/nn networks/nns ,/, educational/jj systems/nns require/vb years/nns to/to construct/vb ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, on/in complex/jj projects/nns ,/, design/nn work/nn must/md be/be completed/vbn and/cc orders/nns for/in machinery/nn and/cc equipment/nn placed/vbn months/nns or/cc even/nil years/nil before/nil construction/nil can/nil commence/nil ./.
Thus/nil ,/, as/nil a/nil development/nil program/nil is/nil being/nil launched/nil ,/, commitments/nil and/nil obligations/nil must/nil be/nil entered/nil into/nil in/nil a/nil given/nil year/nil which/nil may/nil exceed/nil by/nil twofold/nil or/nil threefold/nil the/nil expenditures/nil to/nil be/nil made/nil in/nil that/nil year/nil ./.
The/at capital/jj expansion/nn programs/nns of/in business/nn firms/nns involve/vb multi-year/jj budgeting/nn and/cc the/at same/ap is/bez true/jj of/in country/nn development/nn programs/nns ./.
(/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl need/nn-hl to/to-hl plan/vb-hl investment/nn-hl programs/nns-hl ./.-hl

More/ql importantly/rb ,/, several/ap of/in the/at more/ql advanced/vbn of/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns have/hv found/vbn through/in experience/nn that/cs they/ppss must/md plan/vb their/pp$ own/jj complex/jj investment/nn programs/nns for/in at/in least/ap 5/cd years/nns forward/rb and/cc tentatively/rb for/in considerably/ql more/ap than/in that/dt if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at various/jj interdependent/jj activities/nns involved/vbn are/ber all/abn to/to take/vb place/nn in/in the/at proper/jj sequence/nn ./.
Without/in such/jj forward/jj planning/nn ,/, investment/nn funds/nns are/ber wasted/vbn because/cs manufacturing/vbg facilities/nns are/ber completed/vbn before/cs there/ex is/bez power/nn to/to operate/vb them/ppo or/cc before/cs there/ex is/bez transport/nn to/to service/vb them/ppo ;/. ;/.
or/cc a/at skilled/jj labor/nn force/nn is/bez trained/vbn before/cs there/ex are/ber plants/nns available/jj in/in which/wdt they/ppss can/md be/be employed/vbn ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl need/nn-hl to/to-hl allocate/vb-hl country/nn-hl resources/nns-hl ./.-hl

Most/ql important/jj of/in all/abn ,/, the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns must/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to take/vb the/at necessary/jj steps/nns to/to allocate/vb and/cc commit/vb their/pp$ own/jj resources/nns ./.
They/ppss must/md be/be induced/vbn to/to establish/vb the/at necessary/jj tax/nn ,/, fiscal/jj ,/, monetary/jj ,/, and/cc regulatory/jj policies/nns ./.
They/ppss must/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to adopt/vb the/at other/ap necessary/jj self-help/nn measures/nns which/wdt are/ber described/vbn in/in the/at preceding/vbg section/nn ./.
The/at taking/nn of/in these/dts steps/nns involves/vbz tough/jj internal/jj policy/nn decisions/nns ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, once/cs these/dts steps/nns are/ber taken/vbn ,/, they/ppss may/md require/vb years/nns to/to make/vb themselves/ppls felt/vbn ./.
They/ppss must/md ,/, therefore/rb ,/, be/be related/vbn to/in long-range/nn development/nn plans/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl
Providing/vbg-hl an/at-hl incentive/nn-hl 
If/cs the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns are/ber to/to be/be persuaded/vbn to/to adopt/vb a/at long-term/nn approach/nn ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, as/cs the/at principal/jjs supplier/nn of/in external/jj aid/nn ,/, must/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to give/vb long-term/nn commitments/nns ./.
In/in this/dt ,/, as/cs in/in so/ql many/ap aspects/nns of/in our/pp$ development/nn assistance/nn activities/nns ,/, the/at incentive/nn effects/nns of/in the/at posture/nn we/ppss take/vb are/ber the/at most/ql important/jj ones/nns ./.
The/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md persuade/vb the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns to/to appraise/vb their/pp$ own/jj resources/nns ,/, to/to set/vb targets/nns toward/in which/wdt they/ppss should/md be/be working/vbg ,/, to/to establish/vb in/in the/at light/nn of/in this/dt forward/jj perspective/nn the/at most/ql urgent/jj priorities/nns for/in their/pp$ immediate/jj attention/nn ,/, and/cc to/to do/do the/at other/ap things/nns which/wdt they/ppss must/md do/do to/to help/vb themselves/ppls ,/, all/abn on/in a/at realistic/jj long-term/nn basis/nn ,/, will/md depend/vb importantly/rb on/in the/at incentives/nns we/ppss place/vb before/in them/ppo ./.
If/cs they/ppss feel/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber taking/vbg a/at long-term/nn view/nn of/in their/pp$ problems/nns and/cc are/ber prepared/vbn to/to enter/vb into/in reasonably/ql long-term/nn association/nn with/in them/ppo in/in their/pp$ development/nn activities/nns ,/, they/ppss will/md be/be much/ql more/ql likely/jj to/to undertake/vb the/at difficult/jj tasks/nns required/vbn ./.
Perhaps/rb the/at most/ql important/jj incentive/nn for/in them/ppo will/md be/be clear/jj evidence/nn that/cs where/wrb other/ap countries/nns have/hv done/vbn this/dt kind/nn of/in home/nr work/nn we/ppss have/hv responded/vbn with/in long-term/nn commitments/nns ./.



	You/ppss have/hv heard/vbn him/ppo tell/vb these/dts young/jj people/nns that/cs during/in his/pp$ almost/rb 50/cd years/nns of/in service/nn in/in the/at Congress/np he/pps has/hvz seen/vbn the/at Kaisers/nps and/cc the/at Hitlers/nps and/cc the/at Mussolinis/nps ,/, the/at Tojos/nps and/cc Stalins/nps and/cc Khrushchevs/nps ,/, come/vb and/cc go/vb and/cc that/cs we/ppss are/ber passing/vbg on/rp to/in them/ppo the/at freest/jjt Nation/nn-tl that/wpo mankind/nn has/hvz ever/rb known/vbn ./.
Then/rb I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at pride/nn of/in country/nn well/vb in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in these/dts young/jj people/nns ./.


	So/rb ,/, I/ppss say/vb ,/, Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, God/np bless/vb you/ppo and/cc keep/vb you/ppo for/in many/ap years/nns not/* only/rb for/in this/dt body/nn but/cc for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl and/cc the/at free/jj world/nn ./.
You/ppss remember/vb the/at words/nns of/in President/nn-tl Kennedy/np a/at week/nn or/cc so/rb ago/rb ,/, when/wrb someone/pn asked/vbd him/ppo when/wrb he/pps was/bedz in/in Canada/np ,/, and/cc Dean/np Rusk/np was/bedz in/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl Johnson/np was/bedz in/in Asia/np ,/, ``/`` Who/wps is/bez running/vbg the/at store/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/.
And/cc he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` The/at same/ap fellow/nn who/wps has/hvz been/ben running/vbg it/ppo ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np ''/'' ./.



General/jj-hl leave/nn-hl to/to-hl extend/vb-hl 
Mr./np-hl McCormack/np-hl ./.

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss ask/vb unanimous/jj consent/nn that/cs all/abn Members/nns-tl who/wps desire/vb to/to do/do so/rb may/md extend/vb their/pp$ remarks/nns at/in this/dt point/nn in/in the/at record/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc also/rb that/cs they/ppss may/md have/hv 5/cd legislative/jj days/nns in/in which/wdt to/to extend/vb their/pp$ remarks/nns ./.
The/at-hl speaker/nn-hl pro/in-hl tempore/nn-hl ./.-hl

Is/bez there/ex objection/nn to/in the/at request/nn of/in the/at gentleman/nn from/in Massachusetts/np ?/. ?/.


	There/ex was/bedz no/at objection/nn ./.



Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl Joseph/np-hl P./np-hl Addabbo/np-hl of/in-hl New/jj-tl York/np-tl 
Mr./np-hl Addabbo/np-hl ./.-hl

It/pps is/bez notably/ql significant/jj that/cs so/ql many/ap Members/nns-tl from/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at aisle/nn express/vb their/pp$ respect/nn and/cc admiration/nn for/in our/pp$ beloved/jj Speaker/nn-tl ,/, the/at Honorable/jj-tl Sam/np Rayburn/np ./.
I/ppss purposely/rb refrained/vbd from/in adding/vbg the/at usual/jj distinction/nn of/in saying/vbg that/cs he/pps was/bedz from/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Texas/np-tl ./.
I/ppss did/dod so/rb because/cs I/ppss agree/vb with/in so/ql many/ap here/rb today/nr ,/, that/cs he/pps is/bez the/at beloved/jj Speaker/nn-tl of/in all/abn the/at people/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
For/in the/at dignity/nn ,/, the/at influence/nn ,/, and/cc the/at power/nn of/in the/at legislative/jj branch/nn of/in our/pp$ Government/nn-tl --/-- it/pps is/bez a/at privilege/nn for/cs us/ppo to/to do/do honor/nn to/in this/dt great/jj man/nn who/wps represents/vbz not/* alone/rb his/pp$ own/jj district/nn but/cc all/abn the/at people/nns of/in our/pp$ country/nn ./.
To/to honor/vb him/ppo is/bez to/to honor/vb ourselves/ppls ./.


	In/in this/dt my/pp$ first/od year/nn as/cs a/at Member/nn-tl of/in this/dt body/nn I/ppss have/hv experienced/vbn many/ap memorable/jj moments/nns ./.
Many/ap of/in these/dts experiences/nns are/ber so/ql important/jj that/cs they/ppss will/md be/be cherished/vbn forever/rb by/in me/ppo ./.
And/cc ,/, like/cs many/ap of/in you/ppo here/rb present/rb ,/, I/ppss hold/vb as/cs the/at highlight/nn of/in all/abn ,/, the/at occasion/nn of/in my/pp$ first/od meeting/nn with/in the/at honorable/jj Speaker/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl ./.
At/in that/dt time/nn ,/, he/pps afforded/vbd me/ppo the/at courtesy/nn of/in his/pp$ busy/jj workday/nn for/in such/jj length/nn as/cs I/ppss may/md need/vb ,/, to/to speak/vb about/in my/pp$ background/nn ,/, my/pp$ hopes/nns ,/, my/pp$ views/nns on/in various/jj national/jj and/cc local/jj topics/nns ,/, and/cc any/dti problems/nns that/wpo I/ppss may/md have/hv been/ben vexed/vbn with/in at/in the/at time/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz fatherly/jj in/in his/pp$ handling/nn of/in all/abn subjects/nns with/in me/ppo and/cc tremendously/ql wise/jj in/in his/pp$ counsel/nn ./.
In/in conclusion/nn ,/, he/pps wished/vbd me/ppo well/rb --/-- and/cc as/ql kindly/rb and/cc humbly/rb as/cs this/dt humane/jj gentleman/nn could/md express/vb himself/ppl ,/, he/pps asked/vbd to/to be/be remembered/vbn to/in my/pp$ wife/nn and/cc children/nns ./.


	In/in my/pp$ short/jj period/nn here/rb I/ppss believe/vb that/cs at/in no/at time/nn has/hvz he/pps been/ben otherwise/rb than/cs the/at most/ql popular/jj man/nn on/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at aisle/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez most/ql effective/jj in/in the/at ordinary/jj business/nn of/in the/at House/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in the/at legislative/jj accomplishments/nns of/in this/dt session/nn ,/, he/pps easily/rb rose/vbd to/in great/jj occasion/nn --/-- even/rb at/in the/at height/nn of/in unpleasantness/nn and/cc exciting/jj legislative/jj struggle/nn --/-- and/cc as/cs the/at Nation/nn-tl witnessed/vbd these/dts contests/nns ,/, he/pps rose/vbd ,/, even/rb as/cs admitted/vbn by/in those/dts who/wps differed/vbd with/in him/ppo ,/, to/in the/at proportions/nns of/in a/at hero/nn and/cc a/at noble/jj partisan/nn ./.


	I/ppss am/bem highly/ql privileged/jj today/nr to/to commemorate/vb the/at brilliant/jj career/nn of/in this/dt parliamentary/jj giant/nn ./.
He/pps will/md ever/rb be/be my/pp$ example/nn as/cs a/at true/jj statesman/nn ;/. ;/.
one/pn who/wps is/bez thoroughly/ql human/jj ,/, who/wps affects/vbz no/at dignity/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps is/bez endowed/vbn with/in real/jj ability/nn ,/, genuine/jj worth/nn ,/, and/cc sterling/jj honesty/nn --/-- all/abn dedicated/vbn to/to secure/vb the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in the/at country/nn he/pps has/hvz loved/vbn and/cc served/vbn so/ql long/rb ./.
May/md the/at Divine/jj-tl Speaker/nn-tl in/in Heaven/nn-tl bless/vb this/dt country/nn with/in Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ continued/vbn service/nn here/rb for/in years/nns to/to come/vb ./.



Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl Wayne/np-hl L./np-hl Hays/np-hl of/in-hl Ohio/np-hl 
Mr./np-hl Hays/np-hl ./.-hl

It/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in deep/jj personal/jj satisfaction/nn for/in me/ppo to/to add/vb my/pp$ voice/nn to/in the/at great/jj and/cc distinguished/vbn chorus/nn of/in my/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in this/dt paean/nn of/in praise/nn ,/, respect/nn ,/, and/cc affection/nn for/in Speaker/nn-tl Sam/np Rayburn/np ./.
In/in this/dt hour/nn of/in crisis/nn ,/, the/at wisdom/nn ,/, the/at dedication/nn ,/, the/at stabilizing/vbg force/nn that/wpo he/pps represents/vbz in/in current/jj American/jj government/nn is/bez an/at almost/ql indispensable/jj source/nn of/in strength/nn ./.
He/pps has/hvz become/vbn in/in this/dt half/abn century/nn the/at grand/jj old/jj man/nn of/in American/jj history/nn ./.
It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo that/cs the/at prayers/nns of/in the/at whole/jj free/jj world/nn must/md rise/vb like/cs some/dti vast/jj petition/nn to/in Providence/np that/cs Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ vigor/nn and/cc his/pp$ life/nn remain/vb undiminished/jj through/in the/at coming/vbg decades/nns ./.


	Here/rb briefly/rb in/in this/dt humble/jj tribute/nn I/ppss have/hv sought/vbn for/in some/dti simple/jj and/cc succinct/jj summation/nn that/wps would/md define/vb the/at immense/jj service/nn of/in this/dt patriot/nn to/in his/pp$ country/nn ./.
But/cc the/at task/nn is/bez beyond/in me/ppo because/cs I/ppss hold/vb it/ppo impossible/jj to/to compress/vb in/in a/at sentence/nn or/cc two/cd the/at complicated/vbn and/cc prodigious/jj contributions/nns Sam/np Rayburn/np has/hvz made/vbn as/cs an/at individual/nn ,/, as/cs a/at legislator/nn ,/, as/cs a/at statesman/nn and/cc as/cs a/at leader/nn and/cc conciliator/nn ,/, to/in the/at majestic/jj progress/nn of/in this/dt Nation/nn-tl ./.
It/pps happens/vbz that/cs I/ppss am/bem a/at legislator/nn from/in Ohio/np and/cc that/cs I/ppss feel/vb deeply/rb about/in the/at needs/nns ,/, the/at aspirations/nns ,/, the/at interests/nns of/in my/pp$ district/nn and/cc my/pp$ State/nn-tl ./.
What/wdt Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ life/nn proves/vbz to/in us/ppo all/abn is/bez the/at magnificent/jj lesson/nn in/in political/jj science/nn that/cs one/pn can/md devotedly/rb and/cc with/in absolute/jj dedication/nn represent/vb the/at seemingly/rb provincial/jj interests/nns of/in one's/pn$ own/jj community/nn ,/, one's/pn$ own/jj district/nn ,/, one's/pn$ own/jj State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc by/in that/dt help/vb himself/ppl represent/vb even/ql better/rbr the/at sweep/nn and/cc scope/nn of/in the/at problems/nns of/in this/dt the/at greatest/jjt nation/nn of/in all/abn time/nn ./.


	For/cs Sam/np Rayburn/np never/rb forgot/vbd Bonham/np ,/, his/pp$ home/nr community/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps never/rb forgot/vbd Texas/np ./.
In/in the/at same/ap way/nn I/ppss like/vb to/to think/vb we/ppss owe/vb our/pp$ loyalty/nn as/cs legislators/nns to/in our/pp$ community/nn ,/, our/pp$ district/nn ,/, our/pp$ State/nn-tl ./.
And/cc ,/, if/cs we/ppss follow/vb the/at Rayburn/np pattern/nn ,/, as/cs consciously/rb or/cc by/in an/at instinctual/jj political/jj sense/nn I/ppss like/vb to/to think/vb I/ppss have/hv followed/vbn it/ppo ,/, then/rb the/at very/ap nature/nn of/in our/pp$ loyalty/nn to/in our/pp$ own/jj immediate/jj areas/nns must/md necessarily/rb be/be reflected/vbn in/in the/at devotion/nn of/in our/pp$ services/nns to/in our/pp$ country/nn ./.
For/cs what/wdt Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ life/nn in/in this/dt House/nn-tl teaches/vbz us/ppo is/bez that/cs loyalty/nn and/cc character/nn are/ber not/* divisive/jj and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at such/jj thing/nn as/cs being/beg for/in your/pp$ country/nn and/cc neglecting/vbg your/pp$ district/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez no/at such/jj thing/nn as/cs being/beg diligent/jj about/in national/jj affairs/nns but/cc indifferent/jj about/in home/nr needs/nns ./.
The/at two/cd are/ber as/cs one/cd ./.
This/dt may/md not/* be/be the/at greatest/jjt but/cc it/pps certainly/rb comes/vbz close/rb to/in being/beg the/at greatest/jjt lesson/nn Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ career/nn ,/, up/in to/in this/dt hour/nn ,/, teaches/vbz all/abn of/in us/ppo who/wps would/md aspire/vb to/in distinction/nn in/in political/jj life/nn under/in our/pp$ processes/nns of/in government/nn ./.


	More/ap than/cs that/dt ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np is/bez the/at very/ql living/vbg symbol/nn of/in an/at iron-clad/jj integrity/nn so/ql powerful/jj in/in his/pp$ nature/nn and/cc so/ql constantly/rb demonstrated/vbn that/cs he/pps can/md count/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ best/jjt friends/nns in/in the/at opposition/nn ./.
Through/in the/at most/ql rancorous/jj battles/nns of/in political/jj controversy/nn and/cc the/at most/ql bitterly/rb fought/vbn national/jj and/cc presidential/jj campaigns/nns his/pp$ character/nn shines/vbz as/cs an/at example/nn of/in dignity/nn and/cc honesty/nn ,/, forthrightness/nn and/cc nobility/nn ./.
Sam/np Rayburn/np has/hvz never/rb had/hvn to/to look/vb back/rb at/in any/dti of/in his/pp$ most/ql devastating/vbg fights/nns and/cc ever/rb feel/vb ashamed/jj of/in his/pp$ conduct/nn as/cs a/at combatant/nn under/in fire/nn or/cc his/pp$ political/jj manners/nns in/in the/at heat/nn of/in conflicting/vbg ambitions/nns ./.
This/dt means/vbz much/ap to/in the/at American/jj tradition/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez an/at answer/nn in/in its/pp$ way/nn ,/, individual/jj and/cc highly/ql dramatic/jj ,/, to/in the/at charge/nn that/cs the/at democratic/jj process/nn is/bez necessarily/rb vicious/jj in/in its/pp$ campaign/nn characteristics/nns ./.
And/cc the/at name/nn Rayburn/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql dominant/jj in/in the/at history/nn of/in American/jj politics/nn for/in the/at last/ap half/abn century/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez ,/, I/ppss insist/vb ,/, hard/jj to/to define/vb the/at Rayburn/np contribution/nn to/in our/pp$ political/jj civilization/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez so/ql massive/jj and/cc so/ql widespread/jj and/cc so/ql complicated/vbn ,/, and/cc because/cs it/pps goes/vbz so/ql deep/rb ./.
But/cc this/dt we/ppss know/vb :/: Here/rb is/bez a/at great/jj life/nn that/wps in/in every/at area/nn of/in American/jj politics/nn gives/vbz the/at American/jj people/nns occasion/nn for/in pride/nn and/cc that/wps has/hvz invested/vbn the/at democratic/jj process/nn with/in the/at most/ql decent/jj qualities/nns of/in honor/nn ,/, decency/nn ,/, and/cc self-respect/nn ./.
I/ppss pray/vb to/in God/np that/cs he/pps may/md be/be spared/vbn to/in us/ppo for/in many/ap years/nns to/to come/vb for/in this/dt is/bez an/at influence/nn the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc the/at whole/jj world/nn can/md ill/rb afford/vb to/to lose/vb ./.



Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl Melvin/np-hl Price/np-hl of/in-hl Illinois/np-hl 
Mr./np-hl Price/np-hl ./.-hl

All/abn but/in two/cd of/in my/pp$ nine/cd terms/nns in/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl has/hvz been/ben served/vbn under/in the/at Speakership/nn-tl of/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ./.
Of/in this/dt I/ppss am/bem proud/jj ./.
I/ppss have/hv a/at distinct/jj admiration/nn for/in this/dt man/nn we/ppss honor/vb today/nr because/rb of/in the/at humility/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps carries/vbz his/pp$ greatness/nn ./.


	And/cc Sam/np Rayburn/np is/bez a/at great/jj man/nn --/-- one/cd who/wps will/md go/vb down/rp in/in American/jj history/nn as/cs a/at truly/ql great/jj leader/nn of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./.
He/pps will/md be/be considered/vbn not/* only/rb great/jj among/in his/pp$ contemporaries/nns ,/, but/cc as/cs great/jj among/in all/abn the/at Americans/nps who/wps have/hv played/vbn a/at part/nn in/in the/at country's/nn$ history/nn since/in the/at beginning/nn ./.


	I/ppss pay/vb my/pp$ personal/jj tribute/nn to/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, stalwart/jj Texan/np and/cc great/jj American/np ,/, not/* only/rb because/cs today/nr he/pps establishes/vbz a/at record/nn of/in having/hvg served/vbn as/cs Speaker/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl more/ap than/in twice/rb as/ql long/rb as/cs Henry/np Clay/np ,/, but/cc because/rb of/in the/at contributions/nns he/pps has/hvz made/vbn to/in the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl during/in his/pp$ almost/rb half/abn century/nn of/in service/nn as/cs a/at Member/nn-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ./.


	Speaker/nn-tl Rayburn/np has/hvz not/* limited/vbn his/pp$ leadership/nn as/cs a/at statesman/nn to/in his/pp$ direction/nn of/in the/at House/nn-tl in/in the/at Speaker's/nn$-tl chair/nn ./.
He/pps had/hvd an/at outstanding/jj record/nn as/cs a/at legislator/nn since/in the/at start/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn in/in the/at House/nn-tl in/in 1913/cd ,/, the/at 63d/od Congress/np ./.
No/at one/pn has/hvz sponsored/vbn more/ap progressive/jj and/cc important/jj legislation/nn than/cs has/hvz Sam/np Rayburn/np ./.
He/pps is/bez the/at recognized/vbn ``/`` father/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Rural/jj-tl Electrification/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl and/cc the/at Security/nn-tl and/cc-tl Exchange/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ./.
But/cc to/to run/vb the/at gauntlet/nn of/in the/at programs/nns Sam/np Rayburn/np brought/vbd into/in being/beg through/in his/pp$ legislative/jj efforts/nns would/md fill/vb the/at pages/nns of/in today's/nr$ Record/nn-tl ./.


	No/at greater/jjr pleasure/nn has/hvz come/vbn to/in me/ppo in/in my/pp$ own/jj service/nn in/in this/dt House/nn-tl than/cs to/to be/be present/jj today/nr to/to participate/vb in/in this/dt tribute/nn to/in this/dt great/jj Speaker/nn-tl ,/, this/dt great/jj legislator/nn ,/, this/dt great/jj Texan/np ,/, this/dt great/jj American/np ./.


	My/pp$ sincere/jj wish/nn is/bez that/cs he/pps continues/vbz to/to add/vb to/in this/dt record/nn he/pps sets/vbz here/rb today/nr ./.



Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl John/np-hl S./np-hl Monagan/np-hl of/in-hl Connecticut/np-hl 
Mr./np-hl Monagan/np-hl ./.

Sam/np Rayburn/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt American/jj public/jj figures/nns in/in the/at history/nn of/in our/pp$ country/nn and/cc I/ppss consider/vb that/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben singly/rb honored/vbn in/in the/at privilege/nn of/in knowing/vbg Sam/np Rayburn/np and/cc sharing/vbg with/in him/ppo the/at rights/nns and/cc obligations/nns of/in a/at Member/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl in/in the/at Congress/np-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	Others/nns may/md speak/vb of/in Speaker/nn-tl Rayburn's/np$ uniquely/rb long/jj and/cc devoted/vbn service/nn ;/. ;/.
of/in his/pp$ championship/nn of/in many/ap of/in the/at progressive/jj social/jj measures/nns which/wdt adorn/vb our/pp$ statute/nn books/nns today/nr ,/, and/cc of/in his/pp$ cooperation/nn in/in times/nns of/in adversity/nn with/in Presidents/nns-tl of/in both/abx of/in our/pp$ major/jj parties/nns in/in helping/vbg to/to pilot/vb the/at Ship/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl through/in the/at shoals/nns of/in today's/nr$ stormy/jj international/jj seas/nns ./.


	I/ppss prefer/vb to/to speak/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, of/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, the/at person/nn ,/, rather/in than/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, the/at American/jj institution/nn ./.


	Although/cs Sam/np Rayburn/np affects/vbz a/at gruff/jj exterior/nn in/in many/ap instances/nns ,/, nevertheless/rb he/pps is/bez fundamentally/rb a/at man/nn of/in warm/jj heart/nn and/cc gentle/jj disposition/nn ./.
No/at one/pn could/md be/be more/ql devoted/vbn than/cs he/pps to/in the/at American/jj Congress/np as/cs an/at institution/nn and/cc more/ql aware/jj of/in its/pp$ historical/jj significance/nn in/in the/at political/jj history/nn of/in the/at world/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss shall/md never/rb forget/vb his/pp$ moving/vbg talks/nns ,/, delivered/vbn in/in simple/jj yet/cc eloquent/jj words/nns ,/, upon/in the/at meaning/nn of/in our/pp$ jobs/nns as/cs Representatives/nns-tl in/in the/at operation/nn of/in representative/jj government/nn and/cc their/pp$ importance/nn in/in the/at context/nn of/in today's/nr$ assault/nn upon/in popular/jj government/nn ./.


	Above/in all/abn ,/, he/pps is/bez a/at person/nn to/in whom/wpo a/at fledgling/nn Representative/nn-tl can/md go/vb to/to discuss/vb the/at personal/jj and/cc professional/jj problems/nns which/wdt inevitably/rb confront/vb a/at new/jj Congressman/nn-tl ./.
In/in this/dt role/nn of/in father/nn confessor/nn ,/, he/pps has/hvz always/rb been/ben most/ql characteristic/jj and/cc most/ql helpful/jj ./.


	On/in September/np 16/cd ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np will/md have/hv served/vbn as/cs Speaker/nn-tl twice/rb as/ql long/rb as/cs any/dti predecessor/nn and/cc I/ppss am/bem proud/jj to/to join/vb with/in others/nns in/in marking/vbg this/dt date/nn ,/, and/cc in/in expressing/vbg my/pp$ esteem/nn for/in that/dt notable/jj American/np ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np ./.

Origin/nn-hl of/in-hl state/nn-hl automobile/nn-hl practices/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at practice/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns for/in use/nn of/in employees/nns on/in business/nn dates/vbz back/rb over/rp forty/cd years/nns ./.
At/in least/ap one/cd state/nn vehicle/nn was/bedz in/in existence/nn in/in 1917/cd ./.


	The/at state/nn presently/rb owns/vbz 389/cd passenger/nn vehicles/nns in/in comparison/nn to/in approximately/rb 200/cd in/in 1940/cd ./.


	The/at automobile/nn maintenance/nn unit/nn ,/, or/cc motor/nn pool/nn ,/, came/vbd into/in existence/nn in/in 1942/cd and/cc has/hvz been/ben responsible/jj for/in centralized/vbn maintenance/nn and/cc management/nn of/in state-owned/jj transportation/nn since/in that/dt time/nn ./.


	The/at motor/nn pool/nn has/hvz made/vbn exceptional/jj progress/nn in/in automotive/jj management/nn including/in establishment/nn of/in cost/nn billing/nn systems/nns ,/, records/nns keeping/nn ,/, analyses/nns of/in vehicle/nn use/nn ,/, and/cc effecting/vbg economies/nns in/in vehicle/nn operation/nn ./.
Cars/nns were/bed operated/vbn in/in 1959/cd for/in an/at average/nn $.027/nns per/in mile/nn ./.


	Purchase/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns is/bez handled/vbn similarly/rb to/in all/abn state/nn purchases/nns ./.
Unit/nn prices/nns to/in the/at state/nn are/ber considerably/ql lower/jjr than/cs to/in the/at general/jj public/nn because/rb of/in quantity/nn purchases/nns and/cc no/at payment/nn of/in state/nn sales/nns or/cc federal/jj excise/nn taxes/nns ./.
Vehicle/nn-hl purchase/nn-hl ,/,-hl assignment/nn-hl and/cc-hl use/nn-hl policies/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at legislature's/nn$ role/nn in/in policy/nn determination/nn concerning/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns has/hvz been/ben confined/vbn almost/ql exclusively/rb to/in appropriating/vbg funds/nns for/in vehicles/nns ./.


	The/at meaningful/jj policies/nns governing/vbg the/at purchase/nn ,/, assignment/nn ,/, use/nn and/cc management/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns have/hv been/ben shaped/vbn by/in the/at state's/nn$ administrative/jj officers/nns ./.


	Meaningful/jj policies/nns include/vb :/: (/( A/np )/) kinds/nns of/in cars/nns the/at state/nn should/md own/vb ,/, (/( B/np )/) when/wrb cars/nns should/md be/be traded/vbn ,/, (/( C/np )/) the/at need/nn and/cc assignment/nn of/in vehicles/nns ,/, (/( D/np )/) use/nn of/in cars/nns in/in lieu/nn of/in mileage/nn allowances/nns ,/, (/( E/np )/) employees/nns taking/vbg cars/nns home/nr ,/, and/cc (/( F/np )/) need/nn for/in liability/nn insurance/nn on/in state/nn automobiles/nns ./.


	A/at review/nn of/in these/dts policies/nns indicates/vbz :/: (/( 1/cd )/) 
The/at state/nn purchases/vbz and/cc assigns/vbz grades/nns of/in cars/nns according/in to/in need/nn and/cc position/nn status/nn of/in driver/nn and/cc use/nn of/in vehicle/nn ./.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at purchase/nn of/in compact/jj (/( economy/jj )/) cars/nns is/bez being/beg made/vbn currently/rb on/in a/at test/nn basis/nn ./.
(/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Cars/nns are/ber traded/vbn mostly/rb on/in a/at three-year/jj basis/nn in/in the/at interest/nn of/in economy/nn ./.
(/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at factors/nns governing/vbg need/nn and/cc assignment/nn of/in cars/nns are/ber flexible/jj according/in to/in circumstances/nns ./.
(/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Unsuccessful/jj efforts/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn to/to replace/vb high/jj mileage/nn allowances/nns with/in state/nn automobiles/nns ./.
(/(-hl 6/cd-hl )/)-hl 
It/pps is/bez reasonably/ql economical/jj for/cs the/at state/nn to/to have/hv drivers/nns garage/vb state/nn cars/nns at/in their/pp$ homes/nns ./.
(/(-hl 7/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at state/nn has/hvz recently/rb undertaken/vbn liability/nn insurance/nn for/in drivers/nns of/in state/nn cars/nns ./.
Automobile/nn-hl practices/nns-hl in/in-hl other/ap-hl states/nns-hl ./.-hl

A/at survey/nn of/in practices/nns and/or/cc policies/nns in/in other/ap states/nns concerning/in assignment/nn and/cc use/nn of/in state/nn automobiles/nns reveals/vbz several/ap points/nns for/in comparison/nn with/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl practices/nns ./.


	Forty-seven/cd states/nns assign/vb or/cc provide/vb vehicles/nns for/in employees/nns on/in state/nn business/nn ./.
Two/cd other/ap states/nns provide/vb vehicles/nns ,/, but/cc only/rb with/in legislative/jj approval/nn ./.


	States/nns which/wdt provide/vb automobiles/nns for/in employees/nns assign/vb them/ppo variously/rb to/in the/at agency/nn ,/, the/at individual/nn ,/, or/cc to/in a/at central/jj pool/nn ./.


	Twenty-six/cd states/nns operate/vb a/at central/jj motor/nn pool/nn for/in acquisition/nn ,/, allocation/nn and/or/cc maintenance/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns ./.


	Nineteen/cd states/nns report/vb laws/nns ,/, policies/nns or/cc regulations/nns for/in assigning/vbg state/nn vehicles/nns in/in lieu/nn of/in paying/vbg mileage/nn allowances/nns ./.
Of/in these/dts states/nns the/at average/jj ``/`` change-over/nn ''/'' point/nn (/( at/in which/wdt a/at car/nn is/bez substituted/vbn for/in allowances/nns )/) is/bez 13,200/cd miles/nns per/in year/nn ./.
Mileage/nn-hl allowances/nns-hl ./.-hl

Mileage/nn allowances/nns for/in state/nn employees/nns are/ber of/in two/cd types/nns :/: (/( A/np )/) actual/jj mileage/nn and/cc (/( B/np )/) fixed/vbn monthly/jj allowances/nns ./.


	Actual/jj mileage/nn allowances/nns are/ber itemized/vbn reimbursements/nns allowed/vbn employees/nns for/in the/at use/nn of/in personally-owned/jj vehicles/nns on/in state/nn business/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in $.07/nns per/in mile/nn ./.
Fixed/vbn monthly/jj allowances/nns are/ber reimbursements/nns for/in the/at same/ap purpose/nn except/in on/in a/at non-itemized/jj basis/nn ./.
Both/abx allowances/nns are/ber governed/vbn by/in conditions/nns and/cc restrictions/nns set/vbn forth/rb in/in detail/nn in/in the/at state's/nn$ Travel/nn-tl Regulations/nns-tl ./.


	Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl reimburseable/jj rate/nn of/in $.07/nns per/in mile/nn for/in use/nn of/in personally-owned/jj cars/nns compares/vbz favorably/rb with/in other/ap states'/nns$ rates/nns ./.
The/at average/nn of/in states'/nns$ rates/nns is/bez $.076/nns per/in mile/nn ./.


	Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl rate/nn of/in $.07/nns per/in mile/nn is/bez considerably/ql lower/jjr than/cs reimburseable/jj rates/nns in/in the/at federal/jj government/nn and/cc in/in industry/nn nationally/rb which/wdt approximate/vb a/at $.09/nns per/in mile/nn average/nn ./.


	Actual/jj mileage/nn allowances/nns are/ber well-administered/jj and/cc not/* unduly/ql expensive/jj for/in the/at state/nn ./.
The/at travel/nn regulations/nns ,/, requirements/nns and/cc procedures/nns governing/vbg reimbursement/nn are/ber controlled/vbn properly/rb and/cc not/* overly/ql restrictive/jj ./.


	Fixed/vbn monthly/jj allowances/nns are/ber a/at controversial/jj subject/nn ./.
They/ppss have/hv a/at great/jj advantage/nn in/in ease/nn of/in audit/nn time/nn and/cc payment/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, they/ppss lend/vb themselves/ppls to/in abuse/nn and/cc inadequate/jj control/nn measures/nns ./.
Flat/jj payments/nns over/in $50/nns per/in month/nn are/ber more/ql expensive/jj to/in the/at state/nn than/cs the/at assignment/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns ./.
Travel/nn-hl allowances/nns-hl ./.-hl

Travel/nn allowances/nns ,/, including/in subsistence/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben revised/vbn by/in administrative/jj officials/nns recently/rb and/cc compare/vb favorably/rb with/in other/ap states'/nns$ allowances/nns ./.
With/in few/ap exceptions/nns travelers/nns on/in state/nn business/nn are/ber allowed/vbn actual/jj travel/nn expenses/nns and/cc $15/nns per/in day/nn subsistence/nn ./.
Travel/nn allowances/nns are/ber well-regulated/jj and/cc pose/vb little/ap problem/nn in/in administration/nn and/or/cc audit/nn control/nn ./.



Origin/nn-hl of/in-hl state/nn-hl automobile/nn-hl practices/nns-hl 
general/jj-hl background/nn-hl ./.-hl

It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to pinpoint/vb the/at time/nn of/in origin/nn of/in the/at state/nn purchasing/vbg automobiles/nns for/in use/nn of/in employees/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
Few/ap records/nns are/ber available/jj concerning/in the/at subject/nn prior/rb to/in 1940/cd ./.
Those/dts that/wps are/ber available/jj shed/vb little/ap light/nn ./.
The/at Registry/nn-tl of/in-tl Motor/nn-tl Vehicles/nns-tl indicates/vbz that/cs at/in least/ap one/cd state/nn automobile/nn was/bedz registered/vbn as/ql far/rb back/rb as/cs 1917/cd ./.
It/pps should/md be/be enough/ap to/to say/vb that/cs the/at practice/nn of/in the/at state/nn buying/vbg automobiles/nns is/bez at/in least/ap forty/cd years/nns old/jj ./.


	The/at best/jjt reason/nn that/wpo can/md be/be advanced/vbn for/in the/at state/nn adopting/vbg the/at practice/nn was/bedz the/at advent/nn of/in expanded/vbn highway/nn construction/nn during/in the/at 1920s/nns and/cc '30s/nns ./.
At/in that/dt time/nn highway/nn engineers/nns traveled/vbd rough/jj and/cc dirty/jj roads/nns to/to accomplish/vb their/pp$ duties/nns ./.
Using/vbg privately-owned/jj vehicles/nns was/bedz a/at personal/jj hardship/nn for/in such/jj employees/nns ,/, and/cc the/at matter/nn of/in providing/vbg state/nn transportation/nn was/bedz felt/vbn perfectly/ql justifiable/jj ./.


	Once/cs the/at principle/nn was/bedz established/vbn ,/, the/at increase/nn in/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns came/vbd rapidly/rb ./.
And/cc reasons/nns other/ap than/cs employee/nn need/nn contributed/vbd to/in the/at growth/nn ./.
Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl immediately/rb below/rb shows/vbz the/at rate/nn of/in growth/nn of/in vehicles/nns and/cc employees/nns ./.
This/dt rate/nn of/in increase/nn does/doz not/* signify/vb anything/pn in/in itself/ppl ./.
It/pps does/doz not/* indicate/vb loose/jj management/nn ,/, ineffective/jj controls/nns or/cc poor/jj policy/nn ./.
But/cc it/pps does/doz show/vb that/cs automobiles/nns have/hv increased/vbn steadily/rb over/in the/at years/nns and/cc in/in almost/rb the/at same/ap proportion/nn to/in the/at increase/nn of/in state/nn employees/nns ./.
In/in the/at past/ap twenty/cd years/nns the/at ratio/nn of/in state-owned/jj automobiles/nns per/in state/nn employees/nns has/hvz varied/vbn from/in 1/cd to/in 22/cd then/rb to/in 1/cd to/in 23/cd now/rb ./.
Whether/cs there/ex were/bed too/ql few/ap automobiles/nns in/in 1940/cd or/cc too/ql many/ap now/rb is/bez problematical/jj ./.
The/at fact/nn is/bez simply/rb that/cs state-owned/jj vehicles/nns have/hv remained/vbn in/in practically/rb the/at same/ap proportion/nn as/cs employees/nns to/to use/vb them/ppo ./.
History/nn-hl and/cc-hl operation/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl motor/nn-hl pool/nn-hl ./.-hl

While/cs the/at origin/nn of/in state-owned/jj automobiles/nns may/md be/be obscured/vbn ,/, subsequent/jj developments/nns concerning/in the/at assignment/nn ,/, use/nn ,/, and/cc management/nn of/in state/nn automobiles/nns can/md be/be related/vbn more/ql clearly/rb ./.
Prior/rb to/in 1942/cd ,/, automobiles/nns were/bed the/at individual/jj responsibility/nn of/in the/at agency/nn to/in which/wdt assigned/vbn ./.
This/dt responsibility/nn included/vbd all/abn phases/nns of/in management/nn ./.
It/pps embraced/vbd determining/vbg when/wrb to/to purchase/vb and/cc when/wrb to/to trade/vb vehicles/nns ,/, who/wps was/bedz to/to drive/vb ,/, when/wrb and/cc where/wrb repairs/nns were/bed to/to be/be made/vbn ,/, where/wrb gasoline/nn and/cc automobile/nn services/nns were/bed to/to be/be obtained/vbn and/cc other/ap allied/vbn matters/nns ./.
In/in 1942/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at nation/nn was/bedz at/in war/nn ./.
Gasoline/nn and/cc automobile/nn tires/nns were/bed rationed/vbn commodities/nns ./.
The/at state/nn was/bedz confronted/vbn with/in transportation/nn problems/nns similar/jj to/in those/dts of/in the/at individual/nn ./.
It/pps met/vbd these/dts problems/nns by/in the/at creation/nn of/in the/at state/nn automobile/nn maintenance/nn unit/nn (/( more/ql popularly/rb called/vbn the/at motor/nn pool/nn )/) ,/, a/at centralized/vbn operation/nn for/in the/at maintenance/nn and/cc control/nn of/in all/abn state/nn transportation/nn ./.
The/at motor/nn pool/nn then/rb ,/, as/cs now/rb ,/, had/hvd headquarter/nn facilities/nns in/in Providence/np and/cc other/ap garages/nns located/vbn throughout/in the/at state/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz organizationally/rb the/at responsibility/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Works/nns-tl and/cc was/bedz financed/vbn on/in a/at rotary/jj fund/nn basis/nn with/in each/dt agency/nn of/in government/nn contributing/vbg to/in the/at pool's/nn$ operation/nn ./.
In/in 1951/cd the/at pool's/nn$ operation/nn was/bedz transferred/vbn to/in the/at newly-created/jj Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, an/at agency/nn established/vbn as/cs the/at central/jj staff/nn and/cc auxiliary/jj department/nn of/in the/at state/nn government/nn ./.
The/at management/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns since/in that/dt time/nn has/hvz been/ben described/vbn in/in a/at recent/jj report/nn in/in the/at following/vbg manner/nn :/: ``/`` 

	Under/in this/dt new/jj management/nn considerable/jj progress/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben made/vbn ./.
The/at agencies/nns of/in government/nn are/ber now/rb billed/vbn for/in the/at actual/jj cost/nn of/in services/nns provided/vbn to/in each/dt passenger/nn car/nn rather/in than/in the/at prior/jj uniform/jj charge/nn for/in all/abn cars/nns ./.
Whereas/cs the/at maintenance/nn rotary/jj fund/nn had/hvd in/in the/at past/nn sustained/vbn losses/nns considerably/rb beyond/in expectations/nns ,/, the/at introduction/nn of/in the/at cost-billing/nn system/nn plus/cc other/ap control/nn refinements/nns has/hvz resulted/vbn in/in keeping/vbg the/at fund/nn on/in a/at proper/jj working/vbg basis/nn ./.
One/cd indication/nn of/in the/at merits/nns of/in the/at new/jj management/nn is/bez found/vbn in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs during/in the/at period/nn 1951-1956/cd ,/, while/cs total/jj annual/jj mileage/nn put/vbn on/in the/at vehicles/nns increased/vbd 35%/nn ,/, the/at total/jj maintenance/nn cost/nn increased/vbd only/rb 11%/nn ./.
``/`` 

	In/in order/nn to/to further/rbr refine/vb the/at management/nn of/in passenger/nn vehicles/nns ,/, on/in July/np 1/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at actual/jj title/nn to/in every/at vehicle/nn was/bedz transferred/vbn ,/, by/in Executive/jj-tl Order/nn-tl ,/, to/in the/at Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Methods/nns-tl ,/, Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Office/nn-tl Services/nns-tl ./.
The/at objective/nn behind/in this/dt action/nn was/bedz to/to place/vb in/in one/cd agency/nn the/at responsibility/nn for/in the/at management/nn ,/, assignment/nn ,/, and/cc replacement/nn of/in all/abn vehicles/nns ./.
(/( Note/vb :/: So/ql far/rb as/cs State/nn-tl Police/nns-tl cars/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ,/, only/rb their/pp$ replacement/nn is/bez under/in this/dt division/nn )/) ./.
This/dt tied/vbd in/rp closely/rb with/in the/at current/jj attempt/nn to/to upgrade/vb state-owned/jj cars/nns to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs vehicles/nns are/ber not/* retained/vbn beyond/in the/at point/nn where/wrb maintenance/nn costs/nns (/( in/in light/nn of/in depreciation/nn )/) become/vb excessive/jj ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps allows/vbz the/at present/jj management/nn to/to reassign/vb vehicles/nns so/cs that/cs mileage/nn will/md be/be more/ql uniformly/rb distributed/vbn throughout/in the/at fleet/nn ;/. ;/.
for/in example/nn ,/, if/cs one/cd driver/nn puts/vbz on/rp 22,000/cd miles/nns per/in year/nn and/cc another/dt driver/nn 8,000/cd miles/nns per/in year/nn ,/, their/pp$ cars/nns will/md be/be switched/vbn so/cs that/cs both/abx cars/nns will/md have/hv 30,000/cd miles/nns after/in two/cd years/nns ,/, rather/in than/in 44,000/cd miles/nns (/( and/cc related/vbn higher/jjr maintenance/nn costs/nns )/) and/cc 16,000/cd miles/nns respectively/rb ''/'' ./.


	The/at motor/nn pool/nn is/bez a/at completely/ql centralized/vbn and/cc mechanized/vbn operation/nn ./.
It/pps handles/vbz all/abn types/nns of/in vehicle/nn maintenance/nn ,/, but/cc concentrates/vbz more/rbr on/in ``/`` service/nn station/nn activities/nns ''/'' than/cs on/in extensive/jj vehicle/nn repairs/nns ./.
It/pps contracts/vbz with/in outside/jj repair/nn garages/nns for/in much/ap of/in the/at latter/ap work/nn ./.
Where/wrb the/at pool/nn excels/vbz is/bez in/in its/pp$ compilation/nn of/in maintenance/nn and/cc cost-data/nn studies/nns and/cc analyses/nns ./.
Pool/nn records/nns reveal/vb in/in detail/nn the/at cost/nn per/in mile/nn and/cc miles/nns per/in gallon/nn of/in each/dt vehicle/nn ,/, the/at miles/nns traveled/vbn in/in one/cd year/nn or/cc three/cd years/nns ,/, the/at periods/nns when/wrb vehicle/nn costs/nns become/vb excessive/jj ,/, and/cc when/wrb cars/nns should/md be/be traded/vbn for/in sound/jj economies/nns ./.
From/in this/dt ,/, motor/nn pool/nn personnel/nns develop/vb other/ap meaningful/jj and/cc related/vbn data/nn ./.
In/in 1959-60/cd ,/, vehicles/nns averaged/vbd an/at operating/vbg cost/nn of/in $.027/nns per/in mile/nn ./.
Based/vbn on/in this/dt figure/nn and/cc considering/vbg depreciation/nn costs/nns of/in vehicles/nns ,/, pool/nn personnel/nns have/hv determined/vbn that/cs travel/nn in/in excess/nn of/in 10,000/cd miles/nns annually/rb is/bez more/ql economical/jj by/in state/nn car/nn than/cs by/in payment/nn of/in allowances/nns for/in use/nn of/in personally-owned/jj vehicles/nns ./.
They/ppss estimate/vb further/rbr that/cs with/in sufficient/jj experience/nn and/cc when/wrb cost-data/nn of/in compact/jj cars/nns is/bez compiled/vbn ,/, the/at break-even/jj point/nn may/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in 7,500/cd miles/nns of/in travel/nn per/in year/nn ./.
Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl shows/vbz operating/vbg cost/nn data/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns selected/vbn at/in random/nn ./.


	One/cd matter/nn of/in concern/nn to/in the/at complete/jj effectiveness/nn of/in pool/nn operations/nns is/bez the/at lack/nn of/in adequate/jj central/jj garage/nn facilities/nns ./.
Present/jj pool/nn quarters/nns at/in two/cd locations/nns in/in Providence/np are/ber crowded/vbn ,/, antiquated/jj and/cc ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, make/vb for/in inefficient/jj operation/nn in/in terms/nns of/in dispersement/nn of/in personnel/nns and/cc duplication/nn of/in such/jj operational/jj needs/nns as/cs stock/nn and/cc repair/nn equipment/nn ./.
Good/jj facilities/nns would/md be/be a/at decided/vbn help/nn to/in pool/nn operations/nns and/cc probably/rb reduce/vb vehicle/nn costs/nns even/ql more/rbr ./.
Purchasing/vbg-hl practices/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at purchase/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns is/bez handled/vbn in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs all/abn other/ap purchases/nns of/in the/at state/nn ./.
Requests/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in the/at motor/nn pool/nn along/in with/in any/dti necessary/jj cooperation/nn from/in the/at agencies/nns to/in which/wdt assignments/nns of/in cars/nns will/md be/be made/vbn ./.
Bids/nns are/ber evaluated/vbn by/in the/at Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Purchases/nns-tl with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in pool/nn staff/nn ,/, and/cc awards/nns for/in the/at purchase/nn of/in the/at automobiles/nns are/ber made/vbn to/in the/at lowest/jjt responsible/jj bidders/nns ./.
Unit/nn prices/nns for/in state/nn vehicles/nns are/ber invariably/rb lower/jjr than/cs to/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./.
The/at reasons/nns are/ber obvious/jj :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at state/nn is/bez buying/vbg in/in quantity/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) it/pps has/hvz no/at federal/jj excise/nn or/cc state/nn sales/nns tax/nn to/to pay/vb ./.
Until/in 1958/cd the/at state/nn was/bedz also/rb entitled/vbn to/in a/at special/jj type/nn of/in manufacturers'/nns$ discount/nn through/in the/at dealers/nns ./.


	In/in that/cs ownership/nn of/in all/abn vehicles/nns rests/vbz with/in the/at state/nn motor/nn pool/nn ,/, cars/nns are/ber paid/vbn for/in with/in funds/nns appropriated/vbn to/in the/at agencies/nns but/cc transferred/vbn to/in the/at rotary/jj fund/nn mentioned/vbn earlier/rbr ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at normal/jj governmental/jj procedure/nn which/wdt reflects/vbz more/ql accurately/rb cost-accounting/nn principles/nns ./.
The/at assignment/nn and/cc use/nn of/in vehicles/nns after/in purchase/nn is/bez another/dt matter/nn to/to be/be covered/vbn in/in detail/nn later/rbr ./.



Vehicle/nn-hl purchase/nn-hl ,/,-hl assignment/nn-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl use/nn-hl policies/nns-hl 
Probably/rb the/at most/ql important/jj of/in all/abn matters/nns for/in review/nn are/ber the/at broad/jj administrative/jj policies/nns governing/vbg the/at purchase/nn ,/, assignment/nn ,/, use/nn ,/, and/cc management/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns ./.
The/at legislature's/nn$ role/nn in/in policy/nn determination/nn in/in this/dt area/nn for/in years/nns has/hvz been/ben confined/vbn almost/ql solely/rb to/in the/at amount/nn of/in funds/nns appropriated/vbn annually/rb for/in the/at purchase/nn and/cc operation/nn of/in vehicles/nns ./.
The/at more/ql meaningful/jj policies/nns have/hv been/ben left/vbn to/in the/at judgment/nn of/in the/at chief/jjs administrative/jj officer/nn of/in the/at state/nn --/-- the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Administration/nn-tl ./.




The/at-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl property/nn-hl tax/nn-hl 
There/ex was/bedz a/at time/nn some/dti years/nns ago/rb when/wrb local/jj taxation/nn by/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns was/bedz sufficient/jj to/to support/vb their/pp$ own/jj operations/nns and/cc a/at part/nn of/in the/at cost/nn of/in the/at state/nn government/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
For/in many/ap years/nns a/at state/nn tax/nn on/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns was/bedz paid/vbn by/in the/at several/ap municipalities/nns to/in the/at state/nn from/in the/at proceeds/nns of/in the/at general/jj property/nn tax/nn ./.
This/dt tax/nn was/bedz discontinued/vbn in/in 1936/cd ./.


	Since/in that/dt time/nn the/at demands/nns of/in the/at citizens/nns for/in new/jj and/cc expanded/vbn services/nns have/hv placed/vbn financial/jj burdens/nns on/in the/at state/nn which/wdt could/md not/* have/hv been/ben foreseen/vbn in/in earlier/jjr years/nns ./.
At/in the/at same/ap time/nn there/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at upgrading/nn and/cc expansion/nn of/in municipal/jj services/nns as/ql well/rb ./.
Thus/rb ,/, there/ex has/hvz come/vbn into/in being/beg a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at state/nn must/md raise/vb all/abn of/in its/pp$ own/jj revenues/nns and/cc ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, must/md give/vb assistance/nn to/in its/pp$ local/jj governments/nns ./.


	This/dt financial/jj assistance/nn from/in the/at state/nn has/hvz become/vbn necessary/jj because/cs the/at local/jj governments/nns themselves/ppls found/vbd the/at property/nn tax/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap at/in the/at rates/nns then/rb existing/vbg ,/, insufficient/jj for/in their/pp$ requirements/nns ./.


	Consequently/rb there/ex have/hv developed/vbn several/ap forms/nns of/in grants-in-aid/nns and/cc shared/vbn taxes/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at unrestricted/jj grant/nn to/in local/jj governments/nns for/in general/jj purposes/nns whose/wp$ adoption/nn accompanied/vbd the/at introduction/nn of/in a/at sales/nns tax/vb at/in the/at state/nn level/nn ./.


	Notwithstanding/in state/nn aid/nn ,/, the/at local/jj governments/nns are/ber continuing/vbg to/to seek/vb additional/jj revenue/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj by/in strengthening/vbg the/at property/nn tax/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez being/beg done/vbn both/abx by/in the/at revaluation/nn of/in real/jj property/nn and/cc by/in seeking/vbg out/rp forms/nns of/in personal/jj property/nn hitherto/rb neglected/vbn or/cc ignored/vbn ./.


	Taxation/nn of/in tangible/jj movable/jj property/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben generally/rb of/in a/at ``/`` hands/nns off/rp ''/'' nature/nn due/jj possibly/rb to/in several/ap reasons/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) local/jj assessors/nns ,/, in/in the/at main/jjs ,/, are/ber not/* well/rb paid/vbn and/cc have/hv inadequate/jj office/nn staffs/nns ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) the/at numerous/jj categories/nns of/in this/dt component/nn of/in personal/jj property/nn make/vb locating/vbg extremely/ql difficult/jj ,/, and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) the/at inexperience/nn of/in the/at majority/nn of/in assessors/nns in/in evaluating/vbg this/dt type/nn of/in property/nn ./.
Problems/nns-hl of/in-hl taxing/vbg-hl personal/jj-hl property/nn-hl ./.-hl

Among/in the/at many/ap problems/nns in/in the/at taxing/vbg of/in personal/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc of/in movable/jj tangible/jj property/nn in/in particular/jj ,/, two/cd are/ber significant/jj :/: (/( 1/cd )/) situs/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) fair/jj and/cc equitable/jj assessment/nn of/in value/nn ./.
These/dts problems/nns are/ber not/* local/jj to/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, but/cc are/ber recognized/vbn as/cs common/jj to/in all/abn states/nns ./.
Situs/nn-hl of/in-hl property/nn-hl ./.-hl

Although/cs the/at laws/nns of/in the/at various/jj states/nns ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, specify/vb the/at situs/nn of/in property/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, residence/nn or/cc domicile/nn of/in the/at owner/nn ,/, or/cc location/nn of/in the/at property/nn ,/, the/at exceptions/nns regarding/in boats/nns ,/, airplanes/nns ,/, mobile/jj homes/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, seem/vb to/to add/vb to/in the/at uncertainty/nn of/in the/at proper/jj origination/nn point/nn for/in assessment/nn ./.


	Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl law/nn specifies/vbz that/cs all/abn real/jj estate/nn is/bez taxable/jj in/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez situated/vbn ./.
It/pps also/rb provides/vbz for/in the/at taxation/nn of/in all/abn personal/jj property/nn ,/, belonging/vbg to/in inhabitants/nns of/in the/at state/nn ,/, both/abx tangible/jj and/cc intangible/jj ,/, and/cc the/at tangible/jj personal/jj property/nn of/in non-residents/nns in/in this/dt state/nn ./.
In/in defining/vbg personal/jj property/nn ,/, it/pps specifically/rb mentions/vbz ``/`` all/abn ships/nns or/cc vessels/nns ,/, at/in home/nn or/cc abroad/rb ''/'' ./.


	Intangible/jj property/nn is/bez taxable/jj wherever/wrb the/at owner/nn has/hvz a/at place/nn of/in abode/nn the/at greater/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at year/nn ./.
Although/cs a/at similar/jj situs/nn for/in tangible/jj property/nn is/bez mentioned/vbn in/in the/at statute/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez cancelled/vbn out/rp by/in the/at provision/nn that/cs definite/jj kinds/nns of/in property/nn ``/`` and/cc all/abn other/ap tangible/jj property/nn ''/'' situated/vbn or/cc being/beg in/in any/dti town/nn is/bez taxable/jj where/wrb the/at property/nn is/bez situated/vbn ./.
This/dt would/md seem/vb to/to fix/vb the/at tax/nn situs/nn of/in all/abn movable/jj personal/jj property/nn at/in its/pp$ location/nn on/in December/np 31/cd ./.


	Both/abx boats/nns and/cc aircraft/nn would/md fall/vb within/in this/dt category/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs motor/nn vehicles/nns ./.
The/at location/nn of/in the/at latter/ap now/rb is/bez determined/vbn for/in tax/nn purposes/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in registration/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez now/rb accepted/vbn practice/nn to/to consider/vb a/at motor/nn vehicle/nn as/cs being/beg situated/vbn where/wrb it/pps is/bez garaged/vbn ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, it/pps would/md be/be impossible/jj to/to determine/vb where/wrb every/at vehicle/nn might/md be/be on/in the/at 31st/od day/nn of/in December/np ./.
In/in view/nn of/in the/at acceptance/nn accorded/vbn the/at status/nn of/in motor/nn vehicles/nns for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ,/, in/in the/at absence/nn of/in any/dti specific/jj provision/nn it/pps would/md seem/vb entirely/ql consistent/jj to/to apply/vb the/at same/ap interpretation/nn to/in boats/nns or/cc aircraft/nn ./.


	A/at recent/jj example/nn of/in this/dt problem/nn is/bez the/at flying/nn of/in six/cd airplanes/nns ,/, on/in December/np 31/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, from/in the/at Newport/np Airpark/np in/in Middletown/np ,/, to/in the/at North/jj-tl Central/jj-tl Airport/nn-tl in/in Smithfield/np ./.
This/dt situation/nn resulted/vbd in/in both/abx towns/nns claiming/vbg the/at tax/nn ,/, and/cc probably/rb justifiably/rb ./.
Middletown/np bases/vbz its/pp$ claim/nn on/in the/at general/jj provision/nn of/in the/at law/nn that/cs ``/`` all/abn rateable/jj property/nn ,/, both/abx tangible/jj and/cc intangible/jj ,/, shall/md be/be taxed/vbn to/in the/at owner/nn thereof/rb in/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt such/jj owner/nn shall/md have/hv had/hvn his/pp$ actual/jj place/nn of/in abode/nn for/in the/at larger/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at twelve/cd (/( 12/cd )/) months/nns next/rb preceding/vbg the/at first/od day/nn of/in April/np in/in each/dt year/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at Smithfield/np tax/nn assessor/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, claims/vbz the/at tax/nn under/in the/at provision/nn of/in law/nn ``/`` and/cc all/abn other/ap tangible/jj personal/jj property/nn situated/vbn or/cc being/beg in/in any/dti town/nn ,/, in/in or/cc upon/in any/dti place/nn of/in storage/nn shall/md be/be taxed/vbn to/in such/jj person/nn in/in the/at town/nn where/wrb said/vbn property/nn is/bez situated/vbn ''/'' ./.
Assessment/nn-hl of/in-hl value/nn-hl ./.-hl

This/dt problem/nn of/in fair/jj and/cc equitable/jj assessment/nn of/in value/nn is/bez a/at difficult/jj one/cd to/to solve/vb in/in that/cs the/at determination/nn of/in fair/jj valuation/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in local/jj assessors/nns ,/, who/wps in/in general/nn are/ber non-professional/jj and/cc part-time/jj personnel/nns taking/vbg an/at individualistic/jj approach/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ./.
This/dt accounts/vbz for/in the/at wide/jj variance/nn in/in assessment/nn practices/nns of/in movable/jj tangible/jj property/nn in/in the/at various/jj municipalities/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.


	This/dt condition/nn will/md undoubtedly/rb continue/vb until/in such/jj time/nn as/cs a/at state/nn uniform/jj system/nn of/in evaluation/nn is/bez established/vbn ,/, or/cc through/in mutual/jj agreement/nn of/in the/at local/jj assessing/vbg officials/nns for/in a/at method/nn of/in standard/jj assessment/nn practice/nn to/to be/be adopted/vbn ./.


	The/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Public/jj-tl Expenditure/nn-tl Council/nn-tl in/in its/pp$ publication/nn once/rb commented/vbd :/: ``/`` 

	The/at most/ql realistic/jj way/nn of/in facing/vbg up/rp to/in this/dt problem/nn would/md be/be to/to have/hv the/at State/nn-tl take/vb over/rp full/jj responsibility/nn for/in assessing/vbg all/abn taxable/jj property/nn ./.
An/at adequately/rb staffed/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn State/nn-tl assessing/vbg office/nn could/md apply/vb uniform/jj methods/nns and/cc standards/nns which/wdt would/md go/vb far/rb toward/in producing/vbg equitable/jj assessments/nns on/in all/abn properties/nns throughout/in the/at State/nn-tl ./.
A/at single/ap statewide/jj assessing/vbg unit/nn would/md eliminate/vb the/at differences/nns and/cc complications/nns that/wps are/ber inherent/jj in/in a/at system/nn of/in 39/cd different/jj and/cc independent/jj assessing/vbg units/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, in/in its/pp$ report/nn to/in the/at State/nn-tl Fiscal/jj-tl Study/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl in/in 1959/cd ,/, recommended/vbd ``/`` consolidating/vbg and/cc centralizing/vbg all/abn aspects/nns of/in property/nn tax/nn administration/nn in/in a/at single/ap state/nn agency/nn professionally/rb organized/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn for/in the/at job/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at resulting/vbg setup/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz declared/vbn ,/, ``/`` would/md be/be similar/jj to/in that/dt which/wdt is/bez in/in successful/jj operation/nn in/in a/at number/nn of/in metropolitan/jj counties/nns as/ql large/jj or/cc larger/jjr than/cs Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Practices/nns-hl in/in-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl

To/to determine/vb the/at practice/nn and/cc attitude/nn of/in municipal/jj governments/nns concerning/in tangible/jj movable/jj property/nn ,/, a/at questionnaire/nn was/bedz sent/vbn to/in all/abn local/jj government/nn assessors/nns or/cc boards/nns of/in assessors/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.


	The/at replies/nns from/in each/dt individual/nn town/nn are/ber not/* given/vbn in/in detail/nn because/cs the/at questions/nns asked/vbd the/at personal/jj opinion/nn of/in the/at several/ap assessors/nns and/cc are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at established/vbn policy/nn of/in the/at town/nn in/in each/dt case/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber legitimate/jj reasons/nns for/in differences/nns of/in opinion/nn among/in the/at assessors/nns as/cs a/at whole/nn and/cc among/in the/at public/jj officials/nns in/in each/dt town/nn ./.
These/dts opinions/nns of/in the/at assessors/nns are/ber of/in significance/nn in/in indicating/vbg what/wdt their/pp$ thinking/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be at/in the/at present/jj time/nn ./.


	In/in reply/nn to/in a/at question/nn of/in whether/cs they/ppss now/rb tax/vb boats/nns ,/, airplanes/nns and/cc other/ap movable/jj property/nn excluding/in automobiles/nns ,/, nineteen/cd said/vbd that/cs they/ppss did/dod and/cc twenty/cd that/cs they/ppss did/dod not/* ./.
The/at wording/nn of/in the/at question/nn was/bedz quite/ql general/jj and/cc may/md have/hv been/ben subject/jj to/in different/jj interpretations/nns ./.
One/cd assessor/nn checked/vbd boats/nns only/rb ,/, another/dt trailers/nns and/cc tractors/nns ,/, one/cd mentioned/vbd house/nn trailers/nns ,/, and/cc two/cd others/nns referred/vbd to/in trailers/nns without/in specifying/vbg the/at type/nn ./.
In/in two/cd cases/nns ,/, airplanes/nns only/rb were/bed indicated/vbn ./.


	It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to tabulate/vb exactly/rb what/wdt was/bedz meant/vbn in/in each/dt individual/nn situation/nn ,/, but/cc the/at conclusion/nn may/md be/be drawn/vbn that/cs 21/cd towns/nns do/do not/* assess/vb movable/jj personal/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc of/in the/at remainder/nn only/rb certain/ap types/nns are/ber valued/vbn for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ./.
Boats/nns were/bed indicated/vbn specifically/rb by/in only/rb one/cd of/in the/at five/cd towns/nns known/vbn to/to tax/vb boats/nns ./.
It/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs movable/jj property/nn and/cc equipment/nn is/bez not/* taxed/vbn as/cs a/at whole/nn but/cc that/cs certain/ap types/nns are/ber taxed/vbn in/in towns/nns where/wrb this/dt is/bez bound/vbn to/to be/be expedient/jj for/in that/dt particular/jj kind/nn of/in personal/jj property/nn ./.


	So/ql few/ap answered/vbd the/at question/nn relating/vbg to/in their/pp$ efforts/nns to/to assess/vb movable/jj property/nn that/cs the/at results/nns are/ber inconclusive/jj ./.
Only/rb four/cd towns/nns indicated/vbd that/cs they/ppss made/vbd any/ql more/ap than/cs a/at normal/jj effort/nn to/to list/vb property/nn of/in this/dt kind/nn ./.


	Of/in greater/jjr interest/nn is/bez a/at question/nn as/in to/in whether/cs movable/jj property/nn was/bedz assessed/vbn according/in to/in its/pp$ location/nn or/cc ownership/nn ./.
Fifteen/cd stated/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz according/in to/in location/nn ,/, four/cd by/in residence/nn of/in the/at owner/nn ,/, and/cc nineteen/cd did/dod not/* answer/vb ./.


	Twenty-seven/cd assessors/nns stated/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed in/in favor/nn of/in improved/vbn means/nns for/in assessing/vbg movable/jj personal/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc only/rb five/cd were/bed opposed/vbn ./.
Seven/cd others/nns expressed/vbd no/at opinion/nn ./.
On/in this/dt point/nn there/ex was/bedz fairly/ql general/jj agreement/nn that/cs assessors/nns would/md like/vb to/to do/do more/ap than/cs they/ppss are/ber doing/vbg now/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* clear/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, whether/cs they/ppss are/ber thinking/vbg of/in all/abn movable/jj property/nn or/cc only/rb of/in boats/nns ,/, trailers/nns ,/, aircraft/nn or/cc certain/ap other/ap types/nns of/in personal/jj property/nn whose/wp$ assessment/nn would/md be/be advantageous/jj to/in their/pp$ particular/jj towns/nns ./.


	Another/dt question/nn that/wps was/bedz asked/vbn of/in the/at assessors/nns was/bedz whether/cs they/ppss favored/vbd the/at assessment/nn of/in movable/jj property/nn at/in its/pp$ location/nn or/cc at/in the/at residence/nn of/in the/at owner/nn ./.
Eighteen/cd voted/vbd for/in assessment/nn by/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez located/vbn and/cc eleven/cd preferred/vbd assessment/nn by/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt the/at owner/nn resides/vbz ./.
Ten/cd others/nns made/vbd no/at reply/nn ./.
Of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv an/at opinion/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs assessment/nn by/in location/nn is/bez preferred/vbn ./.
There/ex was/bedz one/cd vote/nn for/in location/nn being/beg the/at place/nn where/wrb the/at property/nn is/bez situated/vbn for/in the/at greater/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at twelve/cd months/nns preceding/vbg the/at assessment/nn date/nn ./.


	To/to summarize/vb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at one/cd prevailing/vbg practice/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl with/in respect/nn to/in the/at taxation/nn of/in movable/jj property/nn ,/, that/cs assessors/nns would/md like/vb to/to see/vb an/at improvement/nn ,/, and/cc of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv an/at opinion/nn ,/, that/cs assessment/nn by/in the/at town/nn of/in location/nn is/bez preferred/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in their/pp$ present/jj knowledge/nn ./.
The/at need/nn for/in greater/jjr knowledge/nn is/bez evident/jj from/in their/pp$ replies/nns ./.



Boats/nns-hl as/cs-hl personal/jj-hl property/nn-hl 
taxing/vbg-hl of/in-hl boats/nns-hl ./.-hl

Interest/nn has/hvz been/ben shown/vbn for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns by/in local/jj assessors/nns in/in the/at possibility/nn of/in taxing/vbg boats/nns ./.
Assessors/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl are/ber charged/vbn not/* only/rb with/in placing/vbg a/at valuation/nn upon/in real/jj and/cc personal/jj property/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss also/rb have/hv the/at responsibility/nn to/to raise/vb by/in a/at tax/nn ``/`` a/at sum/nn not/* less/ap than/cs nor/cc more/ap than/cs ''/'' a/at specified/vbn amount/vb as/cs ordered/vbn by/in a/at city/nn council/nn or/cc financial/jj town/nn meeting/nn ./.


	It/pps has/hvz been/ben obvious/jj to/in the/at assessors/nns ,/, particularly/rb those/dts in/in shore/nn communities/nns ,/, that/cs boats/nns comprise/vb the/at largest/jjt category/nn of/in tangible/jj personal/jj property/nn which/wdt they/ppss have/hv been/ben unable/jj to/to reach/vb ./.
Through/in their/pp$ professional/jj organization/nn ,/, the/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Tax/nn-tl Officials/nns-tl Association/nn-tl the/at question/nn of/in taxing/vbg boats/nns long/rb has/hvz been/ben debated/vbn and/cc discussed/vbn ./.
No/at satisfactory/jj solution/nn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn ,/, but/cc this/dt is/bez due/jj more/rbr to/in the/at difficulties/nns inherent/jj in/in the/at problem/nn than/cs to/in a/at lack/nn of/in interest/nn or/cc diligence/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at assessors/nns ./.


	It/pps has/hvz been/ben estimated/vbn that/cs the/at value/nn of/in boats/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl waters/nns is/bez something/pn in/in excess/nn of/in fifty/cd million/cd dollars/nns ,/, excluding/in commercial/jj boats/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at potential/jj and/cc lucrative/jj source/nn of/in revenue/nn for/in the/at assessors/nns of/in those/dts towns/nns where/wrb a/at substantial/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj property/nn would/md be/be subject/jj to/in taxation/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez known/vbn that/cs at/in least/ap five/cd towns/nns (/( Barrington/np ,/, Bristol/np ,/, Narragansett/np ,/, Newport/np and/cc Westerly/np )/) place/vb some/dti value/nn on/in some/dti boats/nns for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, few/ap are/ber taxed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at owners/nns and/cc location/nn of/in most/ap boats/nns are/ber unknown/jj to/in the/at assessors/nns on/in the/at date/nn of/in assessment/nn of/in town/nn valuations/nns ./.


	No/at one/pn really/rb knows/vbz how/wql many/ap boats/nns there/ex actually/rb are/ber or/cc what/wdt their/pp$ aggregate/jj value/nn may/md be/be ./.
Slightly/rb more/ap than/in 5,000/cd boats/nns were/bed registered/vbn with/in the/at Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl prior/rb to/in the/at recent/jj passage/nn of/in the/at state/nn boating/vbg law/nn ./.
Only/rb a/at few/ap more/ap than/in 10,000/cd boats/nns had/hvd been/ben registered/vbn with/in the/at Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Harbors/nns-tl and/cc-tl Rivers/nns-tl at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at 1960/cd boating/vbg season/nn ,/, but/cc many/ap had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn out/rp of/in the/at water/nn early/rb when/wrb the/at threat/nn of/in a/at hurricane/nn brought/vbd the/at season/nn to/in an/at early/jj close/nn ./.


	The/at assessors'/nns$ association/nn ,/, meeting/vbg at/in Narragansett/np in/in September/np 1960/cd ,/, devoted/vbd its/pp$ session/nn to/in a/at discussion/nn of/in the/at boat/nn problem/nn ./.



	Local/jj industry's/nn$ investment/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl was/bedz the/at big/jj story/nn in/in 1960's/cd$ industrial/jj development/nn effort/nn ./.
Fifty-two/cd companies/nns started/vbd or/cc committed/vbd themselves/ppls to/in new/jj plant/nn construction/nn ,/, totaling/vbg 1,418,000/cd square/jj feet/nns and/cc representing/vbg an/at investment/nn of/in $11,900,000/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at new/jj post-World/jj War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, record/nn ./.
With/in minor/jj exceptions/nns ,/, this/dt expansion/nn was/bedz instituted/vbn either/cc by/in firms/nns based/vbn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl or/cc out-of-state/jj manufacturers/nns already/rb operating/vbg here/rb ./.


	What/wdt made/vbd these/dts new/jj location/nn figures/nns particularly/ql impressive/jj was/bedz the/at fact/nn that/cs although/cs 1960/cd was/bedz a/at year/nn of/in mild/jj business/nn recession/nn throughout/in the/at nation/nn ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl scored/vbd marked/jj progress/nn in/in new/jj industry/nn ,/, new/jj plants/nns ,/, and/cc new/jj jobs/nns ./.


	Of/in the/at major/jj expansions/nns in/in 1960/cd ,/, three/cd were/bed financed/vbn under/in the/at R./np I./np Industrial/jj-tl Building/nn-tl Authority's/nn$-tl 100%/nn guaranteed/vbn mortgage/nn plan/nn :/: Collyer/np-tl Wire/nn-tl ,/, Leesona/np-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc American/jj-tl Tube/nn-tl &/cc-tl Controls/nns-tl ./.
Leading/vbg firms/nns that/wps arranged/vbd their/pp$ own/jj financing/nn included/vbd Speidel/np-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, Cornell-Dubilier/np ,/, Photek/np-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Textron/np-tl ,/, Narragansett/np-tl Gray/jj-tl Iron/nn-tl Foundry/nn-tl ,/, W./np-tl R./np-tl Cobb/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Mays/np-tl Manufacturing/vbg-tl Company/nn-tl ./.


	Expansion/nn and/cc relocation/nn of/in industry/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl is/bez the/at direct/jj responsibility/nn of/in the/at Development/nn-tl Council's/nn$-tl Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at figures/nns quoted/vbn above/rb indicate/vb a/at successful/jj year's/nn$ operation/nn ./.
Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl personnel/nns worked/vbd with/in 54/cd out-of-state/jj and/cc 97/cd Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl concerns/nns during/in 1960/cd ,/, many/ap of/in whom/wpo are/ber still/rb interested/vbn in/in a/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl location/nn ./.
They/ppss are/ber conscious/jj of/in this/dt state's/nn$ new/jj feeling/nn of/in optimism/nn and/cc assurance/nn and/cc are/ber definitely/rb impressed/vbn by/in the/at number/nn of/in new/jj plants/nns and/cc construction/nn projects/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
Aids/nns-hl to/in-hl small/jj-hl business/nn-hl 
Although/cs much/ap of/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Division's/nn$-tl promotional/jj effort/nn is/bez devoted/vbn to/in securing/vbg new/jj locations/nns and/cc expansions/nns by/in major/jj industries/nns ,/, small/jj business/nn is/bez also/rb afforded/vbn considerable/jj attention/nn ./.
Our/pp$ Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl and/cc-tl Domestic/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl carries/vbz on/rp a/at vigorous/jj program/nn ,/, directly/rb aimed/vbn at/in solving/vbg and/cc expediting/vbg the/at problems/nns of/in manufacturers/nns in/in the/at lower/jjr employment/nn categories/nns ./.


	A/at primary/jj function/nn is/bez the/at operation/nn of/in a/at Government/nn-tl Bid/nn-tl Center/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt receives/vbz bids/nns daily/rb from/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government's/nn$-tl principal/jjs purchasing/vbg agencies/nns ./.
Assistance/nn is/bez rendered/vbn to/in interested/vbn Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl businessmen/nns concerning/in interpretation/nn of/in bid/nn invitations/nns ,/, where/wrb to/to obtain/vb specifications/nns ,/, and/cc follow-ups/nns concerning/in qualification/nn ./.
During/in the/at past/ap year/nn ,/, 10,517/cd government/nn bid/nn invitations/nns were/bed received/vbn and/cc 4,427/cd procurement/nn leads/nns were/bed mailed/vbn to/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl manufacturers/nns ./.


	In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at Office's/nn$-tl domestic/jj trade/nn program/nn provided/vbd consultant/nn services/nns to/in those/dts seeking/vbg information/nn on/in establishment/nn of/in new/jj businesses/nns ;/. ;/.
how/wrb and/cc where/wrb to/to apply/vb for/in financial/jj assistance/nn ;/. ;/.
details/nns on/in marketing/vbg ;/. ;/.
information/nn concerning/in patents/nns ,/, copyrights/nns and/cc trade/nn marks/nns ,/, availability/nn of/in technical/jj reports/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap subjects/nns of/in interest/nn to/in small/jj business/nn ./.


	The/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl and/cc-tl Domestic/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl is/bez also/rb active/jj in/in the/at field/nn of/in international/jj trade/nn ,/, assisting/vbg Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl firms/nns in/in developing/vbg and/cc enlarging/vbg markets/nns abroad/rb ./.
This/dt office/nn cooperates/vbz with/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl in/in giving/vbg statewide/jj coverage/nn to/in services/nns which/wdt include/vb :/: statistics/nns on/in markets/nns abroad/rb ;/. ;/.
locating/vbg foreign/jj agents/nns ,/, buyers/nns ,/, distributors/nns ,/, etc./rb ;/. ;/.
information/nn on/in foreign/jj and/cc domestic/jj import/nn duties/nns and/cc regulations/nns ,/, licensing/nn ,/, investments/nns ,/, and/cc establishing/nn of/in branch/nn representatives/nns or/cc plants/nns abroad/rb ,/, and/cc documentary/jj requirements/nns concerning/in export/nn shipments/nns and/cc arrangements/nns for/in payment/nn ./.


	During/in the/at year/nn 1960/cd ,/, this/dt office/nn supplied/vbd 954/cd visitors/nns with/in information/nn related/vbn to/in foreign/jj and/cc domestic/jj commerce/nn ,/, and/cc made/vbd 73/cd field/nn visits/nns ./.
Advertising/vbg-hl program/nn-hl 
Our/pp$ media/nns advertising/nn continued/vbd ,/, during/in 1960/cd ,/, its/pp$ previous/jj effective/jj program/nn that/wps stressed/vbd such/jj specifics/nns as/cs 100%/nn financing/nn ,/, plant/nn availabilities/nns ,/, and/cc location/nn advantages/nns ./.
We/ppss also/rb continued/vbd to/to run/vb a/at series/nn of/in ads/nns featuring/vbg endorsement/nn of/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl by/in industrialists/nns who/wps had/hvd recently/rb established/vbn new/jj plants/nns here/rb ./.


	To/to reach/vb a/at still/ql greater/jjr audience/nn of/in location-minded/jj manufacturers/nns ,/, our/pp$ industrial/jj advertising/nn budget/nn for/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn was/bedz increased/vbn from/in $32,000/nns to/in $40,000/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Industrial/jj-tl Building/nn-tl Authority's/nn$-tl financial/jj participation/nn was/bedz upped/vbn from/in $17,000/nns to/in $20,000/nns ./.


	Newspaper/nn advertising/nn was/bedz mainly/rb concentrated/vbn in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl and/cc the/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl Journal/nn-tl (/( Eastern/jj-tl and/cc Midwestern/jj-tl editions/nns )/) which/wdt averaged/vbd two/cd prominent/jj ads/nns per/in month/nn ,/, and/cc to/in a/at lesser/jjr degree/nn the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl and/cc ,/, for/in the/at west/nr coast/nn ,/, the/at Los/np-tl Angeles/np-tl Times/nns-tl and/cc the/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl Journal/nn-tl (/( Pacific/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl edition/nn )/) ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at regular/jj schedule/nn ,/, advertisements/nns were/bed run/vbn for/in maximum/jj impact/nn in/in special/jj editions/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, Boston/np-tl Herald/nn-tl ,/, American/jj-tl Banker/nn-tl ,/, Electronic/jj-tl News/nn-tl and/cc ,/, for/in local/jj promotion/nn ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Sunday/nr-tl Journal/nn-tl ./.
Magazine/nn advertising/nn included/vbd Management/nn-tl Methods/nns-tl ,/, The/at-tl New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl ,/, U./np-tl S./np-tl Investor/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Plant/nn-tl Location/nn-tl ./.


	The/at direct/jj mail/nn campaign/nn consisted/vbd of/in 3/cd intra-state/jj mailings/nns of/in 1680/cd letters/nns each/dt and/cc 6/cd out-of-state/jj directed/vbn to/in electronics/nn ,/, plastics/nns ,/, pharmaceutical/jj ,/, and/cc business/nn machine/nn manufacturers/nns ,/, and/cc to/in publishers/nns ./.
These/dts totaled/vbd 6,768/cd pieces/nns of/in correspondence/nn ./.


	The/at 1960/cd advertising/vbg campaign/nn brought/vbd a/at total/nn of/in 239/cd inquiries/nns ;/. ;/.
164/cd from/in media/nns and/cc 75/cd from/in direct/jj mail/nn ./.
Two/cd hundred/cd and/cc nineteen/cd were/bed received/vbn from/in 35/cd of/in our/pp$ 50/cd United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc 11/cd came/vbd from/in foreign/jj countries/nns ./.
New/jj-tl York/np-tl led/vbd in/in the/at number/nn of/in inquiries/nns ,/, followed/vbn by/in California/np ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, and/cc Pennsylvania/np ./.
Among/in foreign/jj countries/nns responding/vbg were/bed Germany/np ,/, Canada/np ,/, Brazil/np and/cc India/np ./.
Industrial/jj-hl promotion/nn-hl 
An/at important/jj operation/nn in/in soliciting/vbg industrial/jj locations/nns involves/vbz what/wdt we/ppss term/vb ``/`` Missionary/nn-tl calls/nns ''/'' by/in one/cd of/in this/dt Division's/nn$-tl industrial/jj promotion/nn specialists/nns ./.
These/dts consist/vb of/in visits/nns ,/, without/in previous/jj announcement/nn ,/, on/in top/jjs officials/nns of/in manufacturing/vbg concerns/nns located/vbn in/in highly/ql industrialized/vbn areas/nns ./.
More/ap than/in 25/cd carefully/rb selected/vbn cities/nns were/bed visited/vbn ,/, including/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Brooklyn/np ,/, Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Newark/np ,/, Elizabeth/np ,/, Stamford/np ,/, Waterbury/np ,/, New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl ,/, Bridgeport/np ,/, Boston/np ,/, Cambridge/np ,/, Worcester/np ,/, and/cc Waltham/np ./.


	Out/in of/in a/at total/nn of/in 603/cd calls/nns ,/, 452/cd contacts/nns were/bed established/vbn with/in top/jjs executive/jj personnel/nns ./.
We/ppss received/vbd 76/cd out-of-state/jj visitors/nns interested/vbn in/in investigating/vbg Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl industrial/jj advantages/nns ,/, and/cc Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl personnel/nns made/vbd 55/cd out-of-state/jj follow-up/jj visits/nns ./.
Industrial/jj-hl conferences/nns-hl 
During/in 1960/cd ,/, two/cd important/jj conferences/nns were/bed organized/vbn by/in the/at Development/nn-tl Council's/nn$-tl Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl ./.
In/in June/np ,/, the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl and/cc-tl Domestic/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl --/-- in/in conjunction/nn with/in local/jj trade/nn associations/nns ,/, chambers/nns of/in commerce/nn ,/, and/cc bank/nn officials/nns --/-- sponsored/vbd a/at World/nn-tl Trade/nn-tl Conference/nn-tl at/in the/at Sheraton-Biltmore/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl ./.
Its/pp$ purpose/nn was/bedz to/to find/vb ways/nns of/in offsetting/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl States'/nns$-tl declining/vbg balance/nn of/in trade/nn for/in 1958/cd and/cc 1959/cd ./.
Approximately/rb 100/cd representatives/nns of/in business/nn attended/vbd this/dt conclave/nn and/cc the/at R./np I./np Export/nn-tl Conference/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl later/rbr voted/vbd to/to continue/vb the/at activity/nn as/cs an/at annual/jj event/nn ./.


	On/in October/np 8th/od of/in last/ap year/nn ,/, the/at Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl sponsored/vbd the/at Governor's/nn$-tl Conference/nn-tl on/in-tl Industrial/jj-tl Development/nn-tl at/in the/at former/ap Henry/np-tl Barnard/np-tl School/nn-tl ./.
A/at comprehensive/jj program/nn devoted/vbn to/in the/at various/jj phases/nns of/in the/at development/nn effort/nn attracted/vbd 143/cd interested/vbn individuals/nns ./.


	Morning/nn sessions/nns included/vbd addresses/nns by/in Ward/np Miller/np ,/, Jr./np of/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Dept./nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./.
Richard/np Preston/np ,/, executive/jj director/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl State/nn-tl Planning/vbg-tl and/cc-tl Development/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Edwin/np C./np Kepler/np of/in General/nn-tl Electric/jj-tl Company/nn-tl ./.
Workshop/nn sessions/nns in/in the/at afternoon/nn featured/vbd development/nn executives/nns from/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, Connecticut/np and/cc Maine/np ,/, and/cc rounded/vbd out/rp a/at rewarding/jj program/nn ./.


	In/in connection/nn with/in this/dt conference/nn ,/, a/at 64-page/jj supplement/nn was/bedz published/vbn in/in the/at October/np 2nd/od edition/nn of/in The/at-tl Providence/np-tl Sunday/nr-tl Journal/nn-tl ./.
Devoted/vbn to/in the/at improvement/nn in/in business/nn climate/nn and/cc increase/nn in/in industrial/jj construction/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, it/pps has/hvz proved/vbn a/at valuable/jj mailing/vbg piece/nn for/in this/dt Division/nn-tl ./.
More/ap than/in 2000/cd copies/nns have/hv been/ben sent/vbn out/rp to/in prospective/jj clients/nns ./.
Mailings/nns-hl and/cc-hl publications/nns-hl 
Other/ap special/jj mailings/nns by/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl included/vbd copies/nns of/in speeches/nns delivered/vbn at/in the/at Governor's/nn$-tl Conference/nn-tl ,/, letters/nns and/cc-tl brochures/nns to/in conferees/nns at/in Med-Chemical/jj-tl Symposium/nn-tl at/in University/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc letters/nns and/cc reprints/nns of/in industrial/jj advertisements/nns to/in such/jj organizations/nns as/cs Society/nn-tl of/in-tl Industrial/jj-tl Realtors/nns-tl ./.
1184/cd copies/nns of/in the/at R./np I./np Directory/nn-tl Of/in-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl were/bed distributed/vbn :/: 643/cd in-state/rb and/cc 541/cd out-of-state/rb ./.


	The/at Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl published/vbd ,/, in/in 1960/cd ,/, a/at new/jj ,/, attractive/jj industrial/jj brochure/nn ,/, ``/`` Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl --/-- Right/jj-tl For/in-tl Industry/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc prepared/vbd copy/nn for/in a/at new/jj edition/nn of/in the/at Directory/nn-tl Of/in-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl (/( to/to be/be printed/vbn shortly/rb )/) ,/, and/cc for/in a/at new/jj space/nn catalogue/nn ./.


	Additional/jj promotional/jj activities/nns included/vbd organizing/vbg the/at dedication/nn program/nn for/in Operation/nn-tl Turnkey/nn-tl ,/, the/at new/jj automated/vbn post/nn office/nn ,/, and/cc a/at conference/nn with/in representatives/nns of/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, Providence/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, and/cc University/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc eight/cd electronics/nn concerns/nns regarding/in the/at inauguration/nn of/in a/at training/vbg program/nn for/in electronics/nn personnel/nns ./.



Planning/vbg-hl division/nn-hl 
Stated/vbn in/in its/pp$ simplest/jjt terms/nns ,/, the/at main/jjs job/nn of/in the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl is/bez to/to plan/vb for/in the/at future/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
The/at activities/nns of/in the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl are/ber defined/vbn in/in considerable/jj detail/nn in/in the/at enabling/vbg act/nn of/in the/at Development/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt assigns/vbz to/in the/at agency/nn both/abx broad/jj responsibilities/nns and/cc specific/jj duties/nns in/in the/at field/nn of/in planning/vbg ./.


	Two/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Administration/nn-tl issued/vbd an/at extremely/ql comprehensive/jj report/nn entitled/vbn ``/`` State-Local/jj-tl Relations/nns-tl In/in-tl Metropolitan/jj-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
As/cs the/at result/nn of/in an/at exhaustive/jj review/nn of/in the/at recommendations/nns contained/vbn in/in this/dt report/nn ,/, plus/in an/at analysis/nn of/in our/pp$ own/jj enabling/vbg act/nn ,/, the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl developed/vbd a/at number/nn of/in basic/jj planning/vbg objectives/nns which/wdt caused/vbd a/at reorientation/nn of/in its/pp$ work/nn program/nn ./.
These/dts objectives/nns are/ber stated/vbn here/rb because/rb of/in their/pp$ importance/nn in/in understanding/vbg the/at current/jj activities/nns of/in the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
First/od priority/nn will/md be/be given/vbn to/in the/at preparation/nn of/in a/at meaningful/jj state/nn guide/nn plan/nn to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at background/nn for/in all/abn other/ap planning/vbg activities/nns in/in the/at state/nn ./.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Recognizing/vbg the/at truth/nn of/in the/at statement/nn by/in the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Administration/nn-tl that/cs ``/`` Metropolian/jj-tl Planning/nn-tl (/( in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl )/) means/vbz ,/, or/cc should/md mean/vb ,/, state/nn planning/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at state/nn guide/nn plan/nn will/md take/vb into/in account/nn the/at metropolitan/jj nature/nn of/in many/ap of/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl problems/nns ./.
(/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
It/pps will/md continue/vb to/to be/be an/at objective/nn of/in this/dt division/nn to/to encourage/vb the/at acceptance/nn of/in planning/vbg as/cs a/at proper/jj and/cc continuing/vbg responsibility/nn of/in local/jj government/nn ./.
To/in this/dt end/nn ,/, the/at community/nn assistance/nn program/nn of/in the/at planning/vbg division/nn will/md continue/vb to/to be/be operated/vbn as/cs a/at staff/nn function/nn to/to make/vb available/jj ,/, on/in a/at shared/vbn cost/nn basis/nn ,/, technical/jj planning/vbg assistance/nn to/in those/dts communities/nns in/in the/at state/nn unable/jj to/to maintain/vb their/pp$ own/jj planning/vbg staff/nn ./.
(/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at planning/vbg division/nn will/md take/vb the/at initiative/nn in/in encouraging/vbg planning/vbg cooperation/nn at/in all/abn levels/nns of/in government/nn ;/. ;/.
among/in the/at operating/vbg departments/nns of/in the/at state/nn ;/. ;/.
between/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns of/in the/at state/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc on/in a/at regional/jj basis/nn between/in the/at six/cd New/jj-tl England/np-tl states/nns ./.
(/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
On/in the/at basis/nn that/cs all/abn citizens/nns of/in the/at state/nn are/ber entitled/vbn to/to benefit/vb equally/rb in/in the/at development/nn of/in its/pp$ resources/nns ,/, plans/nns for/in the/at provision/nn of/in essential/jj services/nns (/( such/jj as/cs water/nn )/) will/md be/be based/vbn on/in need/nn regardless/rb of/in arbitrary/jj political/jj boundaries/nns ,/, within/in the/at framework/nn of/in the/at state/nn plan/nn ./.
(/(-hl 6/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at state/nn development/nn budget/nn will/md reflect/vb the/at capital/nn needs/nns of/in all/abn the/at state/nn agencies/nns and/cc the/at priority/nn of/in the/at projects/nns in/in the/at budget/nn will/md be/be based/vbn on/in the/at state/nn plan/nn ./.
(/(-hl 7/cd-hl )/)-hl 
In/in preparing/vbg the/at state/nn guide/nn plan/nn ,/, particular/jj attention/nn will/md be/be given/vbn means/nns of/in strengthening/vbg the/at economy/nn of/in the/at state/nn through/in the/at development/nn of/in industry/nn and/cc recreation/nn ./.


	Functionally/rb the/at planning/vbg division/nn carries/vbz out/rp four/cd activities/nns :/: long-range/nn state/nn planning/nn ,/, current/jj state/nn planning/nn ,/, local/jj planning/vbg assistance/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at preparation/nn of/in the/at state/nn development/nn budget/nn ./.
Long-range/nn-hl state/nn-hl planning/vbg-hl 
The/at planning/vbg division/nn has/hvz embarked/vbn on/in the/at most/ql complete/jj and/cc comprehensive/jj state/nn planning/vbg program/nn in/in the/at nation/nn ./.
The/at long-range/nn aspects/nns of/in this/dt program/nn are/ber divided/vbn into/in four/cd distinct/jj phases/nns :/: basic/jj mapping/nn ,/, inventory/nn ,/, analysis/nn and/cc plan/nn and/cc policy/nn formation/nn ./.
The/at work/nn program/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps was/bedz originally/rb proposed/vbn ,/, was/bedz to/to take/vb five/cd years/nns to/to complete/vb ./.
Recent/jj events/nns --/-- particularly/rb the/at necessity/nn of/in providing/vbg planning/vbg information/nn for/in the/at statewide/jj origin/destination/nn study/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Works/nns-tl --/-- indicate/vb that/cs this/dt schedule/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be accelerated/vbn ./.
The/at basic/jj mapping/nn phase/nn of/in the/at program/nn has/hvz been/ben completed/vbn and/cc the/at inventory/nn phase/nn is/bez scheduled/vbn for/in completion/nn July/np 1/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./.
Basic/jj-hl mapping/vbg-hl 
Since/cs accurate/jj base/jj maps/nns are/ber necessary/jj for/in any/dti planning/vbg program/nn ,/, the/at first/od step/nn taken/vbn by/in the/at planning/vbg division/nn to/to implement/vb the/at long-range/nn state/nn plan/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to prepare/vb two/cd series/nns of/in base/jj maps/nns --/-- one/cd at/in a/at scale/nn of/in 1/cd inch/nn to/in a/at mile/nn ,/, and/cc the/at second/od a/at series/nn of/in 26/cd sheets/nns at/in a/at scale/nn of/in 1/cd inch/nn to/in 2000/cd feet/nns ,/, covering/vbg the/at entire/jj state/nn ./.
With/in these/dts maps/nns completed/vbn ,/, the/at inventory/nn-hl phase/nn of/in the/at plan/nn has/hvz been/ben started/vbn ./.
Inventory/nn 
With/in the/at aid/nn of/in matching/vbg federal/jj funds/nns available/jj under/in Section/nn-tl 701/cd-tl of/in the/at Housing/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1954/cd as/cs amended/vbn ,/, the/at planning/vbg division/nn began/vbd a/at one/cd year/nn program/nn July/np 1/cd ,/, 1960/cd to/to complete/vb the/at inventory/nn phase/nn of/in the/at state/nn planning/vbg program/nn ./.
This/dt phase/nn consists/vbz of/in four/cd items/nns :/: urban/jj land/nn use/nn ,/, rural/jj land/nn use/nn ,/, physical/jj features/nns and/cc public/jj utility/nn service/nn areas/nns ./.
Since/cs the/at validity/nn of/in all/abn subsequent/jj planning/nn depends/vbz on/in the/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at basic/jj inventory/nn information/nn ,/, great/jj care/nn is/bez being/beg taken/vbn that/cs the/at inventory/nn is/bez as/ql complete/jj as/cs possible/jj ./.


	The/at urban/jj land/nn use/nn study/nn carried/vbn out/rp by/in the/at planning/vbg division/nn staff/nn has/hvz consisted/vbn of/in identifying/vbg and/cc mapping/vbg all/abn urban/jj land/nn uses/nns which/wdt are/ber of/in significance/nn to/in statewide/jj planning/nn ./.
The/at rural/jj land/nn use/nn study/nn is/bez being/beg carried/vbn out/rp under/in contract/nn by/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc identifies/vbz all/abn agricultural/jj land/nn uses/nns in/in the/at state/nn by/in type/nn of/in use/nn ./.
The/at mapping/nn of/in important/jj physical/jj features/nns such/jj as/cs slopes/nns and/cc types/nns of/in soil/nn and/cc the/at collection/nn of/in all/abn available/jj information/nn pertaining/vbg to/in public/jj utility/nn service/nn areas/nns are/ber being/beg conducted/vbn as/cs staff/nn projects/nns and/cc ,/, like/cs the/at other/ap two/cd inventory/nn projects/nns ,/, are/ber scheduled/vbn for/in completion/nn July/np 1/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./.
Analysis/nn-hl 
The/at collection/nn of/in information/nn is/bez meaningless/jj unless/cs it/pps is/bez understood/vbn and/cc used/vbn for/in a/at definite/jj purpose/nn ./.

Special/jj-hl districts/nns-hl in/in-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl island/nn-hl ./.-hl

It/pps is/bez not/* within/in the/at scope/nn of/in this/dt report/nn to/to elaborate/vb in/in any/dti great/jj detail/nn upon/in special/jj districts/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
However/rb ,/, a/at word/nn should/md be/be mentioned/vbn in/in regard/nn to/in them/ppo as/cs independent/jj units/nns of/in government/nn ./.


	There/ex are/ber forty-seven/cd special/jj district/nn governments/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl (/( excluding/in two/cd regional/jj school/nn districts/nns ,/, four/cd housing/vbg authorities/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Kent/np-tl County/nn-tl Water/nn-tl Authority/nn-tl )/) ./.
These/dts forty-seven/cd special/jj purpose/nn governments/nns have/hv the/at authority/nn to/to levy/vb taxes/nns ,/, to/to borrow/vb money/nn ,/, own/vb property/nn ,/, sue/vb and/cc be/be sued/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in general/jj to/to exercise/vb normal/jj corporate/jj powers/nns ./.
Unlike/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to submit/vb any/dti financial/jj statements/nns to/in the/at state/nn Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Audits/nns-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* an/at exaggeration/nn to/to say/vb that/cs the/at state/nn government/nn has/hvz little/ap or/cc no/at fiscal/jj control/nn over/in these/dts units/nns of/in government/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at collection/nn of/in service/nn charges/nns ,/, the/at special/jj districts/nns levy/vb annual/jj property/nn taxes/nns of/in approximately/rb $450,000/nns ./.



Fiscal/jj-hl years/nns-hl in/in-hl other/ap-hl states/nns-hl 
comparative/jj-hl data/nn-hl ./.

A/at review/nn of/in practices/nns in/in other/ap states/nns regarding/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn is/bez pertinent/jj to/in this/dt report/nn ./.
Included/vbn in/in the/at findings/nns are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Forty-six/cd states/nns ,/, including/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, end/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in June/np 30/cd ./.
The/at other/ap four/cd states/nns end/vb on/in varying/vbg dates/nns :/: Alabama/np (/( Sept./np 30/cd )/) ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl (/( March/np 31/cd )/) ,/, Pennsylvania/np (/( May/np 31/cd )/) ,/, and/cc Texas/np (/( August/np 31/cd )/) ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in sixteen/cd states/nns ,/, the/at fiscal/jj year/nn ending/vbg of/in the/at cities/nns (/( June/np 30/cd )/) is/bez the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt of/in the/at state/nn :/: Alaska/np ,/, Arizona/np ,/, California/np ,/, Delaware/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, Montana/np ,/, Nevada/np ,/, New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, Oklahoma/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl ,/, Wyoming/np ,/, and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in eleven/cd states/nns ,/, the/at fiscal/jj year/nn of/in the/at cities/nns ends/vbz on/in December/np 31/cd ,/, while/cs the/at state/nn fiscal/jj year/nn ends/vbz on/in June/np 30/cd (/( Arkansas/np ,/, Colorado/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, Kansas/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Ohio/np ,/, South/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, Utah/np ,/, Washington/np ,/, and/cc Wisconsin/np )/) ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in eight/cd states/nns whose/wp$ fiscal/jj years/nns close/vb on/in June/np 30/cd ,/, a/at majority/nn of/in their/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in December/np 31/cd :/. :/.
(/( Georgia/np ,/, Iowa/np ,/, Kentucky/np ,/, Maine/np ,/, Maryland/np ,/, Minnesota/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl )/) ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

One/cd state/nn ,/, Alabama/np ,/, closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in September/np 30/cd ,/, and/cc all/abn cities/nns in/in the/at state/nn ,/, with/in one/cd exception/nn ,/, also/rb close/vb fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ./.
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

Mississippi/np closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in June/np 30/cd ,/, while/cs all/abn of/in its/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ./.
7/cd-hl ./.-hl

Pennsylvania/np closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in May/np 31/cd ./.
All/abn of/in its/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in December/np 31/cd ./.


	The/at remaining/vbg twelve/cd states/nns have/hv varying/vbg fiscal/jj years/nns for/in the/at state/nn ,/, city/nn and/cc local/jj governments/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, only/ap Illinois/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, Louisiana/np and/cc Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl have/hv a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sundry/jj units/nns of/in government/nn vary/vb widely/rb in/in relation/nn to/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn ./.



Fiscal/jj-hl uniformity/nn-hl :/:-hl advantages/nns-hl and/cc-hl disadvantages/nns-hl 
advantages/nns ./.

An/at excellent/jj summary/nn of/in advantages/nns concerning/in the/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj calendars/nns was/bedz contained/vbn in/in a/at paper/nn presented/vbn by/in a/at public/jj finance/nn authority/nn recently/rb ./.
He/pps listed/vbd among/in the/at values/nns of/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn requires/vbz compliance/nn with/in common/jj sense/nn administration/nn of/in local/jj finances/nns :/: adoption/nn of/in the/at budget/nn ,/, or/cc financial/jj plan/nn ,/, in/in advance/nn of/in spending/vbg ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ensures/vbz conformance/nn with/in another/dt common/jj sense/nn rule/nn ,/, that/dt of/in having/hvg cash/nn in/in the/at bank/nn before/cs checks/nns are/ber drawn/vbn ./.
It/pps enables/vbz towns/nns to/to make/vb more/ql economical/jj purchases/nns and/cc to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in cash/nn discounts/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn promotes/vbz more/ql careful/jj budgeting/nn and/cc strengthens/vbz control/nn over/in expenditures/nns ./.
By/in fixing/vbg the/at tax/nn rate/nn in/in advance/nn of/in spending/vbg ,/, upper/jj limits/nns are/ber set/vbn on/in expenditures/nns ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn brings/vbz the/at town's/nn$ fiscal/jj year/nn into/in line/nn with/in that/dt of/in the/at schools/nns ,/, which/wdt expend/vb the/at largest/jjt share/nn of/in local/jj disbursements/nns ./.
This/dt greatly/rb simplifies/vbz the/at town's/nn$ bookkeeping/nn and/cc financial/jj reporting/nn ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn eliminates/vbz interest/nn charges/nns on/in money/nn borrowed/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, tax/nn collections/nns not/* immediately/rb needed/vbn for/in current/jj expenditures/nns may/md be/be invested/vbn in/in short-term/nn treasury/nn notes/nns ,/, augmenting/vbg the/at town's/nn$ miscellaneous/jj revenues/nns and/cc reducing/vbg the/at tax/nn levy/nn ./.
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn facilitates/vbz inter-town/jj comparison/nn of/in revenues/nns and/cc expenditures/nns ./.
When/wrb towns/nns have/hv the/at same/ap fiscal/jj year/nn it/pps is/bez relatively/ql easy/jj to/to make/vb meaningful/jj comparisons/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc as/cs the/at cost/nn of/in local/jj government/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at demand/nn for/in such/jj comparison/nn also/rb increases/vbz ./.
Towns/nns having/hvg different/jj fiscal/jj years/nns are/ber difficult/jj to/to compare/vb ./.


	Of/in all/abn advantages/nns ,/, probably/rb none/pn is/bez more/ql important/jj than/cs the/at elimination/nn of/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns ./.
Borrowing/vbg in/in anticipation/nn of/in current/jj taxes/nns and/cc other/ap revenues/nns is/bez a/at routine/jj procedure/nn of/in the/at majority/nn of/in municipalities/nns at/in all/abn times/nns ./.
It/pps may/md be/be by/in bank/nn loans/nns ,/, sale/nn of/in notes/nns or/cc warrants/nns ,/, or/cc by/in the/at somewhat/ql casual/jj method/nn of/in issuance/nn and/cc registration/nn of/in warrants/nns ./.
In/in any/dti event/nn it/pps is/bez a/at form/nn of/in borrowing/vbg which/wdt could/md be/be and/cc should/md be/be rendered/vbn unnecessary/jj ./.
Its/pp$ elimination/nn would/md result/vb in/in the/at saving/nn of/in interest/nn costs/nns ,/, heavy/jj when/wrb short-term/nn money/nn rates/nns are/ber high/jj ,/, and/cc in/in freedom/nn from/in dependence/nn on/in credit/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* always/rb available/jj when/wrb needed/vbn most/rbt ./.
This/dt type/nn of/in borrowing/vbg can/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in a/at minimum/jj if/cs quarterly/jj installment/nn payment/nn of/in taxes/nns is/bez instituted/vbn and/cc the/at first/od payment/nn placed/vbn near/in the/at opening/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
Any/dti approach/nn toward/in such/abl a/at system/nn looks/vbz toward/in saving/vbg and/cc security/nn ./.


	It/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs there/ex are/ber other/ap and/cc equally/ql important/jj reasons/nns for/in establishing/vbg meaningful/jj intergovernmental/jj reporting/vbg bases/nns on/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
Both/abx the/at federal/jj and/cc state/nn governments/nns commence/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in July/np 1/cd ./.
Both/abx units/nns of/in government/nn contribute/vb increasingly/rb large/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn to/in the/at several/ap local/jj governments/nns in/in this/dt state/nn as/cs indicated/vbn below/rb :/: 

	It/pps has/hvz been/ben said/vbn that/cs when/wrb local/jj government/nn revenues/nns were/bed mostly/rb produced/vbn locally/rb from/in the/at property/nn tax/nn ,/, the/at lack/nn of/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn was/bedz no/at great/jj handicap/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc with/in the/at growth/nn of/in state/nn and/cc federal/jj fiscal/jj aid/nn ,/, the/at emphasis/nn on/in equalization/nn ,/, and/cc the/at state-local/jj sharing/nn of/in responsibility/nn for/in certain/jj important/jj functions/nns ,/, this/dt is/bez no/ql longer/rbr true/jj ./.
The/at haphazard/jj fiscal/jj year/nn calendar/nn is/bez an/at obstacle/nn to/in the/at planning/nn of/in clear/jj and/cc efficient/jj state-local/jj revenue/nn and/cc expenditure/nn relationships/nns ./.
Disadvantages/nns-hl ./.-hl

Although/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap sound/jj reasons/nns for/in adopting/vbg uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj years/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, there/ex are/ber also/rb certain/jj difficulties/nns encountered/vbn ./.
These/dts involve/vb more/rbr the/at mechanics/nns employed/vbn in/in adjusting/vbg to/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn than/cs they/ppss do/do actual/jj disadvantages/nns to/in the/at principle/nn ./.
One/cd problem/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in shifting/vbg dates/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap ,/, is/bez how/wrb to/to finance/vb the/at transition/nn ./.


	Little/ap can/md be/be done/vbn about/in the/at changing/nn of/in dates/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez an/at inherent/jj part/nn of/in adjusting/vbg fiscal/jj calendars/nns ./.
It/pps usually/rb means/vbz a/at confused/vbn and/cc disgruntled/vbn tax-paying/jj public/nn for/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn ./.
But/cc cooperation/nn and/cc understanding/vbg between/in local/jj officials/nns and/cc the/at citizenry/nn help/vb lessen/vb this/dt problem/nn ./.


	The/at other/ap problem/nn is/bez the/at matter/nn of/in financing/vbg the/at transition/nn period/nn in/in the/at several/ap cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ./.
This/dt will/md be/be covered/vbn more/ql fully/rb later/rbr ./.
It/pps should/md be/be kept/vbn in/in mind/nn that/cs the/at ease/nn or/cc difficulty/nn with/in which/wdt a/at town/nn or/cc city/nn can/md convert/vb to/in the/at proposed/vbn plan/nn is/bez directly/ql dependent/jj upon/in the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in that/dt town/nn or/cc city/nn ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber no/at cities/nns or/cc towns/nns in/in the/at state/nn ,/, with/in one/cd or/cc two/cd possible/jj exceptions/nns that/wps are/ber in/in too/ql difficult/jj a/at position/nn to/to finance/vb the/at proposed/vbn change/nn ./.
Sacrifice/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be made/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez to/in the/at municipality's/nn$ advantage/nn to/to finance/vb the/at change-over/nn for/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn rather/rb than/cs pay/vb interest/nn on/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns indefinitely/rb ./.



Adjusting/vbg-hl the/at-hl fiscal/jj-hl calendars/nns-hl 
The/at advantages/nns of/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc well/rb synchronized/vbn fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns are/ber sufficiently/ql great/jj for/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl municipalities/nns to/to exert/vb effort/nn to/to secure/vb them/ppo ./.
The/at type/nn of/in program/nn desired/vbn can/md be/be determined/vbn by/in the/at nature/nn and/cc extent/nn of/in the/at adjustments/nns needed/vbn ./.
Two/cd features/nns are/ber immediately/rb evident/jj ./.
First/od ,/, the/at present/jj situation/nn is/bez too/ql varied/vbn to/to be/be systematized/vbn by/in any/dti single/ap formula/nn ./.
Second/od ,/, the/at shift/nn to/in a/at uniform/jj July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn will/md ,/, of/in itself/ppl ,/, improve/vb the/at tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns of/in the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber at/in least/ap two/cd problems/nns to/to consider/vb :/: one/cd is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg the/at fiscal/jj calendar/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap is/bez how/wrb to/to finance/vb the/at adjustments/nns when/wrb necessary/jj ./.
The/at latter/ap matter/nn is/bez considered/vbn in/in detail/nn in/in a/at later/jjr section/nn ./.


	Twelve/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl presently/rb indicate/vb some/dti plans/nns to/to establish/vb a/at uniform/jj and/or/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj tax/nn year/nn calendar/nn ./.
Plans/nns vary/vb from/in the/at ``/`` talking/vbg stage/nn ''/'' to/in establishing/vbg special/jj committees/nns to/to accomplish/vb this/dt end/nn ./.
What/wdt is/bez important/jj here/rb is/bez that/cs many/ap of/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns recognize/vb the/at need/nn for/in improved/vbn fiscal/jj practices/nns and/cc are/ber taking/vbg the/at initiative/nn to/to obtain/vb them/ppo ./.


	An/at analysis/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendars/nns throughout/in the/at state/nn indicates/vbz that/cs transition/nn may/md not/* be/be as/ql painful/jj as/cs is/bez commonly/rb thought/vbn ./.
However/rb ,/, it/pps must/md be/be stressed/vbn that/cs much/ap depends/vbz upon/in the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in the/at individual/jj cities/nns and/cc towns/nns involved/vbn ./.


	The/at adjustments/nns needed/vbn to/to establish/vb a/at uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn throughout/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, based/vbn on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd year/nn ,/, are/ber shown/vbn below/rb ./.
No/at-hl adjustment/nn-hl needed/vbn-hl ./.-hl

Six/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns are/ber presently/rb on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc have/hv coordinated/vbn their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn with/in it/ppo ./.
No/at change/nn is/bez required/vbn for/in these/dts towns/nns ./.
These/dts municipalities/nns include/vb :/: Barrington/np ,/, Lincoln/np ,/, Middletown/np ,/, Newport/np ,/, North/jj-tl Kingstown/np-tl ,/, and/cc South/jj-tl Kingstown/np-tl ./.
Adjustment/nn-hl of/in-hl fiscal/jj-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl

One/cd town/nn and/cc one/cd city/nn ,/, Coventry/np and/cc East/jj-tl Providence/np-tl ,/, require/vb an/at adjustment/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn only/rb ./.
This/dt change/nn will/md automatically/rb adjust/vb their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn so/cs as/cs to/to make/vb all/abn tax/nn installments/nns due/jj and/cc payable/jj in/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn collectible/jj within/in that/dt year/nn ./.
Adjustment/nn-hl of/in-hl tax/nn-hl collection/nn-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl

Six/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns are/ber now/rb on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc will/md need/vb only/rb to/to adjust/vb their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn to/to establish/vb uniformity/nn ./.
These/dts cities/nns and/cc towns/nns include/vb Bristol/np ,/, Glocester/np ,/, Pawtucket/np ,/, Cumberland/np ,/, Central/jj-tl Falls/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Woonsocket/np ./.
Simultaneous/jj-hl adjustments/nns-hl ./.-hl

Two/cd cities/nns to/to be/be considered/vbn ,/, Providence/np and/cc Cranston/np ,/, are/ber an/at enigma/nn ./.
Both/abx have/hv excellent/jj integration/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendars/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, neither/dtx of/in these/dts two/cd cities/nns is/bez on/in the/at desired/vbn July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn ./.


	The/at adjustment/nn to/in a/at uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj period/nn could/md be/be accomplished/vbn relatively/ql easily/rb for/in them/ppo ./.
In/in that/cs both/abx cities/nns end/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ,/, they/ppss could/md levy/vb taxes/nns for/in an/at interim/jj period/nn of/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, commencing/vbg with/in September/np 30/cd and/cc ending/vbg with/in June/np 30/cd ./.
These/dts three/cd installment/nn dates/nns would/md be/be :/: October/np 26/cd ,/, January/np 26/cd ,/, and/cc April/np 25/cd (/( Providence/np )/) and/cc November/np 15/cd ,/, February/np 16/cd and/cc May/np 15/cd (/( Cranston/np )/) ./.
Both/abx would/md start/vb their/pp$ new/jj fiscal/jj year/nn on/in July/np 1/cd ./.
Their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn calendar/nn could/md then/rb be/be :/: July/np 25/cd ,/, October/np 26/cd ,/, January/np 26/cd ,/, and/cc April/np 25/cd ,/, (/( Providence/np )/) ;/. ;/.
and/cc August/np 15/cd ,/, November/np 15/cd ,/, February/np 17/cd ,/, and/cc May/np 15/cd ,/, (/( Cranston/np )/) ./.
Under/in this/dt plan/nn both/abx Cranston/np and/cc Providence/np would/md be/be on/in the/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn but/cc would/md still/rb be/be using/vbg the/at same/ap installment/nn periods/nns ./.
Varying/vbg-hl adjustments/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at remaining/vbg twenty-three/cd towns/nns have/hv fiscal/jj years/nns which/wdt end/vb prior/rb to/in June/np 30/cd ./.
All/abn of/in these/dts towns/nns will/md require/vb adjustments/nns of/in both/abx their/pp$ fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn years/nns ./.
Assuming/vbg an/at adjustment/nn to/in the/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, the/at required/vbn adjustment/nn of/in the/at tax/nn collection/nn years/nns and/cc the/at towns/nns involved/vbn are/ber shown/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./.



Methods/nns-hl of/in-hl financing/vbg-hl adjustments/nns-hl 
Aside/rb from/in the/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg the/at fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn calendars/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at problem/nn of/in financing/vbg the/at adjustment/nn when/wrb this/dt is/bez necessary/jj ./.
It/pps should/md be/be emphasized/vbn strongly/rb that/cs adjustments/nns in/in fiscal/jj dates/nns or/cc adoption/nn of/in interim/jj budgets/nns do/do not/* necessarily/rb mean/vb financing/vbg over/in and/cc above/in normal/jj governmental/jj requirements/nns ./.
In/in many/ap communities/nns there/ex is/bez simply/rb no/at financial/jj problem/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez only/rb a/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg accounting/vbg methods/nns ,/, careful/jj fiscal/jj planning/nn and/cc management/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti like/jj combination/nn of/in techniques/nns ./.
In/in other/ap municipalities/nns the/at difficulties/nns in/in overcoming/vbg the/at financial/jj burden/nn have/hv been/ben sufficiently/ql great/jj to/to dishearten/vb proponents/nns of/in fiscal/jj year/nn changes/nns ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, such/jj cases/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl are/ber more/ap the/at exception/nn than/cs the/at rule/nn ./.


	As/ql shown/vbn earlier/rbr in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, the/at several/ap cities/nns and/cc towns/nns use/vb widely/rb varied/vbn fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, no/at two/cd Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl communities/nns are/ber identical/jj in/in relation/nn to/in their/pp$ over-all/jj financial/jj condition/nn ./.
These/dts factors/nns practically/rb insure/vb that/cs no/at single/ap financing/vbg formula/nn is/bez feasible/jj ;/. ;/.
each/dt situation/nn must/md be/be studied/vbn and/cc a/at plan/nn developed/vbn that/wps takes/vbz into/in consideration/nn such/jj factors/nns as/cs the/at effect/nn of/in the/at existing/vbg and/cc prospective/jj tax/nn calendars/nns ,/, the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in the/at treasuries/nns ,/, and/cc the/at length/nn of/in the/at transition/nn interval/nn ./.
Suitable/jj plans/nns range/vb from/in those/dts that/wps are/ber very/ql easy/jj to/to develop/vb to/in those/dts that/wps are/ber difficult/jj to/to formulate/vb and/cc require/vb borrowing/vbg ranging/vbg from/in short-term/nn serial/jj notes/nns to/in long-term/nn bonds/nns ./.


	The/at financial/jj problem/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps exists/vbz ,/, usually/rb stems/vbz from/in the/at adoption/nn of/in a/at budget/nn for/in the/at transitional/jj or/cc adjustment/nn period/nn ./.
For/in those/dts communities/nns which/wdt have/hv financial/jj difficulties/nns in/in effecting/vbg adjustments/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in alternatives/nns any/dti one/cd of/in which/wdt alone/rb ,/, or/cc in/in combination/nn with/in others/nns ,/, would/md minimize/vb if/cs not/* even/rb eliminate/vb the/at problem/nn ./.




Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl Heritage/nn-tl-hl Week/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl governor/nn-hl 
The/at theme/nn of/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Heritage/nn-tl Week/nn-tl for/in 1961/cd will/md be/be ``/`` Independence/nn-tl and/cc-tl Union/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
It/pps commemorates/vbz the/at 185th/od anniversary/nn of/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl Independence/nn-tl when/wrb ,/, upon/in May/np 4/cd ,/, 1776/cd ,/, the/at General/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl ,/, by/in its/pp$ action/nn ,/, established/vbd the/at first/od free/jj republic/nn in/in the/at New/jj-tl World/nn-tl ./.


	As/cs this/dt year/nn marks/vbz the/at centennial/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, this/dt fact/nn is/bez being/beg commemorated/vbn with/in several/ap exhibits/nns throughout/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, but/cc most/ap of/in all/abn paying/vbg tribute/nn to/in the/at first/od Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Volunteers/nns-tl who/wps rushed/vbd to/in the/at defense/nn of/in the/at City/nn-tl of/in Washington/np ,/, putting/vbg at/in the/at disposal/nn of/in President/nn-tl Lincoln/np the/at only/ap fully/rb equipped/vbn and/cc best/rbt trained/vbn regiment/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ./.


	On/in April/np 30/cd ,/, ceremonies/nns commemorating/vbg the/at departure/nn of/in these/dts volunteers/nns will/md take/vb place/nn at/in 1:00/cd P.M./rb at/in the/at Dexter/np-tl Training/nn-tl Grounds/nns-tl in/in Providence/np ./.
The/at Independence/nn-tl Day/nn-tl celebration/nn will/md be/be properly/rb observed/vbn with/in a/at big/jj military/jj and/cc civic/jj parade/nn from/in West/jj-tl Warwick/np-tl to/in the/at Greene/np-tl Homestead/nn-tl in/in Anthony/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb the/at week/nn of/in april/np 29th/od to/in may/np 7th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Heritage/nn-tl Week/nn-tl ,/, advising/vbg our/pp$ citizens/nns that/cs throughout/in this/dt week/nn many/ap historic/jj houses/nns and/cc beautiful/jj gardens/nns will/md be/be open/jj to/in visitors/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs industrial/jj plants/nns ,/, craft/nn shops/nns ,/, museums/nns and/cc libraries/nns and/cc I/ppss earnestly/rb urge/vb all/abn to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in these/dts opportunities/nns to/to see/vb as/ql many/ap of/in these/dts places/nns as/cs they/ppss can/md during/in this/dt outstanding/jj week/nn ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 21st/od day/nn of/in April/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd and/cc on/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-fifth/od ./.


	Governor/nn-tl-hl 


Armed/vbn-tl-hl Forces/nns-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl Proclamation/nn-tl-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl 
The/at year/nn 1961/cd marks/vbz the/at fourteenth/od anniversary/nn of/in the/at unification/nn of/in our/pp$ Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl under/in the/at National/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1947/cd ./.


	National/jj defense/nn ,/, like/cs the/at continuing/vbg search/nn for/in peace/nn with/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn for/in all/abn ,/, is/bez ``/`` everybody's/pn$ business/nn ''/'' ./.
Our/pp$ investment/nn in/in this/dt effort/nn ,/, the/at greatest/jjt in/in our/pp$ Nation's/nn$-tl history/nn ,/, reflects/vbz our/pp$ determination/nn to/to ensure/vb the/at peace/nn and/cc the/at future/nn of/in freedom/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez a/at sound/jj investment/nn ./.
As/cs the/at President/nn-tl has/hvz said/vbn ,/, ``/`` only/rb when/wrb our/pp$ arms/nns are/ber sufficient/jj beyond/in doubt/nn can/md we/ppss be/be certain/jj that/cs they/ppss will/md never/rb be/be employed/vbn ''/'' ./.


	Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Day/nn-tl is/bez the/at annual/jj report/nn on/in this/dt investment/nn ,/, a/at public/jj presentation/nn designed/vbn to/to give/vb our/pp$ own/jj people/nns ,/, and/cc the/at people/nns of/in other/ap lands/nns who/wps stand/vb with/in us/ppo for/in peace/nn with/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn ,/, the/at best/jjt possible/jj opportunity/nn to/to see/vb and/cc understand/vb what/wdt we/ppss have/hv and/cc why/wrb we/ppss have/hv it/ppo ./.


	It/pps is/bez the/at purpose/nn of/in Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Day/nn-tl to/to give/vb Americans/nps an/at opportunity/nn to/to honor/vb men/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ,/, those/dts who/wps have/hv made/vbn the/at supreme/jj sacrifice/nn ,/, those/dts who/wps remain/vb to/to preserve/vb our/pp$ security/nn ./.
Freedom/nn depends/vbz upon/in them/ppo ;/. ;/.
now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Saturday/nr ,/, May/np 20th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, reminding/vbg our/pp$ citizens/nns that/cs we/ppss should/md rededicate/vb ourselves/ppls to/in our/pp$ Nation/nn-tl ,/, respecting/vbg the/at uniforms/nns as/cs the/at guardians/nns of/in our/pp$ precious/jj liberty/nn ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 17th/od day/nn of/in May/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./.


	Governor/nn-tl-hl 


National/jj-tl-hl Maritime/jj-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl 
The/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, pursuant/in to/in a/at Joint/jj-tl Resolution/nn-tl of/in Congress/np ,/, has/hvz issued/vbn a/at proclamation/nn each/dt year/nn since/in 1933/cd declaring/vbg May/np 22nd/od to/to be/be National/jj-tl Maritime/jj-tl Day/nn-tl ./.


	This/dt date/nn in/in 1819/cd marked/vbd the/at sailing/nn of/in the/at S./np S./np ``/`` Savannah/np ''/'' from/in Savannah/np ,/, Georgia/np ,/, for/in Liverpool/np ./.
This/dt voyage/nn was/bedz the/at first/od successful/jj crossing/nn of/in the/at Atlantic/np under/in steam/nn propulsion/nn ./.
The/at day/nn is/bez now/rb appropriately/rb set/vbn aside/rb to/to honor/vb the/at American/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns who/wps have/hv contributed/vbn to/in the/at success/nn of/in our/pp$ merchant/nn marine/nn fleet/nn in/in peace/nn and/cc war/nn ./.


	The/at Merchant/nn-tl Marine/nn-tl is/bez the/at ``/`` Fourth/od-tl Arm/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/cs a/at strong/jj and/cc effective/jj American/jj-tl Merchant/nn-tl Marine/nn-tl is/bez essential/jj to/in the/at economy/nn and/cc security/nn of/in our/pp$ Nation/nn-tl ./.


	Through/in trade/nn and/cc travel/nn across/in the/at seas/nns the/at American/jj-tl Merchant/nn-tl Marine/nn-tl is/bez carrying/vbg out/rp its/pp$ historic/jj mission/nn of/in linking/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl with/in friendly/jj nations/nns across/in the/at seas/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Monday/nr ,/, May/np 22nd/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs National/jj-tl Maritime/jj-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, reminding/vbg our/pp$ citizens/nns that/cs American/jj Merchant/nn-tl ships/nns and/cc American/jj seamen/nns are/ber ready/jj at/in all/abn times/nns to/to serve/vb our/pp$ Nation/nn-tl in/in the/at cause/nn of/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 20th/od day/nn of/in April/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-fifth/od ./.


	Governor/nn-tl-hl 


Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl-hl Week/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl 
The/at Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl is/bez sponsored/vbn by/in the/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Junior/jj-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl as/cs a/at part/nn of/in the/at nation-wide/jj search/nn for/in the/at typical/jj American/jj girl/nn --/-- a/at Miss/np America/np from/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez an/at official/jj preliminary/jj contest/nn of/in the/at Miss/np-tl America/np-tl Pageant/nn-tl held/vbn each/dt September/np in/in Atlantic/jj-tl City/nn-tl ./.
The/at ideal/jj girl/nn --/-- possessed/vbn of/in talent/nn ,/, poise/nn ,/, intelligence/nn ,/, personality/nn and/cc beauty/nn of/in face/nn and/cc figure/nn --/-- is/bez chosen/vbn each/dt year/nn to/to represent/vb Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.


	Many/ap hours/nns are/ber given/vbn free/jj by/in the/at Jaycees/nps to/to make/vb this/dt and/cc all/abn local/jj pageants/nns outstanding/jj events/nns ./.
Proceeds/nns realized/vbn from/in these/dts pageants/nns are/ber used/vbn by/in the/at Jaycees/nps to/to help/vb support/vb their/pp$ various/jj youth/nn ,/, health/nn ,/, welfare/nn and/cc community/nn betterment/nn activities/nns throughout/in the/at state/nn ./.


	Miss/np Sally/np May/np Saabye/np ,/, (/( Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl 1960/cd )/) says/vbz that/cs within/in a/at short/jj time/nn --/-- on/in June/np 17th/od --/-- her/pp$ reign/nn will/md come/vb to/in an/at end/nn ./.
She/pps hopes/vbz that/cs all/abn will/md support/vb the/at contestants/nns from/in our/pp$ own/jj community/nn by/in attending/vbg our/pp$ Pageants/nns-tl and/cc the/at State/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl June/np 17/cd ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb the/at week/nn of/in June/np 11th/od to/in 17th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl Week/nn-tl ,/, with/in deep/jj appreciation/nn to/in the/at Jaycees/nps ,/, local/jj and/cc statewide/jj ,/, for/in the/at presentation/nn of/in their/pp$ beautiful/jj Pageants/nns-tl and/cc the/at encouragement/nn of/in all/abn Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl girls/nns to/to participate/vb ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 11th/od day/nn of/in June/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./.


	Governor/nn-hl 


United/vbn-tl-hl Nations/nns-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl governor/nn-hl 
For/in the/at purpose/nn of/in maintaining/vbg international/jj peace/nn and/cc promoting/vbg the/at advancement/nn of/in all/abn people/nns ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np joined/vbd in/in founding/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./.


	The/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Charter/nn-tl sets/vbz forth/rb standards/nns which/wdt ,/, if/cs adhered/vbn to/in ,/, will/md promote/vb peace/nn and/cc justice/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez extremely/ql important/jj for/cs each/dt American/np to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at theme/nn ``/`` The/at-tl United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Is/bez-tl Your/pp$-tl Business/nn-tl ''/'' applies/vbz to/in him/ppo personally/rb ./.


	The/at world/nn desperately/rb needs/vbz the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./.
United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Day/nn-tl is/bez the/at birthday/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, mankind's/nn$ noblest/jjt attempt/nn to/to establish/vb lasting/vbg peace/nn with/in justice/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Tuesday/nr-tl ,/, October/np 24th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl day/nn ,/, calling/vbg upon/rb all/abn our/pp$ citizens/nns to/to engage/vb in/in appropriate/jj observances/nns ,/, demonstrating/vbg faith/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl and/cc thereby/rb contributing/vbg to/in a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at aims/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl throughout/in the/at land/nn ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 5th/od day/nn of/in July/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./.


	Governor/nn-tl-hl 


The/at-hl State/nn-tl-hl Ballet/nn-tl-hl of/in-tl-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl Week/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl 
The/at ballet/nn originated/vbd in/in Italy/np about/rb 1450/cd ./.
At/in that/dt time/nn it/pps was/bedz a/at series/nn of/in sophisticated/jj social/jj dances/nns whose/wp$ steps/nns were/bed often/rb combined/vbn with/in other/ap steps/nns devised/vbn by/in the/at choreographer/nn ./.
Ballet/nn flowered/vbd in/in Italy/np during/in the/at next/ap hundred/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc about/rb 1550/cd was/bedz carried/vbn to/in France/np when/wrb the/at Italian/jj princess/nn ,/, Catherine/np De/np Medicis/nps ,/, married/vbd the/at King/nn-tl of/in France/np ./.
The/at most/ql famous/jj ballet/nn of/in that/dt time/nn was/bedz called/vbn Ballet/fw-nn-tl Comique/fw-jj-tl De/fw-in-tl La/fw-at-tl Reine/fw-nn-tl (/( 1581/cd )/) ./.
Dances/nns alternated/vbd with/in sung/vbn or/cc spoken/vbn verses/nns ./.
Ballets/nns were/bed used/vbn in/in opera/nn from/in its/pp$ beginning/nn ./.
They/ppss were/bed placed/vbn either/cc in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at acts/nns or/cc in/in the/at intermissions/nns ./.


	The/at State/nn-tl Ballet/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, the/at first/od incorporated/vbn group/nn ,/, was/bedz formed/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in extending/vbg knowledge/nn of/in the/at art/nn of/in ballet/nn in/in the/at Community/nn-tl ,/, to/to promote/vb interest/nn in/in ballet/nn performances/nns ,/, to/to contribute/vb to/in the/at cultural/jj life/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc to/to provide/vb opportunity/nn for/in gifted/jj dance/nn students/nns who/wps ,/, for/in one/cd reason/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, are/ber unable/jj to/to pursue/vb a/at career/nn and/cc to/to develop/vb others/nns for/in the/at professional/jj state/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb the/at week/nn of/in Monday/nr ,/, November/np 13/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs the/at State/nn-tl Ballet/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Week/nn-tl ,/, requesting/vbg all/abn Rhode/np-tl Islanders/nns-tl to/to give/vb special/jj attention/nn to/in this/dt unusual/jj event/nn which/wdt should/md contribute/vb to/in the/at cultural/jj life/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 23d/od day/nn of/in October/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./.


	Governor/nn-tl-hl 


Proclamation/nn-hl Thanksgiving/nn-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl 
As/cs another/dt Thanksgiving/nn-tl draws/vbz near/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo take/vb time/nn out/rp from/in the/at often/rb hectic/jj pace/nn of/in our/pp$ lives/nns to/to try/vb and/cc recapture/vb the/at feelings/nns that/wps filled/vbd the/at hearts/nns of/in the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl on/in the/at first/od Thanksgiving/nn-tl ./.


	The/at Pilgrims/nns-tl gathered/vbd to/to thank/vb the/at Lord/nn-tl for/in His/pp$ benevolence/nn during/in their/pp$ first/od year/nn in/in the/at new/jj land/nn ./.
They/ppss had/hvd been/ben through/in trying/jj times/nns ,/, but/cc their/pp$ faith/nn in/in the/at Almighty/np had/hvd given/vbn them/ppo the/at courage/nn and/cc the/at strength/nn to/to meet/vb and/cc overcome/vb the/at many/ap problems/nns and/cc difficulties/nns that/wps were/bed the/at price/nn they/ppss had/hvd to/to pay/vb for/in freedom/nn ./.
And/cc as/cs the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl bowed/vbd their/pp$ heads/nns in/in humble/jj gratitude/nn ,/, they/ppss shared/vbd another/dt feeling/nn --/-- the/at anticipation/nn of/in what/wdt the/at future/nn held/vbd for/in them/ppo and/cc their/pp$ posterity/nn ./.
They/ppss could/md not/* guess/vb that/cs from/in their/pp$ concepts/nns of/in liberty/nn and/cc freedom/nn would/md some/dti day/nn be/be born/vbn a/at new/jj nation/nn that/wps for/in years/nns would/md be/be the/at symbol/nn of/in hope/nn to/in the/at oppressed/vbn countries/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./.
They/ppss simply/rb turned/vbd to/in God/np filled/vbd with/in gratitude/nn and/cc faith/nn ./.


	We/ppss who/wps are/ber living/vbg today/nr may/md learn/vb a/at valuable/jj lesson/nn from/in those/dts who/wps celebrated/vbd the/at first/od Thanksgiving/nn-tl Day/nn-tl ./.
The/at Lord/nn-tl has/hvz shown/vbn time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb His/pp$ love/nn for/in us/ppo ./.
We/ppss have/hv only/rb to/to compare/vb the/at liberty/nn and/cc high/jj standard/nn of/in living/vbg we/ppss enjoy/vb in/in this/dt great/jj country/nn with/in the/at oppression/nn and/cc frugality/nn of/in other/ap nations/nns to/to realize/vb with/in humble/jj gratitude/nn that/cs God's/np$ Providence/np has/hvz been/ben with/in us/ppo since/in the/at very/ap beginning/nn of/in our/pp$ country/nn ./.
And/cc yet/rb ,/, accompanying/vbg our/pp$ gratitude/nn is/bez the/at realization/nn that/cs we/ppss are/ber living/vbg in/in a/at crucial/jj time/nn ./.
With/in world/nn peace/nn constantly/rb being/beg threatened/vbn ,/, most/ap of/in us/ppo regard/vb the/at future/nn skeptically/rb ,/, and/cc even/rb with/in fear/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez at/in this/dt time/nn that/cs we/ppss should/md imitate/vb the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl by/in accompanying/vbg our/pp$ prayers/nns of/in thanks/nns with/in the/at conviction/nn that/cs we/ppss shall/md continue/vb to/to be/be in/in dire/jj need/nn for/in the/at Lord's/np$ protection/nn in/in the/at future/nn ,/, if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to have/hv peace/nn ;/. ;/.
now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Thursday/nr ,/, November/np 23rd/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Thanksgiving/nn-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, 

	And/cc so/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo remember/vb on/in this/dt day/nn not/* only/rb to/to thank/vb the/at Almighty/np Who/wps gave/vbd hope/nn and/cc courage/nn to/in the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl ,/, but/cc also/rb to/to place/vb our/pp$ trust/nn in/in Him/ppo that/cs He/pps will/md continue/vb to/to protect/vb us/ppo in/in the/at future/nn as/cs He/pps has/hvz in/in the/at past/nn ./.


	In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 21st/od day/nn of/in November/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./.
John/np A./np Notte/np Jr./np ,/, 

	Governor/nn-tl 


	Be/be it/pps enacted/vbn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in Congress/np assembled/vbn ,/, That/cs the/at Act/nn-tl of/in July/np 3/cd ,/, 1952/cd (/( 66/cd Stat./nn-tl 328/cd )/) as/cs amended/vbn (/( 42/cd U.S.C./np 1952-1958/cd )/) ,/, is/bez further/rbr amended/vbn to/to read/vb as/cs follows/vbz :/: Section/nn-tl-hl 1/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl

In/in view/nn of/in the/at increasing/vbg shortage/nn of/in usable/jj surface/nn and/cc ground/nn water/nn in/in many/ap parts/nns of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl and/cc the/at importance/nn of/in finding/vbg new/jj sources/nns of/in supply/nn to/to meet/vb its/pp$ present/jj and/cc future/jj water/nn needs/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at policy/nn of/in the/at Congress/np to/to provide/vb for/in the/at development/nn of/in practicable/jj low-cost/nn means/nns for/in the/at large-scale/nn production/nn of/in water/nn of/in a/at quality/nn suitable/jj for/in municipal/jj ,/, industrial/jj ,/, agricultural/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap beneficial/jj consumptive/jj uses/nns from/in saline/jj water/nn ,/, and/cc for/in studies/nns and/cc research/nn related/vbn thereto/rb ./.
As/cs used/vbn in/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at term/nn '/' saline/jj-nc water/nn-nc '/' includes/vbz sea/nn water/nn ,/, brackish/jj water/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap mineralized/vbn or/cc chemically/rb charged/vbn water/nn ,/, and/cc the/at term/nn '/' United/vbn-tl-nc States/nns-tl-nc '/' extends/vbz to/in and/cc includes/vbz the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, the/at Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Puerto/np-tl Rico/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at territories/nns and/cc possessions/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in order/nn to/to accomplish/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl shall/md --/-- (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
conduct/vb ,/, encourage/vb ,/, and/cc promote/vb fundamental/jj scientific/jj research/nn and/cc basic/jj studies/nns to/to develop/vb the/at best/jjt and/cc most/ql economical/jj processes/nns and/cc methods/nns for/in converting/vbg saline/jj water/nn into/in water/nn suitable/jj for/in beneficial/jj consumptive/jj purposes/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
conduct/vb engineering/vbg research/nn and/cc technical/jj development/nn work/nn to/to determine/vb ,/, by/in laboratory/nn and/cc pilot/nn plant/nn testing/nn ,/, the/at results/nns of/in the/at research/nn and/cc studies/nns aforesaid/rb in/in order/nn to/to develop/vb processes/nns and/cc plant/nn designs/nns to/in the/at point/nn where/wrb they/ppss can/md be/be demonstrated/vbn on/in a/at large/jj and/cc practical/jj scale/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
recommend/vb to/in the/at Congress/np from/in time/nn to/in time/nn authorization/nn for/in construction/nn and/cc operation/nn ,/, or/cc for/in participation/nn in/in the/at construction/nn and/cc operation/nn ,/, of/in a/at demonstration/nn plant/nn for/in any/dti process/nn which/wdt he/pps determines/vbz ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in subsections/nns (/( A/np-hl )/) and/cc (/( B/nn-tl )/) above/rb ,/, has/hvz great/jj promise/nn of/in accomplishing/vbg the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, such/jj recommendation/nn to/to be/be accompanied/vbn by/in a/at report/nn on/in the/at size/nn ,/, location/nn ,/, and/cc cost/nn of/in the/at proposed/vbn plant/nn and/cc the/at engineering/vbg and/cc economic/jj details/nns with/in respect/nn thereto/rb ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
study/vb methods/nns for/in the/at recovery/nn and/cc marketing/nn of/in commercially/rb valuable/jj byproducts/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at conversion/nn of/in saline/jj water/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl 
undertake/vb economic/jj studies/nns and/cc surveys/nns to/to determine/vb present/jj and/cc prospective/jj costs/nns of/in producing/vbg water/nn for/in beneficial/jj consumptive/jj purposes/nns in/in various/jj parts/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl by/in the/at leading/vbg saline/jj water/nn processes/nns as/cs compared/vbn with/in other/ap standard/jj methods/nns ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in carrying/vbg out/rp his/pp$ functions/nns under/in Section/nn-tl 2/cd of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl may/md --/-- (/(-hl A/at-tl-hl )/)-hl 
acquire/vb the/at services/nns of/in chemists/nns ,/, physicists/nns ,/, engineers/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap personnel/nns by/in contract/nn or/cc otherwise/rb ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl 
enter/vb into/in contracts/nns with/in educational/jj institutions/nns ,/, scientific/jj organizations/nns ,/, and/cc industrial/jj and/cc engineering/vbg firms/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
make/vb research/nn and/cc training/vbg grants/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
utilize/vb the/at facilities/nns of/in Federal/jj-tl scientific/jj laboratories/nns ;/. ;/.
(/( E/np )/) 
establish/vb and/cc operate/vb necessary/jj facilities/nns and/cc test/nn sites/nns at/in which/wdt to/to carry/vb on/rp the/at continuous/jj research/nn ,/, testing/nn ,/, development/nn ,/, and/cc programing/vbg necessary/jj to/to effectuate/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl F/np-hl )/)-hl 
acquire/vb secret/jj processes/nns ,/, technical/jj data/nn ,/, inventions/nns ,/, patent/nn applications/nns ,/, patents/nns ,/, licenses/nns ,/, land/nn and/cc interests/nns in/in land/nn (/( including/in water/nn rights/nns )/) ,/, plants/nns and/cc facilities/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap property/nn or/cc rights/nns by/in purchase/nn ,/, license/nn ,/, lease/nn ,/, or/cc donation/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl G/np-hl )/)-hl 
assemble/vb and/cc maintain/vb pertinent/jj and/cc current/jj scientific/jj literature/nn ,/, both/abx domestic/jj and/cc foreign/jj ,/, and/cc issue/vb bibliographical/jj data/nn with/in respect/nn thereto/rb ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl H/np-hl )/)-hl 
cause/vb on-site/jj inspections/nns to/to be/be made/vbn of/in promising/jj projects/nns ,/, domestic/jj and/cc foreign/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in projects/nns located/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, cooperate/vb and/cc participate/vb in/in their/pp$ development/nn in/in instances/nns in/in which/wdt the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl will/md be/be served/vbn thereby/rb ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl I/ppss-hl )/)-hl 
foster/vb and/cc participate/vb in/in regional/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc international/jj conferences/nns relating/vbg to/in saline/jj water/nn conversion/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl J/np-hl )/)-hl 
coordinate/vb ,/, correlate/vb ,/, and/cc publish/vb information/nn with/in a/at view/nn to/in advancing/vbg the/at development/nn of/in low-cost/nn saline/jj water/nn conversion/nn projects/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/(-hl K/np-hl )/)-hl 
cooperate/vb with/in other/ap Federal/jj-tl departments/nns and/cc agencies/nns ,/, with/in State/nn-tl and/cc local/jj departments/nns ,/, agencies/nns ,/, and/cc instrumentalities/nns ,/, and/cc with/in interested/vbn persons/nns ,/, firms/nns ,/, institutions/nns ,/, and/cc organizations/nns ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 4/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
Research/nn and/cc development/nn activities/nns undertaken/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md be/be coordinated/vbn or/cc conducted/vbn jointly/rb with/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl to/in the/at end/nn that/cs developments/nns under/in this/dt Act/nn-tl which/wdt are/ber primarily/rb of/in a/at civil/jj nature/nn will/md contribute/vb to/in the/at defense/nn of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl and/cc that/cs developments/nns which/wdt are/ber primarily/rb of/in a/at military/jj nature/nn will/md ,/, to/in the/at greatest/jjt practicable/jj extent/nn compatible/jj with/in military/jj and/cc security/nn requirements/nns ,/, be/be available/jj to/to advance/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl and/cc to/to strengthen/vb the/at civil/jj economy/nn of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./.
The/at fullest/jjt cooperation/nn by/in and/cc with/in Atomic/jj-tl Energy/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Health/nn-tl ,/, Education/nn-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Welfare/nn-tl ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc other/ap concerned/vbn agencies/nns shall/md also/rb be/be carried/vbn out/rp in/in the/at interest/nn of/in achieving/vbg the/at objectives/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl 
All/abn research/nn within/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl contracted/vbn for/in ,/, sponsored/vbn ,/, cosponsored/vbn ,/, or/cc authorized/vbn under/in authority/nn of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, shall/md be/be provided/vbn for/in in/in such/jj manner/nn that/cs all/abn information/nn ,/, uses/nns ,/, products/nns ,/, processes/nns ,/, patents/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap developments/nns resulting/vbg from/in such/jj research/nn developed/vbn by/in Government/nn-tl expenditure/nn will/md (/( with/in such/jj exceptions/nns and/cc limitations/nns ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, as/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl may/md find/vb to/to be/be necessary/jj in/in the/at interest/nn of/in national/jj defense/nn )/) be/be available/jj to/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./.
This/dt subsection/nn shall/md not/* be/be so/rb construed/vbn as/cs to/to deprive/vb the/at owner/nn of/in any/dti background/nn patent/nn relating/vbg thereto/rb of/in such/jj rights/nns as/cs he/pps may/md have/hv thereunder/rb ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 5/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Secretary/nn-tl may/md dispose/vb of/in water/nn and/cc byproducts/nns resulting/vbg from/in his/pp$ operations/nns under/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.
All/abn moneys/nns received/vbn from/in dispositions/nns under/in this/dt section/nn shall/md be/be paid/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl as/cs miscellaneous/jj receipts/nns )/) ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
Nothing/pn in/in the/at Act/nn-tl shall/md be/be construed/vbn to/to alter/vb existing/vbg law/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at ownership/nn and/cc control/nn of/in water/nn ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 6/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md make/vb reports/nns to/in the/at President/nn-tl and/cc the/at Congress/np at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in each/dt regular/jj session/nn of/in the/at action/nn taken/vbn or/cc instituted/vbn by/in him/ppo under/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl and/cc of/in prospective/jj action/nn during/in the/at ensuing/vbg year/nn ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 7/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl may/md issue/vb rules/nns and/cc regulations/nns to/to effectuate/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 8/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl

There/ex are/ber authorized/vbn to/to be/be appropriated/vbn such/jj sums/nns ,/, to/to remain/vb available/jj until/cs expended/vbn ,/, as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj ,/, but/cc not/* more/ap than/in $75,000,000/nns in/in all/abn ,/, (/( A/np )/) to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl during/in the/at fiscal/jj years/nns 1962/cd to/in 1967/cd ,/, inclusive/jj ;/. ;/.
(/( B/np )/) to/to finance/vb ,/, for/in not/* more/ap than/in two/cd years/nns beyond/in the/at end/nn of/in said/vbn period/nn ,/, such/jj grants/nns ,/, contracts/nns ,/, cooperative/jj agreements/nns ,/, and/cc studies/nns as/cs may/md theretofore/rb have/hv been/ben undertaken/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/( C/np )/) to/to finance/vb ,/, for/in not/* more/ap than/in three/cd years/nns beyond/in the/at end/nn of/in said/vbn period/nn ,/, such/jj activities/nns as/cs are/ber required/vbn to/to correlate/vb ,/, coordinate/vb ,/, and/cc round/vb out/rp the/at results/nns of/in studies/nns and/cc research/nn undertaken/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Act/nn-tl :/: Provided/vbn ,/, That/cs funds/nns available/jj in/in any/dti one/cd year/nn for/in research/nn and/cc development/nn may/md ,/, subject/jj to/in the/at approval/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl to/to assure/vb that/cs such/jj activities/nns are/ber consistent/jj with/in the/at foreign/jj policy/nn objectives/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, be/be expended/vbn in/in cooperation/nn with/in public/jj or/cc private/jj agencies/nns in/in foreign/jj countries/nns in/in the/at development/nn of/in processes/nns useful/jj to/in the/at program/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl :/: And/cc provided/vbn further/rbr ,/, That/cs every/at such/jj contract/nn or/cc agreement/nn made/vbn with/in any/dti public/jj or/cc private/jj agency/nn in/in a/at foreign/jj country/nn shall/md contain/vb provisions/nns effective/jj to/to insure/vb that/cs the/at results/nns or/cc information/nn developed/vbn in/in connection/nn therewith/rb shall/md be/be available/jj without/in cost/nn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl throughout/in the/at world/nn and/cc for/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at general/jj public/nn within/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in the/at joint/nn resolution/nn of/in September/np 2/cd ,/, 1958/cd (/( 72/cd Stat./nn-tl 1707/cd-tl ;/. ;/.
42/cd U./np S./np C./np 1958/cd (/( )/) )/) ,/, is/bez hereby/rb amended/vbn to/to read/vb :/: 

	The/at authority/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl under/in this/dt joint/jj resolution/nn to/to construct/vb ,/, operate/vb ,/, and/cc maintain/vb demonstration/nn plants/nns shall/md terminate/vb upon/in the/at expiration/nn of/in twelve/cd years/nns after/in the/at date/nn on/in which/wdt this/dt joint/jj resolution/nn is/bez approved/vbn ./.
Upon/in the/at expiration/nn of/in a/at period/nn deemed/vbn adequate/jj for/in demonstration/nn purposes/nns for/in each/dt plant/nn ,/, but/cc not/* to/to exceed/vb such/jj twelve-year/jj period/nn ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md proceed/vb as/ql promptly/rb as/cs practicable/jj to/to dispose/vb of/in any/dti plants/nns so/rb constructed/vbn by/in sale/nn to/in the/at highest/jjt bidder/nn ,/, or/cc as/cs may/md otherwise/rb be/be directed/vbn by/in Act/nn-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ./.
Upon/in such/jj sale/nn ,/, there/ex shall/md be/be returned/vbn to/in any/dti State/nn-tl or/cc public/jj agency/nn which/wdt has/hvz contributed/vbn financial/jj assistance/nn under/in Section/nn-tl 3/cd-tl of/in this/dt joint/jj resolution/nn a/at proper/jj share/nn of/in the/at net/jj proceeds/nns of/in the/at sale/nn ./.


	Approved/vbn September/np 22/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./.


	Be/be it/pps enacted/vbn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in Congress/np assembled/vbn ,/, That/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl is/bez hereby/rb authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to make/vb or/cc cause/vb to/to be/be made/vbn a/at study/nn covering/vbg --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at causes/nns of/in injuries/nns and/cc health/nn hazards/nns in/in Metal/nn-tl and/cc nonmetallic/jj mines/nns (/( excluding/in coal/nn and/cc lignite/nn mines/nns )/) ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at relative/jj effectiveness/nn of/in voluntary/jj versus/in mandatory/jj reporting/nn of/in accident/nn statistics/nns ;/. ;/.
(/( 3/cd )/) 
the/at relative/jj contribution/nn to/in safety/nn of/in inspection/nn programs/nns embodying/vbg --/-- (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
right-of-entry/nn only/rb and/cc (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
right-of-entry/nn plus/cc enforcement/nn authority/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at effectiveness/nn of/in health/nn and/cc safety/nn education/nn and/cc training/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at magnitude/nn of/in effort/nn and/cc costs/nns of/in each/dt of/in these/dts possible/jj phases/nns of/in an/at effective/jj safety/nn program/nn for/in metal/nn and/cc nonmetallic/jj mines/nns (/(-hl excluding/in-hl coal/nn-hl and/cc lignite/nn mines/nns )/) ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/(-hl 6/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at scope/nn and/cc adequacy/nn of/in State/nn-tl mine-safety/nn laws/nns applicable/jj to/in such/jj mines/nns and/cc the/at enforcement/nn of/in such/jj laws/nns ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl or/cc any/dti duly/rb authorized/vbn representative/nn shall/md be/be entitled/vbn to/in admission/nn to/in ,/, and/cc to/to require/vb reports/nns from/in the/at operator/nn of/in ,/, any/dti metal/nn or/cc nonmetallic/jj mine/nn which/wdt is/bez in/in a/at State/nn-tl (/( excluding/in any/dti coal/nn or/cc lignite/nn mine/nn )/) ,/, the/at products/nns of/in which/wdt regularly/rb enter/vb commerce/nn or/cc the/at operations/nns of/in which/wdt substantially/rb affect/vb commerce/nn ,/, for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in gathering/vbg data/nn and/cc information/nn necessary/jj for/in the/at study/nn authorized/vbn in/in the/at first/od section/nn of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
As/cs used/vbn in/in this/dt section/nn --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at term/nn ``/`` State/nn-tl-nc ''/'' includes/vbz the/at Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Puerto/np-tl Rico/np-tl and/cc any/dti possession/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at term/nn ``/`` commerce/nn-nc ''/'' means/vbz commerce/nn between/in any/dti State/nn-tl and/cc any/dti place/nn outside/in thereof/rb ,/, or/cc between/in points/nns within/in the/at same/ap State/nn-tl but/cc through/in any/dti place/nn outside/in thereof/rb ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl shall/md submit/vb a/at report/nn of/in his/pp$ findings/nns ,/, together/rb with/in recommendations/nns for/in an/at effective/jj safety/nn program/nn for/in metal/nn and/cc nonmetallic/jj mines/nns (/( excluding/in coal/nn and/cc lignite/nn mines/nns )/) based/vbn upon/in such/jj findings/nns ,/, to/in the/at Congress/np not/* more/ap than/in two/cd years/nns after/in the/at date/nn of/in enactment/nn of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.


	Approved/vbn September/np 26/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./.


	Be/be it/pps enacted/vbn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in Congress/np assembled/vbn ,/, That/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in the/at Interior/nn-tl is/bez hereby/rb authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to establish/vb and/cc maintain/vb a/at program/nn of/in stabilization/nn payments/nns to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns of/in lead/nn and/cc zinc/nn ores/nns and/cc concentrates/nns in/in order/nn to/to stabilize/vb the/at mining/nn of/in lead/nn and/cc zinc/nn by/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns on/in public/jj ,/, Indian/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap lands/nns as/cs provided/vbn in/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
Subject/jj to/in the/at limitations/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md make/vb stabilization/nn payments/nns to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns upon/in presentation/nn of/in evidence/nn satisfactory/jj to/in him/ppo of/in their/pp$ status/nn as/cs such/jj producers/nns and/cc of/in the/at sale/nn by/in them/ppo of/in newly/rb mined/vbn ores/nns ,/, or/cc concentrates/nns produced/vbn therefrom/rb ,/, as/cs provided/vbn in/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./.
Payments/nns shall/md be/be made/vbn only/rb with/in respect/nn to/in the/at metal/nn content/nn as/cs determined/vbn by/in assay/nn ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
Such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns of/in lead/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs the/at market/nn price/nn for/in common/jj lead/nn at/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, is/bez below/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ,/, and/cc such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be 75/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at difference/nn between/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn and/cc the/at average/jj market/nn price/nn for/in the/at month/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sale/nn occurred/vbd as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
Such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns of/in zinc/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs the/at market/nn price/nn for/in prime/jj western/jj zinc/nn at/in East/jj-tl Saint/np-tl Louis/np-tl ,/, Illinois/np ,/, as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, is/bez below/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ,/, and/cc such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be 55/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at difference/nn between/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn and/cc the/at average/jj market/nn price/nn for/in the/at month/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sale/nn occurred/vbd as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Act/nn-tl on/in account/nn of/in sales/nns of/in newly/rb mined/vbn ores/nns or/cc concentrates/nns produced/vbn therefrom/rb made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1962/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $4,500,000/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj sales/nns made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1963/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $4,500,000/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj sales/nns made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1964/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $4,000,000/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj sales/nns made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1965/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $3,500,000/nns ./.

In/in the/at same/ap period/nn ,/, 431/cd presentations/nns by/in members/nns of/in the/at staff/nn were/bed made/vbn to/in local/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc international/jj medical/jj groups/nns ./.
3/cd ./.
Education/nn :/: 
A/np-hl ./.-hl

The/at education/nn function/nn of/in the/at Institute/nn-tl is/bez carried/vbn on/rp by/in the/at staff/nn in/in the/at departments/nns of/in pathology/nn and/cc its/pp$ consultants/nns ./.
During/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1959/cd ,/, six/cd courses/nns were/bed conducted/vbn :/: Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Application/nn-tl of/in-tl Histochemistry/nn-tl to/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl Diseases/nns-tl of/in-tl Laboratory/nn-tl Animals/nns-tl ,/, Ophthalmic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Oral/jj-tl Regions/nns-tl ,/, and/cc a/at Cardiovasculatory/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl Seminar/nn-tl ./.
During/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1960/cd ,/, seven/cd courses/nns were/bed conducted/vbn :/: Application/nn-tl of/in-tl Histochemistry/nn-tl to/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl Diseases/nns-tl of/in-tl Laboratory/nn-tl Animals/nns-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Oral/jj-tl Regions/nns-tl ,/, Ophthalmic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Forensic/jj-tl Sciences/nns-tl Symposium/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Orthopedic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ./.
From/in 1/cd July/np 1960/cd through/in 31/cd January/np 1961/cd ,/, six/cd courses/nns were/bed conducted/vbn :/: Workshop/nn-tl in/in Resident/jj-tl Training/nn-tl in/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl Diseases/nns-tl of/in-tl Laboratory/nn-tl Animals/nns-tl ,/, Application/nn-tl of/in-tl Histochemistry/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Orthopedic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Forensic/jj-tl Sciences/nns-tl Symposium/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ./.
B/np-hl ./.-hl

During/in fiscal/jj years/nns 1959/cd and/cc 1960/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed 139/cd military/jj and/cc civilian/jj students/nns who/wps came/vbd to/in the/at Institute/nn-tl for/in varying/vbg periods/nns of/in special/jj instruction/nn ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl
Research/nn-hl :/:-hl 
The/at Institute/nn-tl is/bez engaged/vbn in/in an/at extensive/jj program/nn of/in medico-military/jj scientific/jj research/nn in/in both/abx morphological/jj and/cc experimental/jj pathology/nn ./.
Among/in the/at specific/jj areas/nns of/in concentration/nn in/in which/wdt the/at staff/nn is/bez engaged/vbn ,/, are/ber such/jj projects/nns as/cs biological/jj and/cc biochemical/jj studies/nns of/in the/at effects/nns of/in microwaves/nns ;/. ;/.
study/nn of/in motor/nn end/nn plates/nns in/in man/nn and/cc animals/nns ;/. ;/.
investigation/nn of/in respiratory/jj diseases/nns of/in laboratory/nn animals/nns ;/. ;/.
metabolic/jj responses/nns to/in reduced/vbn oxygen/nn tension/nn ;/. ;/.
neuropathology/nn of/in nuclear/jj and/cc cosmic/jj radiation/nn ;/. ;/.
carcinoma/nn of/in prostate/nn ;/. ;/.
evaluation/nn of/in histochemical/jj techniques/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc hip/nn dysplasia/nn in/in dogs/nns ./.
There/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at increase/nn in/in cooperative/jj research/nn with/in other/ap Federal/jj-tl agencies/nns and/cc civilian/jj institutions/nns ./.


	During/in the/at period/nn from/in 1/cd July/np 1960/cd through/in 31/cd January/np 1961/cd ,/, additional/jj research/nn affiliations/nns were/bed effected/vbn with/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Development/nn-tl Command/nn-tl to/to conduct/vb research/nn in/in procedures/nns for/in quantitative/jj electron/nn microscopy/nn ,/, and/cc for/in the/at study/nn of/in biophysical/jj and/cc biological/jj studies/nns of/in the/at structure/nn and/cc function/nn of/in ocular/jj tissue/nn ./.
Also/rb ,/, the/at Defense/nn-tl Atomic/jj-tl Support/nn-tl Agency/nn-tl sponsored/vbd a/at long-range/nn study/nn at/in this/dt Institute/nn-tl on/in the/at response/nn of/in massive/jj suspension/nn cultures/nns of/in mammalian/jj cells/nns to/in acute/jj radiation/nn ./.
Other/ap scientific/jj agencies/nns ,/, both/abx Federal/jj-tl and/cc civilian/jj ,/, supported/vbd studies/nns in/in quantitative/jj electron/nn microscopical/jj approach/nn to/in microchemistry/nn and/cc microcytochemistry/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at investigation/nn of/in the/at relationship/nn of/in diphosphopyridine/nn nucleotide/nn synthesizine/nn enzyme/nn to/in tumor/nn growth/nn ;/. ;/.
morphological/jj study/nn and/cc classification/nn of/in leukemia/nn and/cc lymphoma/nn cases/nns in/in animals/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at study/nn of/in structural/jj changes/nns in/in M./np leprae/nn and/cc other/ap mycobacteria/nns ./.
Medical/jj-tl-hl Illustration/nn-tl-hl Service/nn-tl-hl 
1/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl

The/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl is/bez responsible/jj for/in the/at collection/nn ,/, publication/nn ,/, exhibition/nn ,/, and/cc file/nn of/in medical/jj illustration/nn material/nn of/in medico-military/jj importance/nn to/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in maintaining/vbg a/at permanent/jj central/jj file/nn of/in illustrations/nns of/in diseases/nns ,/, wounds/nns ,/, and/cc injuries/nns of/in military/jj importance/nn ,/, it/pps provides/vbz facilities/nns for/in clinical/jj photography/nn ,/, photomicrography/nn ,/, and/cc medical/jj arts/nns ,/, and/cc operates/vbz a/at printing/vbg plant/nn ,/, by/in permission/nn of/in Congressional/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, for/in publication/nn of/in an/at ``/`` Atlas/nn-tl of/in-tl Tumor/nn-tl Pathology/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
It/pps also/rb maintains/vbz shops/nns for/in the/at design/nn and/cc fabrication/nn of/in exhibits/nns ,/, training/vbg aids/nns and/cc instruments/nns and/cc libraries/nns for/in the/at loan/nn of/in films/nns and/cc teaching/vbg lantern/nn slide/nn sets/nns ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

During/in this/dt period/nn ,/, a/at total/nn of/in 762/cd exhibits/nns were/bed presented/vbn at/in 442/cd medical/jj and/cc scientific/jj meetings/nns ./.
Of/in these/dts exhibits/nns ,/, 154/cd were/bed newly/rb constructed/vbn ./.
Twenty-nine/cd exhibits/nns received/vbd awards/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Visual/jj and/cc operable/jj training/vbg aids/nns developed/vbn by/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ,/, were/bed used/vbn in/in support/nn of/in Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Service/nn-tl mass/jj casualty/nn exercises/nns ./.
Members/nns of/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl lectured/vbd and/cc conducted/vbd demonstrations/nns on/in the/at use/nn of/in training/vbg aids/nns to/in military/jj personnel/nns and/cc various/jj civilian/jj medical/jj organizations/nns ./.
Demonstrations/nns of/in new/jj and/cc projected/vbn training/vbg aids/nns were/bed conducted/vbn at/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Instructor's/nn$-tl Conference/nn-tl ,/, Brooke/np-tl Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Center/nn-tl ,/, Texas/np ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in support/nn of/in the/at emphasis/nn placed/vbn by/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl on/in instruction/nn in/in emergency/nn medical/jj care/nn ,/, the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl developed/vbd casualty/nn simulation/nn kits/nns and/cc rescue/nn breathing/vbg manikins/nns which/wdt are/ber being/beg field/nn tested/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc overhead/jj projector/nn transparency/nn sets/nns on/in the/at subjects/nns of/in Military/jj-tl Sanitation/nn-tl :/: First/od-tl Aid/nn-tl For/in-tl Soldiers/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
Bandaging/nn-tl And/cc-tl Splinting/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
The/at-tl Emergency/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Treatment/nn-tl Unit/nn-tl ,/, Phase/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc Emergency/nn-tl War/nn-tl Surgery/nn-tl in/in support/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl Treaty/nn-tl Organization/nn-tl (/( NATO/np )/) Handbook/nn-tl ./.
Fifty/cd lantern/nn slide/nn teaching/vbg sets/nns on/in the/at subject/nn of/in ``/`` Emergency/nn-tl War/nn-tl Surgery/nn-tl (/( NATO/np )/) ''/'' were/bed assembled/vbn and/cc distributed/vbn to/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Military/jj-tl Services/nns-tl of/in foreign/jj Governments/nns-tl associated/vbd with/in NATO/np-tl and/cc South-East/jj-tl Asia/np-tl Treaty/nn-tl Organization/nn-tl ./.
The/at British/jj and/cc Canadian/jj Liaison/nn-tl Officers/nns-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Civil/jj-tl and/cc-tl Defense/nn-tl Mobilization/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Red/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl ,/, and/cc similar/jj interested/vbn organizations/nns were/bed informed/vbn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn as/cs training/vbg aids/nns were/bed developed/vbn ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

Nine/cd veterinary/jj lantern/nn slide/nn teaching/vbg sets/nns were/bed developed/vbn and/cc distributed/vbn ,/, and/cc lantern/nn slide/nn teaching/vbg sets/nns on/in 21/cd pathology/nn subjects/nns were/bed added/vbn to/in the/at loan/nn library/nn of/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./.
Illustrations/nns were/bed prepared/vbn for/in 11/cd Department/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Army/nn-tl manuals/nns and/cc one/cd Graphic/jj-tl Training/nn-tl Aid/nn-tl ./.
Sixteen/cd lantern/nn slide/nn sets/nns were/bed loaned/vbn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl and/cc eight/cd sets/nns were/bed forwarded/vbn to/in the/at U.S./np-tl Embassy/nn-tl ,/, Managua/np ,/, Nicaragua/np for/in the/at Educational/jj-tl Exchange/nn-tl Program/nn-tl ./.
The/at Senate/nn-tl Subcommittee/nn-tl on/in-tl Reorganization/nn-tl and/cc-tl International/jj-tl Organizations/nns-tl was/bedz provided/vbn samples/nns of/in visual/jj aids/nns on/in first/od aid/nn and/cc personal/jj health/nn produced/vbn by/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./.
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

Six/cd fascicles/nns (/( 10,000/cd copies/nns each/dt )/) of/in the/at ``/`` Atlas/nn-tl Of/in-tl Tumor/nn-tl Pathology/nn-tl ''/'' were/bed completed/vbn during/in the/at period/nn of/in this/dt report/nn ./.
The/at-hl American/jj-hl Registry/nn-tl-hl Of/in-tl-hl Pathology/nn-tl-hl 
This/dt consists/vbz of/in 25/cd individual/ap registries/nns ,/, two/cd of/in which/wdt were/bed added/vbn during/in fiscal/jj years/nns 1959-1960/cd (/( The/at-tl Registry/nn-tl Of/in-tl Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl and/cc The/at-tl Testicular/jj-tl Tumor/nn-tl Registry/nn-tl )/) ./.
These/dts registries/nns are/ber sponsored/vbn by/in 18/cd national/jj medical/jj ,/, dental/jj ,/, and/cc veterinary/jj societies/nns and/cc have/hv as/cs their/pp$ mission/nn the/at assembling/vbg of/in selected/vbn cases/nns of/in interest/nn to/in military/jj medicine/nn and/cc of/in establishing/vbg through/in the/at mechanism/nn of/in follow-up/nn of/in living/vbg patients/nns the/at natural/jj history/nn of/in various/jj diseases/nns of/in military-medical/jj importance/nn ./.
The/at American/jj Registry/nn-tl Of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl operates/vbz as/cs a/at cooperative/jj enterprise/nn in/in medical/jj research/nn and/cc education/nn between/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl and/cc the/at civilian/jj medical/jj profession/nn on/in a/at national/jj and/cc international/jj basis/nn ,/, under/in such/jj conditions/nns as/cs may/md be/be agreed/vbn upon/rb between/in the/at National/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl and/cc The/at-tl Surgeons/nns-tl General/jj-tl of/in the/at Army/nn-tl ,/, Navy/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ./.
The/at staff/nn utilized/vbd the/at collected/vbn material/nn in/in these/dts registries/nns for/in numerous/jj lectures/nns to/in national/jj and/cc international/jj meetings/nns ,/, exhibits/nns ,/, and/cc published/vbn studies/nns ./.
During/in the/at period/nn of/in this/dt report/nn ,/, 37,470/cd new/jj cases/nns were/bed entered/vbn into/in the/at various/jj registries/nns ./.
These/dts were/bed selected/vbn carefully/rb and/cc included/vbn not/* only/rb detailed/vbn clinical/jj information/nn but/cc adequate/jj pathology/nn of/in value/nn for/in research/nn and/cc educational/jj purposes/nns ./.


	In/in this/dt same/ap period/nn ,/, six/cd new/jj fascicles/nns of/in the/at Atlas/nn-tl Of/in-tl Tumor/nn-tl Pathology/nn-tl were/bed published/vbn and/cc distributed/vbn to/in medical/jj centers/nns world-wide/rb ./.
There/ex were/bed 54,320/cd copies/nns of/in fascicles/nns sold/vbn and/cc 642/cd copies/nns distributed/vbn free/jj during/in this/dt period/nn ./.
Forty-five/cd new/jj Clinico-pathologic/jj-tl Conferences/nns-tl were/bed prepared/vbn ,/, bringing/vbg the/at total/nn to/in 61/cd available/jj for/in loan/nn distribution/nn ./.
Nine/cd new/jj teaching/vbg Clinico-pathologic/jj-tl Conference/nn-tl sets/nns were/bed prepared/vbn ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz a/at total/nn of/in 70/cd types/nns of/in teaching/vbg sets/nns for/in loan/nn ./.
During/in this/dt period/nn ,/, 7,827/cd teaching/vbg sets/nns were/bed distributed/vbn on/in loan/nn ./.
The/at Clinico-pathologic/jj-tl Conferences/nns-tl have/hv been/ben acknowledged/vbn as/cs of/in great/jj value/nn and/cc in/in consequent/jj great/jj demand/nn by/in the/at small/jj isolated/vbn military/jj hospitals/nns ./.
The/at demand/nn for/in teaching/vbg sets/vbz continues/vbz unabated/jj since/cs they/ppss provide/vb the/at means/nn for/in the/at military/jj physicians/nns to/to review/vb the/at pathology/nn of/in selected/vbn disease/nn processes/nns or/cc organ/nn systems/nns for/in review/nn of/in basic/jj sciences/nns and/cc correlation/nn of/in clinical/jj physiological/jj behavior/nn with/in structural/jj changes/nns ./.
The/at-hl Medical/jj-tl-hl Museum/nn-tl-hl 
In/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1959/cd ,/, the/at Medical/jj-tl Museum/nn-tl was/bedz moved/vbn to/in Chase/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, a/at temporary/jj building/nn on/in Independence/nn-tl Avenue/nn-tl at/in Ninth/od-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, Southwest/jj-tl ,/, and/cc continued/vbd to/to display/vb to/in the/at public/nn the/at achievements/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Medical/jj-tl Services/nns-tl ./.
During/in the/at period/nn of/in this/dt report/nn ,/, 63/cd panel/nn exhibits/nns depicting/vbg the/at latest/jjt developments/nns in/in medical/jj research/nn were/bed displayed/vbn ./.
Of/in the/at 375/cd exhibits/nns (/( of/in all/abn types/nns )/) shown/vbn ,/, 161/cd were/bed new/jj or/cc refurbished/vbn ./.
Of/in the/at 885/cd specimens/nns newly/rb mounted/vbn or/cc refurbished/vbn ,/, 254/cd were/bed prepared/vbn for/in other/ap agencies/nns ./.
Eighty-five/cd specimens/nns were/bed loaned/vbn for/in study/nn purposes/nns ./.
An/at exhibit/nn ,/, ``/`` Macropathology/nn-tl --/-- An/at-tl Ancient/jj-tl Art/nn-tl ,/, A/at-tl New/jj-tl Science/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, was/bedz presented/vbn at/in the/at annual/jj meeting/nn of/in the/at American/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./.


	A/at three-dimensional/jj exhibit/nn depicting/vbg ``/`` A/at-tl Century/nn-tl Of/in-tl Naval/jj-tl Medicine/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz formally/rb presented/vbn to/in The/at-tl Director/nn-tl by/in George/np S./np Squibb/np ,/, great-grandson/nn of/in the/at founder/nn of/in E./np-tl R./np-tl Squibb/np-tl and/cc-tl Sons/nns-tl ,/, for/in permanent/jj display/nn in/in the/at Museum/nn-tl ./.


	Space/nn was/bedz provided/vbn for/in short-time/nn guest/nn medical/jj exhibits/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Museum/nn-tl collected/vbd new/jj accessions/nns of/in microscopes/nns ,/, medical/jj ,/, surgical/jj ,/, and/cc diagnostic/jj instruments/nns ,/, uniform/jj ,/, and/cc similar/jj items/nns of/in historical/jj medico-military/jj significance/nn ./.


	During/in the/at period/nn ,/, the/at laboratory/nn rendered/vbd centralized/vbn macropathological/jj service/nn to/in qualified/vbn requesters/nns ./.
Specimens/nns were/bed mounted/vbn for/in military/jj installations/nns ,/, governmental/jj agencies/nns ,/, and/cc medical/jj schools/nns ./.


	Three/cd hundred/cd five/cd copies/nns of/in the/at Manual/nn-tl Of/in-tl Macropathological/jj-tl Techniques/nns-tl were/bed distributed/vbn ./.
Thirty-five/cd military/jj and/cc civilian/jj students/nns received/vbd laboratory/nn training/nn ./.


	During/in fiscal/jj years/nns 1959/cd and/cc 1960/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed 795,586/cd visitors/nns to/in the/at Museum/nn-tl ./.


	During/in the/at period/nn from/in 1/cd July/np 1960/cd through/in 31/cd January/np 1961/cd ,/, the/at Medical/jj-tl Museum/nn-tl was/bedz required/vbn to/to move/vb to/in Temporary/jj-tl Building/nn-tl ``/`` S/np-tl ''/'' on/in the/at Mall/nn-tl from/in Chase/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ./.
Throughout/in the/at period/nn and/cc during/in the/at movement/nn operation/nn ,/, the/at Museum/nn-tl continued/vbd its/pp$ functional/jj support/nn of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ./.



Armed/vbn-tl-hl Forces/nns-tl-hl Medical/jj-tl-hl Publication/nn-tl-hl Agency/nn-tl-hl 
The/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Medical/jj-tl Publication/nn-tl Agency/nn-tl ,/, established/vbn in/in 1949/cd ,/, has/hvz published/vbn ,/, since/in January/np 1950/cd ,/, The/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Medical/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl as/cs a/at triservice/nn publication/nn to/to furnish/vb material/nn of/in professional/jj interest/nn to/in Medical/jj-tl Department/nn-tl officers/nns of/in the/at three/cd military/jj services/nns ./.
Its/pp$ supplement/nn ,/, The/at-tl Medical/jj-tl Technicians/nns-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, supplied/vbd similar/jj material/nn to/in enlisted/vbn medical/jj personnel/nns ./.
These/dts publications/nns replaced/vbd the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, published/vbn continuously/rb from/in 1907/cd through/in 1959/cd ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at Navy's/nn$-tl Hospital/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl Quarterly/nn-tl and/cc the/at Bulletin/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, published/vbn from/in 1922/cd to/in 1949/cd ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, their/pp$ establishment/nn made/vbd it/ppo unnecessary/jj to/to begin/vb publication/nn of/in a/at contemplated/vbn Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl medical/jj bulletin/nn ./.
Estimated/vbn annual/jj savings/nns resulting/vbg from/in publication/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl and/cc Bulletin/nn-tl on/in a/at triservice/nn basis/nn ,/, as/cs compared/vbn with/in the/at cost/nn of/in producing/vbg separate/jj periodicals/nns for/in each/dt service/nn ,/, were/bed between/in $65,000/nns and/cc $70,000/nns ./.
Additionally/rb ,/, on/in the/at many/ap ships/nns at/in sea/nn and/cc in/in the/at smaller/jjr naval/jj stations/nns ,/, the/at availability/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl removed/vbd the/at necessity/nn of/in subscribing/vbg to/in several/ap additional/jj journals/nns of/in civilian/jj origin/nn over/in and/cc above/in the/at quantity/nn now/rb authorized/vbn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to provide/vb any/dti reasonably/rb comparable/jj coverage/nn ./.


	From/in 1/cd July/np 1958/cd to/in 30/cd June/np 1960/cd ,/, 24/cd numbers/nns of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl and/cc nine/cd of/in the/at Bulletin/nn-tl were/bed published/vbn ./.
Each/dt Journal/nn-tl contained/vbd articles/nns of/in professional/jj and/cc clinical/jj interest/nn ,/, and/cc departments/nns devoted/vbn to/in military/jj medical/jj news/nn ,/, reviews/nns of/in new/jj books/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap features/nns of/in interest/nn to/in officers/nns of/in the/at medical/jj services/nns ./.
The/at Council/nn-tl on/in-tl National/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl American/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl contributed/vbd a/at brief/jj article/nn to/in each/dt issue/nn entitled/vbn ,/, ``/`` This/dt-tl Is/bez-tl Your/pp$-tl A.M.A./np-tl ''/'' ./.


	Beginning/vbg with/in the/at October/np 1959/cd issue/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl ,/, the/at method/nn of/in production/nn of/in copy/nn for/in photo-offset/nn reproduction/nn was/bedz changed/vbn from/in varityping/vbg to/in hot/jj typesetting/nn ./.
This/dt resulted/vbd in/in an/at improved/vbn appearance/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz followed/vbn by/in an/at increase/nn in/in printing/vbg cost/nn that/wps necessitated/vbd the/at institution/nn of/in major/jj economies/nns to/to keep/vb within/in the/at total/nn of/in allocated/vbn funds/nns ./.
The/at use/nn of/in 100/cd instead/rb of/in 140/cd substance/nn paper/nn plus/cc the/at adoption/nn of/in side/nn stapling/nn beginning/vbg with/in the/at May/np 1960/cd issue/nn reduced/vbd costs/nns sufficiently/rb to/to allow/vb completion/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn with/in nearly/rb $4,000/nns in/in unexpended/jj funds/nns ./.


	Two/cd special/jj issues/nns were/bed published/vbn ,/, one/cd for/in November/np 1959/cd on/in Space/nn-tl Medicine/nn-tl ,/, the/at other/ap the/at Tenth/od-tl Anniversary/nn-tl issue/nn for/in January/np 1960/cd ./.
The/at February/np 1960/cd issue/nn marked/vbd the/at reinstitution/nn of/in the/at section/nn entitled/vbn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Medical/jj-tl Officer/nn-tl Writes/vbz-tl ''/'' ./.
Replacing/vbg the/at discontinued/vbn Medical/jj-tl Technicians/nns-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, publication/nn of/in which/wdt was/bedz suspended/vbn with/in the/at November-December/np 1959/cd issue/nn ,/, a/at section/nn called/vbn ``/`` Technical/jj-tl Notes/nns-tl ''/'' was/bedz inaugurated/vbn on/in a/at bimonthly/jj basis/nn beginning/vbg with/in the/at April/np 1960/cd issue/nn ./.
Occasional/jj features/nns were/bed published/vbn on/in historical/jj medicine/nn ,/, special/jj reports/nns ,/, bibliography/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` Collector's/nn$-tl Items/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
In/in May/np 1960/cd ,/, the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl began/vbd a/at series/nn of/in articles/nns on/in the/at ``/`` Medical/jj-tl Museum/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc in/in June/np ,/, the/at Institute/nn-tl started/vbd contributing/vbg a/at regular/jj monthly/jj ``/`` Case/nn-tl For/in-tl Diagnosis/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at Institute/nn-tl also/rb planned/vbd to/to furnish/vb a/at regular/jj series/nn of/in articles/nns ,/, beginning/vbg in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1960/cd ,/, on/in its/pp$ more/ql significant/jj Scientific/jj-tl Exhibits/nns-tl ./.


	The/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Epidemiological/jj-tl Board/nn-tl agreed/vbd to/to submit/vb each/dt month/nn a/at report/nn for/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ 12/cd commissions/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs each/dt commission/nn will/md report/vb once/rb a/at year/nn on/in some/dti phase/nn of/in its/pp$ work/nn calculated/vbn to/to be/be of/in particular/jj interest/nn and/cc value/nn to/in medical/jj officers/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ./.
The/at first/od report/nn in/in this/dt continuing/vbg series/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at September/np 1960/cd issue/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl ./.

Another/dt recent/jj achievement/nn was/bedz the/at successful/jj development/nn of/in a/at method/nn for/in the/at complete/jj combustion/nn in/in a/at bomb/nn calorimeter/nn of/in a/at metal/nn in/in fluorine/nn when/wrb the/at product/nn is/bez relatively/ql non-volatile/jj ./.
This/dt work/nn gave/vbd a/at heat/nn of/in formation/nn of/in aluminum/nn fluoride/nn which/wdt closely/rb substantiates/vbz a/at value/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben determined/vbn by/in a/at less/ql direct/jj method/nn ,/, and/cc raises/vbz this/dt property/nn to/in 15/cd percent/nn above/in that/dt accepted/vbn a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ./.
Similar/jj measurements/nns are/ber being/beg initiated/vbn to/to resolve/vb a/at large/jj discrepancy/nn in/in the/at heat/nn of/in formation/nn of/in another/dt important/jj combustion/nn product/nn ,/, beryllium/nn fluoride/nn ./.


	The/at development/nn and/cc testing/nn of/in new/jj apparatus/nn to/to measure/vb other/ap properties/nns is/bez nearing/vbg completion/nn ./.
In/in one/cd of/in these/dts ,/, an/at exploding-wire/nn device/nn to/to study/vb systems/nns thermodynamically/rb up/rp to/in 6,000/cd Af/nn and/cc 100/cd atmospheres/nns pressure/nn ,/, a/at major/jj goal/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn ./.
The/at accuracy/nn of/in measuring/vbg the/at total/nn electrical/jj energy/nn entering/vbg an/at exploding/vbg wire/nn during/in a/at few/ap microseconds/nns was/bedz verified/vbn when/wrb two/cd independent/jj types/nns of/in comparison/nn with/in the/at heat/nn energy/nn produced/vbn had/hvd an/at uncertainty/nn of/in less/ap than/in 2/cd percent/nn ./.
This/dt agreement/nn is/bez considered/vbn very/ql good/jj for/in such/ql short/jj time/nn intervals/nns ./.
The/at method/nn of/in calibration/nn employs/vbz a/at fixed/vbn resistance/nn element/nn as/cs a/at calorimeter/nn ./.
The/at element/nn is/bez inserted/vbn in/in the/at discharge/nn circuit/nn in/in place/nn of/in the/at exploding/vbg wire/nn ,/, and/cc the/at calorimetric/jj heating/nn of/in the/at element/nn is/bez measured/vbn with/in high/jj accuracy/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez used/vbn as/cs a/at reference/nn for/in comparing/vbg the/at ohmic/jj heating/nn and/cc the/at electrical/jj energy/nn obtained/vbn from/in the/at measured/vbn current/nn through/in the/at element/nn and/cc the/at measured/vbn voltage/nn across/in the/at element/nn ./.


	A/at high-speed/nn shutter/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn in/in order/nn to/to permit/vb photographic/jj observation/nn of/in any/dti portion/nn of/in the/at electrical/jj wire/nn explosion/nn ./.
The/at shutter/nn consists/vbz of/in two/cd parts/nns :/: a/at fast-opening/jj part/nn and/cc a/at fast-closing/jj part/nn ./.
Using/vbg Edgerton's/np$ method/nn ,/, the/at fast-closing/jj action/nn is/bez obtained/vbn from/in the/at blackening/nn of/in a/at window/nn by/in exploding/vbg a/at series/nn of/in parallel/jj lead/nn wires/nns ./.
The/at fast-opening/jj of/in the/at shutter/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at piece/nn of/in aluminum/nn foil/nn (/( approximately/rb Af/nn )/) placed/vbn directly/rb in/in front/nn of/in the/at camera/nn lens/nn so/cs that/cs no/at light/nn may/md pass/vb into/in the/at camera/nn ./.
The/at opening/vbg action/nn is/bez obtained/vbn when/wrb a/at capacitor/nn ,/, charged/vbn to/in high/jj voltage/nn ,/, is/bez suddenly/rb discharged/vbn through/in the/at foil/nn ./.
During/in the/at discharge/nn the/at magnetic/jj forces/nns set/vbn up/rp by/in the/at passage/nn of/in current/nn cause/vb the/at edges/nns of/in the/at foil/nn to/to roll/vb inward/rb toward/in its/pp$ center/nn line/nn ,/, thus/rb allowing/vbg light/nn to/to pass/vb into/in the/at camera/nn ./.
Experiments/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs the/at shutter/nn is/bez 75/cd percent/nn open/jj in/in about/rb 60-80/cd microseconds/nns ./.
The/at shutter/nn aperture/nn may/md be/be made/vbn larger/jjr or/cc smaller/jjr by/in changing/vbg the/at foil/nn area/nn and/cc adjusting/vbg the/at electrical/jj energy/nn input/nn to/in the/at foil/nn ./.
Laboratory/nn-hl measurements/nns-hl of/in-hl interstellar/jj-hl radio/nn-hl spectra/nns-hl ./.

Besides/in the/at well-known/jj hydrogen/nn line/nn at/in 21/cd cm/nn wavelength/nn ,/, the/at spectra/nns of/in extraterrestrial/jj radio/nn sources/nns may/md contain/vb sharp/jj lines/nns characteristic/jj of/in other/ap atoms/nns ,/, ions/nns ,/, and/cc small/jj molecules/nns ./.
The/at detection/nn and/cc study/nn of/in such/jj line/nn spectra/nns would/md add/vb considerably/rb to/in present/jj information/nn on/in interstellar/jj gas/nn clouds/nns and/cc ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, planetary/jj atmospheres/nns ./.
Among/in the/at most/ql likely/jj producers/nns of/in detectable/jj radio/nn line/nn spectra/nns are/ber the/at light/jj diatomic/jj hydrides/nns OH/nn and/cc CH/nn ;/. ;/.
somewhat/ql less/ql likely/jj sources/nns are/ber the/at heavier/jjr hydrides/nns SH/nn ,/, SiH/nn ,/, and/cc Aj/nn ./.
Very/ql small/jj concentrations/nns of/in these/dts hydrides/nns should/md be/be detectable/jj ;/. ;/.
in/in interstellar/jj gas/nn ,/, concentrations/nns as/ql low/jj as/cs Af/nn molecules/nns per/in Af/nn may/md be/be sufficient/jj ,/, as/cs compared/vbn to/in the/at Af/nn hydrogen/nn atom's/nn$ Af/nn required/vbn for/in detection/nn of/in the/at 21-cm/nn line/nn ./.


	High/jj sensitivity/nn in/in radio/nn telescopes/nns is/bez achieved/vbn by/in reducing/vbg the/at bandwidth/nn of/in the/at receiver/nn ;/. ;/.
therefore/rb ,/, only/rb with/in precise/jj foreknowledge/nn of/in the/at line/nn frequencies/nns is/bez an/at astronomical/jj search/nn for/in the/at radio/nn spectra/nns of/in these/dts molecules/nns feasible/jj ./.
To/to secure/vb precise/jj measurements/nns of/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, a/at research/nn program/nn in/in free/jj radical/nn microwave/nn spectroscopy/nn has/hvz been/ben started/vbn ./.
Since/cs conventional/jj methods/nns are/ber insensitive/jj at/in the/at low/jj frequencies/nns of/in these/dts molecular/jj transitions/nns ,/, the/at paramagnetic/jj resonance/nn method/nn is/bez being/beg used/vbn instead/rb ./.
This/dt involves/vbz the/at application/nn of/in a/at strong/jj magnetic/jj field/nn to/in the/at radical/nn vapor/nn ,/, which/wdt shifts/vbz the/at low-frequency/nn spectra/nns to/in a/at conveniently/rb high/jj microwave/nn range/nn ,/, where/wrb they/ppss may/md be/be measured/vbn with/in optimum/jj sensitivity/nn ./.


	The/at first/od diatomic/jj hydride/nn investigated/vbn by/in the/at paramagnetic/jj resonance/nn method/nn was/bedz the/at OH/nn radical/nn ./.
Results/nns of/in this/dt experiment/nn include/vb the/at frequencies/nns of/in the/at two/cd strong/jj spectral/jj lines/nns by/in which/wdt OH/nn may/md be/be identified/vbn in/in interstellar/jj gas/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at frequencies/nns are/ber 1665.32/cd and/cc 1667.36/cd Af/nn ,/, with/in an/at uncertainty/nn of/in 0.10/cd Af/nn ./.
Success/nn in/in observing/vbg these/dts spectral/jj lines/nns has/hvz so/ql far/rb ,/, apparently/rb ,/, been/ben confined/vbn to/in the/at laboratory/nn ;/. ;/.
extraterrestrial/jj observations/nns have/hv yet/rb to/to be/be reported/vbn ./.
Preparations/nns are/ber being/beg made/vbn for/in similar/jj experiments/nns on/in CH/nn and/cc SH/nn radicals/nns ./.
Low/jj-hl temperature/nn-hl thermometry/nn-hl ./.-hl

The/at Bureau/nn-tl is/bez pursuing/vbg an/at active/jj program/nn to/to provide/vb a/at temperature/nn scale/nn and/cc thermometer/nn calibration/nn services/nns in/in the/at range/nn 1.5/cd to/in 20/cd Af/nn ./.
The/at efforts/nns and/cc accomplishments/nns fall/vb into/in three/cd main/jjs categories/nns :/: absolute/jj thermometry/nn based/vbn upon/in the/at velocity/nn of/in sound/nn in/in helium/nn gas/nn ,/, secondary/jj thermometry/nn involving/vbg principally/rb studies/nns of/in the/at behavior/nn of/in germanium/nn resistors/nns ,/, and/cc helium-4/nn vapor-pressure/nn measurements/nns (/( see/vb p./nn 144/cd )/) ./.
Acoustical/jj-hl interferometer/nn-hl ./.

An/at acoustical/jj interferometer/nn has/hvz been/ben constructed/vbn and/cc used/vbn ,/, with/in helium/nn gas/nn as/cs the/at thermometric/jj fluid/nn ,/, to/to measure/vb temperatures/nns near/in 4.2/cd and/cc 2.1/cd Af/nn ./.
Such/abl an/at interferometer/nn provides/vbz a/at means/nn of/in absolute/jj temperature/nn measurement/nn ,/, and/cc may/md be/be used/vbn as/cs an/at alternative/nn to/in the/at gas/nn thermometer/nn ./.
When/wrb values/nns of/in temperature/nn derived/vbn with/in this/dt instrument/nn were/bed compared/vbn with/in the/at accepted/vbn values/nns associated/vbn with/in liquid/nn helium-4/nn vapor/nn pressures/nns ,/, differences/nns of/in about/rb 10/cd and/cc 7/cd millidegrees/nns respectively/rb were/bed found/vbn ./.
This/dt result/nn is/bez preliminary/jj ,/, and/cc work/nn is/bez continuing/vbg ./.
Resistance/nn-hl thermometers/nns-hl ./.-hl

Carbon/nn resistors/nns and/cc impurity-doped/jj germanium/nn resistors/nns have/hv been/ben investigated/vbn for/in use/nn as/cs precision/jj secondary/jj thermometers/nns in/in the/at liquid/nn helium/nn temperature/nn region/nn ./.
Several/ap germanium/nn resistors/nns have/hv been/ben thermally/rb cycled/vbn from/in 300/cd to/in 4.2/cd Af/nn and/cc their/pp$ resistances/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to be/be reproducible/jj within/in 1/3/cd millidegree/nn when/wrb temperatures/nns were/bed derived/vbn from/in a/at vapor/nn pressure/nn thermometer/nn whose/wp$ tubing/nn is/bez jacketed/vbn through/in most/ap of/in the/at liquid/nn helium/nn ./.
Preliminary/jj calibrations/nns of/in the/at resistors/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn from/in 4.21/cd to/in 2.16/cd Af/nn at/in every/at 0.1/cd Af/nn ./.
The/at estimated/vbn standard/jj deviations/nns of/in the/at data/nn for/in two/cd of/in the/at resistors/nns were/bed 1/cd millidegree/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc for/in the/at third/od resistor/nn ,/, 3.3/cd millidegrees/nns ./.
Vapor/nn-hl pressure/nn-hl method/nn-hl ./.-hl

The/at reproducibilities/nns of/in helium/nn vapor-pressure/nn thermometers/nns have/hv been/ben investigated/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in a/at ``/`` constant/jj temperature/nn ''/'' liquid/nn helium/nn bath/nn from/in 4.2/cd to/in 1.8/cd Af/nn ./.
Surface/nn temperature/nn gradients/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to exist/vb in/in liquid/nn helium/nn baths/nns contained/vbn in/in 15-/cd and/cc 25-liter/jj metallic/jj storage/nn dewars/nns ./.
The/at gradient/nn was/bedz about/rb one/cd half/abn of/in a/at millidegree/nn at/in 4.2/cd Af/nn but/cc increased/vbd to/in several/ap millidegrees/nns for/in bath/nn temperatures/nns slightly/ql greater/jjr than/cs the/at **yl/nn point/nn ./.
A/at hydrostatic/jj head/nn correction/nn has/hvz been/ben neither/cc necessary/jj nor/cc applicable/jj in/in the/at determination/nn of/in vapor/nn pressures/nns or/cc temperatures/nns for/in the/at bulk/jj liquid/nn helium/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at surface/nn temperature/nn gradient/nn can/md produce/vb erroneous/jj vapor-pressure/nn measurements/nns for/in the/at bulk/jj liquid/nn helium/nn unless/cs precautions/nns are/ber taken/vbn to/to isolate/vb the/at tube/nn (/( which/wdt passes/vbz through/in the/at surface/nn to/in the/at vapor/nn pressure/nn bulb/nn )/) from/in the/at liquid/nn helium/nn surface/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz also/rb been/ben observed/vbn ,/, in/in helium/nn 2/cd ,/, that/cs large/jj discrepancies/nns can/md exist/vb between/in surface/nn vapor/nn pressures/nns and/cc those/dts pressures/nns measured/vbn by/in a/at vapor/nn pressure/nn thermometer/nn ./.
This/dt has/hvz been/ben attributed/vbn to/in helium/nn film/nn flow/nn in/in the/at vapor/nn pressure/nn thermometer/nn ./.
In/in this/dt case/nn also/rb the/at design/nn of/in the/at thermometer/nn can/md be/be modified/vbn to/to reduce/vb the/at helium/nn film/nn flow/nn ./.
Pressure/nn-hl transducer/nn-hl for/in-hl pvt/nn-hl measurements/nns-hl ./.-hl

Precise/jj pressure-volume-temperature/nn measurements/nns on/in corrosive/jj gases/nns are/ber dependent/jj on/in a/at sensitive/jj yet/cc rugged/jj pressure/nn transducer/nn ./.
A/at prototype/nn which/wdt fulfills/vbz the/at requirements/nns was/bedz developed/vbn and/cc thoroughly/rb tested/vbn ./.
The/at transducer/nn is/bez a/at null-type/jj instrument/nn and/cc employs/vbz a/at stretched/vbn diaphragm/nn ,/, 0.001/cd in./nn thick/jj and/cc 1/cd in./nn in/in diameter/nn ./.
A/at small/jj pressure/nn unbalance/nn displaces/vbz the/at diaphragm/nn and/cc changes/vbz the/at capacitance/nn between/in the/at diaphragm/nn and/cc an/at electrically/rb insulated/vbn plate/nn spaced/vbn 0.001/cd in./nn apart/rb (/( for/in Af/nn )/) ./.
Spherical/jj concave/jj backing/vbg surfaces/nns support/vb the/at diaphragm/nn when/wrb excessive/jj pressures/nns are/ber applied/vbn and/cc prevent/vb the/at stresses/nns within/in the/at diaphragm/nn from/in exceeding/vbg the/at elastic/jj limit/nn ./.
Over/in a/at temperature/nn range/nn from/in 25/cd to/in 200/cd Af/nn and/cc at/in pressures/nns up/rp to/in 250/cd atm/nn ,/, an/at overload/nn of/in 300/cd psi/nn ,/, applied/vbn for/in a/at period/nn of/in one/cd day/nn ,/, results/vbz in/in an/at uncertainty/nn in/in the/at pressure/nn of/in ,/, at/in most/ap ,/, one/cd millimeter/nn of/in mercury/nn ./.
Transport/nn-hl properties/nns-hl of/in-hl air/nn-hl ./.-hl

A/at 6-year/jj study/nn of/in the/at transport/nn properties/nns of/in air/nn at/in elevated/vbn temperatures/nns has/hvz been/ben completed/vbn ./.
This/dt project/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in sponsorship/nn of/in the/at Ballistic/jj-tl Missile/nn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Air/nn-tl Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Development/nn-tl Command/nn-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ,/, and/cc had/hvd as/cs its/pp$ goal/nn the/at investigation/nn of/in the/at transport/nn by/in diffusion/nn of/in the/at heat/nn energy/nn of/in chemical/nn binding/vbg ./.
A/at significant/jj effect/nn discovered/vbn during/in the/at study/nn is/bez the/at existence/nn of/in Prandtl/np numbers/nns reaching/vbg values/nns of/in more/ap than/in unity/nn in/in the/at nitrogen/nn dissociation/nn region/nn ./.
Another/dt effect/nn discovered/vbn is/bez the/at large/jj coefficient/nn of/in thermal/jj diffusion/nn tending/vbg to/to separate/vb nitrogen/nn from/in the/at oxygen/nn when/wrb temperature/nn differences/nns straddling/vbg the/at nitrogen/nn dissociation/nn region/nn are/ber present/rb ./.
The/at results/nns of/in the/at study/nn ,/, based/vbn on/in collision/nn integrals/nns computed/vbn from/in the/at latest/jjt critically/rb evaluated/vbn data/nn on/in intermolecular/jj forces/nns in/in air/nn ,/, will/md be/be reported/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at table/nn of/in viscosity/nn ,/, thermal/jj conductivity/nn ,/, thermal/jj diffusion/nn ,/, and/cc diffusion/nn coefficients/nns at/in temperatures/nns of/in 1,000/cd to/in 10,000/cd Af/nn and/cc of/in logarithm/nn of/in pressure/nn in/in atmospheres/nns from/in Af/nn to/in Af/nn times/nns normal/jj density/nn ./.
International/jj-hl cooperative/jj-hl activities/nns-hl ./.-hl

In/in March/np ,/, 1961/cd ,/, representatives/nns of/in the/at national/jj laboratories/nns of/in Australia/np ,/, Canada/np ,/, The/at-tl Netherlands/np-tl ,/, United/vbn-tl Kingdom/nn-tl ,/, U.S.S.R./np ,/, United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc West/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ,/, met/vbd at/in the/at NBS/nn to/to devise/vb means/nns for/in reaching/vbg international/jj agreement/nn on/in a/at temperature/nn scale/nn between/in 10/cd and/cc 90/cd Af/nn ./.
As/cs a/at first/od step/nn toward/in this/dt goal/nn ,/, arrangements/nns were/bed worked/vbn out/rp for/in comparing/vbg the/at scales/nns now/rb in/in use/nn through/in circulation/nn of/in a/at group/nn of/in standard/jj platinum/nn resistance/nn thermometers/nns for/in calibration/nn by/in each/dt national/jj laboratory/nn ./.
Such/abl a/at group/nn of/in thermometers/nns was/bedz obtained/vbn and/cc calibrated/vbn at/in the/at Aj/nn ./.
These/dts thermometers/nns have/hv now/rb been/ben sent/vbn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl Kingdom/nn-tl for/in calibration/nn at/in the/at National/jj-tl Physical/jj-tl Laboratory/nn-tl ./.
Temperature/nn-hl symposium/nn-hl ./.-hl

During/in the/at last/ap week/nn of/in march/nn 1961/cd ,/, Columbus/np ,/, Ohio/np was/bedz the/at site/nn of/in the/at Fourth/od-tl Symposium/nn-tl on/in-tl Temperature/nn-tl ,/, Its/pp$-tl Measurement/nn-tl And/cc-tl Control/nn-tl In/in-tl Science/nn-tl And/cc-tl Industry/nn-tl ./.
The/at Symposium/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz jointly/rb sponsored/vbn by/in the/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Physics/nn-tl ,/, the/at Instrument/nn-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at National/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Standards/nns-tl ,/, attracted/vbd nearly/rb one/cd thousand/cd registrants/nns ,/, including/in many/ap from/in abroad/rb ./.
The/at Bureau/nn-tl contributed/vbd to/in the/at planning/nn and/cc success/nn of/in the/at Symposium/nn-tl through/in the/at efforts/nns of/in Mr./np W./np A./np Wildhack/np ,/, General/jj-tl Chairman/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Dr./nn-tl C./np M./np Herzfeld/np ,/, Program/nn-tl Chairman/nn-tl ./.
Dr./nn-tl A./np V./np Astin/np ,/, NBS/nn Director/nn-tl ,/, opened/vbd the/at 5-day/jj session/nn with/in introductory/jj remarks/nns ,/, following/vbg which/wdt a/at total/nn of/in twenty-six/cd papers/nns were/bed given/vbn throughout/in the/at week/nn by/in NBS/nn scientists/nns ,/, from/in both/abx the/at Washington/np and/cc Boulder/np-tl Laboratories/nns-tl ./.



2.1.6/cd-hl ./.-hl
Atomic/jj-hl physics/nn-hl 
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at basic/jj programs/nns in/in wavelength/nn standards/nns ,/, spectroscopy/nn ,/, solid/nn state/nn physics/nn ,/, interactions/nns of/in the/at free/jj electron/nn and/cc atomic/jj constants/nns which/wdt are/ber necessary/jj to/to provide/vb the/at foundation/nn for/in technological/jj progress/nn ,/, the/at Bureau/nn-tl has/hvz strengthened/vbn its/pp$ activities/nns in/in laboratory/nn astrophysics/nn ./.
The/at programs/nns in/in infrared/jj spectroscopy/nn are/ber undergoing/vbg reorientation/nn toward/in wavelength/nn standards/nns in/in the/at far/jj infrared/nn ,/, the/at application/nn of/in infrared/jj techniques/nns to/in solid/nn state/nn studies/nns ,/, and/cc increased/vbn emphasis/nn on/in high/jj resolution/nn instrumentation/nn ./.
Two/cd data/nn centers/nns have/hv been/ben established/vbn for/in the/at collection/nn ,/, indexing/nn ,/, critical/jj evaluation/nn ,/, and/cc dissemination/nn of/in bibliographies/nns and/cc critical/jj values/nns in/in the/at fields/nns of/in transition/nn probabilities/nns and/cc collision/nn cross/nn sections/nns ./.
Laboratory/nn-hl astrophysics/nn-hl ./.-hl

Transition/nn-hl probabilities/nns-hl ./.-hl

Under/in the/at sponsorship/nn of/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Naval/jj-tl Research/nn-tl and/cc the/at Advanced/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Projects/nns-tl Agency/nn-tl ,/, a/at data/nn center/nn was/bedz established/vbn to/to gather/vb and/cc index/vb all/abn published/vbn information/nn on/in atomic/jj transition/nn probabilities/nns ./.
An/at exhaustive/jj survey/nn was/bedz made/vbn of/in the/at literature/nn ,/, and/cc a/at primary/jj reference/nn file/nn of/in approximately/rb 600/cd references/nns was/bedz catalogued/vbn ./.
Selected/vbn bibliographies/nns and/cc tables/nns of/in available/jj data/nn are/ber now/rb in/in preparation/nn ./.


	A/at wall-stabilized/jj high-current/nn arc/nn source/nn was/bedz constructed/vbn and/cc used/vbn to/to study/vb transition/nn probabilities/nns of/in atomic/jj hydrogen/nn and/cc oxygen/nn ./.
This/dt apparatus/nn will/md also/rb be/be used/vbn to/to measure/vb transition/nn probabilities/nns of/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in other/ap elements/nns ./.
A/at study/nn of/in the/at hydrogen/nn line/nn profiles/nns indicates/vbz that/cs a/at measurement/nn of/in these/dts profiles/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to calculate/vb a/at temperature/nn for/in the/at arc/nn plasma/nn that/wps is/bez reliable/jj to/in about/rb Af/nn percent/nn ./.


	A/at set/nn of/in tables/nns containing/vbg spectral/jj intensities/nns for/in 39,000/cd lines/nns of/in 70/cd elements/nns ,/, as/cs observed/vbn in/in a/at copper/nn matrix/nn in/in a/at d-c/nn arc/nn ,/, was/bedz completed/vbn and/cc published/vbn ./.
Studies/nns of/in the/at intensity/nn data/nn indicate/vb that/cs they/ppss may/md be/be converted/vbn to/in approximate/jj transition/nn probabilities/nns ./.
These/dts data/nn are/ber not/* of/in the/at precision/nn obtainable/jj by/in the/at methods/nns previously/rb mentioned/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at vast/jj number/nn of/in approximate/jj values/nns available/jj will/md be/be useful/jj in/in many/ap areas/nns ./.
Atomic/jj-hl energy/nn-hl levels/nns-hl ./.-hl

Research/nn continues/vbz on/in the/at very/ql complex/jj spectra/nns of/in the/at rare/jj earth/nn elements/nns ./.
New/jj computer/nn and/cc automation/nn techniques/nns were/bed applied/vbn to/in these/dts spectra/nns with/in considerable/jj success/nn ./.

(/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl 
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at penalties/nns provided/vbn in/in Title/nn-tl 18/cd-tl ,/, United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl ,/, Section/nn-tl 1001/cd-tl ,/, any/dti person/nn guilty/jj of/in any/dti act/nn ,/, as/cs provided/vbn therein/rb ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in any/dti matter/nn under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, shall/md forfeit/vb all/abn rights/nns under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, if/cs payment/nn shall/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn or/cc granted/vbn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md take/vb such/jj action/nn as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to recover/vb the/at same/ap ./.
(/(-hl F/np-hl )/)-hl 
In/in connection/nn with/in any/dti claim/nn decided/vbn by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl pursuant/in to/in this/dt Title/nn-tl in/in which/wdt an/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl may/md ,/, upon/in the/at written/vbn request/nn of/in the/at claimant/nn or/cc any/dti attorney/nn heretofore/rb or/cc hereafter/rb employed/vbn by/in such/jj claimant/nn ,/, determine/vb and/cc apportion/vb the/at just/jj and/cc reasonable/jj attorney's/nn$ fees/nns for/in services/nns rendered/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ,/, but/cc the/at total/nn amount/nn of/in the/at fees/nns so/rb determined/vbn in/in any/dti case/nn shall/md not/* exceed/vb 10/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at total/nn amount/nn paid/vbn pursuant/in to/in the/at award/nn ./.
Written/vbn evidence/nn that/cs the/at claimant/nn and/cc any/dti such/jj attorney/nn have/hv agreed/vbn to/in the/at amount/nn of/in the/at attorney's/nn$ fees/nns shall/md be/be conclusive/jj upon/in the/at Commission/nn-tl :/: Provided/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, That/cs the/at total/nn amount/nn of/in the/at fees/nns so/rb agreed/vbn upon/rb does/doz not/* exceed/vb 10/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at total/nn amount/nn paid/vbn pursuant/in to/in the/at award/nn ./.
Any/dti fee/nn so/rb determined/vbn shall/md be/be entered/vbn as/cs a/at part/nn of/in such/jj award/nn ,/, and/cc payment/nn thereof/rb shall/md be/be made/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl by/in deducting/vbg the/at amount/nn thereof/rb from/in the/at total/nn amount/nn paid/vbn pursuant/in to/in the/at award/nn ./.
Any/dti agreement/nn to/in the/at contrary/nn shall/md be/be unlawful/jj and/cc void/jj ./.
The/at Commission/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to mail/vb to/in each/dt claimant/nn in/in proceedings/nns before/in the/at Commission/nn-tl notice/nn of/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt subsection/nn ./.
Whoever/wps ,/, in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc elsewhere/rb ,/, pays/vbz or/cc offers/vbz to/to pay/vb ,/, or/cc promises/vbz to/to pay/vb ,/, or/cc receives/vbz on/in account/nn of/in services/nns rendered/vbn or/cc to/to be/be rendered/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in any/dti such/jj claim/nn ,/, compensation/nn which/wdt ,/, when/wrb added/vbn to/in any/dti amount/nn previously/rb paid/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj services/nns ,/, will/md exceed/vb the/at amount/nn of/in fees/nns so/rb determined/vbn by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl ,/, shall/md be/be guilty/jj of/in a/at misdemeanor/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, upon/in conviction/nn thereof/rb ,/, shall/md be/be fined/vbn not/* more/ap than/in $5,000/nns or/cc imprisoned/vbn not/* more/ap than/in twelve/cd months/nns ,/, or/cc both/abx ,/, and/cc if/cs any/dti such/jj payment/nn shall/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn or/cc granted/vbn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md take/vb such/jj action/nn as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to recover/vb the/at same/ap ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in addition/nn thereto/rb ,/, any/dti such/jj person/nn shall/md forfeit/vb all/abn rights/nns under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl G/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl shall/md assign/vb such/jj officers/nns and/cc employees/nns of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to represent/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/in to/in any/dti claims/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in respect/nn to/in which/wdt the/at Commission/nn-tl has/hvz jurisdiction/nn under/in this/dt title/nn ./.
Any/dti and/cc all/abn payments/nns required/vbn to/to be/be made/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl under/in this/dt title/nn pursuant/in to/in any/dti award/nn made/vbn by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl shall/md be/be covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in miscellaneous/jj receipts/nns ./.
(/(-hl H/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md notify/vb all/abn claimants/nns of/in the/at approval/nn or/cc denial/nn of/in their/pp$ claims/nns ,/, stating/vbg the/at reasons/nns and/cc grounds/nns therefor/rb ,/, and/cc if/cs approved/vbn ,/, shall/md notify/vb such/jj claimants/nns of/in the/at amount/nn for/in which/wdt such/jj claims/nns are/ber approved/vbn ./.
Any/dti claimant/nn whose/wp$ claim/nn is/bez denied/vbn ,/, or/cc is/bez approved/vbn for/in less/ap than/in the/at full/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj claim/nn ,/, shall/md be/be entitled/vbn ,/, under/in such/jj regulations/nns as/cs the/at Commission/nn-tl may/md prescribe/vb ,/, to/in a/at hearing/nn before/in the/at Commission/nn-tl ,/, or/cc its/pp$ duly/rb authorized/vbn representatives/nns ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ./.
Upon/in such/jj hearing/nn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl may/md affirm/vb ,/, modify/vb ,/, or/cc revise/vb its/pp$ former/ap action/nn with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ,/, including/in a/at denial/nn or/cc reduction/nn in/in the/at amount/nn theretofore/rb allowed/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ./.
The/at action/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl in/in allowing/vbg or/cc denying/vbg any/dti claim/nn under/in this/dt title/nn shall/md be/be final/jj and/cc conclusive/jj on/in all/abn questions/nns of/in law/nn and/cc fact/nn and/cc not/* subject/jj to/in review/nn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl or/cc any/dti other/ap official/nn ,/, department/nn ,/, agency/nn ,/, or/cc establishment/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc by/in any/dti court/nn by/in mandamus/nn or/cc otherwise/rb ./.
(/(-hl I/ppss-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Commission/nn-tl may/md in/in its/pp$ discretion/nn enter/vb an/at award/nn with/in respect/nn to/in one/cd or/cc more/ap items/nns deemed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben clearly/rb established/vbn in/in an/at individual/jj claim/nn while/cs deferring/vbg consideration/nn and/cc action/nn on/in other/ap items/nns of/in the/at same/ap claim/nn ./.
(/(-hl J/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md comply/vb with/in the/at provisons/nns of/in the/at Administrative/jj-tl Procedure/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1946/cd except/in as/cs otherwise/rb specifically/rb provided/vbn by/in this/dt title/nn ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 5/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md ,/, as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj ,/, and/cc in/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at making/nn of/in such/jj awards/nns ,/, certify/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl and/cc to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl copies/nns of/in the/at awards/nns made/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc of/in nationals/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.
The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md certify/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, upon/in his/pp$ request/nn ,/, copies/nns of/in the/at formal/jj submissions/nns of/in claims/nns filed/vbn pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( B/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl for/in transmission/nn to/in the/at foreign/jj government/nn concerned/vbn ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 6/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl

The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md complete/vb its/pp$ affairs/nns in/in connection/nn with/in settlement/nn of/in United/vbn-tl States-Yugoslav/np-tl claims/nns arising/vbg under/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd not/* later/rbr than/cs December/np 31/cd ,/, 1954/cd :/. :/.
Provided/vbn ,/, That/cs nothing/pn in/in this/dt provision/nn shall/md be/be construed/vbn to/to limit/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl ,/, or/cc its/pp$ authority/nn to/to act/vb on/in future/jj agreements/nns which/wdt may/md be/be effected/vbn under/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt legislation/nn ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 7/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
Subject/jj to/in the/at limitations/nns hereinafter/rb provided/vbn ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to pay/vb ,/, as/cs prescribed/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 8/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, an/at amount/nn not/* exceeding/vbg the/at principal/nn of/in each/dt award/nn ,/, plus/in accrued/vbn interests/nns on/in such/jj awards/nns as/cs bear/vb interest/nn ,/, certified/vbn pursuant/in to/in Section/nn-tl 5/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at award/nn ./.
Such/jj payments/nns ,/, and/cc applications/nns for/in such/jj payments/nns ,/, shall/md be/be made/vbn in/in accordance/nn with/in such/jj regulations/nns as/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl may/md prescribe/vb ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
There/ex shall/md be/be deducted/vbn from/in the/at amount/nn of/in each/dt payment/nn made/vbn pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( C/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, as/cs reimbursement/nn for/in the/at expenses/nns incurred/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, an/at amount/nn equal/jj to/in 5/cd per/in centum/nn of/in such/jj payment/nn ./.
All/abn amounts/vbz so/rb deducted/vbn shall/md be/be covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in miscellaneous/jj receipts/nns ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
Payments/nns made/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Title/nn-tl shall/md be/be made/vbn only/rb to/in the/at person/nn or/cc persons/nns on/in behalf/nn of/in whom/wpo the/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, except/in that/cs --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
if/cs such/jj person/nn is/bez deceased/jj or/cc is/bez under/in a/at legal/jj disability/nn ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in his/pp$ legal/jj representative/nn :/: Provided/vbn ,/, That/cs if/cs the/at total/nn award/nn is/bez not/* over/in $500/nns and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at qualified/vbn executor/nn or/cc administrator/nn ,/, payment/nn may/md be/be made/vbn to/in the/at person/nn or/cc persons/nns found/vbn by/in the/at Comptroller/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to be/be entitled/vbn thereto/rb ,/, without/in the/at necessity/nn of/in compliance/nn with/in the/at requirements/nns of/in law/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at administration/nn of/in estates/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
in/in the/at case/nn of/in a/at partnership/nn or/cc corporation/nn ,/, the/at existence/nn of/in which/wdt has/hvz been/ben terminated/vbn and/cc on/in behalf/nn of/in which/wdt an/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn ,/, except/in as/cs provided/vbn in/in paragraphs/nns (/( 3/cd )/) and/cc (/( 4/cd )/) ,/, to/in the/at person/nn or/cc persons/nns found/vbn by/in the/at Comptroller/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to be/be entitled/vbn thereto/rb ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
if/cs a/at receiver/nn or/cc trustee/nn for/in any/dti such/jj partnership/nn or/cc corporation/nn has/hvz been/ben duly/rb appointed/vbn by/in a/at court/nn of/in competent/jj jurisdiction/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc has/hvz not/* been/ben discharged/vbn prior/rb to/in the/at date/nn of/in payment/nn ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in such/jj receiver/nn or/cc trustee/nn in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at court/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
if/cs a/at receiver/nn or/cc trustee/nn for/in any/dti such/jj partnership/nn or/cc corporation/nn ,/, duly/rb appointed/vbn by/in a/at court/nn of/in competent/jj jurisdiction/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, makes/vbz an/at assignment/nn of/in the/at claim/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti part/nn thereof/rb ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in which/wdt an/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, or/cc makes/vbz an/at assignment/nn of/in such/jj award/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti part/nn thereof/rb ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in the/at assignee/nn ,/, as/cs his/pp$ interest/nn may/md appear/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
in/in the/at case/nn of/in any/dti assignment/nn of/in an/at award/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti part/nn thereof/rb ,/, which/wdt is/bez made/vbn in/in writing/vbg and/cc duly/rb acknowledged/vbn and/cc filed/vbn ,/, after/cs such/jj award/nn is/bez certified/vbn to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, payment/nn may/md ,/, in/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, be/be made/vbn to/in the/at assignee/nn ,/, as/cs his/pp$ interest/nn may/md appear/vb ./.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
Whenever/wrb the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Comptroller/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, shall/md find/vb that/cs any/dti person/nn is/bez entitled/vbn to/in any/dti such/jj payment/nn ,/, after/cs such/jj payment/nn shall/md have/hv been/ben received/vbn by/in such/jj person/nn ,/, it/pps shall/md be/be an/at absolute/jj bar/nn to/in recovery/nn by/in any/dti other/ap person/nn against/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, its/pp$ officers/nns ,/, agents/nns ,/, or/cc employees/nns with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj payment/nn ./.
(/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl 
Any/dti person/nn who/wps makes/vbz application/nn for/in any/dti such/jj payment/nn shall/md be/be held/vbn to/to have/hv consented/vbn to/in all/abn the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl F/np-hl )/)-hl 
Nothing/pn in/in the/at Title/nn-tl shall/md be/be construed/vbn as/cs the/at assumption/nn of/in any/dti liability/nn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in the/at payment/nn or/cc satisfaction/nn ,/, in/in whole/nn or/cc in/in part/nn ,/, of/in any/dti claim/nn on/in behalf/nn of/in any/dti national/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl against/in any/dti foreign/jj government/nn ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 8/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
There/ex are/ber hereby/rb created/vbn in/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl (/( 1/cd )/) a/at special/jj fund/nn to/to be/be known/vbn as/cs the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) such/jj other/ap special/jj funds/nns as/cs may/md ,/, in/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, be/be required/vbn each/dt to/to be/be a/at claims/nns fund/nn to/to be/be known/vbn by/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at foreign/jj government/nn which/wdt has/hvz entered/vbn into/in a/at settlement/nn agreement/nn with/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs described/vbn in/in subsection/nn (/( A/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.
There/ex shall/md be/be covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in the/at proper/jj special/jj fund/nn all/abn funds/nns hereinafter/rb specified/vbn ./.
All/abn payments/nns authorized/vbn under/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl shall/md be/be disbursed/vbn from/in the/at proper/jj fund/nn ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, and/cc all/abn amounts/nns covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in the/at aforesaid/jj funds/nns are/ber hereby/rb permanently/rb appropriated/vbn for/in the/at making/nn of/in the/at payments/nns authorized/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to cover/vb into/in --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl the/at sum/nn of/in $17,000,000/nns being/beg the/at amount/nn paid/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Federal/jj-tl People's/nns$-tl Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl Yugoslavia/np-tl pursuant/in to/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
a/at special/jj fund/nn created/vbn for/in that/dt purpose/nn pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( A/np )/) of/in this/dt section/nn any/dti amounts/nns hereafter/rb paid/vbn ,/, in/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dollars/nns ,/, by/in a/at foreign/jj government/nn which/wdt has/hvz entered/vbn into/in a/at claims/nns settlement/nn agreement/nn with/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs described/vbn in/in subsection/nn (/( A/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn out/rp of/in the/at sums/nns covered/vbn into/in any/dti of/in the/at funds/nns pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( B/np )/) of/in this/dt section/nn ,/, and/cc after/cs making/vbg the/at deduction/nn provided/vbn for/in in/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl (/( B/np )/) of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
to/to make/vb payments/nns in/in full/nn of/in the/at principal/nn of/in awards/nns of/in $1,000/nns or/cc less/ap ,/, certified/vbn pursuant/in to/in Section/nn-tl 5/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
to/to make/vb payments/nns of/in $1,000/nns on/in the/at principal/nn of/in each/dt award/nn of/in more/ap than/in $1,000/nns in/in principal/nn amount/nn ,/, certified/vbn pursuant/in to/in Section/nn-tl 5/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
to/to make/vb additional/jj payment/nn of/in not/* to/to exceed/vb 25/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at unpaid/jj principal/nn of/in awards/nns in/in the/at principal/nn amount/nn of/in more/ap than/in $1,000/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl 
after/cs completing/vbg the/at payments/nns prescribed/vbn by/in paragraphs/nns (/( 2/cd )/) and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) of/in this/dt subsection/nn ,/, to/to make/vb payments/nns ,/, from/in time/nn to/in time/nn in/in ratable/jj proportions/nns ,/, on/in account/nn of/in the/at unpaid/jj principal/nn of/in all/abn awards/nns in/in the/at principal/nn amount/nn of/in more/ap than/in $1,000/nns ,/, according/in to/in the/at proportions/nns which/wdt the/at unpaid/jj principal/nn of/in such/jj awards/nns bear/vb to/in the/at total/nn amount/nn in/in the/at fund/nn available/jj for/in distribution/nn at/in the/at time/nn such/jj payments/nns are/ber made/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl 
after/cs payment/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn of/in the/at principal/nn amounts/nns of/in all/abn such/jj awards/nns ,/, to/to make/vb pro/in rata/fw-nns payments/nns on/in account/nn of/in accrued/vbn interest/nn on/in such/abl awards/nns as/cs bear/vb interest/nn ./.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, upon/in the/at concurrence/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn ,/, out/rp of/in the/at sum/nn covered/vbn into/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( B/np )/) of/in this/dt section/nn ,/, after/cs completing/vbg the/at payments/nns of/in such/jj funds/nns pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( C/np )/) of/in this/dt Section/nn-tl ,/, to/to make/vb payment/nn of/in the/at balance/nn of/in any/dti sum/nn remaining/vbg in/in such/jj fund/nn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Federal/jj-tl People's/nns$-tl Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl Yugoslavia/np-tl to/in the/at extent/nn required/vbn under/in Article/nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( C/np )/) of/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd ./.
The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl shall/md certify/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl the/at total/nn cost/nn of/in adjudication/nn ,/, not/* borne/vbn by/in the/at claimants/nns ,/, attributable/jj to/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd ./.
Such/jj certification/nn shall/md be/be final/jj and/cc conclusive/jj and/cc shall/md not/* be/be subject/jj to/to review/vb by/in any/dti other/ap official/nn or/cc department/nn ,/, agency/nn ,/, or/cc establishment/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Sec./nn-tl-hl 9/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl

There/ex is/bez hereby/rb authorized/vbn to/to be/be appropriated/vbn ,/, out/rp of/in any/dti money/nn in/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl not/* otherwise/rb appropriated/vbn ,/, such/jj sums/nns as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to enable/vb the/at Commission/nn-tl to/to carry/vb out/rp its/pp$ functions/nns under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.

Mr./np-hl Dooley/np-hl ./.-hl

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, for/in several/ap years/nns now/rb the/at commuter/nn railroads/nns serving/vbg our/pp$ large/jj metropolitan/jj areas/nns have/hv found/vbn it/ppo increasingly/rb difficult/jj to/to render/vb the/at kind/nn of/in service/nn our/pp$ expanding/vbg population/nn wants/vbz and/cc is/bez entitled/vbn to/to have/hv ./.
The/at causes/nns of/in the/at decline/nn of/in the/at commuter/nn railroads/nns are/ber many/ap and/cc complex/jj --/-- high/jj taxes/nns ,/, losses/nns of/in revenue/nn to/in Government/nn-tl subsidized/vbd highway/nn and/cc air/nn carriers/nns ,/, to/to name/vb but/rb two/cd ./.
And/cc the/at solutions/nns to/in the/at problems/nns of/in the/at commuter/nn lines/nns have/hv been/ben equally/rb varied/vbn ,/, ranging/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Government/nn-tl ownership/nn to/in complete/jj discontinuance/nn of/in this/dt important/jj service/nn ./.


	There/ex have/hv been/ben a/at number/nn of/in sound/jj plans/nns proposed/vbn ./.
But/cc none/pn of/in these/dts has/hvz been/ben implemented/vbn ./.
Instead/rb we/ppss have/hv stood/vbn idly/rb by/rb ,/, watched/vbn our/pp$ commuter/nn railroad/nn service/nn decline/vb ,/, and/cc have/hv failed/vbn to/to offer/vb a/at helping/vbg hand/nn ./.
Though/cs the/at number/nn of/in people/nns flowing/vbg in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in our/pp$ metropolitan/jj areas/nns each/dt day/nn has/hvz increased/vbn tremendously/rb since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, total/nn annual/jj rail/nn commutation/nn dropped/vbd 124/cd million/cd for/in 1947/cd to/in 1957/cd ./.
Nowhere/rb has/hvz this/dt decline/nn been/ben more/ql painfully/rb evident/jj than/cs in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl area/nn ./.
Here/rb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl Railroad/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Nation's/nn$-tl most/ql important/jj carriers/nns ,/, has/hvz alone/rb lost/vbn 47.6/cd percent/nn of/in its/pp$ passengers/nns since/in 1949/cd ./.


	At/in this/dt time/nn of/in crisis/nn in/in our/pp$ Nation's/nn$-tl commuter/nn railroads/nns ,/, a/at new/jj threat/nn to/in the/at continued/vbn operations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl has/hvz appeared/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at Chesapeake/np-tl &/cc-tl Ohio/np-tl Railroad's/nn$-tl proposal/nn for/in control/nn of/in the/at Baltimore/np-tl &/cc-tl Ohio/np-tl railroads/nns ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp that/cs this/dt control/nn ,/, if/cs approved/vbn by/in the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, would/md give/vb the/at combined/vbn C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl Railroad/nn-tl a/at total/nn of/in 185/cd points/nns served/vbn in/in common/nn with/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl ./.
Not/* only/rb is/bez this/dt kind/nn of/in duplication/nn wasteful/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps gives/vbz the/at combined/vbn system/nn the/at ability/nn to/to take/vb freight/nn traffic/nn away/rb from/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl and/cc other/ap railroads/nns serving/vbg the/at area/nn ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl notes/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	The/at freight/nn traffic/nn most/ql susceptible/jj to/in raiding/vbg by/in the/at C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl provides/vbz the/at backbone/nn of/in Central's/nn$-tl revenues/nns ./.
These/dts revenues/nns make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to provide/vb essential/jj freight/nn and/cc passenger/nn service/nn over/in the/at entire/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl system/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl area/nn commuter/nn and/cc terminal/nn freight/nn services/nns ./.
If/cs these/dts services/nns are/ber to/to be/be maintained/vbn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl must/md have/hv the/at revenues/nns to/to make/vb them/ppo possible/jj ''/'' ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl today/nr handles/vbz 60/cd percent/nn of/in all/abn southbound/jj commuter/nn traffic/nn coming/vbg into/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at $14/nns million/cd operation/nn involving/vbg 3,500/cd employees/nns who/wps work/vb on/in commuter/nn traffic/nn exclusively/rb ./.
A/at blow/nn to/in this/dt phase/nn of/in the/at Central's/nn$-tl operations/nns would/md have/hv serious/jj economic/jj consequences/nns not/* only/rb to/in the/at railroad/nn itself/ppl ,/, but/cc to/in the/at 40,000/cd people/nns per/in day/nn who/wps are/ber provided/vbn with/in efficient/jj ,/, reasonably/rb priced/vbn transportation/nn in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in the/at city/nn ./.
``/`` 

	There/ex is/bez a/at workable/jj alternative/nn to/in this/dt potentially/rb dangerous/jj and/cc harmful/jj C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl merger/nn scheme/nn ''/'' --/-- 

	The/at Central/jj-tl has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp ./.
``/`` 

	The/at logic/nn of/in creating/vbg a/at strong/jj ,/, balanced/vbn ,/, competitive/jj two-system/jj railroad/nn service/nn in/in the/at East/nr-tl is/bez so/ql obvious/jj that/cs B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl was/bedz publicly/rb committed/vbn to/in the/at approach/nn outlined/vbn here/rb ./.


	Detailed/vbn studies/nns of/in the/at plan/nn were/bed well/rb underway/rb ./.
Though/cs far/rb from/in completion/nn ,/, these/dts studies/nns indicated/vbd beyond/in a/at doubt/nn that/cs savings/nns would/md result/vb which/wdt would/md be/be of/in unprecedented/jj benefit/nn to/in the/at railroads/nns concerned/vbn ,/, their/pp$ investors/nns ,/, their/pp$ customers/nns ,/, their/pp$ users/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at public/nn at/in large/jj ./.


	Then/rb ,/, abandoning/vbg the/at studies/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in their/pp$ promising/jj outlook/nn for/in all/abn concerned/vbn ,/, B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl entered/vbd on-again-off-again/jj negotiations/nns with/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in the/at present/jj situation/nn ./.


	In/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at facts/nns at/in hand/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl intends/vbz to/to pursue/vb the/at objective/nn of/in helping/vbg to/to create/vb a/at healthy/jj two-system/jj eastern/jj railroad/nn structure/nn in/in the/at public/nn interest/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl will/md commence/vb its/pp$ deliberations/nns on/in the/at proposed/vbn C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in-tl B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl merger/nn on/in June/np 18/cd ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl will/md not/* force/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl to/to further/rbr curtail/vb its/pp$ commuter/nn operations/nns by/in giving/vbg undue/jj competitive/jj advantages/nns to/in the/at lines/nns that/wps wish/vb to/to merge/vb ./.


	However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at more/ql profound/jj consideration/nn to/in this/dt proposed/vbn merger/nn than/cs profit/nn and/cc loss/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, will/md it/pps serve/vb the/at long-range/nn public/jj interest/nn ?/. ?/.


	For/in the/at past/ap 40/cd years/nns Congress/np has/hvz advocated/vbn a/at carefully/rb planned/vbn ,/, balanced/vbn and/cc competitive/jj railway/nn system/nn ./.
We/ppss must/md ask/vb ourselves/ppls which/wdt of/in the/at two/cd alternatives/nns will/md help/vb the/at commuter/nn --/-- the/at two-way/jj B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl -/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np merger/nn ,/, or/cc the/at three-way/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl -/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np merger/nn ./.
Which/wdt will/md serve/vb not/* only/rb the/at best/jjt interest/nn of/in the/at stockholders/nns ,/, but/cc the/at interests/nns of/in all/abn the/at traveling/vbg public/nn ?/. ?/.
Mr./np-hl Lindsay/np-hl ./.-hl

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss rise/vb today/nr to/to pay/vb tribute/nn to/in a/at great/jj newspaper/nn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in a/at major/jj change/nn in/in its/pp$ top/nn executive/nn command/nn ./.


	Arthur/np Hays/np Sulzberger/np has/hvz been/ben a/at distinguished/vbn publisher/nn of/in this/dt distinguished/vbn newspaper/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez fitting/vbg that/cs we/ppss take/vb due/jj notice/nn of/in his/pp$ major/jj contribution/nn to/in American/jj journalism/nn on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in his/pp$ retirement/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem pleased/vbn to/to note/vb that/cs Mr./np Sulzberger/np will/md continue/vb to/to serve/vb as/cs chairman/nn of/in the/at board/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ./.


	Mr./np Sulzberger's/np$ successor/nn as/cs publisher/nn is/bez Mr./np Orvil/np E./np Dryfoos/np ,/, who/wps is/bez president/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, and/cc who/wps has/hvz been/ben with/in the/at Times/nns-tl since/in 1942/cd ./.
Mr./np Dryfoos'/np$ outstanding/jj career/nn as/cs a/at journalist/nn guarantees/vbz that/cs the/at high/jj standards/nns which/wdt have/hv made/vbn the/at Times/nns-tl one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ great/jj newspapers/nns will/md be/be maintained/vbn ./.


	I/ppss am/bem also/rb pleased/vbn to/to note/vb that/cs Mr./np John/np B./np Oakes/np ,/, a/at member/nn of/in the/at Times/nns-tl staff/nn since/in 1946/cd ,/, has/hvz been/ben appointed/vbn as/cs editorial/nn page/nn editor/nn ./.
Mr./np Oakes/np succeeds/vbz Charles/np Merz/np ,/, editor/nn since/in 1938/cd ,/, who/wps now/rb becomes/vbz editor/nn emeritus/jj ./.


	I/ppss should/md like/vb at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, to/to pay/vb warm/jj tribute/nn to/in Arthur/np Hays/np Sulzberger/np and/cc Charles/np Merz/np on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in their/pp$ retirement/nn from/in distinguished/vbn careers/nns in/in American/jj journalism/nn ./.


	My/pp$ heartiest/jjt congratulations/nns go/vb to/in their/pp$ successors/nns ,/, Orvil/np E./np Dryfoos/np and/cc John/np B./np Oakes/np ,/, who/wps can/md be/be counted/vbn upon/rb to/to sustain/vb the/at illustrious/jj tradition/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ./.


	The/at people/nns of/in the/at 17th/od-tl District/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc I/ppss as/cs their/pp$ Representative/nn-tl in/in Congress/np ,/, take/vb great/jj pride/nn in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl as/cs one/cd of/in the/at great/jj and/cc authoritative/jj newspapers/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./.
Mr./np-hl Stratton/np-hl ./.-hl

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, in/in my/pp$ latest/jjt newsletter/nn to/in my/pp$ constituents/nns I/ppss urged/vbd the/at imposition/nn of/in a/at naval/jj blockade/nn of/in Cuba/np as/cs the/at only/ap effective/jj method/nn of/in preventing/vbg continued/vbn Soviet/np armaments/nns from/in coming/vbg into/in the/at Western/jj-tl Hemisphere/nn-tl in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ./.
Yesterday/nr ,/, I/ppss had/hvd the/at privilege/nn of/in reading/vbg a/at thoughtful/jj article/nn in/in the/at U.S./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl of/in May/np 8/cd which/wdt discussed/vbd this/dt type/nn of/in action/nn in/in more/ap detail/nn ,/, including/in both/abx its/pp$ advantages/nns and/cc its/pp$ disadvantages/nns ./.


	Under/in leave/nn to/to extend/vb my/pp$ remarks/nns ,/, I/ppss include/vb the/at relevant/jj portion/nn of/in my/pp$ newsletter/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at text/nn of/in the/at article/nn from/in the/at U.S./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl :/: ``/`` your/pp$-hl Congressman/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl Samuel/np-hl S./np-hl Stratton/np-hl ,/,-hl reports/vbz-hl from/in-hl Washington/np-hl ,/,-hl May/np-hl 1/cd-hl ,/,-hl 1961/cd-hl 
./.-hl
Cuban/np S.S.R./np :/: Whatever/wdt may/md have/hv been/ben the/at setbacks/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at unsuccessful/jj attempt/nn of/in the/at Cuban/np rebels/nns to/to establish/vb a/at beachhead/nn on/in the/at Castro-held/jj mainland/nn last/ap week/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz at/in least/ap one/cd positive/jj benefit/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at clear-cut/jj revelation/nn to/in the/at whole/jj world/nn of/in the/at complete/jj conversion/nn of/in Cuba/np into/in a/at Russian-dominated/jj military/jj base/nn ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at major/jj reasons/nns for/in the/at failure/nn of/in the/at ill-starred/jj expedition/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben a/at lack/nn of/in full/jj information/nn on/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt Cuba/np has/hvz been/ben getting/vbg this/dt Russian/jj military/jj equipment/nn ./.
Somehow/rb ,/, the/at pictures/nns and/cc stories/nns of/in Soviet/np T-34/nn tanks/nns on/in Cuban/jj beaches/nns and/cc Russian/jj Mig/np jet/nn fighters/nns strafing/vbg rebel/nn troops/nns has/hvz brought/vbn home/nr to/in all/abn of/in us/ppo the/at stark/jj ,/, blunt/jj truth/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps means/vbz to/to have/hv a/at Russian/jj military/jj base/nn 90/cd miles/nns away/rb from/in home/nn ./.
Russian/jj tanks/nns and/cc planes/nns in/in Cuba/np jeopardize/vb the/at security/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, violate/vb the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, and/cc threaten/vb the/at security/nn of/in every/at other/ap Latin/jj American/jj republic/nn ./.


	Once/cs the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in this/dt Russian/jj military/jj penetration/nn of/in Cuba/np was/bedz clear/jj ,/, President/nn-tl Kennedy/np announced/vbd we/ppss would/md take/vb whatever/wdt action/nn was/bedz appropriate/jj to/to prevent/vb this/dt ,/, even/rb if/cs we/ppss had/hvd to/to go/vb it/ppo alone/rb ./.
But/cc the/at Latin/jj American/jj republics/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben rather/ql inclined/vbn to/to drag/vb their/pp$ feet/nns on/in taking/vbg action/nn against/in Castro/np also/rb reacted/vbd swiftly/rb last/ap week/nn by/in finally/rb throwing/vbg Cuba/np off/in the/at Inter-American/jj Defense/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ./.
For/in years/nns the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl had/hvd been/ben trying/vbg to/to get/vb these/dts countries/nns to/to exclude/vb Castro's/np$ representative/nn from/in secret/jj military/jj talks/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps took/vbd the/at pictures/nns of/in the/at Migs/nps and/cc the/at T-34/nn tanks/nns to/to do/do the/at job/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at new/jj atmosphere/nn of/in urgency/nn in/in Washington/np this/dt week/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md see/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in the/at extensive/jj efforts/nns President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz made/vbn to/to enlist/vb solid/jj bipartisan/jj support/nn for/in his/pp$ actions/nns toward/in both/abx Cuba/np and/cc Laos/np ;/. ;/.
efforts/nns ,/, as/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, which/wdt are/ber being/beg directed/vbn ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, toward/in support/nn for/in future/jj actions/nns ,/, not/* for/in those/dts already/rb past/ap ./.


	What/wdt the/at next/ap move/nn will/md be/be only/rb time/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, will/md tell/vb ./.
Personally/rb ,/, I/ppss think/vb we/ppss ought/md to/to set/vb up/rp an/at immediate/jj naval/jj blockade/nn of/in Cuba/np ./.
We/ppss simply/rb can't/md* tolerate/vb further/ap Russian/jj weapons/nns ,/, including/in the/at possibility/nn of/in long-range/nn nuclear/jj missiles/nns ,/, being/beg located/vbn in/in Cuba/np ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, we/ppss can't/md* stop/vb them/ppo from/in coming/vbg in/rp ,/, however/rb ,/, just/rb by/in talk/nn ./.
A/at naval/jj blockade/nn would/md be/be thoroughly/rb in/in line/nn with/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, would/md be/be a/at relatively/ql simple/jj operation/nn to/to carry/vb out/rp ,/, and/cc would/md bring/vb an/at abrupt/jj end/nn to/in Soviet/np penetration/nn of/in our/pp$ hemisphere/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` 


(/( from/in U.s./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl ,/, May/np 8/cd ,/, 1961/cd )/) 
next/ap-hl for/in-hl Cuba/np-hl :/:-hl an/at-hl arms/nns-hl blockade/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Look/vb at/in Castro/np now/rb --/-- cockier/jjr than/cs ever/rb with/in arms/nns and/cc agents/nns to/to threaten/vb the/at Americas/nps ./.


	How/wrb can/md the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl act/vb ?/. ?/.


	Blockade/nn is/bez one/cd answer/nn offered/vbn by/in experts/nns ./.
In/in it/ppo they/ppss see/vb a/at way/nn to/to isolate/vb Cuba/np ,/, stop/vb infiltration/nn ,/, maybe/rb finish/vb Castro/np ,/, too/rb ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at question/nn now/rb facing/vbg President/nn-tl Kennedy/np :/: How/wrb to/to put/vb a/at stop/nn to/in the/at Soviet/np buildup/nn in/in Cuba/np and/cc to/in Communist/jj infiltration/nn of/in this/dt hemisphere/nn ?/. ?/.


	On/in April/np 25/cd ,/, the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl reported/vbd that/cs a/at total/nn embargo/nn of/in remaining/vbg U.S./np trade/nn with/in Cuba/np was/bedz being/beg considered/vbn ./.
Its/pp$ aim/nn :/: To/to undermine/vb further/rbr Cuba's/np$ economy/nn ./.
Weaken/vb Castro/np ./.


	Another/dt strategy/nn --/-- bolder/jjr and/cc tougher/jjr --/-- was/bedz also/rb attracting/vbg notice/nn in/in Washington/np :/: a/at naval/jj and/cc air/nn blockade/nn to/to cut/vb Cuba/np off/rp from/in the/at world/nn ,/, destroy/vb Castro/np ./.


	Blockade/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in military/jj and/cc civilian/jj experts/nns ,/, could/md restore/vb teeth/nns to/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ./.
It/pps could/md halt/vb a/at flood/nn of/in Communist/jj arms/nns and/cc strategic/jj supplies/nns now/rb reaching/vbg Castro/np ./.
It/pps could/md stop/vb Cuban/jj re-export/nn of/in guns/nns and/cc propaganda/nn materials/nns to/in South/jj-tl America/np-tl ./.
It/pps would/md be/be the/at most/ql severe/jj reprisal/nn ,/, short/rb of/in declared/vbn war/nn ,/, that/wpo the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl could/md invoke/vb against/in Castro/np ./.


	It/pps is/bez the/at strategy/nn of/in blockade/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/dt is/bez suddenly/rb at/in the/at center/nn of/in attention/nn of/in administration/nn officials/nns ,/, Members/nns-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ,/, officers/nns in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl ./.
As/cs a/at possible/jj course/nn of/in action/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb is/bez the/at center/nn of/in debate/nn and/cc is/bez raising/vbg many/ap questions/nns ./.
Among/in these/dts questions/nns :/: what/wdt-hl would/md-hl a/at-hl Cuba/np-hl blockade/nn-hl take/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Military/jj experts/nns say/vb a/at tight/jj naval/jj blockade/nn off/in Cuban/jj ports/nns and/cc at/in the/at approaches/nns to/in Cuban/jj waters/nns would/md require/vb two/cd naval/jj task/nn forces/nns ,/, each/dt built/vbn around/in an/at aircraft/nn carrier/nn with/in a/at complement/nn of/in about/rb 100/cd planes/nns and/cc several/ap destroyers/nns ./.


	The/at Navy/nn-tl ,/, on/in April/np 25/cd ,/, announced/vbd it/pps is/bez bringing/vbg back/rb the/at carrier/nn Shangri-La/np from/in the/at Mediterranean/np ,/, increasing/vbg to/in four/cd the/at number/nn of/in attack/nn carriers/nns in/in the/at vicinity/nn of/in Cuba/np ./.
More/ap than/in 36/cd other/ap big/jj Navy/nn-tl ships/nns are/ber no/at less/ap than/in a/at day's/nn$ sailing/vbg time/nn away/rb ./.


	To/to round/vb out/rp the/at blockading/vbg force/nn ,/, submarines/nns would/md be/be needed/vbn --/-- to/to locate/vb ,/, identify/vb and/cc track/vb approaching/vbg vessels/nns ./.
Land-based/jj radar/nn would/md help/vb with/in this/dt task/nn ./.
So/rb would/md radar/nn picket/nn ships/nns ./.
A/at squadron/nn of/in Navy/nn-tl jets/nns and/cc another/dt of/in long-range/nn patrol/nn planes/nns would/md add/vb support/nn to/in the/at carrier/nn task/nn forces/nns ./.


	Three/cd requirements/nns go/vb with/in a/at blockade/nn :/: It/pps must/md be/be proclaimed/vbn ;/. ;/.
the/at blockading/vbg force/nn must/md be/be powerful/jj enough/qlp to/to enforce/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps must/md be/be enforced/vbn without/in discrimination/nn ./.


	Once/cs these/dts conditions/nns of/in international/jj law/nn are/ber met/vbn ,/, countries/nns that/wps try/vb to/to run/vb the/at blockade/nn do/do so/rb at/in their/pp$ own/jj risk/nn ./.
Blockade/nn runners/nns can/md be/be stopped/vbn --/-- by/in gunfire/nn ,/, if/cs necessary/jj --/-- searched/vbn and/cc held/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap temporarily/rb ./.
They/ppss could/md be/be sent/vbn to/in U.S./np ports/nns for/in rulings/nns whether/cs cargo/nn should/md be/be confiscated/vbn ./.
What/wdt-hl could/md-hl a/at-hl blockade/nn-hl accomplish/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Plenty/nn ,/, say/vb the/at experts/nns ./.
In/in a/at broad/jj sense/nn ,/, it/pps would/md reaffirm/vb the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl by/in opposing/vbg Communist/jj interference/nn in/in the/at Western/jj-tl Hemisphere/nn-tl ./.
It/pps could/md ,/, by/in avoiding/vbg direct/jj intervention/nn ,/, provide/vb a/at short-of-war/jj strategy/nn to/to meet/vb short-of-war/jj infiltration/nn ./.


	Primary/jj target/nn would/md be/be shipments/nns of/in tanks/nns ,/, guns/nns ,/, aviation/nn gasoline/nn and/cc ammunition/nn coming/vbg from/in Russia/np and/cc Czechoslovakia/np ./.
Shipments/nns of/in arms/nns from/in Western/jj-tl countries/nns could/md similarly/rb be/be seized/vbn as/cs contraband/nn ./.
In/in a/at total/nn blockade/nn ,/, action/nn could/md also/rb be/be taken/vbn against/in ships/nns bringing/vbg in/rp chemicals/nns ,/, oils/nns ,/, textiles/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb foodstuffs/nns ./.
At/in times/nns ,/, three/cd ships/nns a/at day/nn from/in the/at Soviet/np bloc/nn are/ber unloading/vbg in/in Cuban/jj ports/nns ./.

From/in its/pp$ inception/nn in/in 1920/cd with/in the/at passage/nn of/in Public/jj-tl Law/nn-tl 236/cd-tl ,/, 66th/od-tl Congress/np ,/, the/at purpose/nn of/in the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn program/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to assist/vb the/at States/nns-tl ,/, by/in means/nns of/in grants-in-aid/nns ,/, to/to return/vb disabled/vbn men/nns and/cc women/nns to/in productive/jj ,/, gainful/jj employment/nn ./.
The/at authority/nn for/in the/at program/nn was/bedz renewed/vbn several/ap times/nns until/cs the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn program/nn was/bedz made/vbn permanent/jj as/cs Title/nn-tl 5/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Social/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl in/in 1935/cd ./.
Up/rp to/in this/dt time/nn and/cc for/in the/at next/ap eight/cd years/nns ,/, the/at services/nns provided/vbn disabled/vbn persons/nns consisted/vbd mainly/rb of/in training/vbg ,/, counseling/vbg ,/, and/cc placement/nn on/in a/at job/nn ./.
Recognizing/vbg the/at limitations/nns of/in such/abl a/at program/nn ,/, the/at 78th/od-tl Congress/np-tl in/in 1943/cd passed/vbd P./np L./np 113/cd-tl ,/, which/wdt broadened/vbd the/at concept/nn of/in rehabilitation/nn to/to include/vb the/at provision/nn of/in physical/jj restoration/nn services/nns to/to remove/vb or/cc reduce/vb disabilities/nns ,/, and/cc which/wdt revised/vbd the/at financing/vbg structure/nn ./.
Recent/jj-hl changes/nns-hl ./.-hl

Despite/in the/at successful/jj rehabilitation/nn of/in over/rp a/at half/abn million/cd disabled/vbn persons/nns in/in the/at first/od eleven/cd years/nns after/in 1943/cd ,/, the/at existing/vbg program/nn was/bedz still/rb seen/vbn to/to be/be inadequate/jj to/to cope/vb with/in the/at nation's/nn$ backlog/nn of/in an/at estimated/vbn two/cd million/cd disabled/vbn ./.
To/to assist/vb the/at States/nns-tl ,/, therefore/rb ,/, in/in rehabilitating/vbg handicapped/vbn individuals/nns ,/, ``/`` so/cs that/cs they/ppss may/md prepare/vb for/in and/cc engage/vb in/in remunerative/jj employment/nn to/in the/at extent/nn of/in their/pp$ capabilities/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at 83rd/od-tl Congress/np-tl enacted/vbd the/at Vocational/jj-tl Rehabilitation/nn-tl Amendments/nns-tl of/in 1954/cd (/( P./np L./np 565/np )/) ./.
These/dts amendments/nns to/in the/at Vocational/jj-tl Rehabilitation/nn-tl Act/nn-tl were/bed designed/vbn to/to help/vb provide/vb for/in more/ap specialized/vbn rehabilitation/nn facilities/nns ,/, for/in more/ap sheltered/vbn and/cc ``/`` half-way/jj ''/'' workshops/nns ,/, for/in greater/jjr numbers/nns of/in adequately/rb trained/vbn personnel/nns ,/, for/in more/ap comprehensive/jj services/nns to/in individuals/nns (/( particularly/rb to/in the/at homebound/jj and/cc the/at blind/jj )/) ,/, and/cc for/in other/ap administrative/jj improvements/nns to/to increase/vb the/at program's/nn$ overall/jj effectiveness/nn ./.
Financial/jj-hl aspects/nns-hl ./.-hl

Under/in the/at law/nn as/cs it/pps existed/vbd until/in 1943/cd ,/, the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl made/vbd grants/nns to/in the/at States/nns-tl on/in the/at basis/nn of/in population/nn ,/, matching/vbg State/nn-tl expenditures/nns on/in a/at 50-50/cd basis/nn ./.
Under/in P./np L./np 113/cd-tl ,/, 78th/od-tl Congress/np ,/, the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl assumed/vbd responsibility/nn for/in 100%/nn of/in necessary/jj State/nn-tl expenditures/nns in/in connection/nn with/in administration/nn and/cc the/at counseling/nn and/cc placement/nn of/in the/at disabled/vbn ,/, and/cc for/in 50%/nn of/in the/at necessary/jj costs/nns of/in providing/vbg clients/nns with/in rehabilitation/nn case/nn services/nns ./.
Throughout/in these/dts years/nns ,/, the/at statutory/jj authorization/nn was/bedz for/in such/jj sums/nns as/cs were/bed necessary/jj to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at provisions/nns of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.


	The/at 1954/cd Amendments/nns-tl completely/rb changed/vbd the/at financing/nn of/in the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn program/nn ,/, providing/vbg for/in a/at three-part/jj grant/nn structure/nn --/-- for/in (/( 1/cd )/) basic/jj support/nn ;/. ;/.
(/( 2/cd )/) extension/nn and/cc improvement/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) research/nn ,/, demonstrations/nns ,/, training/vbg and/cc traineeships/nns for/in vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn --/-- and/cc in/in addition/nn for/in short-term/nn training/nn and/cc instruction/nn ./.
The/at first/od part/nn of/in the/at new/jj structure/nn --/-- that/dt for/in supporting/vbg the/at basic/jj program/nn of/in vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn services/nns --/-- is/bez described/vbn in/in this/dt Section/nn-tl ./.
Subsequent/jj sections/nns on/in grants/nns describe/vb the/at other/ap categories/nns of/in the/at grant/nn structure/nn ./.


	The/at following/vbg table/nn shows/vbz ,/, for/in selected/vbn years/nns ,/, the/at authorizations/nns ,/, appropriations/nns ,/, allotment/nn base/nn ,/, Federal/jj-tl grants/nns to/in States/nns-tl and/cc State/nn-tl matching/vbg funds/nns for/in this/dt part/nn of/in the/at grant/nn program/nn :/: 


method/nn-hl of/in-hl distributing/vbg-hl funds/nns-hl 
description/nn-hl of/in-hl formula/nn-hl ./.-hl

In/in order/nn to/to assist/vb the/at States/nns-tl in/in maintaining/vbg basic/jj vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn services/nns ,/, Section/nn-tl 2/cd-tl of/in the/at amended/vbn Act/nn-tl provides/vbz that/cs allotments/nns to/in States/nns-tl for/in support/nn of/in such/jj services/nns be/be based/vbn on/in (/( 1/cd )/) need/nn ,/, as/cs measured/vbn by/in a/at State's/nn$-tl population/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) fiscal/jj capacity/nn ,/, as/cs measured/vbn by/in its/pp$ per/in capita/nns income/nn ./.
The/at Act/nn-tl further/rbr provides/vbz for/in a/at ``/`` floor/nn ''/'' or/cc minimum/jj allotment/nn ,/, set/vbn at/in the/at 1954/cd level/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez called/vbn the/at ``/`` base/nn ''/'' allotment/nn ,/, and/cc a/at ``/`` ceiling/nn ''/'' or/cc maximum/jj allotment/nn ,/, for/in each/dt State/nn-tl ./.
It/pps stipulates/vbz ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, that/cs all/abn amounts/nns remaining/vbg as/cs a/at result/nn of/in imposing/vbg the/at ``/`` ceiling/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc not/* used/vbn for/in insuring/vbg the/at ``/`` floor/nn ''/'' ,/, be/be redistributed/vbn to/in those/dts States/nns-tl still/rb below/in their/pp$ maximums/nns ./.
These/dts provisions/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to reflect/vb the/at differences/nns in/in wealth/nn and/cc population/nn among/in the/at States/nns-tl ,/, with/in the/at objective/nn that/cs a/at vocationally/rb handicapped/vbn person/nn have/hv access/nn to/in needed/vbn services/nns regardless/rb of/in whether/cs he/pps resides/vbz in/in a/at State/nn-tl with/in a/at low/jj or/cc high/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn or/cc a/at sparsely/rb or/cc thickly/rb populated/vbn State/nn-tl ./.
The/at provisions/nns are/ber also/rb designed/vbn to/to avoid/vb disruption/nn in/in State/nn-tl programs/nns already/rb in/in operation/nn ,/, which/wdt might/md otherwise/rb result/vb from/in the/at allotment/nn of/in funds/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in wealth/nn and/cc population/nn alone/rb ./.
Method/nn-hl of/in-hl computing/vbg-hl allotments/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at method/nn used/vbn in/in computing/vbg the/at allotments/nns is/bez specifically/rb set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.
The/at term/nn ``/`` State/nn-tl-nc ''/'' means/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl ,/, the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ;/. ;/.
the/at term/nn ``/`` United/vbn-tl-nc States/nns-tl-nc ''/'' includes/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, and/cc excludes/vbz the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np ./.
The/at following/vbg steps/nns are/ber employed/vbn in/in calculations/nns :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

For/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, Guam/np ,/, the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) determine/vb average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn based/vbn on/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./.
(/( See/vb Source/nn-tl of/in-tl Data/nns-tl ,/, below/rb for/in per/in capita/nns income/nn data/nn to/to be/be used/vbn in/in this/dt step/nn ./.
)/) 2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn for/in the/at U./np S./np based/vbn on/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./.
(/( See/vb Source/nn-tl of/in-tl Data/nns-tl ,/, below/rb ,/, for/in per/in capita/nns income/nn data/nn to/to be/be used/vbn in/in this/dt step/nn ./.
)/) 3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at ratio/nn of/in 50%/nn to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at U./np S./np (/( Divide/vb 50/cd by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 2/cd above/rb ./.
)/) 4/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb for/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) that/dt percentage/nn which/wdt bears/vbz the/at same/ap ratio/nn to/in 50%/nn as/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn bears/vbz to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at U./np S./np ./.
(/( Multiply/vb the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 3/cd above/rb by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn for/in each/dt State/nn-tl in/in item/nn 1/cd above/rb ./.
)/) 5/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl ``/`` allotment/nn percentage/nn ''/'' ./.
By/in law/nn this/dt is/bez 75%/nn for/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ./.
(/( Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np had/hvd fixed/vbn allotment/nn percentages/nns in/in effect/nn prior/rb to/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1962/cd ./.
)/) 

	In/in all/abn other/ap States/nns-tl it/pps is/bez the/at difference/nn obtained/vbn by/in subtracting/vbg from/in 100/cd the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 4/cd above/rb ;/. ;/.
except/in that/cs no/at State/nn-tl shall/md have/hv an/at allotment/nn percentage/nn less/ap than/in 33-1/3%/nn nor/cc more/ap than/in 75%/nn ./.
If/cs the/at resulting/vbg difference/nn for/in the/at particular/jj State/nn-tl is/bez less/ap or/cc more/ap than/in these/dts extremes/nns ,/, the/at State's/nn$-tl allotment/nn percentage/nn must/md be/be raised/vbn or/cc lowered/vbn to/in the/at appropriate/jj extreme/nn ./.
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

Square/vb each/dt State's/nn$-tl allotment/nn percentage/nn ./.
7/cd ./.

Determine/vb each/dt State's/nn$-tl population/nn ./.
(/( See/vb Source/nn-tl of/in-tl Data/nns-tl ,/, below/rb for/in population/nn data/nn to/to be/be used/vbn in/in this/dt step/nn ./.
)/) 8/cd-hl ./.-hl

Multiply/vb the/at population/nn of/in each/dt State/nn-tl by/in the/at square/nn of/in its/pp$ allotment/nn percentage/nn ./.
(/( Multiply/vb result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 7/cd above/rb ,/, by/in result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 6/cd above/rb ./.
)/) 9/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at sum/nn of/in the/at products/nns obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 8/cd above/rb ,/, for/in all/abn the/at States/nns-tl ./.
(/( For/in each/dt State/nn-tl ,/, make/vb all/abn computations/nns set/vbn forth/rb in/in items/nns 1/cd to/in 8/cd above/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb add/vb the/at results/nns obtained/vbn for/in each/dt State/nn-tl in/in item/nn 8/cd ./.
)/) 10/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at ratio/nn that/wps the/at amount/nn being/beg allotted/vbn is/bez to/in the/at sum/nn of/in the/at products/nns for/in all/abn the/at States/nns-tl ./.
(/( Divide/vb the/at amount/nn being/beg allotted/vbn by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 9/cd above/rb ./.
)/) 11/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn for/in the/at particular/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
(/( Multiply/vb the/at State/nn-tl product/nn in/in item/nn 8/cd above/rb by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 10/cd above/rb ./.
)/) 12/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb if/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn (/( result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 11/cd above/rb )/) is/bez greater/jjr than/cs its/pp$ maximum/jj allotment/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs so/rb lower/vb its/pp$ unadjusted/jj allotment/nn to/in its/pp$ maximum/jj allotment/nn ./.
(/( Each/dt State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn for/in any/dti fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, which/wdt exceeds/vbz its/pp$ minimum/jj allotment/nn described/vbn in/in item/nn 13/cd below/rb by/in a/at percentage/nn greater/jjr than/in one/cd and/cc one-half/nn times/nns the/at percentage/nn by/in which/wdt the/at sum/nn being/beg allotted/vbn exceeds/vbz $23,000,000/nns ,/, must/md be/be reduced/vbn by/in the/at amount/nn of/in the/at excess/nn ./.
)/) 13/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb if/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn (/( result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 11/cd above/rb )/) is/bez less/ap than/in its/pp$ minimum/jj (/( base/nn )/) allotment/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs so/rb raise/vb its/pp$ unadjusted/jj allotment/nn to/in its/pp$ minimum/jj allotment/nn ./.
Regardless/rb of/in its/pp$ unadjusted/jj allotment/nn ,/, each/dt State/nn-tl is/bez guaranteed/vbn by/in law/nn a/at minimum/jj allotment/nn each/dt year/nn equal/jj to/in the/at allotment/nn which/wdt it/pps received/vbd in/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1954/cd --/-- increased/vbn by/in a/at uniform/jj percentage/nn of/in 5.4865771/cd which/wdt brings/vbz total/nn 1954/cd allotments/nns to/in all/abn States/nns-tl up/rp to/in $23,000,000/nns ./.
14/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at funds/nns recouped/vbn by/in reductions/nns in/in item/nn 12/cd above/rb are/ber used/vbn :/: first/rb ,/, to/to increase/vb the/at unadjusted/jj allotments/nns to/in the/at specified/vbn minimum/nn in/in those/dts States/nns-tl where/wrb the/at unadjusted/jj allotment/nn is/bez less/ap than/in the/at minimum/jj allotment/nn (/( item/nn 13/cd above/rb )/) ;/. ;/.
and/cc second/rb ,/, to/to increase/vb uniformly/rb the/at allotments/nns to/in those/dts States/nns-tl whose/wp$ allotments/nns are/ber below/in their/pp$ maximums/nns ,/, with/in adjustments/nns to/to prevent/vb the/at allotment/nn of/in any/dti State/nn-tl from/in thereby/rb exceeding/vbg its/pp$ maximum/jj ./.
Additional/jj-hl note/nn-hl on/in-hl allotments/nns-hl ./.-hl

For/in the/at States/nns-tl which/wdt maintain/vb two/cd separate/jj agencies/nns --/-- one/cd for/in the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn of/in the/at blind/jj ,/, and/cc one/cd for/in the/at rehabilitation/nn of/in persons/nns other/ap than/in the/at blind/jj --/-- the/at Act/nn-tl specifies/vbz that/cs their/pp$ minimum/jj (/( base/nn )/) allotment/nn shall/md be/be divided/vbn between/in the/at two/cd agencies/nns in/in the/at same/ap proportion/nn as/cs it/pps was/bedz divided/vbn in/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1954/cd ./.
Funds/nns allotted/vbn in/in addition/nn to/in their/pp$ minimum/jj allotment/nn are/ber apportioned/vbn to/in the/at two/cd agencies/nns as/cs they/ppss may/md determine/vb ./.



Matching/vbg-hl requirements/nns-hl 
explanation/nn-hl of/in-hl matching/vbg-hl formula/nn-hl ./.-hl

As/cs is/bez the/at case/nn with/in the/at allotment/nn provisions/nns for/in support/nn of/in vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn services/nns ,/, the/at matching/vbg requirements/nns are/ber also/rb based/vbn on/in a/at statutory/jj formula/nn ./.
Prior/rb to/in 1960/cd ,/, in/in order/nn to/to provide/vb matching/vbg for/in the/at minimum/jj (/( base/nn )/) allotment/nn ,/, State/nn-tl funds/nns had/hvd to/to equal/vb 1954/cd State/nn-tl funds/nns ./.
Prior/rb to/in and/cc since/in 1960/cd the/at rest/nn of/in the/at support/nn allotment/nn is/bez matched/vbn at/in rates/nns related/vbn to/in the/at fiscal/jj capacity/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, with/in a/at pivot/nn of/in 40%/nn State/nn-tl (/( or/cc 60%/nn Federal/jj-tl )/) participation/nn in/in total/nn program/nn costs/nns ./.
The/at percentage/nn of/in Federal/jj-tl participation/nn in/in such/jj costs/nns for/in any/dti State/nn-tl is/bez referred/vbn to/in in/in the/at law/nn as/cs that/dt State's/nn$-tl ``/`` Federal/jj-tl share/nn ''/'' ./.
For/in purposes/nns of/in this/dt explanation/nn ,/, this/dt percentage/nn is/bez referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at State's/nn$-tl ``/`` unadjusted/jj Federal/jj-tl share/nn ''/'' ./.
Beginning/vbg in/in 1960/cd ,/, the/at matching/vbg requirements/nns for/in the/at base/nn allotment/nn are/ber being/beg adjusted/vbn (/( upward/rb or/cc downward/rb ,/, as/cs required/vbn )/) 25%/nn a/at year/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs by/in 1963/cd the/at entire/jj support/nn allotment/nn will/md be/be matched/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at 40%/nn pivot/nn State/nn-tl share/nn ,/, with/in maximum/jj and/cc minimum/jj State/nn-tl shares/nns of/in 50%/nn and/cc 30%/nn ,/, respectively/rb ./.
The/at pre-1960/jj rate/nn of/in Federal/jj-tl participation/nn with/in respect/nn to/in any/dti State's/nn$-tl base/nn allotment/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at adjusted/vbn rate/nn in/in effect/nn during/in the/at 1960/cd -/in 1962/cd period/nn ,/, is/bez designated/vbn by/in the/at statute/nn as/cs that/dt State's/nn$-tl ``/`` adjusted/vbn Federal/jj-tl Share/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
The/at provisions/nns for/in determining/vbg a/at State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj Federal/jj-tl share/nn are/ber designed/vbn to/to reflect/vb the/at varying/vbg financial/jj resources/nns among/in the/at States/nns-tl ./.
The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at adjusted/vbn Federal/jj-tl share/nn relating/vbg to/in the/at base/nn allotment/nn and/cc of/in the/at transition/nn provisions/nns for/in reaching/vbg the/at unadjusted/jj Federal/jj-tl share/nn is/bez to/to prevent/vb dislocations/nns from/in abrupt/jj changes/nns in/in matching/vbg rates/nns ./.
Method/nn-hl of/in-hl computing/vbg-hl Federal/jj-tl-hl shares/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at method/nn used/vbn for/in computing/vbg the/at respective/jj Federal/jj-tl and/cc State/nn-tl shares/nns in/in total/nn program/nn costs/nns is/bez specifically/rb set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.
The/at term/nn ``/`` State/nn-tl-nc ''/'' means/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl ,/, the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ;/. ;/.
the/at term/nn ``/`` United/vbn-tl-nc States/nns-tl-nc ''/'' includes/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl and/cc excludes/vbz the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np ./.
The/at following/vbg steps/nns are/ber employed/vbn in/in the/at calculations/nns :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

For/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np ,/, Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ,/, determine/vb the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn for/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./.
(/( the/at same/ap amount/nn used/vbn in/in item/nn 1/cd under/in Method/nn-tl Of/in-tl Computing/vbg-tl Allotments/nns-tl ,/, above/rb ./.
)/) 2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./.
(/( The/at same/ap amount/nn used/vbn in/in item/nn 2/cd under/in Method/nn-tl Of/in-tl Computing/vbg-tl Allotments/nns-tl ,/, above/rb ./.
)/) 3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at ratio/nn of/in 40%/nn to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
(/( Divide/vb 40/cd by/in the/at amount/nn used/vbn in/in item/nn 2/cd above/rb ./.
)/) 4/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb for/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np ,/, Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ,/, that/dt percentage/nn which/wdt bears/vbz the/at same/ap ration/nn to/in 40%/nn as/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn bears/vbz to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
(/( Multiply/vb the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 3/cd above/rb by/in the/at amount/nn used/vbn for/in each/dt State/nn-tl in/in item/nn 1/cd-tl above/rb ./.
)/) 5/cd-hl ./.-hl

Determine/vb the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl ``/`` Federal/jj-tl Share/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
By/in law/nn this/dt is/bez 70%/nn for/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ./.
(/( Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np had/hvd fixed/vbn Federal/jj-tl share/nn percentages/nns in/in effect/nn prior/rb to/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1962/cd ./.
)/) 

	In/in all/abn other/ap States/nns-tl it/pps is/bez the/at difference/nn obtained/vbn by/in subtracting/vbg from/in 100/cd the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 4/cd above/rb ;/. ;/.
except/in that/cs no/at State/nn-tl shall/md have/hv a/at Federal/jj-tl share/nn less/ap than/in 50%/nn nor/cc more/ap than/in 70%/nn ./.
If/cs the/at resulting/vbg difference/nn for/in the/at particular/jj State/nn-tl is/bez less/ap or/cc more/ap than/in these/dts extremes/nns ,/, the/at State's/nn$-tl Federal/jj-tl share/nn must/md be/be raised/vbn or/cc lowered/vbn to/in the/at appropriate/jj extreme/nn ./.



	At/in the/at entrance/nn side/nn of/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, each/dt roof/nn beam/nn is/bez rested/vbn on/in the/at inside/nn 4/cd inches/nns of/in the/at block/nn wall/nn ./.
The/at outside/jj 4-inch/jj space/nn is/bez filled/vbn by/in mortaring/vbg blocks/nns on/in edge/nn ./.
The/at wooden/jj bracing/nn between/in the/at roof/nn beams/nns is/bez placed/vbn flush/jj with/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at wall/nn ./.
Mortar/nn is/bez poured/vbn between/in this/dt bracing/nn and/cc the/at 4-inch/jj blocks/nns on/in edge/nn to/to complete/vb the/at wall/nn thickness/nn for/in radiation/nn shielding/nn ./.
(/( For/in details/nns see/vb inset/nn ,/, fig./nn 5/cd ./.
)/) 

	The/at first/od one/cd or/cc two/cd roof/nn boards/nns (/( marked/vbn ``/`` E/nn ''/'' in/in fig./nn 6/cd )/) are/ber slipped/vbn into/in place/nn across/in the/at roof/nn beams/nns ,/, from/in outside/in the/at shelter/nn ./.
These/dts boards/nns are/ber nailed/vbn to/in the/at roof/nn beams/nns by/in reaching/vbg up/rp through/in the/at open/jj space/nn between/in the/at beams/nns ,/, from/in inside/in the/at shelter/nn ./.
Concrete/nn blocks/nns are/ber passed/vbn between/in the/at beams/nns and/cc put/vbn on/in the/at boards/nns ./.
The/at roof/nn blocks/nns are/ber in/in two/cd layers/nns and/cc are/ber not/* mortared/vbn together/rb ./.


	Work/nn on/in the/at roof/nn continues/vbz in/in this/dt way/nn ./.
The/at last/ap roof/nn boards/nns are/ber covered/vbn with/in blocks/nns from/in outside/in the/at shelter/nn ./.


	When/wrb the/at roof/nn blocks/nns are/ber all/abn in/in place/nn ,/, the/at final/jj rows/nns of/in wall/nn blocks/nns are/ber mortared/vbn into/in position/nn ./.
The/at structure/nn is/bez complete/jj ./.
(/( See/vb fig./nn 7/cd ./.
)/) Building/vbg plans/nns are/ber on/in page/nn 21/cd ./.


	Solid/jj concrete/nn blocks/nns ,/, relatively/ql heavy/jj and/cc dense/jj ,/, are/ber used/vbn for/in this/dt shelter/nn ./.
These/dts blocks/nns are/ber sold/vbn in/in various/jj sizes/nns so/rb it/pps seldom/rb is/bez necessary/jj to/to cut/vb a/at block/nn to/to fit/vb ./.


	Solid/jj blocks/nns are/ber recommended/vbn because/cs hollow/jj blocks/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be filled/vbn with/in concrete/nn to/to give/vb effective/jj protection/nn ./.


	Bricks/nns are/ber an/at alternative/nn ./.
If/cs they/ppss are/ber used/vbn ,/, the/at walls/nns and/cc roof/nn should/md be/be 10/cd inches/nns thick/jj to/to give/vb the/at same/ap protection/nn as/cs the/at 8-inch/jj solid/jj concrete/nn blocks/nns ./.


	The/at illustrations/nns in/in fig./nn 8/cd show/vb how/wrb to/to lay/vb a/at concrete/nn block/nn wall/nn ./.
More/ql detailed/vbn instructions/nns may/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in your/pp$ local/jj building/vbg supply/nn houses/nns and/cc craftsmen/nns ./.
Other/ap sources/nns of/in information/nn include/vb the/at National/jj-tl Concrete/nn-tl Masonry/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, 38/cd-tl South/jj-tl Dearborn/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ,/, the/at Portland/np-tl Cement/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, 33/cd-tl West/jj-tl Grand/jj-tl Avenue/nn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ,/, and/cc the/at Structural/jj-tl Clay/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./.
Aboveground/jj-hl double-wall/nn-hl shelter/nn-hl 
An/at outdoor/jj ,/, aboveground/jj fallout/nn shelter/nn also/rb may/md be/be built/vbn with/in concrete/nn blocks/nns ./.
(/( See/vb fig./nn 9/cd ,/, double-wall/nn shelter/nn ./.
)/) Most/ap people/nns would/md have/hv to/to hire/vb a/at contractor/nn to/to build/vb this/dt shelter/nn ./.
Plans/nns are/ber on/in pages/nns 22/cd and/cc 23/cd ./.


	This/dt shelter/nn could/md be/be built/vbn in/in regions/nns where/wrb water/nn or/cc rock/nn is/bez close/rb to/in the/at surface/nn ,/, making/vbg it/ppo impractical/jj to/to build/vb an/at underground/jj shelter/nn ./.


	Two/cd walls/nns of/in concrete/nn blocks/nns are/ber constructed/vbn at/in least/ap 20/cd inches/nns apart/rb ./.
The/at space/nn between/in them/ppo is/bez filled/vbn with/in pit-run/jj gravel/nn or/cc earth/nn ./.
The/at walls/nns are/ber held/vbn together/rb with/in metal/nn ties/nns placed/vbn in/in the/at wet/jj mortar/nn as/cs the/at walls/nns are/ber built/vbn ./.


	The/at roof/nn shown/vbn here/rb (/( fig./nn 9/cd )/) is/bez a/at 6-inch/jj slab/nn of/in reinforced/vbn concrete/nn ,/, covered/vbn with/in at/in least/ap 20/cd inches/nns of/in pit-run/jj gravel/nn ./.
An/at alternate/jj roof/nn ,/, perhaps/rb more/rbr within/in do-it-yourself/jj reach/nn ,/, could/md be/be constructed/vbn of/in heavy/jj wooden/jj roof/nn beams/nns ,/, overlaid/vbn with/in boards/nns and/cc waterproofing/nn ./.
It/pps would/md have/hv to/to be/be covered/vbn with/in at/in least/ap 28/cd inches/nns of/in pit-run/jj gravel/nn ./.


	The/at materials/nns for/in a/at double-wall/nn shelter/nn would/md cost/vb about/rb $700/nns ./.
Contractors'/nns$ charges/nns would/md be/be additional/jj ./.
The/at shelter/nn would/md provide/vb almost/ql absolute/jj fallout/nn protection/nn ./.
Pre-shaped/jj-hl metal/nn-hl shelter/nn-hl 
Pre-shaped/jj corrugated/vbn metal/nn sections/nns or/cc pre-cast/jj concrete/nn can/md be/be used/vbn for/in shelters/nns either/cc above/in or/cc below/in ground/nn ./.
These/dts are/ber particularly/ql suitable/jj for/in regions/nns where/wrb water/nn or/cc rock/nn is/bez close/rb to/in the/at surface/nn ./.
They/ppss form/vb effective/jj fallout/nn shelters/nns when/wrb mounded/vbn over/rp with/in earth/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 10/cd ./.


	Materials/nns for/in this/dt shelter/nn would/md cost/vb about/rb $700/nns ./.
A/at contractor/nn probably/rb would/md be/be required/vbn to/to help/vb build/vb it/ppo ./.
His/pp$ charges/nns would/md be/be added/vbn to/in the/at cost/nn of/in materials/nns ./.
This/dt shelter/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn on/in page/nn 24/cd ,/, would/md provide/vb almost/ql absolute/jj protection/nn from/in fallout/nn radiation/nn ./.
An/at alternate/jj hatchway/nn entrance/nn ,/, shown/vbn on/in page/nn 25/cd ,/, would/md reduce/vb the/at cost/nn of/in materials/nns $50/nns to/in $100/nns ./.


	The/at National/jj-tl Lumber/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D./np C./np ,/, is/bez developing/vbg plans/nns to/to utilize/vb specially/rb treated/vbn lumber/nn for/in underground/jj shelter/nn construction/nn ./.
The/at Structural/jj-tl Clay/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, is/bez working/vbg to/to develop/vb brick/nn and/cc clay/nn products/nns suitable/jj for/in shelter/nn construction/nn ./.
Underground/jj-hl concrete/nn-hl shelter/nn-hl 
An/at underground/jj reinforced/vbn concrete/nn shelter/nn can/md be/be built/vbn by/in a/at contractor/nn for/in about/rb $1,000/nns to/in $1,500/nns ,/, depending/in on/in the/at type/nn of/in entrance/nn ./.
The/at shelter/nn shown/vbn would/md provide/vb almost/ql absolute/jj fallout/nn protection/nn ./.


	The/at illustration/nn (/( fig./nn 11/cd )/) shows/vbz this/dt shelter/nn with/in the/at roof/nn at/in ground/nn level/nn and/cc mounded/vbn over/rp ./.
The/at same/ap shelter/nn could/md be/be built/vbn into/in an/at embankment/nn or/cc below/in ground/nn level/nn ./.
Plans/nns for/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, with/in either/cc a/at stairway/nn or/cc hatchway/nn entrance/nn ,/, are/ber shown/vbn on/in pages/nns 26/cd and/cc 27/cd ./.


	Another/dt type/nn of/in shelter/nn which/wdt gives/vbz excellent/jj fallout/nn protection/nn can/md be/be built/vbn as/cs an/at added/vbn room/nn to/in the/at basement/nn of/in a/at home/nn under/in construction/nn ./.
It/pps would/md add/vb about/rb $500/nns to/in the/at total/nn cost/nn of/in the/at home/nn ./.
The/at shelter/nn illustrated/vbn in/in figure/nn 12/cd is/bez based/vbn on/in such/abl a/at room/nn built/vbn in/in a/at new/jj home/nn in/in the/at Washington/np ,/, D.C./np area/nn in/in the/at Spring/nn-tl of/in 1959/cd ./.


	Important/jj considerations/nns common/jj to/in each/dt type/nn of/in shelter/nn are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Arrangement/nn of/in the/at entrance/nn ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Ventilation/nn ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Radio/nn reception/nn ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

Lighting/vbg-hl ./.-hl


	The/at entrance/nn must/md have/hv at/in least/ap one/cd right-angle/nn turn/nn ./.
Radiation/nn scatters/vbz somewhat/rb like/cs light/nn ./.
Some/dti will/md go/vb around/in a/at corner/nn ./.
The/at rest/nn continues/vbz in/in a/at straight/jj line/nn ./.
Therefore/rb ,/, sharp/jj turns/nns in/in a/at shelter/nn entrance/nn will/md reduce/vb radiation/nn intensity/nn inside/in the/at shelter/nn ./.


	Ventilation/nn is/bez provided/vbn in/in a/at concrete/nn block/nn basement/nn shelter/nn by/in vents/nns in/in the/at wall/nn and/cc by/in the/at open/jj entrance/nn ./.
A/at blower/nn may/md be/be installed/vbn to/to increase/vb comfort/nn ./.


	A/at blower/nn is/bez essential/jj for/in the/at double-wall/nn shelter/nn and/cc for/in the/at underground/jj shelters/nns ./.
It/pps should/md provide/vb not/* less/ap than/in 5/cd cubic/jj feet/nns per/in minute/nn of/in air/nn per/in person/nn ./.
Vent/nn pipes/nns also/rb are/ber necessary/jj (/( as/cs shown/vbn in/in figs./nns 9/cd ,/, 10/cd ,/, and/cc 11/cd )/) ,/, but/cc filters/nns are/ber not/* ./.


	Radio/nn reception/nn is/bez cut/vbn down/rp by/in the/at shielding/nn necessary/jj to/to keep/vb out/rp radiation/nn ./.
As/ql soon/rb as/cs the/at shelter/nn is/bez completed/vbn a/at radio/nn reception/nn check/nn must/md be/be made/vbn ./.
It/pps probably/rb will/md be/be necessary/jj to/to install/vb an/at outside/jj antenna/nn ,/, particularly/rb to/to receive/vb CONELRAD/nn broadcasts/nns ./.


	Lighting/vbg is/bez an/at important/jj consideration/nn ./.
Continuous/jj low-level/nn lighting/nn may/md be/be provided/vbn in/in the/at shelter/nn by/in means/nns of/in a/at 4-cell/jj hot-shot/nn battery/nn to/in which/wdt is/bez wired/vbn a/at 150-milliampere/jj flashlight-type/jj bulb/nn ./.
Tests/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs such/abl a/at device/nn ,/, with/in a/at fresh/jj battery/nn ,/, will/md furnish/vb light/nn continuously/rb for/in at/in least/ap 10/cd days/nns ./.
With/in a/at spare/jj battery/nn ,/, a/at source/nn of/in light/nn for/in 2/cd weeks/nns or/cc more/ap would/md be/be assured/vbn ./.
A/at flashlight/nn or/cc electric/jj lantern/nn also/rb should/md be/be available/jj for/in those/dts periods/nns when/wrb a/at brighter/jjr light/nn is/bez needed/vbn ./.
There/ex should/md be/be a/at regular/jj electrical/jj outlet/nn in/in the/at shelter/nn as/cs power/nn may/md continue/vb in/in many/ap areas/nns ./.


	Other/ap considerations/nns ./.
--/-- If/cs there/ex are/ber outside/jj windows/nns in/in the/at basement/nn corner/nn where/wrb you/ppss build/vb a/at shelter/nn ,/, they/ppss should/md be/be shielded/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl ,/, page/nn 29/cd ./.
Other/ap basement/nn windows/nns should/md be/be blocked/vbn when/wrb an/at emergency/nn threatens/vbz ./.
Basement/nn walls/nns that/wps project/vb above/in the/at ground/nn should/md be/be shielded/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl ,/, page/nn 29/cd ./.


	In/in these/dts shelters/nns the/at entrance/nn should/md be/be not/* more/ap than/in 2/cd feet/nns wide/jj ./.
Bunks/nns ,/, or/cc materials/nns to/to build/vb them/ppo ,/, may/md have/hv to/to be/be put/vbn inside/in the/at enclosure/nn before/cs the/at shelter/nn walls/nns are/ber completed/vbn ./.


	The/at basement/nn or/cc belowground/jj shelters/nns also/rb will/md serve/vb for/in tornado/nn or/cc hurricane/nn protection/nn ./.



3/cd-hl ./.-hl
Living/vbg-hl in/in-hl a/at-hl shelter/nn-hl 
The/at radioactivity/nn of/in fallout/nn decays/vbz rapidly/rb at/in first/rb ./.
Forty-nine/cd hours/nns after/in an/at atomic/jj burst/nn the/at radiation/nn intensity/nn is/bez only/rb about/rb 1/cd percent/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps was/bedz an/at hour/nn after/in the/at explosion/nn ./.
But/cc the/at radiation/nn may/md be/be so/ql intense/jj at/in the/at start/nn that/cs one/cd percent/nn may/md be/be extremely/ql dangerous/jj ./.


	Therefore/rb ,/, civil/jj defense/nn instructions/nns received/vbn over/in CONELRAD/nn or/cc by/in other/ap means/nns should/md be/be followed/vbn ./.
A/at battery-powered/jj radio/nn is/bez essential/jj ./.
Radiation/nn instruments/nns suitable/jj for/in home/nr use/nn are/ber available/jj ,/, and/cc would/md be/be of/in value/nn in/in locating/vbg that/dt portion/nn of/in the/at home/nn which/wdt offers/vbz the/at best/jjt protection/nn against/in fallout/nn radiation/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at possibility/nn that/cs battery-powered/jj radios/nns with/in built-in/jj radiation/nn meters/nns may/md become/vb available/jj ./.
One/cd instrument/nn thus/rb would/md serve/vb both/abx purposes/nns ./.


	Your/pp$ local/jj civil/jj defense/nn will/md gather/vb its/pp$ own/jj information/nn and/cc will/md receive/vb broad/jj information/nn from/in State/nn-tl and/cc Federal/jj-tl sources/nns ./.
It/pps will/md tell/vb you/ppo as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj :/: 

	How/wql long/rb to/to stay/vb in/in your/pp$ shelter/nn ;/. ;/.


	How/wql soon/rb you/ppss may/md go/vb outdoors/rb ;/. ;/.


	How/wql long/rb you/ppss may/md stay/vb outside/rb ./.


	You/ppss should/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to stay/vb in/in your/pp$ shelter/nn full/jj time/nn for/in at/in least/ap several/ap days/nns and/cc to/to make/vb it/ppo your/pp$ home/nr for/in 14/cd days/nns or/cc longer/rbr ./.
A/at checklist/nn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl (/( (/( page/nn 30/cd )/) tells/vbz what/wdt is/bez needed/vbn ./.
Families/nns with/in children/nns will/md have/hv particular/jj problems/nns ./.
They/ppss should/md provide/vb for/in simple/jj recreation/nn ./.


	There/ex should/md be/be a/at task/nn for/in everyone/pn and/cc these/dts tasks/nns should/md be/be rotated/vbn ./.
Part/nn of/in the/at family/nn should/md be/be sleeping/vbg while/cs the/at rest/nn is/bez awake/jj ./.


	To/to break/vb the/at monotony/nn it/pps may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to invent/vb tasks/nns that/wps will/md keep/vb the/at family/nn busy/jj ./.
Records/nns such/jj as/cs diaries/nns can/md be/be kept/vbn ./.


	The/at survival/nn of/in the/at family/nn will/md depend/vb largely/rb on/in information/nn received/vbn by/in radio/nn ./.
A/at record/nn should/md be/be kept/vbn of/in the/at information/nn and/cc instructions/nns ,/, including/in the/at time/nn and/cc date/nn of/in broadcast/nn ./.


	Family/nn rationing/nn probably/rb will/md be/be necessary/jj ./.


	Blowers/nns should/md be/be operated/vbn periodically/rb on/in a/at regular/jj schedule/nn ./.
There/ex will/md come/vb a/at time/nn in/in a/at basement/nn shelter/nn when/wrb the/at radiation/nn has/hvz decayed/vbn enough/rb to/to allow/vb use/nn of/in the/at whole/jj basement/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, as/ql much/ap time/nn as/cs possible/jj should/md be/be spent/vbn within/in the/at shelter/nn to/to hold/vb radiation/nn exposure/nn to/in a/at minimum/nn ./.


	The/at housekeeping/nn problems/nns of/in living/vbg in/in a/at shelter/nn will/md begin/vb as/ql soon/rb as/cs the/at shelter/nn is/bez occupied/vbn ./.
Food/nn ,/, medical/jj supplies/nns ,/, utensils/nns ,/, and/cc equipment/nn ,/, if/cs not/* already/rb stored/vbn in/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, must/md be/be quickly/rb gathered/vbn up/rp and/cc carried/vbn into/in it/ppo ./.


	After/cs the/at family/nn has/hvz settled/vbn in/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, the/at housekeeping/nn rules/nns should/md be/be spelled/vbn out/rp by/in the/at adult/nn in/in charge/nn ./.


	Sanitation/nn in/in the/at confines/nns of/in the/at family/nn shelter/nn will/md require/vb much/ap thought/nn and/cc planning/nn ./.


	Provision/nn for/in emergency/nn toilet/nn facilities/nns and/cc disposal/nn of/in human/jj wastes/nns will/md be/be an/at unfamiliar/jj problem/nn ./.
A/at covered/vbn container/nn such/jj as/cs a/at kitchen/nn garbage/nn pail/nn might/md do/do as/cs a/at toilet/nn ./.
A/at 10-gallon/jj garbage/nn can/nn ,/, with/in a/at tightly/rb fitting/vbg cover/nn ,/, could/md be/be used/vbn to/to keep/vb the/at wastes/nns until/cs it/pps is/bez safe/jj to/to leave/vb the/at shelter/nn ./.


	Water/nn rationing/nn will/md be/be difficult/jj and/cc should/md be/be planned/vbn carefully/rb ./.


	A/at portable/jj electric/jj heater/nn is/bez advisable/jj for/in shelters/nns in/in cold/jj climates/nns ./.
It/pps would/md take/vb the/at chill/nn from/in the/at shelter/nn in/in the/at beginning/nn ./.
Even/rb if/cs the/at electric/jj power/nn fails/vbz after/in an/at attack/nn ,/, any/dti time/nn that/cs the/at heater/nn has/hvz been/ben used/vbn will/md make/vb the/at shelter/nn that/ql much/ql more/ql comfortable/jj ./.
Body/nn heat/nn in/in the/at close/jj quarters/nns will/md help/vb keep/vb up/rp the/at temperature/nn ./.
Warm/jj clothing/nn and/cc bedding/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, are/ber essential/jj ./.


	Open-flame/nn heating/nn or/cc cooking/vbg should/md be/be avoided/vbn ./.
A/at flame/nn would/md use/vb up/rp air/nn ./.


	Some/dti families/nns already/rb have/hv held/vbn weekend/nn rehearsals/nns in/in their/pp$ home/nn shelters/nns to/to learn/vb the/at problems/nns and/cc to/to determine/vb for/in themselves/ppls what/wdt supplies/nns they/ppss would/md need/vb ./.



4/cd-hl ./.-hl
If/cs an/at attack/nn finds/vbz you/ppo without/in a/at prepared/vbn shelter/nn 
Few/ap areas/nns ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, are/ber as/ql good/jj as/cs prepared/vbn shelters/nns but/cc they/ppss are/ber worth/jj knowing/vbg about/in ./.


	A/at family/nn dwelling/nn without/in a/at basement/nn provides/vbz some/dti natural/jj shielding/nn from/in fallout/nn radiation/nn ./.
On/in the/at ground/nn floor/nn the/at radiation/nn would/md be/be about/rb half/rb what/wdt it/pps is/bez outside/rb ./.
The/at best/jjt protection/nn would/md be/be on/in the/at ground/nn floor/nn in/in the/at central/jj part/nn of/in the/at house/nn ./.


	A/at belowground/jj basement/nn can/md cut/vb the/at fallout/nn radiation/nn to/in one-tenth/nn of/in the/at outside/jj level/nn ./.
The/at safest/jjt place/nn is/bez the/at basement/nn corner/nn least/rbt exposed/vbn to/in windows/nns and/cc deepest/rbt below/in ground/nn ./.


	If/cs there/ex is/bez time/nn after/in the/at warning/vbg ,/, the/at basement/nn shielding/nn could/md be/be improved/vbn substantially/rb by/in blocking/vbg windows/nns with/in bricks/nns ,/, dirt/nn ,/, books/nns ,/, magazines/nns ,/, or/cc other/ap heavy/jj material/nn ./.



5/cd-hl ./.-hl
Shelter/nn in/in apartment/nn buildings/nns 
Large/jj apartment/nn buildings/nns of/in masonry/nn or/cc concrete/nn provide/vb better/jjr natural/jj shelter/nn than/cs the/at usual/jj family/nn dwellings/nns ./.
In/in general/jj ,/, such/jj apartments/nns afford/vb more/ap protection/nn than/cs smaller/jjr buildings/nns because/cs their/pp$ walls/nns are/ber thick/jj and/cc there/ex is/bez more/ap space/nn ./.


	The/at central/jj area/nn of/in the/at ground/nn floor/nn of/in a/at heavily/rb constructed/vbn apartment/nn building/nn ,/, with/in concrete/nn floors/nns ,/, should/md provide/vb more/ap fallout/nn protection/nn than/cs the/at ordinary/jj basement/nn of/in a/at family/nn dwelling/nn ./.
The/at basement/nn of/in such/abl an/at apartment/nn building/nn may/md provide/vb as/ql much/ap natural/jj protection/nn as/cs the/at specially/rb constructed/vbn concrete/nn block/nn shelter/nn recommended/vbn for/in the/at basement/nn of/in a/at family/nn dwelling/nn ./.


	The/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl is/bez aiding/vbg local/jj governments/nns in/in several/ap places/nns to/to survey/vb residential/jj ,/, commercial/jj and/cc industrial/jj buildings/nns to/to determine/vb what/wdt fallout/nn protection/nn they/ppss would/md provide/vb ,/, and/cc for/in how/wql many/ap people/nns ./.


	The/at problem/nn for/in the/at city/nn apartment/nn dweller/nn is/bez primarily/rb to/to plan/vb the/at use/nn of/in existing/vbg space/nn ./.
Such/jj planning/nn will/md require/vb the/at cooperation/nn of/in other/ap occupants/nns and/cc of/in the/at apartment/nn management/nn ./.



	A/at former/ap Du/np Pont/np official/nn became/vbd a/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl vice/nn president/nn and/cc set/vbd about/rb maximizing/vbg Du/np Pont's/np$ share/nn of/in the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl market/nn ./.
Lines/nns of/in communications/nns were/bed established/vbn between/in the/at two/cd companies/nns and/cc several/ap Du/np Pont/np products/nns were/bed actively/rb promoted/vbn ./.
Within/in a/at few/ap years/nns various/jj Du/np Pont/np manufactured/vbn items/nns were/bed filling/vbg the/at entire/jj requirements/nns of/in from/in four/cd to/in seven/cd of/in General/nn-tl Motors'/nns$-tl eight/cd operating/vbg divisions/nns ./.
The/at Fisher/np-tl Body/nn-tl division/nn ,/, long/rb controlled/vbn by/in the/at Fisher/np brothers/nns under/in a/at voting/vbg trust/nn even/rb though/cs General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl owned/vbd a/at majority/nn of/in its/pp$ stock/nn ,/, followed/vbd an/at independent/jj course/nn for/in many/ap years/nns ,/, but/cc by/in 1947/cd and/cc 1948/cd ``/`` resistance/nn had/hvd collapsed/vbn ''/'' and/cc its/pp$ purchases/nns from/in Du/np Pont/np ``/`` compared/vbd favorably/rb ''/'' with/in purchases/nns by/in other/ap General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl divisions/nns ./.
Competitors/nns came/vbd to/to receive/vb higher/jjr percentage/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl business/nn in/in later/jjr years/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez ``/`` likely/jj ''/'' that/cs this/dt trend/nn stemmed/vbd ``/`` at/in least/ap in/in part/nn ''/'' from/in the/at needs/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl outstripping/vbg Du/np Pont's/np$ capacity/nn ./.
``/`` 

	The/at fact/nn that/wps sticks/vbz out/rp in/in this/dt voluminous/jj record/nn is/bez that/cs the/at bulk/nn of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ production/nn has/hvz always/rb supplied/vbn the/at largest/jjt part/nn of/in the/at requirements/nns of/in the/at one/cd customer/nn in/in the/at automobile/nn industry/nn connected/vbn to/in Du/np Pont/np by/in a/at stock/nn interest/nn ./.
The/at inference/nn is/bez overwhelming/jj that/cs Du/np Pont's/np$ commanding/vbg position/nn was/bedz promoted/vbn by/in its/pp$ stock/nn interest/nn and/cc was/bedz not/* gained/vbn solely/rb on/in competitive/jj merit/nn ''/'' ./.
353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 605/cd ./.


	This/dt Court/nn-tl agreed/vbd with/in the/at trial/nn court/nn ``/`` that/cs considerations/nns of/in price/nn ,/, quality/nn and/cc service/nn were/bed not/* overlooked/vbn by/in either/cc Du/np Pont/np or/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 606/cd ./.
However/rb ,/, it/pps determined/vbd that/cs neither/cc this/dt factor/nn ,/, nor/cc ``/`` the/at fact/nn that/cs all/abn concerned/vbn in/in high/jj executive/nn posts/nns in/in both/abx companies/nns acted/vbd honorably/rb and/cc fairly/rb ,/, each/dt in/in the/at honest/jj conviction/nn that/cs his/pp$ actions/nns were/bed in/in the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj company/nn and/cc without/in any/dti design/nn to/to overreach/vb anyone/pn ,/, including/in Du/np Pont's/np$ competitors/nns ''/'' ,/, outweighed/vbd the/at Government's/nn$-tl claim/nn for/in relief/nn ./.
This/dt claim/nn ,/, as/cs submitted/vbn to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl and/cc dismissed/vbn by/in it/ppo ,/, 126/cd F.Supp.235/np ,/, alleged/vbd violation/nn not/* only/rb of/in 7/nn of/in the/at Clayton/np-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, but/cc also/rb of/in 1/nn and/cc 2/cd of/in the/at Sherman/np-tl Act/nn-tl ./.
The/at latter/ap provisions/nns proscribe/vb any/dti contract/nn ,/, combination/nn ,/, or/cc conspiracy/nn in/in restraint/nn of/in interstate/jj or/cc foreign/jj trade/nn ,/, and/cc monopolization/nn of/in ,/, or/cc attempts/nns ,/, combinations/nns ,/, or/cc conspiracies/nns to/to monopolize/vb ,/, such/jj trade/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, this/dt Court/nn-tl put/vbd to/in one/cd side/nn without/in consideration/nn the/at Government's/nn$-tl appeal/nn from/in the/at dismissal/nn of/in its/pp$ Sherman/np-tl Act/nn-tl allegations/nns ./.
It/pps rested/vbd its/pp$ decision/nn solely/rb on/in 7/nn ,/, which/wdt reads/vbz in/in pertinent/jj part/nn :/: ``/`` 

	No/at corporation/nn engaged/vbn in/in commerce/nn shall/md acquire/vb ,/, directly/rb or/cc indirectly/rb ,/, the/at whole/nn or/cc any/dti part/nn of/in the/at stock/nn or/cc other/ap share/nn capital/nn of/in another/dt corporation/nn engaged/vbn also/rb in/in commerce/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at effect/nn of/in such/jj acquisition/nn may/md be/be to/to substantially/rb lessen/vb competition/nn between/in the/at corporation/nn whose/wp$ stock/nn is/bez so/rb acquired/vbn and/cc the/at corporation/nn making/vbg the/at acquisition/nn ,/, or/cc to/to restrain/vb such/jj commerce/nn in/in any/dti section/nn or/cc community/nn ,/, or/cc tend/vb to/to create/vb a/at monopoly/nn of/in any/dti line/nn of/in commerce/nn ./.


	This/dt section/nn shall/md not/* apply/vb to/in corporations/nns purchasing/vbg such/jj stock/nn solely/rb for/in investment/nn and/cc not/* using/vbg the/at same/ap by/in voting/vbg or/cc otherwise/rb to/to bring/vb about/rp ,/, or/cc in/in attempting/vbg to/to bring/vb about/rp ,/, the/at substantial/jj lessening/nn of/in competition/nn ./.
''/'' 

	The/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt provision/nn was/bedz thus/rb explained/vbn in/in the/at Court's/nn$-tl opinion/nn :/: ``/`` 

	Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl is/bez designed/vbn to/to arrest/vb in/in its/pp$ incipiency/nn not/* only/rb the/at substantial/jj lessening/nn of/in competition/nn from/in the/at acquisition/nn by/in one/cd corporation/nn of/in the/at whole/nn or/cc any/dti part/nn of/in the/at stock/nn of/in a/at competing/vbg corporation/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb to/to arrest/vb in/in their/pp$ incipiency/nn restraints/nns or/cc monopolies/nns in/in a/at relevant/jj market/nn which/wdt ,/, as/cs a/at reasonable/jj probability/nn ,/, appear/vb at/in the/at time/nn of/in suit/nn likely/jj to/to result/vb from/in the/at acquisition/nn by/in one/cd corporation/nn of/in all/abn or/cc any/dti part/nn of/in the/at stock/nn of/in any/dti other/ap corporation/nn ./.
The/at section/nn is/bez violated/vbn whether/cs or/cc not/* actual/jj restraints/nns or/cc monopolies/nns ,/, or/cc the/at substantial/jj lessening/nn of/in competition/nn ,/, have/hv occurred/vbn or/cc are/ber intended/vbn ./.
''/'' 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 589/cd ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, a/at finding/nn of/in conspiracy/nn to/to restrain/vb trade/nn or/cc attempt/vb to/to monopolize/vb was/bedz excluded/vbn from/in the/at Court's/nn$-tl decision/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, as/cs already/rb noted/vbn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl proceeded/vbd on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs the/at executives/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at dealings/nns between/in Du/np Pont/np and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl acted/vbd ``/`` honorably/rb and/cc fairly/rb ''/'' and/cc exercised/vbd their/pp$ business/nn judgment/nn only/rb to/to serve/vb what/wdt they/ppss deemed/vbd the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj companies/nns ./.
This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, did/dod not/* bar/vb finding/vbg that/cs Du/np Pont/np had/hvd become/vbn pre-eminent/jj as/cs a/at supplier/nn of/in automotive/jj fabrics/nns and/cc finishes/nns to/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
that/cs these/dts products/nns constituted/vbd a/at ``/`` line/nn of/in commerce/nn ''/'' within/in the/at meaning/nn of/in the/at Clayton/np-tl Act/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
that/cs General/nn-tl Motors'/nns$-tl share/nn of/in the/at market/nn for/in these/dts products/nns was/bedz substantial/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/dt competition/nn for/in this/dt share/nn of/in the/at market/nn was/bedz endangered/vbn by/in the/at financial/jj relationship/nn between/in the/at two/cd concerns/nns :/: ``/`` 

	The/at statutory/jj policy/nn of/in fostering/vbg free/jj competition/nn is/bez obviously/rb furthered/vbn when/wrb no/at supplier/nn has/hvz an/at advantage/nn over/in his/pp$ competitors/nns from/in an/at acquisition/nn of/in his/pp$ customer's/nn$ stock/nn likely/jj to/to have/hv the/at effects/nns condemned/vbn by/in the/at statute/nn ./.
We/ppss repeat/vb ,/, that/cs the/at test/nn of/in a/at violation/nn of/in 7/nn is/bez whether/cs ,/, at/in the/at time/nn of/in suit/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at reasonable/jj probability/nn that/cs the/at acquisition/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to result/vb in/in the/at condemned/vbn restraints/nns ./.
The/at conclusion/nn upon/in this/dt record/nn is/bez inescapable/jj that/cs such/jj likelihood/nn was/bedz proved/vbn as/in to/in this/dt acquisition/nn ./.
''/'' 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 607/cd ./.


	On/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at findings/nns which/wdt led/vbd to/in this/dt conclusion/nn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl remanded/vbd the/at case/nn to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl to/to determine/vb the/at appropriate/jj relief/nn ./.
The/at sole/jj guidance/nn given/vbn the/at Court/nn-tl for/in discharging/vbg the/at task/nn committed/vbn to/in it/ppo was/bedz this/dt :/: ``/`` 

	The/at judgment/nn must/md therefore/rb be/be reversed/vbn and/cc the/at cause/nn remanded/vbn to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl for/in a/at determination/nn ,/, after/in further/rbr hearing/nn ,/, of/in the/at equitable/jj relief/nn necessary/jj and/cc appropriate/jj in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn to/to eliminate/vb the/at effects/nns of/in the/at acquisition/nn offensive/jj to/in the/at statute/nn ./.
The/at District/nn-tl Courts/nns-tl ,/, in/in the/at framing/nn of/in equitable/jj decrees/nns ,/, are/ber clothed/vbn '/' with/in large/jj discretion/nn to/to model/jj their/pp$ judgements/nns to/to fit/vb the/at exigencies/nns of/in the/at particular/jj case/nn ./.
International/jj-tl Salt/nn-tl Co./nn-tl v./in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 332/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl 392/cd-tl ,/, 400-401/np ''/'' ./.
353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 607-608/cd ./.


	This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at course/nn of/in the/at proceedings/nns in/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl ./.



2/cd-hl ./.-hl

This/dt Court's/nn$-tl judgment/nn was/bedz filed/vbn in/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl on/in July/np 18/cd ,/, 1957/cd ./.
The/at first/od pretrial/jj conference/nn --/-- held/vbn to/to appoint/vb amici/fw-nns curiae/fw-nn$ to/to represent/vb the/at interest/nn of/in the/at stockholders/nns of/in Du/np Pont/np and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc to/to consider/vb the/at procedure/nn to/to be/be followed/vbn in/in the/at subsequent/jj hearings/nns --/-- took/vbd place/nn on/in September/np 25/cd ,/, 1957/cd ./.
At/in the/at outset/nn ,/, the/at Government's/nn$-tl spokesman/nn explained/vbd that/cs counsel/nn for/in the/at Government/nn-tl and/cc for/in Du/np Pont/np had/hvd already/rb held/vbn preliminary/jj discussions/nns with/in a/at view/nn to/in arriving/vbg at/in a/at relief/nn plan/nn that/wpo both/abx sides/nns could/md recommend/vb to/in the/at court/nn ./.
Du/np Pont/np ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd proposed/vbn disenfranchisement/nn of/in its/pp$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn along/rb with/in other/ap restrictions/nns on/in the/at Du/np Pont/np -/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl relationship/nn ./.
The/at Government/nn-tl ,/, deeming/vbg these/dts suggestions/nns inadequate/jj ,/, had/hvd urged/vbn that/cs any/dti judgment/nn include/vb divestiture/nn of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ shares/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ./.
Counsel/nn for/in the/at Government/nn-tl invited/vbd Du/np Pont's/np$ views/nns on/in this/dt proposal/nn before/cs recommending/vbg a/at specific/jj program/nn ,/, but/cc stated/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at court/nn desired/vbd ,/, or/cc if/cs counsel/nn for/in Du/np Pont/np thought/vbd further/ap discussion/nn would/md not/* be/be profitable/jj ,/, the/at Government/nn-tl was/bedz prepared/vbn to/to submit/vb a/at plan/nn within/in thirty/cd days/nns ./.


	Counsel/nn for/in Du/np Pont/np indicated/vbd a/at preference/nn for/in the/at submission/nn of/in detailed/vbn plans/nns by/in both/abx sides/nns at/in an/at early/jj date/nn ./.
No/at previous/jj antitrust/jj case/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd involved/vbn interests/nns of/in such/jj magnitude/nn or/cc presented/vbn such/ql complex/jj problems/nns of/in relief/nn ./.
The/at submission/nn of/in detailed/vbn plans/nns would/md place/vb the/at issues/nns before/in the/at court/nn more/ql readily/rb than/cs would/md discussion/nn of/in divestiture/nn or/cc disenfranchisement/nn in/in the/at abstract/jj ./.
The/at Court/nn-tl adopted/vbd this/dt procedure/nn with/in an/at appropriate/jj time/nn schedule/nn for/in carrying/vbg it/ppo out/rp ./.


	The/at Government/nn-tl submitted/vbd its/pp$ proposed/vbn decree/nn on/in October/np 25/cd ,/, 1957/cd ./.
The/at plan/nn called/vbd for/in divestiture/nn by/in Du/np Pont/np of/in its/pp$ 63,000,000/cd shares/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn by/in equal/jj annual/jj distributions/nns to/in its/pp$ stockholders/nns ,/, as/cs a/at dividend/nn ,/, over/in a/at period/nn of/in ten/cd years/nns ./.
Christiana/np-tl Securities/nns-tl Company/nn-tl and/cc Delaware/np-tl Realty/nn-tl &/cc-tl Investment/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, major/jj stockholders/nns in/in Du/np Pont/np ,/, and/cc the/at stockholders/nns of/in Delaware/np were/bed dealt/vbn with/in specially/rb by/in provisions/nns requiring/vbg the/at annual/jj sale/nn by/in a/at trustee/nn ,/, again/rb over/in a/at ten-year/jj period/nn ,/, of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn allocable/jj to/in them/ppo ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs any/dti General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn which/wdt Christiana/np and/cc Delaware/np owned/vbd outright/rb ./.
If/cs ,/, in/in the/at trustee's/nn$ judgment/nn ,/, ``/`` reasonable/jj market/nn conditions/nns ''/'' did/dod not/* prevail/vb during/in any/dti given/vbn year/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz to/to be/be allowed/vbn to/to petition/vb the/at court/nn for/in an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn within/in the/at ten-year/jj period/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at right/nn to/to vote/vb the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn held/vbn by/in Du/np Pont/np was/bedz to/to be/be vested/vbn in/in Du/np Pont's/np$ stockholders/nns ,/, other/ap than/cs Christiana/np and/cc Delaware/np and/cc the/at stockholders/nns of/in Delaware/np ;/. ;/.
Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np were/bed to/to be/be enjoined/vbn from/in acquiring/vbg stock/nn in/in or/cc exercising/vbg control/nn over/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np were/bed to/to be/be prohibited/vbn to/to have/hv any/dti director/nn or/cc officer/nn in/in common/jj with/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ,/, and/cc vice/rb versa/rb ;/. ;/.
and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc Du/np Pont/np were/bed to/to be/be ordered/vbn to/to terminate/vb any/dti agreement/nn that/wps provided/vbd for/in the/at purchase/nn by/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl of/in any/dti specified/vbn percentage/nn of/in its/pp$ requirements/nns of/in any/dti Du/np Pont/np manufactured/vbn product/nn ,/, or/cc for/in the/at grant/nn of/in exclusive/jj patent/nn rights/nns ,/, or/cc for/in a/at grant/nn by/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl to/in Du/np Pont/np of/in a/at preferential/jj right/nn to/to make/vb or/cc sell/vb any/dti chemical/nn discovery/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ,/, or/cc for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in any/dti joint/jj commercial/jj enterprise/nn by/in the/at two/cd companies/nns ./.


	On/in motion/nn of/in the/at Amici/fw-nns-tl Curiae/fw-nn$-tl ,/, the/at court/nn directed/vbd that/cs a/at ruling/nn be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at Commissioner/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl as/in to/in the/at federal/jj income/nn tax/nn consequences/nns of/in the/at Government's/nn$-tl plan/nn ./.
On/in May/np 9/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at Commissioner/nn-tl announced/vbd his/pp$ rulings/nns ./.
The/at annual/jj dividends/nns paid/vbn to/in Du/np Pont/np stockholders/nns in/in shares/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn would/md be/be taxable/jj as/cs ordinary/jj income/nn to/in the/at extent/nn of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ earnings/nns and/cc profits/nns ./.
The/at measure/nn ,/, for/in federal/jj income/nn tax/nn purposes/nns ,/, of/in the/at dividend/nn to/in individual/jj stockholders/nns would/md be/be the/at fair/jj market/nn value/nn of/in the/at shares/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in each/dt annual/jj distribution/nn ./.
In/in the/at case/nn of/in taxpaying/jj corporate/jj stockholders/nns ,/, the/at measure/nn would/md be/be the/at lesser/jjr of/in the/at fair/jj market/nn value/nn of/in the/at shares/nns or/cc Du/np Pont's/np$ tax/nn basis/nn for/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt is/bez approximately/rb $2.09/nns per/in share/nn ./.
The/at forced/vbn sale/nn of/in the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn owned/vbn by/in or/cc allocable/jj to/in Christiana/np ,/, Delaware/np ,/, and/cc the/at stockholders/nns of/in Delaware/np ,/, and/cc deposited/vbn with/in the/at trustee/nn ,/, would/md result/vb in/in a/at tax/nn to/in those/dts parties/nns at/in the/at capital/nn gains/nns rate/nn ./.


	Du/np Pont's/np$ counterproposal/nn was/bedz filed/vbn on/in May/np 14/cd ,/, 1958/cd ./.
Under/in its/pp$ plan/nn Du/np Pont/np would/md retain/vb its/pp$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl shares/nns but/cc be/be required/vbn to/to pass/vb on/rp to/in its/pp$ stockholders/nns the/at right/nn to/to vote/vb those/dts shares/nns ./.
Christiana/np and/cc Delaware/np would/md ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, be/be required/vbn to/to pass/vb on/rp the/at voting/vbg rights/nns to/in the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl shares/nns allocable/jj to/in them/ppo to/in their/pp$ own/jj stockholders/nns ./.
Du/np Pont/np would/md be/be enjoined/vbn from/in having/hvg as/cs a/at director/nn ,/, officer/nn ,/, or/cc employee/nn anyone/pn who/wps was/bedz simultaneously/rb an/at officer/nn or/cc employee/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ,/, and/cc no/at director/nn ,/, officer/nn ,/, or/cc employee/nn of/in Du/np Pont/np could/md serve/vb as/cs a/at director/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl without/in court/nn approval/nn ./.
Du/np Pont/np would/md be/be denied/vbn the/at right/nn to/to acquire/vb any/dti additional/jj General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn except/in through/in General/nn-tl Motors'/nns$-tl distributions/nns of/in stock/nn or/cc subscription/nn rights/nns to/in its/pp$ stockholders/nns ./.


	On/in June/np 6/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl submitted/vbd its/pp$ objections/nns to/in the/at Government's/nn$-tl proposal/nn ./.
It/pps argued/vbd ,/, inter/fw-in alia/fw-nns ,/, that/cs a/at divestiture/nn order/nn would/md severely/rb depress/vb the/at market/nn value/nn of/in the/at stock/nn of/in both/abx General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc Du/np Pont/np ,/, with/in consequent/jj serious/jj loss/nn and/cc hardship/nn to/in hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in innocent/jj investors/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo thousands/nns of/in small/jj trusts/nns and/cc charitable/jj institutions/nns ;/. ;/.
that/cs there/ex would/md be/be a/at similar/jj decline/nn in/in the/at market/nn values/nns of/in other/ap automotive/jj and/cc chemical/nn stocks/nns ,/, with/in similar/jj losses/nns to/in the/at stockholders/nns of/in those/dts companies/nns ;/. ;/.
that/cs the/at tremendous/jj volume/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn hanging/vbg over/in the/at market/nn for/in ten/cd years/nns would/md hamper/vb the/at efforts/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc other/ap automobile/nn manufacturers/nns to/to raise/vb equity/nn capital/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc that/cs all/abn this/dt would/md have/hv a/at serious/jj adverse/jj effect/nn on/in the/at entire/jj stock/nn market/nn and/cc on/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn ./.
General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl comprehensively/rb contended/vbd that/cs the/at Government/nn-tl plan/nn would/md not/* be/be ``/`` in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn ''/'' as/cs required/vbn by/in the/at mandate/nn of/in this/dt Court/nn-tl ./.


	The/at decrees/nns proposed/vbn by/in the/at amici/fw-nns curiae/fw-nn$ were/bed filed/vbn in/in August/np of/in 1958/cd ./.
These/dts plans/nns ,/, like/cs Du/np Pont's/np$ ,/, contained/vbd provisions/nns for/in passing/vbg the/at vote/nn on/in Du/np Pont's/np$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl shares/nns on/rp to/in the/at ultimate/jj stockholders/nns of/in Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np ,/, except/in that/cs officers/nns and/cc directors/nns of/in the/at three/cd companies/nns ,/, their/pp$ spouses/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap people/nns living/vbg in/in their/pp$ households/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap specified/vbn persons/nns ,/, were/bed to/to be/be totally/rb disenfranchised/vbn ./.
Both/abx plans/nns also/rb prohibited/vbd common/jj directors/nns ,/, officers/nns ,/, or/cc employees/nns between/in Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl on/in the/at other/ap ./.

It/pps is/bez not/* a/at medieval/jj mental/jj quirk/nn or/cc an/at attitude/nn ``/`` unnourished/jj by/in sense/nn ''/'' to/to believe/vb that/cs husbands/nns and/cc wives/nns should/md not/* be/be subjected/vbn to/in such/abl a/at risk/nn ,/, or/cc that/cs such/abl a/at possibility/nn should/md not/* be/be permitted/vbn to/to endanger/vb the/at confidentiality/nn of/in the/at marriage/nn relationship/nn ./.
While/cs it/pps is/bez easy/jj enough/qlp to/to ridicule/vb Hawkins'/np$ pronouncement/nn in/in Pleas/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Crown/nn-tl from/in a/at metaphysical/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, the/at concept/nn of/in the/at ``/`` oneness/nn ''/'' of/in a/at married/vbn couple/nn may/md reflect/vb an/at abiding/vbg belief/nn that/cs the/at communion/nn between/in husband/nn and/cc wife/nn is/bez such/jj that/cs their/pp$ actions/nns are/ber not/* always/rb to/to be/be regarded/vbn by/in the/at criminal/jj law/nn as/cs if/cs there/ex were/bed no/at marriage/nn ./.


	By/in making/vbg inroads/nns in/in the/at name/nn of/in law/nn enforcement/nn into/in the/at protection/nn which/wdt Congress/np has/hvz afforded/vbn to/in the/at marriage/nn relationship/nn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl today/nr continues/vbz in/in the/at path/nn charted/vbn by/in the/at-tl recent/jj decision/nn in/in Wyatt/np v./in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 362/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 525/cd ,/, where/wrb the/at Court/nn-tl held/vbd that/cs ,/, under/in the/at circumstances/nns of/in that/dt case/nn ,/, a/at wife/nn could/md be/be compelled/vbn to/to testify/vb against/in her/pp$ husband/nn over/in her/pp$ objection/nn ./.
One/pn need/md not/* waver/vb in/in his/pp$ belief/nn in/in virile/jj law/nn enforcement/nn to/to insist/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber other/ap things/nns in/in American/jj life/nn which/wdt are/ber also/rb of/in great/jj importance/nn ,/, and/cc to/in which/wdt even/rb law/nn enforcement/nn must/md accommodate/vb itself/ppl ./.
One/cd of/in these/dts is/bez the/at solidarity/nn and/cc the/at confidential/jj relationship/nn of/in marriage/nn ./.
The/at Court's/nn$-tl opinion/nn dogmatically/rb asserts/vbz that/cs the/at husband-wife/jj conspiracy/nn doctrine/nn does/doz not/* in/in fact/nn protect/vb this/dt relationship/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs hence/rb the/at doctrine/nn ``/`` enthrones/vbz an/at unreality/nn into/in a/at rule/nn of/in law/nn ''/'' ./.
I/ppss am/bem not/* easily/rb persuaded/vbn that/cs a/at rule/nn accepted/vbn by/in so/ql many/ap people/nns for/in so/ql many/ap centuries/nns can/md be/be so/ql lightly/rb dismissed/vbn ./.
But/cc in/in any/dti event/nn ,/, I/ppss submit/vb that/cs the/at power/nn to/to depose/vb belongs/vbz to/in Congress/np ,/, not/* to/in this/dt Court/nn-tl ./.
I/ppss dissent/vb ./.
Petitioner/nn ,/, who/wps claims/vbz to/to be/be a/at conscientious/jj objector/nn ,/, was/bedz convicted/vbn of/in violating/vbg 12a/nn of/in the/at Universal/jj-tl Military/jj-tl Training/nn-tl and/cc-tl Service/nn-tl Act/nn-tl by/in refusing/vbg to/to be/be inducted/vbn into/in the/at armed/vbn forces/nns ./.
He/pps claims/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn due/jj process/nn of/in law/nn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Fifth/od-tl Amendment/nn-tl ,/, because/cs (/( 1/cd )/) at/in a/at hearing/nn before/in a/at hearing/nn officer/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz not/* permitted/vbn to/to rebut/vb statements/nns attributed/vbn to/in him/ppo by/in the/at local/jj board/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) at/in the/at trial/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn the/at right/nn to/to have/hv the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc the/at original/jj report/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl as/in to/in his/pp$ claim/nn ./.
Held/vbn :/, On/in the/at record/nn in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, the/at administrative/jj procedures/nns prescribed/vbn by/in the/at Act/nn-tl were/bed fully/rb complied/vbn with/in ;/. ;/.
petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* denied/vbn due/jj process/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc his/pp$ conviction/nn is/bez sustained/vbn ./.
Pp./nns 60-66/cd ./.
(/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
Petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* denied/vbn due/jj process/nn in/in the/at administrative/jj proceedings/nns ,/, because/cs the/at statement/nn in/in question/nn was/bedz in/in his/pp$ file/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd access/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd opportunities/nns to/to rebut/vb it/ppo both/abx before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl and/cc before/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./.
Pp./nns 62-63/cd ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
Petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* entitled/vbn to/to have/hv the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ notes/nns and/cc report/nn ,/, especially/rb since/cs he/pps failed/vbd to/to show/vb any/dti particular/jj need/nn for/in them/ppo and/cc he/pps did/dod have/hv a/at copy/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./.
Pp./nns 63-64/cd ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
Petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* entitled/vbn ,/, either/cc in/in the/at administrative/jj hearing/nn at/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl or/cc at/in his/pp$ trial/nn ,/, to/to inspect/vb the/at original/jj report/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl ,/, since/cs he/pps was/bedz furnished/vbn a/at resume/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, did/dod not/* challenge/vb its/pp$ accuracy/nn ,/, and/cc showed/vbd no/at particular/jj need/nn for/in the/at original/jj report/nn ./.
Pp./nns 64-66/cd ./.


	Haydn/np C./np Covington/np argued/vbd the/at cause/nn and/cc filed/vbd a/at brief/nn for/in petitioner/nn ./.


	Daniel/np M./np Friedman/np argued/vbd the/at cause/nn for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
On/in the/at brief/nn were/bed Solicitor/nn-tl General/jj-tl Rankin/np ,/, Assistant/jj-tl Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Wilkey/np ,/, Beatrice/np Rosenberg/np and/cc J./np F./np Bishop/np ./.


	Mr./np Justice/np Clark/np delivered/vbd the/at opinion/nn of/in the/at Court/nn-tl ./.


	This/dt is/bez a/at prosecution/nn for/in refusal/nn to/to be/be inducted/vbn into/in the/at armed/vbn services/nns ,/, in/in violation/nn of/in the/at provisions/nns of/in the/at Universal/jj-tl Military/jj-tl Training/nn-tl and/cc-tl Service/nn-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, 62/cd-tl Stat./nn-tl 604,622/cd-tl ,/, 50/cd-tl ,/, U.S.C./np-tl App./nns-tl Aj/nn 462/cd (/( A/at-tl )/) ./.
Petitioner/nn ,/, who/wps claims/vbz to/to be/be a/at conscientious/jj objector/nn ,/, contends/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn due/jj process/nn ,/, both/abx in/in the/at proceedings/nns before/in a/at hearing/nn officer/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl and/cc at/in trial/nn ./.
He/pps says/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* permitted/vbn to/to rebut/vb before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn statements/nns attributed/vbn to/in him/ppo by/in the/at local/jj board/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, further/rbr ,/, that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn at/in trial/nn the/at right/nn to/to have/hv the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc the/at original/jj report/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl as/in to/in his/pp$ claim/nn --/-- all/abn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Fifth/od-tl Amendment/nn-tl ./.
The/at trial/nn judge/nn decided/vbd that/cs the/at administrative/jj procedures/nns of/in the/at Act/nn-tl were/bed fully/rb complied/vbn with/in and/cc refused/vbd to/to require/vb the/at production/nn of/in such/jj documents/nns ./.
Petitioner/nn was/bedz found/vbn guilty/jj and/cc sentenced/vbn to/in 15/cd months'/nns$ imprisonment/nn ./.
The/at Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Appeals/nns-tl affirmed/vbd ./.
269/cd F./np 2d/cd 613/cd ./.
We/ppss granted/vbd certiorari/nn in/in view/nn of/in the/at importance/nn of/in the/at questions/nns in/in the/at administration/nn of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.
361/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl 899/np ./.
We/ppss have/hv concluded/vbn that/cs petitioner's/nn$ claims/nns are/ber controlled/vbn by/in the/at rationale/nn of/in Gonzales/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 348/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 407/cd-tl (/( 1955/cd )/) ,/, and/cc United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl v./in-tl Nugent/np-tl ,/, 346/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 1/cd-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, and/cc therefore/rb affirm/vb the/at judgment/nn ./.


	Petitioner/nn registered/vbd with/in Local/jj-tl Board/nn-tl No./nn-tl 9/cd-tl ,/, Boulder/np ,/, Colorado/np ,/, on/in March/np 17/cd ,/, 1952/cd ./.
His/pp$ answers/nns to/in the/at classification/nn questionnaire/nn reflected/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at minister/nn of/in Jehovah's/np$-tl Witnesses/nns-tl ,/, employed/vbn at/in night/nn by/in a/at sugar/nn producer/nn ./.
He/pps claimed/vbd 4-d/cd classification/nn as/cs a/at minister/nn of/in religion/nn ,/, devoting/vbg a/at minimum/nn of/in 100/cd hours/nns a/at month/nn to/in preaching/vbg ./.
On/in November/np 13/cd ,/, 1952/cd ,/, he/pps was/bedz classified/vbn in/in Class/nn-tl 1-a/cd-tl ./.
On/in November/np 22/cd ,/, 1952/cd ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd the/at Board/nn-tl ,/, protesting/vbg this/dt classification/nn ./.
He/pps again/rb stated/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz ``/`` a/at regular/jj minister/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
that/cs he/pps was/bedz ``/`` devoting/vbg an/at average/nn of/in 100/cd hours/nns a/at month/nn to/in actual/jj preaching/nn publicly/rb ''/'' ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in 50/cd to/in 75/cd hours/nns in/in other/ap ministerial/jj duties/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs he/pps opposed/vbd war/nn in/in any/dti form/nn ./.
Thereafter/rb he/pps was/bedz classified/vbn 1-o/cd ./.
On/in April/np 1/cd ,/, 1953/cd ,/, after/in some/rb six/cd months/nns of/in full-time/jj ``/`` pioneering/vbg ''/'' ,/, petitioner/nn discontinued/vbd devoting/vbg 100/cd hours/nns a/at month/nn to/in preaching/vbg ,/, but/cc failed/vbd to/to so/rb notify/vb his/pp$ local/jj board/nn ./.
In/in a/at periodic/jj review/nn ,/, the/at local/jj board/nn on/in July/np 30/cd ,/, 1953/cd ,/, reclassified/vbd him/ppo 1-a/cd and/cc upheld/vbd this/dt classification/nn after/in a/at personal/jj appearance/nn by/in petitioner/nn ,/, because/rb of/in his/pp$ willingness/nn to/to kill/vb in/in defense/nn of/in his/pp$ church/nn and/cc home/nn ./.
Upon/in administrative/jj approval/nn of/in the/at reclassification/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz ordered/vbn to/to report/vb for/in induction/nn on/in June/np 11/cd ,/, 1956/cd ,/, but/cc failed/vbd to/to do/do so/rb ./.
He/pps was/bedz not/* prosecuted/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc his/pp$ case/nn was/bedz subsequently/rb reopened/vbn ,/, in/in the/at light/nn of/in Sicurella/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 348/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 385/np-tl (/( 1955/cd )/) ./.
He/pps was/bedz again/rb reclassified/vbn 1-a/cd by/in the/at local/jj board/nn ./.
There/ex followed/vbd a/at customary/jj Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl hearing/nn ,/, at/in which/wdt petitioner/nn appeared/vbd ./.
In/in his/pp$ report/nn to/in the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, the/at hearing/nn officer/nn suggested/vbd that/cs the/at petitioner/nn be/be exempt/jj only/rb from/in combatant/jj training/nn and/cc service/nn ./.
On/in March/np 21/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl recommended/vbd approval/nn of/in the/at 1-a/cd classification/nn ./.
Its/pp$ ground/nn for/in this/dt recommendation/nn was/bedz that/cs ,/, while/cs petitioner/nn claimed/vbd before/in the/at local/jj board/nn August/np 17/cd ,/, 1956/cd (/( as/cs evidenced/vbn by/in its/pp$ memorandum/nn in/in his/pp$ file/nn of/in that/dt date/nn )/) ,/, that/cs he/pps was/bedz devoting/vbg 100/cd hours/nns per/in month/nn to/in actual/jj preaching/nn ,/, the/at headquarters/nn of/in the/at Jehovah's/np$-tl Witnesses/nns-tl reported/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr doing/vbg so/rb and/cc ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, had/hvd relinquished/vbn both/abx his/pp$ Pioneer/nn-tl and/cc Bible/np-tl Student/nn-tl Servant/nn-tl positions/nns ./.
It/pps reported/vbd that/cs he/pps now/rb devoted/vbd only/rb some/rb 6-1/2/cd hours/nns per/in month/nn to/in public/jj preaching/nn and/cc from/in 20/cd to/in 25/cd hours/nns per/in month/nn to/in church/nn activities/nns ./.
His/pp$ claim/nn was/bedz therefore/rb ``/`` so/ql highly/ql exaggerated/vbn ''/'' ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl concluded/vbd ,/, that/cs it/pps ``/`` cast/vbd doubt/nn upon/in his/pp$ veracity/nn and/cc ,/, consequently/rb ,/, upon/in his/pp$ sincerity/nn and/cc good/jj faith/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at appeal/nn board/nn furnished/vbd petitioner/nn a/at copy/nn of/in the/at recommendation/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ answer/nn thereto/rb ,/, he/pps advised/vbd the/at Board/nn-tl that/cs he/pps had/hvd made/vbn no/at such/jj statement/nn in/in 1956/cd ,/, and/cc asserted/vbd that/cs his/pp$ only/ap claim/nn to/in ``/`` pioneering/vbg ''/'' was/bedz in/in 1952/cd ./.
The/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, unanimously/rb concurred/vbd in/in the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn ./.
Upon/in return/nn of/in the/at file/nn to/in the/at local/jj board/nn ,/, petitioner/nn was/bedz again/rb ordered/vbn to/to report/vb for/in induction/nn and/cc this/dt prosecution/nn followed/vbd his/pp$ failure/nn to/to do/do so/rb ./.


	Petitioner/nn first/rb contends/vbz that/cs the/at Department/nn-tl denied/vbd him/ppo procedural/jj due/jj process/nn by/in not/* giving/vbg him/ppo timely/jj opportunity/nn ,/, before/in its/pp$ final/jj recommendation/nn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, to/to answer/vb the/at statement/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn as/in to/in his/pp$ claim/nn of/in devoting/vbg 100/cd hours/nns to/in actual/jj preaching/nn ./.
But/cc the/at statement/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn attributing/vbg this/dt claim/nn to/in petitioner/nn was/bedz in/in his/pp$ file/nn ./.
He/pps admitted/vbd that/cs he/pps knew/vbd it/pps was/bedz open/jj to/in him/ppo at/in all/abn times/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md have/hv rebutted/vbn it/ppo before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn ./.
This/dt he/pps failed/vbd to/to do/do ,/, asserting/vbg that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* know/vb it/ppo to/to be/be in/in his/pp$ file/nn ./.
Apparently/rb he/pps never/rb took/vbd the/at trouble/nn to/to find/vb out/rp ./.
Nevertheless/rb he/pps had/hvd ample/jj opportunity/nn to/to contest/vb the/at statement/nn before/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./.
After/cs the/at recommendation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl is/bez forwarded/vbn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez the/at appropriate/jj place/nn for/in a/at registrant/nn to/to lodge/vb his/pp$ denial/nn ./.
This/dt he/pps did/dod ./.
We/ppss found/vbd in/in Gonzales/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, supra/rb ,/, that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at controlling/vbg reason/nn why/wrb copies/nns of/in the/at recommendation/nn should/md be/be furnished/vbn a/at registrant/nn ./.
We/ppss said/vbd there/rb that/cs it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj ``/`` that/cs a/at registrant/nn be/be given/vbn an/at opportunity/nn to/to rebut/vb (/( the/at Department's/nn$-tl )/) recommendation/nn when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in the/at Appeal/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, the/at agency/nn with/in the/at ultimate/jj responsibility/nn for/in classification/nn ''/'' ./.
348/cd U.S./np ,/, at/in 412/cd ./.
We/ppss fail/vb to/to see/vb how/wrb such/jj procedure/nn resulted/vbd in/in any/dti prejudice/nn to/in petitioner's/nn$ contention/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz considered/vbn by/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn and/cc denied/vbn by/in it/ppo ./.
As/cs was/bedz said/vbn in/in Gonzales/np ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez the/at Appeal/nn-tl Board/nn-tl which/wdt renders/vbz the/at selective/jj service/nn determination/nn considered/vbn '/' final/jj '/' in/in the/at courts/nns ,/, not/* to/to be/be overturned/vbn unless/cs there/ex is/bez no/at basis/nn in/in fact/nn ./.
Estep/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 327/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 114/cd-tl ''/'' ./.
348/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 412-413/cd ./.


	But/cc there/ex are/ber other/ap contentions/nns which/wdt might/md be/be considered/vbn more/ql difficult/jj ./.
At/in his/pp$ trial/nn ,/, petitioner/nn sought/vbd to/to secure/vb through/in subpoena/fw-nn duces/fw-vb tecum/fw-ppo+in the/at longhand/nn notes/nns of/in the/at Department's/nn$-tl hearing/nn officer/nn ,/, Evensen/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs his/pp$ report/nn thereon/rb ./.
Petitioner/nn also/rb claimed/vbd at/in trial/nn the/at right/nn to/to inspect/vb the/at original/jj Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl reports/nns to/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ./.
He/pps alleged/vbd no/at specific/jj procedural/jj errors/nns or/cc evidence/nn withheld/vbn ;/. ;/.
nor/cc did/dod he/pps elaborate/vb just/rb what/wdt favorable/jj evidence/nn the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl reports/nns might/md disclose/vb ./.


	Section/nn 6(j)/cd of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv held/vbn ,/, does/doz require/vb the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn to/to be/be placed/vbn in/in a/at registrant's/nn$ file/nn ./.
Gonzales/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, supra/rb ./.
But/cc there/ex is/bez nothing/pn in/in the/at Act/nn-tl requiring/vbg the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn to/to be/be likewise/rb turned/vbn over/rp to/in the/at registrant/nn ./.
While/cs the/at regulations/nns formerly/rb required/vbd that/cs the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn be/be placed/vbn in/in the/at registrant's/nn$ file/nn ,/, this/dt requirement/nn was/bedz eliminated/vbn in/in 1952/cd ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn is/bez but/rb intradepartmental/jj ,/, is/bez directed/vbn to/in the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl and/cc ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez not/* the/at recommendation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* essentially/rb different/jj from/in a/at memorandum/nn of/in an/at attorney/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, of/in which/wdt the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl receives/vbz many/ap ,/, and/cc to/in which/wdt he/pps may/md give/vb his/pp$ approval/nn or/cc rejection/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez but/rb part/nn of/in the/at whole/jj process/nn within/in the/at Department/nn-tl that/wps goes/vbz into/in the/at making/nn of/in the/at final/jj recommendation/nn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez also/rb significant/jj that/cs neither/cc this/dt report/nn nor/cc the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ notes/nns were/bed furnished/vbn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./.
Hence/rb the/at petitioner/nn had/hvd full/jj opportunity/nn to/to traverse/vb the/at only/ap conclusions/nns of/in the/at Department/nn-tl on/in file/nn with/in the/at Board/nn-tl ./.
Petitioner/nn knew/vbd that/cs the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn was/bedz based/vbn not/* on/in the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn but/cc on/in the/at statement/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn in/in his/pp$ file/nn ./.
Having/hvg had/hvn every/at opportunity/nn to/to rebut/vb the/at finding/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn before/in both/abx the/at hearing/nn officer/nn and/cc the/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, petitioner/nn cannot/md* now/rb claim/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn due/jj process/nn because/cs he/pps did/dod not/* succeed/vb ./.


	It/pps appears/vbz to/in us/ppo that/cs the/at same/ap reasoning/nn applies/vbz to/in the/at production/nn of/in the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc notes/nns at/in the/at trial/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, petitioner/nn has/hvz failed/vbn to/to show/vb any/dti particular/jj need/nn for/in the/at report/nn and/cc notes/nns ./.
While/cs there/ex are/ber now/rb allegations/nns of/in the/at withholding/nn of/in ``/`` favorable/jj evidence/nn developed/vbn at/in the/at hearing/nn ''/'' and/cc a/at denial/nn of/in a/at ``/`` full/jj and/cc fair/jj hearing/nn ''/'' ,/, no/at such/jj claim/nn was/bedz made/vbn by/in petitioner/nn at/in any/dti stage/nn of/in the/at administrative/jj process/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, his/pp$ testimony/nn at/in trial/nn never/rb developed/vbd any/dti such/jj facts/nns ./.
In/in the/at light/nn of/in these/dts circumstances/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at issue/nn at/in trial/nn in/in this/dt respect/nn centered/vbd entirely/rb on/in the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn ,/, which/wdt petitioner/nn repudiated/vbd but/cc which/wdt both/abx the/at appeal/nn board/nn and/cc the/at courts/nns below/rb found/vbd supported/vbn by/in the/at record/nn ,/, we/ppss find/vb no/at relevancy/nn in/in the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc notes/nns ./.


	Finally/rb petitioner/nn says/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz entitled/vbn to/to inspect/vb the/at FBI/nn report/nn during/in the/at proceedings/nns before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs at/in the/at trial/nn ./.
He/pps did/dod receive/vb a/at resume/nn of/in it/ppo --/-- the/at same/ap that/wps was/bedz furnished/vbn the/at appeal/nn board/nn --/-- and/cc he/pps made/vbd no/at claim/nn of/in its/pp$ inaccuracy/nn ./.
Even/rb now/rb no/at such/jj claim/nn is/bez asserted/vbn ./.
He/pps bases/vbz his/pp$ present/jj contention/nn on/in the/at general/jj right/nn to/to explore/vb ,/, indicating/vbg that/cs he/pps hopes/vbz to/to find/vb some/dti discrepancy/nn in/in the/at resume/nn ./.
But/cc this/dt is/bez fully/rb answered/vbn by/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl v./in-tl Nugent/np-tl ,/, supra/rb ./.
There/rb we/ppss held/vbd ``/`` that/cs the/at statutory/jj scheme/nn for/in review/nn ,/, within/in the/at selective/jj service/nn system/nn ,/, entitles/vbz [/, conscientious/jj objectors/nns ]/, to/in no/at guarantee/nn that/cs the/at FBI/nn reports/nns must/md be/be produced/vbn for/in their/pp$ inspection/nn ''/'' ./.
346/cd U.S./np ,/, at/in 5-6/cd ./.
Even/rb if/cs we/ppss were/bed not/* bound/vbn by/in Nugent/np ,/, petitioner/nn here/rb would/md not/* be/be entitled/vbn to/in the/at report/nn ./.
The/at recommendation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl --/-- as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at decision/nn of/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn --/-- was/bedz based/vbn entirely/rb on/in the/at local/jj board/nn file/nn ,/, not/* on/in an/at FBI/nn report/nn ./.




Foreign/jj-hl policy/nn-hl in/in-hl its/pp$-hl total/jj-hl context/nn-hl 
With/in this/dt enlarged/vbn role/nn in/in mind/nn ,/, I/ppss should/md like/vb to/to make/vb a/at few/ap suggestions/nns :/: What/wdt we/ppss in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl do/do or/cc do/do not/* do/do will/md make/vb a/at very/ql large/jj difference/nn in/in what/wdt happens/vbz in/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./.
We/ppss in/in this/dt Department/nn-tl must/md think/vb about/in foreign/jj policy/nn in/in its/pp$ total/jj context/nn ./.
We/ppss cannot/md* regard/vb foreign/jj policy/nn as/cs something/pn left/vbn over/rp after/cs defense/nn policy/nn or/cc trade/nn policy/nn or/cc fiscal/jj policy/nn has/hvz been/ben extracted/vbn ./.
Foreign/jj policy/nn is/bez the/at total/jj involvement/nn of/in the/at American/jj people/nns with/in peoples/nns and/cc governments/nns abroad/rb ./.
That/dt means/vbz that/cs ,/, if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to achieve/vb a/at new/jj standard/nn of/in leadership/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md think/vb in/in terms/nns of/in the/at total/jj context/nn of/in our/pp$ situation/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at concern/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl that/cs the/at American/jj people/nns are/ber safe/jj and/cc secure/jj --/-- defense/nn is/bez not/* a/at monopoly/nn concern/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez also/rb the/at concern/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl that/cs our/pp$ trading/vbg relationships/nns with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn are/ber vigorous/jj ,/, profitable/jj ,/, and/cc active/jj --/-- this/dt is/bez not/* just/rb a/at passing/vbg interest/nn or/cc a/at matter/nn of/in concern/nn only/rb to/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./.
We/ppss can/md no/ql longer/rbr rely/vb on/in interdepartmental/jj machinery/nn ``/`` somewhere/rb upstairs/rb ''/'' to/to resolve/vb differences/nns between/in this/dt and/cc other/ap departments/nns ./.
Assistant/jj Secretaries/nns-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl will/md now/rb carry/vb an/at increased/vbn burden/nn of/in active/jj formulation/nn and/cc coordination/nn of/in policies/nns ./.
Means/nns must/md be/be found/vbn to/to enable/vb us/ppo to/to keep/vb in/in touch/nn as/ql regularly/rb and/cc as/ql efficiently/rb as/cs possible/jj with/in our/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in other/ap departments/nns concerned/vbn with/in foreign/jj policy/nn ./.


	I/ppss think/vb we/ppss need/vb to/to concern/vb ourselves/ppls also/rb with/in the/at timeliness/nn of/in action/nn ./.
Every/at policy/nn officer/nn cannot/md* help/vb but/in be/be a/at planning/vbg officer/nn ./.
Unless/cs we/ppss keep/vb our/pp$ eyes/nns on/in the/at horizon/nn ahead/rb ,/, we/ppss shall/md fail/vb to/to bring/vb ourselves/ppls on/in target/nn with/in the/at present/nn ./.
The/at movement/nn of/in events/nns is/bez so/ql fast/jj ,/, the/at pace/nn so/ql severe/jj ,/, that/cs an/at attempt/nn to/to peer/vb into/in the/at future/nn is/bez essential/jj if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to think/vb accurately/rb about/in the/at present/nn ./.
If/cs there/ex is/bez anything/pn which/wdt we/ppss can/md do/do in/in the/at executive/jj branch/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl to/to speed/vb up/rp the/at processes/nns by/in which/wdt we/ppss come/vb to/in decisions/nns on/in matters/nns on/in which/wdt we/ppss must/md act/vb promptly/rb ,/, that/dt in/in itself/ppl would/md be/be a/at major/jj contribution/nn to/in the/at conduct/nn of/in our/pp$ affairs/nns ./.
Action/nn taken/vbn today/nr is/bez often/rb far/ql more/ql valuable/jj than/cs action/nn taken/vbn several/ap months/nns later/rbr in/in response/nn to/in a/at situation/nn then/rb out/rp of/in control/nn ./.


	There/ex will/md of/in course/nn be/be times/nns for/in delay/nn and/cc inaction/nn ./.
What/wdt I/ppss am/bem suggesting/vbg is/bez that/cs when/wrb we/ppss delay/vb ,/, or/cc when/wrb we/ppss fail/vb to/to act/vb ,/, we/ppss do/do so/rb intentionally/rb and/cc not/* through/in inadvertence/nn or/cc through/in bureaucratic/jj or/cc procedural/jj difficulties/nns ./.


	I/ppss also/rb hope/vb that/cs we/ppss can/md do/do something/pn about/in reducing/vbg the/at infant/nn mortality/nn rate/nn of/in ideas/nns --/-- an/at affliction/nn of/in all/abn bureaucracies/nns ./.
We/ppss want/vb to/to stimulate/vb ideas/nns from/in the/at bottom/nn to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl ./.
We/ppss want/vb to/to make/vb sure/jj that/cs our/pp$ junior/jj colleagues/nns realize/vb that/cs ideas/nns are/ber welcome/jj ,/, that/cs initiative/nn goes/vbz right/ql down/rp to/in the/at bottom/nn and/cc goes/vbz all/abn the/at way/nn to/in the/at top/nn ./.
I/ppss hope/vb no/at one/pn expects/vbz that/cs only/ap Presidential/jj-tl appointees/nns are/ber looked/vbn upon/rb as/cs sources/nns of/in ideas/nns ./.
The/at responsibility/nn for/in taking/vbg the/at initiative/nn in/in generating/vbg ideas/nns is/bez that/dt of/in every/at officer/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl who/wps has/hvz a/at policy/nn function/nn ,/, regardless/rb of/in rank/nn ./.


	Further/rbr ,/, I/ppss would/md hope/vb that/cs we/ppss could/md pay/vb attention/nn to/in little/jj things/nns ./.
While/cs observing/vbg the/at operations/nns of/in our/pp$ Government/nn-tl in/in various/jj parts/nns of/in the/at world/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv felt/vbn that/cs in/in many/ap situations/nns where/wrb our/pp$ policies/nns were/bed good/jj we/ppss have/hv tended/vbn to/to ignore/vb minor/jj problems/nns which/wdt spoiled/vbd our/pp$ main/jjs effort/nn ./.
To/to cite/vb only/rb a/at few/ap examples/nns :/: The/at wrong/jj man/nn in/in the/at wrong/jj position/nn ,/, perhaps/rb even/rb in/in a/at junior/jj position/nn abroad/rb ,/, can/md be/be a/at source/nn of/in great/jj harm/nn to/in our/pp$ policy/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at attitudes/nns of/in a/at U.N./np delegate/nn who/wps experiences/vbz difficulty/nn in/in finding/vbg adequate/jj housing/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, or/cc of/in a/at foreign/jj diplomat/nn in/in similar/jj circumstances/nns in/in our/pp$ Capital/nn-tl ,/, can/md easily/rb be/be directed/vbn against/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc all/abn that/wpo it/pps stands/vbz for/in ./.
Dozens/nns of/in seemingly/ql small/jj matters/nns go/vb wrong/jj all/ql over/in the/at world/nn ./.
Sometimes/rb those/dts who/wps know/vb about/in them/ppo are/ber too/ql far/rb down/in the/at line/nn to/to be/be able/jj to/to do/do anything/pn about/in them/ppo ./.
I/ppss would/md hope/vb that/cs we/ppss could/md create/vb the/at recognition/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl and/cc overseas/rb that/cs those/dts who/wps come/vb across/in little/jj things/nns going/vbg wrong/jj have/hv the/at responsibility/nn for/in bringing/vbg these/dts to/in the/at attention/nn of/in those/dts who/wps can/md do/do something/pn about/in them/ppo ./.


	If/cs the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl is/bez to/to take/vb primary/jj responsibility/nn for/in foreign/jj policy/nn in/in Washington/np ,/, it/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at ambassador/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to take/vb charge/nn overseas/rb ./.
This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb in/in a/at purely/ql bureaucratic/jj sense/nn but/cc in/in an/at active/jj ,/, operational/jj ,/, interested/vbn ,/, responsible/jj fashion/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez expected/vbn to/to know/vb about/in what/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp among/in the/at representatives/nns of/in other/ap agencies/nns who/wps are/ber stationed/vbn in/in his/pp$ country/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez expected/vbn to/to supervise/vb ,/, to/to encourage/vb ,/, to/to direct/vb ,/, to/to assist/vb in/in any/dti way/nn he/pps can/md ./.
If/cs any/dti official/jj operation/nn abroad/rb begins/vbz to/to go/vb wrong/jj ,/, we/ppss shall/md look/vb to/in the/at ambassador/nn to/to find/vb out/rp why/wrb and/cc to/to get/vb suggestions/nns for/in remedial/jj action/nn ./.



The/at-hl problems/nns-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl policy/nn-hl officer/nn-hl 
It/pps occurred/vbd to/in me/ppo that/cs you/ppss might/md be/be interested/vbn in/in some/dti thoughts/nns which/wdt I/ppss expressed/vbd privately/rb in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, in/in the/at hope/nn of/in clearing/vbg up/rp a/at certain/jj confusion/nn in/in the/at public/jj mind/nn about/in what/wdt foreign/jj policy/nn is/bez all/ql about/in and/cc what/wdt it/pps means/vbz ,/, and/cc of/in developing/vbg a/at certain/jj compassion/nn for/in those/dts who/wps are/ber carrying/vbg such/jj responsibilities/nns inside/in Government/nn-tl ./.
I/ppss tried/vbd to/to do/do so/rb by/in calling/vbg to/in their/pp$ attention/nn some/dti of/in the/at problems/nns that/wpo a/at senior/jj departmental/jj policy/nn officer/nn faces/vbz ./.
This/dt means/vbz practically/rb everybody/pn in/in this/dt room/nn ./.
Whether/cs it/pps will/md strike/vb home/nr for/in you/ppo or/cc not/* will/md be/be for/in you/ppo to/to determine/vb ./.


	The/at senior/jj policy/nn officer/nn may/md be/be moved/vbn to/to think/vb hard/rb about/in a/at problem/nn by/in any/dti of/in an/at infinite/jj variety/nn of/in stimuli/nns :/: an/at idea/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj head/nn ,/, the/at suggestions/nns of/in a/at colleague/nn ,/, a/at question/nn from/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl or/cc the/at President/nn-tl ,/, a/at proposal/nn by/in another/dt department/nn ,/, a/at communication/nn from/in a/at foreign/jj government/nn or/cc an/at American/jj ambassador/nn abroad/rb ,/, the/at filing/vbg of/in an/at item/nn for/in the/at agenda/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc of/in any/dti other/ap of/in dozens/nns of/in international/jj bodies/nns ,/, a/at news/nn item/nn read/vbn at/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn ,/, a/at question/nn to/in the/at President/nn-tl or/cc the/at Secretary/nn-tl at/in a/at news/nn conference/nn ,/, a/at speech/nn by/in a/at Senator/nn-tl or/cc Congressman/nn-tl ,/, an/at article/nn in/in a/at periodical/nn ,/, a/at resolution/nn from/in a/at national/jj organization/nn ,/, a/at request/nn for/in assistance/nn from/in some/dti private/jj American/jj interests/nns abroad/rb ,/, et/fw-cc cetera/fw-nns ,/, ad/fw-in infinitum/fw-nn ./.
The/at policy/nn officer/nn lives/vbz with/in his/pp$ antennae/nns alerted/vbn for/in the/at questions/nns which/wdt fall/vb within/in his/pp$ range/nn of/in responsibility/nn ./.


	His/pp$ first/od thought/nn is/bez about/in the/at question/nn itself/ppl :/: Is/bez there/ex a/at question/nn here/rb for/in American/jj foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, if/cs so/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez it/pps ?/. ?/.
For/cs he/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at first/od and/cc sometimes/rb most/ql difficult/jj job/nn is/bez to/to know/vb what/wdt the/at question/nn is/bez --/-- that/cs when/wrb it/pps is/bez accurately/rb identified/vbn it/pps sometimes/rb answers/vbz itself/ppl ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez posed/vbn frequently/rb shapes/vbz the/at answer/nn ./.


	Chewing/vbg it/ppo over/rp with/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns and/cc in/in his/pp$ own/jj mind/nn ,/, he/pps reaches/vbz a/at tentative/jj identification/nn of/in the/at question/nn --/-- tentative/jj because/cs it/pps may/md change/vb as/cs he/pps explores/vbz it/ppo further/rbr and/cc because/cs ,/, if/cs no/at tolerable/jj answer/nn can/md be/be found/vbn ,/, it/pps may/md have/hv to/to be/be changed/vbn into/in one/cd which/wdt can/md be/be answered/vbn ./.


	Meanwhile/rb he/pps has/hvz been/ben thinking/vbg about/in the/at facts/nns surrounding/vbg the/at problem/nn ,/, facts/nns which/wdt he/pps knows/vbz can/md never/rb be/be complete/jj ,/, and/cc the/at general/jj background/nn ,/, much/ap of/in which/wdt has/hvz already/rb been/ben lost/vbn to/in history/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez appreciative/jj of/in the/at expert/jj help/nn available/jj to/in him/ppo and/cc draws/vbz these/dts resources/nns into/in play/nn ,/, taking/vbg care/nn to/to examine/vb at/in least/ap some/dti of/in the/at raw/jj material/nn which/wdt underlies/vbz their/pp$ frequently/rb policy-oriented/jj conclusions/nns ./.
He/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps must/md give/vb the/at expert/nn his/pp$ place/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps must/md also/rb keep/vb him/ppo in/in it/ppo ./.


	He/pps is/bez already/rb beginning/vbg to/to box/vb the/at compass/nn of/in alternative/jj lines/nns of/in action/nn ,/, including/in doing/vbg nothing/pn ./.
He/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps is/bez thinking/vbg about/in action/nn in/in relation/nn to/in a/at future/nn which/wdt can/md be/be perceived/vbn but/rb dimly/rb through/in a/at merciful/jj fog/nn ./.
But/cc he/pps takes/vbz his/pp$ bearings/nns from/in the/at great/jj guidelines/nns of/in policy/nn ,/, well-established/jj precedents/nns ,/, the/at commitments/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl under/in international/jj charters/nns and/cc treaties/nns ,/, basic/jj statutes/nns ,/, and/cc well-understood/jj notions/nns of/in the/at American/jj people/nns about/in how/wrb we/ppss are/ber to/to conduct/vb ourselves/ppls ,/, in/in policy/nn literature/nn such/jj as/cs country/nn papers/nns and/cc National/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Council/nn-tl papers/nns accumulated/vbn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl ./.


	He/pps will/md not/* be/be surprised/vbn to/to find/vb that/cs general/jj principles/nns produce/vb conflicting/vbg results/nns in/in the/at factual/jj situation/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez confronted/vbn ./.
He/pps must/md think/vb about/in which/wdt of/in these/dts principles/nns must/md take/vb precedence/nn ./.
He/pps will/md know/vb that/cs general/jj policy/nn papers/nns written/vbn months/nns before/rb may/md not/* fit/vb his/pp$ problem/nn because/rb of/in crucial/jj changes/nns in/in circumstance/nn ./.
He/pps is/bez aware/jj that/cs every/at moderately/ql important/jj problem/nn merges/vbz imperceptibly/rb into/in every/at other/ap problem/nn ./.
He/pps must/md deal/vb with/in the/at question/nn of/in how/wrb to/to manage/vb a/at part/nn when/wrb it/pps cannot/md* be/be handled/vbn without/in relation/nn to/in the/at whole/nn --/-- when/wrb the/at whole/nn is/bez too/ql large/jj to/to grasp/vb ./.


	He/pps must/md think/vb of/in others/nns who/wps have/hv a/at stake/nn in/in the/at question/nn and/cc in/in its/pp$ answer/nn ./.
Who/wps should/md be/be consulted/vbn among/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl or/cc other/ap departments/nns and/cc agencies/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl ?/. ?/.
Which/wdt American/jj ambassadors/nns could/md provide/vb helpful/jj advice/nn ?/. ?/.
Are/ber private/jj interests/nns sufficiently/rb involved/vbn to/to be/be consulted/vbn ?/. ?/.
What/wdt is/bez the/at probable/jj attitude/nn of/in other/ap governments/nns ,/, including/in those/dts less/ql directly/rb involved/vbn ?/. ?/.
How/wrb and/cc at/in what/wdt stage/nn and/cc in/in what/wdt sequence/nn are/ber other/ap governments/nns to/to be/be consulted/vbn ?/. ?/.


	If/cs action/nn is/bez indicated/vbn ,/, what/wdt kind/nn of/in action/nn is/bez relevant/jj to/in the/at problem/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at selection/nn of/in the/at wrong/jj tools/nns can/md mean/vb waste/nn ,/, at/in best/jjt ,/, and/cc at/in worst/jjt an/at unwanted/jj inflammation/nn of/in the/at problem/nn itself/ppl ./.
Can/md the/at President/nn-tl or/cc the/at Secretary/nn-tl act/vb under/in existing/vbg authority/nn ,/, or/cc will/md new/jj legislation/nn and/cc new/jj money/nn be/be required/vbn ?/. ?/.
Should/md the/at action/nn be/be unilateral/jj or/cc multilateral/jj ?/. ?/.
Is/bez the/at matter/nn one/cd for/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc some/dti other/ap international/jj body/nn ?/. ?/.
For/cs ,/, if/cs so/rb ,/, the/at path/nn leads/vbz through/in a/at complex/jj process/nn of/in parliamentary/jj diplomacy/nn which/wdt adds/vbz still/rb another/dt dimension/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ./.



Respect/nn-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl opinions/nns-hl of/in-hl mankind/nn-hl 
What/wdt type/nn of/in action/nn can/md hope/vb to/to win/vb public/jj support/nn ,/, first/rb in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc then/rb abroad/rb ?/. ?/.
For/cs the/at policy/nn officer/nn will/md know/vb that/cs action/nn can/md almost/ql never/rb be/be secret/jj and/cc that/cs in/in general/jj the/at effectiveness/nn of/in policy/nn will/md be/be conditioned/vbn by/in the/at readiness/nn of/in the/at country/nn to/to sustain/vb it/ppo ./.
He/pps is/bez interested/vbn in/in public/jj opinion/nn for/in two/cd reasons/nns :/: first/od ,/, because/cs it/pps is/bez important/jj in/in itself/ppl ,/, and/cc ,/, second/od ,/, because/cs he/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at American/jj public/nn cares/vbz about/in a/at decent/jj respect/nn for/in the/at opinions/nns of/in mankind/nn ./.
And/cc ,/, given/vbn probable/jj public/jj attitudes/nns --/-- about/in which/wdt reasonably/ql good/jj estimates/nns can/md be/be made/vbn --/-- what/wdt action/nn is/bez called/vbn for/in to/to insure/vb necessary/jj support/nn ?/. ?/.


	May/md I/ppss add/vb a/at caution/nn on/in this/dt particular/jj point/nn ?/. ?/.
We/ppss do/do not/* want/vb policy/nn officers/nns below/in the/at level/nn of/in Presidential/jj-tl appointees/nns to/to concern/vb themselves/ppls too/ql much/rb with/in problems/nns of/in domestic/jj politics/nn in/in recommending/vbg foreign/jj policy/nn action/nn ./.
In/in the/at first/od place/nn our/pp$ business/nn is/bez foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez the/at business/nn of/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl leadership/nn and/cc his/pp$ appointees/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl to/to consider/vb the/at domestic/jj political/jj aspects/nns of/in a/at problem/nn ./.
Mr./np Truman/np emphasized/vbd this/dt point/nn by/in saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` You/ppss fellows/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl don't/do* know/vb much/ap about/in domestic/jj politics/nn ''/'' ./.


	This/dt is/bez an/at important/jj consideration/nn ./.
If/cs we/ppss sit/vb here/rb reading/vbg editorials/nns and/cc looking/vbg at/in public-opinion/nn polls/nns and/cc other/ap reports/nns that/wps cross/vb our/pp$ desks/nns ,/, we/ppss should/md realize/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez raw/jj ,/, undigested/jj opinion/nn expressed/vbn in/in the/at absence/nn of/in leadership/nn ./.
What/wdt the/at American/jj people/nns will/md do/do turns/vbz in/in large/jj degree/nn on/in their/pp$ leadership/nn ./.
We/ppss cannot/md* test/vb public/jj opinion/nn until/cs the/at President/nn-tl and/cc the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at country/nn have/hv gone/vbn to/in the/at public/nn to/to explain/vb what/wdt is/bez required/vbn and/cc have/hv asked/vbn them/ppo for/in support/nn for/in the/at necessary/jj action/nn ./.
I/ppss doubt/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs ,/, 3/cd months/nns before/cs the/at leadership/nn began/vbd to/to talk/vb about/in what/wdt came/vbd to/to be/be the/at Marshall/np plan/nn ,/, any/dti public-opinion/nn expert/nn would/md have/hv said/vbn that/cs the/at country/nn would/md have/hv accepted/vbn such/jj proposals/nns ./.


	The/at problem/nn in/in the/at policy/nn officer's/nn$ mind/nn thus/rb begins/vbz to/to take/vb shape/nn as/cs a/at galaxy/nn of/in utterly/ql complicated/vbn factors/nns --/-- political/jj ,/, military/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, financial/jj ,/, legal/jj ,/, legislative/jj ,/, procedural/jj ,/, administrative/jj --/-- to/to be/be sorted/vbn out/rp and/cc handled/vbn within/in a/at political/jj system/nn which/wdt moves/vbz by/in consent/nn in/in relation/nn to/in an/at external/jj environment/nn which/wdt cannot/md* be/be under/in control/nn ./.


	And/cc the/at policy/nn officer/nn has/hvz the/at hounds/nns of/in time/nn snapping/vbg at/in his/pp$ heels/nns ./.



	While/cs there/ex should/md be/be no/at general/jj age/nn limit/nn or/cc restriction/nn to/in one/cd sex/nn ,/, there/ex will/md be/be particular/jj projects/nns requiring/vbg special/jj maturity/nn and/cc some/dti open/jj only/rb to/in men/nns or/cc to/in women/nns ./.
The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md not/* pay/vb the/at expenses/nns of/in a/at wife/nn or/cc family/nn ,/, unless/cs the/at wife/nn is/bez also/rb accepted/vbn for/in full-time/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl work/nn on/in the/at same/ap project/nn ./.


	There/ex should/md be/be no/at draft/nn exemption/nn because/rb of/in Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl service/nn ./.
In/in most/ap cases/nns service/nn in/in the/at Corps/nn-tl will/md probably/rb be/be considered/vbn a/at ground/nn for/in temporary/jj deferment/nn ./.


	Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl volunteers/nns obviously/rb should/md not/* be/be paid/vbn what/wdt they/ppss might/md earn/vb in/in comparable/jj activities/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Nor/cc would/md it/ppo be/be possible/jj in/in many/ap cases/nns for/cs them/ppo to/to live/vb in/in health/nn or/cc any/dti effectiveness/nn on/in what/wdt their/pp$ counterparts/nns abroad/rb are/ber paid/vbn ./.
The/at guiding/vbg principle/nn indeed/rb should/md not/* be/be anything/pn like/cs compensation/nn for/in individual/jj services/nns ./.


	Rather/rb the/at principle/nn should/md be/be akin/jj to/in that/dt of/in the/at allowance/nn ./.
Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl volunteers/nns should/md be/be given/vbn just/rb enough/ap to/to provide/vb a/at minimum/jj decent/jj standard/nn of/in living/vbg ./.
They/ppss should/md live/vb in/in modest/jj circumstances/nns ,/, avoiding/vbg all/abn conspicuous/jj consumption/nn ./.
Wherever/wrb possible/jj they/ppss should/md live/vb with/in their/pp$ host/nn country/nn counterparts/nns ./.
Some/dti special/jj health/nn requirements/nns might/md have/hv to/to be/be met/vbn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, it/pps probably/rb will/md be/be necessary/jj for/cs the/at Corps/nn-tl to/to have/hv authority/nn to/to pay/vb medical/jj expenses/nns of/in volunteers/nns ./.
Perhaps/rb existing/vbg Public/jj-tl Health/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ,/, State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl and/cc Armed/vbn-tl Services/nns-tl medical/jj facilities/nns can/md be/be utilized/vbn ./.


	For/in readjustment/nn to/in the/at U.S./np ,/, volunteers/nns should/md be/be given/vbn some/dti separation/nn allowance/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in their/pp$ overseas/jj service/vb ,/, based/vbn on/in the/at length/nn of/in time/nn served/vbn ./.



7/cd-hl ./.-hl
In/in-hl what/wdt-hl part/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl government/nn-hl should/md-hl the/at-hl Peace/nn-tl-hl Corps/nn-tl-hl be/be-hl established/vbn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

The/at idea/nn of/in a/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl has/hvz captured/vbn the/at imagination/nn of/in a/at great/ql many/ap people/nns ./.
Support/nn for/in it/ppo cuts/vbz across/in party/nn ,/, regional/jj ,/, ethnic/jj and/cc other/ap lines/nns ./.
The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, therefore/rb ,/, offers/vbz an/at opportunity/nn to/to add/vb a/at new/jj dimension/nn to/in our/pp$ approach/nn to/in the/at world/nn --/-- an/at opportunity/nn for/cs the/at American/jj people/nns to/to think/vb anew/rb and/cc start/vb afresh/rb in/in their/pp$ participation/nn in/in world/nn development/nn ./.


	For/in this/dt ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md be/be administered/vbn by/in a/at small/jj ,/, new/jj ,/, alive/jj agency/nn operating/vbg as/cs one/cd component/nn in/in our/pp$ whole/jj overseas/jj operation/nn ./.


	Pending/in the/at reorganization/nn of/in our/pp$ foreign/jj aid/nn structure/nn and/cc program/nn ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md be/be established/vbn as/cs an/at agency/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./.
When/wrb the/at aid/nn operations/nns are/ber reorganized/vbn the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md remain/vb a/at semi-autonomous/jj ,/, functional/jj unit/nn ./.
Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl could/md be/be physically/rb located/vbn in/in ICA's/nn facilities/nns and/cc depend/vb on/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl and/cc ICA/nn for/in administrative/jj support/nn and/cc ,/, when/wrb needed/vbn ,/, program/nn assistance/nn ./.


	In/in this/dt way/nn the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl can/md be/be launched/vbn with/in its/pp$ own/jj identity/nn and/cc spirit/nn and/cc yet/rb receive/vb the/at necessary/jj assistance/nn from/in those/dts now/rb responsible/jj for/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl foreign/jj policy/nn and/cc our/pp$ overseas/jj operations/nns ./.



8/cd-hl ./.-hl
How/wrb-hl and/cc-hl when/wrb-hl should/md-hl the/at-hl Peace/nn-tl-hl Corps/nn-tl-hl be/be-hl launched/vbn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl can/md either/cc begin/vb in/in very/ql low/jj gear/nn ,/, with/in only/ap preparatory/jj work/nn undertaken/vbn between/in now/rb and/cc when/wrb Congress/np finally/rb appropriates/vbz special/jj funds/nns for/in it/ppo --/-- or/cc it/pps can/md be/be launched/vbn now/rb and/cc in/in earnest/jj by/in executive/jj action/nn ,/, with/in sufficient/jj funds/nns and/cc made/vbn available/jj from/in existing/vbg Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl appropriations/nns to/to permit/vb a/at number/nn of/in substantial/jj projects/nns to/to start/vb this/dt summer/nn ./.


	The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md be/be launched/vbn soon/rb so/cs that/cs the/at opportunity/nn to/to recruit/vb the/at most/ql qualified/vbn people/nns from/in this/dt year's/nn$ graduating/vbg classes/nns will/md not/* be/be lost/vbn ./.
Nor/cc should/md we/ppss lose/vb the/at opportunity/nn to/to use/vb this/dt summer/nn for/in training/vbg on/in university/nn campuses/nns ./.


	If/cs launched/vbn in/in a/at careful/jj but/cc determined/vbn way/nn within/in the/at next/ap few/ap weeks/nns ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl could/md have/hv several/ap hundred/cd persons/nns in/in training/vbg this/dt summer/nn for/in placement/nn next/ap fall/nn ./.
Within/in a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd several/ap thousand/cd might/md be/be in/in service/nn ./.
It/pps can/md then/rb grow/vb steadily/rb as/cs it/pps proves/vbz itself/ppl and/cc as/cs the/at need/nn for/in it/ppo is/bez demonstrated/vbn ./.



9/cd ./.
What/wdt-hl would/md-hl the/at-hl first/od-hl projects/nns-hl be/be-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

In/in the/at first/od year/nn there/ex should/md probably/rb be/be considerable/jj emphasis/nn on/in teaching/vbg projects/nns ./.
The/at need/nn here/rb is/bez most/ql clearly/rb felt/vbn and/cc our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to recruit/vb and/cc train/vb qualified/vbn volunteers/nns in/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn is/bez greatest/jjt ./.


	There/ex would/md ,/, however/rb ,/, be/be a/at variety/nn of/in other/ap skills/nns --/-- medical/jj ,/, agricultural/jj ,/, engineering/vbg --/-- which/wdt would/md be/be called/vbn for/in in/in the/at first/od year/nn through/in the/at private/jj agency/nn programs/nns and/cc through/in the/at provision/nn of/in technician/nn helpers/nns to/in existing/vbg development/nn projects/nns ./.


	The/at first/od year's/nn$ projects/nns should/md also/rb be/be spread/vbn through/in several/ap countries/nns in/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, Africa/np and/cc Asia/np ./.



10/cd-hl ./.-hl
How/wrb-hl will/md-hl the/at-hl Peace/nn-tl-hl Corps/nn-tl-hl be/be-hl received/vbn-hl abroad/rb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Although/cs the/at need/nn for/in outside/rb trained/vbn manpower/nn exists/vbz in/in every/at newly/rb developing/vbg nation/nn ,/, the/at readiness/nn to/to receive/vb such/jj manpower/nn ,/, or/cc to/to receive/vb it/ppo from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl will/md vary/vb from/in country/nn to/in country/nn ./.
A/at certain/jj skepticism/nn about/in the/at coming/nn of/in Americans/nps is/bez to/to be/be expected/vbn in/in many/ap quarters/nns ./.
Unfriendly/jj political/jj groups/nns will/md no/at doubt/nn do/do everything/pn in/in their/pp$ power/nn to/to promote/vb active/jj hostility/nn ./.
But/cc there/ex are/ber indications/nns that/cs many/ap developing/vbg nations/nns will/md welcome/vb Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl volunteers/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs if/cs the/at volunteers/nns are/ber well/rb chosen/vbn ,/, they/ppss will/md soon/rb demonstrate/vb their/pp$ value/nn and/cc make/vb many/ap friends/nns ./.


	It/pps is/bez important/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl be/be advanced/vbn not/* as/cs an/at arm/nn of/in the/at Cold/jj-tl War/nn-tl but/cc as/cs a/at contribution/nn to/in the/at world/nn community/nn ./.
In/in presenting/vbg it/ppo to/in other/ap governments/nns and/cc to/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, we/ppss could/md propose/vb that/cs every/at nation/nn consider/vb the/at formation/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj peace/nn corps/nn and/cc that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl sponsor/vb the/at idea/nn and/cc form/vb an/at international/jj coordinating/vbg committee/nn ./.
We/ppss should/md hope/vb that/cs peace/nn corps/nn projects/nns will/md be/be truly/rb international/jj and/cc that/cs our/pp$ citizens/nns will/md find/vb themselves/ppls working/vbg alongside/in citizens/nns of/in the/at host/nn country/nn and/cc also/rb volunteers/nns from/in other/ap lands/nns ./.
In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, our/pp$ Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl personnel/nns should/md be/be offered/vbn as/cs technician/nn helpers/nns in/in development/nn projects/nns of/in the/at U.N./np and/cc other/ap international/jj agencies/nns ./.


	The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl is/bez not/* a/at diplomatic/jj or/cc propaganda/nn venture/nn but/cc a/at genuine/jj experiment/nn in/in international/jj partnership/nn ./.
Our/pp$ aim/nn must/md be/be to/to learn/vb as/ql much/rb as/cs we/ppss teach/vb ./.
The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl offers/vbz an/at opportunity/nn to/to bring/vb home/nr to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at problems/nns of/in the/at world/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at opportunity/nn to/to meet/vb urgent/jj host/nn country/nn needs/nns for/in trained/vbn manpower/nn ./.
If/cs presented/vbn in/in this/dt spirit/nn ,/, the/at response/nn and/cc the/at results/nns will/md be/be immeasurably/ql better/jjr ./.



11/cd-hl ./.-hl
How/wrb-hl will/md-hl it/pps-hl be/be-hl financed/vbn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

The/at already/rb appropriated/vbn funds/nns within/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl and/cc Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl under/in the/at Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl are/ber the/at only/ap immediately/rb available/jj source/nn of/in financing/vbg this/dt summer's/nn$ pilot/nn programs/nns of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ./.
If/cs it/pps is/bez decided/vbn to/to make/vb a/at small/jj shift/nn which/wdt may/md be/be required/vbn from/in military/jj aid/nn or/cc special/jj assistance/nn funds/nns ,/, in/in order/nn to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at purposes/nns of/in the/at Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl through/in this/dt new/jj peaceful/jj program/nn ,/, this/dt will/nn be/be a/at hopeful/jj sign/nn to/in the/at world/nn ./.
Congress/np should/md then/rb be/be asked/vbn to/to give/vb the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl a/at firm/jj legislative/jj foundation/nn for/in the/at next/ap fiscal/jj year/nn ./.


	Specifically/rb ,/, Congress/np should/md consider/vb authorizing/vbg the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl to/to receive/vb contributions/nns from/in American/jj businesses/nns ,/, unions/nns ,/, civic/jj organizations/nns and/cc the/at public/nn at/in large/jj ./.
For/cs this/dt must/md be/be the/at project/nn of/in the/at whole/jj American/jj people/nns ./.
An/at Advisory/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in outstanding/jj public/jj figures/nns with/in experience/nn in/in world/nn affairs/nns should/md be/be formed/vbn to/to give/vb the/at program/nn continuing/vbg guidance/nn and/cc to/to afford/vb a/at focal/jj point/nn for/in public/jj understanding/nn ./.


	Steps/nns should/md also/rb be/be taken/vbn to/to link/vb the/at Food/nn-tl for/in-tl Peace/nn-tl Program/nn-tl with/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, so/cs that/cs foreign/jj currencies/nns accumulated/vbn by/in the/at sale/nn of/in U.S./np surplus/nn food/nn under/in P.L./np-tl 480/cd-tl can/md be/be put/vbn to/to use/vb to/to pay/vb some/dti of/in the/at host/nn country/nn expenses/nns of/in Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl personnel/nns ./.


	The/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt participating/vbg bodies/nns such/jj as/cs U./np S./np voluntary/jj agencies/nns ,/, universities/nns ,/, international/jj organizations/nns ,/, and/cc the/at host/nn country/nn or/cc institutions/nns in/in the/at host/nn country/nn can/md and/cc should/md share/vb the/at cost/nn of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl programs/nns must/md be/be fully/rb explored/vbn ./.



12/cd-hl ./.-hl
Is/bez-hl it/pps-hl worth/jj-hl the/at-hl cost/nn-hl and/cc-hl the/at-hl risks/nns-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

No/at matter/nn how/wql well/rb conceived/vbn and/cc efficiently/rb run/vbn ,/, there/ex probably/rb will/md be/be failures/nns ./.
These/dts could/md be/be costly/jj and/cc have/hv a/at serious/jj effect/nn both/abx at/in home/nr and/cc abroad/rb ./.


	But/cc as/cs the/at popular/jj response/nn suggests/vbz ,/, the/at potentiality/nn of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl is/bez very/ql great/jj ./.
It/pps can/md contribute/vb to/in the/at development/nn of/in critical/jj countries/nns and/cc regions/nns ./.
It/pps can/md promote/vb international/jj cooperation/nn and/cc good/jj will/nn toward/in this/dt country/nn ./.
It/pps can/md also/rb contribute/vb to/in the/at education/nn of/in America/np and/cc to/in more/ql intelligent/jj American/jj participation/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./.


	With/in thousands/nns of/in young/jj Americans/nps going/vbg to/to work/vb in/in developing/vbg areas/nns ,/, millions/nns of/in Americans/nps will/md become/vb more/ql directly/rb involved/vbn in/in the/at world/nn than/cs ever/rb before/rb ./.


	With/in colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns carrying/vbg a/at large/jj part/nn of/in the/at program/nn ,/, and/cc with/in students/nns looking/vbg toward/in Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl service/nn ,/, there/ex will/md be/be an/at impact/nn on/in educational/jj curriculum/nn and/cc student/nn seriousness/nn ./.
The/at letters/nns home/nr ,/, the/at talks/nns later/rbr given/vbn by/in returning/vbg members/nns of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, the/at influence/nn on/in the/at lives/nns of/in those/dts who/wps spend/vb two/cd or/cc three/cd years/nns in/in hard/jj work/nn abroad/rb --/-- all/abn this/dt may/md combine/vb to/to provide/vb a/at substantial/jj popular/jj base/nn for/in responsible/jj American/jj policies/nns toward/in the/at world/nn ./.
And/cc this/dt is/bez meeting/vbg the/at world's/nn$ need/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, since/cs what/wdt the/at world/nn most/rbt needs/vbz from/in this/dt country/nn is/bez better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./.


	The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl thus/rb can/md add/vb a/at new/jj dimension/nn to/in America's/np$ world/nn policy/nn --/-- one/cd for/in which/wdt people/nns here/rb and/cc abroad/rb have/hv long/rb been/ben waiting/vbg ./.
As/cs you/ppss said/vbd in/in your/pp$ State/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Union/nn-tl message/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at problems/nns are/ber towering/vbg and/cc unprecedented/jj --/-- and/cc the/at response/nn must/md be/be towering/vbg and/cc unprecedented/jj as/ql well/rb ''/'' ./.



To/in-hl the/at-hl Congress/np-tl-hl of/in-tl-hl the/at-tl-hl United/vbn-tl-hl States/nns-tl-hl :/:-hl 
I/ppss recommend/vb to/in the/at Congress/np the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at permanent/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl --/-- a/at pool/nn of/in trained/vbn American/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns sent/vbn overseas/rb by/in the/at U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl or/cc through/in private/jj organizations/nns and/cc institutions/nns to/to help/vb foreign/jj countries/nns meet/vb their/pp$ urgent/jj needs/nns for/in skilled/jj manpower/nn ./.


	I/ppss have/hv today/nr signed/vbn an/at Executive/jj-tl Order/nn-tl establishing/vbg a/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl on/in a/at temporary/jj pilot/nn basis/nn ./.


	The/at temporary/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl will/md be/be a/at source/nn of/in information/nn and/cc experience/nn to/to aid/vb us/ppo in/in formulating/vbg more/ql effective/jj plans/nns for/in a/at permanent/jj organization/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, by/in starting/vbg the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl now/rb we/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to begin/vb training/vbg young/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns for/in overseas/jj duty/nn this/dt summer/nn with/in the/at objective/nn of/in placing/vbg them/ppo in/in overseas/jj positions/nns by/in late/jj fall/nn ./.
This/dt temporary/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl is/bez being/beg established/vbn under/in existing/vbg authority/nn in/in the/at Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl and/cc will/md be/be located/vbn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./.
Its/pp$ initial/jj expenses/nns will/md be/be paid/vbn from/in appropriations/nns currently/rb available/jj for/in our/pp$ foreign/jj aid/nn program/nn ./.


	Throughout/in the/at world/nn the/at people/nns of/in the/at newly/rb developing/vbg nations/nns are/ber struggling/vbg for/in economic/jj and/cc social/jj progress/nn which/wdt reflects/vbz their/pp$ deepest/jjt desires/nns ./.
Our/pp$ own/jj freedom/nn ,/, and/cc the/at future/nn of/in freedom/nn around/in the/at world/nn ,/, depend/vb ,/, in/in a/at very/ql real/jj sense/nn ,/, on/in their/pp$ ability/nn to/to build/vb growing/vbg and/cc independent/jj nations/nns where/wrb men/nns can/md live/vb in/in dignity/nn ,/, liberated/vbn from/in the/at bonds/nns of/in hunger/nn ,/, ignorance/nn and/cc poverty/nn ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt obstacles/nns to/in the/at achievement/nn of/in this/dt goal/nn is/bez the/at lack/nn of/in trained/vbn men/nns and/cc women/nns with/in the/at skill/nn to/to teach/vb the/at young/jj and/cc assist/vb in/in the/at operation/nn of/in development/nn projects/nns --/-- men/nns and/cc women/nns with/in the/at capacity/nn to/to cope/vb with/in the/at demands/nns of/in swiftly/rb evolving/vbg economics/nn ,/, and/cc with/in the/at dedication/nn to/to put/vb that/dt capacity/nn to/to work/vb in/in the/at villages/nns ,/, the/at mountains/nns ,/, the/at towns/nns and/cc the/at factories/nns of/in dozens/nns of/in struggling/vbg nations/nns ./.


	The/at vast/jj task/nn of/in economic/jj development/nn urgently/rb requires/vbz skilled/jj people/nns to/to do/do the/at work/nn of/in the/at society/nn --/-- to/to help/vb teach/vb in/in the/at schools/nns ,/, construct/vb development/nn projects/nns ,/, demonstrate/vb modern/jj methods/nns of/in sanitation/nn in/in the/at villages/nns ,/, and/cc perform/vb a/at hundred/cd other/ap tasks/nns calling/vbg for/in training/vbg and/cc advanced/vbn knowledge/nn ./.


	To/to meet/vb this/dt urgent/jj need/nn for/in skilled/jj manpower/nn we/ppss are/ber proposing/vbg the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl --/-- an/at organization/nn which/wdt will/md recruit/vb and/cc train/vb American/jj volunteers/nns ,/, sending/vbg them/ppo abroad/rb to/to work/vb with/in the/at people/nns of/in other/ap nations/nns ./.


	This/dt organization/nn will/md differ/vb from/in existing/vbg assistance/nn programs/nns in/in that/cs its/pp$ members/nns will/md supplement/vb technical/jj advisers/nns by/in offering/vbg the/at specific/jj skills/nns needed/vbn by/in developing/vbg nations/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to put/vb technical/jj advice/nn to/to work/vb ./.
They/ppss will/md help/vb provide/vb the/at skilled/jj manpower/nn necessary/jj to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at development/nn projects/nns planned/vbn by/in the/at host/nn governments/nns ,/, acting/vbg at/in a/at working/vbg level/nn and/cc serving/vbg at/in great/jj personal/jj sacrifice/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs the/at number/nn of/in those/dts who/wps wish/vb to/to serve/vb will/md be/be far/ql greater/jjr than/cs our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to absorb/vb them/ppo ./.

Wildlife/nn-hl habitat/nn-hl resources/nns-hl 
In/in 1960/cd one-quarter/nn of/in the/at 92.5/cd million/cd recreation/nn visits/nns to/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc-tl Grasslands/nns-tl were/bed for/in the/at primary/jj purpose/nn of/in hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg ./.
Hunter/nn and/cc fisherman/nn visits/nns since/in 1949/cd have/hv increased/vbn 8/cd times/nns faster/rbr than/cs the/at nationwide/jj sale/nn of/in hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg licenses/nns ./.
This/dt use/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to increase/vb to/in about/rb 50/cd million/cd visits/nns by/in 1972/cd ./.
The/at long-range/nn objective/nn of/in habitat/nn management/nn is/bez to/to make/vb it/ppo fully/ql productive/jj so/cs as/cs to/to support/vb fish/nn and/cc game/nn populations/nns to/to contribute/vb to/in the/at need/nn for/in public/nn use/nn and/cc enjoyment/nn ./.


	The/at wildlife/nn habitat/nn management/nn proposals/nns for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Revise/vb and/cc complete/vb wildlife/nn habitat/nn management/nn and/cc improvement/nn plans/nns for/in all/abn administrative/jj units/nns ,/, assuring/vbg proper/jj coordination/nn between/in wildlife/nn habitat/nn management/nn and/cc other/ap resources/nns ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Inventory/vb and/cc evaluate/vb wildlife/nn habitat/nn resources/nns in/in cooperation/nn with/in other/ap Federal/jj-tl agencies/nns and/cc with/in the/at States/nns-tl in/in which/wdt National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc-tl Grasslands/nns-tl are/ber located/vbn ,/, as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in orderly/jj development/nn of/in wildlife/nn habitat/nn improvement/nn and/cc coordination/nn programs/nns ,/, including/in (/( A/np )/) big-game/nn ,/, gamebird/nn ,/, and/cc small-game/nn habitat/nn surveys/nns and/cc investigations/nns on/in the/at 186/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc-tl Grasslands/nns-tl ,/, (/( B/np )/) fishery/nn habitat/nn surveys/nns and/cc investigations/nns on/in the/at 81,000/cd miles/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl fishing/vbg streams/nns and/cc nearly/rb 3/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in lakes/nns and/cc impoundments/nns ,/, and/cc (/( C/np )/) participation/nn in/in planning/vbg ,/, inspection/nn ,/, and/cc control/nn phases/nns of/in all/abn habitat/nn improvement/nn ,/, land/nn and/cc water/nn use/nn projects/nns conducted/vbn on/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl lands/nns by/in States/nns-tl ,/, other/ap Federal/jj-tl agencies/nns ,/, and/cc private/jj groups/nns to/to assure/vb that/cs projects/nns will/md benefit/vb wildlife/nn and/cc be/be in/in harmony/nn with/in other/ap resource/nn values/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Improve/vb food/nn and/cc cover/nn on/in 1.5/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in key/jjs wildlife/nn areas/nns ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

Develop/vb wildlife/nn openings/nns ,/, food/nn patches/nns ,/, and/cc game/nn ways/nns in/in dense/jj vegetation/nn by/in clearing/vbg or/cc controlled/vbn burning/nn on/in 400,000/cd acres/nns ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

Improve/vb 7,000/cd miles/nns of/in fishing/vbg streams/nns and/cc 56,000/cd acres/nns of/in lakes/nns by/in stabilizing/vbg banks/nns ,/, planting/vbg streamside/nn cover/nn ,/, and/cc constructing/vbg channel/nn improvements/nns ./.



Protection/nn-hl 
The/at total/jj adverse/jj impact/nn of/in disease/nn ,/, insects/nns ,/, fire/nn ,/, weather/nn ,/, destructive/jj animals/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap forces/nns on/in the/at uses/nns and/cc values/nns of/in forest/nn resources/nns is/bez not/* generally/rb recognized/vbn ./.
They/ppss kill/vb and/cc destroy/vb ,/, retard/vb or/cc prevent/vb reproduction/nn and/cc growth/nn ,/, impair/vb and/cc damage/vb values/nns ,/, and/cc disrupt/vb uses/nns ./.


	The/at loss/nn in/in growth/nn of/in sawtimber/nn because/rb of/in damage/nn by/in destructive/jj agencies/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in 1952/cd was/bedz estimated/vbn to/to be/be about/rb 44/cd billion/cd board/nn feet/nns ./.
If/cs it/pps were/bed not/* for/in the/at effect/nn of/in destructive/jj agencies/nns ,/, sawtimber/nn growth/nn would/md have/hv been/ben nearly/rb twice/rb as/ql great/jj as/cs the/at 47/cd billion/cd board/nn feet/nns in/in 1952/cd ./.
About/rb 45/cd percent/nn of/in the/at loss/nn in/in growth/nn was/bedz attributable/jj to/in disease/nn ,/, 20/cd percent/nn to/in insects/nns ,/, 17/cd percent/nn to/in fire/nn ,/, and/cc 18/cd percent/nn to/in weather/nn ,/, animals/nns ,/, and/cc various/ap other/ap causes/nns ./.


	These/dts destructive/jj forces/nns also/rb have/hv a/at seriously/ql adverse/jj effect/nn upon/in the/at watersheds/nns and/cc their/pp$ life-supporting/jj waterflows/nns ,/, and/cc upon/in the/at other/ap renewable/jj forest/nn resources/nns ./.


	The/at long-range/nn objective/nn is/bez to/to hold/vb the/at damage/nn from/in destructive/jj agencies/nns below/in the/at level/nn which/wdt would/md seriously/rb interfere/vb with/in intensive/jj management/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl under/in principles/nns of/in multiple/jj use/nn and/cc high-level/nn sustained/vbn yield/nn of/in products/nns and/cc services/nns ./.
This/dt can/md be/be accomplished/vbn substantially/rb by/in a/at continued/vbn trend/nn toward/in better/jjr facilities/nns and/cc techniques/nns for/in fire/nn control/nn and/cc more/ap resources/nns to/to cope/vb with/in critical/jj fire/nn periods/nns ,/, and/cc a/at more/ql intensive/jj application/nn of/in a/at program/nn of/in prevention/nn ,/, detection/nn ,/, and/cc control/nn of/in insect/nn and/cc disease/nn infestations/nns ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in direct/jj protection/nn measures/nns ,/, more/ql intensive/jj management/nn of/in timber/nn resources/nns will/md assist/vb in/in reduction/nn of/in losses/nns from/in insects/nns and/cc disease/nn ./.
Protection/nn-hl from/in-hl insects/nns-hl and/cc-hl disease/nn-hl 
In/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez proposed/vbn that/cs insect/nn and/cc disease/nn control/nn on/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl be/be stepped/vbn up/rp to/in a/at level/nn of/in prevention/nn ,/, detection/nn ,/, and/cc control/nn of/in insect/nn and/cc disease/nn infestations/nns that/wps will/md substantially/rb reduce/vb the/at occurrence/nn of/in large/jj infestations/nns toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at initial/jj period/nn ./.
This/dt will/md require/vb about/rb a/at 40/cd percent/nn increase/nn over/in the/at present/jj level/nn of/in protection/nn ./.
The/at work/nn will/md consist/vb of/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Intensification/nn of/in present/jj activities/nns through/in (/( A/np )/) quicker/jjr ,/, more/ql extensive/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql thorough/jj surveys/nns to/to detect/vb incipient/jj outbreaks/nns ;/. ;/.
(/( B/np )/) more/ql reliable/jj evaluation/nn of/in the/at potential/nn of/in initial/jj outbreaks/nns to/to cause/vb widespread/jj damage/nn ;/. ;/.
(/( C/np )/) quicker/jjr and/cc more/ql effective/jj control/nn action/nn in/in the/at initial/jj stages/nns to/to prevent/vb a/at large-scale/nn epidemic/nn ./.
The/at initial/jj suppression/nn activities/nns would/md cover/vb about/rb twice/rb the/at acreage/nn currently/rb being/beg treated/vbn ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Continuation/nn of/in present/jj blister/nn rust/nn control/nn work/nn plus/in extension/nn of/in control/nn to/in 250,000/cd acres/nns not/* now/rb protected/vbn but/cc which/wdt should/md be/be managed/vbn for/in white/jj pine/nn production/nn ./.
The/at objective/nn is/bez to/to achieve/vb sufficient/jj effectiveness/nn of/in control/nn on/in all/abn of/in the/at area/nn now/rb under/in treatment/nn plus/in the/at additional/jj acres/nns so/cs that/cs after/in the/at initial/jj period/nn only/ap maintenance/nn control/nn will/md be/be needed/vbn ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Initiating/vbg a/at program/nn to/to control/vb dwarf/nn mistletoe/nn on/in several/ap hundred/cd thousand/cd acres/nns of/in selected/vbn better/jjr stands/nns of/in young/jj softwood/nn sawtimber/nn on/in better/jjr growing/vbg sites/nns ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

Coordination/nn of/in pest/nn control/nn objectives/nns with/in timber/nn management/nn activities/nns to/to reduce/vb losses/nns ./.
Protection/nn-hl from/in-hl fire/nn-hl 
It/pps is/bez proposed/vbn that/cs in/in 10/cd years/nns all/abn commercial/jj timberlands/nns ,/, all/abn critical/jj watersheds/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap lands/nns in/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl developed/vbn or/cc proposed/vbn for/in intensive/jj use/nn will/md be/be given/vbn protection/nn from/in fire/nn adequate/jj to/to meet/vb the/at fire/nn situation/nn in/in the/at worst/jjt years/nns and/cc under/in serious/jj peak/nn loads/nns ./.
This/dt will/md include/vb 125/cd million/cd acres/nns compared/vbn with/in 23/cd million/cd acres/nns now/rb receiving/vbg such/jj protection/nn ./.
An/at additional/jj 15/cd million/cd acres/nns will/md be/be given/vbn a/at lesser/jjr degree/nn of/in protection/nn but/cc adequate/jj to/to meet/vb the/at average/jj fire/nn situation/nn ./.


	Meeting/vbg these/dts levels/nns of/in protection/nn from/in fire/nn calls/vbz for/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Expansion/nn ,/, modernization/nn ,/, and/cc development/nn of/in fire/nn control/nn to/in a/at proficiency/nn and/cc strength/nn of/in force/nn which/wdt will/md prevent/vb as/ql many/ap fires/nns as/cs possible/jj and/cc suppress/vb fires/nns before/cs they/ppss spread/vb beyond/in permitted/vbn standards/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez to/to be/be accomplished/vbn by/in nearly/rb doubling/vbg the/at present/jj level/nn of/in preventive/jj effort/nn ,/, detection/nn ,/, skilled/jj fire-fighting/jj crews/nns ,/, and/cc equipment/nn use/nn ./.
This/dt will/md include/vb a/at stepped-up/jj program/nn of/in training/vbg and/cc development/nn of/in personnel/nns ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Adoption/nn and/cc use/nn of/in new/jj and/cc modern/jj techniques/nns being/beg developed/vbn for/in prevention/nn ,/, for/in suppression/nn of/in fires/nns while/cs small/jj ,/, and/cc for/in stopping/vbg large/jj fires/nns while/cs running/vbg and/cc burning/vbg intensely/rb ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

Reduction/nn of/in hazardous/jj fuel/nn conditions/nns to/to minimize/vb the/at chances/nns of/in large/jj fires/nns developing/vbg and/cc spreading/vbg to/in high-value/nn areas/nns ./.
This/dt work/nn will/md cover/vb the/at most/ql serious/jj one-fourth/nn of/in all/abn land/nn needing/vbg such/jj treatment/nn ,/, and/cc will/md consist/vb of/in burning/vbg 250,000/cd acres/nns of/in highly/ql hazardous/jj debris/nn concentration/nn ,/, felling/vbg snags/nns on/in 350,000/cd acres/nns of/in high/jj lightning-occurrence/nn areas/nns ,/, prescribed/vbn burning/vbg on/in 3.5/cd million/cd acres/nns ,/, removing/vbg roadside/nn fuel/nn on/in 39,000/cd acres/nns ,/, and/cc clearing/vbg and/cc maintaining/vbg 11,000/cd miles/nns of/in firebreaks/nns ./.
Protection/nn-hl from/in-hl other/ap-hl damage/nn-hl 
Rodent/nn control/nn work/nn for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn will/md be/be aimed/vbn at/in control/nn of/in the/at most/ql serious/jj infestations/nns of/in harmful/jj rodents/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs porcupines/nns and/cc mice/nns ,/, on/in high-value/nn areas/nns of/in forage/nn and/cc commercial/jj timberlands/nns ./.
These/dts areas/nns comprise/vb about/rb half/abn of/in the/at total/jj area/nn of/in rodent/nn infestation/nn on/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./.
Approximately/rb 1.8/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in rangelands/nns and/cc 9.4/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in timberlands/nns would/md be/be treated/vbn in/in this/dt period/nn ./.
Control/nn would/md be/be limited/vbn to/in those/dts rodents/nns for/in which/wdt economical/jj means/nns of/in control/nn are/ber known/vbn ./.



Roads/nns-hl and/cc-hl trails/nns-hl 
The/at transportation/nn system/nn which/wdt serves/vbz the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl is/bez a/at complex/nn of/in highways/nns and/cc access/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns under/in various/jj ownerships/nns and/cc jurisdictions/nns ./.
This/dt system/nn is/bez divided/vbn into/in a/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn ,/, administered/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at forest/nn development/nn road/nn and/cc trail/nn system/nn ,/, administered/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ./.
Both/abx of/in these/dts systems/nns are/ber essential/jj for/in the/at production/nn ,/, development/nn ,/, and/cc use/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./.


	In/in the/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber now/rb 24,400/cd miles/nns of/in public/jj roads/nns ./.
These/dts are/ber mostly/rb through/in highways/nns that/wps carry/vb traffic/nn going/vbg from/in one/cd destination/nn to/in another/dt ./.
Because/cs administration/nn of/in the/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn is/bez a/at responsibility/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl with/in maintenance/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at States/nns-tl and/cc counties/nns ,/, this/dt Development/nn-tl Program/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl does/doz not/* include/vb estimates/nns of/in the/at funds/nns needed/vbn to/to maintain/vb the/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn nor/cc to/to construct/vb the/at additions/nns to/in it/ppo that/wps are/ber needed/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez estimated/vbn that/cs about/rb 70,000/cd miles/nns of/in forest/nn highways/nns will/md eventually/rb be/be needed/vbn to/to fully/rb serve/vb the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./.


	In/in the/at forest/nn development/nn road/nn and/cc trail/nn system/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber now/rb 162,400/cd miles/nns of/in roads/nns and/cc 106,500/cd miles/nns of/in supplemental/jj foot/nn and/cc horse/nn trails/nns ./.
These/dts roads/nns are/ber largely/rb of/in less/ap than/cs highway/nn standards/nns ,/, and/cc usually/rb carry/vb traffic/nn which/wdt is/bez related/vbn to/in use/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./.
Construction/nn and/cc maintenance/nn of/in this/dt system/nn is/bez a/at responsibility/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez estimated/vbn that/cs about/rb 542,250/cd miles/nns of/in forest/nn development/nn roads/nns ,/, and/cc 80,000/cd miles/nns of/in trails/nns ,/, constitute/vb the/at system/nn that/wps will/md eventually/rb be/be needed/vbn to/to obtain/vb the/at maximum/jj practicable/jj yield/nn and/cc use/nn of/in the/at wood/nn ,/, water/nn ,/, forage/nn ,/, and/cc wildlife/nn and/cc recreation/nn resources/nns of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl on/in a/at continuing/vbg basis/nn ./.


	The/at ultimate/jj trail/nn system/nn will/md be/be of/in value/nn primarily/rb for/in recreation/nn and/cc wildlife/nn utilization/nn and/cc fire/nn protection/nn ./.
It/pps will/md be/be carefully/rb planned/vbn to/to maintain/vb optimum/jj service/nn to/in these/dts important/jj resources/nns and/cc watersheds/nns ./.


	The/at presence/nn or/cc lack/nn of/in access/nn by/in road/nn or/cc trail/nn has/hvz a/at direct/jj and/cc controlling/vbg influence/nn on/in all/abn phases/nns of/in forest/nn management/nn and/cc utilization/nn such/jj as/cs :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
the/at protection/nn of/in forage/nn ,/, timber/nn ,/, and/cc wildlife/nn resources/nns from/in fire/nn ,/, insects/nns ,/, and/cc disease/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
the/at balanced/vbn use/nn of/in recreation/nn ,/, hunting/vbg ,/, and/cc fishing/vbg areas/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
the/at volume/nn of/in timber/nn that/wps can/md be/be marketed/vbn ,/, especially/rb for/in small/jj sales/nns and/cc the/at support/nn of/in dependent/jj communities/nns and/cc small/jj business/nn enterprises/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
the/at level/nn of/in salvage/nn cutting/nn in/in dead/jj and/cc dying/vbg timber/nn stands/nns and/cc the/at opportunity/nn to/to promptly/rb salvage/vb losses/nns resulting/vbg from/in fire/nn ,/, windstorm/nn ,/, insects/nns ,/, and/cc disease/nn ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl 
the/at protection/nn of/in watershed/nn lands/nns from/in erosion/nn and/cc overgrazing/vbg by/in animals/nns ./.


	The/at existence/nn of/in road/nn systems/nns permits/vbz an/at intensity/nn of/in management/nn and/cc use/nn for/in all/abn National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl purposes/nns that/wps is/bez not/* otherwise/rb possible/jj ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, roads/nns that/wps give/vb access/nn to/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl timber/nn are/ber investments/nns which/wdt pay/vb their/pp$ own/jj way/nn over/in a/at period/nn of/in years/nns ./.
Use/nn of/in these/dts roads/nns by/in the/at public/nn results/vbz in/in substantial/jj benefits/nns to/in the/at localities/nns the/at roads/nns serve/vb ./.


	The/at long-range/nn objective/nn of/in this/dt Department/nn-tl is/bez to/to provide/vb and/cc maintain/vb a/at system/nn of/in forest/nn development/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns which/wdt will/md adequately/rb service/vb the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl at/in the/at levels/nns needed/vbn to/to meet/vb expected/vbn needs/nns and/cc optimum/jj production/nn of/in products/nns and/cc services/nns ./.
For/in the/at year/nn 2000/cd this/dt means/vbz servicing/vbg (/( A/np )/) the/at protection/nn requirements/nns of/in a/at watershed/nn producing/vbg at/in least/ap 200/cd million/cd acre-feet/nns of/in water/nn each/dt year/nn ,/, (/( B/np )/) recreation/nn and/cc wildlife/nn resources/nns used/vbn each/dt year/nn by/in 635/cd million/cd visitors/nns ,/, (/( C/np )/) a/at timber/nn resource/nn supporting/vbg an/at annual/jj cut/nn of/in 21/cd billion/cd board/nn feet/nns ,/, and/cc (/( D/np )/) 60/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in rangelands/nns ./.


	Service/nn at/in these/dts levels/nns of/in production/nn and/cc utilization/nn will/md eventually/rb require/vb the/at construction/nn of/in about/rb 379,900/cd miles/nns of/in new/jj roads/nns and/cc 6,000/cd miles/nns of/in new/jj trails/nns ,/, along/rb with/in the/at reconstruction/nn to/in higher/jjr standards/nns of/in about/rb 105,000/cd miles/nns of/in roads/nns and/cc 10,500/cd miles/nns of/in trails/nns ./.
About/rb 26,500/cd miles/nns of/in existing/vbg trails/nns will/md be/be replaced/vbn in/in service/nn by/in the/at construction/nn of/in new/jj roads/nns ./.
About/rb 80/cd percent/nn of/in these/dts long-range/nn requirements/nns should/md be/be met/vbn by/in the/at year/nn 2000/cd ./.


	Program/nn proposals/nns for/in forest/nn development/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn 1963-1972/cd are/ber as/cs follows/vbz :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Complete/vb the/at construction/nn and/cc reconstruction/nn of/in about/rb 79,400/cd miles/nns of/in multiple-purpose/nn roads/nns and/cc 8,000/cd miles/nns of/in trails/nns ./.
This/dt constitutes/vbz about/rb 17/cd percent/nn of/in the/at long-range/nn requirements/nns for/in these/dts facilities/nns ./.


	Approximately/rb 40/cd percent/nn of/in the/at value/nn of/in the/at work/nn on/in roads/nns for/in access/nn to/in timber/nn which/wdt are/ber planned/vbn for/in this/dt period/nn will/md be/be constructed/vbn by/in purchasers/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl timber/nn ,/, but/cc paid/vbn for/in by/in the/at Government/nn-tl through/in adjustment/nn of/in stumpage/nn prices/nns ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

Provide/vb maintenance/nn to/in full/jj standards/nns on/in the/at 268,900/cd miles/nns of/in existing/vbg access/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns and/cc on/in the/at new/jj roads/nns and/cc trails/nns constructed/vbn during/in the/at period/nn ./.



Land/nn-hl adjustment/nn-hl ,/,-hl land/nn-hl purchase/nn-hl ,/,-hl land/nn-hl use/nn-hl 
Within/in the/at units/nns in/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl the/at pattern/nn of/in land/nn ownership/nn is/bez quite/ql irregular/jj ./.
In/in some/dti units/nns ,/, National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl ownership/nn is/bez well/rb blocked/vbn together/rb ./.
In/in many/ap others/nns ,/, the/at previous/jj patenting/nn of/in land/nn under/in the/at public/jj land/nn laws/nns ,/, or/cc the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt land/nn was/bedz available/jj for/in purchase/nn ,/, resulted/vbd in/in a/at scattered/vbn pattern/nn of/in ownership/nn ./.


	Within/in exterior/jj boundaries/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc National/jj-tl Grasslands/nns-tl ,/, there/ex are/ber about/rb 40,000,000/cd acres/nns in/in non-Federal/jj ownership/nn ./.
One/cd consequence/nn is/bez the/at occurrence/nn of/in occasional/jj conflicts/nns because/cs private/jj owners/nns of/in some/dti inholdings/nns object/vb to/in public/jj programs/nns of/in use/nn on/in neighboring/vbg National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl or/cc other/ap Federal/jj-tl land/nn ,/, or/cc because/cs such/jj ownerships/nns are/ber developed/vbn for/in uses/nns that/wps are/ber not/* compatible/jj with/in use/nn for/in the/at public/nn of/in neighboring/vbg National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl land/nn ./.
Some/dti privately/rb held/vbn inholdings/nns are/ber a/at source/nn of/in direct/jj damage/nn to/in these/dts Federal/jj-tl lands/nns ./.
And/cc some/dti ,/, which/wdt are/ber suitable/jj for/in tree/nn growing/vbg and/cc for/in other/ap National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl purposes/nns ,/, are/ber unmanaged/jj or/cc in/in need/nn of/in expensive/jj rehabilitation/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber contributing/vbg nothing/pn to/in the/at economy/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex are/ber no/at reasonable/jj prospects/nns that/cs these/dts conditions/nns will/md be/be corrected/vbn or/cc changed/vbn ./.
Lands/nns in/in this/dt last/ap category/nn are/ber situated/vbn largely/rb in/in the/at mountainous/jj portions/nns of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl States/nns-tl ./.


	The/at long-range/nn objective/nn is/bez to/to bring/vb about/rp consolidation/nn of/in ownership/nn through/in use/nn of/in land/nn exchange/nn authority/nn and/cc through/in purchase/nn on/in a/at moderate/jj scale/nn of/in inholdings/nns which/wdt comprise/vb key/jjs tracts/nns for/in recognized/vbn National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl programs/nns such/jj as/cs recreation/nn development/nn ,/, or/cc which/wdt are/ber a/at source/nn of/in damage/nn to/in lands/nns in/in National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc National/jj-tl Grasslands/nns-tl ./.



	Strategy/nn and/cc tactics/nns of/in the/at U.S./np military/jj forces/nns are/ber now/rb undergoing/vbg one/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt transitions/nns in/in history/nn ./.
The/at change/nn of/in emphasis/nn from/in conventional-type/jj to/in missile-type/jj warfare/nn must/md be/be made/vbn with/in care/nn ,/, mindful/jj that/cs the/at one/cd type/nn of/in warfare/nn cannot/md* be/be safely/rb neglected/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./.
Our/pp$ military/jj forces/nns must/md be/be capable/jj of/in contending/vbg successfully/rb with/in any/dti contingency/nn which/wdt may/md be/be forced/vbn upon/in us/ppo ,/, from/in limited/vbn emergencies/nns to/in all-out/jj nuclear/jj general/jj war/nn ./.



Forces/nns-hl and/cc-hl military/jj-hl personnel/nns-hl strength/nn-hl ./.-hl

--/-- This/dt budget/nn will/md provide/vb in/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn 1961/cd for/in the/at continued/vbn support/nn of/in our/pp$ forces/nns at/in approximately/rb the/at present/jj level/nn --/-- a/at year-end/jj strength/nn of/in 2,489,000/cd men/nns and/cc women/nns in/in the/at active/jj forces/nns ./.
The/at forces/nns to/to be/be supported/vbn include/vb an/at Army/nn-tl of/in 14/cd divisions/nns and/cc 870,000/cd men/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at Navy/nn-tl of/in 817/cd active/jj ships/nns and/cc 619,000/cd men/nns ;/. ;/.
a/at Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl of/in 3/cd divisions/nns and/cc 3/cd air/nn wings/nns with/in 175,000/cd men/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc an/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl of/in 91/cd combat/nn wings/nns and/cc 825,000/cd men/nns ./.


	If/cs the/at reserve/nn components/nns are/ber to/to serve/vb effectively/rb in/in time/nn of/in war/nn ,/, their/pp$ basic/jj organization/nn and/cc objectives/nns must/md conform/vb to/in the/at changing/vbg character/nn and/cc missions/nns of/in the/at active/jj forces/nns ./.
Quality/nn and/cc combat/nn readiness/nn must/md take/vb precedence/nn over/in mere/jj numbers/nns ./.
Under/in modern/jj conditions/nns ,/, this/dt is/bez especially/rb true/jj of/in the/at ready/jj reserve/nn ./.
I/ppss have/hv requested/vbn the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl to/to reexamine/vb the/at roles/nns and/cc missions/nns of/in the/at reserve/nn components/nns in/in relation/nn to/in those/dts of/in the/at active/jj forces/nns and/cc in/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at changing/vbg requirements/nns of/in modern/jj warfare/nn ./.


	Last/ap year/nn the/at Congress/np discontinued/vbd its/pp$ previously/rb imposed/vbn minimum/jj personnel/nns strength/nn limitations/nns on/in the/at Army/nn-tl Reserve/nn-tl ./.
Similar/jj restrictions/nns on/in the/at strength/nn of/in the/at Army/nn-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl contained/vbn in/in the/at 1960/cd Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl Appropriation/nn-tl Act/nn-tl should/md likewise/rb be/be dropped/vbn ./.
I/ppss strongly/rb recommend/vb to/in the/at Congress/np the/at avoidance/nn of/in mandatory/jj floors/nns on/in the/at size/nn of/in the/at reserve/nn components/nns so/cs that/cs we/ppss may/md have/hv the/at flexibility/nn to/to make/vb adjustments/nns in/in keeping/vbg with/in military/jj necessity/nn ./.


	I/ppss again/rb proposed/vbd a/at reduction/nn in/in the/at Army/nn-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl and/cc Army/nn-tl Reserve/nn-tl --/-- from/in their/pp$ present/jj strengths/nns of/in 400,000/cd and/cc 300,000/cd ,/, respectively/rb ,/, to/in 360,000/cd and/cc 270,000/cd by/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn 1961/cd ./.
These/dts strengths/nns are/ber considered/vbn adequate/jj to/to meet/vb the/at essential/jj roles/nns and/cc missions/nns of/in the/at reserves/nns in/in support/nn of/in our/pp$ national/jj security/nn objectives/nns ./.



Military/jj-hl personnel/nns-hl costs/nns-hl ./.-hl

--/-- About/rb 30%/nn of/in the/at expenditures/nns for/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl in/in 1961/cd are/ber for/in military/jj personnel/nns costs/nns ,/, including/in pay/nn for/in active/jj ,/, reserve/nn ,/, and/cc retired/vbn military/jj personnel/nns ./.
These/dts expenditures/nns are/ber estimated/vbn to/to be/be $12.1/nns billion/cd ,/, an/at increase/nn of/in $187/nns million/cd over/in 1960/cd ,/, reflecting/vbg additional/jj longevity/nn pay/nn of/in career/nn personnel/nns ,/, more/ap dependents/nns ,/, an/at increased/vbn number/nn of/in men/nns drawing/vbg proficiency/nn pay/nn ,/, and/cc social/jj security/nn tax/nn increases/nns (/( effective/jj for/in the/at full/jj year/nn in/in 1961/cd compared/vbn with/in only/rb 6/cd months/nns in/in 1960/cd )/) ./.
Retired/vbn pay/nn costs/nns are/ber increased/vbn by/in $94/nns million/cd in/in 1961/cd over/in 1960/cd ,/, partly/rb because/rb of/in a/at substantial/jj increase/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in retired/vbn personnel/nns ./.
These/dts increased/vbn costs/nns are/ber partially/rb offset/vbn by/in a/at decrease/nn of/in $56/nns million/cd in/in expenditures/nns for/in the/at reserve/nn forces/nns ,/, largely/rb because/rb of/in the/at planned/vbn reduction/nn in/in strength/nn of/in the/at Army/nn-tl Reserve/nn-tl components/nns during/in 1961/cd ./.


	Traditionally/rb ,/, rates/nns of/in pay/nn for/in retired/vbn military/jj personnel/nns have/hv been/ben proportionate/jj to/in current/jj rates/nns of/in pay/nn for/in active/jj personnel/nns ./.
The/at 1958/cd military/jj pay/nn act/nn departed/vbd from/in this/dt established/vbn formula/nn by/in providing/vbg for/in a/at 6%/nn increase/nn rather/rb than/in a/at proportionate/jj increase/nn for/in everyone/pn retired/vbn prior/rb to/in its/pp$ effective/jj date/nn of/in June/np 1/cd ,/, 1958/cd ./.
I/ppss endorse/vb pending/jj legislation/nn that/wps will/md restore/vb the/at traditional/jj relationship/nn between/in retired/vbn and/cc active/jj duty/nn pay/nn rates/nns ./.



Operation/nn-hl and/cc-hl maintenance/nn-hl ./.-hl

--/-- Expenditures/nns for/in operating/vbg and/cc maintaining/vbg the/at stations/nns and/cc equipment/nn of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl are/ber estimated/vbn to/to be/be $10.3/nns billion/cd in/in 1961/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez $184/nns million/cd more/ap than/cs in/in 1960/cd ./.
The/at increase/nn stems/vbz largely/rb from/in the/at growing/vbg complexity/nn of/in and/cc higher/jjr degree/nn of/in maintenance/nn required/vbn for/in newer/jjr weapons/nns and/cc equipment/nn ./.


	A/at substantial/jj increase/nn is/bez estimated/vbn in/in the/at cost/nn of/in operating/vbg additional/jj communications/nns systems/nns in/in the/at air/nn defense/nn program/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in all/abn programs/nns where/wrb speed/nn and/cc security/nn of/in communications/nns are/ber essential/jj ./.
Also/rb ,/, the/at program/nn for/in fleet/nn modernization/nn will/md be/be stepped/vbn up/rp in/in 1961/cd causing/vbg an/at increase/nn in/in expenditures/nns ./.
Further/ap increases/nns arise/vb from/in the/at civilian/nn employee/nn health/nn program/nn enacted/vbn by/in the/at Congress/np last/ap year/nn ./.


	Other/ap factors/nns increasing/vbg operating/vbg costs/nns include/vb the/at higher/jjr unit/nn cost/nn of/in each/dt flying/vbg hour/nn ,/, up/rp 11%/nn in/in two/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc of/in each/dt steaming/vbg hour/nn ,/, up/rp 15%/nn ./.
In/in total/nn ,/, these/dts increases/nns in/in operating/vbg costs/nns outweigh/vb the/at savings/nns that/wps result/vb from/in declining/vbg programs/nns and/cc from/in economy/nn measures/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs reduced/vbn numbers/nns of/in units/nns and/cc installations/nns ,/, smaller/jjr inventories/nns of/in major/jj equipment/nn ,/, and/cc improvements/nns in/in the/at supply/nn and/cc distribution/nn systems/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ./.


	In/in the/at budget/nn message/nn for/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc again/rb for/in 1960/cd ,/, I/ppss recommended/vbd immediate/jj repeal/nn of/in section/nn 601/cd of/in the/at Act/nn-tl of/in September/np 28/cd ,/, 1951/cd (/( 65/cd-tl Stat./nn-tl 365/cd-tl )/) ./.
This/dt section/nn prevents/vbz the/at military/jj departments/nns and/cc the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Civil/jj-tl and/cc-tl Defense/nn-tl Mobilization/nn-tl from/in carrying/vbg out/rp certain/jj transactions/nns involving/vbg real/jj property/nn unless/cs they/ppss come/vb into/in agreement/nn with/in the/at Committees/nns-tl on/in-tl Armed/vbn-tl Services/nns-tl of/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl ./.
As/cs I/ppss have/hv stated/vbn previously/rb ,/, the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl has/hvz advised/vbn me/ppo that/cs this/dt section/nn violates/vbz fundamental/jj constitutional/jj principles/nns ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez not/* repealed/vbn by/in the/at Congress/np at/in its/pp$ present/jj session/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md have/hv no/at alternative/nn thereafter/rb but/cc to/to direct/vb the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl to/to disregard/vb the/at section/nn unless/cs a/at court/nn of/in competent/jj jurisdiction/nn determines/vbz otherwise/rb ./.


	Basic/jj long-line/nn communications/nns in/in Alaska/np are/ber now/rb provided/vbn through/in Federal/jj-tl facilities/nns operated/vbn by/in the/at Army/nn-tl ,/, Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Federal/jj-tl Aviation/nn-tl Agency/nn-tl ./.
The/at growing/vbg communications/nns needs/nns of/in this/dt new/jj State/nn-tl can/md best/rbt be/be met/vbn ,/, as/cs they/ppss have/hv in/in other/ap States/nns-tl ,/, through/in the/at operation/nn and/cc development/nn of/in such/jj facilities/nns by/in private/jj enterprise/nn ./.
Legislation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben proposed/vbn to/to authorize/vb the/at sale/nn of/in these/dts Government-owned/jj systems/nns in/in Alaska/np ,/, and/cc its/pp$ early/jj enactment/nn is/bez desirable/jj ./.



Procurement/nn-hl ,/,-hl research/nn-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl construction/nn-hl ./.-hl

--/-- Approximately/rb 45%/nn of/in the/at expenditures/nns for/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl are/ber for/in procurement/nn ,/, research/nn ,/, development/nn ,/, and/cc construction/nn programs/nns ./.
In/in 1961/cd ,/, these/dts expenditures/nns are/ber estimated/vbn at/in $18.9/nns billion/cd ,/, compared/vbn to/in $19.3/nns billion/cd in/in 1960/cd ./.
The/at decreases/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber largely/rb in/in construction/nn and/cc in/in aircraft/nn procurement/nn ,/, are/ber offset/vbn in/in part/nn by/in increases/nns for/in research/nn and/cc development/nn and/cc for/in procurement/nn of/in other/ap military/jj equipment/nn such/jj as/cs tanks/nns ,/, vehicles/nns ,/, guns/nns ,/, and/cc electronic/jj devices/nns ./.
Expenditures/nns for/in shipbuilding/nn are/ber estimated/vbn at/in about/rb the/at same/ap level/nn as/cs in/in 1960/cd ./.


	New/jj obligational/jj authority/nn for/in 1961/cd recommended/vbn in/in this/dt budget/nn for/in aircraft/nn procurement/nn (/( excluding/in amounts/vbz for/in related/vbn research/nn and/cc construction/nn )/) totals/vbz $4,753/nns million/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez $1,390/nns million/cd below/in that/dt enacted/vbn for/in 1960/cd ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at new/jj authority/nn of/in $3,825/nns million/cd proposed/vbn for/in missile/nn procurement/nn (/( excluding/in research/nn and/cc construction/nn )/) in/in 1961/cd is/bez $581/nns million/cd higher/jjr than/cs for/in 1960/cd ./.
These/dts contrasting/vbg trends/nns in/in procurement/nn reflect/vb the/at anticipated/vbn changes/nns in/in the/at composition/nn and/cc missions/nns of/in our/pp$ Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl in/in the/at years/nns ahead/rb ./.


	The/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl appropriation/nn acts/nns for/in the/at past/ap several/ap years/nns have/hv contained/vbn a/at rider/nn which/wdt limits/vbz competitive/jj bidding/nn by/in firms/nns in/in other/ap countries/nns on/in certain/ap military/jj supply/nn items/nns ./.
As/cs I/ppss have/hv repeatedly/rb stated/vbn ,/, this/dt provision/nn is/bez much/ql more/ql restrictive/jj than/cs the/at general/jj law/nn ,/, popularly/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Buy/vb-tl American/jj-tl Act/nn-tl ./.
I/ppss urge/vb once/rb again/rb that/cs the/at Congress/np not/* reenact/vb this/dt rider/nn ./.


	The/at task/nn of/in providing/vbg a/at reasonable/jj level/nn of/in military/jj strength/nn ,/, without/in endangering/vbg other/ap vital/jj aspects/nns of/in our/pp$ security/nn ,/, is/bez greatly/rb complicated/vbn by/in the/at swift/jj pace/nn of/in scientific/jj progress/nn ./.
The/at last/ap few/ap years/nns have/hv witnessed/vbn what/wdt have/hv been/ben perhaps/rb the/at most/ql rapid/jj advances/nns in/in military/jj technology/nn in/in history/nn ./.
Some/dti weapons/nns systems/nns have/hv become/vbn obsolescent/jj while/cs still/rb in/in production/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti while/cs still/rb under/in development/nn ./.


	Furthermore/rb ,/, unexpectedly/rb rapid/jj progress/nn or/cc a/at technological/jj break-through/nn on/in any/dti one/cd weapon/nn system/nn ,/, in/in itself/ppl ,/, often/rb diminishes/vbz the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in other/ap competitive/jj systems/nns ./.
This/dt has/hvz necessitated/vbn a/at continuous/jj review/nn and/cc reevaluation/nn of/in the/at defense/nn program/nn in/in order/nn to/to redirect/vb resources/nns to/in the/at newer/jjr and/cc more/ql important/jj weapons/nns systems/nns and/cc to/to eliminate/vb or/cc reduce/vb effort/nn on/in weapons/nns systems/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben overtaken/vbn by/in events/nns ./.
Thus/rb ,/, in/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns ,/, a/at number/nn of/in programs/nns which/wdt looked/vbd very/ql promising/jj at/in the/at time/nn their/pp$ development/nn was/bedz commenced/vbn have/hv since/rb been/ben completely/rb eliminated/vbn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at importance/nn of/in the/at Regulus/np-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, a/at very/ql promising/jj aerodynamic/jj ship-to-surface/jj missile/nn designed/vbn to/to be/be launched/vbn by/in surfaced/vbn submarines/nns ,/, was/bedz greatly/rb diminished/vbn by/in the/at successful/jj acceleration/nn of/in the/at much/ql more/ql advanced/vbn Polaris/np ballistic/jj missile/nn launched/vbn by/in submerged/vbn submarines/nns ./.


	Another/dt example/nn is/bez the/at recent/jj cancellation/nn of/in the/at F-108/nn ,/, a/at long-range/nn interceptor/nn with/in a/at speed/nn three/cd times/nns as/ql great/jj as/cs the/at speed/nn of/in sound/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz designed/vbn for/in use/nn against/in manned/vbn bombers/nns in/in the/at period/nn of/in the/at mid-1960's/nns ./.
The/at substantial/jj progress/nn being/beg made/vbn in/in ballistic/jj missile/nn technology/nn is/bez rapidly/rb shifting/vbg the/at main/jjs threat/nn from/in manned/vbn bombers/nns to/in missiles/nns ./.
Considering/in the/at high/jj cost/nn of/in the/at F-108/nn system/nn --/-- over/in $4/nns billion/cd for/in the/at force/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben planned/vbn --/-- and/cc the/at time/nn period/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps would/md become/vb operational/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz decided/vbn to/to stop/vb further/ap work/nn on/in the/at project/nn ./.
Meanwhile/rb ,/, other/ap air/nn defense/nn forces/nns are/ber being/beg made/vbn effective/jj ,/, as/cs described/vbn later/rbr in/in this/dt message/nn ./.


	The/at size/nn and/cc scope/nn of/in other/ap important/jj programs/nns have/hv been/ben reduced/vbn from/in earlier/jjr plans/nns ./.
Notable/jj in/in this/dt category/nn are/ber the/at Jupiter/np and/cc Thor/np intermediate/jj range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns ,/, which/wdt have/hv been/ben successfully/rb developed/vbn ,/, produced/vbn ,/, and/cc deployed/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in which/wdt has/hvz diminished/vbn with/in the/at increasing/vbg availability/nn of/in the/at Atlas/np intercontinental/jj ballistic/jj missile/nn ./.


	The/at impact/nn of/in technological/jj factors/nns is/bez also/rb illustrated/vbn by/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at high-energy/nn fuel/nn program/nn ./.
This/dt project/nn was/bedz started/vbn at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb there/ex was/bedz a/at critical/jj need/nn for/in a/at high-energy/nn fuel/nn to/to provide/vb an/at extra/jj margin/nn of/in range/nn for/in high/jj performance/nn aircraft/nn ,/, particularly/rb our/pp$ heavy/jj bombers/nns ./.
Continuing/vbg technical/jj problems/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at use/nn of/in this/dt fuel/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in significant/jj improvements/nns in/in aircraft/nn range/nn through/in other/ap means/nns ,/, have/hv now/rb raised/vbn serious/jj questions/nns about/in the/at value/nn of/in the/at high-energy/nn fuel/nn program/nn ./.
As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, the/at scope/nn of/in this/dt project/nn has/hvz been/ben sharply/rb curtailed/vbn ./.


	These/dts examples/nns underscore/vb the/at importance/nn of/in even/ql more/ql searching/vbg evaluations/nns of/in new/jj major/jj development/nn programs/nns and/cc even/ql more/ql penetrating/jj and/cc far-ranging/jj analyses/nns of/in the/at potentialities/nns of/in future/jj technology/nn ./.
The/at cost/nn of/in developing/vbg a/at major/jj weapon/nn system/nn is/bez now/rb so/ql enormous/jj that/cs the/at greatest/jjt care/nn must/md be/be exercised/vbn in/in selecting/vbg new/jj systems/nns for/in development/nn ,/, in/in determining/vbg the/at most/ql satisfactory/jj rate/nn of/in development/nn ,/, and/cc in/in deciding/vbg the/at proper/jj time/nn at/in which/wdt either/cc to/to place/vb a/at system/nn into/in production/nn or/cc to/to abandon/vb it/ppo ./.



Strategic/jj-hl forces/nns-hl ./.-hl

--/-- The/at deterrent/nn power/nn of/in our/pp$ Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl comes/vbz from/in both/abx their/pp$ nuclear/jj retaliatory/jj capability/nn and/cc their/pp$ capability/nn to/to conduct/vb other/ap essential/jj operations/nns in/in any/dti form/nn of/in war/nn ./.
The/at first/od capability/nn is/bez represented/vbn by/in a/at combination/nn of/in manned/vbn bombers/nns ,/, carrier-based/jj aircraft/nn ,/, and/cc intercontinental/jj and/cc intermediate/jj range/nn missiles/nns ./.
The/at second/od capability/nn is/bez represented/vbn by/in our/pp$ deployed/vbn ground/nn ,/, naval/jj ,/, and/cc air/nn forces/nns in/in essential/jj forward/jj areas/nns ,/, together/rb with/in ready/jj reserves/nns capable/jj of/in effecting/vbg early/jj emergency/nn reinforcement/nn ./.


	The/at Strategic/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Command/nn-tl is/bez the/at principal/jjs element/nn of/in our/pp$ long-range/nn nuclear/jj capability/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at important/jj and/cc difficult/jj decisions/nns which/wdt had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn in/in this/dt budget/nn concerned/vbd the/at role/nn of/in the/at B-70/nn ,/, a/at long-range/nn supersonic/jj bomber/nn ./.
This/dt aircraft/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz planned/vbn for/in initial/jj operational/jj use/nn about/rb 1965/cd ,/, would/md be/be complementary/jj to/in but/cc likewise/rb competitive/jj with/in the/at four/cd strategic/jj ballistic/jj missile/nn systems/nns ,/, all/abn of/in which/wdt are/ber scheduled/vbn to/to become/vb available/jj earlier/rbr ./.
The/at first/od Atlas/np ICBM's/nn are/ber now/rb operational/jj ,/, the/at first/od two/cd Polaris/np submarines/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to be/be operational/jj this/dt calendar/nn year/nn ,/, and/cc the/at first/od Titan/np ICBM's/nn next/ap year/nn ./.
The/at Minuteman/np solid-fueled/jj ICBM/nn is/bez planned/vbn to/to be/be operational/jj about/rb mid-1963/cd ./.
By/in 1965/cd ,/, several/ap or/cc all/abn of/in these/dts systems/nns will/md have/hv been/ben fully/rb tested/vbn and/cc their/pp$ reliability/nn established/vbn ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, the/at need/nn for/in the/at B-70/nn as/cs a/at strategic/jj weapon/nn system/nn is/bez doubtful/jj ./.
However/rb ,/, I/ppss am/bem recommending/vbg that/cs development/nn work/nn on/in the/at B-70/nn air-frame/nn and/cc engines/nns be/be continued/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez expected/vbn that/cs in/in 1963/cd two/cd prototype/nn aircraft/nns will/md be/be available/jj for/in flight/nn testing/nn ./.
By/in that/dt time/nn we/ppss should/md be/be in/in a/at much/ql better/jjr position/nn to/to determine/vb the/at value/nn of/in that/dt aircraft/nn as/cs a/at weapon/nn system/nn ./.


	I/ppss am/bem recommending/vbg additional/jj acquisitions/nns of/in the/at improved/vbn version/nn of/in the/at B-52/nn (/( the/at B-52H/nn with/in the/at new/jj turbofan/nn engine/nn )/) and/cc procurement/nn of/in the/at B-58/nn supersonic/jj medium/jj bomber/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at supporting/vbg refueling/vbg tankers/nns in/in each/dt case/nn ./.
These/dts additional/jj modern/jj bombers/nns will/md replace/vb some/dti of/in the/at older/jjr B-47/nn medium/jj bombers/nns ;/. ;/.
one/cd B-52/nn can/md do/do the/at work/nn of/in several/ap B-47's/nn which/wdt it/pps will/md replace/vb ./.
Funds/nns are/ber also/rb included/vbn in/in this/dt budget/nn to/to continue/vb the/at equipping/nn of/in the/at B-52/nn wings/nns with/in the/at Hound/nn-tl Dog/nn-tl air-to-surface/jj missile/nn ./.


	In/in the/at coming/vbg fiscal/jj year/nn additional/jj quantities/nns of/in Atlas/np ,/, Titan/np ,/, and/cc Polaris/np missiles/nns also/rb will/md be/be procured/vbn ./.

Purchase/nn authorizations/nns will/md include/vb provisions/nns relating/vbg to/in the/at sale/nn and/cc delivery/nn of/in commodities/nns ,/, including/in the/at classes/nns ,/, types/nns and/or/cc varieties/nns of/in food/nn grain/nn ,/, the/at time/nn and/cc circumstances/nns of/in deposit/nn of/in the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg from/in such/jj sale/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap relevant/jj matters/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl recognizes/vbz the/at desire/nn of/in India/np to/to accumulate/vb ,/, as/ql quickly/rb as/cs possible/jj ,/, a/at substantial/jj part/nn of/in the/at one/cd million/cd ton/nn reserve/nn stock/nn of/in rice/nn provided/vbn for/in in/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl to/to assist/vb in/in stabilizing/vbg the/at internal/jj markets/nns for/in this/dt commodity/nn in/in India/np ./.
Under/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl the/at first/od annual/jj review/nn of/in rice/nn availabilities/nns will/md be/be made/vbn in/in August/np 1960/cd ./.
At/in that/dt time/nn consideration/nn will/md be/be given/vbn to/in whether/cs in/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl supplies/nns of/in rice/nn available/jj for/in Title/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, disposal/nn ,/, India's/np$ production/nn ,/, consumption/nn and/cc stocks/nns of/in food/nn grains/nns ,/, other/ap imports/nns from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc countries/nns friendly/jj to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, India's/np$ storage/nn capacity/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap related/vbn factors/nns ,/, any/dti increase/nn would/md be/be possible/jj in/in the/at portion/nn of/in the/at total/jj rice/nn programmed/vbn which/wdt is/bez currently/rb planned/vbn for/in procurement/nn during/in the/at first/od year/nn ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs the/at issuance/nn of/in purchase/nn authorizations/nns for/in wheat/nn and/cc rice/nn providing/vbg for/in purchase/nn after/in June/np 30/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, shall/md be/be dependent/jj upon/in the/at determination/nn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Government/nn-tl that/cs these/dts commodities/nns are/ber in/in surplus/nn supply/nn and/cc available/jj under/in Title/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Act/nn-tl at/in that/dt time/nn ./.
The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Government/nn-tl shall/md have/hv the/at right/nn to/to terminate/vb the/at financing/nn of/in further/ap sales/nns under/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl of/in any/dti commodity/nn if/cs it/pps determines/vbz at/in any/dti time/nn after/in June/np 30/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, that/cs such/jj action/nn is/bez necessitated/vbn by/in the/at existence/nn of/in an/at international/jj emergency/nn ./.



Article/nn-hl 2/cd-hl ,/, uses/nns-hl of/in-hl rupees/nns-hl 
1/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl as/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in sales/nns made/vbn pursuant/jj to/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl will/md be/be used/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, in/in such/jj manner/nn and/cc order/nn of/in priority/nn as/cs the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl shall/md determine/vb ,/, for/in the/at following/vbg purposes/nns in/in the/at amounts/nns shown/vbn :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
For/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl expenditures/nns under/in subsections/nns (/( A/np )/) ,/, (/( B/np )/) ,/, (/( D/np )/) ,/, (/( E/np )/) ,/, (/( F/np )/) ,/, (/( H/np )/) through/in (/( R/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl or/cc under/in any/dti of/in such/jj subsections/nns ,/, the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in $200/nns million/cd ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
For/in grant/nn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl under/in subsection/nn (/( E/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in not/* more/ap than/in $538/nns million/cd for/in financing/vbg such/jj projects/nns to/to promote/vb balanced/vbn economic/jj development/nn as/cs may/md from/in time/nn to/in time/nn be/be mutually/rb agreed/vbn ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
For/in loan/nn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl under/in subsection/nn (/( G/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in not/* more/ap than/in $538/nns million/cd for/in financing/vbg such/jj projects/nns to/to promote/vb balanced/vbn economic/jj development/nn as/cs may/md be/be mutually/rb agreed/vbn ./.
The/at terms/nns and/cc conditions/nns of/in the/at loan/nn and/cc other/ap provisions/nns will/md be/be set/vbn forth/rb in/in a/at separate/jj agreement/nn by/in the/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl ./.


	In/in the/at event/nn that/cs agreement/nn is/bez not/* reached/vbn on/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at rupees/nns for/in grant/nn or/cc loan/nn purposes/nns within/in six/cd years/nns from/in the/at date/nn of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ,/, the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl may/md use/vb the/at local/jj currency/nn for/in any/dti purposes/nns authorized/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in the/at event/nn the/at total/nn of/in rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl as/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in sales/nns made/vbn pursuant/jj to/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl is/bez different/jj from/in the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in $1,276/nns million/cd ,/, the/at amounts/nns available/jj for/in the/at purposes/nns specified/vbn in/in paragraph/nn 1/cd ,/, Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, will/md be/be adjusted/vbn proportionately/rb ./.



Article/nn-hl 3/cd-hl ,/, deposit/nn-hl of/in-hl rupees/nns-hl 
The/at deposit/nn of/in rupees/nns to/in the/at account/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in payment/nn for/in the/at commodities/nns and/cc for/in ocean/nn transportation/nn costs/nns financed/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl (/( except/in excess/jj costs/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at requirement/nn that/cs United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl flag/nn vessels/nns be/be used/vbn )/) shall/md be/be made/vbn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in exchange/nn for/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dollars/nns generally/rb applicable/jj to/in import/nn transactions/nns (/( excluding/in imports/nns granted/vbn a/at preferential/jj rate/nn )/) in/in effect/nn on/in the/at dates/nns of/in dollar/nn disbursement/nn by/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl banks/nns ,/, or/cc by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, as/cs provided/vbn in/in the/at purchase/nn authorizations/nns ./.



Article/nn-hl 4/cd-hl ,/, general/jj-hl undertakings/nns-hl 
1/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl agrees/vbz that/cs it/pps will/md take/vb all/abn possible/jj measures/nns to/to prevent/vb the/at resale/nn or/cc transshipment/nn to/in other/ap countries/nns or/cc the/at use/nn for/in other/ap than/cs domestic/jj purposes/nns (/( except/in where/wrb such/jj resale/nn ,/, transshipment/nn or/cc use/nn is/bez specifically/rb approved/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl )/) ,/, of/in the/at surplus/jj agricultural/jj commodities/nns purchased/vbn pursuant/jj to/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ,/, and/cc to/to assure/vb that/cs the/at purchase/nn of/in such/jj commodities/nns does/doz not/* result/vb in/in increased/vbn availability/nn of/in these/dts or/cc like/jj commodities/nns for/in export/nn from/in India/np ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs they/ppss will/md take/vb reasonable/jj precautions/nns to/to assure/vb that/cs all/abn sales/nns or/cc purchases/nns of/in surplus/jj agricultural/jj commodities/nns ,/, pursuant/jj to/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl will/md not/* displace/vb usual/jj marketings/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in these/dts commodities/nns ,/, or/cc unduly/rb disrupt/vb world/nn prices/nns of/in agricultural/jj commodities/nns or/cc normal/jj patterns/nns of/in commercial/jj trade/nn with/in friendly/jj countries/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in carrying/vbg out/rp this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ,/, the/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl will/md seek/vb to/to assure/vb ,/, to/in the/at extent/nn practicable/jj ,/, conditions/nns of/in commerce/nn permitting/vbg private/jj traders/nns to/to function/vb effectively/rb and/cc will/md use/vb their/pp$ best/jjt endeavors/nns to/to develop/vb and/cc extend/vb continuous/jj market/nn demand/nn for/in agricultural/jj commodities/nns ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl agrees/vbz to/to furnish/vb ,/, upon/in request/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, information/nn on/in the/at progress/nn of/in the/at program/nn ,/, particularly/rb with/in respect/nn to/in the/at arrival/nn and/cc condition/nn of/in commodities/nns and/cc the/at provisions/nns for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in usual/jj marketings/nns ,/, and/cc information/nn relating/vbg to/in exports/nns of/in the/at same/ap or/cc like/jj commodities/nns ./.



Article/nn-hl 5/cd-hl ,/, consultation/nn-hl 
The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl will/md ,/, upon/in the/at request/nn of/in either/dtx of/in them/ppo ,/, consult/vb regarding/in any/dti matter/nn relating/vbg to/in the/at application/nn of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl or/cc to/in the/at operation/nn of/in arrangements/nns carried/vbn out/rp pursuant/jj to/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ./.



Article/nn-hl 6/cd-hl ,/, entry/nn-hl into/in-hl force/nn-hl 
The/at agreement/nn shall/md enter/vb into/in force/nn upon/in signature/nn ./.


	In/in witness/nn whereof/wrb ,/, the/at respective/jj representatives/nns ,/, duly/rb authorized/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn ,/, have/hv signed/vbn the/at present/jj Agreement/nn-tl ./.


	Done/vbn at/in Washington/np in/in duplicate/nn this/dt fourth/od day/nn of/in May/np 1960/cd ./.


	For/in the/at government/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl :/: 

	Dwight/np D./np Eisenhower/np 

	for/in the/at government/nn of/in India/np-tl :/: 

	S./np K./np Patil/np Excellency/nn-tl :/: 

	I/ppss have/hv the/at honor/nn to/to refer/vb to/in the/at Agricultural/jj-tl Commodities/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl signed/vbd today/nr between/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl and/cc the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl (/( hereinafter/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at Agreement/nn-tl )/) and/cc ,/, with/in regard/nn to/in the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in uses/nns indicated/vbn under/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl ,/, to/to state/vb that/cs the/at understanding/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl is/bez as/cs follows/vbz :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

With/in respect/nn to/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, Paragraph/nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( A/np )/) of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Government/nn-tl of/in India/np-tl will/md provide/vb facilities/nns for/in the/at conversions/nns of/in the/at rupee/nn equivalent/nn of/in $4/nns million/cd (/( up/rp to/in a/at maximum/nn of/in $1/nns million/cd per/in year/nn )/) accruing/vbg under/in the/at subject/nn agreement/nn for/in agricultural/jj market/nn development/nn purposes/nns into/in currencies/nns other/ap than/cs United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dollars/nns on/in request/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ./.
This/dt facility/nn is/bez needed/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in securing/vbg funds/nns to/to finance/vb agricultural/jj market/nn development/nn activities/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in other/ap countries/nns ./.


	The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl may/md utilize/vb rupees/nns in/in India/np to/to pay/vb for/in goods/nns and/cc services/nns ,/, including/in international/jj transportation/nn needed/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in market/nn development/nn and/cc other/ap agricultural/jj projects/nns and/cc activities/nns in/in India/np and/cc other/ap countries/nns ./.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at rupee/nn equivalent/nn of/in $63.8/nns million/cd ,/, but/cc not/* more/ap than/in 5/cd percent/nn of/in the/at currencies/nns received/vbn under/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl will/md be/be used/vbn for/in loans/nns to/to be/be made/vbn by/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl under/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) of/in the/at Agricultural/jj-tl Trade/nn-tl Development/nn-tl and/cc-tl Assistance/nn-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, as/cs amended/vbn (/( hereinafter/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at Act/nn-tl )/) ,/, and/cc for/in administrative/jj expenses/nns of/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in Washington/np in/in India/np incident/jj thereto/rb ./.
It/pps is/bez understood/vbn that/cs :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl 
Such/jj loans/nns under/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) of/in the/at Act/nn-tl will/md be/be made/vbn to/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl business/nn firms/nns and/cc branches/nns ,/, subsidiaries/nns ,/, or/cc affiliates/nns of/in such/jj firms/nns in/in India/np for/in business/nn development/nn and/cc trade/nn expansion/nn in/in India/np and/cc to/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl firms/nns and/cc to/in Indian/jj firms/nns for/in the/at establishment/nn of/in facilities/nns for/in aiding/vbg in/in the/at utilization/nn ,/, distribution/nn ,/, or/cc otherwise/rb increasing/vbg the/at consumption/nn of/in and/cc markets/nns for/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl agricultural/jj products/nns ./.
In/in the/at event/nn the/at rupees/nns set/vbn aside/rb for/in loans/nns under/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) of/in the/at Act/nn-tl are/ber not/* advanced/vbn within/in six/cd years/nns from/in the/at date/nn of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl because/cs the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl has/hvz not/* approved/vbn loans/nns or/cc because/cs proposed/vbn loans/nns have/hv not/* been/ben mutually/rb agreeable/jj to/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl and/cc the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ,/, the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl may/md use/vb the/at rupees/nns for/in any/dti purpose/nn authorized/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.
(/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl 
Loans/nns will/md be/be mutually/rb agreeable/jj to/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl and/cc the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl acting/vbg through/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Ministry/nn-tl of/in-tl Finance/nn-tl ./.
The/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ,/, or/cc his/pp$ designate/nn ,/, will/md act/vb for/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl ,/, or/cc his/pp$ designate/nn ,/, will/md act/vb for/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl ./.
(/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl 
Upon/in receipt/nn of/in an/at application/nn which/wdt the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl is/bez prepared/vbn to/to consider/vb ,/, the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl will/md inform/vb the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl of/in the/at identity/nn of/in the/at applicant/nn ,/, the/at nature/nn of/in the/at proposed/vbn business/nn ,/, the/at amount/nn of/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ,/, and/cc the/at general/jj purposes/nns for/in which/wdt the/at loan/nn proceeds/nns would/md be/be expended/vbn ./.
(/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl 
When/wrb the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl is/bez prepared/vbn to/to act/vb favorably/rb upon/in an/at application/nn ,/, it/pps will/md so/rb notify/vb the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl and/cc will/md indicate/vb the/at interest/nn rate/nn and/cc the/at repayment/nn period/nn which/wdt would/md be/be used/vbn under/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ./.
The/at interest/nn rate/nn will/md be/be similar/jj to/in those/dts prevailing/vbg in/in India/np on/in comparable/jj loans/nns and/cc the/at maturities/nns will/md be/be consistent/jj with/in the/at purposes/nns of/in the/at financing/nn ./.
(/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl 
Within/in sixty/cd days/nns after/in the/at receipt/nn of/in notice/nn that/cs the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl is/bez prepared/vbn to/to act/vb favorably/rb upon/in an/at application/nn the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl will/md indicate/vb to/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl whether/cs or/cc not/* the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl has/hvz any/dti objection/nn to/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ./.
Unless/cs within/in the/at sixty-day/jj period/nn the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl has/hvz received/vbn such/abl a/at communication/nn from/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl it/pps shall/md be/be understood/vbn that/cs the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl has/hvz no/at objection/nn to/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl approves/vbz or/cc declines/vbz the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ,/, it/pps will/md notify/vb the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

With/in respect/nn to/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) :/: Uses/nns of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) and/cc Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( G/np )/) rupees/nns :/: The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl will/md use/vb the/at amount/nn of/in rupees/nns granted/vbn or/cc loaned/vbn to/in it/ppo by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl pursuant/jj to/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) for/in projects/nns to/to promote/vb economic/jj development/nn with/in emphasis/nn upon/in the/at agricultural/jj sector/nn including/in food/nn reserve/nn storage/nn structures/nns and/cc facilities/nns as/cs may/md from/in time/nn to/in time/nn be/be agreed/vbn upon/rb by/in the/at authorized/vbn representatives/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc the/at authorized/vbn representatives/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ,/, in/in the/at following/vbg sectors/nns :/: A/np-hl ./.-hl

Agriculture/nn ;/. ;/.
B/np-hl ./.

Industry/nn ,/, including/in the/at production/nn of/in fertilizer/nn ,/, irrigation/nn and/cc power/nn ,/, transport/nn and/cc communications/nns ,/, and/cc credit/nn institutions/nns ;/. ;/.
C/np-hl ./.-hl

Public/jj health/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, and/cc rehabilitation/nn ;/. ;/.
D/np-hl ./.-hl

Other/ap economic/jj development/nn projects/nns consistent/jj with/in the/at purposes/nns of/in Sections/nns-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) and/cc 104/cd-tl (/( G/np )/) of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./.
The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl further/rbr agrees/vbz in/in cooperation/nn with/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, to/to coordinate/vb the/at use/nn of/in grant/nn and/cc loan/nn funds/nns provided/vbn for/in in/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, with/in such/jj direct/jj dollar/nn assistance/nn as/cs may/md be/be made/vbn available/jj by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, so/cs that/cs both/abx sources/nns of/in financing/vbg may/md be/be channeled/vbn to/in specific/jj and/cc clearly/ql identifiable/jj economic/jj development/nn programs/nns and/cc projects/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps is/bez agreed/vbn that/cs any/dti goods/nns delivered/vbn or/cc services/nns rendered/vbn after/in the/at date/nn of/in this/dt agreement/nn for/in projects/nns within/in categories/nns A/nn ,/, B/nn ,/, and/cc C/nn under/in paragraph/nn 2/cd above/in which/wdt may/md later/rbr be/be approved/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl will/md be/be eligible/jj for/in financing/vbg from/in currency/nn granted/vbn or/cc loaned/vbn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

With/in regard/nn to/in the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in uses/nns indicated/vbn under/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl ,/, the/at understanding/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in both/abx paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, is/bez as/cs follows/vbz :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
Local/jj currency/nn will/md be/be advanced/vbn or/cc reimbursed/vbn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl for/in financing/vbg agreed/vbn projects/nns under/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl upon/in the/at presentation/nn of/in such/jj documentation/nn as/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl may/md specify/vb ./.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl shall/md maintain/vb or/cc cause/vb to/to be/be maintained/vbn books/nns and/cc records/nns adequate/jj to/to identify/vb the/at goods/nns and/cc services/nns financed/vbn for/in agreed/vbn projects/nns pursuant/jj to/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl ,/, to/to disclose/vb the/at use/nn thereof/rb in/in the/at projects/nns and/cc to/to record/vb the/at progress/nn of/in the/at projects/nns (/( including/in the/at cost/nn thereof/rb )/) ./.
The/at books/nns and/cc records/nns with/in respect/nn to/in each/dt project/nn shall/md be/be maintained/vbn for/in the/at duration/nn of/in the/at project/nn ,/, or/cc until/in the/at expiration/nn of/in three/cd years/nns after/cs final/jj disbursement/nn for/in the/at project/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, whichever/wdt is/bez later/rbr ./.
The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl shall/md have/hv the/at right/nn at/in all/abn reasonable/jj times/nns to/to examine/vb such/jj books/nns and/cc records/nns and/cc all/abn other/ap documents/nns ,/, correspondence/nn ,/, memoranda/nns and/cc other/ap records/nns involving/vbg transactions/nns relating/vbg to/in agreed/vbn projects/nns ./.
The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl shall/md enable/vb the/at authorized/vbn representatives/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to observe/vb and/cc review/vb agreed/vbn projects/nns and/cc the/at utilization/nn of/in goods/nns and/cc services/nns financed/vbn under/in the/at projects/nns ,/, and/cc shall/md furnish/vb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl all/abn such/jj information/nn as/cs it/pps shall/md reasonably/rb request/vb concerning/in the/at above-mentioned/jj matters/nns and/cc the/at expenditures/nns related/vbn thereto/rb ./.

This/dt broad/jj delegation/nn leaves/vbz within/in our/pp$ discretion/nn (/( subject/jj to/in the/at always-present/jj criterion/nn of/in the/at public/jj interest/nn )/) both/abx the/at determination/nn of/in what/wdt degree/nn of/in interference/nn shall/md be/be considered/vbn excessive/jj ,/, and/cc the/at methods/nns by/in which/wdt such/jj excessive/jj interference/nn shall/md be/be avoided/vbn ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at present/jj proceeding/nn is/bez concerned/vbn with/in the/at standard/jj broadcast/nn (/( AM/np )/) band/nn ,/, from/in 540/cd kc./nns to/in 1600/cd kc./nns ./.
Whenever/wrb two/cd or/cc more/ap standard/jj broadcast/nn stations/nns operate/vb simultaneously/rb on/in the/at same/ap or/cc closely/rb adjacent/jj frequencies/nns ,/, each/dt interferes/vbz to/in some/dti extent/nn with/in reception/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./.
The/at extent/nn of/in such/jj interference/nn --/-- which/wdt may/md be/be so/ql slight/jj as/cs to/to be/be undetectable/jj at/in any/dti point/nn where/wrb either/dtx of/in the/at stations/nns renders/vbz a/at usable/jj signal/nn ,/, or/cc may/md be/be so/ql great/jj as/cs to/to virtually/rb destroy/vb the/at service/nn areas/nns of/in both/abx stations/nns --/-- depends/vbz on/in many/ap factors/nns ,/, among/in the/at principal/jjs ones/nns being/beg the/at distance/nn between/in the/at stations/nns ,/, their/pp$ respective/jj radiated/vbn power/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, of/in particular/jj significance/nn here/rb ,/, the/at time/nn of/in day/nn ./.
Other/ap factors/nns playing/vbg a/at part/nn in/in the/at extent/nn of/in AM/nn service/nn and/cc interference/nn are/ber the/at frequency/nn involved/vbn ,/, the/at time/nn of/in year/nn ,/, the/at position/nn of/in the/at year/nn in/in the/at sunspot/nn cycle/nn ,/, ground/nn conductivity/nn along/in the/at transmission/nn path/nn ,/, atmospheric/jj and/cc manmade/jj noise/nn ,/, and/cc others/nns ./.
With/in the/at existence/nn of/in these/dts many/ap factors/nns ,/, some/dti of/in them/ppo variable/jj ,/, it/pps obviously/rb has/hvz never/rb been/ben and/cc is/bez not/* now/rb possible/jj for/in the/at Commission/nn-tl to/to make/vb assignments/nns of/in AM/nn stations/nns on/in a/at case-to-case/jj basis/nn which/wdt will/md insure/vb against/in any/dti interference/nn in/in any/dti circumstances/nns ./.
Rather/rb ,/, such/jj assignments/nns are/ber made/vbn ,/, as/cs they/ppss must/md be/be ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in certain/jj overall/jj rules/nns and/cc standards/nns ,/, representing/vbg to/in some/dti extent/nn a/at statistical/jj approach/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ,/, taking/vbg into/in account/nn for/in each/dt situation/nn some/dti of/in the/at variables/nns (/( e.g./rb ,/, power/nn and/cc station/nn separations/nns )/) and/cc averaging/vbg out/rp others/nns in/in order/nn to/to achieve/vb the/at balance/nn which/wdt must/md be/be struck/vbn between/in protection/nn against/in destructive/jj interference/nn and/cc the/at assignment/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in stations/nns large/jj enough/qlp to/to afford/vb optimum/jj radio/nn service/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./.
An/at example/nn of/in the/at overall/jj standards/nns applied/vbn is/bez the/at 20-to-1/cd ratio/nn established/vbn for/in the/at determination/nn of/in that/dt degree/nn of/in cochannel/nn interference/nn which/wdt is/bez regarded/vbn as/cs objectionable/jj ./.
By/in this/dt standard/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez determined/vbn that/cs where/wrb two/cd stations/nns operating/vbg on/in the/at same/ap frequency/nn are/ber involved/vbn ,/, objectionable/jj interference/nn from/in station/nn A/nn exists/vbz at/in any/dti point/nn within/in the/at service/nn area/nn of/in station/nn B/nn where/wrb station/nn A's/nn$ signal/nn is/bez of/in an/at intensity/nn one-twentieth/nn or/cc more/ap of/in the/at strength/nn of/in station/nn B's/nn signal/nn at/in that/dt point/nn ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at 20-to-1/cd ratio/nn for/in cochannel/nn interference/nn embodies/vbz one/cd of/in the/at fundamental/jj limiting/vbg principles/nns which/wdt we/ppss must/md always/rb take/vb into/in account/nn in/in AM/nn assignments/nns and/cc allocations/nns --/-- that/cs signals/nns from/in a/at particular/jj station/nn are/ber potential/jj sources/nns of/in objectionable/jj interference/nn over/in an/at area/nn much/ql greater/jjr than/cs that/dt within/in which/wdt they/ppss provide/vb useful/jj service/nn ./.
A/at second/od fundamental/jj principle/nn is/bez that/dt involved/vbn particularly/rb in/in the/at present/jj proceeding/nn --/-- the/at difference/nn between/in nighttime/jj and/cc daytime/jj propagation/nn conditions/nns with/in respect/nn to/in the/at standard/jj broadcast/nn frequencies/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at phenomenon/nn familiar/jj to/in all/abn radio/nn listeners/nns ,/, resulting/vbg from/in reflection/nn of/in skywave/nn signals/nns at/in night/nn from/in the/at ionized/vbn layer/nn in/in the/at upper/jj atmosphere/nn known/vbn as/cs the/at ionosphere/nn ./.
All/abn AM/nn stations/nns radiate/vb both/abx skywave/nn and/cc groundwave/nn signals/nns ,/, at/in all/abn hours/nns ;/. ;/.
but/cc during/in the/at middle/jj daytime/jj hours/nns these/dts skywave/nn radiations/nns are/ber not/* reflected/vbn in/in any/dti substantial/jj quantity/nn ,/, and/cc during/in this/dt portion/nn of/in the/at day/nn both/abx skywave/nn service/nn and/cc skywave/nn interference/nn are/ber ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, negligible/jj ./.
But/cc during/in nighttime/jj hours/nns the/at skywave/nn radiations/nns are/ber reflected/vbn from/in the/at ionosphere/nn ,/, thereby/rb creating/vbg the/at possibility/nn of/in one/cd station's/nn$ rendering/vbg service/nn ,/, via/in skywave/nn ,/, at/in a/at much/ql greater/jjr distance/nn than/cs it/pps can/md through/in its/pp$ groundwave/nn signal/nn ,/, and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn vastly/rb complicating/vbg the/at interference/nn problem/nn because/rb of/in the/at still/rb greater/jjr distance/nn over/in which/wdt these/dts skywave/nn signals/nns may/md cause/vb interference/nn to/in the/at signals/nns of/in stations/nns on/in the/at same/ap and/cc closely/rb adjacent/jj frequencies/nns ./.
Because/rb of/in the/at difference/nn between/in daytime/jj and/cc nighttime/jj propagation/nn conditions/nns ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben necessary/jj to/to evolve/vb different/jj allocation/nn structures/nns for/in daytime/jj and/cc nighttime/jj broadcasting/nn in/in the/at AM/nn band/nn ,/, with/in many/ql more/ap stations/nns operating/vbg during/in the/at day/nn than/cs at/in night/nn ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

It/pps was/bedz recognized/vbn years/nns ago/rb that/cs the/at transition/nn from/in daytime/jj to/in nighttime/jj propagation/nn conditions/nns ,/, and/cc vice/rb versa/rb ,/, is/bez not/* an/at instantaneous/jj process/nn ,/, but/cc takes/vbz place/nn over/in periods/nns of/in time/nn from/in roughly/rb 2/cd hours/nns before/in sunset/nn until/in about/rb 2/cd hours/nns after/in sunset/nn ,/, and/cc again/rb from/in roughly/rb 2/cd hours/nns before/in sunrise/nn until/in some/rb 2/cd hours/nns after/in sunrise/nn ./.
During/in the/at period/nn of/in about/rb 4/cd hours/nns around/in sunset/nn ,/, skywave/nn transmission/nn conditions/nns are/ber building/vbg up/rp until/cs full/jj nighttime/jj conditions/nns prevail/vb ;/. ;/.
during/in the/at same/ap period/nn around/in sunrise/nn ,/, skywave/nn transmission/nn is/bez declining/vbg ,/, until/cs at/in about/rb 2/cd hours/nns after/in sunrise/nn it/pps reaches/vbz a/at point/nn where/wrb it/pps becomes/vbz of/in little/ap practical/jj significance/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn as/cs elsewhere/rb it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to arrive/vb at/in a/at single/ap standard/nn to/to be/be applied/vbn to/in all/abn situations/nns ,/, representing/vbg an/at averaging/nn of/in conditions/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb to/to fix/vb particular/jj points/nns in/in time/nn which/wdt would/md be/be considered/vbn the/at dividing/vbg points/nns between/in daytime/jj and/cc nighttime/jj conditions/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs the/at hours/nns of/in sunrise/nn and/cc sunset/nn ,/, respectively/rb ,/, should/md be/be used/vbn for/in this/dt purpose/nn ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, the/at 1938-39/cd rules/nns adopted/vbd these/dts hours/nns as/cs limitations/nns upon/in the/at operation/nn of/in daytime/jj stations/nns ./.
Class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns operating/vbg on/in clear/jj channels/nns are/ber required/vbn to/to cease/vb operation/nn or/cc operate/vb under/in nighttime/jj restrictions/nns beginning/vbg either/cc at/in local/jj sunset/nn (/( for/in daytime/jj class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns )/) or/cc sunset/nn at/in the/at location/nn of/in the/at dominant/jj class/nn 1/cd ,/, station/nn where/wrb located/vbn west/nr of/in the/at class/nn 2/cd ,/, station/nn (/( for/in limited-time/nn class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns )/) ./.


	The/at same/ap restrictions/nns apply/vb after/in local/jj sunset/nn in/in the/at case/nn of/in class/nn 3/cd ,/, stations/nns operating/vbg on/in regional/jj channels/nns ,/, which/wdt after/in that/dt time/nn are/ber required/vbn to/to operate/vb under/in nighttime/jj restrictions/nns in/in order/nn to/to protect/vb each/dt other/ap ./.
With/in respect/nn to/to nighttime/jj assignments/nns ,/, the/at degree/nn of/in skywave/nn service/nn and/cc interference/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in skywave/nn curves/nns (/( figs./nns 1/cd and/cc 2/cd of/in sec./nn 3.190/cd of/in the/at rules/nns )/) giving/vbg average/jj skywave/nn values/nns ./.
These/dts curves/nns were/bed derived/vbn by/in an/at analysis/nn of/in extensive/jj skywave/nn measurement/nn data/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz recognized/vbn that/cs skywave/nn signals/nns ,/, because/rb of/in their/pp$ reflected/vbn nature/nn ,/, are/ber of/in great/jj variability/nn and/cc subject/jj to/in wide/jj fluctuations/nns in/in strength/nn ./.
For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, the/at more/ql uncertain/jj skywave/nn service/nn was/bedz denominated/vbn ``/`` secondary/jj ''/'' in/in our/pp$ rules/nns ,/, as/cs compared/vbn to/in the/at steadier/jjr ,/, more/ql reliable/jj groundwave/nn ``/`` primary/jj service/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ,/, for/in both/abx skywave/nn service/nn and/cc skywave/nn interference/nn ,/, signal/nn strength/nn is/bez expressed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in percentage/nn of/in time/nn a/at particular/jj signal-intensity/nn level/nn is/bez exceeded/vbn --/-- 50/cd percent/nn of/in the/at time/nn for/in skywave/nn service/nn ,/, 10/cd percent/nn of/in the/at time/nn for/in skywave/nn interference/nn ./.



Allocation/nn-hl policies/nns-hl 
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

As/cs mentioned/vbn ,/, the/at allocation/nn of/in AM/nn stations/nns represents/vbz a/at balance/nn between/in protection/nn against/in interference/nn and/cc the/at provision/nn of/in opportunity/nn for/in an/at adequate/jj number/nn of/in stations/nns ./.
The/at rules/nns and/cc policies/nns to/to be/be applied/vbn in/in this/dt process/nn of/in course/nn must/md be/be based/vbn on/in objectives/nns which/wdt represent/vb what/wdt is/bez to/to be/be desired/vbn if/cs radio/nn service/nn is/bez to/to be/be of/in maximum/jj use/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./.
Our/pp$ objectives/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv stated/vbn many/ap times/nns ,/, are/ber --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl 
To/to provide/vb some/dti service/nn to/in all/abn listeners/nns ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl 
To/to provide/vb as/ql many/ap choices/nns of/in service/nn to/in as/ql many/ap listeners/nns as/cs possible/jj ;/. ;/.
(/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl 
To/to provide/vb service/nn of/in local/jj origin/nn to/in as/ql many/ap listeners/nns as/cs possible/jj ./.
Since/cs broadcast/nn frequencies/nns are/ber very/ql limited/vbn in/in number/nn ,/, these/dts objectives/nns are/ber to/in some/dti extent/nn inconsistent/jj in/in that/cs not/* all/abn of/in them/ppo can/md be/be fully/rb realized/vbn ,/, and/cc to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs each/dt is/bez realized/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at corresponding/jj reduction/nn of/in the/at possibilities/nns for/in fullest/jjt achievement/nn of/in the/at others/nns ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl has/hvz recognized/vbn that/cs an/at optimum/jj allocation/nn pattern/nn for/in one/cd frequency/nn does/doz not/* necessarily/rb represent/vb the/at best/jjt pattern/nn for/in other/ap frequencies/nns ,/, and/cc has/hvz assigned/vbn different/jj frequencies/nns for/in use/nn by/in different/jj classes/nns of/in stations/nns ./.
Some/rb 45/cd frequencies/nns are/ber assigned/vbn for/in use/nn primarily/rb by/in dominant/jj Class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn or/cc Class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- B/nn clear-channel/jj stations/nns ,/, designed/vbn to/to operate/vb with/in adequate/jj power/nn and/cc to/to provide/vb service/nn --/-- both/abx groundwave/nn and/cc (/( at/in night/nn )/) skywave/nn --/-- over/in large/jj areas/nns and/cc at/in great/jj distances/nns ,/, being/beg protected/vbn against/in interference/nn to/in the/at degree/nn necessary/jj to/to achieve/vb this/dt objective/nn ./.
In/in dealing/vbg with/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, the/at objective/nn listed/vbn first/rb above/rb --/-- provision/nn of/in service/nn to/in all/abn listeners/nns --/-- was/bedz predominant/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap objectives/nns were/bed subordinated/vbn to/in it/ppo ./.
The/at class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns on/in these/dts clear/jj channels/nns are/ber protected/vbn to/in their/pp$ 0.1-mv./m./nn groundwave/nn contours/nns against/in daytime/jj cochannel/nn interference/nn ./.
With/in respect/nn to/in skywave/nn service/nn rendered/vbn at/in night/nn ,/, class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn stations/nns are/ber the/at only/ap stations/nns permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl on/in clear/jj channels/nns specified/vbn for/in class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn operation/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb render/vb skywave/nn service/nn free/jj from/in cochannel/nn interference/nn whereever/wrb they/ppss may/md be/be received/vbn ;/. ;/.
class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- B/nn stations/nns are/ber protected/vbn at/in night/nn to/in their/pp$ 0.5-mv./m./nn 50-percent/nn time/nn skywave/nn contours/nns against/in cochannel/nn interference/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at provision/nn of/in skywave/nn service/nn requires/vbz adequate/jj freedom/nn from/in interference/nn ,/, only/ap class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns are/ber capable/jj of/in rendering/vbg skywave/nn service/nn ./.
But/cc nighttime/jj operation/nn by/in stations/nns of/in other/ap classes/nns of/in course/nn entails/vbz skywave/nn interference/nn to/in groundwave/nn service/nn ,/, interference/nn which/wdt is/bez substantial/jj unless/cs steps/nns are/ber taken/vbn to/to minimize/vb it/ppo ./.
7/cd-hl ./.-hl

With/in respect/nn to/in other/ap frequencies/nns ,/, these/dts are/ber designated/vbn as/cs regional/jj or/cc local/jj ,/, and/cc assigned/vbn for/in use/nn by/in class/nn 3/cd ,/, and/cc class/nn 4/cd ,/, stations/nns ,/, respectively/rb ,/, stations/nns operating/vbg generally/rb with/in lower/jjr power/nn ./.
In/in the/at allocation/nn pattern/nn worked/vbn out/rp for/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, the/at provision/nn of/in long-range/nn service/nn has/hvz to/in some/dti extent/nn been/ben subordinated/vbn to/in the/at other/ap two/cd objectives/nns --/-- assignment/nn of/in multiple/jj facilities/nns ,/, and/cc assignment/nn of/in stations/nns in/in as/ql many/ap communities/nns as/cs possible/jj ./.
8/cd-hl ./.-hl

As/cs mentioned/vbn ,/, the/at primary/jj allocation/nn objective/nn to/to be/be followed/vbn in/in the/at allocation/nn of/in stations/nns on/in clear/jj channels/nns is/bez the/at provision/nn of/in widespread/jj service/nn ,/, free/jj from/in destructive/jj interference/nn ./.
During/in nighttime/jj hours/nns ,/, because/rb of/in the/at intense/jj skywave/nn propagation/nn then/rb prevailing/vbg ,/, no/at large/jj number/nn of/in stations/nns can/md be/be permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb on/in one/cd of/in these/dts channels/nns ,/, if/cs the/at wide/jj area/nn service/nn for/in which/wdt these/dts frequencies/nns are/ber assigned/vbn is/bez to/to be/be rendered/vbn satisfactorily/rb by/in the/at dominant/jj stations/nns which/wdt must/md be/be relied/vbn upon/rb to/to render/vb it/ppo ./.
Therefore/rb ,/, under/in our/pp$ longstanding/jj allocation/nn rules/nns ,/, on/in some/dti of/in these/dts channels/nns no/at station/nn other/ap than/cs the/at dominant/jj (/( class/nn 1/cd )/) --/-- A/nn )/) station/nn is/bez permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb at/in night/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn station/nn can/md render/vb service/nn ,/, interference/nn free/jj ,/, wherever/wrb it/pps can/md be/be received/vbn ./.
On/in the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at clear/jj channels/nns ,/, the/at dominant/jj (/( class/nn 1/cd )/) --/-- B/nn stations/nns are/ber protected/vbn as/cs described/vbn above/rb ,/, and/cc the/at relatively/ql small/jj number/nn of/in secondary/jj (/( class/nn 2/cd )/) )/) stations/nns permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb on/in these/dts channels/nns at/in night/nn are/ber required/vbn to/to operate/vb directionally/rb and/or/cc with/in reduced/vbn power/nn so/cs as/cs to/to protect/vb the/at class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns ./.
In/in the/at daytime/nn ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, since/cs skywave/nn transmission/nn is/bez relatively/ql inefficient/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to assign/vb a/at substantially/rb larger/jjr number/nn of/in stations/nns on/in these/dts channels/nns ./.
Additional/jj class/nn 2/cd ,/, assignments/nns for/in daytime/jj operation/nn can/md be/be made/vbn without/in causing/vbg destructive/jj interference/nn to/in the/at class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns or/cc to/in each/dt other/ap ,/, and/cc by/in their/pp$ operation/nn provide/vb additional/jj service/nn on/in these/dts channels/nns and/cc additional/jj local/jj outlets/nns for/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in communities/nns ./.
Such/jj additional/jj daytime/jj class/nn 2/cd ,/, assignments/nns are/ber appropriate/jj if/cs optimum/jj use/nn is/bez to/to be/be made/vbn of/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Commission/nn-tl has/hvz over/in the/at years/nns made/vbn a/at large/jj number/nn of/in them/ppo ./.
Similarly/rb ,/, on/in the/at regional/jj channels/nns many/ap class/nn 3/cd ,/, stations/nns have/hv been/ben assigned/vbn either/cc to/to operate/vb daytime/rb only/rb or/cc to/to operate/vb nighttime/rb with/in directional/jj antennas/nns and/or/cc lower/jjr power/nn ./.
9/cd-hl ./.-hl

Essentially/rb ,/, the/at question/nn presented/vbn for/in decision/nn in/in the/at present/jj Daytime/nn-tl Skywave/nn-tl proceeding/nn is/bez whether/cs our/pp$ decision/nn (/( in/in 1938-1939/cd )/) to/to assign/vb stations/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in daytime/jj conditions/nns from/in sunrise/nn to/in sunset/nn ,/, is/bez sound/jj as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in AM/nn allocations/nns ,/, or/cc whether/cs ,/, in/in the/at light/nn of/in later/jjr developments/nns and/cc new/jj understanding/nn ,/, skywave/nn transmission/nn is/bez of/in such/jj significance/nn during/in the/at hours/nns immediately/rb before/in sunset/nn and/cc after/in sunrise/nn that/cs this/dt condition/nn should/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti stations/nns required/vbn to/to afford/vb protection/nn to/in other/ap stations/nns during/in these/dts hours/nns ./.



The/at history/nn of/in the/at proceeding/nn 
10/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at decision/nn reached/vbn in/in 1938-39/cd was/bedz made/vbn after/in the/at accumulation/nn of/in a/at large/jj amount/nn of/in data/nn and/cc thorough/jj study/nn thereof/rb ./.
Since/in then/rb ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at notable/jj increase/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in stations/nns and/cc also/rb the/at accumulation/nn of/in additional/jj data/nn and/cc the/at development/nn of/in new/jj techniques/nns for/in using/vbg it/ppo ,/, leading/vbg to/in a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in propagation/nn phenomena/nns ./.
In/in 1947/cd ,/, affidavits/nns were/bed filed/vbn with/in the/at Commission/nn-tl by/in various/jj clear-channel/jj stations/nns alleging/vbg that/cs extensive/jj interference/nn was/bedz being/beg caused/vbn to/in the/at service/nn areas/nns of/in these/dts stations/nns during/in daylight/nn hours/nns ,/, from/in class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns whose/wp$ signals/nns were/bed being/beg reflected/vbn from/in the/at ionosphere/nn so/cs as/cs to/to create/vb skywave/nn intereference/nn ./.

If/cs you/ppss elect/vb to/to use/vb the/at Standard/jj-tl Deduction/nn-tl or/cc the/at Tax/nn-tl Table/nn-tl ,/, and/cc later/rbr find/vb you/ppss should/md have/hv itemized/vbn your/pp$ deductions/nns ,/, you/ppss may/md do/do so/rb by/in filing/vbg an/at amended/vbn return/nn within/in the/at time/nn prescribed/vbn for/in filing/vbg a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn ./.
See/vb You/ppss-tl May/md-tl Claim/vb-tl A/at-tl Refund/nn-tl ,/, Page/nn-tl 135/cd-tl ./.
The/at same/ap is/bez true/jj if/cs you/ppss have/hv itemized/vbn your/pp$ deductions/nns and/cc later/rbr decide/vb you/ppss should/md have/hv used/vbn the/at Standard/jj-tl Deduction/nn-tl or/cc Tax/nn-tl Table/nn-tl ./.
The/at words/nns amended/vbn return/nn-nc should/md be/be plainly/rb written/vbn across/in the/at top/nn of/in such/jj return/nn ./.
When/wrb-hl and/cc-hl where/wrb-hl to/to-hl file/vb-hl 
April/np 15/cd is/bez usually/rb the/at final/jj date/nn for/in filing/vbg income/nn tax/nn returns/nns for/in most/ap people/nns because/cs they/ppss use/vb the/at calendar/nn year/nn ending/vbg on/in December/np 31/cd ./.
If/cs you/ppss use/vb a/at fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, a/at year/nn ending/vbg on/in the/at last/ap day/nn of/in any/dti month/nn other/ap than/cs December/np ,/, your/pp$ return/nn is/bez due/jj on/in or/cc before/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 4th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in your/pp$ tax/nn year/nn ./.
Saturday/nr-hl ,/,-hl Sunday/nr-hl ,/,-hl or/cc-hl holiday/nn-hl ./.-hl

If/cs the/at last/ap day/nn (/( due/jj date/nn )/) for/in performing/vbg any/dti act/nn for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs filing/vbg a/at return/nn or/cc making/vbg a/at tax/nn payment/nn ,/, etc./rb ,/, falls/vbz on/in Saturday/nr ,/, Sunday/nr ,/, or/cc a/at legal/jj holiday/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md perform/vb that/dt act/nn on/in the/at next/ap succeeding/vbg day/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* a/at Saturday/nr ,/, Sunday/nr ,/, or/cc legal/jj holiday/nn ./.
Since/cs April/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, is/bez on/in Sunday/nr your/pp$ return/nn for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd will/md be/be timely/rb filed/vbn if/cs it/pps is/bez filed/vbn on/in or/cc before/in Monday/nr ,/, April/np 16/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./.


	If/cs you/ppss mail/vb A/at return/nn or/cc tax/nn payment/nn ,/, you/ppss must/md place/vb it/ppo in/in the/at mails/nns in/in ample/jj time/nn to/to reach/vb the/at district/nn director/nn on/in or/cc before/in the/at due/jj date/nn ./.
Declaration/nn-hl of/in-hl estimated/vbn-hl tax/nn-hl ./.-hl

If/cs you/ppss were/bed required/vbn to/to file/vb a/at declaration/nn of/in estimated/vbn tax/nn for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj to/to pay/vb the/at fourth/od installment/nn otherwise/rb due/jj on/in January/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, if/cs you/ppss file/vb your/pp$ income/nn tax/nn return/nn Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ,/, and/cc pay/vb your/pp$ tax/nn in/in full/jj for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd by/in January/np 31/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./.
The/at filing/vbg of/in an/at original/jj or/cc amended/vbn declaration/nn ,/, otherwise/rb due/jj on/in January/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, is/bez also/rb waived/vbn ,/, if/cs you/ppss file/vb your/pp$ Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl for/in 1961/cd and/cc pay/vb the/at full/jj tax/nn by/in January/np 31/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./.
Farmers/nns ,/, for/in these/dts purposes/nns ,/, have/hv until/in February/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, to/to file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl and/cc pay/vb the/at tax/nn in/in full/jj for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd ./.
Fiscal/jj year/nn taxpayers/nns have/hv until/in the/at last/ap day/nn of/in the/at first/od month/nn following/vbg the/at close/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn (/( farmers/nns until/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 2d/od month/nn )/) ./.
See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 38/cd-tl ./.


	Nonresident/jj aliens/nns living/vbg in/in Canada/np or/cc Mexico/np who/wps earn/vb wages/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl may/md be/be subject/jj to/in withholding/vbg of/in tax/nn on/in their/pp$ wages/nns ,/, the/at same/ap as/cs if/cs they/ppss were/bed citizens/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Their/pp$ United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl tax/nn returns/nns are/ber due/jj April/np 16/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./.
However/rb ,/, if/cs their/pp$ United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl income/nn is/bez not/* subject/jj to/in the/at withholding/nn of/in tax/nn on/in wages/nns ,/, their/pp$ returns/nns are/ber due/jj June/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, if/cs they/ppss use/vb a/at calendar/nn year/nn ,/, or/cc the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 6th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
Nonresident/jj-hl aliens/nns-hl in/in-hl Puerto/np-hl Rico/np-hl ./.-hl

If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at nonresident/jj alien/nn and/cc a/at resident/nn of/in Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, your/pp$ return/nn is/bez also/rb due/jj June/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, or/cc the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 6th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in your/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn ./.


	If/cs A/at taxpayer/nn dies/vbz ,/, the/at executor/nn ,/, administrator/nn ,/, or/cc legal/jj representative/nn must/md file/vb the/at final/jj return/nn for/in the/at decedent/nn on/in or/cc before/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 4th/od month/nn following/vbg the/at close/nn of/in the/at deceased/jj taxpayer's/nn$ normal/jj tax/nn year/nn ./.
Suppose/vb John/np Jones/np ,/, who/wps ,/, for/in 1960/cd ,/, filed/vbd on/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at calendar/nn year/nn ,/, died/vbd June/np 20/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./.
His/pp$ return/nn for/in the/at period/nn January/np 1/cd to/in June/np 20/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, is/bez due/jj April/np 16/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./.


	The/at return/nn for/in a/at decedent/nn may/md also/rb serve/vb as/cs a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn of/in an/at overpayment/nn of/in tax/nn ./.
In/in such/abl a/at case/nn ,/, Form/nn-tl 1310/cd-tl should/md be/be completed/vbn and/cc attached/vbn to/in the/at return/nn ./.
This/dt form/nn may/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at local/jj office/nn of/in your/pp$ district/nn director/nn ./.


	Returns/nns of/in estates/nns or/cc trusts/nns are/ber due/jj on/in or/cc before/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 4th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in the/at tax/nn year/nn ./.
Extensions/nns-hl of/in-hl time/nn-hl for/in-hl filing/vbg-hl ./.-hl

Under/in unusual/jj circumstances/nns a/at resident/jj individual/nn may/md be/be granted/vbn an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn to/to file/vb a/at return/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md apply/vb for/in such/abl an/at extension/nn by/in filing/vbg Form/nn-tl 2688/cd-tl ,/, Application/nn-tl For/in-tl Extension/nn-tl Of/in-tl Time/nn-tl To/to-tl File/vb-tl ,/, with/in the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl for/in your/pp$ district/nn ,/, or/cc you/ppss may/md make/vb your/pp$ application/nn in/in a/at letter/nn ./.
Your/pp$ application/nn must/md include/vb the/at following/vbg information/nn :/: (/( 1/cd )/) your/pp$ reasons/nns for/in requesting/vbg an/at extension/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) whether/cs you/ppss filed/vbd timely/jj income/nn tax/nn returns/nns for/in the/at 3/cd preceding/vbg years/nns ,/, and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) whether/cs you/ppss were/bed required/vbn to/to file/vb an/at estimated/vbn return/nn for/in the/at year/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs so/rb whether/cs you/ppss did/dod file/vb and/cc have/hv paid/vbn the/at estimated/vbn tax/nn payments/nns on/in or/cc before/in the/at due/jj dates/nns ./.
Any/dti failure/nn to/to file/vb timely/jj returns/nns or/cc make/vb estimated/vbn tax/nn payments/nns when/wrb due/jj must/md be/be fully/rb explained/vbn ./.
Extensions/nns are/ber not/* granted/vbn as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in course/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reasons/nns for/in your/pp$ request/nn must/md be/be substantial/jj ./.
If/cs you/ppss are/ber unable/jj to/to sign/vb the/at request/nn ,/, because/rb of/in illness/nn or/cc other/ap good/jj cause/nn ,/, another/dt person/nn who/wps stands/vbz in/in close/jj personal/jj or/cc business/nn relationship/nn to/in you/ppo may/md sign/vb the/at request/nn on/in your/pp$ behalf/nn ,/, stating/vbg the/at reason/nn why/wrb you/ppss are/ber unable/jj to/to sign/vb ./.
You/ppss should/md make/vb any/dti request/nn for/in an/at extension/nn early/rb so/cs that/cs if/cs it/pps is/bez refused/vbn ,/, your/pp$ return/nn may/md still/rb be/be on/in time/nn ./.
See/vb also/rb Interest/nn-tl On/in-tl Unpaid/jj-tl Taxes/nns-tl ,/, below/rb ./.
Extensions/nns-hl while/cs-hl abroad/rb-hl ./.-hl

Citizens/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl who/wps ,/, on/in April/np 15/cd ,/, are/ber not/* in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, are/ber allowed/vbn an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn until/in June/np 15/cd for/in filing/vbg the/at return/nn for/in the/at preceding/vbg calendar/nn year/nn ./.
An/at extension/nn of/in 2/cd months/nns beyond/in the/at regular/jj due/jj date/nn for/in filing/vbg is/bez also/rb available/jj to/in taxpayers/nns making/vbg returns/nns for/in a/at fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
Alaska/np-hl and/cc-hl Hawaii/np-hl ./.-hl

Taxpayers/nns residing/vbg or/cc traveling/vbg in/in Alaska/np are/ber also/rb allowed/vbn this/dt extension/nn of/in time/nn for/in filing/vbg ,/, but/cc those/dts residing/vbg or/cc traveling/vbg in/in Hawaii/np are/ber not/* allowed/vbn this/dt automatic/jj extension/nn ./.


	Military/jj-tl or/cc Naval/jj-tl Personnel/nns-tl on/in duty/nn in/in Alaska/np or/cc outside/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np are/ber also/rb allowed/vbn this/dt automatic/jj extension/nn of/in time/nn for/in filing/vbg their/pp$ returns/nns ./.


	You/ppss must/md attach/vb a/at statement/nn to/in your/pp$ return/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss take/vb advantage/nn of/in this/dt automatic/jj extension/nn ,/, showing/vbg that/cs you/ppss were/bed in/in Alaska/np or/cc were/bed outside/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc Puerto/np Rico/np on/in April/np 15/cd or/cc other/ap due/jj date/nn ./.
Interest/nn-hl on/in-hl unpaid/jj-hl taxes/nns-hl ./.-hl

Interest/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in 6%/nn a/at year/nn must/md be/be paid/vbn on/in taxes/nns that/wps are/ber not/* paid/vbn on/in or/cc before/in their/pp$ due/jj date/nn ./.
Such/jj interest/nn must/md be/be paid/vbn even/rb though/cs an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn for/in filing/vbg is/bez granted/vbn ./.
When/wrb-hl payment/nn-hl is/bez-hl due/jj-hl ./.-hl

If/cs your/pp$ computation/nn on/in Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl or/cc Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl shows/vbz you/ppss owe/vb additional/jj tax/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be remitted/vbn with/in your/pp$ return/nn unless/cs you/ppss owe/vb less/ap than/in $1/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt case/nn it/pps is/bez forgiven/vbn ./.
If/cs payment/nn is/bez by/in cash/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md ask/vb for/in a/at receipt/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl computes/vbz your/pp$ tax/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md be/be sent/vbn a/at bill/nn if/cs additional/jj tax/nn is/bez due/jj ./.
This/dt bill/nn should/md be/be paid/vbn within/in 30/cd days/nns ./.
Payment/nn-hl by/in-hl check/nn-hl or/cc-hl money/nn-hl order/nn-hl ./.-hl

Whether/cs the/at check/nn is/bez certified/vbn or/cc uncertified/jj ,/, the/at tax/nn is/bez not/* paid/vbn until/cs the/at check/nn is/bez paid/vbn ./.
If/cs the/at check/nn is/bez not/* good/jj and/cc the/at April/np 15/cd or/cc other/ap due/jj date/nn deadline/nn elapses/vbz ,/, additions/nns to/in the/at tax/nn may/md be/be incurred/vbn ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, a/at bad/jj check/nn may/md subject/vb the/at maker/nn to/in certain/jj penalties/nns ./.
All/abn checks/nns and/cc money/nn orders/nns should/md be/be made/vbn payable/jj to/in Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./.
Refunds/nns-hl ./.-hl

An/at overpayment/nn of/in income/nn and/cc social/jj security/nn taxes/nns entitles/vbz you/ppo to/in a/at refund/nn unless/cs you/ppss indicate/vb on/in the/at return/nn that/cs the/at overpayment/nn should/md be/be applied/vbn to/in your/pp$ succeeding/jj year's/nn$ estimated/vbn tax/nn ./.


	If/cs you/ppss file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl computes/vbz your/pp$ tax/nn ,/, any/dti refund/nn to/in which/wdt you/ppss are/ber entitled/vbn will/md be/be mailed/vbn to/in you/ppo ./.


	If/cs you/ppss file/vb a/at Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ,/, you/ppss should/md indicate/vb in/in the/at place/nn provided/vbn that/cs there/ex is/bez an/at overpayment/nn of/in tax/nn and/cc the/at amount/nn you/ppss want/vb refunded/vbn and/cc the/at amount/nn you/ppss want/vb credited/vbn against/in your/pp$ estimated/vbn tax/nn ./.


	Refunds/nns of/in less/ap than/in $1/nns will/md not/* be/be made/vbn unless/cs you/ppss attach/vb a/at separate/jj application/nn to/in your/pp$ return/nn requesting/vbg such/abl a/at refund/nn ./.
Where/wrb-hl to/to-hl file/vb-hl ./.-hl

Send/vb your/pp$ return/nn to/in the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl for/in the/at district/nn in/in which/wdt you/ppss have/hv your/pp$ legal/jj residence/nn or/cc principal/jjs place/nn of/in business/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss have/hv neither/cc a/at legal/jj residence/nn nor/cc a/at principal/jjs place/nn of/in business/nn in/in any/dti Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl district/nn ,/, your/pp$ return/nn should/md be/be filed/vbn with/in the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl ,/, Baltimore/np 2/cd ,/, Md./np ./.
If/cs your/pp$ principal/jjs place/nn of/in abode/nn for/in the/at tax/nn year/nn is/bez outside/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl (/( including/in Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ,/, Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, or/cc the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl and/cc you/ppss have/hv no/at legal/jj residence/nn or/cc principal/jjs place/nn of/in business/nn in/in any/dti Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl district/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, you/ppss should/md file/vb your/pp$ return/nn with/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl International/jj-tl Operations/nns-tl ,/, Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd-tl ,/, D.C./np ./.
Adjusted/vbn-hl gross/jj-hl income/nn-hl 
./.-hl
The/at deductions/nns allowed/vbn in/in determining/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl put/vb all/abn taxpayers/nns on/in a/at comparable/jj basis/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at amount/nn you/ppss enter/vb on/in line/nn 9/cd ,/, page/nn 1/cd of/in Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ./.
Some/dti deductions/nns are/ber subtracted/vbn from/in Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl to/to determine/vb Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./.
Other/ap deductions/nns are/ber subtracted/vbn only/rb from/in Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl in/in arriving/vbg at/in Taxable/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./.


	To/to compute/vb your/pp$ adjusted/vbn gross/jj income/nn you/ppss total/vb all/abn items/nns of/in income/nn ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./.
)/) From/in this/dt amount/nn deduct/vb the/at items/nns indicated/vbn below/rb ./.


	Businessmen/nns deduct/vb all/abn ordinary/jj and/cc necessary/jj expenses/nns attributable/jj to/in a/at trade/nn or/cc business/nn ./.
Rents/nns-hl or/cc-hl royalties/nns-hl ./.-hl

If/cs you/ppss hold/vb property/nn for/in the/at production/nn of/in rents/nns or/cc royalties/nns you/ppss subtract/vb ,/, in/in computing/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ,/, ordinary/jj and/cc necessary/jj expenses/nns and/cc certain/ap other/ap deductions/nns attributable/jj to/in the/at property/nn ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 15/cd-tl ./.
)/) 

	Outside/jj salesmen/nns deduct/vb all/abn expenses/nns attributable/jj to/in earning/vbg a/at salary/nn ,/, commission/nn ,/, or/cc other/ap compensation/nn ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 10/cd-tl ./.
)/) 

	Employees/nns deduct/vb expenses/nns of/in travel/nn ,/, meals/nns and/cc lodging/vbg while/cs away/rb from/in home/nn in/in connection/nn with/in the/at performance/nn of/in their/pp$ services/nns as/cs employees/nns ./.
They/ppss also/rb deduct/vb transportation/nn expenses/nns incurred/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in the/at performance/nn of/in services/nns as/cs employees/nns even/rb though/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* away/rb from/in home/nn ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 12/cd-tl ./.
)/) If/cs your/pp$ employer/nn reimburses/vbz you/ppo for/in expenses/nns incurred/vbn ,/, you/ppss deduct/vb such/jj expenses/nns if/cs they/ppss otherwise/rb qualify/vb ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 10/cd-tl ./.
)/) 

	Sick/jj pay/nn ,/, if/cs included/vbn in/in your/pp$ Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ,/, is/bez deducted/vbn in/in arriving/vbg at/in Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./.
If/cs your/pp$ sick/jj pay/nn is/bez not/* included/vbn in/in your/pp$ Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ,/, you/ppss may/md not/* deduct/vb it/ppo ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 9/cd-tl ./.
)/) income/nn-hl from/in-hl estates/nns-hl and/cc-hl trusts/nns-hl ./.-hl

If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at life/nn tenant/nn ,/, you/ppss deduct/vb allowable/jj depreciation/nn and/cc depletion/nn ./.
If/cs you/ppss are/ber an/at income/nn beneficiary/nn of/in property/nn held/vbn in/in trust/nn or/cc an/at heir/nn ,/, legatee/nn ,/, or/cc devisee/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md deduct/vb allowable/jj depreciation/nn and/cc depletion/nn ,/, if/cs not/* deductible/jj by/in the/at estate/nn or/cc trust/nn ./.


	Deductible/jj losses/nns on/in sales/nns or/cc exchanges/nns of/in property/nn are/ber allowable/jj in/in determining/vbg your/pp$ Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 20/cd-tl ./.
)/) 50%/nn-hl of/in-hl capital/nn-hl gains/nns-hl ./.-hl

You/ppss also/rb deduct/vb 50%/nn of/in the/at excess/nn of/in net/jj long-term/nn capital/nn gains/nns over/in net/jj short-term/nn capital/nn losses/nns in/in determining/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./.
(/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 24/cd-tl ./.
)/) other/ap-hl deductions/nns-hl ./.-hl

Certain/ap other/ap deductions/nns are/ber not/* allowed/vbn in/in determining/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss may/md be/be claimed/vbn only/rb by/in itemizing/vbg them/ppo on/in page/nn 2/cd of/in Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ./.
These/dts deductions/nns may/md not/* be/be claimed/vbn if/cs you/ppss elect/vb to/to use/vb the/at Standard/jj-tl Deduction/nn-tl or/cc Tax/nn-tl Table/nn-tl ./.
(/( See/vb Chapters/nns-tl 30/cd through/in 37/cd ./.
)/) 


2/cd-hl ./.-hl
Minors/nns-hl minors/nns-hl must/md-hl also/rb-hl file/vb-hl returns/nns-hl if/cs-hl they/ppss-hl earn/vb-hl $600/nns-hl or/cc-hl more/ap-hl during/in-hl the/at-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl

A/at minor/nn is/bez subject/jj to/in tax/nn on/in his/pp$ own/jj earnings/nns even/rb though/cs his/pp$ parent/nn may/md ,/, under/in local/jj law/nn ,/, have/hv the/at right/nn to/in them/ppo and/cc might/md actually/rb have/hv received/vbn the/at money/nn ./.
His/pp$ income/nn is/bez not/* required/vbn to/to be/be included/vbn in/in the/at return/nn of/in his/pp$ parent/nn ./.


	A/at minor/nn child/nn is/bez allowed/vbn A/at personal/jj exemption/nn of/in $600/nns on/in his/pp$ own/jj return/nn regardless/rb of/in how/wql much/ap money/nn he/pps may/md earn/vb ./.
Exemption/nn-hl also/rb-hl allowed/vbn-hl parent/nn-hl ./.-hl

If/cs your/pp$ child/nn is/bez under/in 19/cd or/cc is/bez a/at student/nn you/ppss may/md also/rb claim/vb an/at exemption/nn for/in him/ppo if/cs he/pps qualifies/vbz as/cs your/pp$ dependent/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs he/pps earns/vbz $600/nns or/cc more/ap ./.
See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 5/cd-tl ./.
Example/nn-hl ./.-hl

Your/pp$ 16/cd year/nn old/jj son/nn earned/vbd $720/nns in/in 1961/cd ./.
You/ppss spent/vbd $800/nns for/in his/pp$ support/nn ./.
Since/cs he/pps had/hvd gross/jj income/nn of/in $600/nns or/cc more/ap ,/, he/pps must/md file/vb a/at return/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps may/md claim/vb an/at exemption/nn deduction/nn of/in $600/nns ./.
Since/cs you/ppss contributed/vbd more/ap than/cs half/nn of/in his/pp$ support/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md also/rb claim/vb an/at exemption/nn for/in him/ppo on/in your/pp$ return/nn ./.
He/pps-hl may/md-hl get/vb-hl a/at-hl tax/nn-hl refund/nn-hl ./.-hl

A/at minor/nn who/wps has/hvz gross/jj income/nn of/in less/ap than/in $600/nns is/bez entitled/vbn to/in a/at refund/nn if/cs income/nn tax/nn was/bedz withheld/vbn from/in his/pp$ wages/nns ./.
Generally/rb ,/, the/at refund/nn may/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in filing/vbg Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl accompanied/vbn by/in the/at withholding/nn statement/nn (/( Form/nn-tl W-2/nn )/) ./.
If/cs he/pps had/hvd income/nn other/ap than/cs wages/nns subject/jj to/in withholding/vbg ,/, he/pps may/md be/be required/vbn to/to file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ./.
See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./.


	If/cs your/pp$ child/nn works/vbz for/in you/ppo ,/, you/ppss may/md deduct/vb reasonable/jj wages/nns you/ppss paid/vbd to/in him/ppo for/in services/nns he/pps rendered/vbd in/in your/pp$ business/nn ./.
You/ppss may/md deduct/vb these/dts payments/nns even/rb though/cs your/pp$ child/nn uses/vbz the/at money/nn to/to purchase/vb his/pp$ own/jj clothing/nn or/cc other/ap necessities/nns which/wdt you/ppss are/ber normally/rb obligated/vbn to/to furnish/vb him/ppo ,/, and/cc even/rb though/cs you/ppss may/md be/be entitled/vbn to/in his/pp$ services/nns ./.

The/at one-/cd or/cc two-season/jj hunt/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt there/ex have/hv been/ben too/ql many/ap recently/rb ,/, may/md do/do more/ap harm/nn than/cs good/nn ;/. ;/.
for/cs such/jj programs/nns raise/vb hopes/nns of/in assistance/nn toward/in achieving/vbg excellence/nn in/in scholarship/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns which/wdt are/ber dashed/vbn when/wrb the/at programs/nns are/ber discontinued/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc they/ppss are/ber dashed/vbn ,/, no/at less/ap ,/, by/in lack/nn of/in skill/nn in/in making/vbg selections/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns for/in development/nn toward/in the/at highest/jjt reaches/nns of/in the/at mind/nn and/cc spirit/nn ./.


	For/cs the/at making/nn of/in selections/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in excellence/nn requires/vbz that/cs any/dti foundation/nn making/vbg the/at selections/nns shall/md have/hv available/jj the/at judgments/nns of/in a/at corps/nn of/in advisors/nns whose/wp$ judgments/nns are/ber known/vbn to/to be/be good/jj :/: such/jj judgments/nns can/md be/be known/vbn to/to be/be good/jj only/rb by/in the/at records/nns of/in those/dts selected/vbn ,/, by/in records/nns made/vbn subsequent/rb to/in their/pp$ selection/nn over/in considerable/jj periods/nns of/in time/nn ./.


	The/at central/jj group/nn of/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl advisors/nns are/ber ,/, at/in any/dti one/cd period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, the/at members/nns of/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, consisting/vbg ,/, now/rb ,/, of/in thirty-six/cd men/nns and/cc women/nns ./.
They/ppss are/ber chosen/vbn by/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl on/in the/at bases/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj first-rate/jj accomplishments/nns in/in their/pp$ different/jj fields/nns of/in scholarship/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns ./.
Their/pp$ locations/nns in/in all/abn parts/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc their/pp$ locations/nns in/in the/at several/ap kinds/nns of/in educational/jj and/cc research/nn institutions/nns that/wps are/ber the/at principal/jjs homes/nns of/in our/pp$ intellectual/jj and/cc artistic/jj strengths/nns also/rb are/ber factors/nns in/in the/at Trustees'/nns$-tl minds/nns ./.
For/in this/dt concept/nn of/in an/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, ancillary/jj to/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl ,/, we/ppss are/ber indebted/jj to/in the/at late/jj President/nn-tl of/in-tl Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, A./np Lawrence/np Lowell/np ,/, a/at master/nn of/in the/at subject/nn of/in the/at structure/nn of/in cultural/jj institutions/nns and/cc their/pp$ administration/nn ./.
That/cs we/ppss had/hvd the/at wit/nn and/cc wisdom/nn to/to adopt/vb Mr./np Lowell's/np$ concept/nn and/cc make/vb it/ppo the/at base/nn for/in our/pp$ processes/nns of/in selection/nn is/bez one/cd reason/nn why/wrb our/pp$ selections/nns have/hv been/ben ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn truly/rb ,/, pretty/ql uniformly/rb good/jj ./.


	For/cs ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in Mr./np Lowell's/np$ concept/nn of/in an/at advisory/jj board/nn ,/, our/pp$ selections/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in experienced/vbn selectors/nns who/wps give/vb both/abx constancy/nn and/cc consistency/nn to/in our/pp$ processes/nns and/cc our/pp$ choices/nns ./.
And/cc lest/cs we/ppss should/md become/vb too/ql consistent/jj ,/, in/in the/at sense/nn of/in becoming/vbg heedless/jj of/in new/jj fields/nns of/in scholarship/nn and/cc new/jj points/nns of/in view/nn in/in the/at arts/nns ,/, the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl maintains/vbz a/at trickle/nn --/-- not/* a/at flow/nn !/. !/.
--/-- of/in new/jj members/nns through/in the/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ./.


	Two/cd committees/nns of/in members/nns of/in the/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl constitute/vb the/at committees/nns of/in selection/nn --/-- one/cd for/in the/at selection/nn of/in Fellows/nns-tl from/in Canada/np ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at English-speaking/jj Caribbean/np area/nn and/cc one/cd for/in the/at selection/nn of/in Fellows/nns-tl from/in the/at Latin/jj American/jj republics/nns and/cc the/at Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Philippines/nps ./.


	To/in the/at members/nns of/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, and/cc most/ql specially/rb to/in its/pp$ members/nns who/wps constitute/vb our/pp$ committees/nns of/in selection/nn ,/, the/at Foundation/nn-tl is/bez indebted/jj for/in its/pp$ successes/nns of/in choice/nn of/in Fellows/nns-tl ./.
We/ppss are/ber ,/, as/cs we/ppss know/vb ,/, utterly/ql dependent/jj on/in the/at quality/nn of/in advice/nn we/ppss get/vb ;/. ;/.
and/cc quality/nn of/in advice/nn ,/, added/vbn to/in devotion/nn to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl purposes/nns and/cc ideals/nns ,/, we/ppss do/do get/vb from/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl in/in measures/nns so/ql full/jj that/cs they/ppss can/md be/be appreciated/vbn only/rb by/in those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps work/vb here/rb every/at day/nn ./.


	But/cc the/at facts/nns about/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ members'/nns$ duties/nns are/ber only/rb one/cd of/in several/ap sets/nns of/in facts/nns about/in the/at quest/nn for/in advice/nn ,/, both/abx reliable/jj and/cc imaginative/jj ,/, on/in which/wdt to/to base/vb our/pp$ selections/nns of/in Fellows/nns-tl ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, the/at interest/nn of/in past/ap members/nns of/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl remains/vbz such/jj that/cs they/ppss place/vb their/pp$ knowledge/nn and/cc judgments/nns at/in our/pp$ disposal/nn much/rb as/cs they/ppss had/hvd done/vbn when/wrb they/ppss were/bed ,/, formally/rb ,/, members/nns of/in that/dt Board/nn-tl ./.
And/cc ,/, besides/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at large/jj number/nn of/in scholars/nns ,/, artists/nns ,/, composers/nns of/in music/nn ,/, novelists/nns ,/, poets/nns ,/, essayists/nns ,/, choreographers/nns ,/, lawyers/nns ,/, servants/nns of/in government/nn ,/, and/cc men/nns of/in affairs/nns --/-- hundreds/nns ,/, indeed/rb --/-- who/wps serve/vb the/at Foundation/nn-tl well/rb with/in the/at advice/nn they/ppss give/vb us/ppo freely/rb and/cc gratis/rb out/rp of/in their/pp$ experience/nn ./.


	To/in all/abn ,/, the/at Foundation/nn-tl gives/vbz the/at kind/nn of/in thanks/nns which/wdt are/ber more/ap than/cs thanks/nns :/: to/in them/ppo we/ppss are/ber grateful/jj beyond/in the/at possibility/nn of/in conveying/vbg in/in words/nns how/wql grateful/jj we/ppss are/ber ./.




It/pps is/bez a/at truism/nn of/in business/nn that/cs no/at business/nn can/md be/be better/jjr than/cs its/pp$ board/nn of/in directors/nns and/cc its/pp$ top/jjs management/nn ./.
The/at same/ap is/bez true/jj of/in every/at foundation/nn ./.
During/in the/at biennium/nn reviewed/vbn in/in this/dt Report/nn-tl ,/, our/pp$ Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl named/vbd able/jj men/nns ,/, younger/jjr than/cs the/at rest/nn of/in us/ppo ,/, to/in the/at Board/nn-tl and/cc to/in top/jjs management/nn to/to insure/vb future/jj continuance/nn of/in the/at first-class/jj administration/nn of/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl affairs/nns :/: 

	Dr./nn-tl James/np Brown/np Fisk/np ,/, physicist/nn ,/, President/nn-tl of/in the/at Bell/np-tl Telephone/nn-tl Laboratories/nns-tl ,/, was/bedz elected/vbn to/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at member/nn both/abx of/in the/at National/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl of/in-tl Sciences/nns-tl and/cc of/in the/at American/jj-tl Philosophical/jj-tl Society/nn-tl ;/. ;/.
and/cc he/pps has/hvz served/vbn our/pp$ country/nn well/rb as/cs a/at scientific/jj statesman/nn on/in international/jj commissions/nns ./.


	Dr./nn-tl Gordon/np N./np Ray/np ,/, Provost/nn-tl ,/, Vice-President/nn-tl and/cc Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl English/np in/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Illinois/np-tl ,/, was/bedz appointed/vbn Associate/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./.
The/at Trustees/nns-tl of/in the/at Foundation/nn-tl appointed/vbd Dr./nn-tl Ray/np to/in that/dt position/nn with/in the/at stated/vbn expectation/nn that/cs he/pps would/md succeed/vb the/at present/jj Secretary/nn-tl General/nn-tl upon/in the/at latter's/nn$ eventual/jj retirement/nn ./.
Dr./nn-tl Ray/np is/bez a/at Fellow/nn-tl of/in the/at Foundation/nn-tl --/-- appointed/vbn thrice/rb to/to assist/vb his/pp$ studies/nns of/in William/np Makepeace/np Thackeray/np and/cc of/in H./np G./np Wells/np --/-- and/cc ,/, before/in his/pp$ appointment/nn to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl executive/nn staff/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben given/vbn our/pp$ highest/jjt scholarly/jj accolade/nn ,/, appointment/nn to/in the/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ./.


	Referring/vbg further/rbr to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl officers/nns ,/, Dr./nn-tl James/np F./np Mathias/np ,/, for/in eleven/cd years/nns our/pp$ discerning/vbg colleague/nn as/cs Associate/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz promoted/vbn to/to be/be Secretary/nn-tl ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at historian/nn ,/, with/in the/at great/jj merit/nn of/in a/at historian's/nn$ long/jj view/nn ./.


	Also/rb appointed/vbn to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl staff/nn ,/, as/cs Assistant/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl ,/, is/bez Mr./np J./np Kellum/np Smith/np ,/, Jr./np ./.
Mr./np Smith/np ,/, like/cs the/at present/jj Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, is/bez a/at lawyer/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc lawyers/nns --/-- with/in the/at great/jj virtues/nns that/cs they/ppss are/ber trained/vbn to/to read/vb ``/`` the/at fine/jj print/nn ''/'' carefully/rb and/cc are/ber able/jj out/rp of/in professional/jj experience/nn to/to arrive/vb at/in imaginative/jj solutions/nns to/in difficult/jj problems/nns in/in many/ap fields/nns --/-- are/ber indispensable/jj even/rb in/in a/at foundation/nn office/nn ./.


	The/at present/jj Secretary/nn-tl General/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl principal/jjs administrative/jj officer/nn continuously/rb since/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl establishment/nn thirty-five/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
But/cc even/rb he/pps will/md not/* last/vb indefinitely/rb and/cc the/at above-noted/jj new/jj arrangements/nns are/ber ,/, quite/ql simply/rb ,/, made/vbn to/to assure/vb qualitative/jj continuity/nn in/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl policies/nns and/cc practices/nns ./.
The/at effective/jj recognition/nn of/in excellence/nn and/cc its/pp$ nurture/nn has/hvz to/to be/be learned/vbn and/cc is/bez not/* learned/vbn in/in a/at day/nn ,/, nor/cc even/rb in/in a/at year/nn ./.




We/ppss are/ber not/* given/vbn to/in lamentations/nns ,/, neither/cc personally/rb nor/cc in/in these/dts Reports/nns-tl ./.
On/in the/at contrary/nn ,/, if/cs this/dt be/be an/at apocalyptic/jj era/nn as/cs is/bez commonly/rb said/vbn ,/, we/ppss see/vb it/ppo as/cs an/at era/nn of/in opportunity/nn ./.
For/cs ,/, granting/vbg that/cs there/ex are/ber great/jj present-day/jj problems/nns to/to be/be solved/vbn ,/, these/dts problems/nns make/vb great/jj demands/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc by/in their/pp$ demanding/nn tend/vb to/to create/vb resources/nns of/in men's/nns$ minds/nns and/cc hearts/nns which/wdt problems/nns with/in easy/jj answers/nns do/do not/* bring/vb forth/rb ./.
Of/in this/dt ,/, examples/nns are/ber legion/nn :/: Pericles/np speaking/vbg his/pp$ funeral/nn oration/nn in/in Ancient/jj-tl Greece's/np$ extremity/nn after/in Thermopylae/np and/cc making/vbg it/ppo a/at testament/nn of/in freedom/nn ;/. ;/.
Jefferson/np writing/vbg the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl amid/in the/at catastrophes/nns of/in revolution/nn ;/. ;/.
Christ/np preaching/vbg the/at Sermon/nn-tl on/in-tl the/at-tl Mount/nn-tl ,/, close/rb to/in his/pp$ ultimate/jj sacrifice/nn ;/. ;/.
Shakespeare/np speaking/vbg with/in ``/`` the/at indescribable/jj gusto/nn of/in the/at Elizabethan/jj voice/nn ''/'' --/-- ;/. ;/.
Keats's/np$ words/nns --/-- in/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Spanish/jj-tl Armada's/nn$-tl threats/nns ;/. ;/.
Isaac/np Newton/np ,/, at/in the/at age/nn of/in twenty-three/cd ,/, industriously/rb calculating/vbg logarithms/nns ``/`` to/in two/cd and/cc fifty/cd places/nns ''/'' during/in the/at great/jj plague/nn year/nn in/in England/np ,/, 1665/cd ;/. ;/.
Winston/np Churchill's/np$ Olympian/jj ,/, optimistic/jj and/cc resolute/jj sayings/nns when/wrb Britain/np stood/vbd alone/rb against/in the/at armed/vbn forces/nns of/in tyranny/nn less/ap than/in twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb ;/. ;/.
the/at present-day/jj explorations/nns of/in outer/jj space/nn ,/, answering/vbg age-old/jj questions/nns of/in science/nn and/cc philosophy/nn ,/, in/in the/at face/nn of/in possible/jj wars/nns of/in extinction/nn ./.


	Forsan/fw-rb et/fw-cc haec/fw-dts olim/fw-rb meminisse/fw-vb iuvabit/fw-vb ,/, as/cs the/at Roman/jj poet/nn ,/, Virgil/np ,/, declared/vbd with/in much/ql more/ap historical/jj sense/nn than/cs most/ap writers/nns of/in today/nr ./.
It/pps gives/vbz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, cause/nn for/in rejoicing/vbg to/to remember/vb what/wdt many/ap catastrophes/nns of/in the/at past/nn produced/vbd ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps is/bez to/to be/be noted/vbn also/rb that/cs confidence/nn should/md grow/vb from/in remembering/vbg that/cs great/jj men/nns often/rb appeared/vbd in/in the/at past/nn to/to turn/vb local/jj catastrophe/nn into/in future/jj good/nn for/in all/abn mankind/nn ./.


	For/in example/nn ,/, out/rp of/in the/at social/jj evils/nns of/in the/at English/jj industrial/jj revolution/nn came/vbd the/at novels/nns of/in Charles/np Dickens/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc his/pp$ genius/nn moved/vbd his/pp$ readers/nns to/to seek/vb solutions/nns of/in those/dts evils/nns for/in all/abn Western/jj-tl men/nns --/-- until/cs today/nr --/-- ,/, in/in the/at industrialized/vbn West/nr-tl ,/, these/dts social/jj evils/nns substantially/rb do/do not/* exist/vb ./.
The/at solutions/nns were/bed not/* arrived/vbn at/in by/in any/dti theoreticians/nns of/in the/at Karl/np Marx/np stripe/nn but/cc by/in men/nns of/in government/nn --/-- lawyers/nns ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo --/-- and/cc men/nns of/in business/nn ./.
These/dts were/bed educated/vbn men/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, as/cs Mr./np Justice/np Holmes/np was/bedz fond/jj of/in saying/vbg ,/, formed/vbd their/pp$ inductions/nns out/rp of/in experience/nn under/in the/at burden/nn of/in responsibility/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, to/to put/vb it/ppo realistically/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd to/to run/vb their/pp$ businesses/nns at/in a/at profit/nn ,/, or/cc they/ppss had/hvd to/to get/vb the/at votes/nns to/to get/vb elected/vbn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, they/ppss made/vbd naught/pn of/in Marx's/np$ prophecy/nn that/cs capitalism/nn would/md never/rb pay/vb the/at ``/`` workers/nns ''/'' --/-- to/to use/vb Marx's/np$ word/nn --/-- more/ap than/cs a/at subsistence/nn wage/nn ,/, with/in the/at consequence/nn that/cs increased/vbn productivity/nn must/md inevitably/rb find/vb its/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at capitalists'/nns$ pockets/nns with/in the/at result/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, that/cs the/at gap/nn between/in the/at rich/jj and/cc the/at poor/jj would/md irrevocably/rb widen/vb and/cc the/at misery/nn of/in the/at poor/jj increase/vb ./.


	But/cc as/cs all/abn understand/vb who/wps have/hv eyes/nns to/to see/vb ,/, nothing/pn of/in the/at kind/nn has/hvz happened/vbn ;/. ;/.
indeed/rb ,/, the/at contrary/nn has/hvz happened/vbn ./.
The/at gulf/nn between/in the/at ``/`` rich/jj ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` poor/jj ''/'' has/hvz narrowed/vbn ,/, in/in the/at industrialized/vbn Western/jj-tl world/nn ,/, to/in the/at point/nn that/cs the/at word/nn ``/`` poor/jj-nc ''/'' is/bez hardly/rb applicable/jj ./.
And/cc the/at reason/nn this/dt could/md happen/vb is/bez clear/jj :/: men/nns of/in government/nn ,/, business/nn men/nns ,/, lawyers/nns and/cc all/abn who/wps concerned/vbd themselves/ppls with/in the/at welfare/nn of/in their/pp$ fellow/jj men/nns did/dod not/* let/vb their/pp$ concern/nn to/to run/vb their/pp$ businesses/nns at/in a/at profit/nn restrict/vb the/at development/nn of/in freedom/nn and/cc opportunity/nn ./.
Some/dti would/md say/vb that/cs they/ppss were/bed not/* permitted/vbn to/to run/vb their/pp$ businesses/nns only/rb for/in profit/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc even/rb putting/vbg it/ppo that/dt way/nn would/md not/* prove/vb that/cs Marx/np was/bedz anything/pn but/in wrong/jj ./.


	Sir/np Henry/np Sumner/np Maine/np ,/, a/at hundred/cd years/nns before/cs Communism/nn-tl was/bedz a/at force/nn to/to be/be reckoned/vbn with/in ,/, wrote/vbd his/pp$ brilliant/jj legal/jj generalization/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at progress/nn of/in society/nn is/bez from/in status/nn to/in contract/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at essence/nn of/in contract/nn is/bez that/cs one/pn is/bez free/jj to/to make/vb a/at choice/nn of/in what/wdt one/pn will/md or/cc will/md not/* do/do ./.
Hence/rb ,/, the/at condition/nn of/in freedom/nn is/bez a/at necessary/jj condition/nn for/in choice/nn ./.
The/at greater/jjr the/at range/nn of/in freedom/nn for/in individual/jj men/nns ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at range/nn of/in choice/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at greater/jjr the/at range/nn of/in choice/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at rate/nn of/in change/nn ./.
For/cs change/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in the/at possibilities/nns that/cs individual/jj men/nns glimpse/vb for/in the/at future/nn ./.
But/cc when/wrb there/ex is/bez not/* freedom/nn and/cc opportunity/nn to/to choose/vb ,/, men/nns --/-- individual/jj men/nns --/-- must/md remain/vb in/in status/nn and/cc society/nn does/doz not/* ,/, cannot/md* ,/, progress/vb ./.


	The/at eternal/jj truth/nn is/bez that/cs progress/nn --/-- due/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps always/rb is/bez ,/, to/in individual/jj creative/jj genius/nn --/-- is/bez just/ql as/ql dependent/jj on/in freedom/nn as/cs human/jj life/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in the/at beating/nn of/in the/at heart/nn ./.


	And/cc lest/cs anybody/pn think/vb that/cs considerations/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts are/ber not/* germane/jj in/in a/at foundation/nn report/nn ,/, let/vb me/ppo enlighten/vb them/ppo with/in the/at truths/nns that/cs ,/, under/in Communism/nn-tl there/ex would/md have/hv been/ben no/at capital/nn with/in which/wdt to/to endow/vb the/at Foundation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc that/cs there/ex would/md not/* be/be that/dt individual/jj freedom/nn within/in which/wdt the/at Fellows/nns-tl might/md proceed/vb ,/, untrammeled/jj in/in every/at way/nn ,/, toward/in their/pp$ discoveries/nns ,/, their/pp$ creative/jj efforts/nns for/in the/at good/nn of/in mankind/nn ./.




During/in the/at year/nn 1959/cd ,/, we/ppss granted/vbd 354/cd Fellowships/nns-tl ;/. ;/.
in/in 1960/cd ,/, we/ppss granted/vbd 334/cd ./.
As/cs heretofore/rb ,/, our/pp$ Fellowships/nns-tl are/ber available/jj to/to assist/vb research/nn in/in all/abn fields/nns of/in knowledge/nn and/cc creative/jj effort/nn in/in all/abn the/at arts/nns ./.
We/ppss do/do not/* favor/vb one/cd field/nn over/in another/dt :/: we/ppss think/vb that/cs all/abn inquiry/nn ,/, all/abn scholarly/jj and/cc artistic/jj creation/nn ,/, is/bez good/jj --/-- provided/vbn only/rb that/cs it/pps contributes/vbz to/in a/at sense/nn and/cc understanding/nn of/in the/at true/jj ends/nns of/in life/nn ,/, as/cs all/abn first-rate/jj scholarship/nn and/cc artistic/jj creation/nn does/doz ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, if/cs pressed/vbn ,/, we/ppss would/md say/vb what/wdt the/at late/jj Robert/np Henri/np ,/, American/jj painter/nn ,/, said/vbd to/in a/at pupil/nn ,/, ``/`` Anything/pn will/md do/do for/in a/at subject/nn :/: it's/pps+bez what/wdt you/ppss do/do with/in it/ppo that/wps counts/vbz ''/'' ./.


	Thus/rb ,/, we/ppss have/hv no/at part/nn ,/, and/cc want/vb none/pn ,/, in/in current/jj discussions/nns of/in the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in science/nn ,/, the/at social/jj studies/nns ,/, the/at humanities/nns ,/, the/at creative/jj arts/nns ./.
We/ppss want/vb no/at part/nn in/in such/jj discussions/nns ,/, because/cs we/ppss think/vb them/ppo largely/ql futile/jj ;/. ;/.
and/cc we/ppss think/vb them/ppo largely/rb futile/jj because/cs ,/, for/in true/jj excellence/nn of/in accomplishment/nn ,/, every/at scholar/nn and/cc every/at artist/nn must/md cross/vb boundaries/nns of/in knowledge/nn and/cc boundaries/nns of/in points/nns of/in view/nn ./.



	When/wrb the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl Manufacturing/vbg-tl Company/nn-tl reached/vbd its/pp$ 125th/od year/nn as/cs a/at going/vbg industrial/jj concern/nn during/in 1958/cd ,/, it/pps became/vbd an/at almost/ql unique/jj institution/nn in/in the/at mechanical/jj world/nn ./.


	With/in its/pp$ history/nn standing/vbg astride/in all/abn but/in the/at very/ap beginnings/nns of/in the/at industrial/jj revolution/nn ,/, Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl has/hvz become/vbn over/in the/at years/nns a/at singular/jj monument/nn to/in the/at mechanical/jj foresight/nn of/in its/pp$ founder/nn ,/, Joseph/np R./np Brown/np ,/, and/cc a/at world-renowned/jj synonym/nn for/in precision/nn and/cc progress/nn in/in metalworking/nn technology/nn ./.


	Joseph/np R./np Brown/np grew/vbd up/rp in/in the/at bustle/nn and/cc enterprise/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl between/in 1810/cd and/cc 1830/cd ./.
He/pps was/bedz early/rb exposed/vbn to/in the/at mechanical/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc in/in his/pp$ youth/nn often/rb helped/vbd his/pp$ father/nn ,/, David/np Brown/np ,/, master/jj clock/nn and/cc watchmaker/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps plied/vbd his/pp$ trade/nn ./.
At/in the/at age/nn of/in 17/cd he/pps became/vbd an/at apprentice/nn machinist/nn at/in the/at shop/nn of/in Walcott/np-tl &/cc-tl Harris/np-tl in/in Valley/nn-tl Falls/nns-tl ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc following/vbg two/cd or/cc three/cd other/ap jobs/nns in/in quick/jj succession/nn after/in graduation/nn ,/, he/pps went/vbd into/in business/nn for/in himself/ppl in/in 1831/cd ,/, making/vbg lathes/nns and/cc small/jj tools/nns ./.
This/dt enterprise/nn led/vbd to/in a/at father-and-son/jj combination/nn beginning/vbg in/in 1833/cd ,/, under/in the/at name/nn D./np-tl Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Son/nn-tl ,/, a/at business/nn which/wdt eventually/rb grew/vbd into/in the/at modern/jj corporation/nn we/ppss now/rb call/vb Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl ./.


	The/at years/nns of/in Joseph's/np$ partnership/nn with/in his/pp$ father/nn were/bed numbered/vbn ./.
In/in 1838/cd ,/, a/at devastating/vbg fire/nn gutted/vbd their/pp$ small/jj shop/nn and/cc soon/rb thereafter/rb David/np Brown/np moved/vbd west/nr to/in Illinois/np ,/, settling/vbg on/in a/at land/nn grant/nn in/in his/pp$ declining/vbg years/nns ./.


	Joseph/np Brown/np continued/vbd in/in business/nn by/in himself/ppl ,/, quickly/rb rebuilding/vbg the/at establishment/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben lost/vbn in/in the/at fire/nn and/cc beginning/vbg those/dts first/od steps/nns which/wdt were/bed to/to establish/vb him/ppo as/cs a/at pioneer/nn in/in raising/vbg the/at standards/nns of/in accuracy/nn of/in machine/nn shop/nn practice/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./.


	Much/ap of/in his/pp$ genius/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, sprang/vbd from/in his/pp$ familiarity/nn with/in clock/nn movements/nns ./.
During/in these/dts early/jj years/nns the/at repair/nn of/in watches/nns and/cc clocks/nns and/cc the/at building/nn of/in special/jj clocks/nns for/in church/nn steeples/nns formed/vbd an/at important/jj part/nn of/in the/at young/jj man's/nn$ occupation/nn ./.
He/pps became/vbd particularly/ql interested/vbn in/in graduating/vbg and/cc precision/nn measurement/nn during/in the/at 1840's/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ thinking/nn along/in these/dts lines/nns developed/vbd considerably/rb during/in this/dt period/nn ./.
But/cc his/pp$ business/nn also/rb grew/vbd ,/, and/cc we/ppss are/ber told/vbn that/cs Mr./np Brown/np found/vbd it/ppo increasingly/ql difficult/jj to/to devote/vb as/ql much/ap time/nn to/in his/pp$ creative/jj thinking/nn as/cs his/pp$ inclinations/nns led/vbd him/ppo to/to desire/vb ./.
It/pps must/md have/hv been/ben with/in some/dti pleasure/nn and/cc relief/nn that/cs on/in September/np 12/cd ,/, 1848/cd ,/, Joseph/np Brown/np made/vbd the/at momentous/jj entry/nn in/in his/pp$ job/nn book/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ characteristically/rb cryptic/jj style/nn ,/, ``/`` Lucian/np Sharpe/np came/vbd to/to work/vb for/in me/ppo this/dt day/nn as/cs an/at apprentice/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at young/jj apprentice/nn apparently/rb did/dod well/rb by/in Mr./np Brown/np ,/, for/cs in/in the/at third/od year/nn of/in his/pp$ apprenticeship/nn Lucian/np was/bedz offered/vbn a/at full/jj partnership/nn in/in the/at firm/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at company/nn became/vbd ``/`` J./np-tl R./np-tl Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc entered/vbd into/in a/at new/jj and/cc important/jj period/nn of/in its/pp$ development/nn ./.
Mr./np Sharpe's/np$ arrival/nn in/in the/at business/nn did/dod indeed/rb provide/vb what/wdt Mr./np Brown/np had/hvd most/rbt coveted/vbn --/-- time/nn for/in ``/`` tinkering/vbg ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at opportunity/nn of/in carrying/vbg out/rp in/in the/at back/jj room/nn those/dts developments/nns in/in precision/nn graduation/nn which/wdt most/rbt interested/vbd him/ppo at/in that/dt time/nn ./.


	By/in 1853/cd ,/, the/at new/jj partnership/nn announced/vbd the/at precision/nn vernier/nn caliper/nn as/cs the/at first/od fruit/nn of/in their/pp$ joint/jj efforts/nns ./.
The/at basic/jj significance/nn of/in this/dt invention/nn helped/vbd them/ppo to/to follow/vb it/ppo rapidly/rb in/in 1855/cd by/in the/at development/nn of/in a/at unique/jj precision/nn gear/nn cutting/nn and/cc dividing/vbg engine/nn ./.
That/dt development/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, formed/vbd the/at foundation/nn of/in still/ql more/ql significant/jj expansions/nns in/in later/jjr years/nns --/-- in/in gear/nn cutting/nn ,/, in/in circular/jj graduating/nn ,/, in/in index/nn drilling/nn ,/, and/cc in/in many/ap other/ap fields/nns where/wrb accuracy/nn was/bedz a/at paramount/jjs requirement/nn ./.


	Throughout/in their/pp$ careers/nns ,/, both/abx Mr./np Brown/np and/cc Mr./np Sharpe/np were/bed interested/vbn in/in the/at problem/nn of/in setting/vbg up/rp standards/nns of/in measurement/nn for/in the/at mechanical/jj trades/nns ./.
Several/ap efforts/nns were/bed made/vbn in/in this/dt direction/nn ,/, and/cc though/cs not/* all/abn of/in them/ppo survive/vb to/in this/dt day/nn ,/, the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl wire/nn gage/nn system/nn was/bedz eventually/rb adopted/vbn as/cs the/at American/jj standard/nn and/cc is/bez still/rb in/in common/jj use/nn today/nr ./.


	As/cs one/cd development/nn followed/vbd another/dt ,/, the/at company's/nn$ reputation/nn for/in precision/nn in/in the/at graduating/vbg field/nn brought/vbd it/ppo broader/jjr and/cc broader/jjr opportunities/nns for/in expansion/nn in/in precision/nn manufacture/nn ./.
In/in 1858/cd ,/, the/at partnership/nn began/vbd manufacturing/vbg the/at Willcox/np-tl &/cc-tl Gibbs/np-tl sewing/vbg machine/nn ./.


	As/cs the/at story/nn goes/vbz ,/, Mr./np Gibbs/np ,/, who/wps originally/rb came/vbd from/in the/at back/jj counties/nns of/in the/at Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Virginia/np-tl ,/, saw/vbd an/at illustration/nn in/in a/at magazine/nn of/in the/at famous/jj Howe/np sewing/vbg machine/nn ./.
Curious/jj as/in to/in what/wdt made/vbd it/ppo work/vb ,/, he/pps built/vbd a/at crude/jj model/nn of/in it/ppo in/in wood/nn ,/, and/cc filed/vbd a/at piece/nn of/in steel/nn until/cs he/pps succeeded/vbd in/in making/vbg a/at metal/nn pickup/nn for/in the/at thread/nn ,/, enabling/vbg the/at crude/jj machine/nn to/to take/vb stitches/nns ./.
When/wrb he/pps showed/vbd this/dt model/nn as/cs his/pp$ ``/`` solution/nn ''/'' as/in to/in how/wrb the/at Howe/np sewing/vbg machine/nn operated/vbd ,/, he/pps was/bedz told/vbn he/pps was/bedz ``/`` wrong/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc discovered/vbd to/in his/pp$ amazement/nn that/cs the/at Howe/np-tl Machine/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz unknown/jj to/in him/ppo in/in detail/nn ,/, used/vbd two/cd threads/nns while/cs the/at one/cd that/wpo he/pps had/hvd perfected/vbn used/vbd only/rb one/cd ./.
Thus/rb was/bedz invented/vbn the/at single/ap thread/nn sewing/vbg machine/nn ,/, which/wdt Mr./np Gibbs/np in/in partnership/nn with/in Mr./np Willcox/np decided/vbd to/to bring/vb to/in Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl with/in the/at proposal/nn that/cs the/at small/jj company/nn undertake/vb its/pp$ manufacture/nn ./.


	The/at new/jj work/nn was/bedz a/at boon/nn to/in the/at partnership/nn ,/, not/* only/rb for/in its/pp$ own/jj value/nn but/cc particularly/rb for/in the/at stimulation/nn it/pps provided/vbd to/in the/at imagination/nn of/in J./np R./np Brown/np toward/in yet/rb further/ap developments/nns for/in production/nn equipment/nn ./.


	The/at turret/nn screw/nn machine/nn ,/, now/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl hand/nn screw/nn machine/nn ,/, takes/vbz its/pp$ ancestry/nn directly/rb from/in Mr./np Brown's/np$ efforts/nns to/to introduce/vb equipment/nn to/to simplify/vb the/at manufacture/nn of/in the/at sewing/vbg machine/nn ./.
Mr./np Brown/np made/vbd important/jj additions/nns to/in the/at arts/nns in/in screw/nn machine/nn design/nn by/in drastically/rb improving/vbg the/at means/nns for/in revolving/vbg the/at turret/nn ,/, by/in introducing/vbg automatic/jj feeding/vbg devices/nns for/in the/at stock/nn ,/, and/cc reversible/jj tap/nn and/cc die/nn holders/nns ./.


	In/in 1861/cd ,/, Mr./np Brown's/np$ attention/nn was/bedz called/vbn to/in yet/rb another/dt basic/jj production/nn problem/nn --/-- the/at manufacture/nn of/in twist/nn drills/nns ./.
At/in that/dt time/nn ,/, during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, Union/nn-tl muskets/nns were/bed being/beg manufactured/vbn in/in Providence/np and/cc the/at drills/nns to/to drill/vb them/ppo were/bed being/beg hand-filed/vbn with/in rattail/nn files/nns ./.
This/dt process/nn neither/cc satisfied/vbd the/at urgent/jj production/nn schedules/nns nor/cc Mr./np Brown's/np$ imagination/nn of/in the/at possibilities/nns in/in the/at situation/nn ./.
The/at child/nn of/in this/dt problem/nn was/bedz Mr./np Brown's/np$ famous/jj Serial/nn-tl No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl Universal/jj-tl Milling/vbg-tl Machine/nn-tl ,/, the/at archtype/nn from/in which/wdt is/bez descended/vbn today's/nr$ universal/jj knee-type/jj milling/vbg machine/nn used/vbn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./.
The/at original/jj machine/nn ,/, bearing/vbg its/pp$ famous/jj serial/nn number/nn ,/, is/bez still/rb on/in exhibition/nn at/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl Precision/nn-tl Center/nn-tl in/in Providence/np ./.


	During/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl period/nn Mr./np Brown/np also/rb invented/vbd the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl formed/vbn tooth/nn gear/nn cutter/nn ,/, a/at basic/jj invention/nn which/wdt ultimately/rb revolutionized/vbd the/at world's/nn$ gear/nn manufacturing/vbg industry/nn by/in changing/vbg its/pp$ basic/jj economics/nn ./.
Up/rp until/in that/dt time/nn it/pps had/hvd been/ben possible/jj to/to make/vb cutters/nns for/in making/vbg gear/nn teeth/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed good/jj for/in only/rb one/cd sharpening/nn ./.
As/ql soon/rb as/cs the/at time/nn came/vbd for/in re-sharpening/nn ,/, the/at precise/jj form/nn of/in the/at gear/nn tooth/nn was/bedz lost/vbn and/cc a/at new/jj cutter/nn had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn ./.
This/dt process/nn made/vbd the/at economical/jj manufacture/nn of/in gears/nns questionable/jj until/cs some/dti way/nn could/md be/be found/vbn to/to permit/vb the/at repeated/vbn re-sharpening/nn of/in gear/nn tooth/nn cutters/nns without/in the/at loss/nn of/in the/at precision/nn form/nn ./.
Mr./np Brown's/np$ invention/nn achieved/vbd this/dt and/cc ,/, as/cs a/at byproduct/nn ,/, formed/vbd the/at cornerstone/nn of/in Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe's/np$-tl position/nn of/in leadership/nn in/in the/at gear/nn making/nn equipment/nn field/nn which/wdt lasted/vbd until/in the/at 1920's/nns when/wrb superceded/vbn by/in other/ap methods/nns ./.


	The/at micrometer/nn caliper/nn ,/, as/cs a/at common/jj workshop/nn tool/nn ,/, also/rb owes/vbz much/ap to/in J./np R./np Brown/np ./.
Although/cs Mr./np Brown/np was/bedz not/* himself/ppl its/pp$ inventor/nn (/( it/pps was/bedz a/at French/jj idea/nn )/) ,/, it/pps is/bez typical/jj that/cs his/pp$ intuition/nn first/rb conceived/vbd the/at importance/nn of/in mass/nn producing/nn this/dt basic/jj tool/nn for/in general/jj use/nn ./.
So/rb it/pps was/bedz that/cs when/wrb Mr./np Brown/np and/cc Mr./np Sharpe/np first/rb saw/vbd the/at French/jj tool/nn on/in exhibition/nn in/in Paris/np in/in 1868/cd ,/, they/ppss brought/vbd a/at sample/nn with/in them/ppo to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc started/vbd Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl in/in yet/rb another/dt field/nn where/wrb it/pps retains/vbz its/pp$ leadership/nn to/in this/dt day/nn ./.


	The/at final/jj achievement/nn of/in Mr./np Brown's/np$ long/jj and/cc interesting/jj mechanical/jj career/nn runs/vbz a/at close/jj second/od in/in importance/nn to/in his/pp$ development/nn of/in the/at universal/jj milling/vbg machine/nn ./.
That/dt achievement/nn was/bedz his/pp$ creation/nn of/in the/at universal/jj grinding/vbg machine/nn ,/, which/wdt made/vbd its/pp$ appearance/nn in/in 1876/cd at/in the/at Philadelphia/np-tl Centennial/nn-tl Exposition/nn-tl ./.
This/dt machine/nn ,/, like/cs its/pp$ milling/vbg counterpart/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at antecedent/nn of/in a/at machine-family/nn used/vbn to/in this/dt very/ap day/nn in/in precision/nn metalworking/nn shops/nns throughout/in the/at world/nn ./.
Along/rb with/in J./np R./np Brown's/np$ other/ap major/jj developments/nns ,/, the/at universal/jj grinding/vbg machine/nn was/bedz profoundly/ql influential/jj in/in setting/vbg the/at course/nn of/in Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl for/in many/ap years/nns to/to come/vb ./.


	Following/vbg Mr./np Brown's/np$ death/nn ,/, there/ex came/vbd forward/rb in/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl organization/nn many/ap other/ap men/nns who/wps contributed/vbd greatly/rb to/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at company/nn ./.
One/cd such/jj man/nn was/bedz Samuel/np Darling/np ./.


	As/cs head/nn of/in the/at firm/nn Darling/np-tl &/cc-tl Swartz/np-tl ,/, Mr./np Darling/np began/vbd by/in challenging/vbg Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl to/in its/pp$ keenest/jjt competition/nn during/in the/at 1850's/nns and/cc early/jj 60's/nns ./.
In/in 1868/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at truce/nn was/bedz called/vbn between/in the/at companies/nns ,/, and/cc the/at partnership/nn of/in Darling/np ,/, Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl was/bedz formed/vbn ./.
Between/in that/dt year/nn and/cc the/at buying/nn out/rp of/in Mr./np Darling's/np$ interest/nn in/in 1892/cd ,/, a/at large/jj portion/nn of/in the/at company's/nn$ precision/nn tool/nn business/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in the/at name/nn of/in Darling/np ,/, Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl ,/, and/cc to/in this/dt day/nn many/ap old/jj precision/nn tools/nns are/ber in/in use/nn still/rb bearing/vbg that/dt famous/jj trademark/nn ./.


	Perhaps/rb the/at outstanding/jj standard/nn bearer/nn of/in Mr./np Brown's/np$ tradition/nn for/in accuracy/nn was/bedz Mr./np Oscar/np J./np Beale/np ,/, whose/wp$ mechanical/jj genius/nn closely/rb paralleled/vbd that/dt of/in Mr./np Brown/np ,/, and/cc whose/wp$ particular/jj forte/nn was/bedz the/at development/nn of/in the/at exceedingly/ql accurate/jj measuring/vbg machinery/nn that/wps enabled/vbd Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl to/to manufacture/vb gages/nns ,/, and/cc therefore/rb its/pp$ products/nns ,/, with/in an/at accuracy/nn exceeding/vbg anything/pn then/rb available/jj elsewhere/rb in/in the/at world/nn ./.


	Also/rb important/jj on/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl scene/nn ,/, at/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, was/bedz Mr./np Richmond/np Viall/np ,/, Works/nns-tl Superintendent/nn-tl of/in the/at company/nn from/in 1876/cd to/in 1910/cd ./.
Mr./np Viall/np possessed/vbd remarkable/jj talents/nns for/in the/at leadership/nn and/cc development/nn of/in men/nns ./.
He/pps was/bedz an/at ardent/jj champion/nn of/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl Apprentice/nn-tl Program/nn-tl and/cc personal/jj counselor/nn to/in countless/jj able/jj men/nns who/wps first/rb developed/vbd their/pp$ industrial/jj talents/nns with/in the/at company/nn ./.
In/in one/cd sense/nn it/pps can/md be/be said/vbn that/cs one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl products/nns over/in the/at years/nns has/hvz been/ben the/at men/nns who/wps began/vbd work/nn with/in the/at company/nn and/cc subsequently/rb came/vbd to/in places/nns of/in industrial/jj eminence/nn throughout/in the/at nation/nn and/cc even/rb abroad/rb ./.


	Commencing/vbg with/in the/at death/nn of/in Lucian/np Sharpe/np in/in 1899/cd ,/, the/at name/nn of/in Henry/np D./np Sharpe/np was/bedz for/in more/ap than/in 50/cd years/nns closely/rb interwoven/vbn with/in the/at destiny/nn of/in the/at company/nn ./.
During/in his/pp$ presidency/nn ,/, the/at company's/nn$ physical/jj plant/nn was/bedz enormously/rb expanded/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at length/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl machine/nn tool/nn line/nn became/vbd the/at greatest/jjt in/in the/at world/nn ./.
During/in the/at early/jj part/nn of/in this/dt century/nn ,/, the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl works/nns in/in Providence/np were/bed unchallenged/jj as/cs the/at largest/jjt single/ap manufacturing/vbg facility/nn devoted/vbn exclusively/rb to/in precision/nn machinery/nn and/cc tool/nn manufacture/nn anywhere/rb in/in the/at world/nn ./.


	During/in these/dts years/nns the/at company's/nn$ product/nn line/nn followed/vbd the/at basic/jj tenets/nns laid/vbn down/rp by/in Mr./np Brown/np ./.
It/pps expanded/vbd from/in hand/nn screw/nn machines/nns to/in automatic/jj screw/nn machines/nns ,/, from/in simple/jj formed-tooth/nn gear/nn cutting/nn machines/nns to/in gear/nn hobbing/nn machines/nns and/cc a/at large/jj contract/nn gear/nn manufacturing/vbg business/nn ,/, from/in rudimentary/jj belt-driven/jj universal/jj milling/vbg machines/nns to/in a/at broad/jj line/nn of/in elaborately/rb controlled/vbn knee-type/jj and/cc manufacturing/vbg type/nn milling/vbg machines/nns ./.
In/in the/at grinding/vbg machine/nn field/nn ,/, expansion/nn went/vbd far/rb from/in universal/jj grinders/nns alone/rb and/cc took/vbd in/rp cylindrical/jj grinders/nns ,/, surface/nn grinders/nns ,/, and/cc a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in special/jj and/cc semi-special/jj models/nns ./.


	In/in 1951/cd ,/, Henry/np D./np Sharpe/np ,/, Jr./np succeeded/vbd his/pp$ father/nn and/cc continued/vbd the/at company's/nn$ development/nn as/cs a/at major/jj factor/nn in/in the/at metal-working/jj equipment/nn business/nn ./.
The/at company/nn is/bez still/rb broadening/vbg its/pp$ line/nn and/cc is/bez now/rb active/jj on/in four/cd major/jj fronts/nns ./.


	The/at Machine/nn-tl Tool/nn-tl Division/nn-tl is/bez currently/rb producing/vbg Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl single/ap spindle/nn automatic/jj screw/nn machines/nns ,/, grinding/vbg machines/nns of/in many/ap types/nns ,/, and/cc knee/nn and/cc bed-type/jj milling/vbg machines/nns ./.
Recently/rb added/vbn is/bez the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl turret/nn drilling/vbg machine/nn which/wdt introduces/vbz the/at company/nn to/in an/at entirely/ql new/jj field/nn of/in tool/nn development/nn ./.


	In/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, the/at company/nn manufactures/vbz and/cc markets/vbz a/at wide/jj line/nn of/in precision/nn gaging/vbg and/cc inspection/nn equipment/nn ,/, machinists'/nns$ tools/nns --/-- including/in micrometers/nns ,/, Vernier/nn-tl calipers/nns ,/, and/cc accessories/nns ./.


	In/in the/at Cutting/vbg-tl Tool/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, the/at principal/jjs products/nns include/vb a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in high/jj speed/nn steel/nn milling/vbg cutters/nns ,/, end/nn mills/nns and/cc saws/nns ./.

Sales/nns and/cc net/jj income/nn for/in the/at year/nn ended/vbn December/np 31/cd ,/, 1960/cd showed/vbd an/at improvement/nn over/in 1959/cd ./.
Net/jj income/nn was/bedz $2,557,111/nns ,/, or/cc $3.11/nns per/in share/nn on/in 821,220/cd common/jj shares/nns currently/rb outstanding/jj ,/, as/cs compared/vbn to/in $2,323,867/nns or/cc $2.82/nns per/in share/nn in/in 1959/cd ,/, adjusted/vbn to/in the/at same/ap number/nn of/in shares/nns ./.


	Sales/nns and/cc other/ap operating/vbg income/nn increased/vbd 25.1%/nn from/in $24,926,615/nns in/in 1959/cd to/in $31,179,816/nns in/in 1960/cd ./.
This/dt increase/nn was/bedz sufficient/jj to/to overcome/vb the/at effect/nn on/in net/jj income/nn of/in higher/jjr costs/nns of/in manufacture/nn and/cc increased/vbn expenditures/nns on/in research/nn and/cc development/nn ./.


	In/in spite/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs our/pp$ largest/jjt market/nn ,/, the/at textile/nn industry/nn ,/, was/bedz affected/vbn substantially/rb by/in the/at current/jj decline/nn in/in business/nn activity/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to produce/vb and/cc deliver/vb our/pp$ machines/nns throughout/in the/at year/nn 1960/cd at/in a/at rate/nn materially/ql higher/jjr than/cs during/in 1959/cd ./.



Outlook/nn-hl for/in-hl current/jj-hl year/nn-hl 
Our/pp$ current/jj rate/nn of/in incoming/jj orders/nns has/hvz now/rb contracted/vbn and/cc unless/cs this/dt trend/nn can/md be/be reversed/vbn ,/, our/pp$ production/nn for/in 1961/cd will/md be/be lower/jjr than/cs for/in 1960/cd ./.


	However/rb ,/, the/at healthy/jj inventory/nn position/nn of/in the/at textile/nn industry/nn lends/vbz support/nn to/in the/at broadly/rb expressed/vbn belief/nn that/cs improvement/nn in/in that/dt industry/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn by/in the/at second/od half/abn of/in 1961/cd ./.



Need/nn-hl for/in-hl sound/jj-hl tax/nn-hl policy/nn-hl 
In/in connection/nn with/in our/pp$ continuing/vbg development/nn of/in new/jj and/cc more/ql efficient/jj mill/nn machinery/nn ,/, a/at sounder/jjr U./np S./np income/nn tax/nn policy/nn on/in depreciation/nn of/in production/nn equipment/nn ,/, enabling/vbg the/at mills/nns to/to charge/vb off/rp the/at cost/nn of/in new/jj machines/nns on/in a/at more/ql realistic/jj basis/nn ,/, could/md ,/, if/cs adopted/vbn ,/, have/hv favorable/jj effects/nns on/in Leesona's/np$ business/nn in/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns ./.


	Such/abl a/at depreciation/nn policy/nn would/md also/rb ,/, we/ppss believe/vb ,/, prove/vb a/at very/ql important/jj factor/nn in/in strengthening/vbg the/at competitive/jj position/nn of/in the/at U./np S./np textile/nn and/cc other/ap industries/nns ,/, thus/rb helping/vbg to/to strengthen/vb the/at position/nn of/in the/at dollar/nn in/in foreign/jj exchange/nn ./.



Research/nn-hl and/cc-hl development/nn-hl 
Our/pp$ research/nn and/cc development/nn program/nn ,/, serving/vbg as/cs it/pps does/doz an/at industry/nn which/wdt must/md compete/vb against/in low-cost/nn production/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ,/, continues/vbz to/to have/hv primary/jj emphasis/nn at/in Leesona/np ./.


	This/dt program/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at policy/nn of/in designing/vbg and/cc building/vbg efficient/jj machines/nns which/wdt will/md help/vb produce/vb better/jjr textile/nn values/nns --/-- fabrics/nns whose/wp$ cost/nn in/in relation/nn to/in quality/nn ,/, fashion/nn and/cc utility/nn provide/vb the/at consumer/nn with/in better/jjr textile/nn products/nns for/in the/at money/nn ./.


	Such/jj policy/nn involves/vbz continuing/vbg effort/nn to/to improve/vb on/in existing/vbg mill/nn equipment/nn ,/, in/in terms/nns of/in efficiency/nn and/cc versatility/nn ./.
But/cc more/ql important/jj ,/, we/ppss believe/vb ,/, it/pps must/md concentrate/vb on/in the/at development/nn of/in entirely/ql new/jj concepts/nns in/in textile/nn processing/nn as/cs do/do the/at Unifil/np loom/nn winder/nn and/cc our/pp$ more/ql recent/jj Uniconer/np automatic/jj coning/vbg machine/nn ./.



Budget/nn-hl increased/vbn-hl 
On/in this/dt basis/nn ,/, our/pp$ already/rb substantial/jj budget/nn for/in research/nn and/cc development/nn has/hvz been/ben further/rbr increased/vbn in/in recent/jj years/nns in/in order/nn to/to finance/vb the/at continuing/vbg engineering/vbg and/cc design/nn work/nn essential/jj to/in Leesona's/np$ future/jj growth/nn in/in sales/nns and/cc earnings/nns ./.


	Much/ap of/in this/dt necessary/jj increase/nn in/in research/nn and/cc development/nn ,/, though/cs properly/rb chargeable/jj to/in current/jj expenses/nns ,/, is/bez not/* reflected/vbn in/in earnings/nns until/cs projects/nns are/ber completed/vbn and/cc the/at new/jj machines/nns sold/vbn in/in quantity/nn ,/, usually/rb over/in a/at period/nn of/in several/ap years/nns ./.



Stretch/nn-hl yarn/nn-hl machines/nns-hl 
In/in December/np we/ppss began/vbd to/to ship/vb our/pp$ ultra-high-speed/jj stretch/nn yarn/nn machines/nns ./.
These/dts machines/nns produce/vb the/at higher/jjr quality/nn stretch/nn yarns/nns required/vbn in/in weaving/vbg stretch/nn and/cc textured/jj fabrics/nns ./.
During/in the/at past/ap year/nn ,/, great/jj progress/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn by/in the/at weaving/vbg mills/nns in/in creating/vbg new/jj stretch/nn and/cc textured/jj fabrics/nns ./.
Fashion/nn centers/nns are/ber now/rb predicting/vbg broad/jj acceptance/nn of/in sports/nns apparel/nn and/cc improved/vbn ``/`` wash/nn and/cc wear/nn ''/'' dresses/nns and/cc blouses/nns made/vbn from/in these/dts fabrics/nns ./.


	This/dt machine/nn ,/, operating/vbg at/in speeds/nns up/rp to/in 350,000/cd revolutions/nns per/in minute/nn ,/, is/bez believed/vbn to/to provide/vb one/cd of/in the/at fastest/jjt mechanical/jj operations/nns in/in industry/nn today/nr ./.
It/pps transfers/vbz yarn/nn directly/rb from/in the/at producers'/nns$ largest/jjt package/nn into/in ideal/jj supply/nn packages/nns for/in use/nn on/in Unifil/np loom/nn winders/nns in/in weaving/vbg stretch/nn yarn/nn fabrics/nns ./.



Large-package/nn-hl twister/nn-hl 
Our/pp$ new/jj large-package/nn ring/nn twister/nn for/in glass/nn fiber/nn yarns/nns is/bez performing/vbg well/rb in/in our/pp$ customers'/nns$ mills/nns ./.
Later/rbr in/in the/at year/nn ,/, additional/jj types/nns of/in this/dt Leesona/np twister/nn will/md be/be made/vbn available/jj to/in mills/nns for/in other/ap man-made/jj fibers/nns and/cc natural/jj yarns/nns ./.
These/dts machines/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to provide/vb higher/jjr operating/vbg speeds/nns ,/, larger/jjr yarn/nn packages/nns ,/, and/cc greater/jjr flexibility/nn of/in application/nn to/in different/jj types/nns of/in yarn/nn ./.
This/dt we/ppss believe/vb will/md substantially/rb broaden/vb the/at potential/jj market/nn for/in the/at equipment/nn ./.



Uniconer/np-hl 
Major/jj activity/nn at/in Providence/np in/in 1961/cd will/md involve/vb the/at scheduled/vbn completion/nn of/in tooling/vbg for/in production/nn of/in the/at Uniconer/np automatic/jj coning/vbg machine/nn ./.
This/dt work/nn is/bez progressing/vbg on/in schedule/nn and/cc we/ppss expect/vb to/to make/vb initial/jj shipments/nns in/in the/at fourth/od quarter/nn of/in this/dt year/nn ./.
This/dt machine/nn was/bedz demonstrated/vbn in/in two/cd textile/nn machinery/nn exhibitions/nns last/ap year/nn and/cc was/bedz well/rb received/vbn by/in the/at industry/nn ./.
The/at potential/jj market/nn for/in the/at machine/nn should/md be/be comparable/jj to/in that/dt of/in the/at Unifil/np loom/nn winder/nn ./.


	The/at Uniconer/np has/hvz several/ap outstanding/jj features/nns --/-- it/pps operates/vbz with/in much/ql greater/jjr efficiency/nn than/cs existing/vbg equipment/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps incorporates/vbz an/at automatic/jj knot-tying/jj device/nn on/in each/dt spindle/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps will/md knot/vb a/at break/nn in/in the/at yarn/nn in/in 10/cd seconds/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs tie/vb in/rp new/jj bobbins/nns as/cs the/at running/vbg end/nn is/bez exhausted/vbn ./.


	Because/cs the/at bobbin-to-cone/jj winding/vbg process/nn is/bez a/at relatively/ql high-cost/nn operation/nn for/in the/at mill/nn ,/, the/at almost/ql complete/jj automation/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at Uniconer/np can/md mean/vb important/jj economies/nns in/in textile/nn production/nn ,/, at/in the/at same/ap time/nn upgrading/vbg quality/nn ./.
Many/ap mills/nns have/hv already/rb placed/vbn firm/jj orders/nns for/in this/dt machine/nn ./.



New/jj-hl Unifil/np-hl application/nn-hl 
A/at new/jj application/nn for/in the/at Unifil/np loom/nn winder/nn ,/, running/vbg single/ap filling/nn for/in box/nn looms/nns ,/, will/md broaden/vb mill/nn use/nn of/in this/dt equipment/nn ./.



Take-up/jj-hl machines/nns-hl 
A/at new/jj spinning/vbg take-up/jj machine/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn to/to facilitate/vb the/at use/nn of/in our/pp$ take-up/jj machine/nn in/in the/at production/nn of/in thermoplastic/nn yarns/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in electronic/jj controls/nns that/wps can/md be/be set/vbn to/to hold/vb precise/jj tension/nn and/cc speed/nn ./.


	This/dt new/jj machine/nn takes/vbz up/rp filament/nn yarn/nn from/in spinneret/nn or/cc extruder/nn and/cc winds/vbz large/jj packages/nns at/in speeds/nns up/rp to/in 6,000/cd feet/nns per/in minute/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in an/at automatic/jj threading/vbg device/nn to/to reduce/vb waste/nn and/cc handling/vbg time/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ take-up/jj machines/nns and/cc our/pp$ twister-coners/nns are/ber undergoing/vbg important/jj pilot/nn plant/nn testing/nn for/in application/nn with/in new/jj high/jj polymer/nn yarns/nns ,/, in/in several/ap fiber/nn producing/vbg plants/nns ./.
We/ppss look/vb forward/rb to/in a/at stronger/jjr position/nn in/in this/dt expanding/vbg field/nn ./.



Diversification/nn-hl plans/nns-hl 
We/ppss are/ber interested/vbn in/in further/ap diversification/nn into/in other/ap fields/nns of/in capital/nn goods/nns ,/, or/cc components/nns for/in industrial/jj products/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv recently/rb intensified/vbn our/pp$ efforts/nns in/in that/dt direction/nn ./.



Patterson/np-hl Moos/np-hl research/nn-hl 
Our/pp$ Patterson/np-tl Moos/np-tl Research/nn-tl Division/nn-tl has/hvz made/vbn further/ap very/ql encouraging/jj progress/nn in/in development/nn of/in fuel/nn cells/nns ./.
The/at cooperation/nn of/in our/pp$ exclusive/jj American/jj licensee/nn ,/, Pratt/np-tl &/cc-tl Whitney/np-tl Aircraft/nn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in United/vbn-tl Aircraft/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, has/hvz been/ben important/jj in/in this/dt work/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in its/pp$ major/jj effort/nn on/in fuel/nn cells/nns ,/, Patterson/np-tl Moos/np-tl Research/nn-tl Division/nn-tl is/bez continuing/vbg to/to carry/vb on/rp research/nn in/in other/ap fields/nns ,/, both/abx under/in contract/nn for/in the/at Defense/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, other/ap government/nn agencies/nns and/cc for/in our/pp$ own/jj account/nn ./.
PMR/np is/bez currently/rb supplying/vbg components/nns vital/jj to/in the/at Titan/np and/cc Minuteman/np programs/nns ./.


	We/ppss have/hv recently/rb entered/vbn into/in an/at agreement/nn with/in Compagnie/fw-nn-tl Generale/fw-jj-tl De/fw-in Telegraphie/fw-nn-tl Sans/fw-in-tl Fil/fw-nn-tl (/( CSF/np )/) of/in France/np for/in the/at exclusive/jj exchange/nn of/in technical/jj information/nn on/in thermoelectric/jj materials/nns ./.
The/at agreement/nn gives/vbz us/ppo rights/nns for/in manufacturing/vbg and/cc marketing/nn of/in such/jj materials/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Initially/rb we/ppss will/md import/vb the/at thermoelectric/jj materials/nns and/cc modules/nns from/in France/np but/cc later/rbr we/ppss will/md manufacture/vb in/in this/dt country/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at rapidly/rb growing/vbg demand/nn for/in this/dt material/nn ,/, primarily/rb from/in the/at military/nn ./.
Further/ap research/nn ,/, we/ppss believe/vb ,/, will/md develop/vb important/jj commercial/jj applications/nns ./.


	A/at project/nn for/in the/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben completed/vbn in/in which/wdt the/at NAIR/nn infrared/jj detecting/vbg device/nn was/bedz developed/vbn for/in area/nn monitoring/nn of/in noxious/jj or/cc dangerous/jj gases/nns ./.


	We/ppss are/ber initiating/vbg research/nn on/in the/at use/nn of/in solid/jj state/nn materials/nns for/in infrared/jj detection/nn using/vbg a/at method/nn which/wdt will/md not/* require/vb cooling/vbg of/in materials/nns to/to attain/vb high/jj sensitivity/nn ./.


	The/at rapid/jj advance/nn in/in science/nn today/nr suggests/vbz many/ap other/ap avenues/nns of/in investigation/nn ./.
Our/pp$ plan/nn is/bez to/to keep/vb abreast/rb of/in these/dts advances/nns ,/, and/cc select/vb for/in development/nn those/dts fields/nns which/wdt seem/vb most/ql promising/jj for/in our/pp$ special/jj capabilities/nns ./.



New/jj-hl plant/nn-hl facilities/nns-hl 
Early/rb in/in August/np we/ppss broke/vbd ground/nn for/in a/at new/jj $3,500,000/nns plant/nn in/in Warwick/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt will/md house/vb our/pp$ textile/nn and/cc coil/nn winding/vbg machinery/nn operations/nns ./.
Construction/nn is/bez well/rb along/rb ,/, and/cc the/at plant/nn is/bez scheduled/vbn for/in completion/nn in/in November/np of/in this/dt year/nn ./.
All/abn operations/nns now/rb carried/vbn on/rp at/in our/pp$ plant/nn at/in Cranston/np will/md be/be transferred/vbn to/in Warwick/np ./.
Operations/nns in/in the/at new/jj plant/nn should/md be/be producing/vbg efficiently/rb early/rb in/in 1962/cd ./.


	An/at architect's/nn$ sketch/nn of/in the/at new/jj plant/nn is/bez shown/vbn on/in the/at front/jj cover/nn ./.
The/at building/nn will/md contain/vb 430,000/cd square/jj feet/nns ,/, approximately/rb the/at same/ap as/cs our/pp$ present/jj plant/nn ./.
However/rb ,/, its/pp$ modern/jj one-story/jj layout/nn is/bez designed/vbn to/to increase/vb our/pp$ production/nn capacity/nn ,/, permit/vb more/ql efficient/jj manufacturing/nn ,/, and/cc substantially/rb reduce/vb current/jj repair/nn and/cc maintenance/nn costs/nns ./.


	A/at major/jj consideration/nn in/in the/at choice/nn of/in the/at Warwick/np site/nn ,/, four/cd miles/nns from/in Cranston/np ,/, was/bedz the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps permits/vbz retention/nn of/in our/pp$ present/jj trained/vbn and/cc highly/ql skilled/jj work/nn force/nn ./.


	We/ppss have/hv entered/vbn into/in an/at agreement/nn for/in the/at sale/nn of/in the/at present/jj Cranston/np properties/nns ,/, effective/jj as/ql soon/rb as/cs we/ppss have/hv completed/vbn removal/nn to/in our/pp$ new/jj plant/nn ./.



British/jj-hl subsidiary/nn-hl 
During/in the/at year/nn our/pp$ British/jj subsidiary/nn ,/, Leesona-Holt/np-tl ,/, Limited/vbn-tl ,/, expanded/vbd its/pp$ plant/nn in/in Darwen/np ,/, England/np ,/, and/cc added/vbd machine/nn tool/nn capacity/nn ./.
The/at operations/nns of/in its/pp$ other/ap plant/nn in/in Rochdale/np and/cc Leesona's/np$ former/ap operations/nns in/in Manchester/np were/bed transferred/vbn to/in a/at recently/rb acquired/vbn plant/nn in/in the/at adjoining/vbg town/nn of/in Heywood/np ./.
Layout/nn and/cc equipment/nn were/bed modernized/vbn and/cc improved/vbn to/to obtain/vb increased/vbn production/nn on/in an/at efficient/jj basis/nn ./.
The/at area/nn available/jj at/in Heywood/np is/bez approximately/rb three/cd times/nns the/at size/nn of/in the/at former/ap Rochdale/np and/cc Manchester/np locations/nns ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, land/nn has/hvz been/ben purchased/vbn to/to permit/vb doubling/vbg the/at size/nn of/in the/at plant/nn in/in the/at future/nn ./.



Financial/jj-hl developments/nns-hl 
The/at new/jj Warwick/np plant/nn is/bez being/beg built/vbn at/in our/pp$ expense/nn and/cc under/in our/pp$ direction/nn ./.
It/pps will/md be/be transfered/vbn on/in completion/nn to/in The/at-tl Industrial/jj-tl Foundation/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, a/at non-profit/jj organization/nn ,/, which/wdt will/md reimburse/vb us/ppo for/in the/at cost/nn of/in construction/nn ./.
We/ppss will/md then/rb occupy/vb the/at new/jj plant/nn under/in lease/nn ,/, with/in an/at option/nn to/to purchase/vb ./.
These/dts arrangements/nns are/ber ,/, in/in our/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, very/ql favorable/jj to/in Leesona/np ./.
Interim/jj financing/nn of/in construction/nn costs/nns is/bez provided/vbn by/in a/at short/jj term/nn loan/nn from/in The/at-tl Chase/np-tl Manhattan/np-tl Bank/nn-tl ./.


	In/in addition/nn to/in expenditures/nns on/in the/at Warwick/np plant/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv invested/vbn approximately/rb $1,961,000/nns for/in machinery/nn and/cc equipment/nn at/in Cranston/np ,/, and/cc for/in new/jj machinery/nn ,/, plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn at/in Leesona-Holt/np-tl ,/, Limited/vbn-tl ./.
We/ppss believe/vb that/cs these/dts improved/vbn facilities/nns will/md contribute/vb income/nn and/cc effect/vb savings/nns which/wdt will/md fully/rb justify/vb the/at investment/nn ./.


	Long/jj term/nn loans/nns have/hv been/ben reduced/vbn by/in $395,000/nns to/in $2,461,000/nns ./.
Inventories/nns increased/vbd $625,561/nns to/in $8,313,514/nns during/in the/at year/nn and/cc should/md decline/vb in/in coming/vbg months/nns ./.
Thus/rb we/ppss enter/vb 1961/cd in/in a/at strong/jj financial/jj position/nn ./.



Employee/nn-hl contracts/nns-hl 
In/in accordance/nn with/in the/at two-year/jj contract/nn signed/vbn in/in May/np ,/, 1959/cd ,/, with/in the/at International/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Machinists/nns-tl ,/, AFL-CIO/nn ,/, wages/nns of/in hourly/jj employees/nns were/bed increased/vbn by/in 4%/nn in/in May/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, and/cc pay/nn levels/nns for/in non-exempt/jj salaried/jj employees/nns were/bed increased/vbn proportionately/rb ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, Blue/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl coverage/nn for/in all/abn employees/nns and/cc their/pp$ dependents/nns was/bedz extended/vbn to/to provide/vb the/at full/jj cost/nn of/in semi-private/jj hospital/nn accommodations/nns ./.



Personnel/nns-hl benefits/nns-hl 
In/in addition/nn to/in direct/jj salaries/nns and/cc wages/nns ,/, the/at Company/nn-tl paid/vbd or/cc accrued/vbd during/in the/at year/nn the/at following/vbg amounts/nns for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in employees/nns :/: 

	During/in the/at pension/nn year/nn ended/vbn December/np 31/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, 23/cd employees/nns retired/vbd ,/, making/vbg a/at total/nn of/in 171/cd currently/rb retired/vbn under/in the/at Company's/nn$-tl pension/nn plan/nn ./.
At/in December/np 13/cd ,/, 1960/cd the/at fund/nn held/vbn by/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl National/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Providence/np-tl ,/, as/cs trustee/nn for/in payment/nn of/in past/ap and/cc future/jj service/nn pensions/nns to/in qualified/vbn members/nns of/in the/at plan/nn ,/, totaled/vbd $2,412,616/nns ./.


	The/at basic/jj market/nn for/in textiles/nns is/bez growing/vbg with/in the/at expansion/nn of/in the/at population/nn that/wps began/vbd 20/cd years/nns ago/rb ./.
Another/dt growth/nn factor/nn is/bez increased/vbn consumer/nn demand/nn for/in better/jjr quality/nn and/cc larger/jjr quantities/nns of/in fabrics/nns that/wps go/vb with/in a/at rising/vbg standard/nn of/in living/vbg ./.


	As/cs in/in many/ap other/ap industries/nns ,/, rising/vbg costs/nns and/cc intense/jj competition/nn ,/, both/abx domestic/jj and/cc foreign/jj ,/, have/hv exerted/vbn increasing/vbg pressure/nn on/in earnings/nns of/in the/at textile/nn industry/nn in/in recent/jj years/nns ./.



Increased/vbn-hl efficiency/nn-hl 
In/in textiles/nns ,/, as/cs elsewhere/rb ,/, a/at major/jj part/nn of/in the/at solution/nn lies/vbz in/in greater/jjr efficiency/nn and/cc higher/jjr productivity/nn ./.


	As/cs a/at designer/nn and/cc manufacturer/nn of/in textile/nn production/nn machinery/nn ,/, Leesona/np and/cc other/ap companies/nns in/in its/pp$ industry/nn have/hv sought/vbn to/to meet/vb this/dt challenge/nn with/in new/jj or/cc improved/vbn equipment/nn and/cc methods/nns that/wps would/md increase/vb production/nn ,/, yet/cc maintain/vb both/abx quality/nn and/cc flexibility/nn ./.



Problems/nns-hl of/in-hl shifting/vbg-hl styles/nns-hl 
The/at problem/nn of/in efficient/jj production/nn in/in textiles/nns is/bez complicated/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at industry/nn serves/vbz large/jj markets/nns which/wdt shift/vb quickly/rb with/in changes/nns of/in fashion/nn in/in apparel/nn or/cc home/nn decoration/nn ./.
Production/nn must/md be/be adjusted/vbn accordingly/rb ,/, at/in minimum/jj cost/nn and/cc quickly/rb ./.


	In/in addition/nn ,/, production/nn machinery/nn must/md in/in many/ap cases/nns be/be designed/vbn to/to handle/vb with/in equal/jj efficiency/nn both/abx natural/jj fibers/nns and/cc the/at increasing/vbg number/nn of/in synthetics/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs blends/nns ./.

Following/in the/at term/nn of/in service/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, each/dt emissary/nn returns/vbz for/in a/at brief/jj visit/nn to/in the/at campus/nn to/to interpret/vb his/pp$ experience/nn to/in the/at college/nn community/nn ./.
The/at Carleton/np-tl Service/nn-tl Fund/nn-tl provides/vbz the/at financial/jj support/nn for/in this/dt program/nn ./.



Musical/jj-hl activities/nns-hl 
the/at college/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at first/od to/to recognize/vb the/at importance/nn of/in music/nn not/* only/rb as/cs a/at definite/jj part/nn of/in the/at curriculum/nn but/cc as/cs a/at vital/jj adjunct/nn to/in campus/nn life/nn ./.
Extensive/jj facilities/nns for/in group/nn performance/nn are/ber provided/vbn by/in maintaining/vbg ,/, under/in skilled/jj direction/nn ,/, the/at Choir/nn-tl ,/, the/at Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, the/at Band/nn-tl ,/, the/at Glee/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, and/cc smaller/jjr ensembles/nns of/in wind/nn and/cc string/nn players/nns ./.


	All/abn students/nns are/ber invited/vbn to/to participate/vb in/in any/dti of/in the/at musical/jj organizations/nns for/in which/wdt they/ppss qualify/vb ./.
Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, Band/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Choir/nn-tl have/hv auditions/nns during/in the/at week/nn preceding/vbg the/at first/od day/nn of/in classes/nns ./.
The/at Glee/nn-tl Club/nn-tl is/bez open/jj to/in all/abn students/nns and/cc faculty/nn with/in no/at auditions/nns necessary/jj for/in membership/nn ./.


	In/in addition/nn to/in the/at many/ap appearances/nns of/in these/dts organizations/nns throughout/in the/at college/nn year/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber concerts/nns by/in students/nns of/in the/at music/nn department/nn ,/, by/in members/nns of/in the/at music/nn faculty/nn ,/, and/cc by/in visiting/vbg artists/nns ./.


	Student/nn musical/jj organizations/nns are/ber the/at Knights/nns-tl of/in-tl Carleton/np-tl and/cc the/at Overtones/nns-tl (/( men's/nns$ vocal/jj groups/nns )/) ,/, and/cc the/at Keynotes/nns-tl (/( a/at women's/nns$ singing/vbg group/nn )/) ./.
These/dts student-directed/jj organizations/nns include/vb eight/cd to/in ten/cd members/nns each/dt ;/. ;/.
they/ppss perform/vb at/in many/ap campus/nn social/jj events/nns ./.



Religious/jj-hl activities/nns-hl 
from/in the/at founding/nn of/in the/at College/nn-tl those/dts responsible/jj for/in its/pp$ management/nn have/hv planned/vbn to/to provide/vb its/pp$ students/nns favorable/jj conditions/nns for/in personal/jj religious/jj development/nn and/cc to/to offer/vb opportunities/nns through/in the/at curriculum/nn and/cc otherwise/rb for/in understanding/vbg the/at meaning/nn and/cc importance/nn of/in religion/nn ./.
Courses/nns are/ber offered/vbn in/in ethics/nn ,/, the/at philosophy/nn and/cc history/nn of/in religion/nn ,/, Christian/jj thought/nn and/cc history/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Bible/np ./.
Carleton/np aims/vbz throughout/in its/pp$ entire/jj teaching/vbg program/nn to/to represent/vb a/at point/nn of/in view/nn and/cc a/at spirit/nn which/wdt will/md contribute/vb to/in the/at moral/jj and/cc religious/jj development/nn of/in its/pp$ students/nns ./.


	A/at college/nn service/nn of/in worship/nn is/bez held/vbn each/dt Sunday/nr morning/nn at/in eleven/cd o'clock/rb in/in the/at Chapel/nn-tl ./.
The/at sermons/nns are/ber given/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl Chaplain/nn-tl ,/, by/in members/nns of/in the/at faculty/nn ,/, or/cc by/in guest/nn preachers/nns ./.
Music/nn is/bez furnished/vbn by/in the/at Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl Choir/nn-tl ./.


	Chapel/nn services/nns are/ber held/vbn weekly/rb ./.
These/dts services/nns at/in which/wdt attendance/nn is/bez voluntary/jj are/ber led/vbn by/in the/at Chaplain/nn-tl ,/, by/in the/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at College/nn-tl ,/, by/in selected/vbn faculty/nn members/nns ,/, students/nns ,/, and/cc visitors/nns ./.
The/at service/nn is/bez brief/jj and/cc variety/nn in/in forms/nns of/in worship/nn is/bez practiced/vbn ./.


	A/at Sunday/nr evening/nn program/nn provides/vbz theological/jj lectures/nns ,/, music/nn ,/, drama/nn ,/, and/cc films/nns related/vbn to/in the/at issues/nns of/in the/at Judeo-Christian/jj tradition/nn ./.


	Attendance/nn is/bez required/vbn at/in the/at College/nn-tl Service/nn-tl of/in-tl Worship/nn-tl or/cc at/in the/at Sunday/nr-tl Evening/nn-tl Program/nn-tl or/cc at/in any/dti regularly/rb organized/vbn service/nn of/in public/jj worship/nn ./.
Each/dt semester/nn every/at student/nn must/md attend/vb ten/cd of/in the/at services/nns or/cc religious/jj meetings/nns ./.
Attendance/nn at/in the/at Chapel/nn-tl Service/nn-tl is/bez voluntary/jj ./.


	Religious/jj organizations/nns include/vb the/at groups/nns described/vbn below/rb ./.
The/at Y.M.C.A./np and/cc Y.W.C.A./np at/in Carleton/np are/ber connected/vbn with/in the/at corresponding/jj national/jj organizations/nns and/cc carry/vb out/rp their/pp$ general/jj purposes/nns ./.
Occasional/jj meetings/nns are/ber held/vbn for/in the/at whole/jj membership/nn ,/, usually/rb with/in a/at guest/nn speaker/nn ,/, while/cs smaller/jjr discussion/nn groups/nns meet/vb more/ql frequently/rb ./.
The/at Associations/nns-tl sponsor/vb many/ap traditional/jj campus/nn events/nns and/cc provide/vb students/nns with/in opportunities/nns to/to form/vb new/jj friendships/nns ,/, to/to broaden/vb their/pp$ interests/nns ,/, and/cc to/to engage/vb in/in worthwhile/jj service/nn projects/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber other/ap organizations/nns representing/vbg several/ap of/in the/at denominational/jj groups/nns ./.
Included/vbn are/ber the/at following/nn :/: Baptist/np-tl Student/nn-tl Movement/nn-tl ,/, Canterbury/np-tl Club/nn-tl (/( Episcopal/jj-tl )/) ,/, Christian/jj-tl Science/nn-tl Organization/nn-tl ,/, Friends'/nns$-tl Meeting/nn-tl for/in-tl Worship/nn-tl ,/, Hillel/np (/( Jewish/jj )/) ,/, Liberal/jj-tl Religious/jj-tl Fellowship/nn-tl ,/, Lutheran/jj-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, Newman/np-tl Club/nn-tl (/( Roman/jj-tl Catholic/jj-tl )/) ,/, Presbyterian/np-tl Student/nn-tl Fellowship/nn-tl ,/, United/vbn-tl Student/nn-tl Fellowship/nn-tl (/( Congregational-Baptist/jj )/) ,/, and/cc Wesley/np-tl Fellowship/nn-tl (/( Methodist/jj )/) ./.


	Student/nn religious/jj organizations/nns are/ber co-ordinated/vbn under/in the/at Religious/jj-tl Activities/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, a/at standing/vbg committee/nn of/in the/at Carleton/np-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ./.


	The/at Northfield/np churches/nns include/vb the/at following/nn :/: Alliance/nn-tl ,/, Congregational-Baptist/jj ,/, Episcopal/jj ,/, Lutheran/jj (/( Norwegian/jj ,/, Danish/jj ,/, Missouri/np-tl Synod/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Bethel/np )/) ,/, Methodist/jj-tl ,/, Moravian/jj ,/, Pentecostal/jj ,/, and/cc Roman/jj Catholic/jj ./.



Theater/nn-hl 
the/at purpose/nn of/in producing/vbg plays/nns at/in the/at College/nn-tl is/bez three-fold/jj :/: to/to provide/vb the/at Carleton/np students/nns with/in the/at best/jjt possible/jj opportunity/nn for/in theater-going/nn within/in the/at limits/nns set/vbn by/in the/at maturity/nn and/cc experience/nn of/in the/at performers/nns and/cc the/at theatrical/jj facilities/nns available/jj ;/. ;/.
to/to encourage/vb the/at practice/nn of/in attending/vbg the/at theater/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc to/to develop/vb a/at discriminating/vbg audience/nn for/in good/jj drama/nn and/cc sensitive/jj performance/nn ./.


	Dramatic/jj activity/nn at/in the/at College/nn-tl is/bez organized/vbn and/cc carried/vbn on/rp by/in The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Players/nns-tl ,/, which/wdt is/bez to/to say/vb by/in all/abn students/nns who/wps are/ber so/rb inclined/vbn to/to advance/vb these/dts aims/nns ./.


	For/in the/at 1960-1961/cd season/nn ,/, The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Players/nns-tl have/hv announced/vbn Blood/nn-tl Wedding/nn-tl by/in Federico/np Garcia/np Lorca/np ,/, The/at-tl Knight/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Burning/vbg Pestle/nn-tl by/in Beaumont/np and/cc Fletcher/np and/cc A/at-tl Moon/nn-tl For/in-tl The/at-tl Misbegotten/nns-tl by/in Eugene/np O'Neill/np ,/, with/in a/at pre-season/jj production/nn of/in The/at-tl Glass/nn-tl Menagerie/nn-tl by/in Tennessee/np Williams/np ./.



Student/nn-hl workshop/nn-hl 
this/dt workshop/nn ,/, located/vbn in/in Boliou/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, provides/vbz facilities/nns for/in students/nns to/to work/vb in/in ceramics/nn ,/, weaving/vbg ,/, enameling/vbg ,/, welding/vbg ,/, woodworking/vbg ,/, textile/nn printing/nn ,/, printmaking/nn ,/, and/cc lapidary/nn ./.
These/dts extra-curricular/jj activities/nns are/ber conducted/vbn under/in supervision/nn of/in the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Student/nn-tl Workshop/nn-tl ./.
The/at workshop/nn is/bez open/jj five/cd afternoons/nns and/cc two/cd evenings/nns each/dt week/nn ./.


	A/at student/nn organization/nn ,/, Bottega/np ,/, is/bez open/jj to/in any/dti student/nn interested/vbn in/in increasing/vbg his/pp$ understanding/nn and/cc appreciation/nn of/in the/at graphic/jj and/cc ceramic/jj arts/nns in/in their/pp$ historical/jj ,/, technical/jj ,/, and/cc productive/jj contexts/nns ./.
The/at group/nn meets/vbz once/rb a/at week/nn in/in the/at Boliou/np-tl Student/nn-tl Workshop/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss are/ber assisted/vbn and/cc advised/vbn by/in members/nns of/in the/at Art/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ./.



Athletics/nn-hl 
the/at Athletic/jj-tl program/nn at/in Carleton/np is/bez considered/vbn an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in the/at activities/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl and/cc operates/vbz under/in the/at same/ap budgetary/jj procedure/nn and/cc controls/nns as/cs the/at academic/jj work/nn ./.


	The/at physical/jj education/nn program/nn for/in men/nns recognizes/vbz the/at value/nn of/in participation/nn in/in competitive/jj sports/nns in/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at individual/jj student/nn and/cc aims/vbz to/to give/vb every/at man/nn an/at opportunity/nn to/to enter/vb some/dti form/nn of/in athletic/jj competition/nn ,/, either/cc intercollegiate/jj or/cc intramural/jj ./.


	The/at same/ap standards/nns for/in admission/nn ,/, for/in eligibility/nn to/to receive/vb scholarships/nns or/cc grants-in-aid/nns ,/, and/cc for/in scholastic/jj performance/nn at/in college/nn apply/vb to/in all/abn students/nns ./.


	A/at faculty/nn committee/nn on/in athletics/nns ,/, responsible/jj to/in the/at faculty/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ,/, exercises/vbz control/nn over/in the/at athletic/jj program/nn of/in the/at College/nn-tl ./.
It/pps concerns/vbz itself/ppl with/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at policies/nns which/wdt govern/vb the/at program/nn 2/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at preservation/nn of/in desirable/jj balance/nn between/in the/at athletic/jj and/cc academic/jj programs/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at approval/nn of/in athletic/jj schedules/nns 4/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at maintenance/nn of/in Midwest/np-tl Conference/nn-tl eligibility/nn standards/nns 

	Carleton/np is/bez a/at member/nn of/in the/at Midwest/np-tl Collegiate/jj-tl Athletic/jj-tl Conference/nn-tl and/cc abides/vbz by/in its/pp$ eligibility/nn rules/nns ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in these/dts rules/nns ,/, Carleton/np has/hvz added/vbn the/at following/nn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

A/at student/nn who/wps while/cs in/in attendance/nn at/in Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl participates/vbz in/in an/at athletic/jj contest/nn during/in the/at school/nn year/nn ,/, other/ap than/cs that/dt sponsored/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl ,/, shall/md be/be permanently/rb ineligible/jj to/to participate/vb in/in intercollegiate/jj athletics/nn at/in Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl and/cc will/md also/rb face/vb permanent/jj suspension/nn from/in the/at institution/nn ./.
The/at school/nn year/nn does/doz not/* end/vb for/in any/dti student/nn until/cs he/pps has/hvz completed/vbn his/pp$ last/ap examination/nn of/in the/at semester/nn ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

A/at student/nn to/to be/be eligible/jj for/in the/at captaincy/nn of/in any/dti Carleton/np team/nn must/md have/hv a/at scholastic/jj record/nn of/in at/in least/ap 1.00/cd ./.


	The/at ``/`` C/nn ''/'' club/nn is/bez composed/vbn of/in the/at men/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl who/wps have/hv won/vbn an/at official/jj letter/nn in/in Carleton/np athletics/nn ./.
The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at Club/nn-tl is/bez to/to promote/vb better/jjr athletic/jj teams/nns at/in Carleton/np and/cc to/to increase/vb interest/nn in/in them/ppo among/in the/at student/nn body/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez done/vbn by/in encouraging/vbg the/at entire/jj male/nn student/nn body/nn to/to participate/vb in/in either/cc the/at intercollegiate/jj or/cc intramural/jj sports/nns program/nn and/cc by/in sponsoring/vbg the/at Carleton/np cheerleaders/nns ./.
Soccer/nn-tl-hl Club/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl

The/at Soccer/nn-tl Club/nn-tl was/bedz organized/vbn by/in undergraduate/jj men/nns interested/vbn in/in playing/vbg soccer/nn and/cc promoting/vbg the/at sport/nn ./.
Membership/nn consists/vbz of/in both/abx beginners/nns and/cc experienced/vbn players/nns ./.
Practices/nns are/ber held/vbn regularly/rb and/cc the/at schedule/nn of/in games/nns is/bez prepared/vbn by/in the/at student/nn coach/nn and/cc the/at officers/nns of/in the/at club/nn ./.
Women's/nns$-tl-hl Recreation/nn-tl-hl Association/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl

This/dt Association/nn-tl ,/, organized/vbn in/in 1920/cd ,/, is/bez affiliated/vbn with/in the/at Athletic/jj-tl Federation/nn-tl of/in-tl College/nn-tl Women/nns-tl ./.
The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at organization/nn is/bez to/to further/vb the/at interest/nn of/in women/nns students/nns in/in recreational/jj activities/nns as/cs a/at means/nn of/in promoting/vbg physical/jj efficiency/nn ,/, sportsmanship/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` play/nn for/in play's/nn$ sake/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at Association/nn-tl is/bez governed/vbn by/in a/at board/nn made/vbn up/rp of/in representatives/nns from/in each/dt of/in the/at four/cd classes/nns ./.
Membership/nn is/bez open/jj to/in any/dti woman/nn student/nn in/in the/at College/nn-tl ./.
Active/jj groups/nns sponsored/vbn by/in the/at organization/nn include/vb the/at Saddle/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Orchesis/np ,/, Golf/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Tennis/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Dolphins/nns-tl ./.
The/at Saddle/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, open/jj to/in students/nns proficient/jj in/in horsemanship/nn ,/, presents/vbz the/at Annual/jj-tl Spring/nn-tl Riding/nn-tl Exhibition/nn-tl ,/, and/cc during/in the/at year/nn it/pps offers/vbz speakers/nns ,/, movies/nns ,/, breakfast/nn rides/nns ,/, and/cc trips/nns to/to broaden/vb their/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in the/at sport/nn ./.
Orchesis/np ,/, for/in students/nns interested/vbn in/in the/at modern/jj dance/nn ,/, contributes/vbz to/in the/at May/np-tl Fete/nn-tl and/cc offers/vbz earlier/rbr in/in the/at year/nn a/at modern/jj dance/nn demonstration/nn ./.
Tennis/nn-tl Club/nn-tl participates/vbz in/in a/at dual/jj tennis/nn tournament/nn with/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Minnesota/np-tl each/dt fall/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb sponsors/vbz a/at two-day/jj state/nn invitational/jj tennis/nn meet/nn at/in Carleton/np in/in May/np ./.
The/at Dolphins/nns-tl present/vb a/at three-night/jj water/nn show/nn the/at week/nn of/in the/at May/np-tl Fete/nn-tl ./.
Under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in the/at Women's/nns$-tl Recreation/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, interclass/jj competition/nn is/bez organized/vbn in/in badminton/nn ,/, basketball/nn ,/, field/nn hockey/nn ,/, golf/nn ,/, tennis/nn ,/, and/cc swimming/vbg ./.
The/at Association/nn-tl participates/vbz in/in the/at winter/nn sports/nns carnival/nn and/cc sponsors/vbz several/ap Play/nn-tl Days/nns-tl with/in St./nn-tl Olaf/np-tl and/cc other/ap nearby/jj colleges/nns ./.
With/in the/at co-operation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Physical/jj-tl Education/nn-tl for/in-tl Men/nns-tl ,/, the/at Women's/nns$-tl Recreation/nn-tl Association/nn-tl arranges/vbz mixed/vbn tournaments/nns in/in tennis/nn and/cc golf/nn in/in the/at fall/nn and/cc spring/nn ./.
Throughout/in the/at year/nn there/ex are/ber social/jj events/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs picnics/nns ,/, breakfast/nn hikes/nns ,/, canoe/nn trips/nns ,/, banquets/nns ,/, and/cc indoor/jj parties/nns ./.



College/nn-hl publications/nns-hl 
in/in addition/nn to/in the/at miscellaneous/jj pamphlets/nns and/cc other/ap printed/vbn matter/nn which/wdt it/pps issues/vbz ,/, the/at College/nn-tl maintains/vbz regular/jj publications/nns ,/, as/cs follows/vbz :/: 

	The/at-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, in/in five/cd issues/nns :/: The/at Report/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl President/nn-tl in/in August/np ;/. ;/.
The/at-tl Alumni/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl Report/nn-tl in/in September/np ;/. ;/.
the/at Annual/jj-tl Catalog/nn-tl in/in March/np ;/. ;/.
an/at Alumni/nns-tl Reunion/nn-tl Bulletin/nn-tl in/in April/np ;/. ;/.
and/cc a/at special/jj Bulletin/nn in/in June/np ./.
The/at College/nn-tl also/rb publishes/vbz each/dt year/nn The/at-tl Report/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Treasurer/nn-tl and/cc a/at monthly/jj newsletter/nn entitled/vbn Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl Comments/nns-tl ./.
In/in co-operation/nn with/in the/at Alumni/nns-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, an/at alumni/nns magazine/nn ,/, The/at-tl Voice/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Alumni/nns-tl ,/, is/bez edited/vbn and/cc mailed/vbn seven/cd times/nns a/at year/nn by/in the/at College's/nn$-tl Publications/nns-tl Office/nn-tl and/cc the/at Alumni/nns-tl Office/nn-tl ./.
At/in intervals/nns an/at alumni/nns directory/nn is/bez issued/vbn ./.


	These/dts publications/nns may/md be/be secured/vbn as/cs follows/vbz :/: The/at Annual/jj-tl Catalog/nn-tl from/in the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Admissions/nns-tl and/cc other/ap issues/nns from/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Office/nn-tl ./.


	In/in January/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, the/at first/od issue/nn of/in The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Miscellany/nn-tl ,/, a/at quarterly/jj literary/jj magazine/nn ,/, was/bedz published/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl ./.
The/at magazine/nn ,/, edited/vbn by/in members/nns of/in the/at Carleton/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl English/np-tl ,/, includes/vbz contributions/nns by/in authors/nns from/in both/abx within/in and/cc beyond/in the/at Carleton/np community/nn ./.



Student/nn-hl publications/nns-hl 
The/at Carletonian/np ,/, the/at college/nn newspaper/nn ,/, is/bez edited/vbn by/in students/nns and/cc published/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl under/in the/at supervision/nn of/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl ./.
(/( See/vb page/nn 100/cd ./.
)/) It/pps is/bez issued/vbn weekly/rb throughout/in the/at college/nn year/nn ./.
The/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl holds/vbz annual/jj competitive/jj examinations/nns for/in places/nns on/in the/at editorial/jj and/cc business/nn staffs/nns ./.
The/at editor/nn ,/, sports/nns editor/nn ,/, and/cc student/nn business/nn manager/nn are/ber chosen/vbn in/in December/np ,/, the/at new/jj staff/nn assuming/vbg responsibility/nn for/in the/at paper/nn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at second/od semester/nn ./.
The/at paper/nn affords/vbz excellent/jj practice/nn for/in students/nns interested/vbn in/in the/at field/nn of/in journalism/nn ./.


	The/at-tl Algol/np-tl ,/, the/at college/nn annual/nn ,/, is/bez published/vbn in/in the/at fall/nn of/in each/dt year/nn ./.
The/at-tl Algol/np-tl serves/vbz as/cs a/at record/nn of/in campus/nn organizations/nns and/cc student/nn activities/nns during/in the/at year/nn ./.
The/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl receives/vbz applications/nns for/in the/at positions/nns of/in editor/nn and/cc business/nn manager/nn and/cc makes/vbz the/at appointments/nns in/in the/at spring/nn previous/rb to/in the/at year/nn of/in publication/nn ./.
Members/nns of/in The/at-tl Algol/np-tl staff/nn are/ber nominated/vbn by/in the/at editor/nn and/cc business/nn manager/nn and/cc appointed/vbn by/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl ./.


	Manuscript/nn-tl ,/, a/at quarterly/jj literary/jj magazine/nn ,/, is/bez published/vbn by/in the/at students/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt magazine/nn to/to serve/vb as/cs an/at outlet/nn for/in student/nn creative/jj writing/nn ./.
The/at editor/nn and/cc business/nn manager/nn of/in Manuscript/nn-tl are/ber appointed/vbn by/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl ./.



Campus/nn-hl broadcasting/vbg-hl station/nn-hl 
A/at low-power/nn ,/, ``/`` carrier-current/jj ''/'' broadcasting/nn station/nn ,/, KARL/nn ,/, heard/vbn only/rb in/in the/at campus/nn dormitories/nns ,/, is/bez owned/vbn and/cc operated/vbn by/in the/at students/nns to/to provide/vb an/at outlet/nn for/in student/nn dramatic/jj ,/, musical/jj ,/, literary/jj ,/, technical/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap talents/nns ,/, and/cc to/to furnish/vb information/nn ,/, music/nn ,/, and/cc entertainment/nn for/in campus/nn listeners/nns ./.
Over/rp a/at hundred/cd students/nns participate/vb in/in the/at planning/nn and/cc production/nn of/in the/at daily/jj program/nn schedule/nn ./.
KARL/np provides/vbz experience/nn for/in students/nns who/wps wish/vb to/to pursue/vb careers/nns in/in radio/nn ./.



Student/nn-hl government/nn-hl 
the/at Carleton/np-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl includes/vbz all/abn students/nns in/in college/nn and/cc is/bez intended/vbn ``/`` to/to work/vb for/in the/at betterment/nn of/in Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl by/in providing/vbg student/nn government/nn and/cc student/nn participation/nn with/in the/at college/nn administration/nn in/in the/at formulation/nn and/cc execution/nn of/in policies/nns which/wdt pertain/vb to/in student/nn life/nn and/cc activities/nns ''/'' ./.


	The/at Carleton/np-tl Social/jj-tl Co-operative/nn-tl is/bez a/at standing/vbg committee/nn of/in the/at Carleton/np-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ./.
Week-end/nn activities/nns for/in the/at entire/jj campus/nn are/ber planned/vbn by/in the/at Co-op/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ./.



	In/in recent/jj months/nns ,/, much/ap attention/nn has/hvz been/ben given/vbn to/in the/at probable/jj extent/nn of/in the/at current/jj downtrend/nn in/in business/nn and/cc economists/nns are/ber somewhat/ql divided/vbn as/in to/in the/at outlook/nn for/in the/at near/jj future/nn ./.
And/cc yet/rb ,/, despite/in some/dti disappointment/nn with/in the/at performance/nn of/in this/dt first/od year/nn of/in the/at new/jj decade/nn ,/, 1960/cd has/hvz been/ben a/at good/jj year/nn in/in many/ap ways/nns ,/, with/in many/ap overall/jj measures/nns of/in business/nn having/hvg reached/vbn new/jj peaks/nns for/in the/at year/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./.
The/at shift/nn in/in sentiment/nn from/in excessive/jj optimism/nn early/rb in/in the/at year/nn to/in the/at present/jj mood/nn of/in caution/nn has/hvz probably/rb been/ben a/at good/jj thing/nn ,/, in/in that/cs it/pps has/hvz prevented/vbn the/at accumulation/nn of/in the/at burdensome/jj inventories/nns that/wps have/hv characterized/vbn many/ap previous/jj swings/nns in/in the/at business/nn cycle/nn ./.
This/dt caution/nn has/hvz been/ben particularly/ql noticeable/jj in/in a/at tendency/nn of/in retailers/nns and/cc distributors/nns to/to shift/vb the/at inventory/nn burden/nn back/rb on/in the/at supplier/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn stocks/nns at/in retail/nn are/ber low/jj in/in many/ap lines/nns has/hvz escaped/vbn attention/nn because/rb of/in the/at presence/nn of/in higher/jjr stocks/nns at/in the/at manufacturing/vbg level/nn ./.


	In/in the/at electronics/nn industry/nn ,/, this/dt tendency/nn is/bez well/rb illustrated/vbn by/in inventories/nns of/in TV/nn sets/nns ./.
Factory/nn stocks/nns in/in recent/jj months/nns have/hv been/ben the/at highest/jjt they/ppss have/hv been/ben in/in three/cd years/nns ,/, while/cs those/dts at/in retail/nn are/ber below/in 1959/cd ./.
The/at total/jj value/nn of/in our/pp$ industry's/nn$ shipments/nns ,/, at/in factory/nn prices/nns ,/, increased/vbd from/in $9.2/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd to/in approximately/rb $10.1/nns billion/cd as/cs a/at result/nn of/in increases/nns in/in all/abn of/in the/at major/jj segments/nns of/in our/pp$ business/nn --/-- home/nr entertainment/nn ,/, military/jj ,/, industrial/jj ,/, and/cc replacement/nn ./.
I/ppss believe/vb a/at further/ap gain/nn is/bez in/in prospect/nn for/in 1961/cd ./.



Home/nr-hl entertainment/nn-hl sales/nns-hl up/rp-hl 
Reflecting/vbg the/at largest/jjt percentage/nn of/in high-end/nn sets/nns such/jj as/cs consoles/nns and/cc combinations/nns since/in 1953/cd ,/, dollar/nn value/nn of/in home/nr entertainment/nn electronics/nn in/in 1960/cd was/bedz about/rb $1.9/nns billion/cd ,/, compared/vbn to/in $1.7/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ./.
Sales/nns of/in TV/nn sets/nns at/in retail/nn ran/vbd ahead/rb of/in the/at like/jj months/nns of/in 1959/cd through/in July/np ;/. ;/.
set/nn production/nn (/( excluding/in those/dts destined/vbn for/in the/at export/nn market/nn )/) also/rb ran/vbd ahead/rb in/in the/at early/jj months/nns ,/, but/cc was/bedz curtailed/vbn after/in the/at usual/jj vacation/nn shutdowns/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in growing/vbg evidence/nn that/cs some/dti of/in the/at early/jj production/nn plans/nns had/hvd been/ben overly/ql optimistic/jj ./.
For/in the/at year/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ,/, retail/jj sales/nns of/in TV/nn sets/nns probably/rb came/vbd to/in 5.8/cd million/cd against/in 5.7/cd million/cd in/in 1959/cd ;/. ;/.
however/rb ,/, production/nn came/vbd to/in only/rb 5.6/cd million/cd compared/vbn to/in 6.2/cd million/cd ./.


	In/in contrast/nn to/in the/at lower/jjr turnout/nn of/in TV/nn ,/, total/jj radio/nn production/nn increased/vbd from/in 15.4/cd million/cd sets/nns to/in 16.7/cd million/cd (/( excluding/in export/nn )/) ./.
Both/abx home/nr and/cc auto/nn radios/nns were/bed in/in excellent/jj demand/nn ,/, with/in retail/jj sales/nns of/in home/nr sets/nns ahead/rb of/in 1959/cd in/in every/at month/nn of/in the/at first/od eleven/cd ;/. ;/.
sales/nns and/cc production/nn of/in home/nr sets/nns were/bed about/rp equal/jj at/in 10.4/cd million/cd units/nns ./.
Auto/nn set/nn production/nn came/vbd to/in about/rb 6.3/cd million/cd compared/vbn to/in 5.6/cd million/cd in/in 1959/cd ./.
Separate/jj phonographs/nns also/rb had/hvd a/at good/jj year/nn ,/, reflecting/vbg the/at growing/vbg popularity/nn of/in stereo/jj sound/nn and/cc the/at same/ap tendency/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at consumer/nn to/to upgrade/vb that/wps characterized/vbd the/at radio-TV/nn market/nn ./.


	The/at outlook/nn for/in entertainment/nn electronics/nn in/in 1961/cd is/bez certainly/rb far/rb from/in clear/jj at/in present/nn ,/, but/cc recent/jj surveys/nns have/hv shown/vbn a/at desire/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in consumers/nns to/to step/vb up/rp their/pp$ buying/vbg plans/nns for/in durable/jj goods/nns ./.
I/ppss would/md expect/vb that/cs sales/nns at/in retail/nn in/in the/at first/od half/abn of/in 1961/cd might/md be/be below/in 1960/cd by/in some/dti 10/cd -/in 15%/nn but/cc that/cs second-half/nn levels/nns should/md show/vb a/at favorable/jj comparison/nn ,/, with/in a/at possibility/nn of/in quite/ql strong/jj demand/nn late/rb in/in the/at year/nn if/cs business/nn conditions/nns recover/vb as/cs some/dti recent/jj forecasts/nns suggest/vb they/ppss will/md ./.
I/ppss look/vb for/in TV/nn sales/nns and/cc production/nn to/to be/be approximately/ql equal/jj at/in 5.7/cd million/cd sets/nns for/in the/at year/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss look/vb for/in some/dti decline/nn in/in radios/nns from/in the/at high/jj rate/nn in/in 1961/cd to/in more/ql nearly/rb the/at 1959/cd level/nn of/in 15.0/cd -/in 15.5/cd million/cd sets/nns ./.
I/ppss therefore/rb believe/vb it/pps is/bez realistic/jj to/to assume/vb a/at modest/jj drop/nn in/in the/at total/jj value/nn of/in home/nr entertainment/nn electronics/nn to/in about/rb $1.8/nns million/cd ,/, slightly/rb below/in 1960/cd ,/, but/cc above/in 1959/cd ./.



Military/jj-hl electronics/nn-hl to/to-hl grow/vb-hl 
1960/cd witnessed/vbd another/dt substantial/jj increase/nn in/in our/pp$ industry's/nn$ shipments/nns of/in military/jj electronics/nn ,/, which/wdt totalled/vbd about/rb $5.4/nns billion/cd compared/vbn to/in $4.9/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ./.
It/pps is/bez interesting/jj to/to note/vb that/cs the/at present/jj level/nn of/in military/jj electronics/nn procurement/nn is/bez greater/jjr than/cs the/at industry's/nn$ total/jj sales/nns to/in all/abn markets/nns in/in 1950-1953/cd ,/, which/wdt were/bed good/jj years/nns for/in our/pp$ industry/nn with/in television/nn enjoying/vbg its/pp$ initial/jj period/nn of/in rapid/jj consumer/nn acceptance/nn ./.
It/pps has/hvz been/ben correctly/rb pointed/vbn out/rp by/in well-informed/jj people/nns in/in the/at industry/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez probably/rb unrealistic/jj to/to expect/vb a/at continuation/nn of/in the/at yearly/jj growth/nn of/in 15%/nn or/cc better/jjr that/wps characterized/vbd the/at decade/nn of/in the/at 1950's/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs our/pp$ military/jj markets/nns may/md be/be entering/vbg upon/in a/at new/jj phase/nn in/in which/wdt procurement/nn of/in multiple/jj weapons/nns systems/nns will/md give/vb way/nn to/in concentration/nn of/in still/rb undeveloped/jj areas/nns of/in our/pp$ defense/nn capability/nn ./.
While/cs this/dt may/md well/rb be/be true/jj in/in general/jj ,/, I/ppss believe/vb it/pps is/bez also/rb important/jj to/to keep/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs some/dti recent/jj developments/nns suggest/vb that/cs over/in the/at next/ap year/nn or/cc so/rb military/jj electronics/nn may/md be/be one/cd of/in the/at most/ql strongly/rb growing/vbg areas/nns in/in an/at economy/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* expanding/vbg rapidly/rb in/in other/ap directions/nns ./.


	Among/in the/at items/nns scheduled/vbn for/in acceleration/nn in/in the/at near/jj future/nn are/ber the/at Polaris/np and/cc B70/nn programs/nns ,/, strengthening/nn of/in the/at airborne/jj alert/nn system/nn of/in the/at Strategic/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Command/nn-tl ,/, and/cc improved/vbn battlefield/nn surveillance/nn systems/nns ./.
Research/nn and/cc development/nn expenditures/nns connected/vbn with/in the/at reconnaissance/nn satellite/nn SAMOS/np and/cc the/at future/jj development/nn of/in ballistic/jj missile/nn defense/nn systems/nns such/jj as/cs Nike-Zeus/np are/ber expected/vbn to/to increase/vb substantially/rb ./.
Research/nn ,/, development/nn test/nn and/cc evaluation/nn funds/nns ,/, devoted/vbn to/in missiles/nns in/in 1960/cd were/bed 3/cd to/in 4/cd times/nns as/ql large/jj as/cs those/dts devoted/vbn to/in aircraft/nn ,/, and/cc actual/jj missile/nn procurement/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to exceed/vb aircraft/nn procurement/nn by/in 1963/cd ./.
Still/rb later/rbr ,/, the/at realm/nn of/in space/nn technology/nn will/md show/vb substantial/jj gains/nns ;/. ;/.
it/pps has/hvz been/ben estimated/vbn that/cs spending/vbg by/in the/at National/jj-tl Aeronautics/nn-tl and/cc-tl Space/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl will/md rise/vb from/in less/ap than/in $500/nns million/cd in/in fiscal/jj 1960/cd to/in more/ap than/in $2/nns billion/cd by/in 1967/cd ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at electronic/jj industry's/nn$ share/nn of/in these/dts expenditures/nns will/md be/be closer/rbr to/in 50%/nn than/cs the/at current/jj 20%/nn ./.


	The/at stepped-up/jj defense/nn procurement/nn called/vbn for/in in/in the/at 1961/cd Budget/nn-tl has/hvz already/rb begun/vbn to/to make/vb itself/ppl felt/vbn in/in an/at upturn/nn in/in orders/nns for/in military/jj electronic/jj equipment/nn and/cc the/at components/nns that/wps go/vb into/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc it/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn that/cs an/at additional/jj $2/nns billion/cd increase/nn in/in total/jj defense/nn spending/nn may/md be/be requested/vbn for/in fiscal/jj 1962/cd ./.
Although/cs the/at impact/nn of/in these/dts increases/nns on/in our/pp$ industry's/nn$ shipments/nns will/md be/be gradual/jj ,/, on/in balance/nn I/ppss look/vb for/in another/dt good/jj increase/nn in/in shipments/nns in/in the/at coming/vbg year/nn ,/, to/in at/in least/ap $6/nns billion/cd ./.



Industrial/jj-hl electronic/jj-hl equipment/nn-hl 
Paced/vbn by/in the/at continuing/vbg rapid/jj growth/nn of/in electronic/jj data/nn processing/nn ,/, sales/nns of/in industrial/jj and/cc commercial/jj electronic/jj equipment/nn totalled/vbd $1.8/nns billion/cd compared/vbn to/in $1.6/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ./.
The/at market/nn for/in computers/nns and/cc other/ap data-handling/nn continues/vbz to/to expand/vb at/in the/at rate/nn of/in about/rb 30%/nn annually/rb ,/, reaching/vbg some/rb $450/nns million/cd in/in 1960/cd ./.
Informed/vbn estimates/nns look/vb for/in this/dt market/nn to/to approximately/rb quadruple/vb by/in the/at late/jj 1960's/nns ,/, under/in the/at stimulus/nn of/in new/jj applications/nns in/in the/at fields/nns of/in banking/vbg and/cc retailing/vbg ,/, industrial/jj process/nn control/nn ,/, and/cc information/nn storage/nn and/cc retrieval/nn ./.
In/in the/at industrial/jj field/nn ,/, prospects/nns for/in higher/jjr expenditures/nns on/in electronic/jj testing/nn and/cc measuring/vbg equipment/nn are/ber also/rb quite/ql bright/jj ./.
For/in the/at near/jj term/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps must/md be/be realized/vbn that/cs the/at industrial/jj and/cc commercial/jj market/nn is/bez somewhat/ql more/ql sensitive/jj to/in general/jj business/nn conditions/nns than/cs is/bez the/at military/jj market/nn ,/, and/cc for/in this/dt reason/nn I/ppss would/md expect/vb that/cs any/dti gain/nn in/in 1961/cd may/md be/be somewhat/ql smaller/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in recent/jj years/nns ;/. ;/.
sales/nns should/md slightly/rb exceed/vb 1960/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc reach/vb $1.9/nns billion/cd ./.



Replacement/nn-hl parts/nns-hl 
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at three/cd major/jj original/jj equipment/nn segments/nns of/in the/at electronics/nn business/nn ,/, the/at steady/jj growth/nn in/in the/at market/nn for/in replacement/nn parts/nns continues/vbz year/nn by/in year/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez now/rb a/at $1.0/nns billion/cd business/nn ,/, up/rp from/in $0.9/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc should/md reach/vb $1.1/nns billion/cd in/in 1961/cd ./.


	The/at markets/nns for/in electronic/jj parts/nns in/in 1960/cd have/hv reflected/vbn the/at changing/vbg patterns/nns of/in the/at various/jj end/nn equipment/nn segments/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./.
Demand/nn for/in parts/nns for/in home/nr entertainment/nn was/bedz strong/jj in/in the/at first/od half/nn ,/, but/cc purchases/nns were/bed cut/vbn back/rb to/in lower/jjr levels/nns during/in the/at fall/nn as/cs set/nn manufacturers/nns reduced/vbd their/pp$ own/jj operating/vbg rates/nns ./.
In/in the/at military/jj field/nn ,/, incoming/jj orders/nns turned/vbd down/rp early/rb in/in the/at year/nn ,/, and/cc remained/vbd rather/ql slow/jj until/in late/jj fall/nn when/wrb the/at upturn/nn in/in procurement/nn of/in equipment/nn began/vbd to/to make/vb itself/ppl felt/vbn in/in rising/vbg orders/nns for/in components/nns ./.


	Sales/nns of/in transistors/nns in/in 1960/cd exceeded/vbd $300/nns million/cd ,/, compared/vbn to/in $222/nns million/cd in/in 1959/cd despite/in substantial/jj price/nn reductions/nns in/in virtually/rb all/abn types/nns ./.
Production/nn totalled/vbd about/rb 123/cd million/cd units/nns against/in 82/cd million/cd in/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc I/ppss look/vb for/in a/at further/ap gain/nn to/in 188/cd million/cd units/nns worth/jj approximately/rb $380/nns million/cd in/in 1961/cd ./.
Sales/nns of/in passive/jj components/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs capacitors/nns and/cc resistors/nns ,/, although/cs not/* growing/vbg as/ql fast/rb as/cs those/dts of/in semi-conductors/nns were/bed ahead/rb of/in 1959/cd this/dt year/nn ,/, and/cc should/md increase/vb again/rb in/in 1961/cd ./.


	In/in sum/nn ,/, I/ppss look/vb for/in another/dt good/jj year/nn for/in the/at electronics/nn industry/nn in/in 1961/cd ,/, with/in total/jj sales/nns increasing/vbg about/rb 7%/nn to/in $10.8/nns billion/cd ,/, despite/in the/at uncertainties/nns in/in the/at business/nn outlook/nn generally/rb ./.
As/cs I/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn above/rb ,/, I/ppss base/vb this/dt feeling/nn on/in a/at belief/nn that/cs current/jj weakness/nn in/in the/at market/nn for/in consumer/nn durable/jj goods/nns may/md continue/vb through/in the/at early/jj months/nns of/in the/at year/nn ,/, but/cc will/md give/vb way/nn to/in a/at sufficiently/ql strong/jj recovery/nn later/rbr on/rp to/to bring/vb the/at full-year/jj figures/nns close/rb to/in those/dts of/in 1960/cd ;/. ;/.
on/in prospects/nns for/in continued/vbn increases/nns in/in defense/nn spending/nn ;/. ;/.
and/cc on/in continued/vbn growth/nn in/in the/at applications/nns of/in electronics/nn to/in the/at complex/jj problems/nns of/in manufacturing/vbg and/cc trade/vb in/in the/at expanding/vbg but/cc competitive/jj economy/nn of/in the/at 1960's/nns ./.


	The/at appointment/nn of/in Gilbert/np B./np Devey/np as/cs General/nn-tl Manager/nn-tl of/in-tl VecTrol/np Engineering/nn-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, of/in Stamford/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, a/at leading/vbg manufacturer/nn of/in thyratron/nn and/cc silicon/nn controlled/vbn rectifier/nn electrical/jj controls/nns ,/, has/hvz been/ben announced/vbn by/in David/np B./np Peck/np ,/, Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl ,/, Special/jj-tl Products/nns-tl ./.


	Mr./np Devey/np will/md be/be responsible/jj for/in the/at commercial/jj expansion/nn of/in VecTrol's/np$ line/nn of/in electronic/jj and/cc electrical/jj power/nn control/nn components/nns as/cs furnished/vbn to/in end/nn equipment/nn manufacturers/nns ,/, working/vbg closely/rb with/in Walter/np J./np Brown/np ,/, President/nn-tl and/cc Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Engineering/nn-tl of/in the/at recently/rb acquired/vbn Sprague/np subsidiary/nn ./.
Mr./np Brown/np will/md at/in the/at same/ap time/nn undertake/vb expansion/nn of/in VecTrol's/np$ custom/jj design/nn program/nn for/in electronic/jj control/nn users/nns with/in a/at greatly/rb increased/vbn engineering/vbg staff/nn ./.


	Mr./np Devey's/np$ new/jj responsibilities/nns are/ber in/in addition/nn to/in those/dts of/in his/pp$ present/jj post/nn as/cs marketing/vbg manager/nn of/in Sprague's/np$ Special/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Group/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt manufactures/vbz a/at wide/jj line/nn of/in digital/jj electronic/jj components/nns ,/, packaged/vbn component/nn assemblies/nns ,/, and/cc high/jj temperature/nn magnet/nn wires/nns ./.


	Mr./np Devey/np first/rb came/vbd to/in Sprague/np in/in 1953/cd as/cs a/at Product/nn-tl Specialist/nn-tl in/in the/at Field/nn-tl Engineering/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, coming/vbg from/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Naval/jj-tl Research/nn-tl in/in Washington/np ,/, D./np C./np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz an/at electronic/jj scientist/nn engaged/vbn in/in undersea/jj warfare/nn studies/nns ./.
During/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at lieutenant/nn commander/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Navy/nn-tl ./.
Mr./np Devey/np is/bez a/at graduate/nn of/in the/at Massachusetts/np-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Technology/nn-tl ,/, and/cc attended/vbd the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Naval/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl Post-Graduate/jj-tl School/nn-tl specializing/vbg in/in electronic/jj engineering/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz named/vbn Product/nn-tl Manager/nn-tl of/in the/at Special/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Division/nn-tl of/in Sprague/np when/wrb it/pps was/bedz founded/vbn in/in 1958/cd ,/, and/cc was/bedz later/rbr promoted/vbn to/in his/pp$ present/jj post/nn ./.
Mr./np Devey/np is/bez a/at member/nn of/in the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Radio/nn-tl Engineers/nns-tl ,/, and/cc is/bez chairman/nn of/in the/at Electronic/jj-tl Industries/nns-tl Association/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl on/in-tl Printed/vbn-tl and/cc-tl Modular/jj-tl Components/nns-tl ./.


	Mr./np Brown/np ,/, well-known/jj ,/, English-born/jj inventor/nn ,/, prior/rb to/in founding/vbg VecTrol/np was/bedz at/in various/jj times/nns section/nn leader/nn in/in radio/nn research/nn at/in Metropolitan/jj-tl Vickers/np-tl Electrical/jj-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ;/. ;/.
chief/jjs engineer/nn of/in the/at radio/nn set/nn division/nn of/in Electric/jj-tl and/cc-tl Musical/jj-tl Industries/nns-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ,/, the/at largest/jjt electronic/jj equipment/nn manufacturer/nn in/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ;/. ;/.
director/nn of/in engineering/vbg at/in Philco/np-tl of/in-tl Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ,/, and/cc vice/nn president/nn in/in charge/nn of/in production/nn and/cc assistant/nn to/in the/at president/nn at/in The/at-tl Brush/np-tl Development/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Cleveland/np ,/, Ohio/np ./.
He/pps has/hvz a/at Bachelor/nn-tl of/in-tl Science/nn-tl from/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Manchester/np-tl ,/, England/np ./.
Mr./np Brown/np presently/rb has/hvz over/rp 130/cd patents/nns to/in his/pp$ credit/nn dating/vbg back/rb to/in 1923/cd ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at fellow/nn of/in the/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineers/nns-tl ,/, and/cc a/at senior/jj member/nn of/in the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Radio/nn-tl Engineers/nns-tl ./.
He/pps is/bez a/at member/nn of/in the/at Institution/nn-tl of/in-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineers/nns-tl ,/, London/np ,/, a/at registered/vbn professional/jj engineer/nn in/in Connecticut/np and/cc Ohio/np ,/, and/cc a/at chartered/vbn electrical/jj engineer/nn in/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ./.


	The/at promotion/nn of/in Robert/np E./np Swift/np to/in the/at position/nn of/in Assistant/jj-tl Manager/nn-tl of/in the/at Interference/nn-tl Control/nn-tl Field/nn-tl Service/nn-tl Department/nn-tl was/bedz announced/vbn early/rb in/in December/np by/in Frederick/np S./np Scarborough/np ,/, Manager/nn-tl of/in-tl Interference/nn-tl Control/nn-tl Field/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./.
The/at appointment/nn was/bedz made/vbn in/in a/at move/nn to/to expand/vb the/at engineering/vbg services/nns offered/vbn to/in the/at designers/nns of/in electronic/jj systems/nns through/in assistance/nn in/in electro-magnetic/jj compatability/nn problems/nns ./.

Between/in meetings/nns he/pps helps/vbz the/at president/nn keep/vb track/nn of/in delegated/vbn matters/nns ./.
Since/cs these/dts duties/nns fit/vb neatly/rb with/in those/dts of/in the/at proposed/vbn presidential/jj aide/nn ,/, one/cd person/nn ,/, with/in adequate/jj staff/nn assistance/nn ,/, could/md fill/vb both/abx jobs/nns ./.




Since/cs faculty/nns see/vb themselves/ppls as/cs self-employed/jj professionals/nns rather/rb than/in as/cs employees/nns ,/, enthusiasm/nn in/in a/at common/jj enterprise/nn is/bez proportionate/jj to/in the/at sense/nn of/in ownership/nn they/ppss have/hv in/in it/ppo by/in virtue/nn of/in sharing/vbg in/in the/at decisions/nns that/wps govern/vb its/pp$ course/nn ./.


	The/at faculty/nn believes/vbz that/cs broad/jj autonomy/nn is/bez necessary/jj to/to preserve/vb its/pp$ freedom/nn in/in teaching/vbg and/cc scholarship/nn ./.
The/at president/nn expects/vbz faculty/nn members/nns to/to remember/vb ,/, in/in exercising/vbg their/pp$ autonomy/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss share/vb no/at collective/jj responsibility/nn for/in the/at university's/nn$ income/nn nor/cc are/ber they/ppss personally/rb accountable/jj for/in top-level/nn decisions/nns ./.
He/pps may/md welcome/vb their/pp$ appropriate/jj participation/nn in/in the/at determination/nn of/in high/jj policy/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz a/at right/nn to/to expect/vb ,/, in/in return/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss will/md leave/vb administrative/jj matters/nns to/in the/at administration/nn ./.


	How/wql well/rb do/do faculty/nn members/nns govern/vb themselves/ppls ?/. ?/.
There/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber giving/vbg any/dti systematic/jj thought/nn to/in a/at general/jj theory/nn of/in the/at optimum/jj scope/nn and/cc nature/nn of/in their/pp$ part/nn in/in government/nn ./.
They/ppss sometimes/rb pay/vb more/ap attention/nn to/in their/pp$ rights/nns than/cs to/in their/pp$ own/jj internal/jj problems/nns of/in government/nn ./.
They/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, need/vb to/to learn/vb to/to delegate/vb ./.
Letting/vbg the/at administration/nn take/vb details/nns off/in their/pp$ hands/nns would/md give/vb them/ppo more/ap time/nn to/to inform/vb themselves/ppls about/in education/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ,/, an/at area/nn that/wps would/md benefit/vb by/in more/ap faculty/nn attention/nn ./.


	Although/cs faculties/nns insist/vb on/in governing/vbg themselves/ppls ,/, they/ppss grant/vb little/ap prestige/nn to/in a/at member/nn who/wps actively/rb participates/vbz in/in college/nn or/cc university/nn government/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, several/ap things/nns that/cs the/at president/nn can/md do/do to/to stimulate/vb participation/nn and/cc to/to enhance/vb the/at prestige/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber willing/jj to/to exercise/vb their/pp$ privilege/nn ./.
He/pps can/md ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, present/vb significant/jj university-wide/jj issues/nns to/in the/at senate/nn ./.
He/pps can/md encourage/vb quality/nn in/in faculty/nn committee/nn work/nn in/in various/jj ways/nns :/: by/in seeing/vbg to/in it/ppo that/cs the/at membership/nn of/in each/dt committee/nn represents/vbz the/at thoughtful/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at action-oriented/jj faculty/nn ;/. ;/.
by/in making/vbg certain/jj that/cs no/at faculty/nn member/nn has/hvz too/ql many/ap committee/nn assignments/nns ;/. ;/.
by/in assuring/vbg good/jj liaison/nn between/in the/at committees/nns and/cc the/at administration/nn ;/. ;/.
by/in minimizing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in committees/nns ./.


	Despite/in the/at many/ap avenues/nns for/in the/at exchange/nn of/in ideas/nns between/in faculty/nn and/cc administration/nn ,/, complaints/nns of/in a/at lack/nn of/in communication/nn persist/vb ./.
The/at cause/nn is/bez as/ql often/rb neglect/nn as/cs hesitance/nn to/to disclose/vb ./.
A/at busy/jj president/nn ,/, conversant/jj with/in a/at problem/nn and/cc its/pp$ ramifications/nns and/cc beset/vbn by/in pressures/nns to/to meet/vb deadlines/nns ,/, tends/vbz naturally/rb to/to assume/vb that/cs others/nns must/md be/be as/ql familiar/jj with/in a/at problem/nn as/cs he/pps is/bez ./.
The/at need/nn for/in interchange/nn and/cc understanding/vbg makes/vbz vital/jj the/at full/jj use/nn of/in all/abn methods/nns of/in consultation/nn ./.


	To/to increase/vb faculty/nn influence/nn and/cc decrease/vb tension/nn ,/, many/ap presidents/nns have/hv established/vbn a/at standing/vbg advisory/jj committee/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss can/md discuss/vb problems/nns frankly/rb ./.


	The/at president/nn has/hvz little/ap influence/nn in/in day-by-day/jj curricular/jj changes/nns ,/, but/cc if/cs he/pps looks/vbz ahead/rb two/cd ,/, three/cd ,/, or/cc five/cd years/nns to/to anticipate/vb issues/nns and/cc throw/vb out/rp challenging/jj ideas/nns ,/, he/pps can/md open/vb the/at way/nn for/in innovation/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps can/md also/rb have/hv a/at great/jj deal/nn to/to say/vb as/in to/in what/wdt path/nn it/pps will/md take/vb ./.
Success/nn will/md require/vb tact/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn to/in faculty/nn prerogatives/nns ,/, patience/nn ,/, and/cc persistence/nn ./.




The/at critical/jj task/nn for/in every/at president/nn and/cc his/pp$ academic/jj administrative/jj staff/nn is/bez to/to assure/vb that/cs the/at college/nn or/cc university/nn continually/rb rebuilds/vbz and/cc regenerates/vbz itself/ppl so/cs that/cs its/pp$ performance/nn will/md match/vb changing/vbg social/jj demands/nns ./.
Great/jj professors/nns do/do not/* automatically/rb reproduce/vb themselves/ppls ./.


	Deans/nns can/md form/vb an/at important/jj bridge/nn between/in the/at president/nn and/cc the/at faculty/nn ./.
They/ppss serve/vb not/* only/rb as/cs spokesmen/nns for/in their/pp$ areas/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss also/rb contribute/vb to/in top-level/nn decision/nn making/nn ./.
The/at president/nn who/wps appoints/vbz strong/jj men/nns who/wps have/hv an/at all-college/jj or/cc university/nn point/nn of/in view/nn and/cc a/at talent/nn and/cc respect/nn for/in administration/nn can/md count/vb on/in useful/jj assistance/nn ./.


	Faculty/nn members/nns depend/vb on/in their/pp$ department/nn chairmen/nns to/to promote/vb their/pp$ interests/nns with/in the/at administration/nn ./.
The/at administration/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, looks/vbz to/in the/at chairmen/nns for/in strategic/jj aid/nn in/in building/vbg stronger/jjr departments/nns ./.
One/cd way/nn that/cs this/dt can/md be/be done/vbn ,/, other/ap than/cs by/in hiring/vbg new/jj high-priced/jj professors/nns ,/, is/bez by/in constantly/rb encouraging/vbg the/at department/nn members/nns to/to raise/vb their/pp$ standards/nns of/in performance/nn ./.


	The/at quality/nn of/in a/at president's/nn$ leadership/nn is/bez measured/vbn first/rb by/in his/pp$ success/nn in/in building/vbg up/rp the/at faculty/nn ./.
By/in supporting/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in the/at many/ap faculty/nn members/nns who/wps are/ber working/vbg to/to attain/vb ever/rb higher/jjr standards/nns ,/, the/at president/nn can/md encourage/vb faculty/nn leadership/nn ./.
Indirectly/rb he/pps can/md best/rbt help/vb them/ppo by/in insuring/vbg that/cs rigorous/jj criteria/nns for/in appointment/nn and/cc promotion/nn are/ber clearly/rb set/vbn forth/rb and/cc adhered/vbn to/in ./.


	The/at academic/jj dean/nn should/md take/vb a/at direct/jj ,/, long-term/nn interest/nn in/in faculty/nn development/nn ./.
An/at alert/jj dean/nn will/md confer/vb all/rb through/in the/at year/nn on/in personnel/nns needs/nns ,/, plans/nns for/in the/at future/nn ,/, qualifications/nns of/in those/dts on/in the/at job/nn ,/, and/cc bright/jj prospects/nns elsewhere/rb ./.


	For/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in a/at long-term/nn program/nn ,/, the/at departments/nns ,/, and/cc particularly/rb their/pp$ chairmen/nns ,/, are/ber strategic/jj ./.
They/ppss evaluate/vb and/cc nominate/vb candidates/nns for/in appointment/nn and/cc promotion/nn ./.
To/to provide/vb an/at independent/jj judgment/nn for/in the/at president/nn ,/, the/at academic/jj dean/nn also/rb investigates/vbz candidates/nns thoroughly/rb ./.


	At/in some/dti colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns ,/, a/at faculty/nn committee/nn reviews/vbz and/cc reports/vbz to/in the/at administration/nn on/in the/at qualifications/nns of/in candidates/nns ./.
Some/dti faculty/nn members/nns and/cc many/ap administrators/nns oppose/vb faculty/nn review/nn groups/nns because/cs they/ppss either/cc repeat/vb department's/nn$ actions/nns or/cc act/vb pro/in forma/nn ./.
They/ppss can/md be/be effective/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, if/cs their/pp$ members/nns set/vb high/jj standards/nns for/in candidates/nns and/cc devote/vb substantial/jj time/nn to/in the/at work/nn ./.
At/in one/cd university/nn ,/, the/at president/nn cites/vbz the/at faculty/nn review/nn committee/nn as/cs ``/`` a/at valued/vbn partner/nn of/in the/at administration/nn in/in guarding/vbg and/cc promoting/vbg the/at quality/nn of/in the/at faculty/nn ''/'' ./.


	Before/cs the/at president/nn recommends/vbz a/at candidate/nn to/in the/at trustees/nns ,/, the/at administration/nn collects/vbz the/at views/nns of/in colleagues/nns in/in the/at same/ap field/nn of/in knowledge/nn on/in campus/nn and/cc elsewhere/rb ./.
The/at president/nn or/cc dean/nn reads/vbz some/dti of/in his/pp$ publications/nns to/to form/vb the/at truest/jjt possible/jj evaluation/nn of/in the/at quality/nn of/in his/pp$ mind/nn ./.
No/at good/jj way/nn to/to evaluate/vb teaching/vbg ability/nn has/hvz yet/rb been/ben discovered/vbn ,/, although/cs some/dti institutions/nns use/vb inventory/nn sheets/nns for/in a/at list/nn of/in criteria/nns ./.
To/to avoid/vb passing/vbg over/in quiet/jj ,/, unaggressive/jj teachers/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/to decide/vb whether/cs others/nns merit/vb promotion/nn ,/, review/nn of/in the/at right/nn of/in faculty/nn members/nns to/in promotion/nn or/cc salary/nn increases/nns should/md be/be made/vbn periodically/rb whether/cs or/cc not/* they/ppss have/hv been/ben recommended/vbn for/in advancement/nn by/in their/pp$ departments/nns ./.


	There/ex are/ber certain/ap aspects/nns of/in personnel/nns development/nn in/in which/wdt a/at president/nn must/md involve/vb himself/ppl directly/rb ./.
He/pps should/md personally/rb consider/vb the/at potential/nn of/in a/at faculty/nn member/nn proposed/vbn for/in tenure/nn ,/, to/to guard/vb against/in the/at mistake/nn of/in making/vbg this/dt profoundly/ql serious/jj commitment/nn turn/vb solely/rb upon/in the/at man's/nn$ former/ap achievements/nns ./.
No/at one/pn can/md be/be as/ql effective/jj as/cs the/at president/nn in/in inspiring/jj older/jjr men/nns to/to welcome/vb imaginative/jj new/jj teachers/nns whose/wp$ philosophy/nn or/cc approach/nn to/in their/pp$ specialties/nns is/bez quite/ql different/jj ./.
In/in particular/jj ,/, the/at president/nn may/md have/hv to/to summon/vb all/abn his/pp$ oratorical/jj powers/nns to/to persuade/vb department/nn members/nns to/to accept/vb an/at outstanding/jj man/nn above/in the/at normal/jj salary/nn scale/nn ./.
On/in those/dts rare/jj occasions/nns when/wrb a/at faculty/nn member/nn on/in tenure/nn is/bez not/* meeting/vbg the/at standards/nns of/in the/at institution/nn ,/, the/at president/nn must/md also/rb bear/vb the/at ultimate/jj burden/nn of/in decision/nn and/cc action/nn ./.




A/at true/jj university/nn ,/, like/cs most/ap successful/jj marriages/nns ,/, is/bez a/at unity/nn of/in diversities/nns Without/in forcing/vbg all/abn components/nns into/in a/at single/ap pattern/nn ,/, the/at preparation/nn of/in a/at master/nn plan/nn is/bez an/at opportunity/nn to/to consider/vb interrelation/nn of/in knowledge/nn at/in its/pp$ highest/jjt level/nn ,/, which/wdt a/at university/nn --/-- in/in contrast/nn to/in a/at multiversity/nn --/-- should/md stand/vb for/in ./.


	Recently/rb colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns have/hv begun/vbn to/to translate/vb their/pp$ educational/jj philosophy/nn into/in institution-wide/jj goals/nns ./.
Each/dt year/nn a/at few/ap more/ap institutions/nns are/ber deciding/vbg such/jj questions/nns as/cs :/: Shall/md we/ppss require/vb a/at liberal/jj education/nn built/vbn around/in a/at humanities/nns core/vb for/in all/abn undergraduates/nns ?/. ?/.
Or/cc shall/md we/ppss permit/vb early/jj specialization/nn in/in scientific/jj and/cc technological/jj subjects/nns ?/. ?/.
In/in the/at first/od instance/nn ,/, adequate/jj appropriate/jj reading/vbg materials/nns and/cc library/nn accommodations/nns must/md be/be planned/vbn ./.
In/in the/at second/od ,/, more/ap shops/nns ,/, laboratories/nns ,/, and/cc staff/nn will/md be/be required/vbn ./.


	For/in the/at president/nn ,/, a/at master/nn plan/nn looking/vbg ahead/rb five/cd years/nns (/( the/at maximum/jj reach/nn for/in sound/jj forecasting/nn )/) ,/, offers/vbz several/ap practical/jj advantages/nns ./.
Trustees/nns ,/, faculty/nn ,/, and/cc administration/nn can/md consider/vb the/at consequences/nns of/in decisions/nns before/cs they/ppss are/ber made/vbn ,/, instead/rb of/in afterwards/rb ./.
Physical/jj plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn can/md be/be efficiently/rb developed/vbn ./.
Proposed/vbn new/jj programs/nns can/md be/be examined/vbn for/in appropriateness/nn to/in goals/nns and/cc for/cs present/jj and/cc future/jj financial/jj fitness/nn ./.
More/ap than/in one/cd president/nn has/hvz found/vbn that/cs a/at long-range/nn plan/nn helps/vbz him/ppo to/to attract/vb major/jj gifts/nns ./.
It/pps inspires/vbz confidence/nn in/in his/pp$ institution's/nn$ determination/nn to/to establish/vb goals/nns and/cc to/to achieve/vb them/ppo ./.


	Before/cs deciding/vbg where/wrb it/pps is/bez going/vbg ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at college/nn or/cc university/nn must/md know/vb where/wrb it/pps is/bez ./.
The/at first/od step/nn is/bez a/at comprehensive/jj self/nn study/nn made/vbn by/in faculty/nn ,/, by/in outside/jj consultants/nns ,/, or/cc by/in a/at combination/nn of/in the/at two/cd ./.
It/pps should/md sternly/rb appraise/vb curricula/nns ,/, faculty/nn ,/, organization/nn ,/, buildings/nns ,/, faculty/nn work/nn loads/nns ,/, and/cc potential/nn for/in growth/nn in/in stature/nn and/cc size/nn ./.


	Implementation/nn of/in the/at master/nn plan/nn will/md inevitably/rb be/be uneven/jj ./.
Some/dti departments/nns will/md attack/vb their/pp$ new/jj goals/nns enthusiastically/rb ;/. ;/.
others/nns may/md drag/vb their/pp$ feet/nns ./.
Funds/nns may/md be/be readily/rb donated/vbn for/in some/dti purposes/nns but/cc not/* others/nns ./.
A/at plan/nn must/md therefore/rb be/be brought/vbn up/rp to/in date/nn periodically/rb ,/, possibly/rb with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in a/at permanent/jj planning/vbg officer/nn ./.


	To/to provide/vb the/at continuous/jj flow/nn of/in information/nn basic/jj to/in administrative/jj decisions/nns ,/, a/at number/nn of/in institutions/nns have/hv established/vbn offices/nns of/in institutional/jj research/nn ./.
Some/dti offices/nns have/hv very/ql broad/jj responsibilities/nns ,/, touching/vbg on/in almost/ql all/abn aspects/nns of/in a/at university's/nn$ instructional/jj program/nn ./.
Their/pp$ duties/nns include/vb evaluation/nn of/in the/at information/nn collected/vbn and/cc preparation/nn of/in recommendations/nns ./.
More/ql often/rb ,/, these/dts offices/nns are/ber restricted/vbn to/in the/at gathering/nn of/in empirical/jj data/nn ./.




The/at president's/nn$ opportunity/nn for/in influencing/vbg education/nn reaches/vbz its/pp$ highest/jjt point/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps decides/vbz which/wdt projects/nns he/pps will/md cut/vb back/rb ,/, which/wdt he/pps will/md advance/vb by/in increased/vbn allowances/nns or/cc new/jj fund-raising/nn efforts/nns ./.


	No/at matter/nn how/wql high/jj the/at hopes/nns and/cc dreams/nns of/in educators/nns ,/, budget/nn making/nn adjusts/vbz them/ppo to/in the/at cold/jj realities/nns of/in dollars/nns and/cc cents/nns ./.
When/wrb the/at budget/nn goes/vbz to/in trustees/nns for/in approval/nn it/pps is/bez the/at president's/nn$ budget/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt his/pp$ faith/nn and/cc credit/nn are/ber committed/vbn ;/. ;/.
its/pp$ principal/jjs features/nns should/md be/be a/at product/nn of/in his/pp$ most/ql considered/vbn judgment/nn ./.
He/pps cannot/md* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, examine/vb each/dt proposal/nn from/in scratch/nn ./.
He/pps reviews/vbz and/cc shapes/vbz the/at work/nn of/in others/nns to/to mold/vb a/at single/ap joint/jj product/nn that/wps will/md best/rbt promote/vb the/at aims/nns of/in the/at institution/nn ./.


	Budgeting/vbg must/md be/be flexible/jj to/to allow/vb adaptation/nn to/in the/at rapid/jj changes/nns in/in scientific/jj and/cc technological/jj scholarship/nn ./.
Because/cs scientific/jj instruction/nn and/cc research/nn involve/vb increasingly/ql large/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn ,/, an/at institution/nn should/md choose/vb its/pp$ fields/nns of/in prominence/nn ./.
Otherwise/rb it/pps will/md be/be headed/vbn for/in bankruptcy/nn ,/, at/in worst/jjt ,/, and/cc at/in best/jjt towards/in starvation/nn of/in other/ap less/ql dramatic/jj but/cc socially/rb and/cc culturally/rb indispensable/jj branches/nns of/in learning/vbg ./.
In/in the/at national/jj interest/nn even/rb the/at affluent/jj universities/nns must/md consider/vb some/dti division/nn of/in labor/nn among/in them/ppo to/to replace/vb their/pp$ present/jj ambitions/nns to/to keep/vb up/rp with/in the/at Joneses/nps in/in all/abn branches/nns ./.




Supporting/vbg activities/nns --/-- business/nn management/nn ,/, public/nn relations/nns ,/, fund-raising/nn --/-- offer/vb presidents/nns one/cd of/in their/pp$ best/jjt chances/nns to/to buy/vb freedom/nn for/in attention/nn to/in education/nn ./.
Here/rb the/at reasonable/jj mastery/nn of/in the/at elements/nns of/in administration/nn can/md do/do much/ap to/to free/vb a/at president/nn for/in his/pp$ primary/jj role/nn ./.


	In/in the/at areas/nns that/wps do/do not/* relate/vb directly/rb to/in the/at educational/jj program/nn ,/, expert/jj subordinates/nns will/md serve/vb the/at college/nn or/cc university/nn better/rbr than/cs close/jj presidential/jj attention/nn ./.
The/at president/nn should/md find/vb strong/jj subordinates/nns and/cc delegate/vb the/at widest/jjt discretion/nn to/in them/ppo ./.
Higher/jjr education/nn cannot/md* compete/vb with/in the/at salary/nn scales/nns of/in the/at business/nn world/nn ,/, but/cc an/at educational/jj institution/nn can/md offer/vb many/ap potent/jj intangible/jj attractions/nns to/in members/nns of/in the/at business/nn community/nn that/wps will/md offset/vb the/at differences/nns in/in income/nn ./.


	Just/rb as/cs the/at entire/jj faculty/nn should/md know/vb the/at president's/nn$ educational/jj philosophy/nn and/cc objectives/nns ,/, so/rb should/md non-academic/jj officers/nns ./.
They/ppss will/md better/rbr understand/vb the/at relationship/nn of/in their/pp$ activities/nns to/in the/at academic/jj program/nn and/cc they/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to explain/vb their/pp$ actions/nns to/in faculty/nn in/in terms/nns of/in mutual/jj goals/nns ./.


	A/at president/nn is/bez frequently/rb besieged/vbn to/to serve/vb in/in non-academic/jj civic/jj and/cc governmental/jj capacities/nns ,/, to/to make/vb speeches/nns to/in lay/jj groups/nns ,/, and/cc to/to make/vb numerous/jj ceremonial/jj appearances/nns on/in and/cc off/in campus/nn ./.
Since/cs he/pps can/md neither/cc accept/vb nor/cc reject/vb them/ppo all/abn ,/, he/pps must/md be/be governed/vbn by/in the/at time/nn and/cc energy/nn available/jj for/in his/pp$ prime/jj professional/jj obligations/nns ./.
Declinations/nns and/cc substitutions/nns are/ber better/rbr received/vbn when/wrb he/pps explains/vbz why/wrb his/pp$ obligations/nns to/in his/pp$ institution/nn preclude/vb his/pp$ acceptance/nn ./.


	By/in sharing/vbg the/at load/nn of/in important/jj speeches/nns with/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns ,/, the/at president/nn can/md develop/vb a/at cadre/nn of/in able/jj spokesmen/nns who/wps will/md help/vb to/to create/vb a/at public/jj perception/nn of/in the/at university/nn as/cs an/at institution/nn ,/, something/pn more/ap than/cs the/at lengthened/vbn shadow/nn of/in one/cd man/nn ./.

